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A  NEW 


UNIVERSAL    GAZETTEER, 

CONTAINING 

A    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL 

HATIOKS,   EMPIRES,  KINGDOMS,    STATES,   PROVINCES,   CITIES,   TOWNS,   FORTS,     SEAS,   HA 
LAKES     CANALS.   MOUNTAINS,   VOLCANOES,   CAPES,   CAVERNS,   CATARACTS    AND    G 

OF     THE 


ES,   TOWNS,   FORTS,     SEAS,   HARBOURS,   RIVERS 
CAVERNS,   CATARACTS    AND    GROTTOES  j 


KNOWN    WORLD, 

WITH   AN   ACCOUNT    OF    THE 
EXTENT,   BOUNDARIES     AND     NATURAL     PRODUCTIONS    OF    EACH    COUNTRY;   THE   GOVERNMENT,   CUSTOMS, 
MANNFRS   AND    RELIGION   OF   THE    INHABITANTS;  THE   TRADE,   MANUFACTURES,  AND    CURIOSITIES, 
OF   THE    CITIES    AND    TOWNS,    WITH    THEIR    LONGITUDE    AND    LATITUDE,   BEARING   AND    DIS- 
TANCE    IN     ENGLISH     MILES     FROM     REMARKABLE     PLACES  ;  AND     THE     VARIOUS     HIS- 
TORICAL    EVENTS    BY     WHICH    THEY    HAVE    BEEN     DISTINGUISHED. 


■  ORIGINALLY    COMPILED 


BY  R.  BROOKES,   M.   D. 

THE    WHOLE    RE-MODELLED     AND    THE    HISTORICAL    AND     STATISTICAL    DEPARTMENT    BR0C6HT 
DOWN    TO    THE    PRESENT     PERIOD,'-- 

B  T    J  O  H.N    >IARSHALL,*ESQ. 


ILLUSTRATED     WITH    TWO     HUNDRED    ENGRAVINGS. 


WITH    NUMEROUS    ADDITIONS    BY  THE    AMERICAN    EDITOR,  INCLUDING   THE   POPULATION   OF    THE   DNITKU 

STATES    FOR    1830;   A    DESCRIPTION    OF   THE    VARIOUS    INDIAN    TRIBES    IN    NORTH    AMERICA; 

AND    A    vIeW    of   the    MISSIONARY    STATIONS    IN    ALL    PARTS    OF    THE    WORLD. 

AND    CONTAINING    A 

BRIEF    DICTIONARY    OF    COMMERCE, 

GIVING   AN   ACCOUNT    OF 

ALL  THE  MONEYS  IN  THE  KNOWN  WORLD, 

AMD   ALL    THE    MINERALS,    VEGETABLES,   ANIMALS,   BIRDS,   FISHES,   AND    INSECTS,   THAT   AR« 
IMPORTANT     TO    COMMERCE  ;  ALL    THE     CHIEF     COMMERCIAL     AND    MONIED    INSTI- 
TUTIONS    AND     ASSOCIATIONS  ;    AND     NOTICES     OF     MANUFACTURES 
AND    COMMERCE    IN   DIFFERENT   PLACES   AND    COUNTRIES 
THROUGHOUT     THE     GLOBE. 


PHILADELPHIA : 

PUBLISHED    BY    W.   MARSHALL    &   CO. 

1839. 


'Ei<;f£RBD  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1839,  by 

W.  Marshall  &  Co., 

in  the  Office  olthe  Clerk  of  the  District  Court  of  tlie  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


y^i-fJ 


m- 


rRINTKD   BY   T.  K.  AND  P.  O.  COLLINS 

PHILADBLFHIA. 


rvEW  uravERSAL  gazetteer, 


GEOGR\PHICAL     DICTIONARY. 


AA 

AA,  the  name  o^  '3  rivers,  in  Western  Europe, 
viz.  1st,  rises  in  Samogitia,  runs  through  the 
Duchy  of  Courland  into  the  bay  of  Riga ;  2nd,  in 
Saxony,  falling  into  Lake  Blanken  ;  3d,  in  Switz- 
erland, falling  into  Lake  Lucerne  ;  4th,  do.  into 
Lake  Walstadten ;  5th,  do.  into  the  Aar  river ; 
6th,  in  Westphalia,  falling  into  the  Wehr ;  7th, 
do.  into  the  \  echt ;  8th,  do.  into  the  Ems  ;  9th, 
in  Holland,  falling  into  the  Vecht,  at  Swartsluys  ; 
10th,  do.  into  the  Oldyssel ;  11th,  in  Overyssel, 
falling  into  ,ake  (Jiter  ;  12th,  in  Brabant,  falling 
into  the  Dommel ;  and  13th,  in  pai?  de  Calais, 
France,  falling  into  the  sea  al  Gravelines. 

Jack,  the  name  of  a  river  in  Switzerland,  and 
of  two  others  in  Suabia,  vnd  also  of  a  town  in 
Suabia,  about  30  miles  N.  of  Constance. 

Jahavji,  the  chief  town  of  a  small  district  of  the 
same  name, 'in  the  government  of  Mu/isier,  one 
of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the  province  of  West- 
phalia. 

Aain-Charain,n.  village  near  Jerusalem,  said  to 
be  the  p.ace  where  Zacharius  lived.  It  is  fre- 
quented by  pilgrims ;  and  near  it  thei*e  is  a  con- 
vent, a  large  elegant  building,  with  a  handsome 
cupola,  and  under  •♦,  an  extraordinary  fine  mosaic 
pavement ;  the  a!i  ar,  which  is  a  very  splendid 
one,  encompassed  with  marble  steps,  is  said  to  be 
built  on  the  very  spot  where  John  the  Baptist 
was  born. 

Aalhorg.  one  of  the  four  bishoprics  of  the  Pen- 
insular province  of  Jutland,  being  the  most 
northerly  part,  and  about  120  square  miles  in  ex- 
tent, containing  about  90,000  inhabitants.  The 
chief  town,  of  L^e  same  name,  is  situate  on  the 
south  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Lymfiord,  in  N.  lat.  57. 
3.  E.  long.  7.  56.  Next  to  Copenhagen  it  is  the 
most  considerable  town  in  Denmark.  It  has  an 
exchange  for  merchants ;  the  episcopal  palace, 
two  churches,  two  poor-houses,  a  hospital,  con- 
vent and  cathedral  school-house,  are  all  respecta- 
ble edifices ;  sj>'\  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
corn,  herrings,  rire-arms,  saddles,  gloves,  &c.  It 
was  taken  by  tlie  Swedes  in  1643  and  1C58 

Jiar,  a  large  rivei  in  Switzerland,  which  rises 
m  a  lake,  near  Mount  Saalberg,  in  the  S.  of  the 
canton  of  Bern,  and  running  N.  W.  through  the 
whole  extent  of  the  lake  of  Brienz  and  Thun  to 
Bern,  takes  a  circuitous  course  to  Soleure ; 
whence  it  flows  E.  to  Arburg,  and  N.  E.  to  Brugg ; 
below  which,  being  joined  by  the  Reuss  and 
Linimatt,  it  falls  int<»  'he  Rhine  opposite  Wald- 
■cliut;  also  the  name  of  two  other  rivers,  one  ris- 


AA 

ing  m  the  Grand  Duchy  of  the  lower  Rhine, 
falling  into  the  Rhine,  the  other  rising  in  Nassau, 
falling  into  the  Lahn. 

Aargau,  formerly  a  district,  but  formed  into  a 
canton  of  Switzerland ;  about  650  sq.  m.  in  ex* 
tent.     Pop.  in  1798  about  130,000. 

Aarhuits,  the  second  of  the  four  bishoprics  of 
Jutland  ;  it  is  a  very  fruitful  district,  on  ♦'''^  *"-, 
side  of  the  Peninsula,  extending  for  about  60  m. 
along  the  shore  of  the  Cattegat,  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  the  bishopric  of  Viborg,  intersected  by 
numerous  streams,  abounding  with  fish,  and  is 
richly  adorned  with  forests.  It  contains  the  res- 
idences of  a  great  portion  of  the  nobility  of  Den- 
mark. The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  sit- 
uate on  the  coast,  in  56.  10.  N.  lat.  10. 13.  E.  \on^. 
The  town  is  divided  into  two  unequal  parts,  by 
water  conveyed  from  a  lake  about  15  m.  in  the  in- 
terior. It  is  large  and  populous ;  and  has  svz 
gates,  iwc  principal  churches,  two  market-places  ; 
a  university,  a  free-school,  and  a  well-endowed 
hospital,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  in  grain, 
timber,  &c. 

Jlarcn's  Island.     See  St.  Malo. 

Aaronsburs,  t.  Northumberland  Co.  Pa.  It  i« 
situated  a  litUe  more  thj.n  a  mile  E.  of  Elk  creek, 
which  unites  with  Penn's  creek,  falling  into  the 
Susquehanna,  5  m.  below  Sunbury 

Aaronsburg,  p.t.  Centre  Co.  T%.  15  m.  E. 
Bellefonte. 

Abach  or  Weltertburg,  a  market  town  in  Lower 
Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Danube,  7  m.  from  Ratis- 
bon.  It  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  and  is  remark- 
able for  Roman  antiquities,  as  well  as  for  its  min- 
eral waters,  which  are  celebrated  for  curins'  vari- 
ous diseases.     Long.  11.  56.  E.  lat.  48.  53.  ^. 

Abade,  or  Shelck  Abade,  a  village  of  Egypt,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  80  m.  S.  of  Cairo ;  im- 
mense architectural  ruins  testify  its  having  been 
the  site  of  a  great  and  populous  city. 

Abatleh,  a  considerable  town  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Tigris,  province  of  Fars,  Persia. 

Abakansk,  a  town  situate  on  a  branch  of  the 
river  Yenisei,  in  the  province  ot  Kolhyvane, 
government  of  Tobolsk,  Asiatic  Russia.  It  was 
founded  in  1707,  and  rebuilt  in  1725,  and  since 
fortified  :  some  ancient  tombs  with  fine  inscrip- 
tions, bespeak  it  to  have  been  a  place  of  impor- 
tance, prior  to  the  conquest  of  Siberia  by  Russia. 
N.  latK  .54.     E.  long.  01.  14. 

Abatak,  a  town  in  the  vicinity  of  Siberia,  cele 
brated  ibr  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  which  is  visit 
A  2 


ABB 


6 


ABE 


ed  by  many  pilgrima,  and  earned  in  procession 
annually  to  Tobolski. 

Jbana,  a  river  of  Syria,  called  in  Scripture,  to- 
g«thcr  with  Pharpar,  rivers  of  Damascus. — See 
S  Kings  V.  12. 

Ahancay,  a  province  of  Peru,  S.  America ;  the 
chief  town  thereof,  of  the  same  name,  is  situate 
about  60  m.  N.  W.  of  Cuzco.  There  is  also  a 
river  of  the  same  name  flowing  through  the  pro- 
vince, and  another  town  in  Cuenca,  province  of 
Quito. 

Mano,  a  considerable  town  of  Italy,  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Padua,  distinguished  for  its  hot  sulphu- 
reous baths. 

Abascia,  or  Mgah,  a  country  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
lyinor  between  the  Caspian  and  Black  Seas.  The 
inha%.  are  estimated  at  about  150,000,  subsisting 
chiefly  by  hunting  and  plunder,  and  speaking  a 
languao-e  peculiar  to  themselves. 

Ma-Vjtar,  a  palatinate  of  Upper  Hungary, 
about  701)  sq.  m.  in  extent,  divided  into  102  par- 
uhes.     Pop.  about  120,000. 

Mb,  a  town  in  Yemen,  Arabia. 

Mbenhall,  a  village,  12  m.  from  Gloucester,  3 
from  Newnham,  Eng.  noted  for  a  mineral  spring, 
very  efficacious  in  the  cure  of  cutaneous  eruptions. 

Mberbury  or  J^lberbury,  a  large  parish,  divided 
into  5  townships,  in  Shropshire,  and  4  others  in 
Montgomeryshire,  containing  together  1,946  in- 
habitants. "The  village  of  Alberbury  is  7  m.  W. 
of  Shrewsbury.  Pop.  332.  It  was  formerly  the 
site  of  an  alien  priory  and  castle. 

Abbeville,  a  considerable  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Somme,  and  late  province  of  Pi- 
cardy,  seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  where  the  riv-^ 
er  Somme  divides  into  several  branches,  and  sep- 
arates the  town  into  two  parts.  It  is  pretty  well 
peopled ;  has  a  woollen  manufactory,  besides 
manufactories  of  sail-cloth.  It  lies  15  m.  E.  from 
the  British  Channel,  20  N.  W.  from  Amiens,  52 
S.  of  Calais,  and  80  N.  W.  of  Paris.  Long.  1.  5. 
lat.  50.  7.  N. 

Abberton,  a  village  near  Pershore,  noted  for  a 
bitter  aperient  mineral  spring ;  also  another  vil- 
lage, 6  m.  S.  of  Colchester. 

Abbeville,  a  district  of  S.  Carolina,  about  700  sq. 
m.  in  extent.  The  lands  are  agreeably  diversified 
with  hill  and  dale,  well  watered  and  productive. 
Pop.  28,134.  The  chief  town  of  the  same  name 
IS  situate  on  Savannah  river,  118  m.W.  by  N.  of 
Columbia. 

Abbeyfcale,  a  parish  in  Connello,  Upper  Barony, 
CO.  of  Limerick,  Ireland,  containing,  in  1821, 
3,070  inhab.  The  village  contains  437  of  the  in- 
hab.  It  had  formerly  a  monastery,  and  in  the  vi- 
cinity are  the  ruins  of  Purt  Castle. 

Abbey-Green,  a  village,  in  the  parish  of  Lesmah- 
gow,  CO.  of  Lanark  ;  6  m.  S.  W.  of  the  town  of 
Lanark.  It  had  formerly  an  abbey,  and  also  a 
priory.  The  entire  parish  of  Lesmahgow  con- 
tained 5,592  inhab.  in  1821. 

Abbey-Holme,  a  quarter  of  the  parish  of  Holm 
Cultram.  co.  of  Cumberland.  Pop.  of  the  entire 
parish  in  1821 ,  2,772,  and  of  the  Abbey  quarter, 
758,  wliicli  is  pleasantly  situate  on  the  river  Wa- 
ver, 27  m.  N.  of  Penrith. 

Abbeifleix,  a  parish  in  Cullinagh  Barony, 
Queen's  Co.  Ireland.  Pop.  in  1821,  5,485.  The 
town  is  sometimes  called  Clonkvne,  and  contains 
about  2,000  of  the  inhab.    48  m.'S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Abbotstoum,  p.t.  York  Co.  Pa. 

Abbci/ville,  p.t.  Mecklenburg  Co.  Va.  143  m. 
from  Richmond. 

Jbh's   Head,   St.   a.   promontory,   forming   the 


southern  extremity  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  lyinor  in 
the  pansh  of  Coldmgham  and  the  co.  of  Berwick, 
Scotland,  about  10  miles  N.  of  Berwick,  and  tha 
same  distance  S.  from  Dunbar.  W.  long.  2.  8. 
lat.  55.  55.  N. 

Abda,  a  small  but  fertile  prov.  of  Morocco. 

Abenrade,  or  Apenrade,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in 
Sleswick,  now  very  flourishing,  being  double  the 
extent  it  was  formerly,  and  built  in  a  better  taste. 
It  is  seated  on  a  spacious  open  bay  in  the  Little    ' 
Belt,  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  high  moun-   i. 
tains,  which  render  the  harbour  safe.     Pop.  about    : 
3,000.     Long.  9.  26.  E.  lat.  55.  3.  N. 

Abcnsperg  or  Abensberg ,  a  town  in  the  circle  of 
Regen,  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Abens,  near  th< 
Danube,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Ratisbon. 

Aber,  a  village  in  Caernarvonshire,  N.  Wales. 
6  m.  E.  from  Bangor,  on  the  direct  road  from 
London  to  Holyhead.     Pop.  625. 

*^  There  are  15  towns  and  villages  in  Wales, 
to  which  the  word  Aber  is  prefixed,  which  signi- 
fies the  fall  of  a  lesser  v/ater  into  a  greater,  and 
usually  refers  to  a  place  situate  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river. 

Aberbrothock,  OT  Arbroath,  an  ancient  royal  burgh 
and  sea-port,  situate  at  the  estuary  of  the  river 
Brothock,  partly  in  a  parish  of  the  same  name, 
and  partly  in  that  of  St.  Vigeans,  in  the  co.  of 
Forfar,  Scotland,  56  m.  N.  K.  E.  of  Edinburgh, 
in  56.  34.  N.  lat.  and  2.  35.  W.  long.  William  I. 
surnamed  the  Lion,  king  of  Scotland,  founded  a 
magnificent  abbey  at  Arbroath,  in  1178,  and  con- 
ferred upon  it  very  extensive  immunities.  Some 
vestiges  of  the  building  still  remain  to  attest  its 
former  gi'andeur.  A  harbor  was  formed  in  1194, 
to  the  eastward  of  the  present  one  ;  the  impor- 
tance of  the  town  declined  with  the  devastation  of 
the  abbey,  during  the  ruthless  period  of  the  refor-  , 
niation.  The  commerce  of  the  town  revived  about 
the  year  1738,  when  the  linen  manufacture  was 
introduced,  which  progressively  extended  up  to 
the  commencement  of  the  war  in  1793,  when  it 
was  vastly  promoted  by  the  increased  demand 
for  sail-cloth.  4,000  to  5,000  tons  of  shipping  be- 
long to  the  town,  part  of  which  is  employed  in 
the  importation  of  flax,  deals,  «fec.  from  the  Bal- 
tic. A  public  library  was  established  in  1727  ;  a 
new  town-hall  has  been  more  recently  erected, 
and  the  town  at  large  has  undergone  considera- 
ble improvement.  The  harbour  at  spring  tides 
will  only  admit  vessels  of  about  200  tons  burthen, 
but  being  exceedingly  well  sheltered  and  commo- 
dious, and  easily  made,  it  affords  security  to  ves- 
sels of  easy  draught  of  water.  Arbroath  is,  how- 
ever, a  manufacturing  rather  than  a  commercial 
town.  It  has  3  fairs  annually,  31  sr  of  Jan.  3rd 
Wed.  of  June,  and  18th  of  Jiily.  Pop.  in  1821 
8,972. 

Abercom,  a  village  and  parish,  in  the  co.  of  Lin- 
lithgow, Scotland,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  12  m.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  A  monastery  ex- 
isted here  in  the  7th  century  ;  and  the  castle  of 
Abercorn  was  a  place  of  great  strength  in  the  fa 
mily  of  the  Douglasses.  It  was  dismantled  in 
1445,  and  no  trace  of  either  monastery  or  castle 
now  remains.  Abercorn  still  gives  the  British 
title  of  Marquis,  and  the  Scottish  title  of  Earl  to  a 
branch  of  the  family  of  Hamilton.  The  Roman 
wall  is  said  to  have  begun  in  this  parish.  The 
village  has  increased  in  importance  since  1810,  by 
its  contiguity  to  the  Union  Canal.  Pop.  in  1821| 
1,044. 

Abercom,  v.  Efiingham  Co.  Geo.  18  m.  N.  S« 
vannah 


ABE 


ABE 


Aberdeen,  the  principal  city  in  the  North  of 
Scotland,  situated  on  the  coast  of  the  German 
ocean,  at  the  efflux  of  the  rivers  Dee  and  Don, 
127  m.  N.  E.  from  Edinburgh  It  has  an  obser- 
vatory ;  in  Ion.  2.  29.  W.  lat.  57.  9.  N.  Under 
the  denomination  of  Aberdeen  are  comprehended 
two  towns,  distinguished  as  the  Old  and  Ji'eio, 
which,  however,  are  almost  united  by  their  re- 
spective suburbs. 

Aberdeen,  Old,  formerly  Aberdon,  in  the  parish 
of  Old  Machar,  or  St.  Machar,  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  an  eminence  near  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Don,  about  a  mile  north  of  the  New  Town.  It 
18  q|f  great  antiquity,  and  was  of  some  importance 
90  lonw  ago  as  893,  when,  according  to  tradition. 
King  Gregory  the  Great  conferred  on  it  some  pe- 
culiar privileges,  but  no  authentic  records  are  ex- 
tant prior  to  1154.  By  charter,  the  free  burgess- 
es of  the  town  are  vested  with  the  power  of  choos- 
ing their  own  magistracy,  who  are  a  provost,  H 
bailies,  a  treasurer,  and  council,  with  the  deacons 
of  6  incorporated  trades.  The  town  consists 
chiefly  of  one  long  street.  There  is  a  neat 
town-house,  a  new  building,  and  a  Trades  Hos- 
pital for  decayed  freemen  and  their  widows,  and 
a  hospital  for  12  poor  men,  founded  by  Bishop 
William  Dunbar,  in  1532.  But  the  chief  orna- 
ment of  Old  Aberdeen  is  the  large  and  stately  fa- 
bric of  King's  College,  founded  by  Bishop  Elphin- 
stone,  in  1494,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  town. 
It  is  built  round  a  square,  with  cloisters  on  the 
south  side.  The  structure  contains  a  chapel,  li- 
brary, museum,  common  hall,  and  lecture-rooms, 
with  a  long  range  of  modern  houses,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  professors  and  students.  The 
library  and  museum  are  well  furnished.  The  old 
town,  being  formerly  the  seat  of  a  bishop,  had  a 
most  magnificient  cathedral,  first  founded  in  1154, 
but  the  present  edifice  was  begun  by  Bishop  Kin- 
niinonth,  in  1357,  and  was  80  years  in  building ; 
it  was  dedicated  to  St.  Machar,  but  like  many 
others  it  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  religious  frenzy  of 
the  reformers.  Two  very  antique  spires,  and  one 
aisle,  which  is  used  as  a  church,  are  all  that  is  now 
left.  In  this  cathedral  there  was  a  fine  library, 
which  was  also  destroyed.  Over  the  Don  at  Old 
Aberdeen,  there  is  a  noble  Gothic  brido-e,  built  by 
Bishop  Cheyne,  in  1231,  of  one  arch,  67  feet  span 
and  34  1-2  high  from  the  surface  of  the  river.  On 
both  sides  it  rests  on  a  solid  ledge  of  rock.  The 
population  of  Old  Aberdeen  and  parish  was  3,901 
in  1801,  and  18,312  in  1821. 

Aberdeen,  Jfew,  is  the  capital  of  the  shire  of  Aber- 
deen. For  extent,  trade  and  beauty,  it  far  exceeds 
any  town  in  the  north  of  Scotland.  It  is  built  on 
a  gentle  eminence,  rising  from  a  small  bay,  form- 
ed by  the  river  Dee,  over  which  there  is  an  elegant 
bridge  of  7  arches,  rebuilt  in  1724,  the  first  having 
been  built  by  Bishop  Dunbar,  in  1532.  The  streets 
are  numerous,  spacious,  and  well  paved ;  the 
houses  are  built  of  granite,  (from  adjoinintr  quar- 
ries) generally  four  stories  high,  remarkably  neat 
and  elegant,  having  almost  universally,  gardens  in 
their  rear.  The  whole  town  is  about  two  miles 
in  circumference,  and  in  1821  contained  a  popu- 
lation of  21,484.  The  municipal  government  is 
vested  in  a  provost,  4  bailies,  a  dean  of  guild, 
treasurer,  town-clerk,  a  town  council,  and  7  dea- 
cons of  incorporated  trades.  The  town  is  a  royal 
burgh,  and  uniting  with  Aberbrothock,  Brechin, 
Inverbervie,  and  Montrose,  sends  a  member  to 
parliament.  New  Aberdeen  is  graced  with  an 
elegant  college,  founded  by  George  Keith,  the 
Earl  Marischal  of  Scotland,  in  1593.     Its  other 


public  buildings  are  the  town-hall,  market-house, 
the  house  of  the  Aberdeen  Banking  Company, 
a  cross,  an  octagon  building  of  curious  work- 
manship, a  dispensary,  infirmary,  and  lunatic  asy- 
lum, a  poor-house,  bridewell,  gaol,  and  extensive 
barracks.  An  elegant  sJreet  from  the  S.  is  con- 
tinued over  an  arch  of  cut  granite,  132  ft.  span,  29 
in  height,  and  40  wide  between  the  parapets. 
Aberdeen  had  formerly  several  religious  houses; 
besides  the  university,  there  is  a  respectable  gram- 
mar school  and  several  alms-houses,  and  upwards 
of  20  places  for  religious  worship.  Tlie  harbour 
was  formerly  dangerous,  but  has  been  rendered 
safe  and  commodious,  by  a  pier  1^0  ft.  in  length, 
and  38  in  perpendicular  height ;  and  the  construc- 
tion of  wot  docks,  authorised  by  an  act  of  parlia- 
ment, in  1810.  Aberdeen  was  formerly  celebrated 
for  the  manufacture  of  knit  stockings,  and  woollen 
fabrics  generally,  which,  although  still  carried  on 
to  some  extent,  are  now  superseded  in  importance 
by  the  linen  smd  cotton  manufactures,  which,  in 
all  their  branches,  are  carried  on  to  a  great  extent. 
There  is  a  valuable  salmon  fishery  in  the  Dee  ;  a 
considerable  number  of  vessels  are  built  at  Aber- 
deen, and  about  40,000  tons  belong  to  it.  It  has 
several  public  breweries,  rope  works,  iron  foun- 
deries,  &c.  and  three  fairs  annually  on  the  31st 
Jan.  3rd  Wed.  in  June,  and  13th  of  July  ;  a  canal 
19  m.  in  length  to  Inverary,  contributes  not  a  lit- 
tle to  the  advantage  of  both  places. 

Aberdeen,  a  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the 
N.  W.  by  BanflTshire,  and  the  Deveron  ;  on  the  N. 
and  N.  E.  by  the  (Jerman  Ocean  :  on  the  S.  by  the 
CO.  of  Kincardine,  Forfar,  and  Perth;  and  on  the 
W.  by  Elgin,  and  Inverness-shire.  It  is  divided 
into  8  districts ;  the  S.  part  is  wild,  rugged  and 
mountainous,  some  of  the  hills  rising  to  the  height 
of  4,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  covered  in 
some  parts,  with  extensive  natural  forests  ;  the  N. 
part  is  bleak  and  barren  ;  but  the  midland  parts  of 
the  CO.  are  more  fertile  ;  and  since  the  period  of 
1786,  have  undergone  improvements  equal  to  any 
part  of  Scotland.  Its  rivers  are  the  Dee,  Don, 
Ythan,  Bogie,  Urie,  Ugie,  Cruden ;  and  the  Dev- 
eron, for  many  miles  forms  its  boundary  with  the 
CO.  of  Banff;  all  of  which  abound  more  or  less, 
with  salmon,  and  on  the  Ythan  some  valuable 
pearls  have  been  found.  Its  mineral  productions 
are  various,  but  none  of  much  note,  except  the 
granite,  the  exportation  of  which  constantly  em- 
ploys several  100  tons  of  shipping. 

Aberdeen,  p.t.  Brown  Co.  Ohio,  on  the  nver 
Ohio,  opposite  Maysville. 

Abcrdcnir,  a  parish  in  the  N.  of  Aberdeenshire,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Murray  Frilh.  Pop.  in  1821,1,495 
also  another  parish  and  village  2  m.  W.  of  Burnt- 
Island,  in  the  co.  of  Fife,  Scotland.  Pop.  in 
1821,  1,489. 

Aberford,  a  town  in  the  W.  riding  of  York- 
shire, 9  m.  N.  of  Ferrybridge,  on  the  direct  road  to 
Durham ;  it  has  a  market  on  Wed.  and  4  fairs 
annually.  Pop.  of  the  parish  900,  of  the  town 
579. 

Aberffrote,  a  village  pleasantly  situate  near  the 
coast  of  Caernarvon  bay,  on  the  isle  of  Anglesea, 
9  m.  W.  of  Llangefni,  on  the  direct  road  from 
Bangor  to  Holyhead;  it  had  formerly  a  palace, 
at  which  11  Princes  of  Wales  are  said  to  have 
resided.  It  has  4  fairs  annually,  7th  March,  Wed. 
after  Trinity,  23rd  Oct.  and  11th  Dec.  Pop.  in 
1821,  1,204. 

Abergavenny,  a  town  of  Monmouthshire,  situ- 
ate at  the  confluence  of  the  river  Gavenny  with 
the   Usk,  over  the  latter  is  a  fine  bridge  of  15 


AM 


ABT 


archei :  14  m.  W.  of  Monmouth ;  it  has  the  ad- 
Tantag«  of  a  collateral  cut  from  the  canal,  from 
Brecon  to  the  British  channel :  there  are  some 
considerable  iron  works  in  the  vicinity,  and  it  also 
participates  in  the  flannel  manufacture.  It  has 
a  considerable  market  on  Tues.  and  3  fairs  annu- 
iillv,  on  May  Ist,  Tues  after  Trinity,  and  Sep. 
2oth.     Pop  in  1801,  2,573,  and  in  1821,  3,388. 

Mcrgde,  a  town  in  Denbighshire,  Wales, 
pleasantly  situate  on  the  coast  of  the  Irish  sea, 
on  the  direct  road  from  Chester  to  Holyhead,  7 
m.  W.  of  St.  Asaph,  and  224  from  London ;  it  is 
much  frequented  in  the  summer  season  for  bath- 
ing, has  a  market  on  Sat.  and  3  fairs  annually. 
Pop.  in  ISOl,  1,748,  in  1821,  2,317. 

Me.rgwiUy,  a  village  near  Carmarthen,  S. 
Wales,  situate  at  the  confluence  of  the  river  Guil- 
\j  with  the  Towy.     It  contains  the  only  episco- 

?al  palace,  belonging  to  the  see  of  St.  David's, 
op.  in  1821,  2,183. 

Merncthy,  a  town  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
seated  near  the  junction  of  the  Erne,  with  the 
Tay,  7  m.  from  Perth.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
the  seat  of  the  Pictish  kings,  as  well  as  the  see 
of  an  Jirclibishop.  In  the  town  church-yard  is  a 
round  tower  74  feet  high  and  48  in  circumference, 
the  only  one  besides  that  of  Brechin  in  Scotland. 
It  participates  in  the  manufactures  of  Perth,  and 
has  three  fairs  annually.  Pop.  of  the  parish  in 
1821,  1,701.  Also  the  name  of  another  parish, 
from  150  to  180  sq.  m.  in  extent,  partly  in  Elorin 
and  partly  in  Inverness-shire,  abounding  with 
natural  forests  of  fir,  which  form  an  extensive 
traffic.     Pop.  in  1821,1,9(58. 

Merystwith,  a  town  of  S.  Wales,  in  Cardigan- 
shire, seated  on  the  Ystwith  near  its  confluence 
with  the  Rydiol,  where  they  fall  into  the  bay  of 
Cardigan,  over  the  Rydiol  is  a  handsome  stone 
bridge.  It  lies  207  m.  W.  N.  W.  from  London, 
and  39  N.  E.  from  Cardigan.  It  was  formerly 
fortified  with  a  castle,  and  defended  with  walls; 
but  both  are  now  in  ruins.  It  is,  however,  a 
flourishing  town,  having  a  great  trade  in  lead,  a 
considerable  fishery  of  herrings,  cod,  and  whit- 
ings, and  a  good  weekly  market  on  Monday ; 
about  8,000  tons  of  shipping  belong  to  this  town. 
In  the  bathing  season,  it  is  much  ^equented  as  a 
fashionable  watering  place.  Lon<r.  3.  58.  W.  lat. 
52.  25.  N.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,556. 

Mex,  a  country  of  Africa,  on  the  Red  Sea, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  east ;  on  the  west  it  is 
bounded  by  Abyssinia  and  Nubia,  on  the  north 
bv  Egypt,  and  on  the  south  by  the  coast  of  Ajan. 
The  chief  towns  are  Arkeko,  or  Ercoco,  and  Sua- 
quam ;  which  last  is  the  capital,  and  the  seat  of 
the  governor.  It  is  subject  to  the  Turks  ;  and  is 
very  sandy  and  barren,  being  destitute  of  water. 
The  heat  is  exc<'ssive,  and  the  air  unhealthy  to 
Europeans.  In  the  mountains  are  forests  of  ebo- 
By  trees,  abounding  with  wild  beasts.  It  is  500 
miles  in  length,  and  100  in  breadth.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  Mahometans. 

Mintrdon,  a  market  and  borough  town  in  Berk- 
shire, England,  and,  with  the  exception  of  Read- 
ing, the  chief  town  in  the  co.  It  is  situate  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  6  m.  N.  W.  of 
Oxford,  and  56  m.  S.  W.  from  London.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  antiquity,  and  has  frequently  been 
the  abode  of  royalty.  The  market-place  is  spa- 
cious, in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  respectable  edi- 
fice, a  spacious  hall,  supported  by  lofty  pillars,  in 
which  the  summer  assizes  for  the  co.  are  held,  the 
space  beneath  serving  for  a  market-house.  The 
market  for  grain  and  malt,  on  Mon.  and  Fri.  is 


very  great,  and  it  has  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  coarse  linen,  sacking,  &c.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parishes,  each  having  a  church,  and  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.    Pop.  in  1821,  5,137. 

Mingdon,  t.  Harford  Co.  Md.  26  ra.  N.  E.  Bal- 
timore. 

Mingdon,  p.t.  capital  of  Washington  Co.  Va. 
320  m.  W.  S.  W.  Richmond. 

Ahington,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  22  m.  S.  E. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,423. 

Abo,  a  sea- port,  and  chief  town  of  what  was 
formerly  Swedish  Finlajid,  but  which  was  wrested 
from  that  power,  by  Russia,  in  1808.  The  port 
and  town  of  Abo  are  finely  located  in  N.  lat.  60. 
27.  W.  long.  22.  18.  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  Promontory  of  Finland,  on  the  E.  shore  of 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  where  it  forms  its  junction 
with  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  Under  the  Swedish 
government,  Abo  was  the  see  of  a  bishop,  suffra- 
gan of  Upsal,  and  had  a  university,  founded  by 
Queen  Christina,  in  1640,  endowed  with  the 
same  privileges  as  that  of  Upsal;  and  also  a 
school,  founded  by  Gustavus  Adolphus,  for  300 
scholars.  It  was  the  seat  of  the  conference  where 
the  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  between  Russia 
and  Sweden,  in  1743.  The  town  has  flourished 
considerably  since  its  transfer  to  Russia;  its  chief 
trade  is  in  timber,  deals,  and  grain.  Pop.  iibout 
12,000. 

Momey,  a  populous  town,  the  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Dahomey,  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Af- 
rica. N.  lat.  7.  50.  E.  long.  0.  55.  Pop.  about 
25,000. 

Maukir,  a  town  of  Egypt,  in  N.  lat.  31.  18.  E 
long.  30.  38,  about  6  leagues  E.  of  Alexandria. 
A  British  army  of  12,000  men,  commanded  by 
Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie,  landed  here  in  1801 
The  bay,  formed  on  the  W.  by  a  neck  of  land,  ou 
which  the  town  is  situate,  and  on  the  E.  by  anoth- 
er neck  of  land  which  bounds  the  Rosetta  branch 
of  the  Nile,  is  very  spacious,  and  will  forever  be 
memorable  in  history,  as  the  scene  of  one  of  the 
most  splendid  and  decisive  naval  battles  on  re- 
cord, in  which  9  French  ships  of  the  line  were 
taken,  and  2  others  destroyed,  by  Lord  Nelson,  on 
the  1st  Aug.  1798. 

Mrantes,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
seated  on  the  Tagus,  45  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Lisbon, 
and  belonging  to  a  marquis  of  that  title.  It  is 
situated  on  high  ground,  surrounded  with  gar- 
dens and  olive-trees,  and  contains  about  35,000 
inhabitants,  and  has  4  convents,  an  hospital,  and 
an  alms-house. 

Mrolhos  Islands,  dangerous  shoals  on  the  coast 
of  Brazil,  S.  lat.  17.  58.^W.  long.  38.  26. 

Mruzzo,  one  of  the  four  great  provinces  of  Na- 
ples, bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on 
the  N.  and  W.  by  Ancona,  Umbria,  and  the 
Campagna  di  Roma,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Terra  di 
Lavoro  and  Molise.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by 
the  river  Pescara,  called  Ulteriore  and  Citeriore. 
The  former  has  Aquila,  and  the  latter  Sulmona, 
for  its  capital.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  rice,  fruits, 
saffron,  vines,  and  olives.     Pop.  about  590,000. 

Ms,  a  town  in  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ardeche,  formerly  the  chief  town  of  Vivares,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  now  in  a  very  ruinous  state. 

Moutigc,  a  town  in  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  site 
of  the  ancient  Abotis,  near  the  Nile,  where  great 
quantities  of  poppies  grow,  of  which  tJie  natives 
make  the  best  opium  in  the  Levant.  Long.  33. 
E.  lat.  26.  30.  N. 

Abtrcomhe,  p.t.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J. 

Ahyo  or  Abuyo,  one  of  the    Pliilippinc  islands, 


ACA 


ACQ 


in  the  East  Indies  between  Mindanao  and  Luzon. 
Long.  122.  15.  E.  lat.  10.  0  N. 

Myssinia,  a  kingdom  on  the  E.  side  of  Africa, 
extending,  in  length,  from  about  the  9th  to  the 
17th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  and  at  its  southern  base, 
from  about  the  35th  to  the  43rd  do^.  of  E.  long, 
and  at  the  N.  from  about  the  35th  to  the  38th  of 
do.  forming  an  area  of  about  140,000  sq.  m. 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Sennaar,  on  the  E  by  the 
Arabian  Gulf,  or  Red  Sea,  and  on  the  S.  and  W. 
by  very  undefined  limits,  and  countries  very  lit- 
tle known.  A  range  of  rugged  mountains  of 
considerable  altitude,  extending  along  the  whole 
line  of  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  shut  in  Abyssinia, 
and  nearly  exclude  it  from  all  advantages  of  mari- 
time intercourse.  Some  fine  and  fruitful  plains 
pervade  the  southern  part  of  the  teritory,  but  the 
prevailing  characteristic  of  Abyssinia  is  moun- 
tainous and  wild,  and  its  inhabitants  are  as  rude 
and  ferocious  as  their  country  is  wild  and  rugged. 
Its  climate  is  various,  but  on  the  whole  fine ;  it 
Is  exceedingly  rich  in  vegetable  productions,  both 
of  utility  and  beauty.  The  elephant,  rhinoceros, 
buffaloes,  leopards  of  various  species,  zebra,  and 
especially  the  hyaena,  abound  ;  the  latter  is  particu- 
larly ferocious  and  destructive ;  there  are  no  ti- 
gers, and  the  lion  is  not  common ;  there  are  vari- 
ous other  wild  animals,  as  well  as  the  domestic 
ones  common  to  Europe;  the  horses  are  strong 
and  handsome,  and  there  is  a  species  of  oxen  with 
horns  4  ft.  in  length,  and  20  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence at  the  root;  the  hippopotami  and  crocodile 
are  common  to  the  swamps  and  rivers  which  flow 
into  the  Nile.  Amongst  the  numerous  feathtered 
tribes  common  to  the  country  is  the  golden  and 
black  eagle,  and  some  owls  of  extraordinary  size 
and  beauty;  bees  abound  to  Buch  a  degree,  that 
honey,  in  the  southern  parts  of  the  country,  forms 
the  staple  article  of  production,  and  standard  of 
value  in  exchange  for  all  other  commodities,  and 
constitutes  the  principal  article  of  food;  locusts 
commit  great  devastation,  and  there  is  a  species 
of  fly  extremely  annoying  and  even  destructive 
to  the  cattle  in  the  rainy  season.  The  whole  of 
the  external  traffic  of  Abyssinia  is  carried  on  at 
Massowah,  a  small  island  on  the  coast  of  the  Red 
Sea,  in  N.  lat.  15.  34.  E.  long.  39  37.  where  ele- 
phants' teeth,  rhinoceros'  horns,  gold-dust,  honey, 
wax,  and  slaves  are  exchanged  for  spices,  iron, 
lead,  copper,  tin,  and  manufactured  goods  gener- 
ally. The  country  is  formed  into  three  great  di- 
visions. 1st.  Tigre,  N.  of  which  the  chief  towns 
are  Adowa,  Antalo,  Dixan,  and  Axum;  2nd  Am- 
hara,  W.  of  the  Tacazze  river,  of  which  Gondar 
and  Empras  are  the  chief  towns,  and  the  former  the 
capital  of  the  whole  kingdom;  3rd.  Shoa  Efat,  S. 
of  which  Ankober  and  Tegulet  are  the  chief 
towns.  The  Abyssinians  profess  to  be  Christians, 
nnd  some  of  their  churches  are  spacious  edifices, 
but  their  religious  ceremonies  are  made  up  of  the 
crude  formalities  of  the  Jewish  worship,  and  of 
the  Greek  Christians.  Their  language  is  a  dia- 
lect of  the  Arabic ;  of  the  extent  of  the  pop.  it  is 
difficult  to  form  even  a  conjecture. 

Jlcapuico,  a  town  of  Mexico,  on  the  shores  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.  16.  55.  N.  and  100.  54. 
W.  long.  During  the  domination  of  Spanish 
rule  in  South  America,  Acapulco  was  the  princi- 
pal trading  town  of  all  New  Spain;  one,  and 
sometimes  two  ships,  annually,  of  several  100 
tons  burthen,  used  to  arrive  from  the  Philippine 
Islands,  laden  with  all  the  choicest  productions  of 
Asia,  to  be  exchanged  for  the  gold  and  silver  of 
M»zieo ;  but  this  intercourse  ceased  with  the  wars 


which  followed  th*  French  revolution  in  1792, 
since  which  period  to  the  present  time  (1832)  the 
commerce  of  all  S.  America  has  been  exposed  to 
numerous  vicissitudes,  and  Acapulco  has  sunk 
into  the  utmost  insignificance.  Its  harbour  is  ca- 
pacious and  secure,  being  formed  into  a  basin  by 
the  small  island  of  Rogneta,  and  defended  by  a 
fort  on  the  N.  W.  The  town  contains  only  about 
4,000  inhabitants,  and  is  exceedingly  unhealthy^ 
the  temperature  prevailing  as  high  as  96,  and 
hardly  ever  below  86  of  Fahrenheit. 

Acasahastlan,  a  river  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Vera  Paz,  which  runs  into  the  Gulf  of  Dolce 
There  is  also  a  village  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
province  of  Chiapa. 

Accomack,  a  Co.  of  Virginia,  forming  the  N. 
part  of  a  promontory,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Chesapeake  Bay,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Atlantjc 
Ocean,  extending  from  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the 
State  of  Maryland.  Pop.  19,656.  Drummond- 
town,  207.  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Richmond,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Jlcheen,  a  kingdom,  forming  the  N.  W.  part  of 
the  island  of  Sumatra,  the  head  of  Point  Pedro, 
the  most  northerly  part  being  in  5.  42.  N.  lat.  and 
95.  35.  E.  long,  and  extending  about  50  m.  E.  by 
S.  During  the  early  period  of  the  intercourse  of 
Europe  with  Asia,  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Acheen  was  a  powerful  state  and  carried  on  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  Malay  and  Coromandel 
coasts,  and  other  parts  of  Asia;  and  on  the  Por- 
tuguese successively  attempting  to  form  a  settle- 
ment upon  the  Island  of  Sumatra,  in  tlie  early 
part  of  the  16th  century,  they  wore  completely 
expelled  by  the  Achenese,  and  although  consider- 
ably declined  in  power  and  importance,  the  Ache- 
nese are  still  an  active,  and  when  compared  with 
other  Asiatics,  an  efficient  and  industrious  people. 
The  chief  town  of  the  same  name,  is  situate  on 
a  river  about  2  m.  from  the  bav  formed  by  King's 
Point,  in  N.  lat.  5.  33.  and  95.  17.  E.  long,  and 
Point  Pedro  above  mentioned. 

Jlchill,  an  island,  forming  part  of  the  Co.  of 
Mavo,  on  the  western  coast  of  Ireland,  in  54.  7. 
N.  lat.  10.  31.  W.  long. 

Achmim,  a  town  of  Egypt,  the  residence  of  an 
emir,  or  prince  of  the  country.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  coarse  cottons,  and  stands  on  a  small 
eminence,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  200  m. 
S.  of  Cairo.     Long.  31.  56.  E.  lat.  26.  40.  N. 

Achonry,  a  populous  parish,  in  Leney  Barony, 
CO.  of  Sligo,  Ireland.     Pop.  in  1821, 12,990. 

Achorstown,  p.  village  in  Middletown,  Colum- 
bia Co.  Ohio,  160  m.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

Achen,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Magdeburg,  with  a  citadel,  on  the  Elbe,  5  m. 
N.  W.  of  Dessau. 

Acklam,  a  village  12  m.  from  York,  where  the 
body  of  the  Emperor  Severus,  who  died  at  York, 
was  burnt  to  ashes,  agreeably  to  the  custom  of 
those  times. 

Acama,  or  St.  Estecan  de  Acoma,  a  town  of 
New  Mexico,  seated  on  a  hill,  with  a  good  castle. 
The  town  is  ascended  by  a  flight  of  steps  cut 
out  of  the  rock.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of 
that  province.     Long.  104.  15.  W.  lat.  35.  0.  N. 

Aconcagua,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Chile,  in- 
tersected by  the  32d  degree  of  S.  Lat.  and  70th  of 
W.  long.  It  is  inconsiderable  both  in  extent  and 
population.  There  is  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
and  also  a  river  running  through  the  province 
and  that  of  Quillotn  into  the  sea. 

Acqua,  d  town  of  Tuscany,  noted  for  its  warm 
baths,  15  m.  E.  of  Leghorn. 


ADA 


10 


ADR 


Acqui,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Duchy  of  Mont- 
ferrat,  on  the  river  Bormia;  it  has  considerable 
manufactures  of  silk.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Jicra,  a  territory  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold  coast, 
where  some  European  states  have  forts,  and  each 
fort  its  village.     Lat.  5.  25.  N.  0.  10.  W.  long. 

Acre,  or  St.  John  d'Acre,  a  seaport  of  Syria,  in 
Palestine,  and  a  bisJiop's  sec.  It  is  called  Ptole- 
mais  by  the  Greeks,  and  stands  on  a  plain  at  the 
N.  point  of  a  bay,  which  extends  in  a  semicircle 
of  nine  m.  to  the  point  of  Mount  Carniel,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Kardanah,  or  ancient  Belus. 
In  the  time  of  the  crusades,  it  underwent  several 
sieffes ;  and  nothing  is  now  to  be  seen  of  this  an- 
cient city,  but  the  remains  of  monuments  erected 
by  the  christians,  and  some  ruins  of  a  church 
dedicated  to  St.  Andrew.  The  new  city  is  dis- 
tant one  m.  from  the  ancient  walls,  and  the  forti- 
fications are  of  little  importance.  The  palace  of 
the  grand  master  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Je- 
rusaJcm  is  the  residence  of  the  chief  of  Acre. 
Here  are  three  mosques,  four  churches,  and  a 
avnagogue.  The  chief  articles  of  commerce  are 
corn  and  cotton.  In  1759  great  damage  was  done 
by  an  earthquake ;  and  the  year  following  5,000 
persons,  near  one  third  of  the  inhab.  died  by  the 
plague.  In  1799,  aided  by  the  British,  under  Sir 
Sidney  Smith,  it  withstood  a  severe  seige  by  the 
French  under  Buonaparte,  who  retreated  after 
failing  in  the  twelfth  assault.  It  is  27  m.  S.  of 
Tyre,  and  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Jerusalem.  N.  lat. 
SO.  0.  E.  long.  35.  10.     Pop.  about  20,000. 

Acron,  a  district  of  the  Fantee  territory,  on  the 
Gold  coast  of  Africa,  about  50  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Cape  Coast  Castle. 

Acton,  the  name  of  6  villages,  and  a  prefix  to 
10  others  in  different  parts  of  England  signifying 
places  originally  situate  among  oaks;  ac  being 
the  Saxon  word  for  oak.  Also  the  name  of  a 
village  in  the  parish  of  Ballymore,  co.  of  Armagh, 
Ireland. 

Acton,  t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  18  m.  N.  W.  Brat- 
tleboro.     Pop.  170. 

Acton,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  1,128. 

Acton-Burnel,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  8  m.  S. 
of  Shrewsbury.  Here  are  considerable  remains 
of  a  castle,  in  which  a  parliament  was  held  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  I. 

Actovan,  the  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name  in  the  Intendencia  de  Mexico,  about  70  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

Acioorth,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Hampshire,  87 
m.  from  Portsmouth,  and  93  from  Boston.  Pop. 
1,401. 

Adamstotcn,  t,  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  20  m.  N.  E. 
Lancaster. 

Adams,  t.  Coos  Co.  N.  Hampshire,  90  m.  from 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  515. 

Adams,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  2,G48. 
Saddle  Mountain  lies  partly  in  this  town.  Here 
are  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton,  woollen 
and  linen. 

Adams,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  160  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  2,995. 

Adams,  p.t.  Dauphin  Co.  Pa.  133  m.  Washing- 
ton. 

Adams,  a  County  of  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  21, 
378.     Gettysburg  is  the  capital. 

Adams,  a  County  of  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  river, 
20  m.  in  extent  and  containing  550  sq.  m.  West 
Union  in  Tiffin  townsliip  is  the  seat  of  justice. 
Pop.  12578. 

Adams,  a  County  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  12,129, 
Nateh«z  is  tha  capital. 


Adams,  p.v.  Hyde  Co.  N.  C.  339  m.  Wash 

Adamsburg,  p.v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa.  145  m. 
W.  Harrisburgh. 

Adamsville,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  57  m. 
Albany. 

Adair,  a  County  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  8,220 
Columbia  is  the  capital. 

Adana,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Car- 
mania,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  strong  castle.  It 
has  a  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits;  and  is  seat 
ed  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  12  m.  from  the 
Mediterranean,  in  N.  hit.  36.  48.  E.  long.  35.  6. 

Adda,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  which  rises  in 
the  Grisons,  passes  through  the  lake  ComO;  the 
Vatteline,  and  the  N.  part  of  the  Milanese,  falls 
into  the  Po,  5m.  above  Cremona. 

Addisov.,  a    County    of  Vermont,  on   the    W 
side  of  the   Green  Mountains  near  the  centre  o^ 
the  State.     It  contains  about  700  sq.  m.     Middle- 
bury  is  the  shire  town.     Pop.  24,940. 

Addison,p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Champlain 
Pop.  1,306.  Magnetic  oxide  of  iron  is  found 
here. 

Addison,  t.  Washington  Co.  Me.     Pop.  741. 

Addison,  t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop  944. 

Addison,  t.  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Adel,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  called  also  Zeila, 
from  a  rich  trading  town  of  that  name,  situated 
near  its  coast  by  the  Red  Sea.  It  seldom  rains 
here  ;  but  the  country  is  well  watered  by  rivers, 
and  abounds  with  wheat,  millet,  frankincense,  and 
pepper.  The  inhab.  are  Mahometans.  It  was 
formerly  a  part  of  Abyssinia.  The  capital  is  Au- 
cagurel. 

Adelfors,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smaland,  no- 
ted for  its  gold  mines,  about  70  m.  N.  W.  of  Cal- 
mar. 

Adelphi,  p.t.  Colerain  township,  Ross  Co.  Ohio, 
40  m.  S.  E.  Columbus. 

Adige,  a  river  of  Lombardy,  which  rises  S.  of 
the  Lake  of  Glace,  and  passing  by  Tyrol,  Brixen, 
Trent,  and  Verona,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
a  little  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Po. 

Adirheitzan,  a  province  of  Persia  (part  of  the 
ancient  Media,)  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Armenia, 
E.  by  Ghilan,  S.  by  Irac  Agemi,  and  W.  by  Cur- 
distan.     Tauris  is  the  capital. 

Admiralty-Islands,  a  cluster  of  islands  in  the  S. 
Pacific  ocean,  to  the  N.  W.  of  New  Ireland. 
They  were  discovered  in  1767,  and  are  !)etween 
20  and  30  in  number;  some  of  them  appear  of 
considerable  extent ;  and  tlie  W.  end  of  the 
principal  island  is  in  2.  6.  S.  lat.  and  146.  57.  E. 
long. 

Adour,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Pyrenees,  flows  by  Tarbes 
and  Dax,  and  enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  below 
Bayonne.  The  Duke  of  Wellington  effected  ▼ 
passage  across  this  river,  with  the  allied  Englisn 
and  Spanish  army,  in  the  middle  of  February 
1814,  after  considerable  difficulty,  in  the  presence 
of  the  French  army,  commanded  by  JMarsha^ 
Soult. 

Adowa,  the  capital  and  residence  of  tJie  sove- 
reign of  Abyssinia,  and  the  place  through  which 
the  commerce  of  the  inland  parts  of  Abyssinia  is 
maintained  with  Massowah  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Adra,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  47  m.  S 
E.  of  Granada.     Long.  3.  7.  W.  lat.  36.  45.  N. 

Adramiti,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nat- 
olia,  on  the  E.  coast  of  a  gulf  of  its  name,  70  .n. 
N.  by  W.  of  Smyrna.  Long.  26.  50.  E.  lat.  39. 
86.  N. 

Adrai,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Polesiao  di  Rovigo 


AFK 


11 


AFIl 


which  gives  name  to  the  Adriatic  sea,  and  was 
former]  V  of  great  note,  but  has  been  much  reduced 
by  frequent  inundations.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tartaro.  25  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Venice. 

Jldrianojile,  a  city  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Romania,  the  see  of  a  CJreek  archbishop,  and 
formerly  tiie  European  seat  of  the  Turkish  do- 
minion. It  is  eight  m.  in  circumference,  situ- 
ate in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Marissa,  which  here 
receives  two  tributary  streams.  Several  of  the 
mosques  are  very  splendid,  and  many  of  the 
houses  neat,  but  the  streets  are  narrow  and  devi- 
ous. Tlie  seraglio  is  separated  from  the  city  by 
ihe  river  Arda,  and  commands  an  extensive  view 
of  the  country,  which  is  fertile,  and  famous  for 
excellent  vines.  The  commerce  of  the  city  by 
the  river  is  considerable,  and  celebrated  for  its 
beautiful  red  dye.  The  Turks  took  this  city 
from  the  Greeks  in  13G2.  It  is  135  m.  N.  W.  of 
Constantinople.     Long.  22.  30.  E.  lat.  41.  N. 

Adriatic  Sea.     See  Venue,  Gulf  of. 

Jidvenlure  Bay,  at  the  S.  E,  end  of  Van  Die- 
men's  land,  so  called  from  the  ship  in  which  Cap- 
tain Furneax  sailed.  Long  147.  30.  E.  lat.  43. 
23.  S. 

JEgades  or  JEgates,  three  small  islands  on  the 
W.  side  of  Sicily,  between  Marsella  and  Trapani; 
their  names  are  Levenzo,  Favignana,  and  Mare- 
tima. 

JEtna  or  Etna,  a  celebrated  burning  mountain 
of  Sicily,  now  called  by  the  natives  Monte  Gibel- 
lo.  It  is  situated  in  the  Eastern  part  of  the  isl- 
and, in  long.  15.  0.  E.  lat.  38.  0.  N.  Pindar,  who 
lived  435  years  before  Christ,  calls  it  the  Pillar  of 
Heaven,  on  account  of  its  great  height,  which  is 
generally  reckoned  to  be  about  11,000  feet;  and 
its  circamference  at  the  base  70  m.  It  affords  an 
epitome  of  all  the  differences  of  climate.  The 
summit  is  a  league  in  circumference,  and  within 
formed  like  a  vast  amphitheatre^  from  whence 
flames,  ashes,  and  smoke,  issue  in  divers  places. 
Eruptions  of  this  mountain  are  mentioned  by 
Diodorus  Siculus,  as  happening  1,693  years  before 
Christ;  and  Thucydides  speaks  of  three  erup- 
tions, which  happened  in  734,  477,  and  425,  B.  C. 
From  this  period  till  1447,  there  were  about  18 
different  eruptions,  the  most  destructive  of  which 
were  in  1 169  and  1329 ;  there  have  been  other 
eiuptions  since,  which  have  done  immense  dam- 
age, particularly  those  in  1669,  1755,  1780,  and 
1787.  In  1809  eruptions  took  place  in  12  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  mountain,  and  covered  the  adja- 
cent land  with  lava  to  the  depth  of  40  feet, 
and  another  eruption  occurred  in  1822. 

Afghanistan,  a  country  of  Asia,  stretching 
from  the  mountains  of  Tartary  to  the  Arabian 
eea,  and  from  the  Indus  to  the  confines  of  Persia. 
The  inhab.  of  this  wide  domain  have  no  written 
character,  and  speak  a  language  peculiar  to  them- 
eelves.  They  are  a  robust  hardy  race  of  men ; 
and  being  generally  addicted  to  a  state  of  preda- 
tory warfare,  their  manners  partake  of  a  barbar- 
ous insolence.  They  avow  a  fixed  contempt  for 
the  occupations  of  civil  life ;  and  are  esteemed 
the  most  negligent  of  religious  observances,  of  all 
the  Mahometans.  Their  common  dress  consists 
of  a  shirt,  which  falls  over  the  upper  part  of 
long  and  narrow  trowsers ;  a  woolen  vest,  fitted 
closely  to  the  body,  and  reaching  to  the  midleg  ; 
and  a  high  turned-up  cap  of  broadcloth  or  cotton, 
usually  of  one  colour,  and  of  a  conic  form,  with 
two  small  parallel  slits  in  the  upper  edge  of  its 
facing.  The  principal  cities  of  Afghanistan  are 
Candahar  and  Cabal,  the  former  of  which  was 


the  capital ;  but  the  late  and  present  sultans  hare 
kept  their  court  at  Cabul.  About  the  year  1720 
an  army  of  Afghans  invaded  Persia,  took  Ispahan, 
and  made  the  sultan  Husseyn  prisoner.  They 
kept  possession  of  Ispahan  and  the  southern  prov- 
inces for  ten  years,  when  they  were  defeated  in 
several  battles,  and  driven  out  of  the  country  by 
Nadir  Kuli,  commonly  known  in  EuroiV!  by  the 
name  of  Kouli  Khan.  After  Nadir  haa  deposed 
his  sovereign.  Shah  Thamas,  he  laid  seige  to  and 
took  Candahar ;  but  afterward  received  a  consid- 
erable body  of  Afghans  into  his  army,  who  be- 
came his  favourite  foreign  troops.  On  his  assas- 
sination, in  1747,  the  general  of  the  Afghan 
troops,  though  furiously  attacked  by  the  whole 
Persian  army,  effected  a  safe  retreat  into  his  own 
country,  where  he  caused  himself  to  be  acknowl- 
edged sovereign  of  the  Afghan  kingdom.  In  1808 
the  English  L.  India  company  deputed  the  Hon. 
Mount  Stuart  Elphinstone  on  a  mission  to  Cau- 
bul,  accompanied  by  a  large  military  retinue. 
The  mission  left  Delhi  on  the  13th  Oct.  the  re- 
sult of  their  observations  and  enquiries  on  the 
then  circumstances  and  condition  of  Caubnl,  (by 
which  name  the  Afghan  territory  is  generally 
called,)  as  well  as  the  countries  through  which 
the  mission  passed,  have  been  since  published. 

Africa,  one  of  the  four  great  divisions  of  the 
world,  forming  a  jjeninsula  to  Asia,  to  which  it 
is  connected  by  a  neck  of  land  at  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity, l^ut  60  m.  across,  called  the  isthmus 
of  Suez.  In  its  extreme  length  it  extends  from 
Cape  Negro,  in  lat.  37.  21.  N.  to  False  Cape  in 
lat.  34.  25.  S.  being  about  4,300  m.  and  in  its  ex- 
treme breadth  from  Cape  Verd  in  17.  34.  W.to 
Cape  Guardafui  in  51.  32.  E.  long,  being  about 
4,100  m.  It  will  however  in  the  first  place  be 
well  to  consider  Africa  as  divided  by  nature  into 
two  great  parts,  N.  and  S.,  by  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains, commonly  called  the  Mountains  of  the 
Moon,  supposed  to  extend  across  the  entire  con- 
tinent between  the  7th  to  the  11th  degrees  of  N. 
lat.  North  Africa  will  then  on  its  other  sides  be 
bounded,  on  the  E.  by  the  Arabian  gulf  or  Red 
sea,  on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  on  the 
W.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  approximating  in  form 
to  a  parallelogram ;  the  mean  length  of  which 
from  W.  to  E.  is  about  fifty  degrees  of  long,  and 
the  mean  breadth  from  N.  to  S.  about  27  degrees 
of  lat.  forming  an  area  of  about  4,550,000  sq.  m. 
of  which  the  great  deserts  of  Sahara,  Tuarick, 
and  Lybia  constitute  about  one  third  of  the  ex- 
tent. N.  Africa  is  subdivided  into  a  great  num- 
ber of  kingdoms,  states  and  territories ;  the 
most  prominent  of  which  are,  Galla,  Abyssinia, 
Sennaar,  and  Nubia  on  the  E.  bordering  on  the 
Red  sea,  Egvpt,  at  the  N.  E.  extremity,  Lybia, 
Fezzan,  and  Barbary,  (comprising,  Tripoli,  Tunis, 
Algiers,  and  Fez;)  on  the  N.  bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean,  and  Morocco  at  the  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity, bounded  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  ;  a  large 
extent  of  coast  S.  of  Morocco,  is  called  Azanago, 
and  S.  of  the  river  Senegal  in  lat.  16.  N.  to  Sier- 
ra Leone  in  lat.  8. 30.  the  coast  is  occupied  by  sev- 
eral Negro  tribes,  the  limits  of  whose  territories 
are  very  imperfectly  defined.  Inland,  S.  of  the 
great  desert,  are  the  kingdoms  of  Tombuctoo, 
Houssa,  Cassina,  and  Wangara ;  and  E.  of  the 
desert,  are  Ashber,  Bomou,  Begherm,  Bergoo, 
Darfur,  &c.  &c.  With  the  exception  of  the  des- 
erts and  the  more  mountainous  districts,  this  part 
of  Africa  is  well  watered,  and  exceedingly  fertile. 
The  most  celebrated  river  is  the  Nile,  which, 
risin?  from  various  sources  on  the  N.  side  of  the 


AFR 


« 


AFR 


Seat  chain  of  mountains,  and  flowing  through 
bvssinia,  Sennaar,  Nubia,  and  Egypt,  falls  into 
the  Mediterranean  sea  by  several  channels  between 
the  lat.  of  30.  16.  and  31.  50.  E.  The  river  Niger 
has  long  furnished  a  subject  of  considerable  inter- 
est to  tlie  learned.  It  is  now  known  to  run  into  the 
Atlantic  ocean  at  the  Bight  of  Benin.     See  Mger. 

Numerous  streams  and  lakes  intersect  all  the 
interior  part  of  the  country  situate  between  the 
desert  of  Sahara  and  the  chain  of  mountains 
which  divide  the  continent  into  two  parts.  Sev- 
eral rivers  fall  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  S.  of  the 
Great  desert ;  the  first  of  these  is  the  Senegal,  the 
entrance  of  which  from  the  sea  is  in  lat.  15.  53.  N. 
2nd.  the  Gambia,  in  lat.  13.  8.  N.,  and  further  S. 
jt  the  Pongos,  Rio  Grande,  Noonez,  and  Sierra  Le- 
one, in  lat.  8.  30.  N. 

Independently  of  the  great  chain  of  mountains 
which  divides  Africa  into  two  parts,  a  ridge  of 
considerable  altitude  extends  along  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  the  shores  of  the  Red  sea ;  and  the  states 
of  Barbary  are  bounded  on  the  S.  by  another 
chain  called  the  Atlas,  which  at  the  greatest  ele- 
vation rise  to  the  height  of  13,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea 

The  middle  portion  of  the  western  coast  of  Af- 
rica is  denominated  the  Coast  of  Guinea,  on 
which  several  of  the  European  states  have  forts 
and  settlements  ;  it  is  occupied  by  several  pow- 
erful tribes  of  negroes,  with  whom  the  Europ- 
eans carry  on  a  very  extensive  traffic,  with  the 
manufactured  productions  of  Europe  in  general, 
in  exchange  for  gold  dust,  ivory,  skins,  bees  wax, 
palm  oil,  barvvood,  &c.;  S.  of  the  Coast  of  Gui- 
nea, for  about  15  degrees  of  lat.,  the  coast  is  also 
occupied  with  several  Negro  tribes,  who  live  in 
constant  collision  with*  each  other,  and  from 
amongst   whom  about  100,000  annually,  at  the 

Ceriod  of  1820 — 1828,  were  transported  as  slaves 
y  the  ships  of  France,  Portugal,  and  Spain,  for 
working  the  plantations  of  those  countries  in  S. 
America  and  the  W.  Indies  ;  the  remaining  por- 
tion of  the  W.  coast,  as  well  as  all  the  interior,  and 
the  E.  coast  of  this  part  of  Africa,  is  very  little 
known  ;  but  as  far  as  knowledge  has  been  obtain- 
ed the  inhab.  appear  more  rude  and  unsocial  than 
even  those  of  N.  Africa.  A  very  rude  and  un- 
civilized people,  the  Hottentots,  occupy  the  more 
S.  extremity  of  the  continent  extending  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

If  the  climate  of  America  is  distinguished  by 
superabundant  moisture  and  cold,  that  of  Africa 
is  not  less  remakable  for  its  general  want  of  hu- 
midity, and  its  warmth.  Of  this  fact  the  immense 
extent  of  and  and  burning  deserts  already  men- 
tioned, affords  incontrovertible  proof.  The  most 
northern  and  the  most  southern  districts  are 
equally  without  a  winter ;  and  the  greater  part  of 
the  continent  is  situated  within  the  tropics. 

The  ancientp  indeed  supposed  the  torrid  zone 
to  be  so  parched  by  the  perpendicular  rays  of  the 
■un  as  to  be  uninhabitable ;  but  modern  discov- 
eries have  assured  us  that  the  theory  of  the  an- 
cients is  not  altogether  true.  The  sun,  when 
vertical,  universally  brings  with  him  an  immense 
tmin  of  clouds,  which  pour  down  upon  the  subja- 
cent country  an  incessant  deluge.  When  the  sun 
is  in  the  N.  the  rainv  season  begins  in  the  coun- 
tries lying  northward  from  the  equator ;  when  in 
the  S.,  the  rainy  season  is  to  the  S.  of  the  equa- 
tor. This  quantity  of  rain  cools  the  atmosphere, 
•o  as  to  produce  a  temperature  much  more  mod- 
erate than  that  which  prevails  when  the  sun  re- 
moves to  a  greater  distance  ;  and  the  sun  produ- 


ces within  the  tropics  in  Africa  the  same  efleeta 
as  within  the  same  degrees  of  latitude  in  other 
parts  of  the  world.  The  prevalent  drought  is  here 
in  some  measure  checked  by  the  tropical  rains ; 
and, so  far  as  has  been  ascertained,  the  tropical  re- 
gions are  perhaps  that  part  of  this  continent  which 
IS  best  watered.  The  greater  part  of  the  im- 
mense deserts — that  of  Sjuiara  for  instance — lie  in 
general  too  far  N.  ever  to  be  under  the  influence  of 
a  vertical  sun.  The  torrid  zone  may  therefore  be 
considered  as  having  only  tw»  seasons — the  dry 
and  the  wet,  which  are  likewise  distinguished,  in 
some  places,  as  the  summer  and  winter.  In  some 
districts,  indeed,  there  are  two  dry  and  two  wet 
seasons  in  the  year;  and  these  are  called  thi> 
short  and  the  long  seasons.  In  all  the  countriea 
within  20.  of  the  equator  the  difference  in  the 
amount  of  temperature  is  scarcely  perceptible,  at 
least  in  the  countries  lying  near  the  coast,  for  the 
interior  here  is  almost  entirely  unknown  to  us. 
In  the  countries  from  Cape  Blanco  up  to  the 
Senegal,  the  mean  temperature  from  November 
to  the  end  of  March  is  at  6  a.  m.  about  73.  Fahr., 
and  at  noon,  in  the  shade,  87.  Fahr.  Farther  into 
the  interior  of  the  country — at  Bambouk,  for  in- 
stance— the  heat  is  much  more  intense.  At  the 
Gambia,  in  the  same  months,  the  mean  tempera- 
ture at  6  a.  M.  is  77.,  and  at  noon  in  the  shade, 
91.  In  the  months  of  April,  May,  and  June,  at 
the  Senegal,  the  thermometer  6  a.  m.  indicates 
83.,  and  at  noon,  in  the  shade,  95.  From  the 
month  of  July  to  the  end  of  October,  the  mean 
temperature  at  6  a.  m.  is  95. ;  and  at  noon  107.  In 
the  more  southern  countries  the  heat  is  still  great- 
er, and  also  in  the  sandy  plains ;  in  those  dis- 
tricts which  are  situated  farther  towards  the  E., 
and  even  in  those  farther  to  the  N.,  the  heat  is 
frequently  rendered  insupportable  by  peculiar 
localities.  Thus  at  Ombos  and  Syene,  in  the 
S.  of  Egypt,  the  sand  absolutely  scorches  the 
feet  of  the  traveller,  and  eggs  may  be  dressed 
by  burying  them  in  the  sand.  At  Algiers  the 
mean  temperature  is  72. ;  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  the  thermometer  frequently  rises  to  95.  or 
98.,  and  often  much  higher;  but  change  of  tem- 
perature is  very  quickly  effected  here,  and  a 
burning  day  is  frequently  followed  by  a  chilly 
night.  During  eight  months  of  the  year  constant 
fine  weather  is  prevalent  throughout  a  great  part 
of  Africa.  The  sun  rises  every  morning  in  a 
clear  atmosphere,  and  spreads  a  glaring  light  over 
the  whole  country,  too  brilliant  almost  for  the 
eye  to  sustain  ;  no  cloud  casts  a  passing  shadow 
over  the  landscape  ;  and,  in  the  evening,  the  orb 
of  day  sinks  magnificently  into  the  ocean  But 
the  excessive  heat  diminishes  the  pleasure  man 
might  feel  in  contemplating  the  glorious  sky ; 
and  the  first  clouds  which  foretell  the  approach 
of  rain  are  hailed  with  delight  by  the  Europeac  ' 
resident,  overwhelmed  by  the  oppressive  heat. 

The  physical  peculiarities  which  distinguish 
Africa,  seem  to  depend  chiefly  on  the  circum- 
stance that  almost  her  whole  territory  is  situated 
within  the  tropics.  The  other  portions  of  the 
earth's  surface  which  lie  directly  beneath  the 
solar  influence  consist  generally  either  of  sea,  or 
of  narrow  and  insular  lands,  refreshed  by  breezes 
from  the  ocean.  But  the  greatest  breadth  of  Af 
rica  is  under  the  immediate  power  and  dominion 
of  the  sun  ;  and  most  of  her  people  see  that  great 
planet,  in  its  annual  progress  from  tropic  to  trop- 
ic, pass  twice  over  their  heads,  and  thus  experi- 
ence a  repetition  of  its  most  intense  and  perpendi 
cular  rays.    The  higrhest  blessings  of  this  sablu- 


X 


AFR 


13 


AFR 


nary  world,  when  carried  beyond  a  certain  limit, 
become  its  deadliest  bane.  Tliat  |)arent  orb,  wliich 
cheers  and  illumines  the  rest  of  the  earth,  glares 
on  Africa  with  oppressive  and  malignant  beam, 
blasting  tiie  face  of  nature,  and  covering  her  with 
barrenness  and  desolation.  Sometimes  it  con- 
verts tlie  soil  into  a  naked  desert ;  sometimes 
overspreads  it  with  a  noxious  e.xcess  of  animal  and 
vegetable  life.  The  soil,  when  not  watered  by 
copious  rains  or  river  inundations,  is  scorched 
.and  dried  up  till  it  is  converted  into  a  dreary 
waste.  Hence  it  is,  that  in  Africa,  plains  of  sand 
form  a  feature  so  truly  alarming.  The  Great 
Desert,  with  the  exception  of  the  narrow  valley  of 
\lie  Nile,  reaches  across  tlie  entire  continent,  ex- 
hibiting an  expanse  of  burning  surface,  where  for 
mzjiy  days  the  traveller  finds  not  a  drop  of  water, 
■or  sees  the  least  vestige  of  animal  or  vegetable 
nature.  He  pursues  his  dreary  route  amid  loose 
hills  continually  shifting,  and  leaving  no  marks 
to  guide  his  course.  Every  breeze  is  filled  with 
dust,  which  enters  the  mouth  and  nostrils,  and 
penetrates  between  tlie  clothes  and  skin.  Some- 
times it  drives  along  in  clouds  and  whirlwinds, 
beneath  wliich  it  was  once  thought  that  caravans 
and  even  armies  had  been  buried;  but  it  is 
now  ascertained  that  the  numerous  bones  which 
whiten  the  desert  are  merely  those  of  travellers 
who  have  sunk  under  famine,  thirst  and  fatigue  ; 
and  that  the  sand,  which  continually  blows,  has 
accumulated  above  them.  Travellers  over  these 
tracts  of  shingle  have  been  impressed  with  the 
idea  of  their  being  the  bed  of  an  ancient  ocean. 
This  is  not  the  place  to  enter  into  a  speculation 
on  the  formation  of  the  earth.  That  every  part 
of  its  surface  lay  once  beneath  the  waters  is  suffi- 
ciently apparent ;  but  there  is  at  least  no  histori- 
cal proof  that  Africa  emerged  later  than  other 
continents.  The  earliest  records  represent  her 
deserts  to  have  been  as  extensive  as  tliey  are  in 
our  days,  and  to  have  pressed  equally  close  upon 
the  cultivated  belt  along  the  northern  coast.  In 
general,  all  regions  between  the  tropics,  when  not 
copiously  watered,  moulder  into  sand,  alternating 
with  a  hard  and  impenetrable  stratum  of  clav. 
The  central  wastes  of  Asia,  those  of  Arabia  and 
of  Sindetic  Hindoslan,  though  inferior  to  those  of 
Africa,  are  yet  of  similar  character  and  of  im- 
'  mense  extent.  In  order  to  obviate  the  extreme  ef- 
fects of  the  tropical  sun,  which  produces  a  desola- 
tion so  dreadful.  Nature  has  provided  suitable  re- 
medies. Every  country  under  tliis  latitude  has 
its  rainy  season,  when,  amid  the  blaze  of  light- 
nings and  the  noise  of  thunders  rending  the  sky, 
heaven  seems  to  open  all  her  windows  to  pour  an 
unbroken  flood  upon  the  earth.  The  ground  is  cov- 
ered as  with  a  deluge,  and  the  dry  beds  of  tho 
rivulets  are  converted  into  torrents  ;  yet  so  intense 
are  the  sun's  rays,  tliat  the  moisture  tlius  lavislied 
npon  the  surface  is  quickly  dried  up.  Great  riv- 
ers, which,  swollen  by  tlie  rains,  overflow  their 
banks  and  lay  the  surrounding  country  under 
water,  or  at  least  aSbrd  the  means  of  artificial  in- 
undation, are  the  principal  source  of  that  luxuri- 
ant fertility,  that  mighty  growth  of  vegetable 
forms,  which  singularly  characterize  the  tropical 
climates.  It  is  to  the  waters  which  descend  from 
the  lofty  precipices  and  eternal  snows  of  the  Him- 
maleh,  that  the  plains  of  Hindoostan  and  China 
owe  their  amazing  fruitfulness.  Africa,  too,  has 
elevated  mountain-chains,  which  give  rise  to  sev- 
eral rivers  of  great  magnitude  and  most  fertilizing 
influence.  Atlas,  along  its  northern  border,  pre- 
sents even  in  so  hot  a  cliiaate,  pinnacles  wrapped 


in  everlasting  snow.  Still  more  extensive  is  that 
central  range,  which,  amid  its  various  local  names, 
is  most  generally  known  under  the  poetical  ap- 
pellation of  "  The  Mountains  of  the  Moon."  Yet* 
tJiese  chains,  besides  being  not  altogether  so  gi- 
gantic as  those  of  the  other  continents,  labour 
under  the  peculiar  disadvantages  of  extending 
across  tlie  breadth  only  of  Africa.  The  Andel 
and  the  Himmaleh,  tliose  stupendous  heights  of 
America  and  Asia,  as  they  traverse  tliese  conti- 
nents in  the  direction  of  their  length,  cover  a 
much  greater  surface,  and  thus  create  fertility  in 
the  more  limited  plains  which  intervene  between 
the  mountains  and  the  ocean.  But  the  largest  of 
the  African  rivers,  directing  their  course  through 
a  vast  extent  of  low  land,  reach  the  sea  only  by  a 
circuitous  course.  Several  of  them,  too,  difiiis- 
ing  tlieir  waters  into  lakes  or  marshes,  expire  in 
the  very  heart  of  the  continent.  The  result  is,  that 
the  enormous  breadth  of  the  Sahara,  or  Great 
Desert,  is  scarcely  irrigated  even  by  a  streamlet. 
It  depends  entirely  on  the  periodical  rains  ;  and 
tliese  sink  into  the  sandy  and  porous  surface,  till 
being  arrested  at  the  depth  of  eight  or  ten  feet, 
they  form  that  "  sea  under  ground"  which  has 
been  traced  over  a  large  portion  of  the  waste. 

Vegetable  life,  in  consequence  of  this  absence 
of  moisture,  is  scantily  difiused  over  a  great  ex- 
tent of  the  continent.  In  the  heart  of  the  moun- 
tains, however,  and  in  the  kingdoms  along  their 
border,  the  soil  is  most  profusely  watered,  and, 
under  the  influence  of  a  tropical  sun,  produces, 
perhaps,  beyond  any  other  part  of  the  world,  that 
luxuriant  growth  and  those  gigantic  vegetable 
forms,  which  distinguish  the  equatorial  regions. 
The  baobab,  or  great  calabash,  appears  to  be  the 
most  enormous  tree  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Ad- 
anson  assures  us,  that  the  circumference  in  some 
cases  is  equal  to  thirteen  fathoms,  as  measured  by 
his  arms  clasped  round  the  trunk,  that  is  varying 
from  seventy -four  to  seventy -seven  feet.  Branch- 
es extending  horizontally  from  the  trunk,  each 
equal  to  a  large  tree,  make  the  baobab  a  forest  as 
it  were  by  itself.  The  mangrove,  too,  which 
rises  on  the  borders  of  rivers  or  inundated  spots, 
diffuses  itself  in  a  manner  truly  remarkable.  The 
branches,  dropping  down  upon  the  watery  bank, 
strike  root  and  grow  ;  hence  the  original  plant, 
spreading  farther  and  farther,  forms  over  the 
stream  a  species  of  natural  arcade.  These  mighty 
trees  do  not  stand  alone,  but  have  their  intersti- 
ces filled  up  by  numberless  shrubs,  canes,  creep- 
ing and  parasiriical  plants,  which  intersect  and  en- 
twine with  each  other  till  they  form  a  thick  and 
impenetrable  mass  of  underwood.  To  cut  even 
a  narrow  pass  through  these  dense  forests  is  a  la- 
borious process ;  and  as  shoots  are  continually 
protruding  inwards  on  each  side,  the  track,  witli- 
out  constant  travelling,  and  the  diligent  use  of  the 
axe.  soon  becomes  impassable. 

As  we  approach  the  confines  of  the  Desert, 
these  giants  of  the  wood  disappear,  and  vegeta- 
tion presents  a  different  and  more  pleasing  aspect. 
It  exliibits  now  the  light  and  gay  form  of  the  aca- 
cia, whole  forests  of  which  rise  amid  tlie  sand, 
distilling  those  rich  guins  that  aflTord  an  impor- 
tant material  of  African  commerce.  The  Ivtits,  a 
celebrated  and  classical  shrub,  the  tamarisk,  and 
other  small  and  elegant  trees,  afford  agreeable  an^ 
nutritive  berries,  which  constitute  the  food  or 
several  nations.  Various  flowering  shrubs  of  the 
most  delicate  tints,  rising  in  wild  and  spontane- 
OC3  beauty,  embellish  the  precincts  of  the  waste. 
Thus  the  Desert,  in  its  first  approaches,  and  be- 
B 


AFR 


14 


AFR 


for«  vegetable  life  begins  to  expire,  does  not  as- 
sume its  sternest  character,  but  wears  even  a  pe- 
culiarly pleasing  and  smiling  aspect. 

The  animal  world  in  Africa  changes  equally 
its  nature  as  it  passes  from  one  to  another  of  these 
opposite  regions.  In  those  plains  which  are  in- 
undated by  the  great  rivers,  it  multiplies  at  an 
extraordinary  rate,  and  often  assumes  huge  and 
repulsive  forms.  Throughout  all  this  continent 
the  wild  tribes  exist  in  large  and  formidable  num- 
bers, and  there  is  scarcely  a  tract  which  they  do 
not  either  hold  in  full  possession,  or  fiercely  dis- 
pute with  man.  Even  the  most  densely-peopled 
countries  border  on  wide  forests  and  wastes, 
whose  savage  tenants  find  their  prey  occasionally 
in  man  himself,  as  well  as  in  the  domestic  ani- 
mals which  surround  him ;  and  when  the  scent 
of  huinan  slaughter  is  wafted  on  the  breeze, 
bands  of  hungry  monsters  hasten  from  every  side 
to  the  feast  of  blood.  These  ferocious  creatures 
hold,  indeed,  so  commanding  a  position,  that  the 
colonist  scarcely  makes  any  attempt  to  extirpate 
them,  or  even  "to  keep  down  their  numbers.  He 
wages  against  them  only  a  defensive  war,  and 
employs  his  courage  and  skill  chiefly  in  hunting 
tlie  elephant,  the  antelope,  and  other  peaceful 
species,  by  whose  spoil  he  may  be  enriched. 


The  lion,  that  king  of  the  desert,  that  mightiest 
among  the  tribes  which  have  the  wilderness  for 
their  abode,  abounds  in  Africa,  and  causes  all  her 
forests  to  re-echo  his  midnight  roar.  Yet  both 
his  courage  and  fierceness  have,  it  is  said,  been 
overrated  ;  and  the  man  who  can  undauntedly 
face  him,  or  evade  his  first  dreadful  spring,  rarely 
falls  his  victim.  Wider  ravages  are  committed 
by  the  hyena,  not  the  strongest,  but  the  most  fe- 
rocious and  untameable  of  all  the  beasts  of  prey. 
These  creatures,  by  moving  in  numerous  bands, 
achieve  what  is  beyond  the  single  strength  of  the 
greater  animals  ;  they  burst  witli  mighty  inroad 
mto  the  cities,  and  have  even  carried  by  storm 
fortified  enclosures.  The  elephant  roams  in  vast 
herds  through  the  densely-wooded  tracts  of  the 
interior,  disputing  with  the  lion  the  rank  of  king 
of  the  lower  creation  ;  matchless  in  bulk  and 
strength,  yet  tranquil,  majestic,  peaceful,  led  in 
troops  under  the  guidance  of  the  most  ancient  of 
the  number,  having  a  social  and  almost  moral  ex- 
istence. He  attacks  neither  man  nor  beast.  The 
human  being  is  more  frequently  the  aggressor,  not 
only  with  the  view  of  protecting  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  but  also  in  order  to  obtain  the  bony  sub- 
stance composing  his  tusks,  which,  under  the 
name  of  ivory,  forms  one  of  the  most  valued  arti- 
cles of  African  trade.  The  prodigious  strength 
of  the  elephant,  his  almost  impenetrable  hide,Tiis 
rapid  though  unwieldly  movements,  render  him 
a  most  perilous  object  of  attack^even  to  the  bold- 
est hunters  ;  so  that  pits  and  snares  of  various 
kinds  are  the  usual  modes  by  which  his  capture 
is  efl'ected.  Instead  of  the  tiger,  Africa  has  the 
leopard  and  the  panther ;  belonginor,  however, 
t>nly  to  certain  of  its  distxiets. 


In  the  large  and  broad  rivers  of  Africa,  and 
through  the  immense  forests  which  overshadow 
them,  a  race  of  amphibious  animals  of  monstrous 
form  and  size  display  their  unwieldly  figures. 
The  rhinoceros,  though  not  strictly  amphibious, 
slowly  traverses  marshes  and  swampy  grounds. 
and  almost  equals  the  elephant  in  strencrth  and 
defensive  powers,  but  wants  his  stature,  his  dig- 
nity, and  his  wisdom.  The  single  or  double 
horii'  with  which  he  defends  himself  is  an  article 
of  commerce  in  the  East,  though  not  valued  in 
Europe.  A  still  huger  shape  is  that  of  the  hippo- 
potamus, or  river-horse,  fitted  alike  to  stalk  on 


land,  to  march  along  the  bottom  of  the  waters,  or 
to  swim  on  their  surface.  He  is  slow,  ponderous, 
gentle  ;  yet  when  annoyed  either  by  design  or 
accident,  his  wrath  is  terrible ;  he  rushes  up 
from  his  watery  retreat,  and  by  merely  striking 
with  his  enormous  tusks,  can  overset  or  sink  a 
loaded  canoe.  But  the  most  dreaded  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  African  rivers  is  the  crocodile, 
the  largest  and  fiercest  of  the  lizard  tribe.  He 
lies  like  a  log  upon  the  waters  Wcitching  for  his 
piey,  attacking  men,  and  even  the  strongest  of 
animals,  which,  however,  engage  with  him  in  ob- 
stinate and  deadly  encounters. 

We  have  not  yet  done  with  all  the  monstrous 
and  prodigious  forms  which  Africa  generates. 
She  swarms  with  the  serpent  brood,  which  spread 
terror,  some  by  their  deadly  poison,  others  by 
their  mere  bulk  and  strength.  In  this  last  re- 
spect the  African  serpents  have  struck  the  world 
with  amazement ;  ancient  history  records  that 
whole  provinces  were  overrun  by  them,  and  that 
one,  after  disputing  the  passage  of  a  river  with  a 
Roman  army,  was  destroyed  only  by  the  use  of  a 
battering  engine. 

Emerging  from  these  dark  regions,  where  the 
earth,  under  the  united  influence  of  he^t  and 
moisture,  teems  with  such  a  noxious  superabund- 
ance of  life,  we  approach  tlie  Desert.  Here  a 
change  takes  pl.ace  equally  singular  and  pleasing 
as  in  the  vegetable  world.  Only  light,  airy,  and 
fantastic  forms  trip  along  the  sandy  border  ;  crea- 
tures innocent,  gentle,  and  beautiful, — the  ante- 
lope of  twenty  difterent  species,  all  swift,  with 


bright  eyes,  erect,  and  usually  elegant  figures, 
preying  neither  on  men  nor  animals,  but  pursued 
by  all  on  aceount  of  the  delicate  food  which  they 


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15 


AtR 


afford  Here  also  the  camelopard,  the  tallest  and 
most  remarkable  of  animal  forms,  with  its  long 
fore-legs  and  high-stretching  neck  of  singular 
and  fantastic  beaaty,  crops  tlie  leaves  of  the  Af- 
rican forest.  Though  a  rare  species,  he  is  seen 
occasionally  straying  over  a  great  proportion  of 
that  continent.  Here,  too,  roams  the  zebra,  with 
its  finely-striped  skin  wrapped  around  it  like  a 
robe  of  ricli  cloth . 


Nature,  sporting  as  it  would  seem  in  the  pro- 
duction of  extraordinary  objects,  has  filled  Africa 
with  a  wonderful  multitude  of  fliose  animals 
which  bear  the  closest  alliance  to  "  the  human 
form  divine."  The  orang-outang  appears  to 
constitute  the.  link  between  man  and  the  lower 
orders  of  living  things.  Standing  erect,  without 
a  tfiil,  with  flat  face,  and  arms  of  not  greatly  dis- 

[iroportioned  length,  it  displays  in  every  particu- 
ar  a  deformed  resemblance  to  the  lord  of  the 
creation.  It  seems  even  to  make  a  nearer  ap- 
proach than  any  other  animal  to  the  exercise  of 
reason.  It  has  been  taught  to  make  its  own  bed, 
to  sit  at  table,  to  eat  with  a  knife  and  fork,  and 
to  pour  out  tea.  M.  Degrandpre  mentions  one 
kept  on  board  a  French  vessel,  which  lighted  and 
kept  the  oven  at  a  due  temperature,  put  in  the 
bread  at  a  given  signal,  and  even  assisted  in 
drawing  the  ropes.  There  was  a  strong  suspi- 
cion among  the  sailors  that  it  would  have  spoken, 
but  for  the  fear  of  being  put  to  harder  work. 
The  baboons,  again,  are  a  Targe,  shapeless,  brutal 
species,  ugly  and  disgusting  in  their  appearance, 
yet  not  without  some  kind  of  union  and  polity. 
The  monkey  tribe,  now  familiar  in  Europe,  and 
attracting  attention  by  their  playful  movements, 
fill  with  sportive  cries  all  the  forests  of  tropical 
Africa. 

The  insect  race,  which  in  our  climate  is  gener- 
ally harmless,  presents  here  many  singular  and 
even  formidable  characteristics.  The  flying  tribes, 
in  particular,  through  the  action  of  the  sun  on 
the  swampy  forests,  rise  up  in  terrible  and  de- 
structive numbers.  They  fill  the  air  and  darken 
the  sky  ;  they  annihilate  the  labour  of  nations  ; 
they  drive  even  armies  before  them.  The  locust, 
when  its  bands  issue  in  close  and  dark  array  from 
the  depths  of  the  Desert,  commits  ravages  sur- 
passing those  of  the.  most  ferocious  wild  beasts, 
or  even  the  more  desolating  career  of  human  war- 
fare. In  vain  do  the  despairing  inhabitants  seek 
with  fire  and  other  means  to  arrest  their  progress ; 
the  dense  and  irresistible  mass  continues  to  move 
onward,  and  soon  baffles  every  attempt  to  check 
its  course.  Whole  provinces,  which  at  their  en- 
trance are  covered  with  rich  harvests  and  bril- 
liant verdure,  are  left  without  a  leat  or  a  blade. 
Even  when  destroyed  by  famine  or  tempests,  they 
cover  immense  tracts,  exhaling  the  most  noxious 
stench.  Yet  they  may  be  used  as  food,  and  are 
even  relished  by  certain  native  tribes.     The  mos- 


cheto  and  its  allies  do  not  spread  such  a  fearful 
desolation ;  yet  by  their  poisoned  and  tormenting 
stings,  they  render  life  miserable,  and  not  very 
unfrequently  lead  to  its  extinction.  Even  a  swarm 
of  wild  bees,  in  the  solitary  woods  of  Western 
Africa,  has  put  a  whole  caravan  to  flight,  wound- 
ing severely  some  of  its  members.  But  perhaps 
the  most  extraordinary  of  all  the  insect  races  are 
the  termites,  or  white  ants,  which  display  on  a 
greater  scale  the  arts  and  social  organization  for 
which  their  species  have  been  so  famed  in  Eu 
rope.  They  cover  tlie  plains  with  their  conical 
huts  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  in  height;  they  are 
regularly  distributed  into  labourers  and  soldiers, 
with  others  holding  the  rank  of  king  and  queen. 
This  latter  personage,  when  she  is  about  to  add 
to  the  numbers  c-f  the  tribe,  presents  a  most  ex- 
traordinary spectacle,  being  then  swelled  to  many 
times  the  amount  of  her  natural  dimensions ;  and 
when  the  critical  period  arrives,  instead  of  a 
progeny  of  two  or  three,  she  produces  as  many 
thousands.  These  ants  are  far  from  being  of 
the  same  harmless  description  as  the  correspond- 
ing insects  of  this  quarter  of  the  world.  On 
finding  their  way  into  a  house,  they  devour  every 
thing,  clothes,  furniture,  food,  not  even  it  is  said 
sparing  the  inmates,  who  are  compelled  to  make 
a  speedy  retreat. 

Such  are  the  evils  to  which  the  people  of  this 
continent  are  perpetually  exposed  from  the  low- 
er creation  ;  and  yet  they  experience  in  full  force 
the  truth  of  the  pathetic  lamentation  of  the  poet, 
that  "  man  is  to  man  the  surest,  deadliest  foe." 
Africa  from  the  earliest  ages  lias  been  the  most 
conspicuous  theatre  of  crime  and  of  wrong  ;  where 
social  life  has  lost  the  traces  of  primitive  simpli- 
city, without  rising  to  order,  principle,  or  refine- 
ment ;  where  fraud  and  violence  are  formed  into 
national  systems,  and  man  trembles  at  the  sight 
of  his  fellow-man.  For  centuries  this  continent 
has  seen  thousands  of  her  unfortunate  children 
dragged  in  chains  over  its  deserts  and  across  the 
ocean,  to  spend  their  lives  in  foreign  and  distant 
bondage.  Superstition,  tyranny,  anarchy,  and  the 
opposing  interests  of  numberless  petty  states, 
maintain  a  constant  and  destructive  warfare  in 
this  suffering  portion  of  the  earth. 

Fever  is  much  less  common  among  native  Af- 
ricans than  among  European  settlers.  Africans  are 
seldom  affected  with  enlargement  of  the  spleen. 
A  dangerous  species  of  lethargy  is  very  frequent 
in  the  Foolah  country.  Venereal  complaints 
occur  in  various  forms  in  Africa,  but  mostly  m 
that  of  gonorrhoea.  The  coup  de  soleil  (sun-stroke) 
is  unknown  in  this  country,  although  the  natives 
are  in  the  habit  of  exposing  the  head  to  the  per- 
pendicular rays  of  the  sun  during  the  greatest 
bodily  exertions,  and  Europeans,  under  such  cir- 
cumstances, seldom  have  more  than  a  thin  hand- 
kerchief folded  round  the  head.  Dysentery  is  a 
frequent  complaint  on  shore.  Gout  is  wholly  un- 
known. The  diseases  of  children  are  few ;  and 
those  of  women,  as  may  be  readily  imagined,  are 
greatly    fewer  than  in  more  polished  countries. 

The  limits  of  the  changeable  winds  of  Africa 
are  about  the  30th  degree  on  each  side  of  the 
equator.  Within  this  region  are  the  passage 
winds.  These  blow  more  or  less  N.  E.  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  S.  E.  in  the  southern. 
The  monsoons,  which  aie  strong  and  regular  in  the 
open  Arabian  sea  become  changeable  on  approach- 
ing the  land.  In  the  Aiabian  sea  they  generally 
blow  from  the  E.  during  the  months  and  interven- 
ing months  of  October  and  May  ;  and  during  the 


AFR 


16 


AFR 


rest  of  the  year  they  blow  from  the  W.  1  n  the  Red 
sea  the  S.  E.  wind  prevails  in  the  southern  parts 
from  October  to  June,  when  Uie  N.  wind  begins  to 
blow,  and  lasts  during  the  remainder  of  the  year. 
In  the  northern  parts  of  this  sea  violent  N.  winds 
prevail  for  nine  months  of  the  year.  The  transi- 
tion from  one  season  to  another  is  generally  ac- 
companied by  violent  hurricanes  and  thunder- 
storms. Some  districts  are  more  exposed  to  these 
visitations  than  others  ;  as,  for  instance,  the  coun- 
tries between  Cape  Verga  and  Cape  Monte,  which 
are  oi^en  visited  betwixt  the  months  of  June  and 
October  by  dreadful  tornadoes,  the  effects  of  which 
seldom  extend  to  the  neighbouring  coasts. — In  the 
deserts  the  wind  is  often  very  troublesome  to  the 
traveller,  by  raising  the  sand,  and  filling  the  air 
with  dust,  so  as  to  render  it  impossible  to  keep 
one's  eyes  open,  and  difficult  even  to  breathe.— Mr. 
Buckingham,  while  travelling  betwixt  the  Red 
sea  and  the  Mediterranean  in  1814,  encounter- 
ed one  of  these  sand-tempests,  which  he  has 
described  with  great  beauty  and  effect.  "  On 
leavinor,"  savs  he,  "  the  site  of  these  now  eva- 
porated lakes,  (the  Bitter  lakes,)  we  entered  up- 
on a  loose  and  shifting  sand  again,  like  that  which 
Pliny  describes  when  speaking  of  the  roads  from 
Pelusium,  across  the  sands  of  the  desert;  in 
which,  he  says,  unless  there  be  reeds  stuck  in  the 
ground  to  point  out  the  line  of  direction,  the  way 
could  not  be  found,  because  the  wind  blows  up 
the  sand,  and  covers  the  footsteps. — The  morning 
was  delightful  on  our  setting  out,  and  promised 
us  a  fine  day ;  but  the  liglit  airs  from  the  south 
soon  increased  to  a  gale,  the  sun  became  obscure, 
and  as  every  hour  brought  us  into  a  looser  sand, 
it  flew  around  us  in  such  whirlwinds,  with  the 
sudden  gusts  that  blew,  that  it  was  impossible  to 
proceed.  We  halted,  therefore,  for  an  hour,  and 
took  shelter  under  the  lee  of  our  beasts,  who 
were  themselves  so  terrified  as  to  need  fastening 
by  the  knees,  and  uttered  in  their  wailings  but 
a  melancholy  symphony.  I  know  not  whether  it 
was  the  novelty  of  the  situation  that  gave  it  ad- 
ditional horrors,  or  whether  the  habit  of  magni- 
fying evils  to  which  we  are  unaccustomed,  had 
increased   its  effect ;  but  certain  it  is,  tliat  fifty 

fales  of  wind  at  sea  appeared  to  me  more  easy  to 
e  encountered  than  one  amongst  those  sands. 
It  is  impossible  to  imagine  desolation  more  com- 
plete ;  we  could  see  neither  sun,  earth,  nor  sky  : 
the  plain  at  ten  paces  distance  was  absolutely  im- 
perceptible :  our  beasts,  as  well  as  ourselves,  were 
so  covered  as  to  render  breathing  difficult ;  they 
hid  their  faces  in  the  ground,  and  we  could  only 
uncover  our  own  for  a  moment,  to  behold  this 
chaos  of  mid-day  darkness,  and  wait  impatiently 
for  its  abatement.  Alexander's  journey  to  the 
temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  and  the  destruction 
of  the  Persian  armies  of  Cambyses  in  the  Lybian 
desert,  rose  to  my  recollection  with  new  impres- 
sions, made  by  the  horror  of  the  scene  before  me; 
while  Addison's  admirable  lines,  which  I  also  re- 
membered with  peculiar  force  on  this  occasion, 
seemed  to  possess  as  much  truth  as  beauty  : 

'  I.o !  where  our  wide  NumiJian  wastes  extend, 
Sixlden  the  iinpetuoim  hurricanes  deMceiid, 
Which  through  llie  air  in  circling  edditis  play. 
Tear  up  the  sands,  and  sweep  whole  plains  away. 
The  helpless  traveller,  with  wild  surprise, 
Sees  the  dry  desert  all  around  hiin  rise: 
And,  smothered  in  the  dusty  whirlwind,  dies.' 

"  The  few  hours  we  remained  in  this  situation 
were  passed  in  unbroken  silence  :  every  one  was 
oeoupied  with  his  own  reflections,  as  if  the  reign 


of  terror  forbade  communication.  Its  fury  spent 
itself,  like  the  storms  of  ocean,  in  sudden  lulls 
and  squalls ;  but  it  was  not  until  the  third  or 
fourth  interval  that  our  fears  were  sufficiently 
conquered  to  address  each  other ;  nor  shall  I  soon 
lose  the  recollection  of  the  impressive  manner  in 
which  that  v/as  done.  'Mlah  ksreeml'  exclaimed 
the  poor  Bedouin,  although  habit  had  familiarised 
him  with  these  resistless  blasts.  'Allah  kereemT 
repeated  the  Egyptians,  with  terrified  solemnity ; 
and  both  my  servant  and  myself,  as  if  by  instinct, 
joined  in  the  general  exclamation.  The  bold  im 
agery  of  the  Eastern  poets,  describing  the  Deity 
as  avenging  in  his  anger,  and  terrible  in  his 
wrath,  riding  upon  the  wings  of  the  wind  and 
breathing  his  fury  in  the  storm,  must  have  been 
inspired  by  scenes  like  these." 

In  Egypt  a  S.  wind  prevails  in  summer,  which 
raises  immense  quantities  of  sand,  and  is  often 
so  hot  as  to  stop  respiration.  Another  called  sa 
miel  by  the  natives  is  still  hotter  and  more  terri 
ble. — But  the  most  dreadful  of  all  these  burning 
winds  is  the  simoon,  which  seems  to  be  a  concen- 
trated column  of  the  positive  electric  fluid,  mov- 
ing northwards,  from  the  S.  or  S.  E.,  and  carry- 
ing sure  destruction  to  all  who  breathe  the  bale- 
ful atmosphere  which  accompanies  it.  The  only 
chance  of  escaping  destruction  when  the  simoon 
glides  across  the  desert  is,  for  the  traveller  to 
throw  himself  flat  on  his  face,  which  he  has  not 
always  time  to  do,  for  it  moves  with  amazing  ru- 
pidity.  Bruce,  whose  ardent  mind  was  not  casi 
ly  deterred  from  the  attainment  of  knowledge  by 
the  presence  of  danger,  has  described  this  fcarfu' 
phenomenon.  On  the  attendants  calling  out  that 
the  simoon  was  coming',  he  immediately  turne<l 
for  a  moment  to  the  quarter  whence  it  came.  I< 
resembled  a  haze,  in  nr.lour  like  the  purple  part 
of  the  rainbow,  but  not  b^i  compressed  or  thick.  It 
was  a  kind  of  blush  upon  the  air,  and  was  about 
20  yards  in  breadth,  and  about  4  from  the  ground. 
Its  motion  was  so  rapid,  that  before  he  could 
turn  and  fall  upon  the  ground,  he  felt  its  violent 
heat  upon  his  face.  It  passed  like  a  gentle  rus- 
tling wind,  but  was  succeeded  by  a  slight  breeze, 
which  for  two  or  three  hours  was  of  such  inten- 
sity of  heat,  as  nearly  to  suffocate  them.  Bruce 
unfortunately  inhaled  a  little  of  the  purple  haze, 
which  nearly  deprived  him  of  his  voice,  and 
caused  an  asthma  of  two  years'  continuance. 
They  saw  it  twice  afterwards  as  they  journeyed 
across  the  desert.  The  second  time,  it  was  more 
southerly — its  edges  were  loss  defined,  resembling 
a  thin  smoke — and  it  had  about  a  yard  in  the 
middle  tinged  with  purple  and  blue.  The  third 
time,  it  had  the  same  purple  and  blue  appearance, 
but  was  preceded  by  the  largest  sand  pillar  they 
had  seen. — One  of  the  most  striking  phenomena 
on  the  Gold  Coast  is  the  N.  E.  wind  called  liarmat- 
tan.  It  comes  on  indiscriminately  at  any  hour 
of  the  day;  at  any  time  of  the  tide,  or  at  any 
period  of  the  moon ;  and  continues  sometimes 
only  a  day  or  two,  sometimes  five  or  six  days,  and 
has  been  occasionally  known  to  last  fifteen  or  six- 
teen days.  There  are  generally  three  or  four  re- 
turns of  it  every  season  ;  it  blows  with  a  moder- 
ate force,  not  so  strongly  as  the  sea-breeze,  but 
somewhat  more  so  than  the  land-wind.  A  fog  or 
haze  is  one  of  the  peculiarities  which  always  ac- 
company a  harmattan  ;  extreme  dryness  is  anoth- 
er property  of  it;  no  dew  falls  during  its  continu- 
ance, nor  IS  there  the  least  appearance  of  moisture 
in  the  atmosphere,  vegetables  of  every  kind  are 
much  injured  by  it,  and  the  grass  withers  mdar 


A6N 


« 


A  J  A. 


its  influence.     The  process  of  evaporation  during 
this  wind  proceeds  with  astonishing  rapidity. 

JlgahJy,  a  province  in  the  centre  of  N.  Africa, 
the  chiet  town  of  the  same  name  is  situate  in 
about  20.  N.  lat.  and  13.  E.  long. 

Jlgallela  or  Gallela,  an  island  of  Africa,  near 
Madagascar.     Long.  24.  8.  E.  lat.  10.  12.  N. 

^gamenticus,  a  mountain  in  the  State  of  Maine, 
about  8  m.  from  York  harbour.  It  affords  pasture 
up  to  its  summit,  and  is  a  sea-mark  for  the  en- 
try of  Piscataqua  river.  Long.  70.  30.  W.  lat.  43. 
16.  N. 

Agawam,  r.  Mass.  flows  into  the  sea  at  Ware- 
ham. 

Agde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  on  the  river  Herault,  not  far  from  its 
mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of  Lions,  where  there  is  a 
fort  to  defend  the  entrance.  It  is  17  m.  N.  E.  of 
Narbonne.     Long.  3.  28.  E.  lat.  43.  19.  N. 

•Ageii,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
Prunes  form  here  a  considerable  object  of  com- 
merce ;  and  it  has  manufactures  of  camblets,  ser- 
ges, and  canvas.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Garonne,  80  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Bordeaux.     Long.    0.   36.  E.  lat.  44.  12.  N. 

Agga,  Aggona,  or  Acojuih,  a  town  and  district 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  which  is  a  very  high 
hill,  called  the  Devil's  Mount.  The  English  have 
a  fort  here.     Long.  0.  5.  E.  lat.  6.  0.  N. 

Aggerhmis,  a  fortress  of  Norway,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name,  which  is  full  of 
mountains.     See  Christ'iania. 

Agha,  there  are  16  townships  or  parishes  in 
Ireland,  the  names  of  which  commence  with 
Agha;  as,  Agha-6oe,  hog,  holloge,  da,  derg,  doe, 
down,  gaUen,  govt,  lee,  lurcher,  lo,  inacart,  more, 
vallagh,  tea,  most  of  tliem  contain  from  4  to  6,000 
inhab.  and  Agrhalurcher  in  Fermanagh  Co.  up- 
wards of  12,000. 

Aghramullin,  a  parish  in  the  Co.  of  Monaghan, 
Ireland.     Pop.  in  1821,  15,827. 

Aghrim,  properly  Aughrim.     See  Augh. 

Agimere,  or  Ajmeer,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  cap- 
ital of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  at 
the  foot  of  a  high  mountain,  on  the  top  of  which  is 
a  fortress  of  great  strength.  It  was  at  Ajmeer,  that 
Sir  Wm.  Rowe,  as  English  ambassador,  was  in- 
troduced to  the  Great  Mogul  in  1716.  it  is  150  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Agra.  Long.  75.  20.  E.  lat.  26. 
35.  N. 

Agincmtrt,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas  de  Calais,  famous  in  history  for  the 
battle  fought  here  in  1405,  wiierein  Henry  V.  of 
England,  with  an  army  of  10,000  men,  defeated 
the  French  army  of  60,000,  leaving  near  10,000 
dead  on  the  field.     It  is  7  m.  IV.  of  Hesdin. 

A^lish,  the  name  of  4  parishes  in  Ireland,  viz. 
1st,  in  the  Co.  of  Kilkenny.  Pop.  1,665,  2nd,  in 
Kerry,  pop.  2,298.  3rd,  in  Cork,  pop.  2,446.  4th, 
in  Waterford,  pop.  3,263 

Agmat,  a  town  of  Morocco,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  on  the  W.  side  of  one  of  the 
mountains  of  Atlas,  16  m.  S.  of  Morocco. 

Agmondenluim.     See  Amersham. 

Agnano,  a  circular  lake  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, 7  m.  from  Puzzuoli.  It  is  about  half  a  m.  in 
diameter,  surrounded  by  mountains.  On  its  mar- 
gin is  the  famous  Grotta  del  Cane,  where  many 
dogs  have  been  tortured  and  suffocated,  to  show 
the  effect  of  a  vapour  which  rises  a  foot  above 
the  bottom  of  the  cave,  and  is  destructive  to  ani- 
mal life. 

Agnes,  St.  one   of  the  Scilly   Islands,  off"  the 
3 


Lands  End,  Cornwall ;  there  is  a  light  house  upon 
it  in  lat.  42.  54.  N.  6.  19.  W.  long.  Also  the 
name  of  a  parish  in  the  Co.  of  Cornwall,  Eng- 
land, rich  in  mines.     Pop.     5,762. 

Agon,  Agou,  or  Agoen,  an  island  of  Sweoen,  iu 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  with  a  good  harbour,  long. 
18.  10.  E.  lat.  42.  55.  N. 

Agosta,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic  sea,  near  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  18  m.  in  circumference,  and 
18,  S.  W.  of  the  island  of  Gurzola.  Long  17.  0 
E.  lat.  42.  55.  N. 

Agosta,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Note,  with 
an  excellent  harbour,  on  the  E.  coast,  18  miles 
north  of  Syracuse.    Long.  15. 10.  E.  lat.  37. 20.  N. 

Agra,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  Proper,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong  fort. 
It  was  once  the  most  splendid  of  all  the  Indian 
cities,  and  now  exhibits  the  most  magniiicent 
ruins.  About  the  year  1566,  the  emperor  Acbar 
made  it  his  capital,  and  gave  his  name  to  it;  since 
which  time  it  is  often  named  Acbeirabad.  In  the 
17th  century,  the  great  Mogul  frequently  resided 
here  ;  his  palace  was  prodigiously  large  ;  the  pal- 
aces of  the  omrahs  and  others  are  very  numerous; 
and  there  are  above  60  caravanseras,  800  baths, 
700  mosques,  and  two  magnificent  mausoleums. 
It  has  since  rapidly  declined.  In  the  war  with 
the  Mahrattas,  in  1803,  it  was  taken  by  the  Brit- 
ish. It  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Jumna,  a 
branch  of  the  Ganges,  100  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Dehli. 
Long.  78.  30.  E.  lat.  27. 16.  N. 

Agram  or  Zagrab,  a  strong  town  of  Croatia, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Zagrab,  and  a  bishop's  see; 
seated  on  the  Save,  27.  m.  N.  E.  of  Carlstadt. 
Long.  16.  18.  E.  lat.  45.  48.  N. 

Agria,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  citadel.  It  was  besieged  by 
the  Turks,  in  1552,  with  70,000  men  ;  they  lost 
8,000  men  in  one  day,  and  were  obliged  to  raise 
the  siege,  though  the  garrison  consisted  only  of 
2,000  Hungarians,  assisted  by  the  women,  who 
performed  wonders  on  this  occasion.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Agra,  47  ra.  N.  E.  of  Buda.  Long.  20. 10. 
E.  lat.  48.  10.  N. 

Agrigan,  or  Island  of  Xavier,  one  of  the  La- 
drone  islands,  43  m.  in  compass,  and  has  several 
volcanic  mountains.  Long.  146.  0.  E.  lat.  19.  40.  N. 

Agua^  Calientes,  a  city  in  the  province  ofGua— 
dalaxara,  Mexico,  it  is  situate  phout  250  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  the  city  of  Mexico  on  me  direct  route  to 
Santa  Fe,  and  is  noted  for  its  warm  springs. 

Agvlhas  Cape,  the  most  southern  point  of 
Africa,  13  leagues  E.  S.  E.  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.    Long.  20.  18.  E.  lat.  34.  55.  S. 

Ahanta,  a  district  on  the  Gold  Coast,  Africa. 
Axira,  the  chief  town,  is  on  the  coast  in  4.57.  N 
lat.  2. 55.  W.  long.  Dixcove  and  Secondee  are 
other  stations  on  the  coast  through  wliich  con- 
siderable traffic  is^carriedon  with  the  inland  parts. 

Ahascragh,  a  town  in  the  Co.  of  Galway,  Ire- 
land, containing  600  inhab.  and  the  parish  4,240. 

Ahviedahad.    See  Amcdabad. 

Alimediia.gur .    See  Amednagnr. 

Ahmedpore,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Orissa, 
Hindoostan.  34  miles  S.  from  Cuttack. 

Ahoghill,^  populous  parish  in  the  Co.  of  Antrim, 
Ireland.  Pop.  in  1821, 18,120;  there  is  a  town  ot 
the  same  name.  Pop.  only  370.  Portglenone 
town  with  618  inhab.  Ballykennedy,  Culley- 
backy,  and  Galgorim,  villages ;  total  pop.  726 
are  all  ingluded  in  the  parish. 

Ajaccio,  a  seaport  of  Corsica,  capital  of  the  de» 
partment  of  Liamone,  and  a  bishop's  see.    This  it 
the  birth-place  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.   It  stands 
B  2 


AIR 


U 


AIX 


on  the  west  side  of  the  island,  on  a  point  of  land 
that  juts  into  the  gulf,  1(50  m.  S.  E.  of  Toulon. 
Jxjn^.  8.  43.  E    lat.  41.  5(5.  N. 

^jan  or  jSjcn,  a  country  on  Ihe  eastern  coast  of 
Africa,  extending  from  Magodoxa  to  Cape  Guar- 
dafui,  1,500  leagues.  It  is  divided  into  several 
states  or  kingdoms  ;  the  principal  of  which  are 
Adol  and  Magadoxa.  The  south  coast  of  Ajan  is 
sandy  and  barren,  but  to  the  N.  it  is  more  fertile. 
The  kings  of  Ajan  are  frequentlv  at  war  with 
the  emperor  of  Abyssinia,  and  sell  the  prisoners 
which  they  take.  Ivory,  gold,  and  horses  of  an 
excellent  breed,  are  the  articles  of  trade. 

^jazzo,  Aias  or  Ajasso,  a  seaport  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Syria,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Issus,  where  Alexander 
fought  his  second  battle  with  Darius.  It  is  30  m. 
S.  of  Antioch,  and  40  W.  Aleppo.  Long.  30.  10. 
E.  lat.  36.  0.  N. 

Mrh  or  Jkhack,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Par,  18  m.  S.  of  Neuberg. 

Aichstadt,a.  town  of  Franconia  in  Bavaria.  In  the 
church  is  a  piece  of  curious  workmanship,  called 
the  Sun  of  the  Holy  Sacrament,  which  is  of 
massy  gold,  enriched  with  diamonds,  pearls,  ru- 
bies, and  other  precious  stones.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Altmuhl,  40  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Nuremburg. 
Long.  11.  10.  E.  lat.  48.  50.  N. 

Aid,  t.  Lawrence  Co.  Ohio. 

Aidal,  the  principal  seaport  of  Nubia,  seated  on 
a  mountain,  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  sea.  It  has 
a  trade  in  ebony,  and  aromatic  plants.  Long.  35. 
57.  E.  lat.  22.  20.  N. 

Aigen,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  confines  of 
Bohemia.    24  m.  N.  W.  of  Steyre. 

Aigle,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Vaud.  All  the  houses,  even  the  meanest,  are  built 
of  white  marble,  found  in  the  neighbourhood.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Rhone,  6  m.  from  its  entrance 
into  the  lake  of  Geneva. 

Aigle,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Orne,  47  m.  S.  W.  of  Rouen. 

Aignan,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire  and  Cher,  on  the  river  Cher,  24  m. 
S.  bjr  E.  of  Blois. 

Ailah,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrea,  at  the  head  of 
an  inlet  of  the  Red  sea,  108  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Suez. 
Long.  34.  10.  E.  lat.  29. 10.  N. 

AUhj,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  9  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Amiens. 

Ailsa,  an  insulated  rock,  in  the  frith  of  Clyde, 
off  the  coast  of  Ayreshire,  Scotland,  its  base  is  2 
m.  in  circumference.  It  consists  of  a  stupendous 
assemblage  of  precipitous  cliffs,  rising  in  a  pyra- 
midial  series,  900  ft.  high,  accessible  on  the  N.  E. 
It  affords  refuge  to  an  immense  number  of  sea- 
fowl,  and  is  well  stocked  witli  rabbits.  The  ruins 
of  a  chapel  and  of  a  castle,  are  still  seen;  and 
near  the  latter  is  a  spring  of  fresh  water.  It 
gives  the  title  of  Baron  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
to  the  family  of  Kennedy,  Earls  of  Cassillis,  in 
Scotland. 

Ain,  a  department  of  France,  which  takes  its 
name  from  the  river,  bounded  on  the  N.  E.  and 
S.  by  the  departments  of  Jura,  Mont  Blanc, 
and  Isere,  and  on  the  W.  by  those  of  the  Rhone 
and  the  Loire,  and  Saone  and  Loire.  Bourg  is  the 
capital. 

Airdrie,  a  town  in  the  parish  of  New  Monk- 
land,  Co.  of  Lanark,  Scotland.  It  has  an  iron 
foundry,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  the  distilla- 
tion of  malt  spirits.  It  is  10  m.  E.  of  Glasgow, 
on  the  direct  road  to  Edinburgh.  Pop.  in  1821, 
4,860,  and  of  the  parish,  7,302. 


Aire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Landes,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  on  the 
river  Adour,  65  m.  S.  of  Bourdeaux.  Lonor.  0. 
10.  E.  lat.  43.42.  N. 

Aire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais.  It  communicates  with  St.  Omer, 
by  a  canal,  22  m.  S.  of  Dunkirk.  Lonjr.  2.  24. 
E.  lat.  30.  42. 

Aire,  a  river  in   Yorkshire,  which  issues  from 
a   lake    on    Malham  moor,  near   Settle,  flows  by    = 
Skipton,  Keighley,  Leeds,  and  Snaith,  and  enters    i 
the  Ouse,  below  Howden.  ' 

Aisne,  a  department  of  France,  including  the  f 
territories  of  Soissonnois  and  Vermandois.  It 
takes  its  name  from  a  river  which  runs  by  Sois- 
sons,  and  enters  the  Oise,  above  Compiegne.  It 
was  overrun  by  the  allied  armies  in  1814,  and  was 
the  scene  of  several  obstinate  and  bloody  bat- 
tles fought  between  the  allies  and  French,  in  the 
months  of  February  and  March,  of  the  same  year. 
Laon  is  the  capital. 

Aix,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  was  founded  by  C.  S.  Cal- 
vinus,  a  Roman  General,  120  B.  C.  and  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  Provence,  when  it  had  a 
parliament.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  where  there 
are  hot  baths  near  the  river  Arc,  accidentally 
discovered  in  1704,  but  several  medals  and  other 
antiques,  dug  up  at  that  time,  confirm  the  baths 
being  known  to  the  Romans.  It  is  75  m.  E  of 
Montpelier.     Long.  5.  27.  E.  lat.  43.  32.  N. 

Aix,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  lake  Bourget. 
Here  are  mineral  waters,  much  frequented.  It  is 
12  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Chamberry. 

Aix,  a  small  island  of  France,  between  the  isle 
of  Oleron  and  the  Continent.     It  is  12  m.  N.  W.  ; 
of  Rochfort.     Long.  1.  10.  W.  lat.  46.  5.  N.  j 

Aix-la-Chapelle,  a  city  of  Prussia  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  the  lower  Rhine,  lately  an  imperial  ci-  \ 
ty  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Juliers.  Charle-  \ 
magne  was  so  delighted  with  the  beauty  of 
the  place,  that  he  chose  it  for  his  residence  ;  he 
is  interred  in  the  church  of  Notre  Dame,  where 
they  keep  his  sword  and  belt.  It  is  seated  in  a 
bottom,  surrounded  by  mountains,  22  m.  N.  E.  of 
Leige.  Long.  5.  54.  E.  lat.  50.  52.  N.  Pop.  33, 
000. 

The  population  of  the  town,  during  the  period 
of  its  prosperity,  was  estimated  at  upwards  of 
100,000,  mostly  supported  by  their  native  manu- 
factures, which  were  carried  on  to  a  considerable 
extent;  being  chiefly  in  woolen  cloths,  needle- 
works, Prussian  blue,  white  soap,  needles,  and 
pins.  The  impolitic  selfishness  of  the  trading 
guilds  or  corporations  has  been  a  great  check  up- 
on manufacturing  industry,  and  the  population 
has  proportionally  decreased.  The  two  last-nam- 
ed branches  of  manufacture  are,  however,  still 
carried  on  with  much  spirit. 

The  town  consists  of  two  parts  :  the  inner,  about 
three  quarters  of  a  league  in  circumference,  and 
flanked  with  ten  towers,  of  which  Charlemagne 
is  said  to  be,  if  not  the  founder,  the  great  improv- 
er ;  and  the  outer,  by  which  the  former  has  been 
surrounded.  The  latter  has  eight  gates,  is  about 
two  leagues  in  circuit,  and  is  built  partly  of  brick 
and  partly  of  a  blue  stone  raised  from  a  quarry  at 
some  distance.  There  are  upwards  of  seventy 
streets ;  some  handsome,  and  adorned  with  fine 
houses.  Though  no  lavge  river  approaches  the 
town,  it  is  abundantly  supplied  from  three  streams 
which  flow  through  it,  the  Pau,  the  Paunelle, 
and  the  Johannis,  whose  waters  are  found  fully 


MK 


ALA 


snfficient   for  the   manufacturing   and   domestic 
demands  of  the  inhabitants. 

The  town  hall  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  two  an- 
cient towers,  the  erection  of  one  of  which  is  at- 
tributed to  the  Romans  ;  and  for  a  spacious  hall 
measuring'  162  feet  by  60,  in  which  the  emperor 
dined  on  the  day  of  his  coronation.  A  picture 
representing  the  congress  of  1748  is  to  be  seen  in 
this  building  ;  the  portraits  of  all  the  members  of 
the  congress  having  been  painted  at  the  request 
of  the  town  magistrates.  It  contains  also  sever- 
al portraits  of  Charlemagne,  and  statues  of  all 
the  emperors  since  his  time.  Opposite  to  this 
building  is  an  antique  fountain,  on  the  top  of 
which  is  a  statue  of  the  same  emperor,  in  copper 

filt,    holding  in  his  right  hand  a  sceptre  and  in 
is  left  a  globe. 

The  choir  of  the  great  church,  in  which  the 
ceremonial  of  the  coronation  took  place,  is  a  high- 
ly admired  piece  of  Grothic  architecture,  enriched 
with  some  exquisitely  wrought  pieces  of  tapestry. 
In  it  is  also  the  tomb  of  the  emperor  Otho.  The 
pulpit  is  richly  ornamented  with  gold  and  pre- 
cious stones.  The  remains  of  the  great  benefac- 
tor of  the  town,  8<>  often  mentioned  already,  were 
deposited  in  a  tomb  covered  with  a  plain  black 
slab,  under  the  centre  of  the  dome,  and  marked 
with  the  simple  inscription  "  Carolo  Magno." 
On  the  tomb  being  opened  by  Otho  III.,  the  body 
of  the  monarch  was  found  seated  in  a  chair  of 
marble,  dressed  in  his  robes  and  adorned  with  the 
insignia  of  royjJty.  These  were  taken  away,  to 
oe  used  in  subsequent  coronations.  The  tomb  was 
again  opened  by  Frederick  I.,  and  placed  in  an 
antique  sarcophagus,  which  was  carried  off  by 
the  French  on  account  of  its  singular  beauty,  and 
lodged  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris ;  but  it  has  since 
been  restored.  The  church  is  also  much  frequen- 
ted on  account  of  the  numerous  relics  deposited 
in  it.  The  person  in  whose  custody  they  are, 
furnishes  the  curious  visitant  with  a  lonor  list  of 
the  particulars  connected  with  each  :  they  are 
carefully  preserved  ;  and  many  of  them  richly 
embellished  with  precious  stones,  and  enclosed 
in  costly  cabinets.  On  the  advance  of  the  French 
army,  after  the  Revolution,  all  the  relics  were  re- 
moved into  the  interior  of  Germany,  and  placed 
under  the  special  custody  of  the  emperor.  They 
have  since  been  restored  to  their  ancient  abode, 
with  the  exception  of  the  sword  of  Charlemagne, 
some  earth  steeped  with  the  blood  of  Stephen  the 
first  martyr,  and  a  copy  of  the  gospels  in  golden 
letters,  which  the  emperor  retained  as  a  recom- 
pense for  his  trouble  in  taking  care  of  the  others. 
m'  The  church  of  St.  Nicholas  has  some  fine  paint- 
ln|s. 

Near  the  town  is  the  hill  of  Louisburg,  which 
commands  a  fine  view  of  it  and  of  the  adjacent 
country.  On  its  summit  was  an  obelisk,  erected 
in  honour  of  Napoleon.  After  his  flight  from 
Russia  it  was  thrown  down  by  the  Cossacks,  in 
hopes  of  coming  at  the  coins  buried  beneath.  It 
has  been  restored  by  the  king  of  Prussia  ;  the  in- 
scriptions in  praise  of  Napoleon  being  changed  to 
others  commemorating  his  reverses  and  down- 
fall. 

But  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  Aix,  which 
chiefly  attract  strangers  and  secure  its  prosperity, 
are  its  warm  baths,  which  have  been  lonj  in  the 
highest  repute  for  scrofulous  and  cutaneous  dis- 
eases, and  also  for  the  removal  of  visceral  ob- 
structions and  diseases  arising  from  a  deranare- 
ttjent  in  the  organs  of  digestion.  Their  analfsis 
shows  tl»at  they  contain  carbonate  and  muriate  of 


soda  and  carbonate  of  lime  :  they  are  extremely 
nauseous  ;  though  habit,  arising  from  a  conviction 
of  their  utility,  renders  them  at  length  somewhat 
palatable.  These  waters  near  the  sources  are 
clear  and  pellucid,  with  a  strong  sulphureous 
smell  resembling  the  washings  of  a  foul  gun  ;  but 
they  lose  tiu<  smell  by  exp6sure  to  the  air.  Their 
taste  is  saline  and  bitter.  They  do  not  contain 
iron.  They  are  also  neutral  near  the  fountain  ; 
but  afterwards  are  manifestly  and  pretty  strongly 
alkahne,  insomuch  that  clothes  are  washed  in 
them  without  soap.  The  accounts  of  different 
writers  as  to  the  height  of  their  temperature  are 
various  ;  ranging,  however,  from  136.  to  J  46.  oi 
Fahrenheit.  The  baths  are  seven  in  number, 
arising  from  five  springs,  called  the  Imperial,  the 
Cornelius,  the  Quirinus,  the  Small,  and  the  Rose  : 
the  two  first  named  are  deemed  the  most  effica- 
cious. Besides  these,  there  is  a  cold  spring  called 
Campasbad  :  though  weaker,  and  therefore  less 
efficacious,  it  is  frequented  by  many,  on  account 
of  its  lower  temperature  and  its  less  disagreeable 
taste.  The  poorer  class^es  also  use  it.  The  reve- 
nues of  the  town  arise  in  part  fixim  the  farming 
of  these  springs. 

Like  other  watering  places,  Aix  is  resorted  to 
for  pleasure  as  well  as  for  health.  A  suite  of 
apartments  called  the  Redoubte  is  laid  out  as  a 
place  of  promenade  and  refreshment,  together 
with  a  saloon  for  balls  and  evening  entertainments. 

The  charitable  institutions  are,  an  hospital  for 
the  diseased,  another  for  orphans,  another  for  in- 
curables, an  institution  for  the  maintenance  of 
the  poor  who  come  to  the  waters,  and  a  school 
for  the  education  of  the  poor,  with  a  house  of 
refuge  for  the  indigent:  both  these  last  wer* 
founded  by  the  empress  Josephine. 

Aizenay,  a  town  of  France,  29  m.  S.  of  Nantes. 

Akerman.     See  Bidgorod. 

Akissat,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
the  ancient  Thyatira,  built  in  a  fine  plain  above 
17  miles  wide,  which  produces  corn  and  cotton. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Hermits,  50  m.  S.  E.  of 
Pergamo.     Lonff.  28.  30.  E.  lat.  38.  48.  N. 

Mron,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio.  120  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus.     It  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  canal. 

Akshehr,  a  town  in  Caramania,  on  the  confines 
of  Natolia,  about  250  m.  E.  of  Smyrna,  to  which 
place  it  sends  considerable  supplies  of  wool,  fine 
carpets,  wax,  gum  tragacanth,  and  galls. 

Alabanui,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
lying  between  30.  12.  and  35.  N.  lat.  and  85.  and 
88.  30.  W.  long. ;  bounded  N.  by  Tennessee,  E. 
by  Georgia,  S.  by  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  W.  by  Mississippi ;  having  a  length  of  280 
and  a  breadth  of  160  m.  and  containing  an 
area  of  46,000  sq.  m.  It  is  divided  into  36 
counties,  and  is  watered  by  the  Tennessee,  the 
Chatahoochee,  the  Alabama  and  Tombeckbee,  and 
has  in  the  south  the  seaports  of  Mobile  and 
Blakeley.  Population  308,997,  ^{  whom  117,294 
are  slaves.  Tuscaloosa  is  the  seat  of  government. 
Alabama  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Mississippi 
Territory,  but  was  erected  into  a  separate  territo- 
rial government  in  1817,  and  into  a  State  in  1819. 
The  Cherokees  and  Creeks  octnipy  the  northern 
parts. 

The  soil,  with  the  exception  of  the  alluvial 
tracts  on  Mobile  river,  is  generally  a  pine  barren. 
The  surface  is  mostly  hilly  and  broken.  In  the 
north  it  is  mountainous,  and  in  this  region  begins 
the  great  Apalachian  chain.  The  central  part  is 
undulating.  Toward  the  south,  w-ithin  50  or  60 
miles  of  Florida,  the  swamps  arc  for  the  moat  part 


ALA 


90 


ALB 


eovered  with  cypress  and  gum  trees,  and  the  up- 
lands with  long  leaved  pine.  These  pine  swells 
and  levels  have  a  very  thin  soil,  with  a  substra- 
tum of  clay.  They  produce  without  the  aid  of 
manure,  two  or  three  crops  of  maize  and  one  or 
two  of  cotton.  Among  the  pine  grows  a  rank 
grass  furnishing  a  line  and  inexhaustible  summer 
feed.  The  alluvions  on  the  Alabama  and  Tom- 
beckbee  rivers  are  generally  wide  and  first  rate 
lands,  and  this  species  of  soil  on  all  the  streams 
is  generally  productive.  The  hammock  lands 
constitute  an  intermediate  belt  between  the  bot- 
toms and  pine  ridges.  They  generally  have  a 
slope  like  a  glacis.  In  the  best  lands,  no  pines 
■re  to  be  seen.  In  second  rate  land,  they  are 
intermi.xed  with  dogwood,  hickory  and  oak. 
Along  the  southern  limit  the  soil  is  thin^  and  the 
unvarying  verdure  of  the  pine,  beautiful  as  it  is 
in  itself,  tires  by  its  uniformity.  On  the  head 
waters  of  the  Escambia  and  Conecuh,  are  groves 
of  orange  trees.  On  approaching  Florida,  the 
swamps  become  more  and  more  extensive.  Cy- 
press lands  are  abundant.  On  the  alluvial  ground 
which  is  not  inundated,  is  large  and  rank  cane. 
In  these  drowned  regions  the  moschetoes  are  very 
annoying.  In  going  toward  the  central  part  of 
the  State,  the  lands  become  high  and  broken,  and 
the  pines  less  frequent ;  oak,  hickory  and  poplar 
succeed. 

The  climate  generally  is  favourable  to  health 
compared  with  the  southern  country  in  the  same 
parallels.  The  lower  part  of  the  State  is  con- 
stantly fanned  during  the  summer  heats,  by  the 
trade  wind.  There  is  hardly  such  a  season  as 
winter,  yet  the  summers  are  not  hotter  than  many 
degrees  farther  N.  In  the  northern  parts,  the 
stagnant  waters  often  freeze.  In  the  S.  snow  or 
ice  is  seldom  seen.  Cattle  require  no  shelter 
during  winter,  and  maize  is  planted  early  in 
March. 

Cotton  is  the  staple  production  of  Alabama. 
Sugar,  rice  and  tobacco  are  also  cultivated.  Many 
of  the  people  about  Mobile  are  shepherds,  and 
have  large  droves  of  cattle.  Swine  are  raised 
with  great  ease  vyhere  they  can  be  guarded  from 
the  wolves,  cougars  and  alligators.  The  small 
breed  of  Indian  horses  are  ugly,  but  hardy  and 
strong.  Alabama  exported  in  1828,  1,174,737 
dollars  value  of  domestic  produce ;  and  imported 
merchandize  to  the  amoun*  of  171 ,909  dollars. 

This  State  in  1800,  had  only  2,000  inhabitants. 
No  part  of  the  southern  or  western  country  has 
had  a  more  rapid  increase  of  population.  The 
people  began  to  pay  attention  to  the  business  of 
schools  and  education,  though  seminaries  of  learn- 
ing and  literary  institutions  are  rare.  The  uni- 
versity of  Alabama  is  at  Tuscaloosa. 

Aldharrui,  r.  is  the  eastern  branch  of  the  Mobile, 
and  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and 
Talapoosa.  It  is  navigable  by  large  vessels  100 
in.  above  Mobile  Bay.  Beyond  this  it  affords 
a  good  boat  navigation  150  m.  further.  This  river 
gives  its  name  to  the  State. 

Alachua,  a  prairie  in  E.  Florida,  about  70  m.  W 
of  St.  Augustine.  It  is  level  and  grassy,  but 
barren  of  trees  and  shrubs.  It  is  16  m.  in  length 
and  consists  of  a  sandy  soil  surrounded  with  high 
hills  covered  with  orange  trees. 

Aladidia,  a  maritime  province  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
the  Levant  sea.     The  chief  town  is  Adana. 

planum,  a  town  in   Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  9  m.  N.  E.  of  Nion. 
Aland,  a  cluster  of  islands  in  the  Baltic,  at  the 


entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Boflinia.  The  principal 
island,  from  which  the  rest  take  their  names,  is 
40  m.  long,  and  near  16 broad  ;  and  is  93  m.  N.  E. 
of  Stockholm.  Pop.  about  12,000.  Long.  20.28 
E.  lat.  60.  10.  N.  They  were  ceded  with  Fin- 
land, by  Sweden  to  Russia,  in  the  treaty  of  1809. 
Mais,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Gard.  It  has  a  citadel,  and  is  seated  near  the 
river  Gard,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cevennes,  28  m 
N.  W.  of  Nismes.     Long.  2.  54.  lat.  44.  8.  N. 

Mar  con,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Xucar,  50  m.  S.  of  Cuenca. 

Matamaha,  or  Mtamaha,  a  river  of  Georgia, 
U.  S.  formed  by  the  Oakmulgee  and  Oconee,  two 
long  streams  which  rise  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  State.  It  flows  into  the  sea  by  several  moutiiu 
at  St.  Simon's  Sound,  60  m.  from  Savannah.  It  is 
navigable  300  m.  to  Milledgeville  on  the  Oconee, 
for  boats  of  30  tons,  and  including  its  longest 
branch  is  500  m.  in  length.  Its  mouth  is  barred 
by  a  shoal  on  which  there  is  a  depth  of  14  feet  of 
water  at  low  tide. 

Matyr,  a  town  of  Russia,  on  the  river  Sura,  40 
m.  E.  of  Kasan. 

Mania,  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  which  ri- 
ses in  the  mountains  that  separate  Moldavia,  from 
Transylvania,  flows  through  Wallachia,  and  en- 
ters the  Danube,  near  Nicopolis. 

Mba,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  Montserrat,  and  an 
ancient  bishopric.  It  contains  three  parochial 
and  three  other  churches,  besides  the  cathedral, 
and  seven  convents.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tanaro, 
20  m.  S.  E.  of  Turin. 

Mbania,  a  maritime  province  of  European  Tur- 
key, 240  m.  long,  and  60  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Dalmatiaand  Bosnia,  E.  by  Macedonia  and 
Janna,  S.  by  Livadia  and  W.  by  the  Adriatic  and 
Ionian  seas.  It  produces  excellent  wines.  It 
was  formerly  an  independent  kingdom.  Durazzo 
is  the  capital. 

jllbano,  a  town  of  Italy,  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  in  Campagna  di  Roma.  The  environs 
produce  the  best  wine  in  all  this  country.  It  is 
15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Rome. 

Mbano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  on  the 
river,  Basiento,  15  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Potenza. 

Mbanopolis,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  Albania,  but  now  a  poor 
place,  seated  on  the  Drino,  43  m.  E.  of  Alessio. 

Albans,  St.,  a  borough  town  in  Hertfordshire, 
distinguished  in  every  period  of  English  history. 
It  was  once  the  metropolis  of  Britain,  and  on  the 
invasion  of  the  country  by  the  Romans,  became 
one  of  their  most  important  stations,  they  gave  it 
the  name  of  Verulam,  and  by  the  privileges  con-  ■ 
ferred  upon  it,  so  attached  the  native  inhabitants 
to  their  interest,  as  to  excite  the  vengeance  of 
Queen  Boadicea,  who  massacred  70,000  of  them, 
after  which  she  was  completely  defeated  by  Sue- 
tonius Paulinus,  the  then  Roman  governor  of 
Britain.  St.  Albans  again  became  tranquil,  and 
flouri-shed  till  the  Diocletian  persecution,  about 
the  commencement  of  the  4th  century,  when  is 
became  distinguished  for  the  martyrdom  of  its 
saint,  whose  name  the  town  at  present  bears. 
After  this  period,  St.  Albans  declined,  till  in  the 
9th  century  Offa,  king  of  the  Mercians,  in  expia- 
tion for  his  miprovoked  murder  of  St.  Ethelbert. 
king  of  the  East  Angles,  whom  he  had  invite<l 
to  his  court  to  be  his  son-in-law,  erected  and  en- 
dowed a  most  magnificent  abbey  and  monastery 
for  Benedictine  monks.  After  this  period,  St.  Al- 
bans experienced  various  alternations  of  fortune 
till  the  final  dissolution  of  its  monastery  in  the 


ALB 


ALB 


maraudinc  and  rapacious  age  of  Henry  VIII. 
M'hich  lea  to  the  demolition  of  this  magnificent 
establishment,  of  which  the  gateway  only 
remains,  now  used  as  the  borough  prison  j  ex- 
cept the  abbey  church,  which  was  rescued  from 
impending  destruction  by  the  inhabitants,  who 
purchased  it  of  the  succeeding  monarch,  Edward 
VL  for  £400.  when  it  was  made  parochial  ;  but 
was  again  doomed  to  a  reverse,  in  being  exposed 
f  to  the  plunder  and  fanaticism  of  Cromwell,  dur- 
ing the  period  of  his  predominance.  It  has  since 
been  repaired,  and  many  vestiges  of  its  former 
grandeur  still  remain.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  ec- 
clesiastical edifices  in  Europe.  There  are  three 
other  churches,  in  one  of  which  (St.  Michael)  is 
a  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  illustrious 
Francis  Bacon,  whose  analysis  and  organization 
of  the  laws  of  nature  will  immortalize  his  name.  St. 
Albans  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  12  aldermen, 
and  returns  two  members  to  parliament.  Its  mar- 
ket on  Saturdays  is  considerable  in  grain,  «fec.  and 
especially  for  straw-plait,  which  is  brought  in  by 
the  country  people,  and  bought  up  for  manufac- 
turing into  bonnets  in  London.  The  town  is  sit- 
uate on  the  banks  of  the  little  river  Ver,  on 
which  there  are  two  mills  for  throwing  silk.  It  is 
21  m.  N.  of  London. 

Albans,  St.  p.t.  capital  of  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  23  m. 
N.  Burlington. 

Mbans,  St.  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  30  m.  E.  N.  E. 
Norridgewock.     Pop.  911. 

Albans,  St.  t.  Licking  Co.  Ohio.     Pop.  935. 

Albany,  capital  of  the  state  of  New  York,  stands 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  nearly  the  head 
of  tide  water,  160  m.  above  New  York  city,  and 
164  W. of  Boston.  It  is  a  place  of  much  business  and 
Wealth,  being  situated  at  the  point  where  the  great 
Erie  canal  joins  the  Hudson,  and  commanding 
in  a  manner  the  whole  interior  trade  of  the  State. 
The  prosperity  of  the  city  has  been  wonderful 
since  the  opening  of  this  great  channel  of  in- 
ternal navigation,  and  its  population  has  increased 
one  half  within  six  years.  Its  first  appearance  is 
not  prepossessing  to  a  stranger,  but  the  bustle  and 
activity  of  its  business  give  it  an  air  of  great  liveli- 
ness ;  while  many  public  and  private  buildings 
with  which  it  is  adorned,  display  much  taste  and 
elegance.  There  are  many  good  specimens  of  the 
old  Dutch  architecture  in  various  parts  of  the  city, 
but  its  general  appearance  has  been  greatly  mod- 
ernized within  a  few  years.  The  capital  is  a  fine 
stone  edifice  upon  the  brow  of  a  hill  overlooking 
the  city,  and  immediately  at  the  head  of  State 
street,  a  wide  and  handsome  avenue.  It  is  115 
feet  long  and  has  in  front  an  Ionic  portico  of  4 
magnificent  columns,  33  feet  in  height.  The 
public  square  adjoining  the  capitol,  is  laid  out  into 
walks  and  avenues.  North  of  this  building 
stands  the  Academy,  the  most  elegant  structure 
in  the  city.  It  is  built  of  freestone  and  has  a 
front  of  90  feet.  The  State  Hall  is  an  ancient 
building.  The  Albany,  Farmers  and  Mechanics 
Banks  are  handsome  edifices  of  white  marble.  The 
City  Hall  has  a  gilded  dome.  The  Museum  is  one 
of  the  most  splendid  structures  in  the  State,  and 
contains  a  large  and  valuable  collection  of  curios- 
ities. The  basin  where  the  canal  joins  the  river 
is  formed  by  a  pier  4,300  f  in  length  and  includes 
an  area  of  32  acres.  Here  are  stored  immense 
quantities  of  goods  of  every  description.  The  city 
has  a  library  of  8,000  vols.,  a  theatre  and  16 
churches.  A  mineral  spring  has  been  recently  dis- 
covered here.  The  neighbourhood  is  pleasant  and 
the  facilities  for  travelling  in  every  direction  very 


srreat.  Steamboats  constantly  pass  between  Al 
Bany  and  New- York.  A  railroad  extends  15 
m.  to  Schenectady ;  the  Northern  Canal  bringu 
the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain  with  those  of  Erie 
into  the  bosom  of  the  city,  and  lines  of  stages 
pass  to  Boston,  Saratoga,  Utica  and  many  other 
parts.  Albany  was  founded  in  1612,  and  next  to 
Jamestown  is  the  oldest  settlement  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  governed  by  a  Mayor  and  a  Board 
of  Aldermen  and  Assistants.     Pop.  24,238. 

Albany,  t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  18  m.  N.  W  Paris. 
Pop.  387. 

Albany,  t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  34  m.  N.  Montpelier. 
Pop.  683. 

Albany,  a  County  of  New  York.  Pop.  53,560 ; 
its  capital  is  the  city  of  this  name. 

Albany,  t.  Berks  Co.  Pa.  on  the  S.  side  of  Blue 
Mountains. 

Albany,  JVetc,  p.t.  Clarke  Co.  Ind.  642  m.  Wash. 

Albany,  a  river  of  Upper  Canada,  which  flows 

E.  through  several  small  lakes  into  James's  Bay, 

there  is  a   fort  of  the  same  name  at  its  mouth. 

Long.  82.  W.  lat.  52.  14.  N. 

Alharazin,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  Its  wool  is  the  best  in  Arragon.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Guadalaviar,  100  m.  E.  ofTVIadrid. 
Albacete,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  with 
manufactures  in  iron  and  steel ;  seated  in  a  fertile 
country  on  the  post  road  from  Madrid  (dis.  40  lea.) 
to  Carthagena,  dis.  33  1-2  leag. 

Albazin,  a  town  of  Chinese  Tartary,  with  a  for- 
tress, on  the  N.  side  of  the  Saghalien.  Lon.  123. 
30.  E.  lat.  53.  0.  N. 

Albeck,  a  town  and  castle  of  Suabia,  on  the  river 
Alb,  5  m.  N.  by  E.  ofUlm. 

Albemarle,  or  Aumale,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine,  with  a  manufacture 
of  serges  and  other  stuffs,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Dieppe 
and  32  N.  N.  W.  of  Rouen. 

Albemarle,  a  central  Co.  of  the  state  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  22,618.    Charlottesville  is  the  chief  town. 

Albemarle  Sound,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
in  N.  Carolina,  60  m.  long,  and  from  8  to  12  broad. 
It  is  30  m.  N.  of  Pamlico  Sound  ;  and  is  unit- 
ed with  Chesapeake  bay  at  Norfolk,  by  a  canal 
cut  through  the  Dismal  Swamp. 

Albenga,  a  strong  seaport  on  the  coast  of  Genoa, 
surrounded  by  olive-trees,  37  m.  S.  W.  of  Genoa. 
Long.  8.  7.  E.  lat.  44.  6.  N. 

Albion,  p.t.  Kennebeck  Co.  Me.  91  m.  N.  E. 
Portland.    Pop.  1,393. 

Albion,  p.v.  Edwards  Co.  Illinois.  88  m.  S.  E. 
Vandalia. 

Albion,JVeio,  a  name  given  by  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
who  explored  the  coast  in  1578,  to  a  country  on 
the  W.  coast  of  N.  America,  extending  from  the 
35  to  the  48th.  degree  of  N.  lat.;  but  the  northern 
part  is  now  comprehended  in  the  Missouri  territo- 
ry, and  the  southern  in  New  California. 

Alhona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Istria,  near  the  gulf 
of  Carnero,  16  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Rovigno. 

Albret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Gironde,  37  m.  S.  ofBourdeaux. 

Albufeira,  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of  Algarva, 
Portugal;  pop.  about  2,000.  Also  a  town  of  Va- 
lencia, Spain,  on  the  sea  coast. 

Albuquerque,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremaduia, 
with  a  strong  castle.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
wool  and  cloth,  and  is  18  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Badajoz. 
Also  a  town  on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  a  few  miles  S. 
of  Santa  Fe,  Mexico.  There  is  also  a  village  of. 
the  same  name  in  the  province  of  Puebla,  Mex- 
ico. 
Alburgh,  p.t.  Grand  Isle  Co.  Vt.  Ih  the  S.  W 


ALC 


23 


ALE 


cftfner  of  the  state,  surrounded  by  water  on   all 
Bides  but  the  N.    Pop.  1,239. 

Alby  or  Albi,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Tarn,  seated  on  the  river  of  that 
name.  It  is  the  chief  city  of  the  Albigeois,  and 
was  formerly  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  The  ca- 
thedral was  dedicated  to  St.  Cecilia,  and  before  the 
revolution,  was  ornamented  with  a  valuable  silver 
shrine,  of  exquisite  workmanship,  of  the  Mosaic 
kind,  and  contained  the  relics  of  St.  Clair,  the 
first  bishop  of  this  city.  The  chapel  of  this  saint 
is  a  magnificent  building,  adorned  with  paintings. 
Alby  has  manufactures  of  both  linens  and  wool- 
ens, and  four  gates,  which  open  into  beautiful 
and  fruitftil  plains, 

Jllcala  dc  Henares,  a  beautiful  and  extensive  city 
of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  seated  upon  the  river 
Henares.  The  university,  which  had  gone  to  de- 
cay, was  re-established  in  1494,  by  Cardinal  Fran- 
cis Ximenes  ;  at  whose  charge  and  under  whose 
direction,  the  first  polyglot  bible  was  printed  in 
this  town.  Wiliiout  the  walls  is  a  spring,  the 
water  of  which  is  so  pure  and  well  tasted,  that  it 
18  inclosed  for  the  king  of  Spain's  own  use,  from 
whence  it  is  carried  to  Madrid.  It  is  11  miles  S. 
W.  of  Guadalaxara,  and  15  N.  E.  of  Madrid. 

Jllcala  la  Real,  a  city  of  Spain,  with  a  fine  abbey, 
situate  on  the  summit  of  the  Sierra  de  Granada, 
on  the  high  road  from  Madrid  to  Granada,  from 
which  it  is  distant  18  m.  and  190  from  Madrid. 

Alcala  de  Guadayra,a.  town  of  Spain,  dis.  6.  m. 
from  Seville  on  the  road  to  Madrid. 

Alcama,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazaro,  25 
m.  S.  W.  of  Palermo. 

Alcaniz,  a  town  of  Arragon,  in  Spain.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Moors. 
It  has  a  remarkable  fountain,  which  throws  up 
water,  through  42  pipes.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Bergantes,  12  m.  from  Caspe. 

■Alcantara,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  and  the  chief  place  of  the  knights  of 
that  name.  It  has  a  celebrated  stone  bridge  over 
the  Tejo,  or  Tagus,  built  in  the  time  of  Trajan. 
It  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Gal  way,  in  1706,  but 
retaken  the  same  year.  It  is  situate  on  the  high 
post  road  from  Badajos  to  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 

Alcantara,  or  Alcantarilla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  near  the  river  Guadalquivir.  Here  is 
a  bridge  built  by  the  Romans  to  pass  the  marshes 
formed  by  the  river.  It  is  14  m.  S.  of  Seville. 

Alcantara,  a  town  of  Portugal,  near  Lisbon, 
having  a  royal  palace.  There  is  also  a  town  of 
the  same  name  in  Brazil,  in  the  province  of 
Maranham. 

Alcaraz,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  fctrong  castle ,  and  a  remarkable  ancient  aqueduct. 
It  is  situate  near  the  source  of  the  Guadalquivir,  80 
m.  E.  by  S.  of  Calatrava.  Long.  2.  20.  W.  E.  lat. 
38.  28.  N. 

Alcaraz  or  Alcarraz,  a  town  of  Arragon,  Spain, 
2  leagues  from  I^erida,  on  the   road  to  Madrid. 

Alcazar  de  Sal,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura.  Fine  white  salt  is  made  here.  It  is  seated 
on  Ihe  Cadoan,  15  m.  from  the  sea,  and  35  S.  E. 
of  Lisbon.    Long.  9.  5.  W.  lat.  38. 18.  N. 

Alcazar  Quilier,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez, 
near  which  Sebastian,  king  of  Portugal,  lost  his 
life  in  a  battle  with  the  Moors,  in  1578.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Lucos,  36  m.  S.  of  Tangier. 

Alcazar  ScgvMr,  a  town  of  tlie  kingdom  of  Fez, 
OB  the  strait  of  Gibraltar.  It  was  taken  by  Al- 
phonso,  king  of  Portugal,  in  1468,  but  soon  after 
abandoned.     It  is  14  m.  E.  of  Tangier. 

Alcester,  or  Alncester,  a  market  town  in  War- 


wickshire. Many  Roman  coins,  bricks,  &c.  have 
been  found  near  it,  and  the  Icknild  street  passes 
through  the  town.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  need- 
les, and  is  situate  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alne 
with  the  Arrow,  14  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Warwick,  and 
103  N.  W.  of  London.  Market  on  Tuesday. 

Alcmaer  or  Alkmacr,  a  city  of  North  Holland. 
It  is  a  handsome  city  and  one  of  the  cleanest  in 
Holland.  The  streets  and  houses  are  extremely 
neat  and  regular,  and  the  public  buildings 
very  beautiful.  The  Spaniards,  under  Frederick 
of  Toledo,  besieged  it  after  they  had  taken 
Haerlem,  in  1578  ;  but  were  forced  to  raise 
the  siege,  after  lying  before  it  three  months.  It 
opened  its  gates  to  the  British  troops  in  1799,  after 
the  second  battle  near  Bergen  ;  and  here  the  trea- 
ty for  the  evacuation  of  Holland  by  the  invaders, 
was  afterwards  concluded.  It  is  recorded  in  the 
register  of  this  city,  that  in  the  year  1639,  120 
tulips,  with  the  off-sets,  sold  for  90,000  florins ; 
and  in  particular,  that  one  of  them  called  the  Vice- 
roy sold  for  4,203  guilders  !  The  States  at  last  put 
a  stop  to  this  extravagant  and  ruinous  passion  for 
flowers.  The  town  has  a  good  trade  in  butter  and 
cheese,  which  is  esteemed  the  best  in  Holland. 
It  is  about  4  m.  from  the  sea,  15  from  Haerlem, 
and  20  N.  from  Amsterdam. 

Alcoutim,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algarves,  with 
a  strong  castle,  seated  on  an  island  in  the  Guadia- 
na,  opposite  to  San  Lucar,  16  m.  from  the  entrance 
of  the  Guadianainto  the  Gulf  of  Cadiz,  22  N.  N.  E. 
of  Tavira. 

Alcudia,  a  town  of  Majorca,  situate  on  the  N.  E. 
coast,  between  two  large  harbours.  Long".  3.  0.  E. 
lat.  39.  50.  N. 

Aldhorough,  a  borough,  returning  2  members  to 
parliament,  and  sea-port,  in  Suffolk,  with  a  market 
on  Wednesday  and  Saturday  ;  pleasant!)!  seated  on 
the  Aide,  between  a  high  hill  and  the  sea  ;  and  the 
harbour  is  tolerably  good,  but  small.  The  town 
was  formerly  much  larger ;  but  the  sea  has  taken 
away  whole  streets.  It  is  40  m.  E.  of  Bury,  and 
94  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821,  1,212. 

Aldhorough,  a  borough  in  the  West  Ridmg  of 
Yorkshire,  returning  2  members  to  parliament. 
Here  are  many  remains  of  Roman  works.  It  is  15 
m.  N.  E.  of  York,  and  208  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  484. 

Aldenburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  20  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Dusseldorf. 

Alderbury,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  on  a  hill  near 
the  Avon,  3  m.  from  Salisbury.  It  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  fustians.  By  a  fire  in  1777,  200  houses 
were  destroyed. 

Aldcrholm,  an  island  in  Sweden,  formed  by  tJie 
three  arms  of  the  river  Gefle,in  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia. It  has  a  considerable  trtade  in  planks  and 
deals.     It  is  80  m.  N.  of  Stockholm. 

Alderncy,  an  island  in  the  English  channel,  8  m. 
in  circumference,  separated  from  France  by  a 
strait  called  the  Race  of  Alderney,  which  is  a  dan- 
gerous passage,  on  account  of  the  rocks  under 
water.  It  is  fertile  in  corn  and  pasture  ;  and  is  cele- 
brated for  a  breed  of  small  cattle,  which  yield  an 
abundance  of  very  rich  milk.  There  is  a 
town  of  the  same  name.  Long.  2.  12.  W.  lat.  49, 
45.  N. 

Aldstone.  See  Alston-Moor. 

Alegrc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Loire,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Brioude. 

Alcmtejo,  the  largest,  in  its  superficies,  of  the  6 
provinces  of  Portugal,  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Tagus,  and  south  by  the  ancient  kingdom  of 
Algarva.     Its   superficial    extent  is  883  French 


ALE 


23 


AuB 


leagues,  and  the  population,  in  1800,  was  380,480. 
Evora  is  the  capital. 

Alenoon,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Orne.  Its  manufacture  of  lace  is 
considerable.  Near  it  are  stone  quarries  in  which 
are  found  a  sort  of  crystal  like  Bristol  stones. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Sarte,  which  divides  the  de- 
partments of  L'Orne  and  La  Sarte,  3U  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Lemans,  and  87  W.  S.  W.  of  Paris. 

Meppo,  the  capital  of  Syria,  and  next  to  Con- 
Btantinople  and  Cairo,  the  most  considerable  city 
in  the  Turkish  empire.  It  stands  on  8  hills,  in 
the  middle  of  a  fruitful  plain,  and  is  of  an  oval 
5gure.  The  castle  is  on  the  highest  hill,  in  the 
centre  of  the  city  ;  and  the  houses  are  better  than 
in  other  places  in  Turkey.  As  usual  in  the  East, 
they  consist  of  a  large  court,  with  a  dead  wall  to 
the  street,  an  arcade  running  round  it,  paved 
with  marble,  and  a  marble  fountain  in  the  middle. 
The  streets  are  narrow,  but  well  paved  with  large 
square  stones,  and  kept  very  clean.  Here  arc 
many  stately  mosques  and  caravanseras,  fountains 
and  reservoirs  of  water,  and  vineyards  and  gar- 
dens. The  water  in  the  wells  is  brackish,  but 
good  water  is  brought  from  some  springs  about 
five  miles  off,  by  an  aqueduct,  said  to  have  been 
built  by  the  empress  Helena.  The  Christians 
have  their  houses  and  churches  in  the  suburbs 
and  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  silks,  camlets, 
and  leather.  Large  caravans  frequently  arrive 
from  Bagdad  and  Bassorah,  charged  with  the  pro- 
ducts of  Persia  and  India. 

Several  European  nations  have  factories  here, 
and  the  merchants  live  in  greater  splendour  and 
safety  than  in  any  other  city  m  the  Turkish  empire. 
Coaches  are  not  used  here,  but  persons  of  quality 
ride  on  horseback,  with  a  number  of  servants  be- 
fore them,  according  to  their  rank.  Aleppo  and  its 
suburbs  are  7  m.  in  compass.  An  old  wall,  and  a 
broad  ditch,  now  in  many  places  turned  into  gar- 
dens, surround  the  city,  which  was  estimated  bv 
Dr.  Russel  to  contain  230,000  inhab.,  of  whom  :'  . 
000  were  Christians,  and  5,000  Jews;  but  at  present 
according  to  Mr.  Eton,  it  does  not  contain  more 
than  50,000,  which  depopulation,  occasioned  chief- 
ly by  the  plague,  has  taken  place  since  1770; 
whole  streets  being  uninhabited  and  bazars  aban- 
doned. All  the  inhabitants  of  both  sexes  smoke 
tobacco  to  great  excess ;  even  the  very  servants 
have  almost  constantly  a  pipe  in  their  mouths. 
Eighteen  miles  S.  E.  of  Aleppo  is  a  large  plain, 
bounded  by  low  rocky  hills,  called  the  Valley 
of  Salt :  this  is  overflowed  in  winter,  and  in  April, 
the  water  being  soon  evaporated  by  the  sun, 
leaves  a  cake  of  salt,  in  some  places  half  an  inch 
thick,  which  is  sufficient  to  supply  all  this  part 
of  the  country.  Aleppo  is  seated  on  a  rivulet,  70 
miles  S.  E.  of  Alexandretta,  or  Scanderoon,  and 
150  N.  of  Damascus.  Long.  37.  16.  E.  lat.  35. 
40.  N.  It  suffered  greatly  by  a  succession  of 
esirthquakes  in  1822. 

Meppo,  t.  Green  Co.  Pa. 

men,  p.t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  287  m.  W.  Albany. 
Fop.  1,257. 

Jllessano,  a  town  of  Naples,  near  the  extremity 
of  the  promontory  of  the  Terra  d'  Otranto,  15 
m.  S.  W.  of  Otranto. 

.^lessio,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Dal- 
matia,  and  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Drino, 
near  its  entrance  into  the  Adriatic  Sea.  20  m.  S. 
of  Scutari.     Long.  19.  30.  E.  lat.  41. 53.  N. 

Jllnitian  Islands.     See  Archipelago,  JS'orthem. 

Met,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aude,  lately  an  episcopal  see.     It  is  noted  for  its 


baths,  and  stands  near  the  Pyrenees,  on  the  rirer 
Auda,  15  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Carcassone. 

Alexander ,  p.t.  Athens  Co.  Ohio,  75  m.  S.  £■• 
Columbus.  This  township  and  Athens  belong  to 
the  Ohio  University. 

Mexandersvilie,  p.t.  in  Miami  township,  Mont- 
gomery Co.  Ohio,  on  the  Great  Miami,  75  m.  S. 
W.  Columbus.  The  Miami  canal  runs  through 
this  town. 

Alexander,  a  Co.  of  the  state  of  Illinois,  at  its 
southern  extremity,  bounded  ou  the  east  by  the 
Ohio  river  to  the  point  where  it  unites  with  the 
Mississippi,  which  bounds  on  the  county  on  the 
west.     Pop.  1,390.     America  is  the  chief  town. 

Alexander,  t.  Washington    Co.  Me.     Pop.  334. 

Alexander,  a  County  of  Illinois.     Pop.  1,390. 

Alexander,  p.t.  Genessee  Co.  N.  Y.  18  m.  S. 
Batavia.     Pop.  2,331. 

Alexanders,  p.v.  York  Dis.  S.  C.  441  m.  Wash. 

Alexandretta,  or  Scanderoon,  a  town  of  Syria,  on 
the  Mediterranean  sea,  and   the  port  of  Aleppo. 
It  is  now  a  poor  place,  the  tombs  being  more  nu- 
merous than  the  houses.     It  is  60  m.  N.  W.  orf  ^ 
Aleppo.     Long.  36.  15.  E.  lat.  36.  35.  N.  W 

Alexandria,  or  Alessandria,  a  considerable  and 
strong  city  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  with  a  good 
castle,  built  in  1178,  in  honour  of  Pope  Alexan- 
der III.  It  was  taken  in  1706,  by  prince  Eugene  ; 
in  1746,  by  the  French,  but  retaken  in  1749,  bv 
the  king  of  Sardinia.  The  French  again  took  it 
in  1798,  but  were  driven  out  by  the  Austro-Rus- 
sian  army  in  1799  ;  it  was  delivered  up  to  the 
French  after  the  celebrated  battle  of  Marengo,  in 
1800,  but  reverted  to  the  dominion  of  Austria, 
after  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1815.  It  is  15  m.  S. 
E.  of  Casal,  35.  N.  W.  of  Genoa,  and  40.  S.  by 
W.  of  Milan. 

Alexandria,  a  celebrated  city  of  Egypt,  now 
much  decayed,  though  there  are  still  some  re- 
mains of  its  ancient  splendor,  particularly  an  obe- 
lisk full  of  hieroglyphics,  called  Cleopatra's  Nee- 
dle ;  and  Pompey's  Pillar,  which  is  one  entire 
piece  of  granite,  70  fl.  high,  and  25  in  circumfer- 
ence. The  ancient  Pharos,  so  famous  in  antiqui- 
ty, that  it  was  numbered  among  the  seven  won- 
ders of  the  world,  is  now  a  castle  called  Pharil- 
lon,  and  still  used  to  direct  vessels  into  the  har^ 
hour.  From  the  harbour  is  a  canal  to  the  west 
branch  of  the  Nile,  at  Rhamanie.  This  city  was 
built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  now  consists 
chiefly  of  one  long  street,  facing  the  harbour,  the 
rest  being  a  heap  of  ruins :  part  of  the  walls  are 
standing,  with  great  square  towers,  200  paces  dis- 
tant ;  and  the  gates  are  of  Thebaic  and  granite 
marble.  It  was  formerly  a  place  of  great  trade, 
all  the  treasures  of  the  East  Indies  being  deposi- 
ted there,  before  the  discovery  of  the  route  by  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  is  subject  to  the  grand 
seignior  who,  however,  has  but  a  limited  authority. 
Alexandria  was  taken  by  the  French,  under  Bona- 
parte, in  1798  :  and  taken  from  them  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1801.  It  surrendered  to  the  English  in 
1807,  but  was  soon  afler  evacuated.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  125  m.  N.  W.  of  Cairo. 
Long.  30.  16.  E.  31.  11.  N. 

Alexandria,  t.  Graflon  Co.  N.  Hampshire,  70 
m.  from  Postsmouth.     Pop.  1,083. 

Alexandria,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  172.  m.  N 
W.  Albany.     Pop.  1,523. 

Alexandria,  t.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Dela- 
ware, 15  m.  S.  E.  Easton. 

Alexandria,  p.t.  Huntington  Co.  Pa.  192  m.  N. 
W.  Philad. 

Alexandria,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  in  tha 


ALG 


34 


ALG 


Diclficl  of  Columoia,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Po- 
tomac, 0  miles  below  Washington.  It  is  a  place 
of  some  business  and  fashionable  resort  during 
the  session  of  Congress,  and  contains  some  fine 
buildings,  but  the  neighbourhood  has  a  poor  soil, 
and  is  thinly  inhabitea.  The  river  here  is  a  mile 
wide  and  the  water  in  the  cbannel  30  feet  in  depth, 
but  notwithstanding  the  commercial  advantages 
within  her  reach,  Alexandria  has  not  increased 
much  of  late.  The  city  is  regularly  built,  and  the 
streets  are  clean  and  well  paved.  The  trade  is 
chiefly  in  flour.  The  shipping  in  1821  amounted 
to  25.287  tons.  Here  is  a  Theological  Semina- 
ry.    Pop.  8,203. 

Alexandria,  J^ew,  p.t.  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa. 
266  m.  Wash. 

Mexandria,  p.t.   capital  of  the   Parish  of  Ra- 

Sides,  Lou.  on  the  Red  River,  70  m.  above  the 
lississippi  in  a  straight  line.  It  is  situated  in  a 
beautiful  plain.  Steamboats  ascend  the  river  to 
this  place,  and  vast  quantities  of  cotton  are  ex- 
ported from  it.  The  surrounding  country  is 
very  rich. 

Jilcxandna,  p.t.  Smith  Co.  Lou.  29  m.  N.  E. 
Murfreesborough. 

Alexandria,  t.  in  Washington  township,  Scioto 
Co.  Ohio  :  90  m.  S.  Columbus. 

Alexandria,  a  Co.  of  the  district  of  Columbia. 
^Pop.  9,608. 

Alexandriana.,  p.v.  Mecklenburg  Co.  N.  C.  454 
m.  Wash. 

Alfayates,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  defend- 
ed bv  a  wall  and  castle.  It  is  150  m.  N.  E.  of 
Lisbon.     Long.  5.  43.  W.  lat.  40.  9.  N. 

Alfeizerao,a.  town  of  Portugal,  on  the  sea  side, 
72.  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Long.  9. 15.  W.  lat.  39. 
30.  N. 

Alfcld,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  15  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Hildesheim. 

Alford.  a  town  in  Linconshire,  Eng.  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Tuesday,  seated  on  a  brook,  9  m.  from  the 
sea,  25  N.  of  Boston,  140  of  London.     Pop.  1,506. 

Alford,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire. 
This  parish  is  rendered  memorable  by  a  battle 
fought  here,  wherein  the  marquis  of  Montrose  de- 
feated general  Baillie  and  a  party  of  the  Covenant- 
ers, on  the  2d  July  1045  ;  and  there  was  lately  dis- 
covered in  one  of  the  mosses  a  man  in  armour  on 
horseback,  supposed  to  liave  been  drowned  in  at- 
temping  to  escape. 

Alfordstoim,  p.t.  capital  of  Moore  Co.  N.  C.  30 
m.  N.  W.  Favetteville. 

Alford sville',  p.t.  Roberson  Co.  N.  C.  108  m.  S. 
W.  Raleigh. 

Alfred,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  88  m.  N.  E.  Boston. 
Pop.  1,453. 

Alfred,  p.t.  Allegany  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,416. 

Alfred,  p.t.  Glengary  Co.  Upper  Canada,  on 
the  Ottawa. 

Alfreton,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  with  a  market 
on  Monday.  Here  are  manufactures  of  stockings 
and  brown  earthenware,  and  2  iron  works.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  13  m.  N.  of  Derby,  and  142  N.  N. 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  4,089. 

Algagliola,  a  small  fortified  sea-port  on  the  N. 
W.  coast  of  Corsica,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Aregno, 
28  m.  W.  by  S.  ofBastia. 

Alo-area,  OT  Algarvcs,  a  province  of  Portugal. 
Its  superficies  is  232  sq.  leagues,  and  in  1800  con- 
tained 127,000  inhabitants.  It  forms  the  S. -ex- 
tremity of  Portugal.  Lagos,  Faro,  and  Tavira,  all 
on  the  S.  coast  are  the  chief  towns.  It  is  fertile 
in  figs,  oranges,  almonds,  dates,  olives,  and  excel- 
lent wme. 


Algesiras,  a  fortified  town  of  Andalusia,  Spain, 
situate  on  the  coast  W.  of  the  Bay  of  Gibraltar 

Algiers,  a  country  of  Barbary,  comprehending 
the  ancient  Numidia,  and  part  of  Mauritania. 
It  is  000  m.  from  E.  to  W.  and  170  in  breadth  , 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Tunis,  N.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, S.  by  Mount  Atlas,  and  W.  by  Morocco. 
Mineral  springs  and  waters  are  met  with  in  many 
places,  and  several  of  the  chains  of  mountains 
contain  lead  and  copper.  In  the  interior  of  the 
country  commence  the  dreary  deserts.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Shellif,  Mazafran,  Malva,  and 
Zaine.  The  land  toward  the  north  is  fertile  in  corn 
and  the  valleys  are  full  of  fruit.  The  melons  have 
an  exquisite  taste,  some  of  which  are  ripe  in  sum- 
mer, and  others  in  winter.  The  stems  of  the  vines 
are  very  large,  and  the  bunches  of  grapes  are  a 
foot  and  a  half  long.  It  is  divided  into  the  territo- 
ry of  the  city  of  Algiers,  and  the  provinces  of 
Mascara,  Titeri,  and  Constantina.     The  Turks, 


who  had  the  government  in  theii*  hands  before 
the  French  conquest,  were  not  above  7,000  in 
number  ;  and  yet  the  Moors,  or  natives  of  Africa, 
had  no  share  in  it.  It  was  a  kind  of  republic  under 
the  protection  of  the  grand  seignor,  and  governed 
by  a  sovereign  called  the  Dey,  who,  however, 
could  do  nothing  of  consequence  without  the 
council  of  the  Janissaries.  The  Arabs,  who  live 
in  tents,  are  a  distinct  people,  governed  by  their 
own  laws  and  magistrates,  though  the  Turks  in- 
terpose as  often  as  they  please.  The  Dey  was  an 
absolute  monarch,  but  elected  by  the  Turkish 
soldiers  and  frequently  deposed  and  put  to  death 
by  them.  The  revenues  of  the  government  arose 
from  the  tribute  paid  by  the  Moors  and  Arabs,  a 
detachment  of  the  army  being  sent  into  each  prov- 
ince every  year  to  collect  it ;  and  the  prizes  they 
took  at  sea  sometimes  equalled  the  taxes  they  laid 
upon  the  natives.  The  Dey  had  several  thousand 
Moors  in  his  service,  both  horse  and  foot  ;  and 
the  beys  or  viceroys  of  the  provinces  had  each  an 
army  under  his  command.  Their  religion  is 
Mahometanism  and  their  language  a  dialect  of  the 
Arabic.  They  have  likewise  a  jargon,  composed 
of  Italian,  French  and  Spanish,  called  Lingua 
Franca,  which  is  understood  by  the  common  peo- 
ple and  merchants.  The  complexion  of  the  na- 
tives is  tawny,  and  they  are  strong  and  well 
made. 

The  dress  of  the  Moors  consists  of  a  piece  of 
woolen  cloth,  5  ells  in  length  and  an  ell  and  a 
half  in  breadth,  thrown  over  the  shoulders  and 
fastened  round  the  body.  This  is  called  ahaique 
and  serves  also  for  a  covering  by  night  when 
asleep  on  their  mattresses.     To  this  are  added  an 


▲L« 


ALL. 


upper  garment  called  a  caftan,  with  a  red  cap,  a 
hood  and  slippers.  The  women  in  the  country 
wear  haiques  like  those  of  the  men.  Their  orna- 
ments are  ear-rings,  bracelets  upon  their  arms, 
and  rings  upon  their  ankles.  They  tatoo  their 
rkins  with  representations  of  flowers  &c.  and  dye 
their  hair,  feet,  and  the  ends  of  the  lingers  of  a 
saffron  color  with  henna. 

The  ladies  of  the  city  differ  little  in  the  fashion, 
but  considerably  in  the  costliness  of  their  orna- 
ments. The  caflan  is  of  fine  cloth  or  velvet,  em- 
broidered with  gold  and  fastened  with  buckles  of 
gold  and  silver.  The  head  is  surrounded  with 
iolds  of  gauze,  wrought  of  gold  and  silk.  The 
«ar-rings,  bracelets,  &c.  for  the  legs,  are  of  gold 
and  silver.  Paint  is  sometimes  used,  and  the 
eyebrows  and  eyelashes  are  frequently  darkened. 
The  Moors  esteem  corpulence  a  prime  constitu- 
ent of  beauty. 

Algiers,  a  strong  city,  capital  of  the  whole 
country  of  Algiers.  It  is  built  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  next 
the  harbour  ;  and  the  houses  appearing  one  above 
another,  of  a  resplendent  whiteness,  make  a  fine 
appearance  from  the  sea.  The  tops  of  the  houses 
are  flat,  covered  with  earth,  and  form  a  sort  of 

fardens.  The  streets  are  narrow,  and  serve  to 
eep  off  the  extreme  heat  of  the  sun.  There  are 
five  gates,  but  no  public  places  or  squares  of  con- 
siderable extent.  The  larger  mosques  are  ten, 
but  there  is  nothing  remarkable  in  their  archi- 
tecture, except  the  one  begun  to  be  built  about 
me  year  1790,  which  is  beautiful ;  and  the  Dey's 
palace  is  far  from  being  spacious  and  extensive. 
The  harbour  is  small,  shallow,  and  insecure,  and 
its  entrance  is  incommoded  with  numerous  rocks. 
The  mole  of  the  harbour  is  500  paces  in  length, 
e:ftending  from  the  continent  to  a  small  islar,d, 
where  there  is  a  castle  and  a  large  battery  of  guns. 
The  Turkish  soldiers  here  were  formerly  great 
tyrants ;  and  would  go  to  the  farm-houses  in  the 
country  for  20  days  together,  live  at  free  quarters, 
and  make  use  of  6very  thing,  not  excepting  the 
women.  There  were  about  100,000  Mahometans, 
15,000  Jews,  besides  2,000  Christian  slaves  in  this 
city  before  its  recent  capture  by  the  French. 
Their  chief  subsistence  was  derived  from  their 
piracies,  for  they  made  prizes  of  all  Christian 
ships  not  at  peace  with  them.  The  country  about 
Algiers  is  adorned  with  gardens  and  fine  villas, 
watered  by  fountains  and  rivulets ;  and  thither 
the  inhabitants  resort  in  the  hot  seasons.  Algiers 
had  for  ages  braved  the  resentment  of  the  most 
powerful  states  in  Christendom.  The  Emperor 
Charles  V.  lost  a  fine  fleet  and  army,  in  an  ex- 
pedition against  it,  in  1541.  The  English  burnt 
their  vessels  in  the  harbour  in  1635,  and  1670 ; 
and  it  was  bombarded  by  the  French  in  1688.  In 
1775,  the  Spaniards  attacked  it  by  sea  and  land, 
but  were  repulsed  with  great  loss,  though  they 
had  near  20,000  foot,  2,000  horse,  and  47  royal 
ships  of  different  rates,  and  346  transports.  In 
1783  and  1784,  they  renewed  their  attacks  by  sea 
to  destroy  the  city  and  galleys ;  but  were  forced 
to  retire  without  effectmg  either  its  capture  or 
destruction.  In  1816,  a  British  squadron,  under 
the  command  of  Lord  Exmouth,  bombarded  the 
town,  and  fleet  in  the  harbour.  But  the  year 
1830  finally  "witnessed  the  fall  of  Algiers  before 
the  arms  of  a  Christian  power.  On  the  14th  of 
June,  the  French  landed  an  army  of  40,000  men 
in  the  bay  of  Sidi  Feruch  near  the  citv,  and  afler 
several  battles,  closely  invested  the  place.  The 
•iege  lasted  six  days.    On  the  5th  of  July,  Algiers 


surrendered,  and  the  French  immediately  took 
possession  of  the  city.  The  Dey  went  in*o  exile 
at  Naples,  and  a  great  treasure  in  gold  and  silver 
found  in  his  palace,  indemnified  the  captors  for 
the  cost  of  the  enterprise.  The  French  still  hold 
Algiers,  and  appear  determiited  to  establish  them- 
selves permanently  in  the  country.  The  external 
commerce,  before  the  conquest,  was  principally 
with  Gibraltar,  from  whence  the  Algerines  drew 
considerable  supplies  of  European  manufactures, 
spices,  and  India  piece-goods,  in  exchange  for 
cattle,  fruits,  «fcc.  for  the  supply  of  the  town  and 
garrison. 

Alamhia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  near  a 
river  of  its  name,  7  m.  N.  of  Tereul. 

Micant,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  fa- 
mous for  excellent  wine  and  fruits.  It  has  also 
a  great  trade  in  barilla,  and  the  Americans,  En- 

Slish,  Dutch,  French,  and  Italians,  have  consuls 
ere.  The  castle,  on  a  high  rock,  was  reckoned 
impregnable,  but  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  in 
1706.  It  was  likewise  taken  by  the  French  and 
Spaniards,  afler  a  siege  of  almost  two  years,  when 
part  of  the  rock  was  blown  up.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
64  French  leagues  S.  E.  of  Madeira,  23  S.  of  Va- 
lencia, and  21  N.  of  Carthagena.  Long.  0.  29.  W 
lat.  38.  20.  N. 

Micata,  a  sea-port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
with  a  fortress  on  a  small  cape,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Salso,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Girgenti.  Long.  14.  7, 
E.  lat.  37.  14.  N. 

Micudi,  the  most  western  of  the  Lipari  islands, 
in  the  Mediterranean,  10  m.  W.  of  Felicuda. 
N.lat.  38.33.  E.  long.  14.  32. 

Alifi,  a  town  of  Naples,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
ennines, 25  m.  N.  W.  of  Benevento. 

Mlaliabad,  an  interior  province  of  Hindoostan 
Proper,  160  m.  long  and  120  broad;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Oude,  E.  by  Bahar,  S.  by  Orissa  and 
Berar,  and  W.  by  Malwa  and  Agra.  The  Ner- 
budda,  which  rises  on  the  S.  E.  border  of  the 
province,  flows  from  E.  to  W.  near  its  side;  and 
the  Ganges  crosses  it  from  W.  to  E.  near  its  N. 
side. 

Mlahahad,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  magnificent 
citadel.  It  was  founded  by  the  Emperor  Acbar, 
in  1583,  who  intended  it  as  a  place  of  arms ;  but 
its  fortifications  will  hardly  resist  the  battering  of 
a  field-piece.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Jumna  with  the  Gantres,  470  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Calcutta.  Long.  82.  0.  E.  lat.  26.  45.  N.  It 
was  finally  ceded,  together  with  the  province,  to 
the  English  E.  I.  Company,  in  1801. 

Allah- Shehr,  or  City  of  God,  the  ancient  Phila- 
delphia ;  it  is  now  occupied  by  about  300  families, 
principa  lly  Greeks.  It  is  situate  in  the  province 
of  Natolia  Asiatic  Turkey,  about  100  m.  due  E. 
of  Smyrna. 

Alleghany  Mountains.     See  Apalachian. 

Alleghany,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania,  which  rises 
in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state  of  New  York,  in 
lat.  42.  It  is  navigable  for  keel-boats  of  10  tons 
burthen,  to  Hamilton,  260  m.  above  Pittsburg, 
where  it  joins  the  Monongahela,  and  then  assumes 
the  name  of  Ohio.     See  Ohio. 

Alleghany,  a  County  of  New  York,  in  the  S. 
W.     Pop.  26,218.     Angelica  is  the  chief  town. 

Alleirhany,  a  County  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
W.     Pop.  37,964.     Pittsburg  is  the  capital. 

Alleghany,  a  County  of  Maryland,  in  the  N.W. 
Pop.  10,602.     Cumberland  is  the  chief  town. 

Alleghany  is  the  name  of  6  towns  iu  P«UQsyl> 

c 


ALM 


26 


ALA 


vania,  viz.,  in  Westmoreland,  Cambria,  Hunt- 
ingdon, Armstrong,  Somerset,  and  Venango 
counties. 

Jillemance,  p.v.  Guilford  Co.  N.  C.  335  m. 
Wash. 

Mhn,  p.t.  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y.  276  m.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  898. 

Allen,  t.  Cumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Mien,  a  County  in  Kentucky.     Pop.  6,486. 

Allen,  a  County  of  Ohio,  in  the  N.  W.  part,  24 
m.  in  extent,  containing  554  sq.  miles.  Pop.  578. 
Wapakonetta  is  the  capital. 

Allen,  t.  Union  Co.  Ohio. 

Allen's  Ferry,  p.v.  Harrison  Co.  Ind.  537  m. 
Wash. 

Allen's  Fresh,  p.v.  Charles  Co.  Md.  91  m.  S. 
W.  Baltimore. 

Allcntown,  p.t.  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J.  34  m.  N. 
E.  Phil. 

Allentotcn,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  C.  428  m. 
Wash. 

Ailenstoton,  t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  Hampshire. 
58  m.  fr.  Boston  :  38  fr.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  481. 

Allensto7on,  p.t.  Northampton  Co.  Pa.  on  the 
Lehigh,  52  m.  N.  W.  Phil. 

Allensville,  t.  Mifflin  Co.  Pa. 

Allcnsville,  p.v.  Switzerland  Co.  Ind.  28  m.  S. 
W.  Cincinnati. 

Allenburg^,  a  town  of  Prussia,  on  the  river  Al- 
le,  25  m.   E.  S.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 

Allendale,  a  parish  and  mining  district  at  the 
foot  of  Fuller  Hill,  in  the  Co.  of  Northumberland, 
Eng.     Pop.  in  1821,  4,629. 

Allendtirf,  a  town  of  Germany,  famous  for  its 
salt-works,  and  three  bridges  over  the  Werra.  It 
is  15  m.  E.  of  Cassel ;  also  the  name  of  several 
other  small  towns  in  Germany. 

Allerlon,  the  name  of  a  village  in  Lancashire, 
England  ;  another  in  Somerset ;  and  of  6  others 
in  Yorkshire. 

Allerton,  JVorth.     See  J\''ortk  Allerton. 

Allier,  a  department  of  France.  It  is  so  called 
from  a  river  which  flows  by  Moulins,  and  enters 
the  Loire,  below  Nevers.     Pop.  254,.558. 

Alligator,  r.  a  stream  of  N.  Carolina,  running 
into  Albermarle  Sound. 

Alloa,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Clackmanan- 
shire,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  on  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  Here  is  a  custom-house,  and  an  ex- 
cellent dry  dock  ;  and  its  harbour  is  the  resort  of 
all  the  coal-vessels  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  has 
a  glass-house,  2  distilleries,  and  2  breweries,  the 
produce  of  which  is  in  great  repute.  Near  the 
town  is  a  tower  90  ft.  in  height,  with  walls  11  ft. 
in  thickness.  It  is  30  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Alloway  Creek,  t.  Salem  Co.  N.  J. 

All-saints  Bay.     See  Bahia. 

Almada,  a  town  of  Portugal,  seated  on  a  point 
of  land,  on  the  south  bank  of  tlie  Tagus,  nearly 
opposite  Lisbon. 

Almaden  del  Azogue,  a  town  of  Spam,  in  La 
Mancha,  famous  for  its  rich  mines  of  mercury  and 
Vermillion,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Ciudad  Real. 

Almaden  de  la  Plata,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Anda- 
lusia, on  the  river  Colar,  34  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Se- 
ville. 

Almanza,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Murcia,  remarka- 
ble for  the  victory  gained  by  the  French  and 
Spaniards  over  the  allies  in  1707,  when  most  of 
the  English  were  killed  or  taken,  having  been 
abandoned  by  the  Portuguese  horse  at  the  first 
charge.  It  is  situate  in  a  fertile  plain  on  the 
frontiers   of   Valencia,  35  m.    S  W.  of  Xativa, 


and  62  N.   of  Murcia.    Long.  1.  10.  W.  lat.  38. 
48.  N. 

Almeida,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
It  was  taken  by  the  French,  after  a  short  sicge^ 
in  1810,  who  afterwards  demolished  the  fortifica- 
tions. It  is  situate  on  the  river  Coa,  and  near 
the  borders  of  Spain,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Guarda. 

Almeria,  a  seaport  of  Spain  in  Granada,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Almeria, 
62  m.  S.  E.  of  Granada.  Long.  2.  31.  W.  lat.  36 
51.  N. 

Almissa,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  famous  for  its 
wines.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  higli  rock,  and 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Cetina,  12  m.  E.  of  Spala- 
tro. 

Almond,  p.t.  Alleghany  Co.  N.  J.  27  m.  W. 
Albany.    Pop.  1,804. 

Almondbury,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire,  sei,- 
ted  on  the  Calder,  2  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Huddersfield. 
It  was  the  Campodonum  of  the  Romans,  after- 
wards a  seat  of  the  Saxon  kings,  and  had  once  a 
castle  and  a  cathedral.     Pop.  5,630. 

Almondsbury,  a.  viYla^ge  in  Gloucestershire,  7  m. 
N.  of  Bristol,  where  Alimond,  father  of  King 
Egbert,  is  said  to  have  been  buried.  Here  is  a 
fortification  of  the  Saxons,  with  a  double  ditch, 
which  commands  an  extensive  view  of  the  Se- 
vern. 

Almunecar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  seat- 
ed on  the  Mediterranean,  with  a  good  harbour, 
defended  by  a  strong  castle,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Al- 
hama.     Lona.  3.  45.  W.  lat.  36.  30.  N. 

AlvM,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  53  m.  N.  E.  Port- 
land.    Pop.  1,175. 

Alnwick,  a  considerable  town  of  Northumber- 
land, on  the  road  to  Scotland;  a  place  peculiarly 
fata]  to  some  of  the  ancient  Scottish  monarchs. 
Here  Malcolm  III.  making  an  inroad  into  Nor- 
thumberland, was  killed,  with  Edward  his  son , 
and  his  army  defeated,  by  Robert  Mowbray ,  earl 
of  this  county,  in  1093.  And  here  too  his  great 
grandson,  William  I.  invading  England  with  an 
army  of  80,000  men,  was  encountered,  his  army 
routed,  and  himself  made  prisoner,  in  1174.  The 
town  appears  to  have  been  formerly  fortified,  from 
the  vestiges  of  a  wall  still  to  be  seen  in  several 
parts,  and  3  gates,  which  remain  almost  entire. 
Alnwick  is  a  well-built  town  ;  and  is  ornamented 
by  a  stately  old  gothic  castle,  the  scat  of  the 
duke  of  Northumberland.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Alne,  310  m.  N.  by  W.  from  London,  33  N.  ol 
Newcastle,  and  26  S.  of  Berwick.  Pop.  in  1821, 
5,927. 

Alpnack,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Unterwal- 
den,  seated  on  an  arm  of  the  lake  of  the  Four 
Cantons,  6  m.  S.  of  Lucern. 

Alps,  a  chain  of  mountains,  in  Europe,  which 
begins  at  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  to  the  E.  of  Nice, 
passes  into  Switzerland,  crosses  that  country  and 
Tyrol,  separates  Germany  from  Italy,  and  ter- 
minates at  the  north  part  of  the  gulf  of  Venice. 
This  grand  chain  is  sometimes  divided  into  two 
or  more  ridges,  ranging  one  by  another,  with  on- 
ly narrow  valleys  between ;  and  the  difierent 
portions  have  distinct  appellations,  as  the  Mari- 
time, Pennine,  Lepontine,  Helvetian,  Rhetian, 
Julian,  &c.  They  are  composed  of  stupendous 
rocky  masses,  two,  four,  and  even  six  being  pil- 
ed upon  each  other,  and  from  4,000  to  above 
15,600  ft.  high.  There  are  few  passes  over  them, 
and  those  of  difficult  access.  Switzerland  has 
the  central  part  of  these  mountains,  and  the  val- 
leys between  tliem.  These  mountains  are  fre- 
quented  by   the   chamois,  an  animal   about  the 


ALS 


27 


ALU 


size  of  a  goat,  and  of  wonderful  agility.  They 
wUl  leap  down  precipices  30  feet  in  height,  and 
indeed  appear  rather  to  fly  than  run.  The 
hunting  of  the  chamois,  is  full  of  labour  and 
danger,  but  is  pursued  with  the  highest  enthusi- 
asm and  most  unconquerable  perseverance  by 
the  mountaineers.  The  famous  Hannibal  attempt- 


ed to  cross  the  Alps  on  the  side  of  Piedmont,  in 
the  winter  season,  when  he  invaded  Italy,  and 
lost  most  of  his  elephants  among  them.  They 
were  passed  successfully  by  a  numerous  French 
army  under  Bonaparte  in  loOO. 

Alps,  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  is 
so  called  from  its  vicinity  to  the  mountains  of 
that  name.     The  capital  is  Embrun. 

Jllps,  Loicer,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  late  province  of  Provence.  The 
capital  is  Digne. 

Jllps,  Maritime,  a  late  department  of  France, 
including  the  county  of  Nice.  The  capital  is 
Nice. 

Alpuxarras,  high  mountains  of  Spain,  in  Grana- 
da, near  the  Mediterranean.  They  are  inhabi- 
ted by  the  Moriscos,  who  carefully  cultivate 
the  ground,  which  produces  excellent  wines  and 
fruits. 

Mresford,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  with  a 
market  on  Thurs.  and  a  manufacture  of  linsevs. 
It  is  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Southampton,  and  57  W. 
S.  W.  of  London. 

Alsace,  a  late  province  of  France,  now  divided 
into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine,  which  see. 

Alsace,  p.t.  Berks  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuylkill. 

Alsen,  a  fertile  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Lit- 
tle Belt,  between  Sleswick  and  Funen,  100  m. 
W.  of  Copenhagen.  The  chief  town  is  Sonder- 
borg. 

Alsfield,  a  town  of  Germany,  with  a  castle,  12 
m.  E.  of  Marburg. 

Alsheda,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smaland,  near 
which  a  gold  mine  was  discovered  in  1738. 

Alsiera,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  on 
the  river  Tiserno,  23  m.  N.  E.  of  Molise. 

Alsleben,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  9  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Bemburg. 

Alstadt,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
gia,  with  a  castle,  on  the  rivulet  Ilane,  8  m.  W. 
of  Querfurt. 

Alstadt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Olmutz.  near  the  source  of  the  Morau,  35  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Olmutz. 

Alstead,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  Hampshire,  82  m. 
ft.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,559. 

Alston,  t.  N.  C.  on  Little  river,  20  m.  W.  Bruns- 
wick. 

Alston-moor  or  Aldstone,  a  town  in  Cumberland, 
with  a  market  on  Sat.  Here  is  an  iron  foundry, 
and  a  shot  manufacture ;  and  in  its  vicinity  are 
numerous  lead-mines.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  on  the  S.  branch  of  the  Tyne,  20  m.  E.  by 


S.  of  Carhsle,  and  271 N.  by  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  4,410. 

Altai  Mountains,  a  range  of  mountains  inter- 
secting Asia  from  south  to  north,  commencing 
west  of  the  Indus,  in  W.  long,  about  68.  and  di- 
verging northward  by  several  ridges  towards 
East  Cape,  in  E.  long.  170. 

Altamura,  a  town  of  Naples  at  the  foot  of  tlie 
Apennines,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Gravina.  Pod.  about 
16,000. 

AUenau,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Brunswick,  8  m.  S.  of  Goslar. 

Altenburg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
celebrated  for  its  tin  mine,  20  m.  S.  of  Bresden. 

Altenberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 

fia,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is  seated  on  the 
leisse,  20  m.  S.  of  Leipsic. 

Altenburg,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  on  the 
river  Leitha,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Dan  ibe. 
Here  are  2  churches  and  a  college ;  and  its 
ancient  castle  is  now  principally  used  for  a 
corn  magazine.     It  is  17  ra.  S.  S.  E.  of  Presburg. 

Altenkirchen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Wes- 
terwald,  chief  of  the  county  of  Sayn,  with  a  cas- 
tle, 15  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Coblentz. 

Alteeson,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  between  the  riv- 
ers Doire  and  Stura,  3  m.  N.  of  Turin. 

AUkirch,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Rhine,  on  an  eminence,  near  the  source 
of  the  river  111,  25  m.  S.  of  Colmar. 

Alton,  p.t.  Stafibrd  Co.  N.  Hampshire,  33  m.  fr. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,993. 

Alton,  a  town  in  Hampshire  Eng.  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Saturday.  It  has  manufactures  of  wors- 
ted stufis,  and  round  the  town  are  plantations  of 
hops.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wey,  28  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Southampton,  and  47.  W.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Alton,  t.  Madison  Co.  Illinois,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, 3  m.  above  the  Missouri. 

Altona,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  Holstein,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  contiguous  to 
Hamburgh.  The  Danes  built  it  in  this  situation, 
that  it  might  rival  Hamburgh  in  commerce.  It 
was  b*-irnt  by  the  Swedes  in  1712,  but  has  been 
beautifully  rebuilt,  and  is  estimated  to  contain 
25,000  inhab.     Long.  9.  58.  E.  lat.  53.  34.  N. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  territory  of 
Nurenberg,  with  a  university,  16  m.  S.  E.  of 
Nurenberg. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Suabia,  20  ra.  N.  E.  of  Con- 
stance. 

Altorf,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Uri.  Here  are  two  stone  pillars,  130 
paces  from  each  other,  at  which  distance  Tell  is 
said  to  have  shot  the  apple  from  his  son's  head. 
This  deliverer  of  his  country  lived  at  Burgli,  near 
this  place,  and  his  cottage  is  changed  into  a  chap-, 
el,  where  mass  is  solemnly  said.  Altorf  stands 
on  the  lake  of  Lucern,  near  the  influx  of  the  riv- 
er Russ,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Lucern. 

Altringham.,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  govern- 
ed by  a  mayor,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  Here 
are  several  manufactures  of  worsted  and  cotton  j 
and  much  fruit  and  vegetables  are  sent  hence  to 
Manchester.  It  is  seated  near  the  duke  of  Bridge- 
water's  canal,  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Chester,  and  180 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Altvnkupri,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  the 
capital  of  Curdistan,  and  the  residence  of  a  pa- 
cha. It  is  situate  on  the  river  Altun,  which  flows 
into  the  Tigris,  50  m.  S.  E.  of  Mosul.  Long.  44. 
30.  E.  lat.  35.  45.  N. 

Alum  Creek,  r.  Ohio,  is  a  branch  of  the  Big 
Walnut  River. 


\ 


AMA  28 

Atva  de  Tormes,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
with  a  castle,  once  the  residence  of  the  celebrated 
duke  of  Alva,  seated  on  the  Tormes,  16  m.  S.  E. 
of  Salamanca. 

Alvarado,  a  river  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Vera  Cruz,  which  rises  40  miles  above  the  town 
of  Cordova,  and  flows  N.  E.  till  it  enters  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  at  a  town  of  the  same  name,  40  m.  S. 
E.  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Alvaslon,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.,  8 
m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bristol.  On  the  top  of  a  nill, 
near  the  Severn,  is  a  round  camp,  called  Oldbury, 
where  several  antiquities  have  been  dug  up. 

Alzira,  or  Mcira,  a  populous  town  of  Spain, 
which  has  a  great  trade  in  silk.  It  is  surrounded 
by  the  Xucar,  17  m.  S.  of  Valencia. 

Amadan,  or  Hamadan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Ajami.  Here  are  many  Jews,  who  allege  that 
the  tombs  of  Mordecai  and  Esther  are  in  the 
place  which  serves  them  for  a  synagogue.  Ama- 
dan  is  a  very  ancient  city ;  on  its  site,  or  near 
it,  the  ancient  Ecbatana  is  supposed  to  have  stood. 
It  is  said  to  h.ave  been  destroyed  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, and  rebuilt  by  Darius,  who  brought  hith- 
er all  his  riches.  It  is  situate  to  the  north  of  the 
upper  road  from  Bagdad  to  Ispahan,  about  15 
miles  from  Kenghey.  It  has  considerable  manu- 
factures of  leather,  and  contains  about  40,000  in- 
habitants. 

jimadia,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Curdis- 
tan.  governed  by  a  Bey,  seated  on  a  high  moun- 
tain, 40  miles  S.  E.  of  Gezira.  Long.  41.35.  lat. 
37.  20.  N. 

Amak,  or  Amager,  an  island  of  Denmark,  on 
which  part  of  Copenhagen,  called  Christiansha- 
fen,  is  built.  It  is  eight  miles  long  and  four 
broad,  and  separated  from  Zealand  by  a  narrow 
channel,  over  which  are  two  bridges  that  commu- 
nicate with  Copenhagen.  It  is  laid  out  in  gar- 
dens and  pastures,  and  supplies  Copenhagen  with 
milk,  butter,  and  vegetables. 

Amal,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  with 
a  good  harbour  on  the  lake  Wener.  It  has  a 
great  trade  in  timber,  deals,  and  tar ;  and  is  175 
m.  S.  W.  of  Upsal.  Long.  12.  40.  E.  lat.  59. 
0.  N. 

Amalagano,  one  of  the  Ladrone  islands,  about 
6  leagues  in  circumference.  Lon.  145.  38.  E.  lat. 
18.  0.  N. 

Amalfi,  a  sea-port  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ci- 
teriore,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  Flavio  Gioia, 
who  is  said  to  have  invented  the  mariners  com- 
pass, was  a  native  of  this  town.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N.  W.  side  of  the  gulf  of  Salerno,  13  m.  S. 
W.  of  Salerno.  Long.  14.  45.  E.  lat.  40.  28.  N. 
Amand,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  near  the  river  Cher,  21  m.  S.  of 
Bourges. 

Amand,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment  of   Nord,   with  an    abbey ;  seated   on   the 
Scarp,  7.  m.  N.  of  Valenciennes. 
Amanda,  p.t.  Fairrield  Co.  Ohio. 
Amandasville,  p. v.  Elbert  Co.  Geo. 
Amantea,  a  sea-port  of  Naples,  near  the  bay 
of  Eufemia,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Cosenza.     Long.  lb. 
10.  E.  lat.  39.  12.  N. 

AmapalUi,  a  sea-port  of  Mexico,  in  Nicaragua, 
seated  on  an  island  on  the  west  side  of  the  en- 
trance of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name.  Long.  88. 
30.  W.  lat.  13.  10.  N. 

Ama^ia,  or  Ajnasieh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey 
m  Natolia,  the  birth-place  of  Strabo,  the  geogra- 
pher. It  is  the  capital  of  a  province  which  produ- 
ces excellent  wines  and  fruits.     It  was  devastated 


AMB 


by  an  earthquake,  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Casalmack,  which  falls  into  the  Black  Sea,  36  m. 
N.  of  Tocat.     Long.  30.  0.  E.  lat.  40.  31.  N. 

Amathus,  an  ancient  town  in  the  isle  of  Cy- 
prus, so  called  from  Amathus  the  founder,  or 
from  Amath  in  Phoenicia.  It  had  a  very  ancient 
temple  of  Venus  and  Adonis ;  and  according  to 
Ovid,  was  rich  in  copper  ore.  It  is  now  called 
Limisso. 

Amazon,  or  Maranon,  a  river  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, and  the  greatest  in  the  world.  Its  source  is 
in  Peru,  not  far  from  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  run- 
ing  east,  it  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  directly 
under  the  equinoctial  line.  Its  course  is  3,300 
miles,  its  mouth  is  150  miles  broad,  and  l,50t 
miles  from  its  mouth,  it  is  30  fathoms  deep.  ^, 
receives,  in  its  progress,  near  200  rivers,  many 
of  which  have  a  course  of  1,500  miles,  and  some 
of  them  not  inferior  to  the  Danube,  or  the  Nile. 
In  the  rainy  season  it  overflows  its  banks,  and 
fertilizes  the  adjacent  country. 

AjnaxGnia,  a  country  of  South  America, 
1,400  m.  long  and  960  broad;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Terra  Firma  and  Guiana,  E.  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  and  Brasil,  S.  by  the  Paraguay, 
and  W.  by  Peru.  It  was  discovered  in  1580  by 
Francesco  Orellana,  who,  coming  from  Peru, 
sailed  down  the  river  Amazon  to  the  Atlantic. 
Observing  companies  of  women  in  arms  on  its' 
banks,  he  called  the  country  Amazonia,  and  gave 
the  name  of  Amazon  to  the  river,  which  had 
formerly  been  called  Maranon.  The  air  in  this 
country  is  cooler  than  might  be  expected,  consid- 
ering its  situation  in  the  torrid  zone  ;  this  is  owing 
partly  to  the  heavy  rains,  which  cause  the  inun- 
dations of  the  rivers  for  one  half  of  the  year; 
and  partly  to  the  cloudiness  of  the  atmosphere, 
by  which  the  sun  is  obscured  the  greatest  part  of 
the  day.  The  fair  season  is  about  the  time  of  the 
solstices,  and  the  rainy  seasons  about  the  eqai- 
noxes.  The  soil  is  very  rich  and  fertile ;  the 
trees  and  plants  are  verdant  all  the  year.  The 
woods  abound  with  game  of  various  kinds.  The 
rivers  and  lakes  abound  with  fish,  but  are  infested 
by  alligators  and  water  serpents.  Their  banks 
are*inhabited  by  different  tribes  of  Indians,  gov- 
erned by  petty  sovereigns,  distinguished  from 
their  subjects  by  a  coronet  of  feathers,  a  belt  of 
tigers'  teeth  or  claws,  and  a  wooden  sword.  The 
natives  are  of  a  good  stature  and  copper  colour, 
with  handsome  features  and  long  black  hair. 
They  make  cotton  cloth,  and  their  houses  are 
built  of  wood  and  clay,  thatched  with  reeds. 
Their  arms  are  darts,  javelins,  bows  and  arrows, 
and  targets  of  cane  or  fish-skin.  The  Spaniards 
have  made  many  unsuccessful  attempts  to  settle 
in  this  country  ;  but  on  the  coast,  between  Cape 
North  and  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  the  Portu- 
guese have  some  small  settlements. 

Amba-Gcshen,  a  rock  in  Abyssinia,  of  a  most  pro- 
digious steepness,  in  the  form  a  castle,  built  of 
free-stone,  and  almost  impregnable.  The  Ethiopic 
princes  were  formerly  banished  hither  by  their 
fathers,  the  emperors,  that  they  might  not  attempt 
any  thing  against  the  state,and  that  their  residence 
might  be  as  noted  for  its  height  as  their  birth. 

Amber,  p. v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  145  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. 

Amberg,  a  fbrtified  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
strong  castle.  The  magnificent  church  of  St.  Mar- 
tin contains  many  beautiful  paintings  and  cnri 
osities  ;  and  the  mint  ie  esteemed  one  of  the  finest 
buildings  of  the  kind  in  Germsiny.  In  1743  it 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  and  in  1796  by  th» 


AMB 


29 


AME 


French.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Ills,  or  Wills, 
on  the  confines  of  the  principality  of  Sultzbach,  49 
m.  E.  of  Nurenberg.  Long.  11.  48.  E.  lat.  40. 
27.  N. 

Amhert,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Puy  de  Dome.  There  are  numerous  papermakers 
in  its  vicinity,  and  it  has  a  trade  in  coarse  la- 
ces, camlets,  ferrets,  &c.  It  is  seated  in  a  beauti- 
ful valley,  on  the  river  Dore,  21  m.  E.  oflssoire. 

Ambleside,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  standing  on 
the  site  of  a  Roman  city,  called  Dictus,  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of 
woolen  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rotha,  near 
the  head  of  Windermerewater,  13  m.  N.  W.  of 
Kendal,  and  276  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Jlmbleteuse,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
»nent  of  Pas  de  Calais,  defended  by  a  battery.  At 
this  port  Caesar  embarked  his  cavalry  when  he 
passed  over  into  England;  and  here  James  II.  land- 
ed on  liis  departure  from  England,  in  1688.  It 
is  seated  on  the  English  channel,  8  m.  N.  of  Bou- 
logne.    Long.  1.  36.  E.  lat.  50.  49.  N. 

Amhoise,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Indre  and  Loire.  The  town  is  mean  and 
ill-built ;  but  has  been  rendered  famous  in  history, 
by  the  conspiracy  of  the  Huguenots,  in  1560, 
which  opened  the  fatal  religious  wars  in  France. 
Here  Louis  XI.  instituted  the  order  of  St.  Michael; 
ft  was  also  the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Jesuit  Com- 
mine,  and  the  spot  where  Charles  VIII.  died.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Massee  with 
the  Loire,  12  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Tours,  and  115  S.  by 
W.  of  Paris. 

Amhoy,  or  Perth  Amhoy,  city,  Middlesex  Co.  N. 
J.  upon  a  bay  at  the  South  end  of  Staten  Island,, 
communicating  with  N.  York  harbour  by  Arthur 
Kull  Sound  and  with  the  ocekn  below  the  nar- 
rows. This  harbour  is  safe  and  easy  of  access  and 
the  town  has  considerable  commerce. 

Amhoy,  South,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J.,  lying 
S.  of  the  above. 

Amhoijna,  an  island  of  the  Moluccas,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  is  56  m.  in  length  from  N.  to 
S.  and  divided  on  the  west  side  by  a  large  bay 
in  two  parts  ;  the  largest  of  which  is  called  Hitou, 
and  the  other  Leytimor.  The  face  of  this  island 
is  beautiful ;  woody  mountains  and  verdant  plains 
being  interspersed  with  hamlets,  and  enriched  by 
cultivation.  The  chief  products  are  nutmegs,  su- 
gar, coffee,  and  many  delicious  fruits,  but  more  es- 
peciallv  cloves.  The  principal  animals  are  deer 
and  wild  hogs.  The  English  and  Dutch  had  fac- 
tories here  at  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century  ; 
but  the  Dutch  expelled  the  English,  and  tortured 
and  put  to  death  many  of  them.  The  natives 
wear  large  whiskers,  and  their  dress  is  only  a 
slight  piece  of  stuff  wrapped  round  their  middle. 
The  men  buy  their  wives  of  their  parents,  and  if 
they  prove  barren,  the  marriage  is  void.  They 
are  generally  Mahometans  ;  biit  there  are  some 
Christians  among  them.  This  island  was  taken 
by  the  English  in  1796,  and  restored  by  the  treaty 
of  Amiens  in  1802,  recaptured  in  1810,  and  again 
restored  to  the  Dutch,  by  the  treaty  at  Pans  in 
1814,  and  confirmed  in  1824.  The  chief  town  is 
of  the  same  name,  neatly  built,  and  stands  near 
the  S.  W.  extremity.  Fort  Victoria  is  in  long. 
128.  15.  E.  lat.  3.  40.  S. 

Ambrose  St.,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Chile,  15 
m.  W.  from  St.  Felix  Island.  The  crew  of  captain 
Roberts,  in  1792,  killed  and  cured  here  13,000 
seal  skins,  in  seven  weeks.  Long.  80.  55.  W. 
lat.  26.  13.  S. 

Jmbrym,  oa«  of  tk«  New  Hebrides,  in  the  Pacific 


Ocean,  50  m.  in  circumference.  Long.  16^.  12.  E. 
lat.  16.  10.  N.  ' 

Amedabad,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  the  capital  of 
Guzerat.  The  walls  are  6  m.  in  circumference, 
and  contain  12  gates  ;  but  now  not  a  quarter  of  the 
area  is  inhabited.  The  mosque  and  tomb  of  the 
founder,  Tatay  Ahmed,  are  built  of  stone  and  mar- 
ble, the  last  of  exquisite  workmanship.  It  was 
taken  by  general  Goddard  in  1780,  from  the  Poo- 
nah  Mahrattas,  to  whom  it  was  restored  in 
1783.  It  is  seated  in  a  level  country,  on  a  nav- 
igable river  that  enters  the  gulf  of  Cambay, 
320  m.  N.  of  Bombay.  Long.  72. 27.  E.  lat.  23.  . 
18.  N. 

Amednagur,  a  city  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  once 
the  capital  of  the  soubah  of  its  name,  which  is  now 
better  known  by  that  of  Dowlatabad.  This  city 
was  the  residence  of  the  emperor  Aurungzebe, 
during  his  conquest  of  the  Deccan  and  the  Carn- 
atic.  In  1803  it  was  taken  by  the  British  army 
under  general  Wellesley  (now  Duke  of  Well- 
ington.) It  is  73  m.  N.  E.  of  Poena.  Long.  75.0, 
E.  lat.  19.  10.  N. 

Ameenabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Lahore,  35 
m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lahore. 

Amelia,  a  town  of  Italy,  seated  on  a  mountain 
between  the  Tiber  and  Nira,  20  ro.  S.  W.  of  Spol-^ 
eto,  and  45  N.  of  Rome. 

Amelia,  an  inland  county  of  Virginia.  Pop. 
1 1 ,831 .  The  court-house  of  the  county  is  58  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Richmond. 

Ajnelia,  or  Amilla  Island,  on  the  coast  of  E. 
Florida,  the  north  end  of  it  is  nearly  opposite  St. 
Mary's  in  Georgia.  It  is  about  14  m.  long  and  a 
mile  and  a  half  wide,  with  a  good  soil  and  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  called  Fernandina. 

Ameliaburg,  p.t.  Prince  Edward  Co.  U.  C.  on 
L.  Ontario. 

Amenia,  t.  Duchess  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,389 

America,  in  its  most  comprehensive  sense  and  i 
present  acceptation,  may  be  considered  as  compris-  * 
ing  half  of  the  terrestial  globe,  or  the  whole  of 
the  western  hemisphere.  It  has  been  usual  to 
speak  of  America  as  constituting  one  of  the  four 
quarters,  or  four  grand  divisions  of  the  globe ;  but 
it  is  equally  matter  for  surprise  as  well  as  for  re- 

fret,  that  the  western  hemisphere  should  so  long 
ave  remained  subject  to  a  misnomer  so  obvious, 
and  a  designation  so  inapproprHte  and  indefi- 
nite. This  hemisphere  first  became  known  to 
Europe,  in  the  year  1493  of  the  Christian  era, 
when  Christopher  Columbus,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
who,  from  a  long  and  close  application  to  the  stu- 
dy of  geography  and  navigation,  had  obtained  a 
knowledge  of  the  figure  of  the  earth,  much  su- 
perior to  the  general  notions  of  the  age  in  which 
he  lived,  was  led  to  conceive  that  another  conti- 
nent existed.  Having  fully  satisfied  himself  of 
the  truth  of  this  system,  he  became  impatient  to 
reduce  it  to  practice,  and  accordingly  laid  his 
scheme  before  the  senate  of  Genoa,  making  his 
native  country  the  first  offer  of  his  services. 
They,  however,  rejected  his  proposal,  as  the  dream 
of  a  chimerical  projector.  It  met  with  the  same 
fate  at  the  courts  of  Portugal,  Spain,and  Eng- 
land, and  some  of  the  ether  European  powers  of 
less  note ;  but,  still  undiscouraged,  he  applied 
again  to  the  court  of  Spain,  who  were  at  length 
induced  to  fit  out  a  squadron  of  three  small  ves- 
sels, of  which  Columbus  was  made  admiral ;  and 
with  these  he  set  out  on  his  voyage  of  discovery, 
in  1402,  in  which  voyage  he  dis*  overed  several  of 
the  Bahama  islands,  with  those  of  Cuba  and  His- 
paaiola,  and  returned  to  Spain  in  the  following 
c3 


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90 


AME 


year.  In  a  second  voyage  he  discovered  many 
more  of  the  West  India  islands;  and  in  a  third 
he  attained  the  great  object  of  his  ambition,  by 
discovering  the  southern  division  of  tiie  conti- 
nent, near  the  rnoulh  of  the  Orinoco.  Amongst 
the  crowd  of  new  adventurers  who  now  followed 
from  all  parts  of  Europe,  w.is  one  Americus  Ves- 
pucius,  a  Florentine,  who,  with  much  art,  and 
some  degree  of  elegance,  drew  up  an  amusing 
history  of  his  voyage,  in  which  he  insinuated 
tliat  he  first  discovered  what  is  commonly  called 
the  continent  of  the  New  World.  This  being 
published  and  read  with  admiration,  the  country 
was  from  him  called  America,  though  it  is  now 
well  understood  that  Columbus  was  the  first  dis- 
coverer. The  celebrity  of  Columbus  and  Ameri- 
cus Vespucius  soon  resounded  throughout  all  Eu- 
rope, inspiring  numbers  of  adventurers  to  witness 
the  fruits  of  their  discoveries.  Among  the  rest, 
Giovanni  Gabota  (Anglicised  Cabot)  a  Venetian, 
and  his  three  sons,  under  the  auspices  of  Henry 
VII.  of  England,  sailed  from  Bristol,  in  1407,  and 
discovered  the  coast  of  Labrador  as  the  57th  deg. 
of  N.  lat. 

On  a  second  voyage,  in  the  following  year,  in 
a  ship,  furnished  by  the  king,  accompanied  by 
four  small  barques  provisioned  by  the  merchants 
of  Bristol,  under  the  direction  of  Giovanni's 
second  son,  Sebastian,  (who  had  been  born  in 
Bristol,  hence  the  claim  of  the  northern  division 
of  the  western  hemisphere  having  been  discovered 
by  an  Englishman,)  they  discovered  the  island 
of  Newfoundland  in  N.  lat.  about  47,  and  coasted 
southward  as  far  as  Florida.  Cabot  made  a  third 
voyage  to  Newfoundland  in  1502.  In  1519  a 
body  of  Spaniards,  under  the  command  of  Cortez, 
landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  discovered  the  populous 
district  of  Mexico.  In  1524  the  French  sent  an 
expedition,  which  traversed  the  coast  from  the 
lat.  of  23.  to  50.  N.  France,  Spain,  and  England 
each  sent  successive  expeditions  to  North  Ameri- 
ca, and  made  attempts  to  establish  settlements  ; 
but  so  unsuccessfully,  it  is  believed,  that  at 
the  commencement  of  the  17th  century,  not  a 
single  European  remained  north  of  Mexico.  In 
1608  renewed  efforts  were  made  by  England  ; 
since  when,  the  extent,  features,  population,  and 
productions  of  the  whole  of  the  W.  hemisphere 
have  progress! /ely  been  developed  to  Europe. 
America,  or  the  western  hemisphere,  is  subdivi- 
ded by  nature  into  two  grand  divisions,  north  and 
tovUh  ;  very  distinct  in  character  and  feature. 

Jlmerica,  North,  extends  from  the  polar  regions 
to  the  15th  deg.  of  N.  lat.,  the  more  northern 
part,  as  far  as  lat.  50.,  extending  from  about  the 
5«;th  to  the  130th  deg.  of  W.  long,  and  at  lat.  65. 
as  far  west  as  1 6S.  of  long.  From  the  50th  to  the 
30th  deg.  of  lat.  the  country  assumes  a  very  com- 
pact form,  extending  at  the  north  from  about  the 
(i2nd  to  the  124th  deg.  of  long,  gradually  con- 
verging southerly,  and  at  lat.  30.  extending  only 
from  about  the  81st  to  the  115  deg.  of  long,  at 
about  the  30th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  The  great  gulf  of 
Mexico  bounds  the  land,  from  about  the  §0th  to 
the  97th  deg.  of  long,  the  land  converging  into  a 
promontory  of  about  10  deg.  at  the  north,  extend- 
mg  S.  to  the  chain  whicti  unites  the  northern 
with  the  grand  southern  division,  gradually  con- 
verging in  long,  to  about  1  deg.  only,  in  N.  lat. 
1.5.  and  in  W.  long.  95.  The  superficies  of  the 
first  of  these  three  divisions  of  the  N.  W.  hemis- 
phere, cannot  be  stated  with  any  deerree  of  accu- 
racy, owing  to  the  unknown  boundaries  on  tlie 
aide  of  the  polar  regions.     The  central  part  con- 


tains a  superficies  of  about  2,700,000  sq.  miles, 
and  the  promontory  about  110,000  sq.  miles.  The 
extreme  length  of  the  grand  northern  division,  in 
a  straight,  unbroken  line,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Copper-mine  River  which  runs  S.  to  N.  into  the 
Icy  Sea,  in  lat.  70,  to  Acapulco,  in  lat.  17,  is 
about  3,200  miles,  and  the  extreme  breadth,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot  river  which  falls  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  N.  lat.  44.  24.  W.  long.  68. 
45.  to  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river  which  falls 
into  the  North  Pacific  Ocean  in  N.  lat  46.  W. 
long.  124.  the  distance  is  about  2,500.  The  north- 
ern part  of  this  grand  division  of  the  western 
hemisphere  is  indented  by  Hudson's  Bay,  which 
extends  from  the  line  of  the.  Arctic  circle,  to  th» 
51st  deg.  of  N.  lat.  and  in  its  extreme  breadth, 
from  the  78th  to  the  95th  deg.  of  W.  long.  It  is 
also  intersected  by  a  chain  of  fresh  water  lakes  of 
vast  extent.  Athapescow,  and  the  Slave  Lake, 
(the  latter  of*  great  extent,)  discharging  their 
waters  into  the  Icy  Sea,  Winnipeg,  and  several 
of  lesser  extent  and  note  discharge  their  waters 
into  Hudson's  Bay,  whilst  Superior,  Michigan, 
Huron,  Erie,  Ontario,  and  Champlain,  between 
the  latitudes  of  42.  and  48.  N.  discharge  their 
waters  by  the  great  river  St.  Lawrence  mto  the 
gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  lat.  of  50.  N.  and  W. 
long,  about  65.  the  western  extremity  of  lake 
Superior  being  in  long,  about  92.  Innumerable 
streams  of  water  intersect  the  country  in  all 
directions,  and  form  themselves  into  noble  rivers, 
several  of  which  run  into  Hudson's  Bay,  whilst 
those  south  of  the  great  chain  of  lakes  and  the 
St.  Lawrence,  run  a  course  from  N.  to  S.  or  S.  E 
falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Taking  them  in 
order  from  N.  to  S.  the  most  prominent  are  St. 
John's,  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Androscoggin, 
Piscataqua,  Merrimack,  Connecticut,  the  Hudson, 
or  North  river,  Delaware,  Susquchannah,  Poto- 
mac, Rappahanock,  James  river,  Roanoke,  San- 
tee,  and  Savannah.  All  these  rivers  have  their 
source  E.  of  a  chain  of  mountains,  called  the 
Apalachian,  running  parallel  with  the  Atlantic 
coast,  from  about  the  34th  to  the  43rd  deg.  of  N. 
lat.  and  2  to  300  miles  from  the  ocean.  South  of 
the  34th  deg.  of  lat.  the  Apalachicola,  Alabama, 
Tombigbee,  and  some  other  rivers  of  less  note,  run 
a  course  due  S.  falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
West  of  the  Apalachian  mountains,  innumerable 
other  streams  have  their  source,  forming  another 
collection  of  noble  rivers,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  the  Ohio,  and  Tennessee,  running  from 
E.  to  W.  the  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Arkansas, 
and  the  Red  river,  running  froir.  W.  to  E.  all  of 
which  fall  into  one  grand  channel,  called  the 
Mississippi,  which  has  its  source  about  the  47th 
deg.  of  N.  lat.  running  a  course  nearly  due  S.  fal- 
ling into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  lat.  29.  5.  N.  and 
89.  8.  W.  long.  The  Rio  del  Norte,  or  Rio  Bravo, 
another  noble  river,  has  its  source  westward  of 
the  Arkansas  and  Red  rivers,  in  N.  lat.  about  42. 
and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  N.  lat.  26. 
W.  long.  97.  25.  On  the  western  coast,  the  Co- 
lumbia, and  Colorado,  are  the  only  rivers  of  im- 
portance, and  they  are  not  considerable ;  the  first 
falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  N.  lat.  about  45. 
and  the  other  into  the  Gulf  of  California  in  N. 
lat.  about  32.  A  ridge  of  mountains  runs  paral- 
lel with  the  western  coast,  the  whole  extent  of 
the  north  division,  from  the  point  of  the  promon- 
tory S.  in  lat.  of  70.  N.  bearing  west  from  the 
95tb  toMie  122nd  or  123rd  of  long,  and  about  JO 
deg.  fiom  the  western  coast  or  shore  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean  ;  this  ridge  which  seems  to  be  a  continua- 


AME 


31 


AME 


bon  of  the  Andes  of  the  southern  division,  from 
the  ]5th  to  about  the  40th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  is  called 
the  Cordilleras,  and  more  northerly  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  the  greatest  altitude  is  in  N.  lat. 
about  19.  where  Popocatepetl  issues  forth  volcanic 
eruptions  at  a  height  of  17,720  ft.  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Another  range  of  mountains  runs 
parallel  with  the  eastern  or  Atlantic  coast,  from 
about  the  35th  to  the  45th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  diverg- 
ing into  several  distinct  and  parallel  ridges  design- 
ated as  the  White,  Green,  Catskill,  Blue,  Allegha- 
ny, Laurel  and  Cumberland  mountains,  and  collec- 
tively they  are  called  the  Apalachian  Mountains. 
Their  altitude  does  not  exceed  6,500  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

On  the  discovery  of  this  vast  territory,  at  the 
periods  previously  stated,  it  was  found,  to  the  N. 
of  the  30th  deg.  of  lat.  to  be  thinly  populated 
with  inhabitants,  and  except  the  Esquimaux  at 
the  more  northern  part,  possessing  one  common 
character,  and  speaking  one  common  language, 
though  somewhat  varied  in  dialect.  In  person, 
tall  and  well-proportioned ;    complexion  coppery, 


Bay.  In  many  parts  of  the  United  States  thejr 
exist  in  great  abundance  and  are  taken  in  vast 
numbers  for  their  flesh  and   fur ;  they   do  great 


with  long,  straight,  and  somewhat  coarse,  black 
hair,  localized  into  various  tribes  or  communities, 
none  of  whom  were  found  to  have  made  any,  or 
very  little  progress  in  the  arts  which  contribute 
to  the  comfort  of  life  ;  spears  and  arrows  being 
their  only  instruments  of  defence,  of  attack,  ana 
subsistence,  whilst  skins,  mats,  and  the  coarsest 
cloth  of  reeds,  grass,  or  hemp,  constituted  their 
chief  clothing  and  protection  from  the  inclemen- 
cy of  the  weather.  They  were  nevertheless 
found  possessing  many  manly  qualities,  and  social 
virtues,  until  corrupted  and  debased  by  the  vi- 
cious refinements  of  their  invaders,  before  whom 
they  have  receded  as  from  a  pestilence. 

In  America,  as  in  all  other  regions  of  the 
world,  the  animal  tribes  bear  a  proportion  both  in 
number  and  size,  to  the  extent  of  the  country 
which  has  given  them  birth.  The  musk,  or  the 
North  American  bison,  and  the  Mageleanic  os- 
trich of  South  America,  equa  in  size  their  cor- 
responding species  of  the  old  world.  The  elk  or 
stag  of  New  California,  attains  a  gigantic  matrni- 
tude.  The  moose  is  found  from  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  is 
sometimes  12  feet  high.  The  elk  and  red  deer 
are  inhabitants  of  the  United  States.  The  white, 
black,  and  grizzly  bear  are  common  in  various 
parts.  The  wolf  and  the  cougar,  or  catamount, 
are  widely  distributed.  Foxes  and  squirrels  are 
abundant.  The  hare  of  America,  improperly 
called  rabbit,  is  found  as  far   North  as  Hudson  s 


mischief  to  the  farmers.  The  beavers  are  still 
numerous  in  the  Nortn  and  West.  Most  of  the 
animals  of  America  form  particular  species,  or 
at  least  distinct  races  from  those  of  Europe,  and 
are  evidently  aboriginal  in  the  country  which 
they  inhabit. 

In  the  plains  between  the  Apalachian  and 
Rocky  Mountains,  fossil  bones  of  animals  have 
been  found  far  exceeding  in  size  those  of  any 
known  animal  now  existing,  or  ever  known. 
Neither  the  elephant,  lion,  tiger,  leopard,  nor  hy- 
ena have  ever  been  found  in  America. 

The  birds  of  America  are  not,  as  absurdly  sta- 
ted by  Buffon,  inferior  to  their  kindred  species  of 
the  old  world.  The  Washington  or  great  sea  ea- 
gle, a  native  of  the  United  States,  is  the  noblest 
of  his  tribe.  The  bald  eagle  is  distributed  over 
nearly  the  whole  continent.  Vultures  and  hawks 
of  many  species  are  common.  The  passenger  pi- 
geons in  countless  millions  obscure  the  heavens 
with  their  flocks,  and  wherever  they  direct  their 
flight  it  may  be  said  to  '  snow  of  meat.'  The 
wild  geese  and  ducks  pass  along  the  whole  extent 
of  the  continent  in  their  periodical  migrations. 
The  robin  and  blue  bird  court  the  society  of  man, 
and  in  the  colder  districts  are  the  earliest  harbin- 

fers  of  spring.  The  oriole,  the  woodpecker,  the 
lue  jay,  the  cardinal  and  the  tanager,  adorn  the 
woods  with  their  brilliant  plumage ;  while  the 
unrivalled  mocking-bird  makes  the  forest  echo 
with  his  thousand  melodious  and  varied  notes. 
The  deep  woods   and  swamps  of  the  West  still 


aflbrd  a  retreat  to  the  wild  turkey,  once  conunon 
all  over  the  United  States. 

Insects  and  reptiles  are  of  course  larger  and 
more  abundant  in  the  southern  than  in  the  north 
ern  part  of  this  country.  Little  incommodity  is 
suffered  from  insects  in  the  temperate  portions. 
In  the  south  the  moschetoes  are  very  annoying. 
Bees  are  numerous  in  the  woods  of  the  west,  and 
the  people  who  go  into  the  forests  to  collect  honey 
return  with  waggon  loads.  Locusts  are  unknown. 


.m 


AMB 


82 


AMS 


and  the  insect  most  troublesome  to  agriculturists, 
the  Hessian  flv,  was  imported  from  Europe.  The 
rivers  in  the  South  swarm  with  alligators.  But 
the  most  terrible  of  American  reptiles  is  the  rat- 


tlesnake, who  is  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
hot  and  temperate  regions  of  this  country. 

The  northern  portion  of  the  western  hemis- 
phere is  at  present  divided  into  three  great  parts  ; 
viz.  1st.  North,  under  the  dominion  of  Great 
Britain,  which  part  extends  S.  from  the  Icy  Sea, 
and  polar  regions,  to  about  the  48th  deg.  of  N. 
lat.  subdivided  into  seven  provinces  or  territories : 
viz.  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  Lower  and 
Upper  Canada,  Labrador,  New  South  Wales,  and 
the  N.  W.  territory  ;  2nd,  the  Central  part,  from 
the  boundary  of  the  British  territories  on  the 
North,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  S.  and  W.  from 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  about  the  100th  deg.  of  W. 
long,  and  from  the  42nd  to  the  49lh  deg.  of  N. 
lat.  extending  W.  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  under  the 
rule  of  the  federal  government  of  the  U.  S.  of 
America  and  3rd.  the  part  extending  from  the  Uni- 
ted States  territory  S.  to  the  isthmus  which  unites 
the  northern  with  the  grand  southern  division. 
This  part,  for  three  centuries,continued  under  the 
dominion  of  Spain  ;  but  from  the  period  of  1820 
or  1821,  it  may  be  considered  as  forming  a  sepa- 
rate and  independent  territory. 

South  America  extends  through  68  deg.  of 
lat.  from  Cape  la  VeFa  in  12.  12.  N.  to  Cape  Horn 
in  55.  58.  S.  being  about  4,100  miles,  and  under 
the  lat.  of  5.  S.  extends  through  45  deg.  of  long, 
from  Cape  St.  Roque  in  35.  40.  to  Cape  Blanco  in 
81.  10.  W.  From  the  equator  N.  to  the  7th  deg. 
of  lat.  it  extends  only  through  about  27  deg.  of 
long,  and  from  the  7th  to  its  northern  extremity, 
only  through  about  20  deg.  and  S.  from  about  the 
10th  deg.  of  lat.  it  assumes  a  form  approximating 
to  a  right  angled  triangle,  of  which  the  western 
shore  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  the  perpendicular, 
and  the  eastern  on  the  South  Atlantic  Ocean  is 
the  hypothenuse,  so  that  whilst  the  extreme 
breadth  is  about  2,700  miles,  the  mean  will  not 
exceed  more  than  about  1,500,  givino-  a  superfi- 
cies of  about  6,150.000  sq.  miles.  This  division 
of  the  western  hemisphere,  as  previously  stated, 
was  first  discovered  by  Columbus  (on  his  third 
voyage  from  Spain)  on  the  first  of  August,  1498 ; 
but  it  was  not  till  the  year  1531  that  any  knowl- 
edge was  obtained,  of  its  extent  and  productions, 
in  which  year  three  low  and  unprincipled  adven- 
turers, Pizarro,  Almagro,  and  the  priest  Lucques, 
landed  at  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  proceeding 
south,  discovered  the  ricli  and  then  populous  dis- 
tricts of  Quito  and  Peru.  In  the  year  1500,  the 
Portuguese  admiral,  Alvarez  de  Cabral,  com- 
mandm^  a  squadron  of  13  sail,  with  1,200  men 
on  board,  destined  for  the  East  Indies  by  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  accidentally  discovered  on  the 
24th  of  April  the  southern  division  of  the  west- 
ern hemisphere,  about  4  deg.  S.  of  the  equator, 
and  on  the  following  day  landed  and  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country,  since   called  Brazil ;  and  al- 


though near  half  a  century  elapsed  before  any 
eflfectual  efforts  were  made  by  the  Portuguese  to 
form  a  permanent  settlement,  the  whole  of  the 
southern  division  of  the  western  hemisphere 
(with  the  exception  of  a  comparatively  trifling 
extent  of  territory,  between  the  3rd  and  7th  dear. 
of  N.  lat.  settled  by  the  Dutch,  and  the  southern 
extremity  continuing  in  possession  of  the  natives) 
fell  under  the  dominion  of  Spain  and  Portugal; 
the  Spanish  portion  being  divided  into  five  de- 
partments :  viz.  New  Granada,  Venezuela,  Peru, 
Buenos  Ayres,  and  Chil*»,  each  sub-divided  into 
several  provinces ;  the  whole  of  the  Portuguese 
portion  continuing  under  one  general  government. 
Since  the  period  of  1825,  the  domination  and 
rule  of  both  Spain  and  Portugal  has  entirely  cea- 
sed over  every  part  of  the  great  southern  division 
of  the  western  hemisphere  ;  new  and  distinct  gov- 
ernments having  established  themselves,  giving 
rise  to  new  boundaries  and  subdivisions  of  terri- 
tory, which  will  be  found  detailed  under  the  sev- 
eral heads  of  Colombia,  Peru,  United  Provinces 
of  La  Plata,  or  South  America,  Chile,  and  Bra- 
zil, and  the  remaining  portion  under  the  heads  of 
Amazonia,  Guiana,  and  Patagonia. 

The  natural  features  of  this  division  of  the 
western  hemisphere  are  in  the  highest  degree 
grand  and  imposing ;  extensive  fertile  plains 
yield  a  variety  and  abundance  of  every  thing  cal- 
culated for  the  comfort  of  man  ;  whilst  the  moun- 
tains display  the  majesty  c£  creation,  affording 
abundance  of  malleable  and  indestructible  metals, 
and  innumerable  streams,  forming  themselves 
into  noble  rivers,  yielding  their  proportion  of  sup- 
ply, afFordinw  facility  of  conveyance,  and  eminent- 
ly contributmg  to  promote  the  sociality,  enjoy- 
ment, and  happiness  of  society.  The  range  of 
mountains  called  the  Andes,  extends  from  the 
utmost  extremity  of  this  division  soutii,  to  the 
chain  which  unites  it  with  the  north,  runnintr 
parallel  with  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  at 
the  distance  of  100  to  200  miles  from  the  sea,  and 
occasionally  in  parallel  ridges,  the  main  ridge 
maintaining  an  average  altitude  of  12,000  to  15,000 
ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  nearly  the  whole 
extent  of  the  continent.  In  1802  the  travellers, 
Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  ascended  the  peak  of 
the  Andes  called  Chimborazo,  in  the  province  of 
Quito,  to  the  height  of  19,400  ft.  its  extreme  alti- 
tude being  21,440.  The  peak  of  Cotopaxi,  40  m. 
S.  E.  of  the  ancient  city  of  Quito,  is  volcanic,  and 
frequently  emits  fire  with  terrific  violence,  from 
its  summit,  18,898  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Various  mountain  ridges  intersect  the  more  east- 
ern parts  of  the  continent,  all  running  from  south 
to  north,  similar  in  diversity  and  altitude  to  the 
Apalachian  of  the  northern  division.  The  rivers 
run  in  every  direction  ;  taking  them  from  north 
to  south,  the  first  demanding  notice  is  the  Magda- 
lena ;  2nd  Orinoco  ;  3d.  the  Y  upura,  Tunguragua, 
Ucayale,  Madeira,  and  Tapajos,  branches  which 
form  the  Amazon  ;  4th.  the  Araguay  ;  5th.  Parai- 
ba,  or  Maranham  ;  6th.  the  Francisco,  and  7th.  the 
Uruguay,  Parana,  Paraguay,  Pilcomayo,  Ver- 
meio,  and  Salado  branches,  which  form  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata,  all  of  which  will  be  found  under  their 
respective  heads.  The  inhabitants  of  this  division 
of  the  western  hemisphere,  on  the  first  inroads  of 
the  Spaniards,  at  the  commencement  of  the  16th 
century  appeared  to  be  of  the  same  stock;  and 
possessing  the  same  common  character  of  feature 
and  colour  as  those  of  the  north  ;  but  on  the  west- 
ern side  were  much  further  advanced  in  the  arti 
of  social   life.     Of  their  origin    no  credible  ao 


AME 


33 


AME 


count  either  of  history  or  tradition  could  be  ob- 
tained. Instead  of  an  Adam,  formed  of  the  dust 
of  the  earth,  and  an  Eve,  formed  of  Adam'a  rib, 


armadillo  is  a  very  curious  little  animal  clad  in  a 
natural  coat  of  mail,  •without  hair.  They  burrow 
in  the  ground  like  a  rabbit  and  are  generally  in- 


the  Peruvians  had  a  Manco-Capac,  who  came 
from  an  island  on  a  great  lake  south,  to  instruct 
their  men  in  agriculture  and  other  useful  employ- 
ments, and  a  Mama-Ocllo,  to  instruct  the  women 
in  spinning  and  weaviijg.  Of  the  precise  era, 
however,  of  their  appearance,  their  chronology 
was  too  imperfect  to  define ;  they  enumerated  14 
reigns  of  Incas  or  sovereigns  since  their  time, 
which  would  carry  the  epwch  back  to  about  the  end 
of  the  12th,  or  beginning  of  the  13th  century.  In 
the  face  of  evidence  so  imperfect,  it  would  be  ab- 
surd to  hazard  even  a  conjecture,  much  more  an 
assertion,  upon  the  subject  of  the  first  peopling  of 
the  south.  It  may,  however,  be  fairly  inferred 
that  the  north  division  was  first  peopled  by  em- 
igrants from  the  south,  rather  than  from  any  part 
of  the  eastern  hemisphere.  This  seems  probable, 
as  well  from  the  similarity  of  general  feature  and 
character,  as  from  the  regular  gradation  of  the 
athletic  power  and  energy  which  seemed  to  pre- 
vail amongst  them  from  south  to  north.  The  most 
healthy  and  robust  of  the  race  would  doubtless 
be  most  likely  to  advance  onward. 

In  the  animal  creation  we  here  meet  with  the 
jaguar,  or  South  American  tiger,  an  animal  su- 


perior m  size  to  the  leopard,  with  a  spotted  hide, 
and  ferocious  in  habits.  He  is  found  from  Para- 
guay to  Guiana.  The  cougar,  or  puma,  some- 
times called  the  South  American  lion,  inhabits 
the  southern  as  well  as  the  northern  part  of  the 
American  continent.  The  tapir  dwells  in  the 
rivers  of  every  part  of  South  America  and  lives 
upon  sugar  cane,  grass,  shrubs  and  fruits.  The 
tiger  cat  is  a  beautiful  spotted  animal  not  much 
larger  than  the  common  cat,  and  is  mischievous 
and  untameable.  Here  are  three  species  of  ant- 
eaters  with  a  long  snout,  no  teeth  and  a  long 
tongue,  perpetually  occupied  in  destroying  the 
ant-hills.  The  llama  of  Peru  is  a  very  useful 
beast  of  burthen ;  the  vicuna  and  alpaco  furnish 
%  valuable  wool.  Wild  horses  and  oxen  cover 
ibe   plains    with    their  immense    droves.     The 


nocent  in  tlieir  manners.  Monkeys  of  varioiu 
species  swarm  in  the  forests ;  one  of  these,  the 
coaita,  has  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  an  Indian 
old  woman.  The  beaver  of  this  region  does  not 
build  his  habitation  after  the  manner  of  the  com- 
mon beaver.  The  chinchilla  is  prized  for  its  val- 
uable skin.  The  sloth  is  peculiar  to  this  country  : 
he  is  unfurnished  with  teeth,  and  crawls  slowly 
from  tree  to  tree  devouring  their  leaves.  The 
peccary  exists  in  abundance  here  as  well  as  in 
Mexico.  The  cavy  frequents  the  marshes,  and 
the  coati  prowls  among  the  woods  devouring 
small  animals,  poultry  and  eggs.  The  agouti  is 
about  the  size  of  a  hare,  and  burrows  in  hollow 
trees;    feeding  upon  potatoes,  yams   and   such 


fruits  as  fall  from  the  trees.  It  uses  its  paws  in 
the  manner  of  hands,  like  a  squirrel,  and  is  ex- 
ceedingly voracious. 

Birds  are  various  in  species,  and  numerous ; 
the  condor  of  the  Ande«  is  considered  superior 
in  majesty  to  the  ostrich  of  the  deserts  of 
Africa ;  in  the  plains  is  another  large  bird  of 
a  species  between  the  ostrich  and  cassowary  of 
New  Holland  ;  there  are  eagles  of  various  kinds, 
and  an  endless  variety  of  smaller  birds  of  exquisite- 
ly beautiful  plumage.  The  winged  tribe  and  in- 
sects are  various  and  infinite,  some  surpassing  in 
beauty,  and  others  in  noxiousness  ;  but  next  to 
the  volcanic  eruptions  and  natural  convulsions 
of  the  earth,  the  greatest  terror  of  S.  America 
are  .the  reptiles,  which  exceed  in  variety,  number, 
and  voracity  those  of  any  other  jKirt  of  the 
world.  Of  the  inhabitants  of  the  waters,  the 
electric  eel  and  ink-fish  are  peculiar  to  the  east- 
em  coast  of  the  equatorial  latitudes  of  this  hemis- 
phere ;  in  addition  to  which,  nearly  all  the  species 
common  to  other  seas  and  rivers  are  also  abun- 
dant. Indestructible  metals  and  gems  are  more 
abundant  in  this  division  of  the  western  hemis- 
phere than  any  other  part  of  the  world  ;  and 
gold  and  silver  seem  to  abound  to  such  a  degree 
as  is  likely  soon  to  satiate  the  mania  for  tneir 
possession.  Copper,  in  several  parts,  is  also 
abundant.  The  vegetable  productions  exceed  in 
variety,  beauty,  and  utility,  those  of  Asia,  or  any 
other  part  of  the  globe,  whether  considered  iu 
reference  to  sustenance,  or  to  luxury,  tfiste,  and 
adornment  in  art.  Vegetation  pr(»sents  a  great 
number  of  gradations.  From  the  shores  of  the 
sea  to  the  height  of  1,083  ft.  we  meet  with  mag- 
nificent palms,  the  most  odoriferous  lilies,  and 
the  balsaia  of  Tolu.     Th«  large  flowered  jessa 


AME 


S4 


AML 


mine  and  the  datura  arborea  exhale  at  night  their 
delicious  perfume,  and  ornament  the  head  dress 
of  tlie  ladies  with  their  beautiful  flowers.  On 
the  arid  shores  of  the  ocean  as  well  as  in  the 
depth  of  the  interior  forests,  grows  spontaneously 
the  cocoa  tree,  whose  fruit  is  applied  to  so  many 
useful  purposes.  The  trunk  is  composed  of  hard, 
strong  fibres  crossing  each  other  like  net  work, 
and  uiere  are  properly  no  branches.  The  husk 
of  tha  cocoa  nut  is  twisted  into  cordage,  and  of 


tlie  pulp  a  Bpecies  of  butter  is  made.  Above  the 
region  of  the  palm  commences  that  of  the  arbores- 
cent fero  and  the  cinchona  wliich  bears  the  febri- 
fuge bafk.  Above  this,  a  broad  zone  of  6,000  to 
12,000  ft.  contains  the  region  of  alpine  plants.  The 
sugar  cane,  the  orange,  coffee  and  cotton  have 
been  introduced  by  the  Europeans,  and  flourish 
in  great  luxuriance.  The  climate,  though  nox- 
ious in  certain  confined  and  local  situations,  is  on 
the  whole  delightful ;  in  short,  nothing  is  wanting 
but  judicious  and  well-directed  n^ans,  on  the  part 
of  man,  to  render  the  whole  southern  division  of 
the  western  hemisphere  the  abode  of  enjoyment 
and  prosperity.  p 

America,  p.t.  capital  of  Alexander  Co.  Illinois, 
on  the  Ohio,  7  m.  above  the  Mississippi. 

Amerpore,  a  town  of  Nepaul,  10  m.  W  of 
Moowanpoor. 

jimerhute,  a  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  exten- 
sive sandy  desert  between  the  Indus  and  the  Piid- 
dar.  This  place  is  celebrated  as  the  retreat  of 
the  emperor  Humaioon, durinnr  his  troubles;  ^nd 
here  was  born  his  son,  the  illustrious  Acbar.  It 
is  1()0  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Tatta. 

Aincrsfort,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  the  stat*  of 
Utrecht.  A  considerable  quantity  of  tobacco  is 
raised  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  has  a  trade  in 
beer,  and  goods  from  Germany  are  shipped  here 
for  Amsterdam.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
on  the  river  Ems,  10  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Utrecht. 

Amersham  or  Agviondcsham,  a  borougli  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, returning  2  members  to  parliament, 
with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  It  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  black  lace.  The  town -hall  is  the 
handsomest  in  the  country.  It  is  seated  in  a  vale 
between  woody  hills,  2G  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  2,012. 

Ames,  p.t.  Athens  Co.  Ohio,  77  m.  S.  E.  Co- 
lumbus. 

Ameslmrtj,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  40  m.  N.  E. 
Boston  :  on  the  Merrimack  4  m.  above  Newbury- 
port,  is  a  thriving  manufacturing  town.  Pop. 
2,445.  In  the  iron  factories  1,000  tons  of  iron 
were  formerly  wrought  in  a  vear.  The  nail  ma- 
chine invented  by  Jacob  Perkins,  was  first  put  in 
motion  here.     The  flannel  factory  ha«  5,000  spin- 


dles, and  turns  out  200  pieces  in  a  ^eek.     There 
are  several  other  factories,  bleacheries,  &c. 

Ameshury,  or  Amhresbury,  a  town  in  Wiltshire, 
with  a  market  on  Friday.  It  is  seated  on  the 
lower  Avon,  at  the  place  where  a  number  of  Brit- 
ons were  treacherously  murdered,  and  near  that 
famous  monument  of  antiquity,  Stonehenge.  Here 
are  the  ruins  of  a  venerable  abbey.  This  place 
gave  birth  to  Addison.  It  is  (»  m.  N.  of  Salisbury, 
and  77  W.  of  London.     Pop.  810. 

Amhara,  a  district  of  Abyssinia,  between  the 
Deuder  and  Tacazze  branches  of  the  Nile. 

Amherst,  a  town,  recently  established  by  the 
English,  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  Martaban,  in 
the  Birman  empire.  Here  is  a  Baptist  Mission- 
ary. 

Amherst,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  91  m.  W. 
Boston  and  7  E.  of  Conn,  river.  Pop.  2,G3i : 
has  a  college  incorporated  in  1825.  This  ir^emina 
ry  has  7  Professors  and  4  tutors.  The  number 
of  Students  is  188.  The  libraries  contains  about 
7,000  volumes.  Here  are  also  an  academy,  and 
an  institution  called  the  Mount  Pleasant  Institu- 
tion, containing  9  instnK;t)rs. 

Amherst,  p.t.  one  of  the  seats  of  justice  in  Hills- 
borough, N.  H.,  on  Souhegan  river,  a  branch  of 
the  Merrimack,  47  m.  fr.  Boston ;  it  is  a  pleasant 
town,  and  contains  a  mineral  spring.    Pop.  1,657. 

Amherst,  t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  12  m.  N.  Buffalo. 
Pop.  2,489. 

Amherst,  an  inland  county  of  Virginia,  on  the 
north  bank  of  James  River.  The  court  house  of 
the  county  is  130  m.  W.  of  Richmond.  Pop. 
12,072. 

Amherst  Springs,  p. v.  Amherst  Co.  Va.  211  m 
W.  Wash. 

Amherst,  p.t.  Lorain  Co.  Ohio.  130  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus. 

Amherstburg,  a  town  and  fort  of  Upper  Canada, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  river  Detroit,  at  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Erie.  Long.  82.  56.  W.  lat.  42. 
36.  N. 

Amiens,  a  large  and  populous  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Somme.  It  is  a  place  of 
great  antiquity ;  being  mentioned  by  Cffisar  (by 
whom  it  was  called  Samaro-Briva)  as  a  town  that 
had  made  a  vigorous  resistance  against  the  Ro- 
mans, and  where  he  convened  a  general  assem- 
bly of  the  Gauls.  The  town  is  encompassed  with  a 
wall  and  other  fortifications  ;  and  the  ramparts  are 
planted  with  trees,  which  form  a  delightful  walk. 
The  city  has  five  gates.  At  the  gate  of  Noyon 
there  is  a  suburb,  remarkable  for  the  abbey  of  St. 
Achen.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  magnificent  churches  in  France.  Tliree 
branches  of  the  river  Somme  pass  tlirough  this 
city,  and  afterwards  unite.  Amiens  was  takexi 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1597,  but  retaken  by  Henry 
IV. who  built  a  citadel  in  it.  A  tffe.aj.y  of  peace  was 
concluded  here,  March  27, 1802',.  between  Spain, 
Holland,  France,  and  England.  It  lias  manufac- 
tures of  linen  and  woolen  cloth,  which  employ 
in  the  city  and  adjacent  country,  30,tK)0  people 
It  is  20  m.  S.  E.  of'^Abbeville,  and  75  N.  of  Paris. 

Amite,  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  7,943l 
Liberty  is  the  chief  town. 

Amity,  p. v.  Washington  Co.  Pa.  1 

Amity,  p.v.  Allegany  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  872.         ! 

Amity,  t.  Berks  Co.  Pa. 

Amissrilie,  p.v.  Culpepper  Co.  Va.  86.  m.  W^ash. 

Amlwich,  a  town  of  Wales,  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Anglesey  with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels.  In 
]7(W,  when  the  Parys  copper  mines  were  opened, 
it  did  not  contain  above  G  houses ;  but  in  1821, 


AMS 


AM3 


1,096,  and  7,292  inhab.  It  is  25  m.  W.  of  Beau- 
maris, and  266  N.  W.  of  London.     See  Parys. 

Amman,  a  town  of  Syria,  anciently  the  capital 
of  the  Ammonites,  called  Rabbah  Ammon,  and  by 
the  Greeks  Philadelphia,  and  now  the  principal 
place  of  a  district.  It  is  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Bosra, 
and  52  N.  of  Jerusalem. 

Amol,  a  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  In  Buch^ria, 
and  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Amu,  which  falls  into  the  sea  of  Aral,  60  m. 
W.  of  Bucharia.     Long.  60.  40.  E.  lat.  39.  20.  N. 

Amol,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Mazanderan,  with 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  fortress  and  palace.  It 
has  manufactures  of  cotton,  and  in  the  neighbour- 
hood are  iron  mines  and  cannon  founderies.  It 
stands  in  a  plain,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Taurus, 
and  on  the  borders  of  the  Caspian  sea,  30  m.  N. 
W.  ofFerabad.     Long.  52.  38.  E.  lat.  37.  30.  N. 

Amonoosuck,  Upper  and  Lower;  two  rivers 
rising  among  the  White  Mountains  and  flowing 
into  the  Connecticut ;  each  about  50  m.  long. 

Amorgo,  an  island  of  the  Archipelago,  fertile  in 
wine,  oil,  and  corn.  The  best  cultivated  parts 
belong  to  a  monastery.  It  is'SO  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  67  Horth  of  Candia.  Long.  26.  15. 
E.  lat.  36.  20.  N. 

Amoskeag  falls,  on  the  Merrimack,  in  N.  Hamp- 
shire, 15  m.  below  Concord,  consist  of  3  pitches 
within  half  a  mile,  descending  about  50  feet.  A 
canal  passes  round  them. 

Amour,  or  Amur,  river  of  Chinese  Tartary. 
See  Saghalien. 

Amoy,  an  island  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  China, 
15  miles  in  circumference.  The  English  had  a 
factory  here,  but  abandoned  it  on  account  of  the 
impositions  of  the  inhabitants.  Its  port,  on  the 
west  side,  is  capable  of  receiving  1,000  ships. 
Long.  118.  45.  E.  lat.  24.  20.  N. 

Amplepuis,a.  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  celebrated  for  its  wines.  It  is  16  m. 
W.  of  Villefranche,  and  26  N.  W.  of  Lyons. 

Ampthill,  a  town  in  B-edfordshire,  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Thursday.  It  was  the  residence  of  Cath- 
arine, queen  of  Henry  VIII.  during  the  time  that 
her  unjust  divorce  was  in  agitation.  This  event 
is  commemorated  by  a  poetical  inscription  on  a 
column  where  the  old  castle  stood.  It  is  situate 
between  2  hills,  6  m.  S.  of  Bedford,  and  45  N. 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  1,527. 

Ampurias,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Fluvia,  70  m.  N.  E.  of  Barcelo- 
na.    Long.  3.  0.  E.  lat.  42.  9.  N. 

Amras,  a  castle  or  palace  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol, 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  2  m.  S.  E.  of  Inspruck. 

Amsterdam,  the  principal  city  of  Holland  Pro- 
per, the  capital  of  the  northern  division  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  formerly  of  the  republic  of  the 
Seven  United  Provinces,  is  situated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  rivers  Amstel  and  Y,  or  Wye,  near 
the  south-western  extremity  of  the  Zuvder  Zee. 
90  m.  N.  bv  E.  from  Antwerp,  in  lat.  52.  25.  N. 
long.  4. 40".  E.  Pop.  180,000.  This  city  was  un- 
known in  history  before  the  latter  end  of  the  thir- 
teenth century,  and  was  then  noticed  only  as  a 
collection  of  fishermen's  huts  in  the  middle  of  a 
morass.  It  first  acquired  a  commercial  character 
about  the  year  1370,  but  was  not  fortified  till  the 
end  of  the  succeeding  century  ;  after  which  period 
^.t  gradually  increased  in  magnitude  and  mercan- 
tile celebrity,  yet  not  without  experiencing  some 
severe  check.  In  1512  it  wa*  besieged  by  the 
people  of  Guelderland,  who,  on  failure  of  their 
attempt  to  take  the  city,  set  fire  to  the  shipping 
in  the  harbour.     During   the    same    century    it« 


tranquillity  was  disturbed  by  tumults  and  insnr- 
rections  occasioned  by  the  anabaptists  ;  in  one  of 
which  Van  Geelen,  the  leader  of  these  enthu- 
siasts, led  his  followers  openly  in  military  array, 
with  drums  beating  and  colours  fly  in  or  to  the  town 
house,  where  he  fixed  his  head  quarters.  He  was 
however,  soon  dispossessed.  The  magistrates 
assembled  the  burghers,  who  showed  no  disposi- 
tion to  take  part  with  the  insurgents,  and  being 
aided  by  some  regular  troops,  surrounded  the 
place  ;  and  after  an  obstinate  resistance,  he  and 
the  whole  of  his  surviving  band  were  taken  pris- 
oners, and  putj^.o  death  under  circumstances  of 
extreme  cruelty.  The  city  was  taken  possession 
of  by  the  Hollanders  in  1578,  on  condition  that 
the  religious  lights  of  the  Roman  Catholic  citi- 
zens should  be  respected.  The  condition  was  but 
ill  observed  ;  for  all  the  ecclesiastics  of  both  sexes 
were  driven  out  of  the  city,  the  images  broken, 
and  the  altars  demolished.  From  this  period  its 
opulence  and  splendour  increased  with  an  almost 
uninterrupted  rapidity  till  its  connection  with  the 
revolutionary  government  of  France,  which  caus- 
ed a  total  annihilation  of  its  commerce  during  the 
continuation  of  the  union  of  the  countries. 

One  cause  of  the  advancement  of  Amsterdam 
was  the  decay  of  Antwerp,  occasioned  chiefly  by 
the  closing  of  the  navigation  of  the  Scheldt ;  an- 
other, which  also  concurred  in  securing  the  sta- 
bility of  its  commerce,  was  the  erection  of  ^e 
public  bank.  This  establishment  was  institnWd 
in  1609,  in  order  to  obviate  the  inconveniences 
arising  from  the  very  debased  state  of  the  curren- 
cy of  Holland,  which  was  made  up  of  coins 
brought  from  every  part  of  the  world.  Merchants 
often  found  it  difficult  to  procure  standard  coin  to 
pay  their  bills ;  but  as  the  bank  received  the  light 
and  worn  out  coin  at  its  intrinsic  value,  an  inva- 
riable standard  was  thus  formed  which  tended 
greatly  to  simplify  the  operations  of  trade.  'The 
amount  of  the  capital  of  the  bank  was  never  cor- 
rectly ascertained,  though  it  is  said  to  have  in- 
creased in  the  period  of  its  prosperity  to  upwards 
of  forty  millions  sterling  of  actual  deposits.  These 
originally  consisted  of  coined  money,  but  after- 
wards large  quantities  of  gold  and  silver  bullion 
were  received.  After  the  French  invasion  in 
1795  it  was  ascertained,  however,  that  its  boasted 
treasury  ^were  imaginary :  the  precious  metals 
had  been''lent  out  by  the  directors  to  different 
public  bodies,  whose  bonds  were  deposited  in  their 
stead. 

In  consequence  of  its  extensive  commercial 
credit,  Amsterdam  was  long  the  centre  of  ex- 
change for  Europe ;  but  from  the  time  that  a 
want  of  confidence  in  the  bank  began  to  be  felt, 
a  great  part  of  the  exchange  transactions  have 
been  carried  on  in  London  and  Hamburgh. 

In  the  year  1757  this  city  suffered  considerably 
from  the  explosion  of  a  powder  magazine,  by 
which  many  buildings  were  destroyed.  Durinaf 
the  internal  troubles  that  agitated  the  republic  in 
1797,  it  was  occupied  by  the  Prussians,  who  main- 
tained possession  of  it  for  a  year ;  afterwards,  in 
1805,  it  submitted  to  the  French ;  and  when  the 
United  Provinces  were  incorporated  into  the  body 
of  the  French  empire  under  Napoleon,  Amster 
dam  was  considered  the  third  city  in  rank,  being 
deemed  inferior  only  to  Paris  and  Rome. 

The  government  is  vested  in  a  council  called 
Vroedschap,  of  thirty-six  members,  in  whom  th» 
supreme  power  is  lodged.  The  office  is  held 
during  life,  and  vacancies  are  filled  by  the  survi- 
vors.    This  body   «lecU  the   chief  magistrates, 


A  MS 


ZP 


AMS 


named  burgomasters  or  echevins,  a  rank  some- 
what similar  to  that  of  alderman  :  the  number  of 
tJiese  is  twelve ;  they  have  the  direction  of  all 
public  works,  and  hold  the  keys  of  the  city  bank. 
The  military  protection  of  the  town  is  in  the 
charge  of  the  militia,  consisting  of  sixty  compa- 
nies of  from  200  to  300  men  each.  Jews  and 
anabaptists  are  excluded  from  this  body,  as 
they  are  not  allowed  to  bear  arms :  they  are, 
however,  obliged  to  contribute  to  the  support  of 
tJie  city  guard,  consisting  of  1,400  soldiers,  and  to 
the  night  watch,  which  patroles  the  streets  and 
calls  the  hours.  In  addition  to  this  night  patrols, 
trumpeters  are  stationed  in  every  church  steeple, 
who  sound  every  half  hour,  and,  in  case  of  fire, 
ring  the  alarm  bells,  and  direct  enquirers  to  the 
place. 

The  city  extends  in  the  form  of  a  semicircle  on 
the  southern  bank  of  the  Y,  which  is  its  diameter; 
on  the  land  side  it  was  surrounded  by  a  wall  and 
bastions,  with  a  broad  and  deep  fosse  :  the  wall  is 
dismantled;  but  the  bastions  still  remain,  and  are 
used  as  sites  for  corn-mills.  The  Amstel,  on  en- 
tering the  city,  divides  into  two  branches,  from 
each  of  which  issue  numerous  canals,  forming  a 
collection  of  islands,  connected  with  each  other 
by  290  bridges;  of  which,  that  over  the  Amstel, 
commanding  a  panoramic  view  of  the  city  and  its 
environs,  is  the  only  one  worthy  of  notice.  That 
part  of  the  river  Y  which,  forms  the  port  of  Am- 
sterdam, is  guarded  by  a  double  row  of  piles,  with 
openings  at  intervals  for  the  admission  of  vessels  : 
these  openings  are  always  closed  at  night.  The 
deeply  laden  ships  lie  outside  the  piles,  in  a  place 
called"  the  Laag.  During  the  period  of  Dutch 
prosperity,  an  hundred  vessels  have  entered  the 
port  in  one  tide,  and  six  or  seven  hundred  were 
to  be  seen  there  at  anchor  together.  On  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  Y  are  the  locks  by  which  ships 
enter  the  great  canal,  which  is  carried  thence,  in 
a  straight  line,  northwards  to  the  Texel ;  thus 
preventing  the  risk  and  delay  of  a  voyage  through 
the  Zuyder  Zee.  This  canal,  which  has  been 
recently  finished,  is  120  feet  wide  at  the  surface, 
and  twenty-five  deep.  It  was  constructed  at  an 
expense  of  1,000,000/.  sterling.  It  terminates  at 
the  Helder,  which  was  nothing  more  than  a  fish- 
ing village,  until  it  was  fortified  by  Bonaparte  for 
the  defence  of  a  naval  arsenal  he  formed  there, 
and  which  is  now  called  Willems-oord.  The  isl- 
and of  the  Texel  is  principally  devoted  to  the 
breeding  of  sheep.  The  cheese  made  from  their 
milk  is  much  prized  by  the  inhabitants.  The 
canals  with  which  the  city  is  intersected,  though 
extremely  convenient  and  ornamental,  are  attend- 
ed with  one  very  disagreeable  consequence  :  from 
the  stagnation  of  the  water,  and  the  collection  of 
offal  of  every  kind  discharged  into  them,  they 
•end  forth  effluvia  equally  offensive  and  unwhole- 
some, which  all  the  characteristic  cleanliness  of 
the  inhabitants  has  not  been  able  wholly  to  re- 
move Mills  have  been  erected  on  their  banks, 
to  promote  a  circulation  of  air  by  ventilation ; 
others,  called  mud-mills,  from  the  purpose  to 
which  they  are  applied,  are  also  used  to  raise  and 
remove  the  slime  which  the  river  deposits  largely. 

In  consequence  of  the  badness  of  the  founda- 
tion, the  whole  city  is  built  on  piles  driven  end- 
ways into  the  mud;  a  circumstance  which  occa- 
sioned the  witty  remark  of  Erasmus,  on  visiting 
it,  "  that  he  was  in  a  town  where  the  inhabitants 
lived,  like  rooks,  on  the  the  tops  of  trees."  This 
circumstance  also  occasioned  the  restriction  of 
coaches  to  men  of  consequence  and  physicians, 


who  paid  a  tax  for  the  privilege  of  using  them ; 
the  magistrates  conceiving  that  the  rolling  of  the 
wheels  produced  a  dangerous  concussion  of  the 
piles.  Goods  are  conveyed  through  the  town  on 
sledges ;  and  the  common  conveyance  for  those 
who  do  not  wish  to  walk  is  a  kind  of  sleigh  or 
traineau,  consisting  of  the  body  of  a  carriage  fix- 
ed jon  a  hifrdle,  drawn  by  a  single  horse,  and 
guided  by  the  driver,  who  walks  by  its  side.  The 
streets  in  general  are  narrow,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  which  present  a  fine  appearance,  and  are 
adorned  with  spacious  mansions.  The  principal 
square  is  the  Dam,  in  front  of  the  palace  ;  besides 
which  there  are  three  others,  where  markets  and 
an  annual  fair  are  held.  The  palace,  formerly 
the  stadthouse,  or  town  hall,  is  considered  to  be 
the  most  magnificent  building  in  Holland.  It 
forms  an  oblong  square,  282  feet  in  length,  2;?5in 
breadth,  and  IIG  in  height,  besides  the  tower, 
which  is  67  feet  high.  Within  is  a  spacious  hall, 
150  feet  long,  60  broad,  and  100  high.  This  hall, 
and  the  other  apartments  of  the  palace,  are  adorn- 
ed with  some  fine  paintings.  Strangers  are  ad- 
mitted daily  to  vievt  it,  under  the  sole  restriction 
of  writing  down  their  names  on  entering.  The 
front  entrance  has  seven  doors,  which  were  in- 
tended for  the  representatives  of  the  Seven  Unit- 
ed Provinces,  but  are  now  reserved  exclusively 
for  the  royal  family.  All  other  persons  obtain 
admission  through  the  back  entrance.  The  base- 
ment story  was  formerly  used  to  hold  the  im- 
mense treasures  of  the  bank. 

The  royal  museum  contains,  besides  other  cu- 
riosities, a  fine  collection  of  paintings,  chiefly  of 
the  Flemish  school.  It  is  said  that  the  emperor 
Alexander  offered  the  sum  of  30,000/.  for  one 
alone.  Visitors  are  admissible  to  the  museum  on 
terms  of  equal  liberality  as  to  the  palace. 

The  exchange  is  a  large  but  plain  building,  230 
feet  in  length  and  1 30  in  breadth  :  it  is  capable  of 
containing  4,500  persons  ;  and  is  divided  into  thir- 
ty-six compartments,  for  the  transaction  of  the 
various  kinds  of  commercial  business  carried  on 
there. 

The  deficiency  of  architectural  elegance  in  the 

{daces  of  public  worship  is  very  striking,  particu- 
arly  to  travellers  coming  from  the  Netherlands, 
where  much  attention  is  paid  to  their  embelish- 
ment.  The  old  church  of  St.  Nicholas  has  some 
fine  painted  windows,  and  contains  the  tombs  of 
several  of  the  celebrated  Dutch  admirals.  The 
burial  ground  of  one  of  the  sixteen  chapels  attach- 
ed to  it  was  appropriated,  by  the  catholic  magis- 
tracy of  Amsterdam,  during  the  period  of  religious 
persecution,  for  the  interment  of  the  protestant 
merchants  of  Hamburgh  who  died  here.  The 
new  church  of  St.  Catherine  contains  a  splendid 
monument  of  white  marble,  erected  to  the  memory 
of  admiral  de  Ruyter.  The  Portuguese  synagogue 
is  said  to  have  been  built  in  imitation  of  the  tem- 
ple of  Solomon.  The  churches  of  the  established 
religion,  which  is  the  reformed  or  Calvinistic,  are 
distinguished  by  being  the  only  places  of  worship 
which  are  allowed  the  use  of  bells.  The  total 
number  of  churches  is,  ten  Dutch  reformed, 
twenty-two  catholic,  one  French  reformed,  one 
English  presbyterian,  three  Lutheran,  one  ana- 
baptist, one  Walloon,  one  Greek,  and  seven  syna- 
gogues. The  number  of  resident  Jews  is  estima- 
ted at  17,000. 

The  management  of  the  penitentiaries  is  pecu- 
liarly worthy  of  notice.  The  number  of  convicts 
is  great,  not  because  crime  is  more  common,  but 
because  the  punishment  of  death  is  seldom  infiic'.- 


AMS 


37 


ANC 


ed;  imprisonment  for  various  periods,  in  most 
cases,  supplies  its  place.  The  priRcipal  prison  is 
the  house  of  correction,  called  also  the  Rasp- 
house,  because  the  chief  employment  of  its  in- 
mates is  the  cutting  and  rasping  of  Brazil  wood. 
In  this  place  of  confinement,  no  one  is  suffered  to 
be  idle ;  and  thus  the  government  is  indemnified 
for  much  of  the  expenditure   incurred ;  afld  the 

Crisoners,  on  their  part,  are  frequently  reclaimed, 
y  its  wholesome  and  rigid  discipline,  from  the 
dissolute  and  vicious  habits  which  led  them  to  be- 
come its  inmates.  In  tlie  yard  of  the  prison  is 
one  cell,  and  one  only,  for  the  treatment  of  the 
incorrigibly  idle.  A  stream  of  water  constantly 
flows  into  it,  which  can  only  be  discharged  through 
a  pump  set  up  within.  The  only  means,  there- 
fore, by  which  the  inmate  can  avoid  being  over- 
whelmed by  the  ingress  of  the  water  is  by  work- 
ing incessantly  at  the  pump  :  if  he  persists  in  his 
idleness,  he  is  inevitably  drowned.  It  is  said  that 
it  is  now  never  used. 

The  workhouse  is  intended  for  minor  offences ; 
some  of  which  are  not  recognised  by  our  laws. 
Husbands  may  send  their  wives  thither  on  a 
charge  of  drunkenness  or  extravagance  ;  and  they 
are  themselves  liable  to  punishment  for  the  same 
offences.  Young  women,  also,  even  of  good  fam- 
ilies, are  sometimes  sent  thither  as  to  a  school  of 
rigorous  reformation.  The  charitable  institutions 
are  numerous,  and  generally  well  conducted. 

Amsterdam  can  boast  of  a  fair  proportion  of 
literary  and  scientific  societies.  The  principal, 
named  Felix  Meritis,  comprehends  among  its 
members  most  of  the  literature  of  the  kingdom. 
Its  business  is  distributed  among  five  classes  or 
committees :  one  for  agriculture,  manufactures, 
and  commerce ;  the  second  for  mathematics  and 
its  kindred  sciences  ;  the  third  for  the  polite  arts  ; 
the  fourth  for  music ;  and  the  fifth  for  general  or 
miscellaneous  literature.  The  building  contains 
a  theatre  for  the  delivery  of  lectures,  a  museum, 
a  gallery  of  sculpture,  a  drawing  school,  and  an 
observatory  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  city 
and  its  environs.  The  public  botanic  garden, 
though  plentifully  stocked,  does  not  contain  any 
plants  of  extraordinary  value.  In  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Liberal  Arts,  a  late  institution  for 
communicating  instructions  in  painting,  sculp- 
ture, and  architecture,  jjensions  for  four  years  are 
granted  to  the  most  deserving  pupils,  which  are 
appropriated  to  a  journey  to  Italy.  In  the  naval 
schools,  children  of  common  seamen,  when  proj)- 
erly  recommended,  are  educated  gratuitously ;  as 
are  the  sons  of  officers,  on  the  payment  of  asraall 
pension.  All  are  treated  alike ;  and  almost  every 
officer  who  has  elevated  the  naval  character  of 
hii  country  has  received  liis  education  here. 

Amsterdam  and  St.  Paul,  two  islands  in  the 
'adian  Ocean,  lyinw  in  the  same  longitude,  at 
40  m.  distance..  Their  names  are  reversed  by  nav- 
igators, but  most  of  them  call  the  northern  one 
St.  Paul,  and  the  southern  Amsterdam.  The 
latter  is  high  land,  and  upward  of  4  m.  lonj,  and 
2  broad.  It  has  evident  marks  of  volcanic  erup- 
tion in  every  part,  and  is  almost  wholly  covered 
with  a  deep  fertile  soil,  but  is  destitute  of  trees. 
On  the  east  side  is  a  great  crater,  into  which  the 
sea  has  made  a  narrow  and  shallow  entrance  ;  its 
shelving  sides  are  700  feet  in  perpendicular  height, 
in  which,  and  in  the  causeway  dividing  it  from 
the  sea,  are  several  hot  springs  of  ^resh  water. 
St.  Paul,  or  the  northern  island,  presents  no 
very  high  land,  or  any  rise  in  a  conic  form.  It 
is  covered  with  shrubs  and  low  trees,  but  has  no 


convenient  landing-place.     Long.  77.  48.  £.  lat. 
37.  51.  S. 

Amsterdam,  A'eir,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands. 
See  Tongataboo. 

Amsterdam,  p  t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.  33  m. 
N.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  3,354. 

Amu,  Gihvn,  Ami,  or  Oxus,  a  river  of  Indepen- 
dent Tartary,  formed  by  numerous  streams  which 
issue  from  the  mountains  of  Belur,  on  the  con- 
fines of  India  and  Persia,  and  flowing  W.  by  N. 
through  Bucharia,  enters  the  S.  extremity  of  th« 
lake  Aral  afler  a  course  of  1,200  m.,  part  of  which 
is  through  a  desert 

Amwdl,  a  village  in  Hertfordshire,  1  m.  S.  of 
Ware,  famous  for  originally  giving  rise  to  tlie 
New  River,  which  supplies  a  great  part  of  London 
with  water. 

Amicell,  p.  t.  Washington  Co.  Pa. 

Anacopia,  the  capital  of  the  nation  of  the 
Abkahs,  on  the  river  Makai,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Black  sea.  Long.  40.  30.  E.  lat.  43. 20.  N. 

Anadir,  a  river  of  Siberia,  which  has  its  source 
in  a  lake  in  the  province  of  Tchukotski,  and  runs 
into  Notchen  Bay,  near  Behring's  straits. 

Ana  Capri.     See  Capri. 

Anah,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Diarbeck, 
in  a  country  producing  abundance  of  corn  and 
fruit.  It  stands  on  a  river  that  flows  into  the 
Euphrates.  80  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Bagdad  and  240 
S.  S.E.  of  Diarbekir.  Lon^.  42. 28.  £.  lat.  34.  6.  N. 

Anantpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
100  m.  N.  E.  of  Chitteldroog,  and  120  N.  of  Ban- 
galore. 

Anaquito,  a  district  in  the  province  of  Quito, 
and  kingdom  of  Peru,  where  Almagro  and  Piz- 
arro  (joint  discoverers  of  Peru,)  engaged  each 
other  in  battle,  in  1546. 

Anattom,  an  island,  the  most  southern  of  the 
New  Hebrides,  in  the  Pacific  ocean.  Long.  170.  9. 
E.  lat.  20.  10.  N. 

Anbar,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Irac  Arab!, 
seated  on  the  Euphrates.  50  m.  W.  of  Bagdad. 

Ancarani,  a  town  of  Italy,  5  m.  N.  of  Ascoli, 
and  82  N.  E.  of  Rome. 

Aruaster,  p.t.  Upper  Canada,  at  the  W.  end  of 
L.  Ontario. 

Ancaster,  a  village  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  15  m. 
S.  Lincoln.  It  stands  on  a  Roman  high- way  at  the 
foot  of  a  hill  which  abounds  with  antiquities, 
and  at  the  S.  end  are  the  remains  of  a  castle. 

Ancenis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Loire,  seated  on  the  Loire,  20  m.  E.  of 
Nantes. 

AnckoJm,  a  river  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  which  ri- 
ses near  Market  Raisin,  flows  to  Glandford-bridge 
and  is  navigable  thence  to  the  Humber. 

Andam,  a  fortified  town  of  Hither  Pomerania, 
on  the  river  Peene,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Gripswald. 

Ancoder,  a  territory  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold 
coast,  to  the  W.  of  Axim.  It  has  a  river  of  the 
same  name  flowing  through  it ;  and  at  its  mouth 
is  a  town  with  a  good  harbour.  Long.  1.  10.  W 
lat.  4. 50.  N. 

Ancona,  Marquisate  of,  a  maritime  province  of 
the  states  of  the  church,  Italy,  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  .\driatic,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Apennines  ; 
it  is  very   fruitful  in  com,  fruits  and  silk. 

Ancona,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Italy  in  the  a- 
bo ve  province,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  citadel 
on  a  hill.  The  cathedral  stands  upon  another 
hill,  and  the  houses  extend  down  the  side  of  the 
eminence  toward  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  Clement 
XII.  built  a  mole,  to  render  the  harbour  safe  ;  it  is 
erected  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  mole,  raised  by 
D 


AND 


38 


AND 


Trajan,  above  2,000  ft.  in  length.  Near  this  stands 
the  beautiful  triumphal  arch  of  Trajan.  Here 
likewise  Clement  XII.  erected  a  lazaretto,  which 
advances  a  little  way  into  the  sea  in  tlie  form  of 
a  pentagon.  Great  numbers  of  Jews  are  settled  in 
this  city,  where  they  have  a  synagogue;  and  they 
iiave  the  principal  share  of  its  commerce.  An- 
cona  was  taken  in  179G  by  the  French,  who  sur- 
rendered it  to  theAustrians  in  1799.  It  is  J16 
m.  N.  by  E.  of  Rome.  Long.  13.  29.  E.  lat.  43.33. 
N.    Pop.  about  20,000. 

Ancram,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.Y.  52  m.  S.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  1,533.  Here  are  large  manufactures  of 
bar  and  pig  iron. 

Ancyra,  the  capital  of  Galatia,  near  the  river 
Halys,  said  to  have  been  built  by  Midas,  king  of 
Phrygia,  and  so  named  from  an  anchor  found 
there.     See  Angoura. 

Andahuailas,  the  chief  town  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  intendency  of  Guamanga,  Pe- 
ru, about  100  m.  W.  of  Cuzco. 

Andalusia,  a  province  of  Spain,  which  in  its 
largest  sense  comprises  the  kingdom  of  Granada, 
Seville,  Cordova,  Jaen,  and  the  colony  of  Sierra 
Morena,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Estremadura  and 
La  Mancha,  E.  by  Murcia,  S.  by  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  W.  by  the  Atlantic  and  Portugal.  The 
Guadalquivir  runs  through  its  whole  length  ; 
and  it  is  the  most  fertile  and  trading  country  in 
Spain.  Its  aggregate  superficies  are  2,281  French 
leagues,  and  pop.  about  1,900,000.  The  French 
overran  this  province  in  1810,  but  evacuated  it  in 
consequence  of  the  battle  of  Salamanca,  in  1812. 
The  capital  is  Seville. 

Andalusia,  JS'cw.     See  Paria. 

Andalusia,  p.  t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  94  m.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

Andaman  Islands,  several  islands  on  the  E. 
side  of  tlie  bay  of  Bengal.  The  largest  called 
Great  Andaman,  is  120  m.  long  and  16  broad, 
indented  by  deep  bays  affording  good  harbours, 
and  intersected  by  rivers  one  of  which  passes  quite 
■through  the  island,  and  at  high  water  is  navigable 
lor  sniall  vessels.  The  forests  afford  some  precious 
1  rees,  as  ebony  and  the  Nicobar  bread-fruit  :  and 
the  edible  birds'  nests  abound  here.  The  only 
quadrupeds  seem  to  be  wild  hogs,  monkeys,  and 
rats.  The  inhabitants  are  in  a  state  of  barbarism, 
and  live  chiefly  on  fish,  fruits,  and  herbs ;  they 
perfectly  resemble  negroes,  and  their  canoes  are  of 
'he  rudest  kind.  In  1793,  the  English  made  a 
settlement  on  the  N.  end  of  Great  Andaman,  the 
largest  island,  which  is  called  Port  Cornwallis, 
•ind  has  a  commodious  harbour  to  shelter  ships 
durino-  the  N.  E.  monsoon.  Long.  93.  0.  E.  lat. 
!3.  30.  N. 

Andaye,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
nent  of  Lower  Pyrenees,  famous  for  its  brandy, 
it  is  situate  near  the  mouth  of  the  Bidassoa, 
dmost  opposite  Fontarabia,  in  Spain,  18  m.  S.  W. 
of  Bayonne. 

Andely,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
'ure,  divided  by  a  paved  road  into  Great  and 
' kittle  Andely,  a  mile  from  each  other.  Great 
Vndelv  is  on  tberivuletGamons,and  Little  Ande- 
:  f  on  the  Seine.  The  cloths  manufactured  here 
re  in  liigh  esteem.  Iti9l7m.  N.  E.  of  Evreux, 
nd20  S.  E.  of  Rouen. 

Andernarh,  a  town  in  the  grand  duchy  of  the 
'  ,ower  Rhine,  now  forming  part  of  tlie  Prussian 
■■•rritory.  Great  quantities  of  timber  are  collected 
i^re,  which  are  formed  into  vast  rafts,  and  floated 
"ence  to  Dordreclit.  in  Holland.  It  is  seated  on 
ue  Rhine,  20  m.  N!  W.  of  Coblenlz. 


Anderah,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Tokaristan.  In  its  vicinity  are  rich 
quarries  of  lapis  lazuli.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch 
of  the  Gihon  Amu,  and  near  a  pass  through  the 
mountains  of  Ilindooko  into  the  kingdom  of  Cau- 
b«l,  240  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Balk.  Lon<r.  68.  58.  E. 
lat.  36.  10.  N. 

AnSerson,   a  County  of  E.    Tennessee.      Pop 
5,312.    Clinton,  on  Clinch  river,  is  tlie  chief  town. 

Anderson,  a  County  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  4,542. 
Lawrenceburg  is  the  chief  town. 

Andarsonhurg,  p. v.  Perry  Co.  Pa.  36  rn.  N. 
Harrisburg. 

Anderson,  t.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 

Andcrsontmcn,  p. v.  Madison  Co.  Ind.  21  m.  N 
W.  Indianopolis. 

Andcrsojiville,  p.v.  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  C.  150  m. 
N.  W.  Columbia. 

Andersonville,  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Miss.  42  m.  S. 
E.  Monticello. 

Andes,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.  87  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  1,859. 

Andero,  St.     See  Santander. 

Andes,  a  chain  of  mountains  running  through 
the  whole  extent  of  North  and  South  America, 
although  the  name  is  confined  to  S.  America  alone; 
and  N.  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien  the  cliain  is 
known  by  the  name  of  the  Cordilleras,  Pi,ocky 
Mountains  &c.  From  the  utmost  extremity  of 
tlie  Southern  division,  in  south  lat.  54,  to  about 
the  lat.  of  18  south,  they  continue  in  an  unbroken 
line  to  run  parallel  with  the  shore  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  at  a  distance  of  100  to  200  miles,  with  here 
and  there  parallel  ridp-es  further  east,  and  at  an  al- 
titude of  12,000  to  15,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  tlie 
sea  ;  from  about  the  18th  to  the  15th  deg.  of  south 
lat.  the  chain  is  somewhat  broken,  but  further' 
north  they  assume  a  more  grand  and  imposing 
form,  diverging  into  parallel  ridges,  and  rising 
near  the  equator  to  an  altitude  of  21,440  ft.  and  in 
several  places  issue  forth  volcanic  eruptions  with 
terrific  violence.  N.  of  the  equator  the}'  diverge 
into  4  parallel  and  distinct  ridges,  running  to 
the  shores  of  the  Caribcan  Sea,  and  the  outermost 
ridge  skirting  the  coast  of  that  sea  to  the  Atlantic, 
through  the  chain  which  unites  the  two  grand 
divisions  of  America,  or  Ihe  western  hemisphere, 
the  mountains  are  considerably  broken  ;  but  at 
about  the  ]5t!i  degree  of  north  lat.  through  the 
teritorv  of  Mexico,  they  again  assume  their  won- 
ted grandeur,  rising  to  a  heiglit  of  17,720  ft.  and 
again  pouring  forth  volcanic  matter,  and  proceed 
in  an  unbroken  line  at  a  somewhat  greater  dis- 
tance from  the  sea  than  through  tlie  soutli  division, 
by  the  name  of  tlie  Rocky  Mountains,  to  the  lev 
Sea  in  the  70th  deg.  of  north  lat.  From  the  4(ith 
deg.  of  lat.  south,  to  the  30th  nortli,  the  Andeji 
abound  with  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  other  me- 
tallic substances. 

In  the  Colombian  provinces,  the  Andes  arc  di 
vided  into  three  parallel  chains  separated  by  deep 
and  extensive  valleys,  which  are  the  basins  of 
great  rivers.  Farther  south  these  mountains  in- 
termingle in  one  group  and  stretch  onward  be- 
yond the  equator.  The  Andes  of  Quito  are  the 
most  elevated  points  of  the  whole  chain,  Chimbo- 
razo  being  the  highest  summit  in  America,  unless 
according  to  the  statement  of  a  recent  traveller, 
the  peak  of  Ylimani  be  entitled  to  this  distinc- 
tion. Throughout  Peru  and  Chile  these  moun- 
tains still  maintain  a  sublime  elevation  and  con- 
tain enormous  metallic  riches.  The  highest  peaks 
are  in  the  region  of  eternal  snow,  and  they  pre- 
sent in  every  quarter  the  most  grand  and  imposing 


AND 


39 


AND 


■cenery.  The  passes  through  the  mountains  are 
frequently  no  more  than  two  feet  in  breadth,  and 
resemble  a  hollow  gallery,  open  to  the  sky.  The 
traveller  shudders  in  passing  along  these  tremen- 
dous fissures,  which  are  filled  with  mud ;  while 
at  the  same  time  their  obscurity  is  increased  by 
Die  thick  vegetation,  which,  hanging  down  from 
above,  covers  tlie  opening.  The  qucbradas  are 
immense  rents  breaking  through  the  whole  chain 
of  the  mountains  and  forming  vast  abysses  suffi- 
cient in  size  to  swallow  up  an  ordinary  mountain. 
It  is  here  that  the  eye  of  tiire  terrified  traveller  can 
l>est  comprehend  the  gigantic  magnificence  of  tlie 
Andes.     Through  these  natural  gates  the  great 


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rivers  find  a  passagre  to  the  sea.  Here  also  are 
villages  of  mountameers  ;  pastures  covered  with 
llamas  and  sheep  ;  orchards  bordered  with  quick- 
set hedges  and  luxuriant  and  highly  cultivated 
cornfields,  occupying  a  station  suspended  as  it 
were  in  the  lofty  regions  of  the  air;  and  the 
traveller  can  hardly  bring  himself  to  believe  that 
this  habitable  region  is  higher  above  the  sea  than 
the  summit  of  the  Pyrenees. 

Andlaii,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  castle,  situate  on  a  moun- 
tain, 18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Strasburg. 

Jindover,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  re- 
turning two  members  to  Parliament,  with  a 
market  on  Saturday,  a  manufacture  of  shalloons, 
and.  a  considerable  trade  in  malt.  A  navigable 
canal  passes  lience  to  Southampton  water.  It  is 
situate  near  the  river  Ande,  10  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Winchester,  and  G3.  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  4,123. 

Jindover,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  21.  m.  fr. 
Concord.     Pop.  1 ,32-1 

^nduvcr,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  68.  m.  S.  Mont- 
p»''er.     Pop.  975. 

Andover,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  20  m.  N.  Boston. 
Pop.  4,.'i40.  This  is  a  pleasant  and  thriving  town 
with  manufactures  of  flannel  and  other  woolen 
cloths ;  but  is  chiefly  distinguished  for  its  Theo- 
logical Seminar}',  first  established  in  1807  and 
enliTsrod  by  subsequent  endowments,  amountino- 
to  4!ifl. 000  dollars.  It  comprises  three  large  piles 
of  building  v.-ith  accomodations  for  120  students. 
The  doctrines  of  this  institution  are  substantial- 
ly Calvinism.  The  library  has  5,000  volumes. 
Most  of  the  students  are  supported  by  charity. 
The  officers  are  a  President  and  4  Professors. 
Andover  also  contains  Phillips  Academy,  founded 
in  1788.  Its  officers  are  a  principal  and  5  assis- 
tants. The  usual  number  of  students  is  130 ;  all 
of  them  are  engaged  in  classical  studies.  The 
funds  of  the  institution  amount  to  50.000  dollars. 
AnLlover  has  a  third  Seminary  called  Franklin 
Academy,  in  which  classical  studies  are  ptirsucd. 

Jindover,  p.t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.  15  m.  E.  Hart- 
ford. 


Andover,  p.t.  Allegany  Co.  N.  Y.  285  m.  W. 
Albany.    Pop.  598. 

Andover.  p.t.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  48  m.  N.  Trenton. 
Andover,  p.t.  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio.    200  m.  K. 
E.  CcJumbus. 

Andriigiry,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  on  the 
£.  coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra.  The  chief 
produce  is  pepper.  It  is  seated  on  a  river,  com- 
modious for  trade,  200  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Bencoolen. 
Long.  102.  0.  E.  lat.  0.  58.  S. 

Andranim,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland, 
with  the  greatest  alum  work  in  the  kingdom.  It 
is  10  m.  S.  of  Christianstadt. 

Andrcasherg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  tlie 
ducliy  of  Brunswick,  with  good  silver  mines,  28 
m.  N.  E.  of  Gottingen. 

Andreic,  St.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia, 
and  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  river  Lavant,  20 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Andrews,  St.  a  sea-port  town  of  New  Bruns- 
wick, at  the  entrance  of  Passamaquoddy  River. 

Andrew-c:,  St.  a  city  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
once  the  metropolis  of  the  Pictish  kingdom,  and 
the  see  of  an  archbishop. 

About  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  Da- 
vid I.  erected  the  town  into  a  royal  burgh,  and 
the  privileges  which  it  thus  obtained  were  con- 
firmed by  Malcolm  II.  In  the  wars  of  subse- 
quent times,  it  v.-as  more  than  once  the  object  of 
bloody  contention  between  the  loyalists  and  the 
malcontents  ;  and  at  the  commencement  of  the 
Reformation  it  suffered  its  full  share  in  the  vio- 
lences which  were  committed. 

The  cathedral,  which  was  once  the  glory  of  the 
city,  is  now  a  ruin.  It  is  said  to  have  been  not 
less  than  157  years  in  building,  but  was  nearly 
destroyed  in  one  day,  the  assailants  leaving  only 
sufficient  of  it  standing  to  indicate  its  former 
magnitude  and  great  antiquity.  The  remains 
consist  of  part  of  the  east  and  west  ends,  and  of 
the  soutli  side,  together  with  the  chapel  of  St. 
Regulus,  the  entire  body  and  great  tower  of 
which  still  exist.  The  latter  is  103  feet  high,  and 
forms  an  immense  equilateral  triangle,  each  side 
being  twenty  feet  broad. 

The  ancient  castle  retains  as  little  of  its  origi- 
nal grandeur  as  the  cathedral ;  but  it  is  still  re- 
membered as  the  scene  of  manv  a  desperate 
struggle  in  former  times.  It  was  from  one  of  the 
windows  of  this  building  that  cardinal  Beatoun 
beheld  his  unjust  sentence  of  the  heroic  reformer 
Wishart  put  in  execution  ;  and  it  was  before  the 
same  window  that  his  own  body  was  Laid  after 
his  assassination  by  the  friends  of  the  reformer. 

The  university  of  St.  Andrew's  is  the  oldest  in 
Scotland,  and  originally  consisted  of  three  col- 
leges— St.  Salvator's,  St.  Leonard's,  and  St. 
Mary's  or  the  new  college.  Its  government  is 
formed  of  a  chancellor,  wno,  previous  to  the  Re- 
formation, was  tiie  archbishop  of  the  diocese,  but 
since  then  has  been  elected  by  the  professor,  and  of 
the  principals  of  the  colleges.  The  number  of  stu- 
dents seldom  exceeds  300  ;  but  both  the  healthy 
situation  of  the  town  and  its  accommodations  for 
study  crive  it  great  advantages  as  a  glace  of  educa- 
tion. The  college  of  St.  Mary  is  devoted  entirely  to 
students  in  theology  ;  that  of  St.  Salvator  to  the 
sciences  in  general.  The  extensive  library  of 
the  university  contains  near  40,000  volumes,  and 
numerous  manuscripts. 

Dr.  Johnson  visited  this  city  in  his  tour  through 
Scotland,  and  speaks  of  it  with  more  than  usual 
urbanity.  "  We  found,"  says  he,  "  that,  by  the 
interposition  of  some   invisible  friend,  lodgings 


AND 


40 


ANO 


had  been  provided  for  us  at  the  house  of  one  of 
the  professors,  whose  easy  civility  quickly  made 
us  forget  that  we  were  strangers  ;  and  in  the 
whcie  time  of  our  stay  we  were  gratified  by  every 
mode  of  kindness,  and  entertained  with  all  the 
elegance  of  lettered  hospitality.  In  the  morning 
we  rose  to  perambulate  a  city  which  only  history 
shows  to  have  once  flourished ;  and  surveyed  the 
remains  of  ancient  magnificence,  of  which  even 
the  ruins  cannot  long  be  visible,  unless  some  care 
be  taken  to  preserve  them ;  and  where  is  the 
pleasure  of  preserving  such  mournful  memorials  ? 
They  have  been  till  very  lately  so  much  neglect- 
ed, that  every  man  earned  away  the  stones,  who 
fancied  that  he  wanted  them.  The  university 
within  a  few  years  consisted  of  three  colleges, 
but  is  now  reduced  -to  two ;  the  college  of  St. 
Leonard  being  lately  dissolved  by  the  sale  of  its 
buildings  and  the  appropriation  of  its  revenues  to 
the  professors  of  the  two  others.  The  chapel  of 
the  alienated  college  is  yet  standing — a  fabric 
not  inelegant  of  external  structure ;  but  I  was 
always  by  some  civil  excuse  hindered  from  enter- 
ing it.  The  dissolution  of  St.  Leonard's  college 
was  doubtless  necessary ;  but  of  that  necessity 
there  is  reason  to  complain.  It  is  surely  not 
without  just  reproach,  that  a  nation,  of  which  the 
commerce  is  hourly  extending  and  the  wealth  in- 
creasing, denies  any  participation  of  its  prosperity 
to  its  literary  societies,  and,  while  its  merchants 
or  its  nobles  are  raising  palaces,  suffers  its  uni- 
versities to  moulder  into  dust."  In  the  year  1683, 
the  tomb  of  bishop  Kennedy  in  the  college  church 
was  opened,  and  six  silver  maces  were  found  in 
it  of  very  beautiful  workmanship.  The  other 
religious  structures  of  this  town  are  interesting 
for  their  i  ntiquity ;  and  the  principal  church, 
which  is  su.ficiently  large  to  hold  between  two 
and  three  thousand  people,  contains  the  monument 
of  archbishop  Sharpe,  who  was  murdered  near 
the  town  by  the  covenanters,  and  whose  tragical 
history  is  displayed  in  rude  sculpture  on  one  of 
the  walls. 

Till  the  Reformation,  St.  Andrew's  enjoyed  the 
high  distinction  of  being  the  metropolitan  see  of 
the  Scottish  kingdom.  It  also  carried  on  a  profit- 
able trade  ;  and,  in  the  time  of  Charles  I.,  posses- 
sed between  thirty  and  forty  vessels.  Both  its 
commerce  and  its  manufactures  have  of  Inte  years 
been  reduced  to  a  low  ebb,  and  the  manufacture  of 
golf-b,alls  is  now  the  only  one  that  exists.  It  is 
associated  with  Dundee,  Cupar,  Perth,  and  Forfar, 
in  sending  one  member  to  parliament.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  on  the  level  top  of  a 
small  hill,  30  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  I-ono-. 
2.  50.  W.  lat.  56.  18.  N.     Pop.  in  1821.  4,900.    ' 

Andrews-bridge,  p. v.  Lancaster  Co.  Fa.  38  m. 
S.  E.  Harrisburg. 

Andros,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  24  m.  long 
and  8  broad.  It  is  one  of  the  ancient  Cyclades. 
It  has  fertile  plains,  which  are  well  watered  ;  and 
it  wants  only  a  good  harbour.  The  inhabitants 
are  of  the  Greek  church,  and  have  a  bishop  and 
several  monasteries.  The  principal  riches  of  this 
island  consist  in  silks,  and  the  fields  produce  oran- 
pjes,  citrons,  mulberries,  pomegranates,  and  figs. 
The  capital  is  of  the  same  name  ;  and  about  two 
miles  from  it  are  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  a  strong 
wall,  with  the  fragments  of  many  columns,  chapi- 
ters, bases,  broken  statues,  and  several  inscriptions, 
some  of  which  mention  the  senate  and  people  of 
Andros,  and  the  priests  of  Bacchus;  from  which 
it  is  probable  that  this  was  the  site  of  the  ancient 
city  ;  Long.  25.  2.  E.  lat  38. 0.  N. 


Androscoggin,  a  river  rising  from  Umbagog 
Lake,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  state  of  Maine,  it  runs 
into  New  Hampshire,  and  re-enters  Maine,  falling 
into  the  Kennebeck,  about  18  m.  above  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  sea. 

Anduxar,  or  Andvjar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, with  a  castle,  and  some  beautiful  churches 
and  convents.  The  environs  abound  in  \\  lieiit, 
wine,  oil,  honey,  and  fruit.  It  is  seated  im  the 
Guadalquivir,  and  on  the  great  post  road  from 
Madrid,  dis.  5  1-2  leagues,  by  way  of  Cordova 
to  Seville  and  Cadiz. 

Antmur,  Cape,  the  southern  extremity  of  Cara 
mania,  opposite  the  Isle  of  Cyprus  ;  on  the  prom- 
ontory are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  Anemu- 
riuni.     N.  lat.  36.  15.  E.  long.  ;?2.  36. 

Angedlva,  a  small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
off"  the  coast  of  Malabar,  belonging  ♦o  the  Portu- 
guese. It  is  60  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Goa.  Long.  74.  12. 
E.  lat.  14.  43.  N. 

Anegada,  the  most  northern  of  the  English 
Virgin  Islands.     Long.  64.  7.  W.  lat.  18.  40.  N. 

Angelica,  the  chief  town  of  Alleghany  Co.  N. 
Y.  282.  m.  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  998. 

Angela,  St.,  a  town  of  Italy,  14  m.  S  W.  of 
Urbino. 

Angela,  St.,  a  town  of  Naples,  6  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Conza. 

Angelas,  a  city  of  Mexico.  See  Puehla  dc  los 
Angdos. 

An^erhurg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  N.  side  of  a  lake,  to  which  it  gives 
name,  70  m.  S.  E.  of  Konigsberg.  Long.  22.  15. 
£.  lat.  54.  8.  N. 

Angerbury,  or  Angermanland,  a  province  of 
Sweden,  in  No)  dland,  150  miles  long,  and  from 
25  to  80  broad,  the  widest  part  being  to  the  east 
on  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is  mountainous  and 
woody,  and  in  it  are  considerable  iron-works. 
The  chief  town  is  Ilernosand. 

Angcrmunde,  a  town  of  Brai  lenburg,  in  the 
Ucker  Mark,  on  the  lake  Mund> ,  48  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Berlin. 

Angers,  o-ldLige  city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Maine  and  Loire,  situated  near  the  '-r  n- 
fluence  of  the  Sarte,  the  Loire,  and  the  Mtine, 
which  divides  the  city  into  two  equal  parts,  be- 
tween which  there  is  a  communication  by  two 
large  bridges.  Angers  contains  36,000  inhabit- 
ants. The  castle  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
city,  on  a  rock,  overhanging  the  river.  The 
cathedral  is  a  venerable  and  elegant  structure: 
the  principal  gate  is  surrounded  with  three  steeplo.". 
Here  lies  interred  with  her  ancestors,  the  renown- 
ed Margaret,  daughter  of  Rene,  king  of  Sicily, 
and  queen  of  Henry  VI.  of  England,  who  ex- 
pired after  many  intrepid  but  ■  ineffectual  efforts 
to  replace  her  husband  on  the  throne,  in  1482,  at 
the  castle  of  Dampierre.  The  university  of  An- 
gers was  founded  in  1398,  and  the  academy  of 
Belles  Lettres  in  1685.  It  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  handkerchiefs  and  canvas  ;  and 
the  produce  of  the  slate  quarries,  at  tlie  extremity 
of  the  suburb  of  Bressigny,  forms  likewise  an  im- 
portant article  of  commerce.  The  walls  with 
which  king  John  of  England  surrounded  it  in 
1214,  remain  nearly  entire,  and  are  of  very  great 
circumference.  It  is  50  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Nantes, 
and  175  S.  W.  of  Paris.  Long.  0.  33.  W.  lat.  47 
28.  N.  . 

Anglen,  or  Angelcn,  a  small  country  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  duchy  of  Sleswick.  RIany  authors 
suppose  that  from  the  people  of  this  country  the 
English  originated  ;   being  called  in  to  assist  tha 


ANG 


41 


ANN 


Britons  against  the  invaders  from  Norway,  they 
in  process  of  time  became  masters  of  the  country, 
and  gave  it  the  name  of  England. 

Jiiiirli-scij.  an  island  and  Co.  at  the  N.  W.  extrem- 
ity of  Wales.  It  is  separated  from  Caernarvonshire 
bv  a  long  and  narrow  ciiannel  called  Menai,  which 
passes  from  St.  George's  Channel,  by  Caernarvon 
and  Hangor,  to  tlie  Irish  Sea.  That  part  of  the 
island  which  borders  liiis  strait  is  finely  wooded, 
recalling  to  the  mind  its  ancient  state,  when  it  was 
the  celebrated  seat  of  the  Druids,  whose  terrific 
relisrious  rites  were  }>erformed  in  tlie  gloom  of  the 
thickest  woods.  Rude  mounds  and  heaps  of 
stone,  said  to  be  druidical  remains,  are  still  to  be 
seen ;  but  a  little  way  within,  the  whole  appears 
a  naked  tract,  without  trees  or  hedges,  watered 
by  numerous  rills,  fertile  in  grass  and  corn,  and 
ahoumling  in  cattle.  This  island  produces  vast 
quantities  of  copper  and  sulphur  (see  Ptirijs)  and 
in  tlie  N.  W.  part  is  a  quarry  of  green  marble,  in- 
termixed with  asbestos.  Beaumaris  and  Holyhead 
are  the  chief  towns. 

Jliiijola,  the  wiiole  extent  of  territory  on  the 
western  coast  of  S.  Africa,  from  near  the  equator 
to  the  i:ilh  or]4tli  deg.  of  S.  lat.  comprehending 
Loango,  Congo,  Angola  Proper,  and  Benguela,  is 
conunonly  called  Angola  ;  but  Angola  Proper,  or 
the  kingdom  of  Angola  lies  S.  of  the  Congo, 
between  the  lat.  of  7  to  !)  S.  All  this  part  of  tlie 
coast  of  South  Africa  is  well  watered  and  exceed- 
ingly capable  of  yielding  abundance,  not  only 
for  the  subsistence  but  the  luxury  of  man.  It  is 
divided  into  numerous  petty  states  and  sovereio-n- 
ties,  tiie  chiefs  of  which  live  in  constant  collision 
with  each  other  ;  since  the  restriction  of  the  traf- 
fic ill  slaves  to  tlie  S.  of  the  equator,  rapine  and 
cruelty  have  reigned  with  uncontrolled  sway  over 
the  whole  of  tiiis  fine  and  extensive  district ;  and 
since  the  period  of  181 5  and  IHlG.more  than  100,000 
of  the  natives  liave  been  annually  transported  as 
slaves,  by  the  French,  Spaniards,  and  Portuguese, 
to  Martinique,  Guadaloupe,  Cuba,  and  the  Brazils. 
St.  Paulo  de  Loajigo  in  lat.  about  S..30.  S.  is  the 
jirhrcfpal  ])lace  on  the  coast  of  Angola  Proper,  at 
whicii  the  Brazilians  more  particularly  carry  on 
their  operation  of  slave  traffic.  Abstracted  from 
tlie  unsocializing  and  debasing  influence  which 
the  slave-traffic  is  so  strongly  calculated  to  excite 
and  promote,  the  in'iahitanls  of  this  part  of  South 
Africa  are  much  addicted  to  habits  of  idleness, 
idolatry,  and  polygamy. 

Jngola,  p.v.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  291  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. 

.'JiiiTora,  or  Angnvrl,  the  ancient  Ancyra,  a  city 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  and  a  Greek  arch- 
bislnp's  see,  remarkable  for  its  remains  of  antiqui- 
ty ;  such  as  inscriptions,  pillars,  luins  of  temples, 
&c.  Tlie  castle  has  a  triple  inclosure,  and  the 
walls  are  of  white  marble  and  stone,  resehibling 
porphyry.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  100, 
OOtl.  Hero  are  bred  the  finest  goats  in  the  world; 
the  hair  being  almost  like  silk,  is  worked  into  fine 
elutfs.  It  stands  in  a  loRy  situation,  212  m.  S.  E. 
of  Constantinople.     Long.  32.  50.  E.  lat.  40.  4.  N. 

.iiiirinilemr,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Charente,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  surrounded  by  rocks. 
The  river  Chtirente  runs  at  the  foot  ot  it ;  and 
there  are  some  ])aper  manufactures  in  its  environs. 
It  is  .')()  111.  W.  S.  W.  of  Limoges.  Long.  0.  9.  E. 
hit.  45.  39.  N. 

J)ii<r(mmns,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded 
on  tlie  N.  by  Poitou,  E.  by  Limosin  and  Manche, 
S.  by  Peri<rord,  and  W.  by  Saintonge.     It  is  now 


distributed  among  the  departments  of  Charente, 
Dordogne,  and  Deux  Sevres. 

Jingra,  the  capital  of  Terceira,  one  of  the  Azores. 
It  is  a  bishop's  see  and  the  residence  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  Azores.  The  town  is  Avell  built,  and 
populous  ;  and  here  are  royal  magazines  for  all 
sorts  of  naval  stores,  a  cathedral,  five  churches, 
and  several  monastic  houses.  It  stands  on  a  bav, 
between  two  mountains,  on  the  S.  side  of  tfie 
island.     Long.  27.  12.  W.  lat.  38.  39.  N. 

Antrrogna,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  7  m.  W.  of  Pignerol. 

Jingnilla,  or  Snuhc  Island,  tlie  most  nor  the  rly 
of  the  English  Leeward  islands  in  the  West  In- 
dies. It  is  30  miles  long  and  3  broad,  winding 
somewhat  in  the  manner  of  a  snake,  and  is  GO  m. 
N.  W.  of  St.  Christopher.  Long.  62.  35.  W.  lat. 
18. 15  N.  One  of  the  Bahama  islands  is  also  call- 
ed Anguilla. 

Angussldre,  or  Forfarshire,  a  maritime  county 
on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Scotland  ;  bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Frith  of  Tay,  W.  by  the  county  of  Perth, 
and  N.  by  Kincardineshire.  The  chief  towns  aro 
Dundee,  Arbroath,  Forfar,  Montrose,  and  Brechin. 
It  is  prettily  diversified  with  lull,dale,  and  water. 

Jluludt,  a  principaLty  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Saxony,  42  m.  long  and  10  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  Mansfield,  W.  by  Halberstadt,  E.  by  the 
duchy  of  Saxony,  and  N.  by  Magdeburg.  It 
abounds  in  corn,  and  is  watered  by  the  Salde  and 
Mulda.  Its  ancient  castle  is  gone  to  decay 
Zerbst  is  the  capital. 

Anholt,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Cattegal, 
surrounded  by  sand  banks  so  dangerous  to  seamen, 
that  on  it  is  a  light  house.  The  English  took 
possession  of  it  in  1810,  and  made  it  a  place  of  ren- 
dezvous for  the  North  Sea  squadron.  Long.  11. 
35.  E.  lat.  5G.  38.  N. 

Aii'mne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  13.  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Montpelier.  It  has 
an  extensive  manufacture  of  mineral  alkali. 

.ivjengo,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  Travancore, 
which  has  a  trade  in  pepper  and  calicoes.  It 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  4G  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Travancore.    Long.  7G.  40.  E.lat.  8.40.  N. 

Animuhj,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Coimbatore,  with  a  fort.  It  has  a  trade  in 
drugs,  honey ,  and  wax,  collected  in  the  hills  to  the 
south,  and  is  seated  on  the  Alima,  21  m.  S.  of 
Coimbatore 

Aiijou,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on  the 
N.by  Maine,  W.  by  Bretagne,  S.  by  Poitou,  and 
E.  by  Touraine.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the  sov- 
ereigns of  England.  It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment of  Maj'enne  and  Loire. 

Ann,  St.  a  town  of  New  Brunswick,  situate  on 
the  river  St.  John  nearly  opposite  to  Fredericton, 
and  SO.  m.  above  the  cit}'  of  St  John.  Also  the 
name  of  the  chief  town  of  the  jtrovince  of  Parana, 
in  Paraguay,  and  of  a  lake  in  Upper  Canada,  to 
the  nortli  of  Lake  Superior. 

Anne  Arundel,  a  county  of  Maryland,  on  the 
western  shore  of  Chesapeak  Bay.  Pop.  28,295. 
Annapolis  is  the    chief  town. 

Ami,  Cape,  a  point  of  land  which  forms  the 
north  side  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  Two  light- 
houses on  an  island  at  the  extremity  of  this  Cape 
are  in  N.  lat.  42.  40.  W.  Long.  70.  38. 

Ann,  Fort,  a  town  in  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  be- 
tween the  North  River  and  Lake  Champlain. 
Pop.  3,201. 

Amuiocrg,  St.  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mi«- 
nia,  noted  for  silver  mines  and  tlie  manufacture 
of  lace,  17  m.  S.  of  Chemnitz. 
d2 


ANN 


42 


ANT 


Jnnagh,  an  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland 
5  miles  in  circumference,  between  the  isle  of 
Achil  and  the  coast  of  the  county  of  Mayo.  Long. 
9.  39.  W.  lat.  53.  58.  N.  Also  the  name  of  three 
parishes  in  diiFerent  parts  of  Ireland  ;  1st,  in  the 
CO.  of  Kerry,  pop.  2,089 ;  2d,  in  Cavan,  pop.  10,488; 
3rd,  in  Mayo,  pop.  5,749. 

Jinnagli,  is  also  a  prefix  to  several  other  parish- 
es in  Ireland,  such  as  Annagh-cZowc,  down,  duff,  &^c. 

.inriamahoe,  one   of  the    principal   commercial 

fil.aces  on  the  Gold  coast  of  North  Africa,  in  N. 
at.  5.9.  W.  long.  1.41. 

Annaviooha,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  dis- 
covered by  Tasman,  in  1643,  and  visited  by  cap- 
tain Cook  in  1 774  and  1777.  It  is  well  cultivated 
in  many  places,  consisting  of  plantations  of  yams 
and  plantains,  inclosed  with  neat  fences  of  reed. 
The  bread-fruit  and  cocoa-nut  trees  are  interpcrs- 
ed  with  little  order,  but  chiefly  near  the  habita- 
tions of  the  natives ;  and  the  other  parts  of  the 
island,  especially  towards  the  sea,  are  covered 
with  trees  and  bushes.  It  is  situate  about  187.  E. 
long.  20.  S.  lat. 

Annan,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, seated  on  the  river  Annan,  3  m.  from  its 
mouth,  which  forms  a  good  harbour  for  vessels 
of  250  tons  burden.  Here  was  a  fine  castle,  built 
by  one  of  the  Bruces,  the  ruins  of  which  still  re- 
main. Much  corn  is  exported  hence  ;  and  there 
is  a  manufacture  for  carding  and  spinning.  It  is 
16  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dumfries,  and  80  S.  of  Edin- 
burgh.    Long.  3.  8.  W .  lat.  55.  2.  N. 

Annapolis,  the  capital  of  Anne  Arundel  county, 
and  scat  of  the  legislative  government  of  the 
state  of  Maryland.  The  state-house,  a  noble 
building,  stands  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  from 
wliich  point  the  streets  diverge  in  every  direc- 
tion. Here  also  is  St.  John's  college,  which  with 
Washington  college  at  Chester,  constitute  one 
university,  named  the  University  of  Maryland. 
Annapolis  is  situate  on  the  west-«ide  of  Chesa- 
peak  bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Severn,  40  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Washington,  and  35  S.  of  Baltimore. 
Long.  76.  48.  W.  lat.  39.  0.  N.     Pop.  2,623. 

Annapolis,  a  sea-port  of  Nov;-  Scotia,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  It  has  one  of  the 
finest  harbours  in  the  world  ;  but  the  entrance  is 
through  a  difficult  strait,  called  the  Gut  of  Anna- 

Solis.  The  toy/n  stands  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
arbour,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name,  86  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Halifax.  Long.  64.  55.  W.  lat.  44. 
50.  N. 

Annapolis,  p. v.  Salem  township,  Jefferson  Co. 
Ohio,  135  m.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

Anneaj,  a  town  of  Savoy,  seated  on  a  lake  of 
its  name,  whence  issues  the  canal  of  Thioux, 
which  runs  through  the  town  and  then  enters  the 
river  Sier.  It  was  lately  the  see  of  a  bishop,  who 
also  assumed  the  title  of  bishop  and  prince  of  Ge- 
neva. Annecy  is  the  largest  town  in  Savoy  next 
to  Chamberry,  .and  is  16  m.  S.of  Geneva.  Long. 
6.  5.  E.  lat.  45.  53.  N. 

Annohon,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Guinea,  so 
called  because  it  was  discovered  by  the  Portu- 
guese on  New  Year's  day.  It  is  well  stocked 
with  cattle,  and  abounds  with  palm  trees  and 
fruit.     Long.  5.  10.  E.  lat.  1.50.  S. 

Annonay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ardeche,  with  manufactures  of  very  fine  pa- 
per :  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Cances  and 
Deumes,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Vienne. 

AnnsviUe,  p.v.  Dinwiddle  Co.  Va.  54  m.  S. 
Richmond. 

Anson,  a  County  of  North  Carolina,  bordering 


on  South  Carolina,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by 
the  Yadkin  River.  Pop.  1 4 ,081 .  Wadcsborough , 
142  m.  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Raleigh,  is  the  chief  town. 

Anson,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  on  the  Kenne- 
bec.    Pop.  1,532. 

Anspach  or  Onolzbach  a  principality  of  Germanv, 
in  the  south  part  of  the  circle  of  Franconia.  It 
has  iron  mines  and  several  medicinal  springs  ; 
and  the  soil  produces  considerable  quantities  of 
corn,  and  feeds  great  numbers  of  cattle. 

Anspach,  a  city,  and  capital  of  the  above  prin- 
cipality, with  a  castle,  a  palace  end  an  excellent 
academy.  It  has  many  handsome  buildings  ;  and 
the  principal  manufacture  is  lace.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Retzat,  24  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Nurenberg.  Long. 
10.  28.  E.  lat.  49.  18.  N. 

Anstruthcr,  East  and  West,  two  boroughs  of 
Scotland,  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  Fifeshire.  They 
adjoin  each  other;  and  East  Anstruther,  which 
is  much  the  largest,  is  little  more  than  a  fishing 
village,  9  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  St.  Andrew.  Pop.  of 
both,  1,519. 

Antab,  or  Aintah,  a  town  at  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Syria,  situate  on  two  hills,  and  the 
valley  that  lies  between  them  is  watered  by  the 
Sejour.  It  is  three  miles  in  circumference,  with 
a  strong  old  castle  on  a  rock,  and  had  formerly  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  printed  calicoes.  Ma- 
ny medals  of  the  Syrian  kings  have  been  found 
here,  and  some  also  of  the  kings  of  Cappadocia. 
It  is  50  m.E.  of  Alexandretta,  and  60  N.  by  E.  of 
Aleppo.     Long.  37.  35.  E.  lat.  36.  35.  N. 

Antcquera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  divi- 
ded into  the  Upper  and  the  Lower.  The  Upper 
is  seated  on  a  hill,  and  has  a  castle  :  the  Lower 
stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  and  is  watered  by  many 
brooks.  Here  are  large  quantities  of  natural  salt, 
quarries  of  excellent  stone,  and  a  spring  famous 
for  the  cure  of  the  gravel.  It  is  26  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Malaga.     Long.  4.  30.  V/.  lat.  37. 1.  N. 

Antcquera,  a  town  of  Mexico.     See  Guaxaca. 

Anthony's  J\'ose,  a  point  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  just  above  Peekskill. 

Anthony's  Kill,  a  little  stream  running  into  the 
Hudson  from  the  W.  7  m.  above  the  Moliawk. 

Anthony,  St.,  Falls  of,  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
m  N.  lat.  45.  W.  long.  93.  being  more  than  2,000 
m.  above  the  entrance  of  the  river  into  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  There  is  a  fort  in  the  Missouri  terri- 
tory, on  the  point  of  land  formed  by  the  St.  Pe- 
ter's River,  which  river  falls  into  the  Mississippi 
just  below  the  Fall?  nf  St.  Anthony. 

Antibes,  a  town  of  Prance,  in  the  department  of 
Var,  with  a  Rti-'in;»  castle,  and  harbour  for  small 
vessels.  Its  territory  produces  excellent  fruit; 
and  it  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  11  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Nice.     Long.  7.  7.  E.  lat.  4o.  35.  N. 

Anticosti,  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  tlie  river 
St.  Lawrence,  90  m.  long  and  20  broad.  It  ia 
full  of  rocks,  covered  with  wood,  and  has  no  har- 
bour;  but  excellent  cod  is  found  on  the  shores. 

Antietam,  a  small  tributary  of  the  Potomac,  run- 
ning into  it  near  Shepardstown. 

Antigua,  one  of  the  English  Leeward  Islands, 
in  the  West  Indies,  about  20  m.  in  length  and 
breadth,  and  60  east  by  south  of  St.  Christopher. 
It  is  destitute  of  water,  and  the  inhabitants  are  ] 
obliged  to  save  the  rain  water  in  cisterns.  The 
chief  produce  is  sugar,  of  which  it  annually  pro- 
duces about  10,000  hogsheads.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1782,  but  restored  in  1783.  The 
capital  is  St.  Johii.     See  Appendix. 

Antilles,  the  name  which  the  French  give  tr 
the  Caribbee,  or  West  India   islands,  which  sec. 


ANT 


43 


ANT 


Antioch,  or  Anthakia,  a  town  of  Syria,  of  which 
U  was  formerly  tlie  capital.  This  ancient  city  in 
which  the  disciples  of  Christ  were  first  called 
Christians,  and  yet  the  see  of  a  Greek  patriarch, 
is  now  ahnost  come  to  notiiing  ;  but  the  magni- 
ficent ruins  of  it  still  remain.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Orontes,  now  called  Osi,  15  m.  from  the 
Mediterranean,  and  50  N.  W.  c^  Aleppo.  Long. 
3(5.  40.  E.  lat.  30. 10.  N. 

Antiockelta,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Car- 
amania,  and  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  shore  of 
the  Levant,  opposite  Cvprus,  88  m.  S.  ofKonieh. 
I        Long.  3i>.  2G.  E.  lat.  3C.  30.  N. 

ArUiogo,  St.  an  island  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Sar- 
dinia, 14  m.  long  and  3  broad.  In  1793  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  but  evacuated  soon  after. 

Antioqiiia,  or  St.  Fe  de  Antioquia,  a  town  in  the 
new  department  of  Cauca,  Colombia.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  banks  of  the  river  Cauca,  about  200  m. 
N.  N.  W.  St.  Fe  de  Bogota. 

Antiparos,  the  ancient  Olearos,  an  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  two  miles  west  of  Paros.  It  is  only 
a  rock,  16  miles  in  circuit ;  yet  in  some  parts  is 
well  cultivated,  and  produces  as  much  barley  as 
serves  a  small  village.  It  has  a  remarkable  grotto, 
about  70  yards  high  and  100  broad,  which  contains 
a  vast  variety  of  figures,  and  a  white  transparent 
crystalline  substance  resembling  vegetables,  mar- 
ble pillars,  and  a  superb  marble  pyramid.  Long. 
25.  44.  E.  lat.  37.  8.  N. 

Antisana,  a  peak  of  the  Andes,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Quito,  which  is  volcanic,  19,150  ft.  above 
tlie  level  of  the  sea.  There  is  a  village  of  the 
same  name,  a  few  leagues  east  of  the  city  of  Qui- 
to, at  a  height  of  13,500  fl.  being  tlie  highest  in- 
habited place  on  the  globe. 

Aiitoine,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  isere,  5  m.  N.  E.  of  St.  Marcellan. 

Antonio,  St.  the  most  northern  of  the  Cape  Verde 
islands,  15  m.  from  St.  Vincent.  It  is  full  of  high 
mountains,  whence  proceed  streams  of  excellent 
water,  which  render  the  land  fruitful.  The  prin- 
cipal town  is  setated  among  the  mountains.  Long. 
25.  0.  W.  lat.  17. 0.  N. 

Antonio  de  Be/iar,  San,  the  Capital  of  Texas,  on 
the  S.  Antonio  river.  It  is  a  village  composed  of 
mud  cabins  covered  with  turf. 

Antonio  de  Capo,  St.  a  town  of  Brasil,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Pernambuco,  situate  near  Cape  St.  Augus- 
tin,  30  m.  S.  S.  W.  Olinda. 

*j^*  There  are  near  100  other  towns  and  streams 
in  difierent  parts  of  South  America  and  Mexico, 
dedicated  to  the  tutelar  saint  of  the  Portuguese 
aud  Spa.nia.ids,  Antkomj,  or  San  Antonio,  who  does 
not  appear  to  have  done  much  for  them,  as  they 
are  mostly  insignificant. 

Antrim,  a  maritime  county,  on  the  N.  E.  coast 
of  Ireland.  It  has  two  great  natural  curiosities; 
Loug'h  Neagh,  a  large  lake,  the  area  of  which  ex- 
ceeds 100,000  acres,  the  waters  being  of  a  petrify- 
ing quality ;  and  the  Giant's  Causeway,  consist- 
ing of  lofty  pillars  of  basaltes,  all  of  anguljir 
Bhapes,  from  three  sides  to  eight,  and  extending 
three  miles  along  the  north  shore.  The  linen  manu- 
facture is  carried  on  very  extensively  in  this 
county,  and  since  about  1823  the  cotton  manufac- 
ture has  been  making  considerable  progress.  The 
principal  towns  are  Belfast,  Lisburne,  and  Carrick- 
fer^us,  each  of  which  (in  eiddition  to  the  two  for 
the  county)  returns  one  member  to  the  parliament 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  Carrickfergus  is  the  as- 
size town.  The  county  contained  in  1821,  270, 
883  inhabitants,  and  48,023  houses. 

Antrim,  a  town  and  parish  of  the  above  county, 


about  19  m.  N.  W.  of  Belfast.     Pop.  of  the  town 

2,485,  and  of  the  parish,  5,129.  The  town  is  situate 
on  the  bank  of  a  small  stream,  which  runs  into 
Lough  Neagh,  at  a  short  distance  on  the  north- 
east. 

Antrim,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  Hampshire. 
G7  m.  fr.  Boston.  Pop.  1,009. 

Antrim,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Pa.  adjoining  Mary- 
land. 

Antrim,  t.  Crawford  Co.  Ohio. 

Antwerp,  a  celebrated  city  of  Brabant,  and  af- 
ter the  decline  of  Venice  and  Genoa  it  became  one 
of  the  most  considerable  commercial  depots  of 
Europe.  It  is  situated  on  the  cast  bank  of  tlie 
Scheldt,  in  N.  lat.  51.  13.  and  4.  24.  E.  long 
The  era  of  its  greatest  importance  was  about  the 
commencement  of  the  17th  century,  when  its 
population  amounted  to  about  200,000,  but  the  de- 
vastating policy  of  Austria  and  Spain  involved  it 
in  the  bigoted  and  ruthless  contentions  of  that  pe- 
riod ;  further,  bv  tlie  extent  of  the  commercial 
transactions,  which  its  localities  drew  hither  as 
to  a  centre,  it  greatly  rivalled  the  transactions  of 
Rotterdam  and  Amsterdam,  and  as  such  excited 
the  grovelling  jealousy  of  the  Hollanders ;  the 
navigation  of  the  Scheldt  was  tlierefore  obstructed 
in  1648,  by  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  between 
Spain  and  Holland,  and  Antwerp  inconsequence, 
progressively  declined  in  population  and  impor- 
tance, until  the  period  of  the  French  revolution. 
When  the  French  overran  this  part  of  Europe  in 
1794,  they  proclaimed  the  free  navigation  of  the 
Scheldt,  and  after  the  renewal  of  the  war  subse- 
quent to  the  peace,  or  rather  the  respite  of  Amiens 
in  1802,  Antwerp  claimed  the  especial  notice  of 
Napoleon,  who  constructed  a  basin  to  hold  about 
20  sail  of  the  line,  and  a  noble  quay,  along  the 
east  bank  of  the  river,  and  made  it  his  principal 
naval  arsenal  for  the  northern  part  of  his  empire. 
It  was  not,  however,  till  subsequent  to  the  gene- 
ral peace  of  Europe  in  1814,  when  the  Nether- 
lands were  ceded  to  Holland,  and  Antwerp  de- 
clared a  free  port  for  the  transit  of  merchandise, 
tliat  it  began  to  resume  its  former  wonted  activity 
and  importance.  Since  that  period,  Brussels, 
and  a  vast  extent  of  countrv  westward  of  the 
Rhine,  draw  their  supplies  of  foreign  produce  from 
Antwerp,  which  is,  in  consequence,  progressively, 
though  slowly,  increasing  in  population  and  in- 
terest. It  has,  however,  but  fe->v  articles  of  ex- 
port, either  witliin  itself,  or  of  transit. 

The  city  is  nearly  a  semicircle,  of  about  seven 
miles  round.  It  was  defended  by  the  citadel, 
built  by  the  duke  of  Alva  to  overawe  the  inhabi- 
tants. The  whole  appearance  of  its  public  build- 
ings, streets,  and  houses,  affords  the  most  incon- 
testible  evidence  of  its  former  splendour.  Many 
instances  of  tlie  immense  wealth  of  its  merchants 
are  recorded  :  among  otlicrs,  it  is  said  that  when 
Charles  V.  once  dined  with  one  of  the  chief  mag- 
istrates, his  host  immediately  ifler  dinner  threw 
into  tlie  fire  a  bond  for  two  millions  of  ducats, 
which  he  had  received  as  security  for  a  loan  to 
that  monarch,  saying  that  he  was  more  than  re 
paid  by  the  honour  of  being  permitted  to  enter- 
tain his  sovereign. 

The  most  remarkable  of  the  streets  is  the  Place 
de  Mer,  said  to  be  unequalled  by  any  in  Europe 
for  its  great  length,  its  still  more  unusual  breadth, 
and  the  extraordinary  sumptuousness  of  its  hou- 
ses. A  crucifix  thirty-three  feet  hio-h,  made  from 
a  demolished  statue  of  the  duke  of  Alva,  stands  at 
one  end  of  the  street ;  but  the  eye  of  taste  is  of 
fended  here  and  elsewhere  by  the  great  intermix 


ANT 


44 


AOS 


lure  of  dwellings  of  the  lowest  description  with 
Rplendiii  palaces.  The  noble  and  tlie  mechanic 
often  inhabit  adjoining  houses.  The  want  of 
sunken  areas  before  the  houses,  and  of  raised  foot- 
patlis  for  pedestrians,  is  also  severely  commented 
on  by  British  visitors. 

The  quays  present  a  noble  appearance  :  they 
are  richly  planted,  and  form  one  of  the  most  fa- 
vourite promenades.  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
tlie  basins  for  shipping,  is  a  square  building,  230 
feet  long  each  way,  intended  as  a  place  of  mer- 
chandise for  the  Oosterling  or  Hanseatic  towns  of 
Germany.  In  its  middle  story,  which  has  a  gal 
lery  quite  round  the  square,  there  are  300  lodg- 
ing rooms,  but  they  are  no  longer  used  as  such. 
The  cellars  serve  for  stables. 

Besides  tJie  canals  usual  in  all  Dutch  towns, 
others  of  an  extraordinary  construction  are  to  be 
found  here.  They  are  carried  on  wholly  under 
ground,  having  been  excavated  at  the  exj)ense  of 
individuals,  in  order  to  convey  in  small  boats,  to 
their  storehouses,  the  goods  which  had  been 
brought  in  by  the  usual  conveyance  of  the  open 
canals.     They  are  now  used  as  sewers. 

The  town  hall,  in  the  great  market-place,  is  a 
spacious  building  250  feet  long,  having  its  front 
adorned  with  statues.  It  was  rebuilt  in  1581 ,  the 
period  of  the  commercial  downfal  of  the  city. 
This  building  contains  the  public  library,  which 
is  not  remarkable  for  the  number  or  rarity  of  its 
books.  It  also  contains  a  fine  collection  of  paint- 
ings. The  royal  palace  in  the  Place  de  Mer, 
which  had  been  fitted  up  for  the  residence  of  Bo- 
naparte, contains  also  some  fine  paintings.  The 
Exchange,  a  large,  but  by  no  means  an  elegant 
structure,  has  served  as  a  model  for  those  of 
Amsterdam  and  London. 

Of  the  places  of  public  worship,  the  cathedral  is 
by  far  the  most  noble,  not  only  as  compared  with 
those  in  the  neighbourhood,  but  with  any  other  on 
the  continent.  It  is  500  feet  long,  230  wide,  and 
3C0  high  ;  its  erection  occupied  a  period  of  ninety- 
six  y.'  irs.  The  spire  is  4()G  feet  in  height.  Ac- 
cording to  the  original  design,  another  of  equal 
dimensinns  was  to  have  been  erected  on  the  other 
side  of  the  great  entrance.  But  after  having  been 
carried  up  to  a  certain  height,  the  work  was  dis- 
continued ;  vet.  notwithstanding  this  defect  in 
uniformity,  it  is  thought  that  the  want  of  the  sec- 
ond spire  adds  to  the  simple  grandeur  of  that 
which  has  been  completed.  The  gallery  to  the 
summit  of  the  tower  is  attained  by  an  ascent  of 
622  steps ;  and  the  toil  of  going  up  is  well  repaid 
by  the  commanding  view  aftbrded  of  the  city  be- 
neath, the  country,  the  Scheldt,  and  its  neigh- 
bouring islands,  stretching  into  the  main  sea. 
This  church  contains  many  fine  paintings,  mostly 
by  Rubens ;  that  of  the  taking  down  of  our  Sa- 
viour from  the  cross,  in  which  the  figures  are  as 
large  as  life,  is  universally  considered  his  master- 

Eiece.  It  also  contains  the  monuments  of  Am- 
rose  Capello,  seventh  bishop  of  the  see ; 
those  of  Moretus  the  printer,  the  successor 
of  Plantin  ;  of  Phantin  himself,  and  of  Van 
Delft.  Outside  its  walls  is  the  tomb  of  Quintan 
Matsys,  originally  a  blacksmith,  but  who,  on  l;e- 
ing  refused  the  dtiughter  of  Flors  the  painter  till 
he  had  proved  himself  a  painter  also,  laboured 
with  incessant  assiduity  till  he  overcame  the  old 
man's  scruples,  and  ultimately  surpassed  him  in 
his  favourite  art.  Near  the  tomb  is  a  pump,  the 
iron- work  of  which  is  said  to  have  been  wrought 
by  Matsys  before  his  transformation.  In  this  ca- 
thedral  Henry  VIII.  of  England,  together  with 


the  then  kings  of  France,  Denmark,  Portugal, 
Poland,  Bohemia,  and  the  Romans,  were  made 
knights  of  the  order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  by 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  in  the  year  1555. 

The  church  of  St.  James  contains  the  tomb  of 
the  great  Rubens  :  It  is  of  black  marble,  simple  in 
design,  but  most  appropriately  adorned  with  one 
of  that  master's  own  paintings.  The  windows  of 
this  church  are  much  admired. 

The  church  of  St.  Paul  or  of  the  Dominicans 
has  in  it  some  works  of  Rubens  and  Vandyke ; 
particularly  the  scourging  of  Christ,  by  the  for- 
mer. But  it  is  more  frequently  visited  to  see  a 
representation  of  mount  Calvary  near  its  en- 
trance. On  descending  into  a  cavity  in  the  rock 
intended  to  represent  the  place  of  our  Saviour  e 
sufferings,  the  body  of  Christ  is  seen  laid  out  on 
a  tomb,  and  coven^d  with  a  shroud  of  silk  ;  the 
walls  around  are  painted  to  resemble  the  flames  of 
purgatory,  and  the  figures  of  those  suffering  its 
torments.  The  whole  is  executed  in  a  coarse 
style,  almost  bordering  on  the  grotesque  ;  yet,  sit- 
uate as  it  is,  it  seldom  fails  to  produce  a  solemn 
effect.  The  other  churches  are  in  possession  of 
paintings  by  the  old  masters. 

At  the  academy  of  fine  arts  upwards  of  1,000 
students  receive  gratuitous  instruction  in  painting 
and  its  kindred  arts.  The  academy  is  held  in 
some  of  the  departments  of  the  museum,  where 
also  there  is  a  fine  collection  of  pictures  and  of 
casts.  A  public  annual  exhibition  of  the  produc- 
tions of  the  pupils  is  held  here  alternately  with 
Brussels  and  Ghent;  prizes  are  distributed  ;  and 
the  successful  pictures  are  purchased  by  the  cities 
to  which  the  victors  belong,  to  be  lodged  in  their 
public  collections,  as  rewards  to  the  successful 
candidates  and  as  excitements  to  others.  Ant- 
werp boasts  of  being  the  native  place  of  Ru- 
bens and  Vandyke,  as  also  of  Teniers,  Snyders, 
and  Joerdans.  Opposite  to  the  town,  and  near 
the  spot  whence  it  was  bombarded  by  the  English 
in  1809,  the  place  of  a  new  city  was  traced  out  by 
Bonaparte.  Its  site  is  now  occupied  by  some 
forts  built  under  the  direction  of  the  duke  of 
Wellington. 

The  recent  separation  of  the  Netherlands  from 
Holland,  will  doubtless  have  a  considerable  effect 
upon  the  commercial  prosperity  of  Antwerp. 
During  the  insurrection  which  preceded  this 
event,  the  city  was  bombarded  by  the  Dutch,  and 
a  great  number  of  its  buildings  burnt.  The  Dutch 
were  repulsed  after  much  hard  fighting. 

Antwrrv.^.i.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  Ib5  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  2.412. 

Jlnvil,  p.t.  Lebanon  Co.  Pa. 

AnrUle  Island,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Georgia, 
discovered  by  Vancouver,  and  so  called  from  its 
shape. 

^nicniler,  or  Anvfiler,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of 
Deux  Ponts,  6  m.  W.  from  Laudan.  It  was 
formerly  a  city  of  Austria,  and  the  inhabitants  en- 
joyed the  singular  privilege  of  exemption  from 
toll  dues  in  ail  parts  of  the  empire ;  but  in  1330  it 
was  brought  under  the  dominion  of  the  counts 
palatine. 

Anzerma,  a  town  of  New  Granada  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Popayan,  where  there  are  mines  of  gold. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Cauca,  140  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Popayan.     Long.  75.  25.  W.  lat.  4.  58.  N. 

Jlnziho,  a  kingdom  of  Guinea,  lying  east  of 
Gabon  and  north  of  Congo,  but  it  is  little  known. 
The  king  is  styled  the  Micoco,  whence  the  coun- 
try is  sometimes  so  called.    The  capital  is  Mcns'd. 

Jlosta,  or  Aoust,  duchy-of,  a  province  of  Pied- 


APP 


APU 


mont,  bounded  on  the  west  and  north  by  the 
Alps,  or  rather  on  the  north  by  the  Valais,  for 
the  mountains  run  from  north  to  south  into  Aoust, 
which  may  be  considered  altogether  as  a  moun- 
tainous district.  Pop.  about  65,000.  The  princi- 
pal oity  of  the  same  name,  which  is  a  bishop's  see, 
IS  situate  about  the  centre  of  the  province,  be- 
tween two  streams  of  the  Baltea  River,  which 
fall:5  into  the  Po,  and  on  the  great  high  road  from 
the  pads  of  St.  Bernard  to  Turin.  It  contains  sev- 
eral monuments  of  the  Romans.     Pop.  5,.500. 

Apalachian  Mountains,  the  name  given  to  the 
immense  chain  extending  along  the  whole  At- 
lantic coast  of  the  U.  States,  from  Alabama  to 
Maine.  In  the  Southern  States  they  are  200  m. 
from  the  sea,  but  as  they  extend  northward  ap- 
proach near  the  coast.  They  run  generally  in 
parallel  ridges  and  their  various  divisions  go  by 
diiterent  names.  These  are  the  Cumberland 
mountains  of  Tennessee,  the  Blue  mountains  of 
Virginia,  the  Alleghany  and  Laurel  mountains 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  datskill  mountains  of  New 
York,  the  Green  mountains  of  Vermont,  and 
the  White  mountains  of  New  Hampshire.  They 
are  sometimes  broken  into  groups  and  isolated 
chains.  Their  highest  summits  are  in  N.  Hamp- 
sliire  ;  and  are  between  G  and  7,000  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  East  of  the  Hudson  they  are 
granitic.  In  the  W.  and  S.  they  consist  of  gran- 
ite, gtieis3,  mica  and  clay  slate,  primitive  lime- 
stone, Sec.  Their  name  in  the  language  of  the 
Indians  signified  endless. 

ApaUichiciila,  a  river  of  North  America,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Chatahooche  and  Flint,  at 
an  old  lad  an  fort  of  the  same  name  on  the  south 
confines  of  Georgia,  and  thence  flows  between 
West  and  East  Florida  into  Apalache  bay,  in  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  east  of  Cape  Blaize. 

Apanormia,  a  town  seated  on  the  N.  W.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Santorin,  7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Scauro,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Grecian  Archipe- 
lago. 

Jpee,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  near  MalicoUo, 
m  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Long.  168.  27.  E.  lat.  16. 
46.  S. 

Apcnrade,  or  Aapenrade,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark, 
in  Sleswick,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  a  place  of  consid- 
erable trade,  seated  at  the  bottom  of  a  ffulf  of  the 
Little  Belt,  27  m.  N.  N  W.  of  Sleswick.  Long  9. 
33.  E.  lat.  55.  8.  N. 

Aphiom,  01  AJium-kara-hissar,  a  town  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Natolia,  built  round  a  higii  rock,  on 
the  top  of  which  is  a  fortress.  It  is  3  m.  in 
circumference,  and  has  a  considerable  trade.  The 
chief  manufacture  is  carpets ;  and  the  country 
around  produces  much  opium,  called  aphiom  by 
the  Turks.  It  stands  on  the  Mindra,  150  m.  E. 
if  Smyrna.  Long.  31.  10.  E.  lat.  38.  35.  N. 

Apofda,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony  in  Thuringia, 
8  m.  N.  of  Jena,  and  40  S.  W.  of  Leipsic. 

Apsnninrs,  a  chain  of  mountains,  in  Europe 
which  begins  near  Oneglia,  on  the  gulf  of  Genoa, 
passes  round  that  gulf  at  no  great  distance  from 
the  sea,  then  proceeds  east  to  the  centre  of  Italy, 
and  afterward  divides  that  country  in  a  mediate 
south-east  direction  to  the  extremities  of  the 
kingdom  of  Naples.  Hence  proceed  all  the  rivers 
which  water  Italy.  The  Apennines  are  at  first  a 
branch  of  the  Alps,  but,  in  general  they  may  rather 
be  regarded  as  hills  than  as  mountains. 

Appenzel,  a  canton  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Switzer- 
land, bordering  on  Tyrol.  It  is  divided  into  12 
communities  :  six  called  the  interior,  are  Roman 
Catholic,  with  a  population  of  16,000,  subsisting 


chiefly  by  agriculture  ;  and  six  exterior,  bordering 
on  the  canton  of  St.  Gall,  are  Protestant,  with  a 
population  of  40,000,  a  great  portion  of  which  are 
employed  by  the  manufacturers  of  the  city  of 
St.  Gall. 

Appenzel,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  Canton, 
is  situate  on  the  bank  of  the  river  Sitter,  on  the 
interior  side,  and  containing  about  3,000  inhab. 

Appia  Via,  or  Appian  Way,  a  celebrated  road 
from  Rome  through  Capua  to  Brundusinm.  It 
was  begun  by  Appius  Claudius  Csecus,  and  con- 
tinued by  Julius  and  Augustus  Cjesar. 

Appii  Forum,  a  town  in  the  south  west  of  Italy, 
about  50  m.  S.  of  Rome,  and  18  from  the  Three 
Taverns  ;  where  the  Christians  of  Rome  came  to 
meet  Paul  in  his  journey  from  Puteoli  to  that  me- 
tropolis of  the  world. 

Ajiplel y,s.horo\xgh.  in  Eng.  returning  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  and  the  county-town  of  West- 
moreland, with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It  was  a 
Roman  station,  and  has  been  twice  destroyed  by 
the  Scots,  and  it  now  consists  of  only  one  broad 
street  of  mean  houses.  At  the  upper  end  or  south 
part  is  the  castle,  and  at  the  lower  end  is  the 
church.  The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and 
almost  encircled  by  the  Eden.  It  is  20  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Kendal,  and  270  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  824,  and  Bongate,  which  forms  part  of 
the  town,  637  more. 

Applecross,  a  parish  extending  for  about  20 
miles  along  the  western  coast  of  Ross-shire,  Scot- 
land. Pop.  in  1821,  2,703,  who  subsist  mainly  by 
the  herring  fishery.  There  is  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  in  which  the  population  is  principally  con- 
centrated. 

Appledore,  a  village  of  England  in  Northam, 
Devonshire,  situate  at  the  mouth  of  Towridge,  in 
Barnstable  bay,  three  miles  north  by  east  of  Bid- 
ford.  Here  the  Danes  landed,  under  Hubba,  in  the 
time  of  Alfred.    It  is  now  resorted  to  for  bathing. 

Applcton,  t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  Pop.  735. 

Appling,  a  Co.  of  Georgia,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
the  stal/?,  upon  the   Altamaha.    Pop.  1,468. 

AppUngville,  the  chief  town  of  Columbia  Co. 
Geo.  93.  m.  from  Milledgeville. 

AppoUonia,  a  district  extending  about  100  miles 
on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  North  Africa.  Cape  Appol- 
lonia  is  in  5.  N.  lat.  and  3.  57.  W.  long. 

Appolobamba,  a  town  in  La  Paz,  one  of  the 
united  provinces  of  Paraguay,  on  the  border  of 
Peru. 

Appomattox,  a  stream  of  Virginia,  falling  into 
the  James  from  the  S.  near  City  Point. 

Appoq^dnimink,  a  stream  in  the  state  of  Dela- 
ware, running  into  Delaware  Bay,  a  little  below 
Reedy  Island. 

AppoquiniminJt,  t.  Newcastle  Co.  Del. 

Apt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  It  h.os  a  trade  in  prunes, 
coarse  serges,  and  wax  chandlery  ;  and  contains 
many  Roman  antiquities.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Calaron,  20  m.  N.  ofAix. 

Apulia,  p.v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  129  m.  W. 
Albany. 

Aptire,  a  river  of  Colombia  rising  from  various 
sources  on  the  E.  side  of  the  eastern  range  of  the 
Andes  and  falling  into  the  Oronoko. 

Apuririiac,a.  river  of  Peru,  which  rises  10  miles 
N.  of  Arequipa,  and  flows  N.  about  430  miles; 
receiving  the  Paucartambo,  and  Pilcomayo  from 
the  E.  and  the  Jauja  or  Mantaro  from  the  W.  It 
then  takes  the  name  of  Ucayale,  and  continuing 
its  course  470  miles  further,  enters  tlie  river  Ama- 
zon, in  long.  72.  46.  W. 


ARA 


46 


ARA 


Aqui,  a  town  Piedmont,  in  the  duchy  of  Mont- 
ferrat,  with  a  citadel,  and  baths  of  mineral  water; 
seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Bormlda,  15  m. 
S.  of  Alexandria. 

Aqulld,  a  fine  large  city  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  anciently  called  Avia,  and  Avella,  the 
capital  of  Abnizzo,  seated  on  a  hill,  east  of  the 
Apennines,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Alterno,  or 
Pescara,  near  its  source.  It  has  an  ancient  castle, 
and  is  a  bishop's  sec.  An  earthquake  was  so  vio- 
lent here  in  Feb.  1703,  that  24,000  people  perish- 
ed, and  ^reit  numbers  were  wounded.  It  is  situate 
3^5  m.  W.  from  the  Adriatic,  and  92  E.  of  Rome. 
Long.  14.  20.  E.  lat.  42.  50.  N. 

jiquUda,  a.n  ancient  and  large  city  of  the  Carni, 
or  Veneti,  in  Italy,  seated  near  the  coast  at  the 
head  of  the  gulf  of  Venice.  A  Roman  colony 
was  settled  in  it,  between  the  first  and  second 
Macedonian  wars,  to  be  a  bulwark  against  the 
Huns  and  Goths.  In  425  it  wrrs  besieged  by  Attila 
with  an  innumerable  host  of  barbarians.  Three 
months  were  consumed  without  efl^ect  in  the 
siege  ;  till  the  want  of  provisions  and  the  clamour 
of  his  army,  compelled  Attila  to  issue  his  orders 
that  the  troops  should  strike  their  tents  the  next 
morning,  and  begin  their  retreat.  But  as  he  rode 
round  the  wall,  pensive,  angry,  and  disappointed, 
he  observed  a  stork  preparing  to  leave  her  nest  in 
one  of  the  towers,  and  to  tly,  with  her  infant  fami- 
ly, towards  the  country  ;  this  he  interpreted  as  an 
omen  that  those  towers  were  devoted  to  impend- 
ing ruin  and  solitude.  The  siege  was  renewed 
and  prosecuted  with  fresh  vigour  ;  a  larore  breach 
was  made  in  the  part  of  the  wall  from  whence  the 
stork  had  taken  her  flight ;  the  Huns  mounted  to 
the  assault  with  irresistible  fury ;  and  the  suc- 
ceeding generation  could  scarcely  discover  the 
ruins  of  Aquileia. 

Aquino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
ruined  by  the  emperor  Conrad.     It  is  the  birth- 

fdace  of  Juvenal,  and  seated  near  the  Carig- 
iano,  on  the  great  high  road  from  Rome  to  Na- 
ples, 20  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Sora. 

Arabat,  a  town  and  fort  of  the  Crimea,  and 
province  of  Taurida,  on  the  borders  of  the  sea  of 
A«!oph,  20  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Caffa. 

Arabia,  a  country  of  Asia,  extending  from  the 
12th  to  the  32nd  deg.  of  N.  lat.  and  from  the  33rd 
to  the  58th  of  W.  long,  being  about  1,480  m.  in 
length,  1,200  in  broadtfi;  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Red  Sea,  and  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  N.  E.  by 
the  Euphrates,  which  divides  it  from  Diarbekir,  E. 
by  the  gulfs  of  Persia  and  Ormus,  and  S.  by  the 
Indian  Ocean.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts,  Ara- 
bia Petrea,  Deserta,  and  Felix,  so  named  by  Eu- 
ropeans from  their  supposed  qualities  of  soil  and 
climate.  Arabia  Petrea,  much  the  smallest  of  the 
three,  lies  to  the  south  of  Syria  along  the  east 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  The  north  part  is  moun- 
tainous, and  in  general  stony,  sandy,  and  barren; 
but  some  parts  yield  sufficient  nourishment  for 
cattle,  whose  milk,  and  camels'  flesh,  is  the  chief 
food  of  its  few  inliabitants.  Arabia  Deserta  lies 
south  of  Syria,  and  east  of  Arabia  Petrea,  and 
the  Red  Sea.  It  is  for  the  most  part  desert,  be- 
ing intersected  by  barren  mountains,  and  many 
of  the  plains  nothing  but  great  sands  and  heaths; 
h'-'  there  are  some  plains  and  valleys  that  feed 
great  flocks  of  sheep  and  goats ;  there  are  also 
great  numbes  of  ostriches,  and  a  fine  breed  of 
eam(>ls  in  several  places,  and  the  horses  are  the 
noblest  of  the  species. 

The  Arabians  train  up  their  best  and  fleetest 
liorses,  to  hunt  the  ostrich.     Perhaps,  of  all  va- 


rieties of  the  chase,  this,  though  the  most  labori- 
ous, is  yet  the  most  entertaining.  As  soon  as  the 
hunter  comes  within  sight  of  his  prey,  he  puts  on 
his  horse  with  a  gentle  gallop,  so  as  to  keep  the 
ostrich  still  in  sight ;  yet  not  so  as  to  terrify  hiiu 


from  the  plain  into  the  mountains.  Upon  observ- 
ing himself,  therefore,  pursued  at  a  distance,  the 
bird  begins  to  run  at  first,  but  gently,  either  in- 
sensible of  his  danger,  or  sure  of  escaping.  In 
this  situation  he  somewhat  resembles  a  man  at 
full  speed  ;  his  wings,  like  two  arms,  keep  work- 
ing with  a  motion  correspondent  to  that  of  his 
legs ;  and  his  speed  would  very  soon  snatch  him 
from  the  view  of  his  pursuers,  but,  unfortunate- 
ly for  the  silly  creature,  instead  of  going  off"  in  a 
direct  line,  he  takes  his  course  in  circles ;  while 
the  hunters  still  make  a  SiTiall  course  within,  re- 
lieve each  other,  meet  him  at  unexpected  turns, 
and  keep  him  thus  still  employed,  still  followed, 
for  two  or  three  days  together.  At  last,  spent 
with  fatigue  and  famine,  and  finding  all  power  of 
escape  impossible,  he  endeavours  to  hide  himself 
from  those  enemies  he  cannot  avoid,  and  covers 
his  head  in  the  sand,  or  the  first  thicket  he  meets. 
Sometimes,  however,  he  attempts  to  face  his  pur- 
suers :  and,  though  in  general  the  most  gentle 
animal  in  nature,  when  driven  to  desperation,  he 
defends  himself  with  his  beak,  his  wines,  and 
his  feet.  Such  is  the  force  of  his  motion,  tliat  a 
man  would  be  utterly  unable  to  withstand  him  in 
the  shock.  The  oxen  of  Arabia  have  generally 
a  hump  on  their  back  like  those  of  Syria. 
The  sheep  have  a  thick  and  broad  tail,  which 
they  are  said  to  drag  behind  them  on  a  carriage ; 
their  wool  is  coarse,  and  their  flesh  not  very  deli- 
cate. The  wild  goat  is  found  in  the  mountains 
of  Arabia  Petrea.  The  other  animals  are  the 
jackal,  hyaena,  many  sorts  of  apes,  the  jerboa 
or  rat  of  Pharaoh,  antelopes,  wild  oxen,  wolves, 
foxes,  wild  boars  and  the  great  and  little  panther. 
The  caracal  or  syagosh  is   a  sort  of  lynx,  and  is 


&^*fe^ 


probably  the  lynx  of  the  ancients.  It  follows  the 
lion  and  lives  upon  the  remains  of  that  animal's 
meals.  It  is  somewhat  larger  than  a  fox,  and 
much  fiercer  and  stronger.  It  climbs  with  aston- 
ishing agility  to  the  tops  of  the  tallest  trees  in 
pursuit  of  hares,  rabbits  and  birds.  Arabia  Fe- 
lix, so  called  on  account  of  its  fertility  with  re- 
gard to  the  rest,  lies  to  the  south  of  Arabia  De- 


AHA 


47 


ARA 


•erta,  between  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  Ocean. 
It  is  by  far  the  most  considerable  part,  and  though 
the  centre  is  occupied  by  very  dry  deserts,  there 
are  many  rich  provinces  on  the  coasts,  producing 
a  variety  of  fruits,  honey,  wax,  cinnamon,  cassia, 
manna,  spikenard,  frankincense,  myrrh,  and  cof- 
fee, of  which  latter  great  quantities  are  exported 
from  Moka.    The  Arabs  are  of  a  middle  stature  and 


brown  complexion,  and  have  always  a  grave  and 
melancholy  air.  They  derive  their  subsistence 
from  their  flocks,  from  hunting,  and  from  what 
they  acquire  by  plunder  of  the  caravans  which 
pass  from  Aleppo  to  Bassora,  and  from  Bassora 
to  Mecca.  They  acknowledge  no  sovereign  but 
the    emirs   of  their  tribes,  who  are  their  natural 

Erinces,  and  to  whom  they  pay  obedience.  They 
are  also  sheiks,  or  chiefs  of  an  advanced  age, 
whom  tliey  often  consult,  and  whose  advice  they 
follow.  The  dress  of  the  Arabs  consists  of  a 
white  robe,  bound  round  with  a  broad  leather  gir- 
dle, fastened  by  a  strong  buckle  or  large  clasp. 
Their  drawers  are  made  of  linen,  and  descend  to 
the  lower  part  of  the  leg.  They  wear  a  kind  of 
red  cap  on  the  head ;  and  sometimes  they  wear 
slippers,  after  the  manner  of  tiie  Turks,  but  are 
generally  in  half  boots  that  they  may  be  ready  to 
get  on  horseback.  Winter  and  summer  they  wear 
a  large  cloak,  striped  black  and  white,  made  of 
the  hair  of  goats  or  some  other  animal.  Their 
emirs  dress  in  the  same  manner,  except  that  their 
cloaks  are  for  tlie  most  part  all  black.  The 
Arabs  in  the  deserts  live  in  tents,  and  remove 
from  place  to  place,  partly  for  the  sake  of  pasture, 
and  partly  to  lie  in  wait  for  the  caravans.  The 
famous  Mihomet  was  a  native  of  this  country  ; 
and  his  followers,  soon  after  his  death,  conquered 
a  great  part  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  Europe,  establish- 
ing their  religion  wherever  they  came.  The  in- 
terior of  this  vast  territory  is  very  little  known, 
but  it  seems  nearly  destitute  of  water,  as  but  very 
few  rivers  are  found  round  its  coast  for  near  2,500 
miles.  Medina,  Mecca,  and  Moka,  all  on  the 
coast  of  tlie  Red  Sea,  are  the  chief  towns. 

Arucan,  or  Heccun,  a  maritime  and  fertile  coun- 
try of  Asia,  on  the  east  coast  of  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal, bounded  on  the  east  by  Birmah.  The  rainy 
season  continues  from  April  to  October,  and  the 
rest  of  the  year  is  called  summer.  The  inhabitants 
are  idolaters.  The  women  are  tolerably  fair,  but 
the  longest  ears  are  reckoned  the  most  beautiful, 
and  in  these  tliey  wear  many  rings.  They  are  a 
dastardly  race  of  people,  and  have  only  courage  to 
attack  defenceless  merchants  and  boatmen.  There 
are  such  numbers  of  elephants,  buffaloes,  and 
tigers,  that  but  few  places  are  inhabited,  on  ac- 


count of  the  ravages  made  by  these  aniinalc. 
The  chief  productions  of  commerce,  are  salt,  ele- 
phants' teeth,  bees'  wax,  and  rice ;  but  its  trade 
was  never  very  considerable.  Aracan  was  lone 
an  independent  nation,  governed  by  a  king;  but 
it  was  subdued  by  tlie  Birmans  in  17d3,  and  is 
now  a  province  of  that  empire. 

Aracan,  the  capital  of  the  country  of  the  same 
name,  with  an  extensive  fort.  It  is  situate  at  the 
bead  of  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  which  forms  one  of 
the  finest  and  most  capacious  harbours  for  ship- 
ping  in  the  world.  The  river  Aracan  rons  through 
the  city,  and  waters  the  streets  by  means  of  seve- 
ral arms  or  canals,  into  which  it  is  divided.  The 
inhabitants  are  about  100,000.  It  was  taken  by 
the  Birmans  in  1783.  It  is  260  m.  S.  S.  £.  of 
Islamabad,  and  230  W.  S.  W.  of  Ava.  Long.  93. 
10.  E.  lat.  20.  38.  N. 

Arad.  an  interior  coTiBty  of  Upper  Hongary, 
population  about  155,000.  There  are  two  towns 
of  the  same  name,  the  Old,  which  is  the  capital 
of  the  county,  on  the  nortij,  and  the  I^ew  town 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Marosch  river.  The  old 
town  is  a  great  mart  for  cattle,  and  is  aboat24  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Temeswar. 

Arafat,  or  Gelel  Orphat,  a  mountain  of  Arabia, 
about  150  ft.  in  height,  1.5  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  JSIecca. 
Its  name  implies  the  Mountain  of  Kttoirledge, 
and  as  such  is  an  object  of  adoration  with  the 
devotees  of  Mahomet;  in  1S07,  upward  of  80,000 
pilgrims,  including  45,000  mounted  Wahabees, 
were  assembled  about  it. 

AragMayu,  a  river  of  South  America,  which 
rises  in  the  lat.  of  about  19.  S.  near  to  tJH»  Parana, 
which  runs  from  north  to  south,  whilst  the  Ara- 
guaya runs  through  the  heart  of  Brazil  from  south 
to  nortli,  to  the  lat.  of  about  7.  S.  where  it  is  join- 
ed by  tlje  Tocantins,  and  about  5  de^.  further  it 
diverges  into  two  branches,  one  falling  into  the 
Amazon,  and  the  other  forming  a  separate  chan- 
nel into  the  Atlantic,  called  Para,  in  tlie  lat.  ct 
0.  20.  S.  and  48.  20.  W.  long. 

Aral,  a  lake  of  Independent  Tartary,  120  miles 
east  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is  200  miles  in  length, 
and  in  some  places  70  in  breadth,  i^tersecled  by 
the  lines  of  45.  iS.lat.  and  GO.  W.  long.  The 
water  is  salt,  and  there  are  many  small  saline 
lakes  in  tlie  vicinity,  but  it  has  no  visible  commu- 
nication with  the  sea.  9- 

Arajijuez,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
with  broad  streets  intersecting  each  other  at  right 
angles.  The  great  square  is  surrounded  by  porti- 
coes, and  has  a  fountain  tliat  supplies  the  town 
with  water.  Here  are  three  churches,  and  a  thea- 
tre for  bull-fights ;  but  the  glory  of  Aranjuez  is 
the  royal  palace  and  gardens,  situate  on  an  island 
formed  by  the  Tagus.  the  Xarama,  and  a  canal. 
This  palace  justly  ranks  among  the  finest  and 
most  agreeable  residences  in  Europe  ;  it  was  in  it 
the  supreme  junta  of  government  of  the  king- 
dom, on  the  declaration  in  favour  of  Ferdinand 
VII.  were  installed,  and  held  ilx-'iT  first  meeting, 
Sept.  25th,  1808.  Aranjuez  is  seated  on  the  Tajo, 
20  m.  S.  of  Madrid. 

Ararat,  a  mountain  of  .\rmenia,  distinguished 
in  Mosaic  history.  See  Gen.  viii.  4.  Its  height 
is  about  9,500  ft.  above    the  level  of  the  sea. 

Ararat,  a  mountain  in  N.  Carolina,  10  ni  from 
Bethany  in  Stokes  Co. 

Arassi,  a  maritime  town  of  the  territory  of  Ge 
noa,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Albenga. 

Aran,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Lower  Argo,  canton  of  Berne, 
with  manufactures  of  cotton,  printed  hnen,  and 


ARC 


48 


ARD 


cotlery.  A  treaty  between  the  protestant  and 
catliolic  cantons  was  concluded  here  in  1712.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Aar,  27  m.  W.  of  Zurich. 

Jiravco,  a  district  extending  from  the  42nd  to 
the  37th  deg.  of  S.  lat.  on  the  shore  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Andes,  and  ia 
considered  as  belonging  to  Chile,  but  it  is  inhabi- 
ted almost  exclusively  by  natives,  who  have  not 
only  successfully  resisted  every  attempt  of  the 
Spaniards  to  become  masters  of  the  country,  but 
frequently  made  incursions  into  their  territory. 
The  district  contains  both  gold  and  silver,  is  wa- 
tered by  several  streams,  is  very  fertile,  and 
the  climate  is  delightful.  The  Spaniards  con- 
structed a  fort  about  40  m.  S.  of  Concepcion,  (na- 
med after  the  district)  as  a  defence  against  the 
incursions  of  the  Araucans. 

Araxes,  or  Aras,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  rises  in 
Georgia,  flows  S.  E.  across  Armenia,  and  joins 
the  Kur,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Caspian  Sea. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  river,  and  is  supposed  to  be  the 
Gihon  mentioned  by  Moses. 

Arbc,  an  island  30  m.  in  circumference,  on  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  from  which  it  is  5  m.  distant. 
The  soil  is  rich,  but  the  inhabitants  are  indolent. 
It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name.  Lonff.  14.  55. 
E.  lat.  45.  5.  N. 

A)  berg,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Berne,  on  an  island  formed  by  two  branches 
of  the  Aar.     It  is  10  miles  W.  by  N.  of  Berne. 

Ariel,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Curdistan, 
ancient  Arbcla,  near  which  Alexander  defeated 
Darius.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  cas- 
tle, and  in  the  vicinity  are  napt.ha  pits.  It  is 
seated  in  an  extensive  plain  36  m.  N.  of  Altunku- 
pri.  and  50  E.  of  Mosul. 

Arhela,  p. v.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  45  m.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

Arhois,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  famous  for  its  white  wines.  It  is  22  m.  S. 
W.  of  Besaruion. 

Arhosra,  a  town  of  Sweden,  Westmanland, 
seated  on  the  Ulvison,  by  which  river,  and  a  ca- 
nal, it  has  a  communication  with  the  lakes  Hiel- 
mar  and  Maelar.     It  is  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Orebro. 

Arhon,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  situate  on  a 
point  of  land  jutting  into  the  lake  of  Constance, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Constance. 

Arbroath.     See  Aberbrothwich. 

Arburg,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Berne,  with  a  citadel  on  a  rock,  seated  on  the 
Aar,  opposite  Olten,  12  m.  E.  of  Soleure. 

Arcadia,  a  division  of  Modern  Greece,  in  the 
central  part  of  the  Morea. 

Arcadia,  a  town  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Morea, 
near  the  gulf  of  its  name,  W.  of  the  above  district, 
22  m.  north  of  Navarino.  Long.  21.  42.  E.  lat.  37. 
24.  N. 

Archangel ,  a  large  province  of  Russia,  boun- 
ded on  the  north  by  the  Arctic  Ocean.  It  is  di- 
vided into  eight  circles:  viz.  Archanwel,  Chen- 
courisk,  Chohnegar,  Kem,  Kola,  Meson,  Onega, 
and  Senega.  It  is  a  very  dreary  district,  especial- 
ly the  eastern  part ;  it  supplies  some  fir  timber 
and  deals,  and  contains  many  wild  animals,  which 
are  slaughtered  for  their  fat ;  and  tallow  and  bris- 
tles form  great  articles  of  export. 

Archangel,  or  St.  Michael,  the  chief  town  of 
the  above  province,  is  situate  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Dwina  River,  a  short  distance  above  its  en- 
trance into  a  bay  of  the  White  Sea,  in  N.  lat.  64. 
34.  E.  long.  38.  59.  It  was  for  many  years  the 
principal  sea-port  of  Russia,  and  was  first  resort- 
ed  to  by    the    English   in   1553,   and   although 


greatly  declined  in  importance  since  the  buildinsf 
of  St.  Petersburg,  it  still  exports  considerable 
quantities  of  tallow,  deals,  and  some  bristles  ;  but 
as  it  is  only  attained  by  the  dreary  coast  of  Nor 
way,  and  the  North  Cape,  in  lat.  '71.  10.,  it  is  ac- 
cessible only  a  few  months  in  the  year,  in  July, 
August,  and  September,  during  which  short  peri- 
od it  is  resorted  to  by  60  or  70  sail  of  vessels  an- 
nually, principally  English.  It  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  fire  in  1793,  but  has  since  been  rebuilt 
with  neatness,  principally  of  wood,  the  severity 
of  the  winter  being  counteracted  by  stoves.  Pop. 
about  7,000,  who  have  about  a  dozen  churches, 
one  Lutheran,  one  Calvinist,  and  the  others 
Greek.  Archangel  is  about  400  m.  N.  E.  of  St 
Petersburg. 

Archer,  t,  Harrison  Co.  Ohio. 

Archipelago,  is  a  term  applied  to  a  cluster  or 
group  of  islands,  hence  the  Grecian,  Eastern, 
Northern,  &c.  &.c.;  but  the  most  celebrated  group 
is  the  Grecian,  at  the  head  of  the  Mediterranean 
sea,  having  Romania  on  the  north,  Natolia  on  the 
east,  the  isle  of  Candia  on  the  south,  Macedonia, 
Livadia,  and  the  Morea  on  the  west.  It  is  partly 
in  Europe,  and  partly  in  Asia,  containing  the  isl 
ands  of  Rhodes,  Negropont,  Lemnos,  Tencdos, 
Scyros,  Mytilene,  Scio,  Samos,  Patnios,  Pares, 
Antiparos,  Cerigo,  Santorini,  Andros,  Tina,Nax- 
ia,  Milo,  Delos,  Argentiera,  and  many  others. 

Archipelago,  JVorthf.rn,  a  part  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  having  the  peninsula  of  Kamschatka  on 
the  west,  and  the  coast  of  America  on  the  east. 
It  includes  a  number  of  islands,  among  which  are 
four  principal  groups.  The  first,  called  Sasignan, 
contains  five  islands  ;  the  second,  called  Khoa, 
includes  eight  islands ;  and  both  these  groups  to- 
gether are  styled  the  Aleutian  Islands.  The 
third  group  is  called  the  AnpreofTski  Ostrova,  and 
comprises  16  islands.  The  fourth  group  is  the 
Lissie  Ostrova  or  the  Fox  Islands,  16  in  number. 
They  all  belong  to  Russia,  and  are  valuable  chiefly 
for  the  skins  of  animals  found  there,  particularly 
the  sea-otter.     See  Fox  Islands. 

Arcis-svr-Aubc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  seated  on  the  river  Aube,  15  m. 
north  of  Troyes. 

Area,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol, 
taken  by  the  French  in  1703,  and  abandoned  soon 
after.  It  stands  on  the  Sarca,  near  the  head  of 
the  lake^Garda,  and  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Trent. 

Arcos,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated  on 
a  craggy  rock,  on  the  river  Guadalete,  23  m.  N. 
E.  of  Cadiz.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  vicar  gen- 
eral of  the  metropolitan  church  of  Seville.  There 
are  several  other  towns  of  the  same  name  in  Spain 
and  Portugal. 

Arcot,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the  Car 
natic,  which  became  subject  to  the  English  East 
India  Company  in  1801.  The  citadel  is  largt_ 
and  esteemed  a  place  of  some  strength  ;  but  the 
nabob  often  resides  at  Madras.  In  the  vicinity 
are  several  celebrated  temples,  visited  by  niiiner 
ous  pilgrims.  Arcot  has  a  manufacture  of  coarse 
cotton  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  south  bnnk  of  . 
the  Paliar,  66  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Madras,  and  ISO  E. 
by  N.  of  Seringapatam.  Long.  79.  24.  E.  lat.  12. 
51.  N. 

Ardagh,  the  name  of  a  barony  in  the  county  of 
Longford,  Ireland,  containing  9  parishes,  and  the 
towns  of  Longford  and  Edgworthstoun  ;  a  parish  of 
the  same  name,  in  1822,  contained  a  population 
of  4,962,  and  which,  united  with  Kilmore  gives 
name  to  a  bishopric,  but  there  is  neither  cathedral 
nor  episcopal  residence   in   Ardagh.     There  ar« 


ARE 


4» 


▲RG 


four  other  parishes  of  the  same  name  in  different 
parts  of  Ireland:  viz.  1st  in  Meath,  pop.  1,074; 
'ind  in  Cork,  pop.  2,344 ;  3rd  in  Limerick,  pop. 
1,850;  and  4th  in  Mayo,  pop.  1,556.  There  are 
40  other  parishes  in  different  parts  of  Ireland  be- 
ginning with  ^rd. 

Ardcidl,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Aderbeitzan,  the 
rtisidence  and  burial-place  of  many  kings,  partic- 
ularly of  Sheik  Sessi,  the  founder  of  the  Persian 
sect.  Pilgrims  resort  to  this  place  from  all  parts 
of  Persia ;  and  caravans  are  frequently  passing  to 
and  from  Constantinople  and  Smyrna.  It  is  35 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Tauris.  Long.  47.  10.  E.  lat.  38. 
20.  N. 

Ardeche,  a  department  of  France,  including  the 
late  territory  of  Vivarez.  It  takes  its  name  from 
a  river,  which  flows  into  the  Rhone,  at  the  south 
extremity  of  the  department.  Privas  is  the  capi- 
a1.     Pop.  about  285,000. 

Ardec,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Louth.  Here  is  a  large  mount,  apparently  artifi- 
Mal :  some  suppose  it  to  have  been  a  burial  place 
jf  the  Irish  kings ;  oUiers,  that  it  was  a  place 
where  the  people  assembled  to  deliberate  on  pub- 
lic affairs.  It  is  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Drogheda.  Pop. 
of  the  town  3,583,  and  the  parish  1,773  more. 

Ardennes,  a  department  of  France,  containing 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Champagne.  It  is  so 
named  from  a  famous  forest,  lying  on  the  river 
Meuse.  The  principal  town  is  Sedan.  Pop.  about 
350,000. 

Ardfert,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kerry,  and  a  bishop's  see  united  with  Aghadoe 
to  Limerick.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
county,  but  is  now  a  poor  place,  with  extensive 
ruins.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  which  runs  into 
Tralee  bay,  7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Tralee.  Pop. 
of  the  town  C29 ;  of  the  commons  283 ;  and  of  the 
whole  parish  2,481. 

Ardmore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Waterford,  on  a  cape  and  bay  of  its  name,  10  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Dungarvon.  Pop.  of  the  town  403, 
and  of  the  parish  2,761. 

Aidia,  a  small  kingdom  of  Guinea,  on  the  Slave 
coast,  at  the  bottom  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Thomas. 
The  country  is  fertile  in  maize,  palm  wine,  plants 
and  fruits,  which  last  all  the  year ;  and  it  pro- 
duces  a  great  deal  of  salt.  It  has  a  t6  'n  of  the 
same  name.     Long.  3.  5.  E.  lat.  6.  0.  N. 

Ardrcs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Pas  de  Calais.  On  an  open  plain  between  the 
town  and  Guisnes,  was  the  celebrated  interview 
between  Francis  I.  of  Fiance,  and  Henry  VIII. 
of  England,  in  1520.  It  is  10  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Calais. 

Areca,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Persia,  3  m. 
S.  W.  ofOrmus.  The  Dutch  attempted  toestab- 
li-^h  a  factory,  and  built  a  fort  here,  but  were  ex- 
pelled by  the  Persians. 

Arckcn,  a  sea-port  of  Abyssinia. 

Arcnsbora,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  duchy  of  Westphalia.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Roer,  22  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Ham,  and  03  N.  E.  of  Cologne.  Long.  8.  10.  E. 
lat  51. 23.  N.  s,  s 

Arenshur^,  a  sea-port  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Riga,  capital  of  the  isle  of  OseT,  and  a 
bishop's  see.     Long.  25.  40.  E.  lat.  58.  15.  N. 

Arensharde,  a  district  in  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick,  containing  the  greatest  part  of  the 
famous  rampart  built  by  king  Gotric,  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  9th  century,  as  a  defence  against 
the  irruptions  of  the  Saxons.  It  extends  across 
the  country,  about  9  m.  in  length. 


Arequipa,  an  episcopal  town  of  Peru,  founded 
by  Pizarro,  in  1539.  Near  it  is  a  volcano.  It  has 
been  four  times  laid  in  ruins  by  earthquakes.  It 
stands  in  a  fertile  country,  a  few  miles  south  of  a 
small  lake,  which  is  the  source  of  the  Apurimao 
branch  of  the  Amazon  River ;  240  m.  S.  of  Cuzco, 
and  460  S.  E.  of  Lima.  Long.  72.  30.  W.  lat.  16 
40.  S. 

Arezzo,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Fiorentino. 
Guy  Aretin,  a  Benedictine  monk,  inventor  of  the 
musical  notes,  ut,  re,  &c.  was  born  here  ;  also  the 
celebrated  Francis  Petrarch,  and  Mecffinas.  It 
stands  on  a  hill,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Chianno 
and  Arno,  15  m.  west  of  Citta  di  Castello. 

Argau,  or  Lower  Argoio,  a  canton  of  Switzer- 
land, formerly  the  north  part  of  the  canton  of 
Berne,  lying  to  the  west  of  that  of  Zurich.  Arau 
is  the  capital. 

Argcnccs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  on  the  river  Menace,  10  m.  E.  of 
Caen. 

Argentan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  which  has  a  considerable  trade  in  lace. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  in  the  middle  of  a 
fertile  plain,  on  the  banks  of  the  Orne,  12  m.  N. 
W.  of  Seez,  and  110  W.  of  Paris. 

Argenteuil,  a  town  of  France,  on  the  river 
Seine,  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris.  It  has  a  fine  vine- 
yard, and  in  the  environs  are  quarries  of  the  plas- 
ter of  Paris. 

Argentiera,  a  barren  island  of  the  Archipelago, 
so  called  from  the  silver  mines  in  it.  There  is 
but  one  village,  and  it  has  no  water  but  what  is 
kept  in  cisterns.     Long.  23.  10.  E.  lat.  30.  50.  N. 

Argentan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river 
Creuse.     It  is  37  m.  S.  W.  of  Bourges. 

Argolis,  one  of  the  divisions  of  Modern  Greece 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Morea  or  Peloponnesus, 
established  since  the  recent  independence  of  that 
country. 

Argos,  a  seaport  of  Modern  Greece,  in  the  pre- 
ceding district,  25  m.  S.  of  Corinth.  Long.  23. 
5.  E.  lat.  37.  30.  N. 

ArgostoH,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cefalonia, 
with  a  fortress  and  the  best  harbour  in  the  island. 
It  is  8  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cefalonia. 

Argue'd,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Rouen. 

Arguin,  an  island  and  fort  on  the  coast  of  Za- 
hara,  30  m.  S.  E.  of' Cape  Blanco.  It  was  takea 
by  tlie  Dutch  from  the  Portuguese,  in  1037 ;  af- 
terward the  French  took  it  from  the  Dutch. 
Long.  17.  5.  W.  lat.  20.  30.  N. 
.  Argun,  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Saghalien. 

Argwiskoi,  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Chinese  Tartary.  There  are  mines  of 
silver  and  lead  near  it,  and  a  pearl  fishery  in  the 
river  Argun,  on  the  west  bank  of  which  the  town 
is  situate.  It  is  70  m.  S.  E.  of  Nertchinsk.  Long. 
118.  E.  lat.  52.  30.  N. 

Argyle,  t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.     Pop.  320. 

Argyle,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  46  m.  N 
Albany.     Pop.  3,459. 

Argyleshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Invernesshire,  east  by  the  counties 
of  Perth  and  Dumbarton,  and  south  and  west 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  by  which  it  is  broken 
into  islands  and  peninsulas.  It  is  110  miles  long 
from  the  Mull  of  Cantyre  to  its  N.  E.  extremity; 
its  breadth  is  very  unequal,  about  40  miles  where 
greatest.  To  the  N.  W.  is  a  peninsula,  nearly  de- 
tached from  the  rest  of  the  county  :  it  contains 
the  districts  of  Ardnamureham,  Morven,  Sunart, 


ARK 


50 


ARK 


and  Ardgowar.  The  peninsulas  of  Cantyre  and 
Cowal  are  likewise  very  large.  The  chief  islands, 
attached  to  this  county,  are  Mull,  Islay,  Jura, 
Tirey,  and  Col.  The  soil  of  Argyleshire,  in  the 
high  grounds,  though  little  fitted  for  cultivation, 
affords  excellent  pasture.  Some  parts  are  covered 
with  heath,  and  others  exhibit  rugged  and  bare 
rocks.  The  sides  of  the  hills  and  lakes  are  in- 
terspersed with  woods ;  and  there  are  rich  mines 
of  copper,  iron,  and  lead.  The  mountainous  parts 
abound  with  deer  and  the  heaths  with  grouse.  The 
chief  town  is  Inverary. 

Arica,  a  seaport  at  the  south  extremity  of  Peru. 
It  is  but  badly  fortified,  and  has  been  much  injur- 
ed by  earthquakes.  Here  the  treasure  brought 
from  Potosi  is  shipped  ;  and  there  are  many  farms 
employed  in  the  cultivation  of  Guinea  pepper,  in 
which  it  has  a  great  trade.  It  is  550  m.  S.  E.  of 
Lima.     Long.  70.  25.  W.  lat.  18.  27.  S. 

Arienzo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
14  m.  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

Arindal,  a  town  of  Norway  in  the  government 
of  Bergen,  noted  for  the  productive  iron  mines  in 
its  vicinity.  It  is  seated  near  the  sea,  10  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Christiansand. 

Jlrisck,  or  El  Arisch,  a  town  and  fort  of  Egypt, 
on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  which  it  gives 
name.  The  French  became  masters  of  it  in  1799 ; 
but  it  was  retaken  by  the  Turks  and  English  at 
the  end  of  the  year.  In  ISUO,  the  Turks  and 
French  signed  a  convention  here,  by  which  the 
troops  of  the  latter  were  to  evacuate  Egypt ;  but 
the  English  admiral  refused  to  ratify  the  capitu- 
lation. Arisch  stands  on  the  confines  of  Arabia 
and  Palestine,  36  m.  S.  W.  of  Gaza,  and  120  N. 
E.  of  Suez,  in  N.  lat.  31.  8.  E.  long.  34.  3. 

AHspe,  the  chief  town  of  the  extensive  district 
ofSonora,  Mexico.  Arispe  it  situate  r>t  the  foot 
of  the  Cordilleras,  near  the  source  of  the  Hia,  or 
Yaqui  river,  in  the  lat.  of  about  31.  N.  and  109. 
W.  long. 

Arkansas,  a  territory  of  the  U.  S.  formed  from 
a  part  of  the  Missouri  territory  in  1819.  It  lies 
between  33.  and  36.  30.  of  N.  lat.  and  between 
90.  and  100.  W.  lon^.  Bounded  N.  by  the  state 
of  Missouri,  E.  by  the  river  Mississippi,  separat- 
ing it  from  Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  S.  by  Lou- 
isiana, and  W.  by  the  Mexican  and  Missouri  ter- 
ritories. Containing  above  .500,000  sq.  m.,  and  a 
population  of  30,383,  of  which  4, .578  are  slaves. 
The  limits  of  this  region  are  strongly  defined  by 
physical  and  geographical  lines.  These  lines  are 
for  the  most  part  large  rivers  and  the  ocean  of 
prairies  beyond.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Missis- 
sippi, Arkansas,  White,  Washita  and  Red  rivers. 
The  western  part  is  traversed  by  the  Ozrak  and 
Masserne  Mountains. 

For  some  distance  up  the  waters  of  Arkansas 
and  White  rivers,  the  country  is  an  extensive, 
heavily  timbered  and  deeply  inundated  swamp. 
Near  the  St.  Francis  hills  and  at  Point  Chico,  the 
eastern  front  along  the  Mississippi  is  above  the 
overflow.  The  remainder  of  the  eastern  line  is  a 
continued  and  monotonous  flooded  forest.  It  has 
large  and  level  prairie  plains.  It  possesses  a  great 
extent  of  rocky  and  sterile  ridges,  and  no  inconsid- 
erable surface  covered  with  mountains.  Perhaps 
no  section  of  our  coimtry  is  more  diversified,  in  re- 
gard to  its  surface.  Its  northern  line  is  inter- 
sected by  a  range  of  hills,  which  are  commonly 
denominated  the  '  olack  mountains,'  a  line  of 
elevations  running  from  Black  river  to  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  tb  ?  territory,  and  separating  be- 
tween the  waters  of  Wliite  river  and  Arkansas. — 


There  are  ranges  of  hills,  that  have  the  name  of 
mountains,  which  separate  the  waters  of  Ar- 
kansas from  those  of  Washita.  Near  the  Hot 
springs,  tliese  ridges  mount  up  into  efevated 
peaks,  which  in  the  eye  of  a  visitor  at  the  springs, 
from  the  level  country  of  Louisiana,  have  the  as- 
pect of  lofty  mountains.  At  the  south-western 
extremity  of  the  territory,  there  are  three  parallel 
ranges  of  hills,  that  divide  the  waters  of  Red  riv- 
er from  those  of  Washita.  There  are,  also,  many 
detached  hills,  and  flint  knobs.  On  some  of  these 
is  found  the  whortleberry  '■taccinmrn'  of  the  north, 
in  great  perfection  and  abundance.  These  hills 
exliibit  red  cedars  and  savins,  such  as  grow  on 
hills  of  a  similar  appearance  on  the  Atlantic  shore. 
In  the  central  parts  of  the  territory,  and  intermedi- 
ate between  Arkansas  and  Washita  rivers,  on  the 
waters  of  the  latter  is  that  singular  detached  el- 
evation, called  '  Mount  Prairie.'  On  the  waters 
of  White  river  and  St.  Francis,  the  country  gene- 
rally is  rolling.  But,  take  the  extent  of  the  terri- 
tory together,  it  is  either  very  level  or  very  hilly. 
In  some  places,  the  hills  rise  at  once  from  level 
prairies  and  plains.  A  very  considerable  portion 
of  the  country  is  broken  land,  and  unfit  for  culti- 
vation. A  great  part  of  the  '  barrens'  of  this  state 
are  what  their  name  imports.  There  are  four  con- 
siderable detached  bodies  of  good  upland.  Bue 
it  may  be  assumed  as  a  general  fact,  that  the  high 
prairies  and  timbered  lands  are  sterile.  That  part 
of  the  course  of  the  Washita,  which  runs  in  this 
territory,  has  narrow,  though  in  some  places  rich, 
bottoms.  Here  are  cane  brakes,  birch,  maple, 
holly,  and  muscadine  grape  vines.  The  tender 
soil  on  the  banks  is  often  torn  away  by  the  swee{>- 
ing  and  rapid  course  of  the  full  river.  Rugced 
hills,  covered  with  stinted  pines  and  cedars  come 
in  close  to  the  river ;  and  the  valley  is  so  deep, 
and  its  boundaries  so  abrupt,  that  the  sun  is  seen 
but  a  few  hours  in  a  day. 

There  is  a  large  tract  of  country,  on  the  upper 
waters  of  White  river,  which  has  sometimes  been 
denominated  New  Kentucky,  either  from  its  be- 
ing fertile,  rolling,  and  abundant  in  lime  stone 
sjjrings  ;  or  from  its  being  more  congenial  to  the 
staple  products  of  Kentucky,  than  the  country 
lower  down.  It  is  sheltered  on  the  north  by 
mountains.  The  fertile  tracts  are  valleys  embos- 
omed between  high  hills  ;  and  the  producticns  of 
the  north  and  the  south  for  the  most  part  succei^d 
in  this  soil.  It  has  one  great  inconvenience. 
The  streams,  that  run  among  its  precipitous  hills, 
receive  the  waters  of  the  powerful  sliowers  that 
occasionally  fall,  and  pour  these  waters  from  an 
hundred  shelving  declivities  into  the  streams. 
Thev  have  been  known  to  rise  forty  fret  in  per 
pendicular  height,  in  a  few  hours.  The  stanciinff 
corn  and  cotton  is  submerged  ;  and  the  hope  u) 
the  year  destroyed. 

Arkansas  is  the  northern  limit  of  the  cctton 
growing  country.  The  rich  lands  on  the  Arkansas 
produce  cotton  of  the  same  staple  and  luxuriance 
as  those  of  Red  river  ;  but,  having  a  season  some 
what  shorter,  it  cannot  ripen  so  well.  Neverthe 
less,  the  planters  here  assert,  that  even  here  they 
can  raise  more,  that  their  hands  can  '  pick  out,' 
as  the  phrase  is;  consequently  they  affirm,  that 
they  lose  nothing  by  the  shortness  of  their  sea rrn. 
Cotton  becomes  an  uncertain  crop  north  of  the 
river  St.  Francis.  As  we  ascend  the  Arkansas 
towards  the  high  table  prairies,  the  temperature 
diminishes  more  rapidly,  than  would  be  indicated 
by  the  latitude  ;  and  cotton  ceases  to  be  a  sure 
crop  a  little  beyond  34.  in  that  direction.     It  is  at 


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51 


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aresent  the  sxaple  article  of  cultivation.  The  rich 
lands  bring  fine  maize,  sweet  potatoes,  and  the 
veg-etables  generally  of  Mississippi  and  Louisiana. 
In  the  high  country  above  34.  wheat  does  well. 
Rye  and  barley  will  thrive  almost  in  any  parts  of 
the  country.  Mulberry  abounds  ;  and  on  the  ba- 
ses of  the  -precipitous  hills  of  White  river,  we 
should  suppose,  would  be  the  happiest  soil  and 
climate  for  the  vine.  Muscadine,  and  pine  wood's 
grapes  abound ;  as  do  pawpaws  and  persimons. 
^  ■  Figs  are  raised,  but  with  difficulty  ;  and  the  tree 
^  is  often  killed  to  the  ground  by  the  frost.  Peach- 
es are  raised  in  wreat  excellence  and  abundance. 
Apple  orchards  do  well  at  Mount  Prairie,  and  in 
the  open  and  high  lands  above  Peccan  Point  on 
Red  river ;  and  no  doubt,  will  thrive  in  all  the 
higher  and  more  northern  regions  of  this  territory. 
In  the  lower  and  more  settled  parts  of  it  they  have 
no  where  succeeded  well.  Chicka-saw  and  prairie 
plu;us  graw  wild  in  abundance  ,  and  the  woods 
and  prairies  abound  in  native  fruits  and  berries 

The  soil  is  of  all  qualities  from  the  best  to  the 
most  sterile.  The  settlement  of  Point  Chico,  on 
the  Mississippi,  has  a  soil  of  the  best  quality  ;  and 
is  noted  for  the  productiveness  of  its  cotton  plan- 
tations. The  bottoms  of  the  Arkansas  are  not 
generally  so  rich,  as  those  of  Red  river. — The 
oelt  of  cultivated  land  below  the  Post  of  Arkan- 
sas, called  '  the  coast,'  does,  indeed,  somewhat 
resemble  the  delightful  country  so  called  above 
New  Orleans  in  appearance.  The  resemblance 
ceases  here.  It  has  a  soil  of  but  moderate  rich- 
ness ;  and  needs  manuring  to  produce  large  cot- 
ton, or  maize.  To  one  emerging  from  the  inun- 
dated and  mephitic  swamps  below,  this  line  of 
open,  contiguous  plantations,  dotted  with  beauti- 
ful clumps  of  the  fine  trees  of  this  climate,  and 
French  habitations,  which  generally  liave  a 
very  picturesque  appearance,  this  tract,  called 
•  the  coasl,^  has  a  charming  appearance.  There  is 
a  great  extent  of  cotton  lands  of  the  first  quiility, 
in  the  country  along  the  river,  above  the  Post,  in 
the  '  Quawpaw  purchase.'  The  country,  five  or 
six  hundred  miles  up  the  Arkansas,  where  the 
American  garrison  used  to  be,  and  that,  where  it 
now  is,  and  the  country  where  the  Arkansas  mis- 
sion is  settled,  have  large  prairies  interspersed 
with  forest  bottoms,  and  great  tracts  of  excellent 
soil.  There  is  much  fine  country  in  this  territory 
above  Peccan  Point  on  Red  river.  Mount  Prairie, 
which  rises,  like  a  prodigious  Indian  mound,  from 
the  subjacent  plains,  may  be  reckoned  among  the 
striking  spectacles  of  the  country.  It  is  ten  or 
twelfe  miles  in  diameter  ;  and  is  situated  on  the 
W!ters  of  the  Washita.  It  has  a  soil  of  great  fer- 
tility, and  of  the  blackness  of  ink  ;  rather  expos- 
ed, however,  to  •  bake,'  as  the  phrase  is,  in  the 
hot  and  dry  weather.  They  obtain  water  from 
wells,  which  sure  obliged  to  be  dug  of  very  great 
depth. — In  the  whole  depth  vast  quantities  of  sea- 
shells  appear. — In  a  state  of  pulverization  they 
are  mixed  with  the  earth,  communicating  a  maw- 
kish and  unpleasant  taste  to  the  water,  and  very 
great  fertility  to  the  soil.  On  White  river  are 
some  of  the  finest  lands  and  the  healthiest  sites 
for  planters  in  this  country.  In  short  this  terri- 
tory possesses  great  bodies  of  the  best  soil .  There 
are  vast  tracts,  too,  of  precipitous  knobs,  sterile 
ridges,  sandy,  or  muddy  prairies,  and  miserable 
barrens.  The  country  on  the  Mississippi,  between 
White  river  and  the  St.  Francis,  is  in  many  places 
above  the  overflow,  and  of  the  highest  fertility. 
Wappanocka  bottom,  opposite  Memphis,  is  an  un- 
commonly high,  rich  and  extensive  bottom.     The 


soil  on  the  St.  Francis  is  very  fertile ;  and  is  cot 
ered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  beech,  generally  de- 
noting a  rich  soil ;  but  the  hills  are  so  precipitous, 
and  exposed  to  wash,  as  hardly  to  be  susceptible 
of  cultivation.  On  the  whole,  this  territory  has  a 
sufficiency  of  excellent  lands,  to  become  a  rich 
and  fMjpulous  state. — In  its  eastern  front,  and  near 
the  Mississippi  and  tlie  Arkansas,  it  is  exposed  to' 
excessive  annoyance  from  its  m}-Tiads  of  mos- 
clietoes. 

This  climate  is  a  compound  of  that  of  Missouri 
and  Louisiana.  Until  we  advance  200  miles  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  in  its  humidity  it  more  nearly 
resembles  the  latter.  The  season,  in  point  of  the 
forwardness  of  vegetation  in  the  spring,  is  also, 
much  more  like  that  of  Louisiana.  The  season  of 
planting  is  tliree  weeks  later  than  on  the  coast 
above  New  Orleans ;  and  is  more  than  that  in  ad- 
vance of  the  climate  of  Missouri. — The  distribu- 
tion of  rain  is  extremely  unequal.  There  are  oflen 
drenching  rains  andtliunder  every  day,  for  thirty- 
six  days  in  succession.  At  other  times,  tlie  weath- 
er is  as  remarkable,  for  long  droughts.  PLantin^ 
of  corn  commences  by  the  middle  of  March,  and 
cotton  by  the  first  of  April.  By  this  time  the  for- 
ests of  the  Arkansas  are  in  full  leaf;  and  the 
shores  of  no  river  show  a  deeper  tangle  of  vines 
near  the  soil,  and  of  nobler  forest  trees  above. 

The  shores  of  Arkansas,  as  far  up  as  Little  Rock, 
are  decidedly  unhealthy.  Great  tracts  on  all  sides 
are  covered  with  sleeping  lakes  and  stagnant  bay- 
ous. The  country  is  a  dead  level.  The  falling 
waters  of  the  rains  cannot  be  drained  ofi".  In  the 
commencement  of  summer  they  are  expKJsed  to 
the  intense  ardors  of  the  sun.  Sickness  is  the 
natural  result.  On  the  vast  prairie,  which  com- 
mences just  above  the  Post,  and  extends  ninety 
mile?  up  the  country,  it  is  more  healthy ;  and  there 
is  less  annoyance  from  the  moschetoes.  This  long 
a  weep  of  country  is  thoroughly  ventilated.  But 
the  air,  in  the  timbered  bottoms,  is  close,  and  un- 
elastic ;  and  the  moschetoes  are  excessively  trouble- 
some. There  is  but  too  often  an  abundant  visita- 
tion of  bilious  and  remittent  fevers  in  tlie  latter 
part  of  summer  and  the  first  of  autumn.  Farther 
up  the  country  and  on  the  open  prairies,  it  is  as 
healthy  as  in  any  other  country  in  the  same  cli- 
mate. It  is  a  very  absurd  idea,  that  a  country  of 
the  extensiveness  of  this  should  all  be  alike  sickly. 
In  this  territory  there  are  many  positions,  but  a 
few  miles  apart,  one  of  which  may  be  as  sickly  as 
tlie  shores  of  Surinam,  and  the  other  as  healthy, 
as  any  country  in  America. 

Among  the  curiosities  of  this  region  may  be 
mentioned  the  vast  masses  of  sea  shells,  tliat  are 
found  dispersed  over  diflTerent  tracts  of  the  coun- 
try. They  are  generally  found  in  points  remote 
from  limestone  ;  and  Ejiswer  a  valuable  purpose 
to  the  inhabitants,  who  collect,  and  burn  them  for 
lime.  Far  above  the  poJtical  limits  of  the  territo- 
ry, and  towards  the  sources  of  the  Arkansas,  is  the 
sublime  elevation,  which  we  hope  will  always  re- 
tain the  name  of  Pike's  mountain.  The  prairies 
are  bounded  in  that  direction  by  the  stupendous 
ridges  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  There  are  very 
considerable  mountains  near  the  Hot  Springs, 
which  see. 

The  Quawpaw  Indians  intermixed  with  many 
fugitive  Choctaws.  reside  on  the  Arkansas  not  far 
above  the  Post.  That  portion  of  the  Cherokee 
nation,  which  has  emigrated  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, has  its  chief  8<  Elements  on  the  Arkansas. 
Beyond  this  territory  <  s  White  river  are  congre- 
gated the  Shawnees    |id  Delawares,  that  have 


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52 


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emigrated  from  Ohio  and  Missouri.  Above  the 
Cherokecs,  on  the  Arkansas,  are  the  Osages  ;  and 
still  higher  are  the  Pawnees.     In  the  vast  waste 


of  prairies,  that  interpose  between  tliis  territory 
and  the  Rocky  mountains,  roam  different  tribes 
of  Indians,  among  which  are  often  seen,  Indians 
from  the  Mexican  country,  who  come  here  to  hunt 
the  bison.  These  animals  with  deer,  elk,  bears, 
and  wolves  are  abundant  in  this  region.  Herds  of 
wild  horses  are  seen  ranging  the  prairies  and  for- 
ests of  the  western  parts.  They  are  rather  small 
in  size  bu*.  very  fleet  and  hardy.  They  are  caught 
with  the  noose  or  entrapped  into  pens,  and  when 
taken  may  be  broke  to  the  saddle  or  harness. 


There  are  no  large  towns  in  this  territory  and 
the  settlements  are  scattered  about  in  isolated  and 
detached  situations,  generally  with  great  tracts  of 
wild  country  between  them.  Little  Rock,  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Arkansas,  is  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment. 

Arkansas,  a  great  river  running  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi, from  the  West,  through  the  centre  of  tJie 
Territory  of  Arkansas. 

The  extent  of  this  mighty  stream,  which  is  said 
to  meander  a  long  distance  in  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains, is  commonly  given  at  2,-500  m.  This  is  prob- 
ably an  extravagant  calculation.  Itisbelieved,that 
its  distance  from  the  point,  where  it  has  a  volume 
of  waters  to  entitle  it  to  the  name  of  river,to  its  en- 
trance into  the  Mississippi,  measuring  its  curves, 
IB  about  2,000  miles.  In  summer  it  pours  a  broad 
and  deep  stream  from  the  m.ountains  upon  the 
arid,  bare,  and  sandy  plains.  The  sand  and  the 
dry  surrounding  atmosphere  so  drink  up  the  wa- 
ter, that  in  the  dry  seaso^j  it  may  be  crossed,  many 
hundred  miles  below  the  mountains,  without  wa- 
ding as  high  as  the  knees.  The  tributary  streams 
are  far  from  being  so  well  known,  as  to  render 
them  susceptible  of  an  accurate  description.  Some 
of  them  are  remarkable  for  being  impregnated 
with  salt  to  such  a  degree,  that  we  have  tasted 
the  waters  of  the  main  river  so  salt,  as  to  be  un- 
potable.     The    whole    alluvial    earth   along   the 


banks  is  so  strongly  impregnated  with  salt,  tha 
the  cattle  sometimes  kill  themselves  by  eating  it 
For  a  distance  of  many  hundred  miles  from  its 
mouth,  it  receives  no  tributaries  of  any  consider- 
able length,  owing  to  the  configuration  of  the 
country  through  which  it  passes,and  to  the  vicinity 
of  Red  river  and  Washita  on  one  side,  and  the 
Yellow  Stone,  Kansas,  and  Osage  on  the  other. 
When  it  has  arrived  within  four  hundred  miles 
of  the  Mississippi,  it  begins  to  assume  the  charac- 
ter of  Red  river,  in  the  numbers  of  its  bayous  and 
lakes.  The  belt  of  hi<jh  land,  between  the  river  and 
the  cypress  swamps,  is  by  no  means  so  wide,  as  that 
on  the  other  river.  The  alluvial  soil  is  of  t\ir 
same  colour  and  qualities,  though  it  is  notgener 
ally  so  fertile.  It  has  a  broader  channel,  and  gene- 
rally a  narrower  valley.  We  believe,  that  itdocb 
not  carry  so  much  water ;  and  the  rapidity  ol 
its  ordinary  current  is  less.  When  it  is  full,  its 
waters  have  a  still  deeper  colour.  Its  curves,  that 
is  to  say,  its  points  and  bends  are  broader  and 
deeper.  It  surpasses  the  Mississippi,  or  any  riVer 
of  the  west  in  the  perfect  regularity  of  these,  and 
in  the  uniformity  and  beauty  of  the  young  cotton 
wood  groves,  that  spring  up  on  the  convex  sand 
bars.  In  otlier  respects,  it  has  a  surprising  re- 
semblance to  Red  river.  The  Arkansas  has  de- 
cidedly the  advantage  in  the  extent  of  its  naviga- 
tion. In  the  spring  floods,  steam-boats  can  as- 
cend it  nearly  to  the  mountains.  The  first  thirty 
or  forty  miles  of  its  course,  is  through  a  heavy, 
inundated  forest,  with  very  little  land  sufficiently 
above  the  floods,  to  admit  of  cultivation.  Forty  or 
fitly  miles  by  the  course  of  the  river  above  the 
Post,  bluffs,  crowned  with  pine, come  into  the  river. 
Between  that  distance  and  the  Post,  only  a  narrow 
belt  along  the  river  is  above  the  overflow ;  and  even 
through  this  belt  the  river  has  torn  great  numbers  of 
crevasses,  through  which  in  high  floods  its  waters 
escape  into  the  swamps.  Directly  beyond  these 
belts  are  gum  trees,  and  other  vegetation  denoting 
swampy  soil.  Beyond  these  are  vast  cypress 
swamps  ;  and  in  all  its  course  from  the  bluffs  to 
the  mouth,  like  Red  river,  it  hns  its  net-work 
checquering  of  bayous  and  lakes.  The  lakes,  on 
the  subsidence  of  the  river,  are  covered  with  vast 
leaves  of  the  J^'ymphca  A'elvmho.  The  bayous, 
when  filled  with  the  river  waters,  have  the  same 
curves  as  the  river  :  and  while  the  river  is  full, 
the  same  colour;  and,  until  we  observe  their  want 
of  current,  might  easily  be,  as  they  have  a  thous- 
and times  been,  mistaken  for  the  river  itself. 

Arklow,  a  barony  containing  13  parislies,  and 
the  towns  of  Arklow,  and  part  of  Wicklow,  in 
the  county  of  Wicklow,  Ireland.  The  town  of 
Arklow  is  situate  on  the  shore  of  St.  George's 
channel,  about  13  m.  S.  of  Wicklow,  and  contain- 
ed a  population  of  3,808  in  1S21,  and  the  parish 
2,418  more. 

Aries,  an  ancient  city  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  lately  an  archiepis 
copal  see.  It  was  the  chief  city  of  ancient  Gaul 
during  the  reign  of  Constantine,  and  Boson  made 
it  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy.  The 
country  around  produces  good  wine,  vermilion, 
manna,  oil,  and  fruits.  There  are  a  great  number 
of  antiquities,  of  which  the  amphitheatre  and 
obelisk  are  the  most  remarkable.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Rhone,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Nismes.  Long.  5.  37. 
E.  lat.  43.  40.  N. 

Arlington,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  40  m.  from 
Troy,  Saratoga  Springs,  Whitehall  and  Rutland 
Pop.  1,207.  It  has  quarries  of  marble  and  lime 
stone,  and  a  mineral  spring. 


ARM 


53 


ARR 


Armagh,  an  interior  county  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Ireland,  32  in.  l')rig  and  19  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Down,  W.  by  Tyrone  and  Monaghan,  N.  by 
Lough  Neagh  and  S.  by  Louth.  It  contains  20  par- 
ishes, and  sends  three  mem'iers  to  parliament. 
The  soil  is  reckoned  the  richest  in  Ireland;  but  a 
tract  called  the  Fewes  is  hilly  and  barren,  and  there 
are  also  some  considerable  bogs.  Some  good  mar- 
ble is  found  in  this  country  ;  and  the  linen  man- 
ufacture flourishes  in  all  its  branches.  It  has  no 
river  of  consequence  but  the  Blackwater,  which 
separates  it  from  Tyrone. 
*  Armairk,  a  populous  parish  and  city  of  Ireland, 

the  capital  of  the  county  of  its  name,  and  the  see 
of  an  archbishop,  who  is  primate  of  all  Ireland. 
It  has  one  of  the  best  linen  markets  in  Ulster,  and 
manv  bleaching  grounds  in  its  vicinity.  It  is 
seated  near  the  river  Kalin,  45  m.  S.  E.  of  Lon- 
donderry, and  62.  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin.  Long. 
7.  G.  VV.  lat.  54.  20.  N.  Pop.  of  the  city  in  lci2l, 
8,493,  and  the  parish  22,650  more. 

Armagh,  p. v.  Indiana  Co.  Pa.  160  m.  W.  Har- 
risburg. 
Annagnac,  a  late  province  of  France,  in  Gui- 
.  enne,  55  m.  long  and  40  broad.  It  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  wine,  and  has  a  trade  in  brandy  and 
wool.  This  province,  with  Gascony,  now  forms 
the  department  of  Gers. 

Armenia,  a  country  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  border- 
ing on  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  Black  Sea, 
and  extending  eastward  into  Persia ;  it  lies  be- 
tween the  Sslh  and  45th  deg.  oi  E.  long,  and 
under  the  3ath  and  40th  of  N.  lat.  The  Euphra- 
tes, which  has  its  source  at  the  S.  E.  extremity 
of  the  couatry,  runs  parallel  with  its  southern 
boundary  ;  it  is  watered  by  several  other  rivers 
falling  into  the  Black  Sea,  and  the  Karsi  which 
rises  in  the  centre  of  the  country  runs  eastward 
falling  into  the  Caspian.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country  (Ararat  rising  to  the  height  of  9,500  ft.) 
and  abounds  in  minerals,  whilst  the  valleys  3'ield 
abundance  of  corn  and  fruit.  The  inhabitants 
are  much  addicted  to  commerce  and  have  a  high 
reputation  for  probity,  they  are  the  chief  mer- 
chants for  the  eastern  commerce  of  Turkey,  as 
(he  Greeks  are  for  the  western.  The  Armenians 
form  a  distinct  sect  of  Christians  under  a  patri- 
irch  and  an  archbishop.  Erzeruni,  or  Arz  Roum, 
m  N.  lat.  40.  and  40.  50.  E.  long,  is  the  capital. 
Of  the  civil,  judicial,  or  military  institutions,  or 
axtent  of  population  of  Armenia,  but  very  little 
(S  known  to  Europeans  ;  the  Persians  claim  au- 
thority over  the  eastern  part,  and  the  Kurds  in- 
terfere from  the  south. 

Armentiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  seated  on  the  Lis,  8  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Lisle. 

Anniers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 

cfNord,  seated  on  the  Sambre,  20  m.  S.  of  Mons. 

Armiro.a.  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Thes- 

ialy,  on  tlie  gulf  of  Volo,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Larissa. 

Long.  23.  22.  E.,  lat.  39.  30.  N. 

Armond,  St.  a  town  of  Lower  Canada,  at  the  N. 
end  of  Lake  Champlain. 

Armstrong,  a  County  in  the  western  part  of 
Pennsylvania.  Pop.  17,625.  Kittaning,214  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Harrisburg,  is  the  chief  town.  The 
Alleghany  river  enters  the  county  at  the  N. 
VV.  extremity,  runs  in  an  angle  to  the  centre, 
and  leaves  it  at  the  S.  W.  extremity.  Kittaning 
is  situate  on  the  east  bank,  near  the  centre  of 
the  county. 

Armuyden,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  the  island  of 
Walcheren,  now  inconsiderable,  the  sea  having 


stopt  up  the  harbour.     Salt-works  are  its  chief  re- 
source.    It  is  3  m.  E.  of  Middleburg. 

Arjuiy  le  Due,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  seated  in  a  valley,  near  the 
river  Arroux,  25  m.  N.  VV.  of  Baune. 

Arnebury,  a  town  of  Brandenburg  in  the  Old 
Mark,  with  a  ruined  castle,  on  a  hill  on  the  river 
Elbe,  3  m.  from  Werben. 

Arnedo,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  with  a  good  harbour, 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  2-5  m.  N.  of  Callao.  Loner. 
76.53.  W.  lat.  11.40.8. 

Arnhausen.  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Pomerania, 
24  m.  E.  of  New  Stettin.  Also  another  town  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Saal,  bishopric  of  Wartz- 
burg. 

Arnheim,  a  strong  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelder- 
land,  capital  of  the  quarter  or  county  of  its  name. 
It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  dukes  of 
Gelderland,  and  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  8  m.  N. 
of  Nimeguen.     Long.  5.  54.  E.  lat.  52.  2.  N. 

Ariikeim  Bay,  on  the  N.  W.  side  of  the  great 
gulf  of  Carpentaria. 

Arno,  a  celebrated  river  of  Tuscany,  which  rises 
in  the  Ajiennines  and  passing  by  Florence  and 
Pisa,  enters  the  gulf  of  Genoa  a  little  below  the 
latter  town. 

Arnold,  a  populous  parish  contiguous  to  Not- 
tingham, Eng.,  bordering  on  Sherwood  Forest. 
Pop.  in  1821,  3,572. 

Arnshcim,  the  name  of  two  towns  in  the  palat- 
inate of  the  Lower  Rhine,  one  near  Worms,  and 
the  other  about  10  m.  E.  of  New  Bauraberg. 

Amshorf,  the  name  of  several  small  towns  in 
Grermany,  one  in  Lower  Bavaria,  two  in  Silesia, 
one  in  Oibeland,  and  another  in  Ermeland. 

Arnstadt,  a  town  of  Upper  Sajony,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Gotha,  with  a  castle,  a  palace,  and 
three  churches;  seated  on  the  Gera,  11  m.  S.  of 
Erfurt. 

Arnslein,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Wurtzburg  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  We- 
ren,  9  m.  S.  VV.  of  Schweinfurt,  and  about  the 
same  distance  E.  from  Carlstadt. 

Arokhuge,  a  city  of  Persia,  in  Segestan,  and 
the  capital  of  a  district  to  which  it  gives  name. 
It  is  110  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of  Cannahar  and  210 
E.  S.  E.  of  Zareng.  Long.  65.  40.  E.,  lat.  31. 
20.  N. 

Arolsen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Hesse,  county  of  Waldeck,  near  the  river  Aar, 
29  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paderborn. 

Arona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  with  a 
ruined  castle,  on  the  lake  Maggiore,  30  m.  N.  VV. 
of  Milan. 

Arpino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
8  m.  N.  of  Aquino. 

Arqua,  a  town  of  Ital}',  in  the  Paduan,  remark- 
able for  the  tomb  of  Petrarch.  It  is  10  m.  S.  of 
Padua. 

Arquata,  a  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa,  seat- 
ed on  tlie  Scrivia,  25  m.  N.  of  Genoa. 

Arques,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  with  an  ancient  castle.  tiere 
Henry  IV^.  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
duke  of  Mayenne,  general  of  the  leagues,  in  1589. 
It  stands  on  a  river  of  its  name,  4  m.  S.  E.  of 
Dieppe. 

Arragon,  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Spain. 
Arragon  was  tormerly  an  independent  kingdom 
and  comprehended  Arragon  Proper,  Catalonia, 
Valencia,  and  the  Balearic  isles  of  Majorca,  Min- 
orca, Ivica,  Cabrera,  and  Formentera.  The  king- 
dom of  Arragon  Proper  is  an  interior  district,  ex- 
tending south  from  New  Castile  in  the  lat.  of  40 
e3 


ARS 


54 


ARZ 


N.  in  a  N.  E.  direction  to  the  Pyrenees,  bounded 
on  the  N.  W.  by  Old  Castile  and  Navarre  ;  and  on 
the  east  by  the  north  end  of  Valencia,  and  Cata- 
lonia; its  superficies  is  about  1,230  sq.  French 
leagues,  and  its  population  in  1810  was  about 
600,000.  The  river  Ebro  enters  the  territory 
from  the  N.  W.  and  runs  through  the  middle  of 
it  in  a  S.  E.  direction.  Saragossa  seated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ebro,  is  the  chief  and  only  place  of 
importance  in  the  whole  territory,  nor  is  it  re- 
markable for  any  natural  productions  ;  whilst  the 
domination  of  the  priestcraft,  which  pervades  all 
Spain,  operates  as  a  barrier  to  all  social  enterprize 
and  improvement. 

Arrah,  or  Arrnha,  a  r:ver  on  the  east  side  of  the 
province  of  Mekhran,  Persia.  There  is  a  town 
of  the  same  name  on  the  coast  about  60  m.  west 
of  the  river,  in  lat.  25.  30.  N.  65.  E.  long. 

Jirrah,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  Bahar,  33  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Patna. 

Arran,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  frith  of 
Clyde,  to  the  south  of  the  isle  of  Bute.  It  is  of 
an  oval  form,  20  m.  long  and  12  broad,  and  con- 
st itutes  the  greatest  part  of  the  county  of  Bute. 
Ridges  of  rugged  mountains  extend  across  the 
island,  and  Goatfell  is  near  3,000  ft.  in  height. 
The  southern  parts  present  low  and  cultivated 
grounds.  The  climate  is  healthful,  and  invalids 
resort  hither  to  drink  the  whey  of  goats  milk. 
Robert  Bruce  took  refuge  in  this  island,  during 
the  time  of  his  greatest  distress.  Among  the 
rocks  are  found  iron-ore,  spar,  and  a  great  variety 
of  beautiful  pebbles.  On  the  coast  are  many 
wonderful  caverns,  which  often  afford  shelter  to 
smusrglers.  It  is  divided  into  two  parishes,  Kil- 
bride, and  Kilmorey.  Total  pop.  6,541.  The  prin- 
cipal place  is  Lamlash. 

Arras,  a  fortified  city  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Pas  de  Calais,  and  an  episcopal  see, 
and  one  of  the  most  ancient  towns  of  France  ;  it 
was  the  seat  of  the  Atrebates  in  the  time  of  Caesar. 
It  is  divided  into  two  towns  ;  one  named  the  city, 
which  is  the  most  ancient;  and  the  other  the 
town,  which  is  modern.  The  great  square  is 
full  of  fine  buildings,  surrounded  with  piazzas. 
[t  was  the  birth-place  of  Robespierre,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Scarpe,  22  m.  W.  N.  W.  ofCambray. 
Long.  2.  46.  E.  lat.  50.  17.  N.  Pop.  about  19,000. 

Arriegn,  a  department  of  France,  containing  the 
late  provinces  of  Couserans,  and  Foix.  It  is  so 
named  from  a  river,  which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees, 
and  passing  by  Foix  and  Pamiers,  enters  the  Gar- 
onne, near  Toulouse.  Gold  dust  is  found  amono- 
its  sands.  Foix  is  the  capital.  Pop.  about  22o, 
000. 

Arroe  or  Aaroe  and  JF.roe,  two  islands  of  Den- 
mark, the  first  about  the  middle  of  the  little  Belt, 
and  the  other  at  its  entrance  into  the  Baltic. 
There  iire  a  cluster  of  islands  also  called  Arroe, 
just  within  the  Red  Sea,  opposite  to  Moka. 

Arroo,  five  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  to  the 
south  and  west  of  New  Guinea,  extending  from  5 
30.  to  7.  0.  S.  lat.  with  narrow  channels  between 
^hem.  The  chief  product  is  sago.  During  the 
drv  or  western  monsoon,  numerous  flocks  of  the 
birds  of  paradise,  from  New  Guinea,  reside  in 
these  islands,  where  great  numbers  are  killed, 
dried,  and  exported  to  Banda.  The  Arroo  isles 
are  considered  as  belonging  to  the  Dutch. 

Arsamas.  a  town  of  Russia,  situate  near  the 
source  of  the  Techa,  a  branch  of  the  Oka  river,  in 
the  province  of  Nishuei,  or  Lower  Novogorod. 
It  is  about  100  ra.  E.  of  Moscow,  and  has  a  variety 
of  manufactures.     Pop.  about  G  000 


Asur,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Syria,  in  Palestine, 
with  a  fortress,  10  m.  N.  of  Jaffa. 

Arta,  a  seaport  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba- 
nia, and  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  tobacco  and  skins,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Arta,  70  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Lcpantc.  Long. 
21.20.  E.  lat.  39.28.  N. 

Artahi,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
on  the  south  coast  of  the  sea  of  Marmora,  76  ni. 
S.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  27.40.  E.  lat.  39. 
30.  N. 

Arlaliui,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Rom- 
ania, 48  m.  N.  W.  of  Gallipoli. 

Artern,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  county 
of  Mansfield,  circle  of  Thuringia,  on  the  rive' 
Unstrutt,  29  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Erfurt. 

ArloLS,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  north  and  east  by  Flanders,  and  south  and 
west  by  Hainault,  Cambresis,  and  Picardy.  It  is 
now  included  in  the  department  of  Pas  de  Calais 

Arnha,  an  island  15  m.  in  circumference,  situ- 
ated near  the  mouth  of  the  gulf  of  Maracaybo. 
45  m.  W.  of  Curasao.  Long.  70.  5.  W.  lat.  12. 
10.  N. 

Arundel,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  Eng.,  governed 
by  a  mayor.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill  on  the 
river  Arun,  about  5  m.  from  the  sea,  and  has  a 
venerable  gothic  church,  formerly,  collegiate.  Its 
castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  dukes  of  Norfolk, 
stands  on  the  hill,  and  is  of  great  extent ;  a  vast 
sum  was  expended  upon  it  by  Charles  the  XII. 
duke  ;  the  interior  court  forms  a  square  of  200  ft. 
each  way,  the  centre  of  the  east  side  is  decorated 
by  a  magnificent  work  of  art,  a  has  relief,  repre- 
senting Alfred  and  the  assembling  of  the  first  jury. 
It  was  executed  by  the  elder  Rossi,  and  is  the 
finest  and  most  characteristic  work  of  art  of  the 
kind  in  Europe  ;  the  library  is  on  the  same  side, 
fitted  up  with  the  finest  mahogany  and  cedar  most 
highly  wrought;  the  west  side  is  occupied  by  a 
grand  banqueting  room  and  chapel ;  the  south,  the 
state  apartments  ;  tlie  north  is  open  to  the  gardens, 
but  at  the  N.  W.  corner  is  the  old  gateway,  and 
tower,  a  circular  building  of  great  dimensions,  and 
was  formerly  the  strongest  place  of  defence  in 
Britain.  The  possession  of  this  castle  confers  an 
earldom  on  the  proprietor.  The  river  is  naviga- 
ble for  barges,  and  great  quantities  of  timber  are 
sent  hence  for  the  dock-yards.  It  is  11  m.  S.  E. 
of  Chichester  and  56  S.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Arra,  a  County  at  the  northern  extremity  of 
Lower  Hungary,  intersected  by  the  Carpathian 
mountains;  it  contains  a  pop.  of  about  75,000, 
subsisting  chiefly  by  agriculture,  more  particular- 
ly flax  for  domestic  manufacture  and  some  f?« 
trade.  There  is  a  town  which  gives  name  to  the 
county,  situate  on  a  stream  which  falls  into  tho 
Wag  River. 

AiTc,  a  rapid  river  of  Savoy,  which  rises  in 
Faucigny,  and  watering  Salenche,  CInse,  and 
Bonneville,  joins  the  Rhone,  below  Geneva. 

Arwangen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Berne,  on  the  river  Aar,  12  m.  E. 
of  Soleure. 

Arzew,  a  seaport  town  of  Algiers,  about  15  m. 
W.  of  Oran.  It  appears  to  be  the  ancient  Arsen- 
aria,  there  being  many  relics  of  antiquity  in  the 
neighbourhood. 

Arzilla,  a  seaport  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez.  about 
30  m.  S.  of  Cape  Spartel,  and  50  S.  S.  W.  of  Tan- 
giers.  It  was  formerly  a  Roman  colony,  and  a 
place  of  considerable  importance,  but  at  present 
does  not  contain  more  than  1,000  inhabitants. 

Arzingan,  a  town    of  Armenia,   on    the    west 


ASC 


55 


ASH 


bank  of  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates,  45  m.   S.  W. 
of  Arz  Rmin. 

A^ah,  or  Assab,  a  town   of  Abyssinia,  in  Dan- 

c:di,  on  a  bay  in  tlie  straits   of  Babelmandel,  36 

m.  S.  E.  of  Bailur. 

.  Asan^aro,  a  town  and  district  of  Peru,  west  of 

[       the  Andes,  nortli  of  the  lake  Chuiento.     It  is  very 

thinly  peopled. 

Asiph,  St.  a  city  of  Wales,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
in  Flintshire,  on  the  river  Elway,  where  it 
unites  with  the  Clwyd.  It  is  a  poor  place,  of 
note  only  for  its  cathedral,  but  has  a  market  on 
Saturday.  It  is  27  m.  W.  of  Chester,  and  217 
N.  W.  of  London,  on  the  line  of  road  to  Holyhead. 

Asben,  an  interior  country  of  North  Africa,  of 
which  Agadas  is  the  capital  ;  it  is  bounded  on 
tlie  east  by  Bornou,  and  north  and  west  by  the 
deserts  of  Zaara  and  Tuarick. 

Asbiinj,  p.v.  Warren  Co.  N  J.  34  m.  N.  W. 
Trenton. 

AscaJon,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Palestine,  dis- 
tinguished in  Jewish  history  as  one  of  the  chief 
cities  of  the  Philistines.  It  is  now  an  insignificant 
place  about  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Jerusalem,  and  10  N. 
of  Gaza. 

Ascension,  a  parish  in  the  Eastern  District  of 
Louisiana,  upon  the  Mississippi.  The  soil  is  rich 
and  produces  sugar  and  cotton.  Donaldson,  75  m. 
from  New  Orleans,  is  the  chief  town.  Pop.  of  the 
parish,  5,400. 

Ascension,  a  barren  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
000  m  N.  W.  of  St.  Helena.  It  hns  a  safe 
harbour,  at  which  the  East  India  ships  often  touch, 
to  procure  turtles  which  are  here  plentiful  and 
large.  L  mg.  13.  50.  W.  lat.  7.  57.  S.  Also  tlie 
name  of  a  bay  on  the  east  coast  of  Yucatan,  and 
of  the  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Margarita  on 
Uii  coast  of  Cumana, 

Asc/i  or  Ausch,a.  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Leutmeritz,  situate  on  the  banks  of  a  small 
river  which  falls  into  the  Ell)€,  about  20  miles 
above  the  town  of  Leutraeritz.  Also  the  ntime  of 
a  small  town  in  Wlrtemburg,  and  of  another  in 
Bavaria. 

Aschach,  a  considerable  town  of  Upper  Austria, 
in  the  quarter  of  Hausruck,  on  the  south  bank  of 
the  Danube.  • 

Aschfijf'enbury,  a  town  of  Germany,  lately  in 
the  territory  of  Mentz,  but  now  the  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  in  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  insulated  in  that  of  Franconia. 
H.-rc  is  a  palace  in  which  George  II.  of  England 
took  up  his  quarters  tlie  night  before  the  battle  of 
Dott  ngen,  in  1743.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
m  17n(i  and  1800.  It  is  situate  near  the  conflux  of 
the  Aschaff  with  the  Maine,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  latter  river,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Frankfort,  and 
4  J  VV.  N.  W.  of  Wurtzburgh.  Long.  9.  5.  E.  lat. 
50.  0.  N. 

Ai-cherslehen,  a  considerable  town  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Saal,  in  the  principality  of  Anhalt,  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Saxony. 

AscoU,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of  An- 
cona,  with  two  citadels  ;  seated  on  a  mountain, 
by  the  river  Tronto,  80  m.  N.  E.  of  Rome. 
Long.  13.  2'.>.  E.  lat.  42.  44.  N. 

Ascoli  di  Sairiano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cap- 
itanata,  seated  on  a  mountain,  70  m.  E.  of  Naples. 
Long.  15.  50.  E.  lat.  41.  8.  N. 

Ascoia,  a  town  in  the  island  of  Majorca,  with  a 
church  containing  a  celebrated  image  of  the  Vir- 
gin, much  resorted  to  by  pilgrims. 

Ascutneu,  a  mountain  in  Vt.  between  Weathers- 
field  and  Windsor,  3,320  feet  high.     It  is  chiefly  a 


granite  rocR  with  very  few  trees.  The  summit  af' 
fords  an  extensive  prospect  of  the  Connecticut 
and  a  highly  cultivated  region  in  the  neigiibour- 
hood. 

Ashnntee,  an  interior  territory  of  North  Africa, 
extending  from  the  meridional  line  to  the  5th  or 
Gth  deg.  of  W.  long,  bounded  by  the  Gold  coasts 
The  Ashanteos  have  for  a  long  period  been  the 
most  powerful  of  all  the  Negro  tribes  of  W.  Airi<;a, 
not  only  in  their  contests  witii  their  neighbours, 
but  they  have  frequently  defied  the  scientific  and 
destructive  meansof  European  warfare:  during  tlie 
period  of  the  uncontrolled  sway  of  the  slave  trade, 
previous  to  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century,  the  Ashantees,  though  little  known  upon 
the  coast,  were  the  main  instruments  in  the  in- 
terior, by  which  that  debasing  traffic  was  carrit-d 
on,  being  constantly  at  war  with  their  neighbours 
for  the  obtaining  of  prisoners  to  send  to  tlie  coast 
as  slaves,  and  it  was  the  Ashantees  who  gave  rise 
to  the  famous,  or  rather  infamous  Assiento  contract 
of  the  Spaniards  :  since  the  restriction  of  the  slave 
trade  to  the  south  of  the  equator,  ilie  Ashantees, 
though  still  full  of  thirst  for  war,  have  directed 
more  of  their  attention  to  commerce.  It  was  in  1806 
tiiat  they  first  appeared  formidable  on  the  coast 
against  the  Annamboes,  and  in  1:23  they  com- 
pletely defeated  the  whole  British  force  of  the 
coast,  which  took  the  field  against  them  ;  the 
governor  who  commanded  in  person  being  slain 
in  the  conflict,  and  the  wreck  of  tlie  army  com- 
pelled to  take  refuge  in  the  forts. 

Ashlorough^  p.v.  Randolph  Co.  N.  C.  78  m.  W. 
Raleigh. 

Ashbome,  a  town  of  Derbyshire,  Eng  It  is  fa- 
mous for  cheese,  and  seated  between  the  rivers 
Dove  and  Compton,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Uttoxeter, 
and  139  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the  parish 
4,688. 

Ashbumham,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  55  m. 
N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,403.  Leather  is  made  here 
in  large  quantities  by  an  incorporated  company 
with  a  capital  of  30,000  dollars.  Here  is  also  the 
Boston  Soap-stone  manufactory  with  a  capital  of 
20,000  dollars. 

As/iburlon,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  It  is 
one  of  the  four  stannary  towns,  and  has  a  consid- 
erable manufacture  of  serges.  It  is  seated  among 
hills  (remarkable  for  tin  and  copper)  near  the  river 
Dart,  19  m.  S.  W.  of  Exeter,  and  192  W.  by  S. 
of  London.  It  returns  two  members  to  parliament. 
Pop.  in  1821,  3,403. 

Ashhy,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  50  ro.  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,240. 

Ashbij  de  la  Zouch,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
Eng.  It  had  a  castle  with  a  very  high  tower,  some 
ruins  of  which  are  standing.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  stockings,  hats  and  ribands,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  malt.  A  canal  from  the  town 
communicates  with  the  Coventry  canal.  Ashby 
is  13  m.  S.  of  Derby,  and  115  N.  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. Pop.  in  1821,  4,227.  A  vein  of  coal,  of  a 
very  superior  quality  was  opened  in  the  vicinity 
about  the  year  1816,  and  a  mineral  water  in  the 
same  neighbourhood,  since  about  the  same  period, 
has  been  much  resorted  to. 

Ashcrrff,  or  Eshreff,  a  town  of  Persia,  situate  on 
a  small  rivulet  which  falls  into  the  Caspian  Sea 
at  its  south  end. 

Ashjield,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  105  m.  W. 
Boston.    Pop.  1,732. 

Ashford,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  27  m.  N.  E. 
Hartford.     Pop.  2,668. 

Ashford,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.,  governed  bj  % 


ASI 


56 


ASI 


mayor,  with  a  market  on  Tuesday.  The  church 
is  lar<;<?,  and  was  formerly  collegiate.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ash,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Stour, 
14  in.  S.W.  of  Canterbury,  and  55  S.  E.  of  London. 
Po,i.  m  1821,2,773. 

AiiJihuid,  p.t.  Mont.gomery  township,  Richland 
Co.  Ohio,  iK)  m.  from  Columbus. 

Askmunein,  a  town  of  Kgypt,  built  on  the  ruins 
of  a  cilv,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient  Hermopolis, 
on  the  "ieft  bank  of  the  Nile,  140  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Cairo.     Long.  31.  7.  E.  lat.  2S.  10.  N. 

AsUna^ur,  a  to  A'n  of  Ilindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Cabul,  seated  on  the  Kameh,  80  m.  N. 
»f  Attock,  and  110  S.  E.  of  Cabul. 

Ashtabula,  a  County  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
Ohio,  bordering  on  lake  Erie.  Pop.  14,584.  Jef- 
ferson is  the  chief  town. 

Ashtabula,  p.t.  in  the  above  County,  on  L.  Erie, 
200  m.  from  Columbus.  It  has  a  good  harbour 
and  is  a  flourishing  town. 

Aslitahtila,  a  stream  of  Ohio,  about  30  m.  in 
length,  running  into  L.  Erie. 

Ashlon-undcr-line,  a  town  and  populous  parish 
of  Lancashire,  Eng. ;  the  town  is  seated  on  a 
high  bank  which  rises  from  the  river  Tame,  7  m. 
east  of  Manchester.  The  parish  is  divided  into 
four  districts,  viz.  that  of  the  town,  which  in  1821 
contained  9,225  inhab.  Audenshaw,  3,781,  Harts- 
head,  9,137,  and  Knott-Lanes,  3,827:  total  25,967, 
forming  together  one  of  the  most  important  seats 
of  the  cotton  manufacture,  containing  upwards  of 
60  large  establishments  for  spinning  and  machine- 
weaving,  four  iron  and  brass  foundries,  as  many 
machine  manufactories,  and  about  30  establish- 
ments for  the  manufacture  of  hats.  It  has  also 
extensive  collieries  in  its  vicinity,  and  it  is  inter- 
sected bv  the  Manchester,  and  the  Huddersfield 
and  Peat  Forest  canals.  The  foundation  stone  of 
anew  church  in  the  gothic  style  was  laid  in  1821. 
There  are  10  other  towns  or  villages  in  different 
parts  of  England  named  Ashton,  or  to  which  it  is 
prefixed. 

Ashuelot,  T.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  Hampshire,  flows 
S.  W.  into  the  Connecticut. 

Asia,  one  of  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere  ;  its  boundaries  are  so  exceed- 
ingly irregular  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  convey 
an  accurate  idea  of  its  position,  limits,  and  extent, 
except  by  a  map ;  it  lies  however  wholly  north 
of  the  equator.  Point  Romaine,  the  most  souther- 
ly point  of  the  Malaya  promontory,  being  in  lat. 
l\  23.  30.  N.  Bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  or  as  a  medial  line  by  the  7()lh  deg.  of  N. 
lat.  from  west  to  east  it  extends  in  its  extreme 
limits  from  the  Dardanelles  in  26.  to  Behring's 
straits  in  190.  E.  but  exclusive  of  the  promonto- 
ries of  Natolia,  Hindoostan,  Malaya,  Kamschatka, 
and  the  islands  under  the  equator,  Asia  may  be 
considered  as  lying  between  the  15th  and  70lh 
dew.  of  N.  lat.  and  the  40th  and  13»th  of  E.  long. 
ana  containing  an  area  of  about  11,000,000  of  sq. 
m,  Asia  is  separated  from  Europe  on  the  west 
by  the  Ural  mountains,  extending  fron;  the  line 
of  the  Arctic  circle  in  the  long,  of  63.  E.  bearing 
west  to  the  long.  54.  in  the  lat.  of  63.  from  which 
point  they  again  bear  to  the  east  to  the  long,  of 
59.  in  the  lat  of  55.,  from  which  point,  while  the 
Ural  mountains  run  in  a  parallel  line  with  the 
5yth  of  long,  the  Asiatic  boundary  becomes  part- 
ly conventional,  bearing  west  to  the  sea  of  Asoph  ; 
from  which,  the  Black  Sea,  the  Sea  of  Marmora, 
the  Dardanelles,  and  Levant,  form  the  western 
boundary  to  the  isthmus  of  Suez  which  separates 
A  from  Africa  •   the  Arabian  gulf  or  Red  Sea. 


then  forms  the  remainder  of  its  western  bounda- 
ry,  and  the  Arabian  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  and  Chi- 
na Sea,  bounds  it  on  the  south,  and  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  Arctic  Ocean 
as  previously  stated,  forms  its  northern  boundary; 
this    vast  extent  of  territory  is  divided  into  11 

freat  jiarts,  viz.  Siberia,  Chinese  Tartary,  China, 
hibet.  Western  or  Independent  Tartary,  the 
Bimian  empire,  Hindoostan,  Persia,  Arabia,  Asiat- 
ic Turkey,  and  Japan,  the  latter  being  exclusive- 
ly insular.  Several  noble  rivers  flow  in  various 
airections ;  the  Obi,  the  Ynessei  and  Lena,  fall 
into  tlir  Arctic  Ocean,  the  Amoor  or  Saghalien, 
into  the  sea  of  Ochotsk,  in  the  North  Pacific,  the 
Yellow  and  Great  Rivers  intersect  China  from 
west  to  east  falling  into  the  bay  of  Nankin,  and 
the  Ganges,  Iridus,  and  Euphrates  flowing  from 
north  to  south  ;  but  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  tha* 
neither  in  Asia  or  Europe,  or  in  either  of  the  two 
grand  divisions  of  the  western  hemisphere,  ar* 
there  any  rivers  of  importance  that  flow  from  east 
to  west,  whilst  in  Africa  there  are  none  that  flow 
from  west  to  east. 

Although  the  rivers  of  Asia  do  not  vie  in  mag- 
nificence with  those  of  the  western  hemisphere, 
Asia  far  exceeds  it  in  the  magnificence  of  its 
mountains.  The  Himalaya  range  which  separates 
Hindoostan  from  Tartary  in  the  lat.  of  29.  N 
rises  to  the  prodigious  height  of  27,077  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea ;  the  Ural  ridge  extends  in  a 
uniform  and  unbroken  chain,  from  the  line  of  the 
Arctic  circle  to  the  sea  of  Aral,  and  although  not 
rising  higher  than  about  4,500  ft.  they  are  em- 
phatically denominated  by  the  Russians,  the  back, 
and  by  the  Tartars,  the  girdle  of  the  world  ;  the 
Altaian  chain  intersects  the  entire  territory  in  a 
N.  E.  direction,  from  the  Arabian  Sea  to  the  east 
cape  in  Behring's  straits,  and  in  the  lat.  of  49.  N. 
rises  to  the  height  of  12,800  fl.  and  Mounts  Cau- 
casus, Taurus,  Ararat,  &c.  «fec.  spread  over  the 
western  part  of  Asia,  rising  to  the  height  of  8  to 
10,000  fl.  The  Caspian,  Baikal,  and  sea  of  Aral, 
are  the  only  inland  waters  that  merit  notice  in 
this  place,  and  when  compared  with  those  of  the 
north  division  of  the  western  hemisphere,  they 
are  very  insignificant.  The  islands  of  the  east- 
ern ocean  are  so  numerous,  and  so  diffusely  scat- 
tered, as  to  render  it  difficult  to  decide  which  prop- 
erly belong  to  Asia,  and  which  do  not ;  those 
however  which  admit  of  no  dispute  may  be  enu- 
merated as  follows,  beginning  at  the  north  :  viz. 
Saghalien,  Jesso,  the  Japanese,  Loo  Choo,  For- 
mosa, Hainan,  the  Philippines,  Borneo,  Cele- 
bes, Java,  Sumatra,  Ceylon,  the  Maldives,  and 
Laccadives  ;  the  Ladrone,  New  Carolines,  Pelew, 
New  Guinea,  Solomon's,  New  Hebrides,  New 
Caledonia,  Sandwich,  Society,  Friendly,  New 
Zealand ;  and  Van  Diemen's  Land,  will  most 
probably  hereafter  become  more  particularly  iden- 
tified with  New  Holland. 

Asia  was  the  parent  of  nations,  and  the  scene 
of  most  of  those  remarkable  transactions  whicl 
are  recorded  in  sacred  history.  After  the  deluge. 
Noah  is  said  to  have  settled  near  the  borders  of 
the  Euphrates,  and  to  have  peopled  the  whole 
continent,  the  posterity  of  Slicm  occupying  the 
central  regions,  Japhet  the  northern,  and  Ham  the 
southern.  Javan  and  his  descendants,  Ashkenaz, 
Dodanim,  Tharshish,  Elisha,  Togermah,  and  Rip- 
hath,  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  ancient  in- 
habitants of  Asia  Minor.  The  Canaanites  and 
Amalekites  were  the  people  of  Syria  and  Arabia 
Petrea.  Modern  writers  have  referred  the  pres- 
ent natives  of  Asia  to  those  different  stocks  tha 


ASI 


57 


ASL 


Hebrews.  Indians,  and  Tartars,  the  propriety  of 
which  will  appear  from  their  make,  features,  and 
languages.  Tliere  are,  however,  some  large  trihes 
which  cannot  be  referred  to  any  of  these  classes. 
Mr.  Pinkerton  observes  that  the  population  of 
Asia  is  allowed  by  all  authors  to  be  wholly  primi- 
tive, with  the  exception  of  the  Tshuktshis  (whom 
the  Russian  historians  suppose  to  have  passed 
from  the  opposite  coast  of  America),  the  colonies 
that  have  migrated  from  Russia  to  the  northern 
Dirts  as  far  as  the  sea  of  Kamtschatka,  the  well- 
known  European  settlements,  and  a  few  others. 
Asia  certainly  contains  a  decidedly  original  popu- 
lation, and  presents  an  ample  field  for  the  study 
of  man  in  all  the  stages  of  his  progress  from  bar- 
barism to  civilization.  The  western  part  of  Asia 
appears  to  have  been  occupied  by  numerous  pet- 
ty sovereignties,  whose  very  names  are  now  ex- 
tinct. At  a  somewhat  later  period  tiie  Babylon- 
ian empire  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  West- 
ern Asia ;  tiie  Persians  next  reigned  paramount 
on  that  side,  224  3-ears  before  the  Christian  era; 
Alexandf^r  of  Macedon  extended  his  arms  as  far 
as  the  Ganges;  but  his  exploits  in  Asia  may  be 
considered  as  incursions  rather  than  conquests. 

The  ascendancy  of  the  Persians  in  its  turn 
yielded  to  the  still  greater  ascendant  influence 
and  power  of  the  Tartars  from  the  north,  who  also 
in  the  12th  century  subdued  China  in  the  east ; 
and  indeed  such  was  the  extent  of  their  power, 
that  at  one  period  nearly  the  whole  of  Asia  as 
well  as  a  great  part  of  Europe  fell  under  their 
dominion. 

Tiie  Mogul  empire  succeeded  the  Tartar,  whilst 
the  greater  part  of  Eastern  Tartary  became  uni- 
ted to  China,  which  for  several  centuries  has  re- 
mained comparatively  undisturbed ;  but  at  the 
present  time,  a  company  of  English  traders,  un- 
der the  denomination  of  "  The  United  Company 
of  Merchants  of  England  trading  to  the  East 
Indies,"  may  be  regarded  as  the  ascendant  power, 
and  as  reigning  lords  paramount  over  all  Asia. 
Tiie  Russians  however  occupy  tlie  whole  of  the 
nr.rth  of  Asia,  from  the  Arctic  Sea  to  the  50th 
degree  of  north  latitude  ;  and  it  will  probably 
bo  their  turn  ne.xt  to  rule  the  S.  as  well  as  the  N. 

Tiie  productions  of  Asia,  animal,  mineral,  vege- 
tiible,  as  well  as  birds,  insects,  reptiles,  and  fishes, 
are  as  majestic,  valuable,  and  useful,  as  they  are 
varirus  and  infinite.  The  elephant  in  Asia,  like 
tiie  camel  in  Africa,  is  made  the  instrument  of 
bnrtlien,  and  in  war  and  pageantry  ranks  highest 
i  1  importance  ;  the  lion  and  tiger  of  Asia  are  the 
noblest  of  their  species,  and  as  distinguished  for 
tlieir  beauty  and  their  symmetry  as  for  their  agil- 
ity, strength,  and  ferocity.  The  leopard  inhabits 
e.istcrn  and  southern  Asia  and  in  rapidity  and 
agility  of  motion  is  unrivalled  by  any  other  ani- 
mal.     He    haa    a  restless    eye    Jind    a  sinister 


countenance,  and  is  remarkably  distinguished  by 
tlie   beauty    of  his   hide,   covered   with  brilliant 
spots.     He  lurks  for  his  prey  in  ambush,  or  pur- 
8 


sues  it  up  the  trees.  Usually  he  shuns  man,  but 
when  closely  pressed,  he  turns  upon  the  hunter 
and  sometimes  when  pinciied  by  hunger  he  will 
attack  unprovoked,  though  bj'  stealth,  the  human 
race.  The  inferior  classes  of  the  animal  creation 
will  be  more  particulaxly  adverted  to  under  the 
heads  of  the  several  divisions  of  Asia.  Although 
apparently  not  so  rich  in  precious  minerals  as  the 
southern  division  of  the  western  hemisphere, 
Asia  indicates  abundance  of  gold,  and  some  silver, 
and  its  gems  are  deservedly  held  in  the  highest 
estimation.  Of  tlie  inferior  metals,  if  they 
abound,  a  subduing  species  of  policy  precludes 
their  preparation  for  utility,  and  Asia  draws  con- 
siderable supplies  of  iron,  copper,  tin,  and  lead 
from  Europe. 

Rice  for  food,  and  cotton  for  clothing,  are  the 
main  productions  of  the  soil  over  all  the  south 
parts  of  Asia  and  China,  and  in  the  latter  coun- 
try, a  decoction  of  the  well  known  tea  shrub, 
constitutes  the  principal  drink  of  that  populous 
empire,  whilst  the  vegetable  tallow  tree  supplies 
many  of  their  domestic  wants. 

Mahomedism  is  established  in  the  central  and 
western  parts,  while  paganism,  and  the  most  de- 
grading and  cruel  superstitions,  prevail  in  all  the 
other  regions  of  Asia.  Christianity  is  scarcely 
known  throughout  this  part  of  the  globe,  except 
in  Siberia  and  in  Greece,  where  the  profession 
of  it  has  been  perpetuated  amidst  cruelty  and 
oppression ; — nor  have  any  adequate  exertions 
been  made  by  Europeans  for  its  introduction,  the 
small  tract  of  India  brought  under  cultivation  by 
our  missionaries  being  only  as  a  single  oasis  in  a 
vast  and  dreary  desert. 

The  governments  of  Asia  appear  in  all  ages  to 
have  been  arbitrary  and  despotic  in  the  extreme ; 
much  addicted  to  parade  and  pageantry,  and  that 
to  a  degree  of  which  Europe  has  exhibited  no 
parallel.  The  government  of  China,  although  in 
name  and  form  a  complete  despotism,  appears 
however  to  be  administered  not  only  with  temper- 
ance, but  with  a  paternal  solicitude  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  great  body  of  the  people,  who  may 
yet  at  the  same  time  be  ranked  amongst  the  most 
abject  of  the  human  race.  The  ascendancy  of 
the  English  at  the  close  of  the  18th  and  com- 
mencement of  the  l!ith  century  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  most  important  era  in  the  history  of  Asia ; 
and,  although  much  thit  is  objectionable  and  rep- 
rehensible prevails,  in  some  respects  it  indicates 
brighter  and  better  prospects  to  Asia  than  it  has 
ever  before  experienced. 

Jlsia  .Minor  comprehends  that  part  of  west- 
ern Asia  under  the  dominion  of  the  Turks,  bor 
derintr  north  on  the  Black  Sea,  and  south  on  the 
Levant,  including  the  provinces  of  Xatolia,  Cara- 
mania,  and  Rmim,  which  see. 

.isiago,  a  considerable  town  of  Italy,  in  Vicen- 
tino,  20  m.  N.  of  Vicenza. 

Asinara,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  the 
N.  W.  coast  of  Sardinia,  17  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Sas- 
sari.  It  is  23  m.  in  compass,  and  is  fertile  and 
populous.     Long.  8.24.  E.   lat.  41.  O.N. 

Askeaton,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  tlie 
county  of  Limerick,  noted  for  its  castle,  and  for 
one  of  the  most  perfect  abbeys  in  the  country  ; 
built  by  one  of  the  earls  of  Desmond.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Dee,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Shannon.  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Limerick.  Pop.  in 
182(X  1,239,  and  of  the  parish,  3,425. 

Askrio-,  a  town  in  North  Yorkshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed neaf  the  Ure,  18  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Richmond 
and  246  N.  of  London.    Pop.  in  1821, 765. 


ASS 


AST 


Jlsnieras,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Vienne,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Bellac. 

Asola,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  20  m.  S. 
E.  of  Brescia. 

Jlsolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano,  with  a 
epacious  citadel  on  a  hill.  It  is  surrounded  by 
walls,  and  situate  near  the  Musone,  17  m.  N.  W. 
of  Treviso. 

Asoph,  or  Azof,  a  sea,  anciently  the  Palus 
Mseotis,  lying  N.  of  the  Black  Sea,  with  which 
it  communicates  by  the  strait  of  CafFa,  the  an- 
cient Cimmerian  Bosphorus.  The  sea,  which 
is  sometimes  called  the  Sea  of  Zabak,  extends 
240  m.  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.  between  the  latitudes 
of  42.  to  47.  N.  and  34.  to  39.  of  W.  long. 

Asoph,  a  district  of  the  Russian  empire,  in  the 
province  of  Catharineslaf,  including  a  large  tract 
of  territory  to  the  east  and  west  of  the  town  of 
Asoph.  It  was  ceded  by  the  Turks  in  1774,  and 
after  that  period,  several  new  towns  were  built 
by  Catharine  II.;  one  of  which,  Catharineslaf,  is 
now  the  capital. 

Asoph,  a  town  of  Russia,  lately  the  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Don,  near  its  entrance  into  the  sea 
of  Asoph.  It  has  been  several  times  taken  by  the 
Turks  and  Russians.  It  is  not  of  the  importance 
it  was  in  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great ;  the  river 
being  now  so  choked  with  sand  as  scarcely  to 
admit  the  smallest  vessel.  Long.  38.  32.  E.  lat. 
46.  58.  N. 

Aspcren,  a  town  of  Holland,  famous  for  a  long 
siege  which  it  held  out  against  the  Geldrians,  in 
1517.  It  is  seated  on  the  Linghe,  13  m.  S.  of 
Utrecht,  and  22  E.  of  Rotterdam. 

Aspern,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  eastern  branch  of  the  Danube,  a  little 
below  Vienna,  distinguished  for  a  great  battle 
fought  between  the  French  and  Austrians  in  1809, 
during  which  the  town  was  totally  destroyed,  but 
has  been  since  re-built. 

Assam,  an  interior  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  Bengal  and  Bootan,  N.  by  Thibet,  and 
S.  E.  and  S.  by  Meckley.  The  river  Burram- 
pooter  divides  it  into  two  provinces  ;  the  northern, 
which  is  the  most  fertile,  being  called  Uttercul, 
and  the  southern  Dachincul.  Among  the  pro- 
ducts are  many  kinds  of  valuable  fruits,  with  silk, 
musk,  pepper,  cocoanuts,  sugar,  and  ginger.  The 
open  parts  are  marked  with  population  and  tillage ; 
the  woods  abound  with  elephants.  The  moun- 
tains are  inhabited  by  a  savage  tribe  called  Nancs, 
who  go  naked,  and  eat  dogs,  cats,  mice,  locusts, 
and  any  thing  they  can  find.  The  other  inhabi- 
tants of  Assam  are  base  and  unprincipled,  have 
no  fixed  religion,  nor  any  rule  but  their  inclina- 
tion. They  eat  all  flesh  except  human,  and  even 
animals  that  die  a  natural  death.  They  are  en- 
terprizing,  savage,  vindictive,  and  fond  ,of  war. 
They  have  neither  horses,  asses,  nor  camels ;  but 
these  are  sometimes  brought  there  from  other 
countries.  Asses  they  are  fond  of,  but  are  so 
much  afraid  of  a  horse,  that  one  trooper  would 
put  a  hundred  of  them  to  flight.  The  invention 
of  gunpowder  is  ascribed  to  the  Assamese.  It 
was  known  in  China  and  Hindoostan  in  very 
remote  antiquity ;  and  in  the  code  of  Gentoo  laws 
there  is  a  prohibition  of  the  use  of  fire-arms : 
but  what  these  fire-arms  were  is  not  distinctly 
known.     Ghergong  is  the  capital. 

Assancale,  or  Hasankala,  a  town  of  Turkish 
Armenia,  which  has  hot  baths  much  frequented. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ares,  22  m.  E.  of  Erzerum. 

Asuarpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  coun- 


try of  Cutch,  at  the  most  eastern  mouth  of  tha 
Indus,  38  m.  W.  of  Boogebooge. 

Assecrgur,  a  strong  hill  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Candeish.  In  the  war  with  the  Mahrattas,  in 
1803,  it  surrendered  to  the  British.  It  is  20  m. 
N.  E.  of  Burhanpour. 

Assen,  a  town  of  Holland  in  Overyssel,  12  m. 
S.  of  Groningen,  and  51  N.  N.  W.  of  Coevordon 

Assenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Wetter  with 
the  Nidda,  11  m.  N.  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Asscns,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Funen.  It  is  the  common  passage  from  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick  to  Copenhagan,  and  is  17  m.  S.  W. 
of  Odensee.     Long.  10.  2.  E.  lat.  55.  17.  N. 

Assiniboins,  or  Asscneboyne,  a  river  of  North 
America,  falling  into  the  S.  W.  end  of  Lake 
Winnipeg ;  the  North  West  Fur  Trading  Cont- 
pany  have  a  house  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river, 
about  15  m.  above  its  entrance  into  the  lake. 

Assist,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoleto, 
with  a  magnificent  church,  22  m.  N.  W.-^of 
Spoleto. 

Assomption,  a  township  and  village  of  Lower 
Canada,  situate  on  the  bank  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  a  little 
below  Montreal. 

Assonet,  p. v.  in  Berkley,  Bristol  Co.  Mass. 

Assos,  a  sea-port  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nntolia, 
on  a  bay  of  the  Archipelago,  12  ra.  S.  E  of  Troas. 
Long.  26.  36.  E._  lat.  39.  32.  N. 

Assvmpcion,  an  episcopal  city,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince in  Paraguay.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  country, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  Paraguay,  a  little 
above  the  confluence  of  the  Pilcomayo.  Long. 
57.  40.  W.  lat.  22.  47.  Also  the  name  of  one  of 
the  Ladrone  islands,  in  N.  lat.  19.  45.  and  45. 
35.  E.  long. 

Assumption,  a  parish  in  the  E.  District  of  Lou- 
isiana, on  the  river  Lafourche.  Pop.  5,400.  The 
court-house  is  90  m.  W.  of  New  Orleans. 

Astahat,  a  town  of  Persian  Armenia,  3  m.  from 
the  river  Aras,  and  32  S.  E.  of  Naksivan. 

Astara,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Ghilan,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into  the  S.  W. 
end  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Long.  50.  40.  E.  lat. 
38.  30.  N. 

Astcrabad,  or  Esterabad,  a  town  of  Persia,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  its  name  at  the  S.  E.  part  of 
the  Caspian  Sea.  It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  which  forms  a  bay  convenient  for  trade, 
110  m.  E.  of  Ferabad.  Long.  54.  58.  E.  lat  37. 
16.  N. 

Asti,  a  city  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Tanaro,  with  a  citadel.  Beside  the  cath- 
edral, it  contains  upward  of  thirty  other  churches. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Tanaro,  24  m.  E.  of  Turin 
Pop.  about  22,000. 

Astorga,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Leoa, 
well  fortified  by  art  and  nature.  It  is  seated  ixi 
a  plain,  on  the  river  Tueria,  25  m.  S.  W  of  Leon, 
and  about  midway  on  the  high  road  from  Co- 
runna  to  Madrid. 

Astrabad,  a  tongue  of  land  on  the  northeast 
coast  of  the  Crimea,  extending  into  the  sea  of 
Asoph. 

Astracan,  a  city  of  the  Caucasus,  and  the  prin- 
cipal city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
is  situate  on  an  island  formed  by  two  branches 
of  the  Volga  River,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
north  end  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  in  the  lat.  of  46. 
and  has  a  good  harbour.  It  is  surrounded  by 
walls,  and  on  the  west  has  a  triangular  fortress 


IS.- 


ATC 


59 


ATH 


Here  are  25  Russian  churches,  and  two  convents ; 
the  Armenians,  Lutherans,  and  Papists,  have  >heir 

E laces  of  worship  ;  and  the  Hindoos  of  Mou'tan 
ave  been  permitted  to  erect  a  temple.  Tlie  hou- 
aes  are  in  general  of  wood  ;  and  the  inhabitants  are 
estimated  at  70,000.  It  seldom  rains  here,  but  the 
river  Volga  overflows,  like  the  Nile,  and  when 
the  water  has-^run  off,  vegetation  is  very  rapid. 
Here  are  several  large  vineyards  from  which  some 
wine  is  made  for  home  consumption  ;  also  manu- 
factures of  gunpowder,  and  nitre,  and  on  the  side 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  are  long  marshes  which  pro- 
duce a  great  quantity  of  salt.  The  Volga,  either 
of  itself,  or  by  its  numerous  branches,  intersects 
half  of  the  interior  provinces  of  European  Russia, 
and  affords  to  Astracan  a  facility  of  communication 
by  water  of  inestimable  advantage  ;  it  communi- 
cates with  Moscow  by  the  Kashma  branch  and 
with  St.  Petersburgh  from  Twer,  partly  by  canal, 
and  partly  by  intermediate  waters.  The  mouths 
of  the  river  abound  with  beluga,  a  species  of  stur- 
geon, from  the  sound  of  which  is  made  the  finest 
isinglass,  which  forms  a  very  extensive  branch  of 
the  commerce  of  Astracan.  Here  is  also  the  cen- 
tre of  all  the  commerce  of  Russia  with  Persia  and 
the  East,  in  which  Russians,  Persians,  Armenians, 
Greeks,  Tartars,  Jews,  Hindoos,  French,  and 
EnMish  all  participate.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Mongol  Tartars  about  the  middle  of  the  15th 
century,  and  is  about  770  m.  S.  E.  of  Mos- 
cow, and  1,050  S.  S.  E.  of  St.  Petersburgh. 

Jlsturias,  a  maritime  province  of  the  nortliwest 
of  Spain,  extending  for  about  120  m.  along  the 
shore  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  It  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  Asturias  deOviedo  and  Asturias  de 
Santillana,  so  named  from  their  chief  towns.  This 
province  is  full  of  mountains  and  forests,  its  wine 
and  horses  are  excellent,  and  it  has  mines  of  gold, 
lapis  lazuli  and  vermilion.  The  eldest  son  of  the 
kinor  of  Spain  is  st^'led  prince  of  the  Asturias.  It 
was  formerly  a  principality  of  the  kingdom  of 
Leon,  and  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  province 
of  Leon;  on  the  W.  by  Gallicia;  and  on  the  E. 
by  Biscay  and  Old  Castile  ;  it  extends  inland  from 
the  Bay  of  Biscay  about  45  m.  and  contains  a 
superficies  of  308  sq.  leagues,  and  in  1810,  a  pop- 
ulation of  304,238.  St.  Andero  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  province,  in  lat.  43.  23.  N.  and  3. 
40.  W.  long,  and  distant  by  way  of  Segovia 
87  and  by  Aranda  71  1-2  leagues  north  from 
Madrid,  is  the  principal  town  on  the  coast,  and 
Oviedo,  75  1-2  leagues  N.  W.  from  Madrid,  is  the 
chief  town  inland. 

Jlsijfum,  I.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa.,  on  the  Susquehan- 
na, GO  m.  N.  W.  V^ilkesbarre. 

Atiicama,  a  seaport  and  province  of  Peru.  The 
province  has  a  great  desert  of  the  same  name, 
which  separates  Peru  from  Chile.  The  town  is 
remarkable  for  the  fish  called  tollo,  with  which  it 
carries  on  a  great  trade  with  the  inland  provinces. 
It  is  210  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Arica.  Long.  G9.  30. 
W.  lat.  21.  20.  S. 

Atdunsk,  a  considerable  town  in  the  goverment 
of  Tobolsk,  on  the  frontiers  of  Colyvan.  It  is  sit- 
uate on  a  branch  of  the  Obi  river,  in  the  lat.  of  50. 
20.  N.  and  89.  30.  E.  long. 

Atchafid aya ,  a  river  of  Louisiana,  one  of  the 
mouths  of  the  Mississippi,  striking  off  from  that 
stream  just  below  the  entrance  of  Red  River, 
and  flowing  south  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is 
only  however  when  the  river  is  very  high,  that 
any  great  portion  of  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
passes  off" by  this  channel.  Vast  quantities  of  drift 
timber   have  passed  from  the  main  stream  into 


this  river,  and  becoming  clogged  between  its 
banks  have  formed  what  is  called  the  Great  Raft, 
where  the  river  is  covered  with  a  floating  bridge  of 
timber,  extending  with  interruptions,  a  length  of 
25  miles. 

Jitena,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Principato  Citeriore, 
near  the  river  Negro,  22  m.  N.  of  Policastro. 

.4<A,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hain- 
ault.  It  has  been  often  taken,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Dender,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Mons,  on  the  road  from 
Brussels  to  Tournay.     Pop.  about  7,500. 

Jlthaboli,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ro- 
mania, on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  70  m.  N. 
E.  of  Adrianople. 

Mhayescow,  a  lake  in  the  N.  part  of  British 
America,  discharging  its  waters  into  Slave  Lake. 
It  is  200  m.  long. 

Athhoy,  a  parish  and  town  in  the  county  of 
Meath,  Ireland.  In  1821  the  town  contained  a 
population  of  1,569,  and  the  parish,  including  the 
commons,  and  the  village  of  Castletown,  4,275. 
The  town  is  30  m.  N.  of  Dublin, And  has  three 
annual  fairs. 

Athtlney,  an  island  in  Somerset,  Co.  Eng.  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Thone  and  Parret,  a  few  miles  be- 
low Taunton,  memorable  for  having  afforded  shel- 
ter to  king  Alfred.  Here  he  collected  some  of  hia 
retainers,  on  which  account  he  called  it  .SLthelin- 
gay,  or  the  isle  of  Nobles,  and  hence  he  made  fre- 
quent sallies  upon  the  Danes. 

AthciiTcy,  a  populous  parish  and  town  in  the 
county  of  Galway,  Ireland;  in  1821,  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  town  was  1,093,  and  total  of  the  par- 
ish 10,977. 

Athens,  a  once  celebrated  city,  situate  on  a  p. 
monlory  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Eastern  Eu 
rope,  supposed  to  have  been  founded  by  Cecrops, 
1,556  years  antecedent  to  the  Christian  era,  or 
about  the  period  of  the  height  of  Egyi)tian  glory 
in  the  age  of  Moses  ;  it  became  the  seat  of  kingly 
authority  under  Codrus,  about  the  period  of  the 
reign  of  David  in  Palestine,  and  in  about  1,000 
years  subsequent  to  its  foundation,  it  had  attained 
the  summit  of  its  glory,  when  it  became  the  chief 
city  of  the  Grecian  republic,  which  successfully 
contended  against  the  powerful  arms  of  the  Per- 
sian monarchy,  and  excelled  in  all  the  arts  of 
poetry,  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture  ;  the 
two  last,  the  Athenians  may  be  said  to  have  per- 
fected, for  all  that  succeeding  arres  have  done  has 
been  to  copj',  mix,  and  trnnstbrm.  Eighty-six 
years  antecedent  to  the  Christian  era,  when  refine- 
ment among  the  Athenians  had  sunk  into  licen- 
tiousness, and  patriotism  into  selfish  ambition,  and 
individual  aggrandisement,  Athens  fell  a  prey  to 
the  furious  arms  of  Sylla,  who  sacked  it  of  some 
of  its  choicest  treasures  ;  from  this  period  it  may 
be  considered  as  having  passed  the  meridian  of 
its  glory.  In  the  50th  year  ot  the  Christian  era. 
it  was  visited  by  the  apostle  Paul,  whose  speech 
to  the  multitude  from  the  celebrated  temple  om 
Mar's  HHl,  as  recorded  in  the  18th  chap,  of  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,  verse  22nd,  will  best  testify 
the  social  and  moral  condition  of  its  inhabitants 
at  the  period  ;  it  subsequently  became  a  prey  to 
internal  commotions,  as  well  as  to  external  ene 
mies,  and  after  experiencing  vfirious  alternations 
of  fortune,  it  became  tributary  to  the  Turks,  on 
their  establishing  their  dominion  in  Europe,  and 
vinder  them  was  the  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
Livadia  ;  numerous  vestiges  of  architectural  gran 
deur  still  remain  to  attest  the  supremacy  of  the 
Athenians  in  that  noble  and  useful  art.  The  tow- 
er of  the  new  church  of  St.  Pancras,  built  in  Lon- 


ATH 


60 


ATR 


don  in  1822,  is  a  copy  of  the  celebrated  Temple 
of  the  Winds  which  adorned  Athens;  and  it  is 
proposed  to  erect  in  Westminister  a  fac  simile  of 
the  Parthenon,  an  edifice  which  has  delighted  the 
eye  of  every  beholder,  through  a  period  of  2,500 
years,  the  latter  part  of  which  it  has  been  a  prey 
to  every  species. of  spoliation.  In  1808,  lord  El- 
gin, then  ambassador  from  England  at  Constan- 
tinople, ransacked  the  Parthenon  of  the  choicest 
vestiges  of  its  friezes,  &c.  which  now  adorn  the 
national  Museum  in  London.  Athens  was  besieged 
by  the  Greeks  in  the  early  part  of  their  revolu- 
tionary struggle,  and  the  acropolis  fell  into  their 
hands  in  lc22.  Since  which  time  they  have  been 
masters  of  the  city.  It  stands  in  a  spacious  plain  ; 
the  hill  of  Mars,  on  the  summit  of  which  stood  the 
temple,  dedicated  to  the  idol  of  that  name,  was, 
during  the  zenith  of  its  greatness,  in  the  centre  of 
the  city,  but  now,  at  some  distance  from  the  pre- 
sent town,  which  is  bounded  on  one  side  by  Mount 
Hymettus,  deservedly  celebrated  for  the  honey 
which  it  produces.  On  the  sea  side  it  has  three 
ports;  the  Plialereus,  Munchyia,and  Piraeus, about 
5  miles  distant  from  the  town,  and  through  which 
it  carries  on  some  little  external  traffic  in  honey, 
wax,  oil,  olives,  silk,  &c.  in  exchange  for  the 
manufacturps  of  Western  Europe  generally,  but 
for  which,  its  chief  means  of  payment  consist  in 
the  bills  of  exchange,  drawn  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  its  numerous  visitors  ;  it  is  in  lat.  37. 
58.  N.  and  23.  46.  W.  long.     Pop.  12,000. 

^f/tCK5,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,200. 

Athens,  t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  25  m.  N.  Brat- 
tleboro.  Pop.  415. 

Athene,  p.t.  Greene  Co.  N.  Y.  or  the  E.  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  opposite  Troy.  26  m.  below  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  2,425. 

Athens,  p.t.  Bradford  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Susque- 
hannah. 

Jkhens,  p.t.  Clarke  Co.  Geo.  68  m.  N.  Mil- 
ledgeville,  contains  the  university  of  Georgia, 
which  has  a  President  and  6  Professors  ;  the  libra- 
ries contain  4,500  vols.;  the  students  in  1831 
were  95.     Pop.  1 ,100. 

Athens,  a  Co.  of  Ohio,  in  the  S.  E.  part.  Pop. 
9,703.     Athens  is  the  chief  town. 

Athens,  p  t.  capital  of  the  above  Co.  belongs  to 
the  Oiiio  university.  The  college  attJiis  place  com- 

f  rises  2  buildings,  and  had  in  1831,  57  students. 
ts  annual  revenue  is  2,300  dollars.  Athens  is  70  m. 
S.  E.  Columbus. 

Athens,  i.  Harrison  Co.  Ohio,  125  m.  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

Atherston,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.,  with 
manufactures  of  hats,  ribands,  and  shalloons. 
Richard  III.  held  a  council  with  his  nobles  here, 
the  night  before  the  battle  of  Bosworth.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  Anker,  on  the  high  road  from  Lon- 
don to  Holyhead,  by  Chester.  13  m.  N.  of  Cov- 
entry, and  108  N.  \V.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,434. 

Athlone,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  partly  in  the 
Co.  of  Westnietath,  <ind  partly  in  Roscommon. 
It  stands  on  both  sides  of  the  Shannon,  over  which 
is  a  long  bridge  that  is  the  grand  pass  between 
the  provinces  of  Lcinster  and  Connaught.  It  is 
60  m.  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1821,  7,543,  and 
of  the  parishes  of  St.  Mary  and  St.  Peter 
in  which  the  town  is  situate,  6,270  more.  This 
is  now  one  of  the  most  extensive  military  sta- 
tions in  all  Ireland  ;  and  sends  one  member  to 
the  parliament  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

Atho!.  p.t.  Worcester  Co  Mass.  70  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  1,325. 


Athol,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  N.  Y.  81  m.  N.  Albany. 
Pop.  909. 

Athos,  or  Monte  Santo,  a  high  mounts  i;i  of 
Greece,  Macedonia,  on  a  peninsula  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  It  has  been  cele- 
brated  in  all  ages  for  its  singular  locality,  and  the 
majesty  of  its  appearance,  and  became  an  object 
of  such  great  attraction  to  the  Greeks,  as  to  draw 
devotees  from  all  parts  of  Eastern  Europe,  who 
have  interspersed  it  with  numerous  churches, 
monasteries,  and  hermitages  ;  hence  it  has  acquir- 
ed the  name  of  Monte  Santo,  or  the  Holy  Moun 
tain.  The  monks  amount  to  about  6,000,  who  suV 
sist  chiefly  by  preying  on  the  numerous  devoteer 
whom  their  affected  sanctity  and  craft  continua/- 
ly  draw  around  them ;  they  however  cultivate  th«, 
olive  and  the  vine  to  some  extent,  and  there  are  four 
establishments  of  education  for  Greek  ecclesias- 
tics ;  there  is  a  fortified  town  called  Karcis,  about 
halfway  up  the  mountain,  at  which  a  Turkish  aoa 
resides.  It  is  about  70  m.  E.  of  Salonica,  and  in  lat. 
40.  7.  N.  and  24.  15.  E.  long. 

Atky,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Barrow,  12  m. 
S.  of  Kildare,  and  communicates  with  Dublin  daily 
by  passage  boats,  by  the  line  of  the  grand  canal. 
Pop.  in  1821,  3;693.  The  remains  of  an  old  castle 
now  serve  for  a  county  jail,  and  there  are  ruins 
of  two  monasteries  in  the  vicinity. 

Atkinson,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  Hampshire, 
36  m.  fr.  Boston  :  30  fr.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  555. 

Atlantic,  or  Atlantic  Ocean,  takes  its  name  from 
mount  Atlas  in  Africa,  and  lies  between  the  west 
continents  of  Africa  and  Europe,  and  the  east 
continent  of  America.  Its  least  breadth  from 
Guinea  in  Africa,  to  Brazil  in  South  America,  is 
2,300  miles.  On  one  side  of  the  equator,  it  is  call- 
ed the  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  other 
the  South   Atlantic  Ocean. 

Atlas,  a  chain  of  high  mountains,  in  Africa, 
separating  Barbary  from  Biledulgerid,  and  extend- 
ing cast  from  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  bor- 
der of  Egypt,  upwards  of  2,000  m.;  their  greatest 
altitude  is  about  13,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  Silver,  copper,  iron,  lead,  and  antimony,  are 
found  in  different  parts  of  these  mountains. 
Another  chain,  called  the  Little  Atlas,  extends 
from  the  strait  of  Gibraltar  to  Bona  in  the  state 
of  Algiers.  Tiiese  mountains  have  different 
names,  according  to  the  various  counlric<!  thov 
pass  through,  and  the  plains  and  valleys  by  which 
they  are  intersected.  They  are  inhabited  almost 
in  every  place,  except  where  the  extreme  cold 
will  not  permit. 

Atlisco,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Tlascala,  seated 
in  an  extensive  plain  of  its  name,  20  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Puebla  de  los  Angelos. 

Atooi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  30  m.  long,  and  contains  a 
great  portion  of  gently  rising  land.  On  the  S. 
W.  side  is  a  good  road  and  anchoring  place,  called 
Wymoa.  Long.  159.  40.  W.  lat.  21. 57.  N.  Pop. 
about  55,000. 

Atoyaqae,  a  town  of  Mexico,  south  of  the  river 
Zacatula,  and  a  few  miles  inland  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean  in  lat.  18.  N. 

Atrato,  a  river  of  Colombia,  which  rises  be- 
tween the  first  and  second  ridge  of  the  Andes, 
and  runs  from  south  to  north  about  250  rn.  into 
the  gulf  of  Darien,  in  lat.  8.  N.  and  W.  long. 
77.  6. 

Atri,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore, 
on  a  craggy  mountain.  It  was  the  birthplace  of 
the   emperor  Adrian.     It    is  about    4   m.   from 


■US' 


AUB 


61 


AUG 


the  shore  of  the  Adriatic,  and  10  S.  E.  of  Terarao. 
Long.  14.  2.  E.  lat.  42.  40.  N. 

Atsion,  a  village  in  Burlington  Co.  N.  J.  30  m. 
E.  by  S.  Philad.     Here  are  several  iron  founderies. 

Attica,  a  province  of  Greece,  of  which  Athens 
is  ttie  capital ;  bounded  N.  by  Thessaly ;  E.  by 
the  Archipelago  ;  S.  by  Peloponnesus  and  W.  by 
Locris.  It  includes  the  most  celebrated  portion 
of  ancient  Greece.  The  soil  is  very  productive 
in  wine,  olives  and  fruits.  Under  the  Turks  it 
was  called  Livadia. 

Attica,  p.t.  Gennesee  Co.  N.J.  288  m.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  2,485. 

Aitleborough,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  28  m.  S. 
Boston,  9  m.  N.  Providence,  pop.  3,215 :  has  3  post 
offices.  Here  are  3  cotton  and  woolen  factories, 
with  a  capital  of  above  200,000  dollars. 

Attleborough,  an  inland  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng., 
14  m.  N.  E.  of  Thetford  on  the  road  to  Norwich. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,659.  It  was  formerly  a  city  and 
chief  town  of  the  county. 

Attack,  or  Attack  Benares,  a  city  and  fortress  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  province  of  Lahore.  It  stands 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Indus,  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Cabul,  and  on  the  site  of  the  Taxila  of 
Alexander,  where  he  crossed  that  river,  and  ad- 
vanced onwards  to  the  Ganges,  in  the  year  328 
antecedent  to  the  Christian  era.  Attock  is  about 
700  m.  above  the  entrance  of  the  Indus  into  the 
Arabian  Sea,  and  about  midway  between  Cabul 
and  Lahore,  or  180  to  200  m.  from  each,  in  lat.  33. 
6.  N.  and  71.  15.  E.  long.  The  present  fortress 
was  built  by  the  Emperor  Akbar,  in  1581. 

Attoor,  a  strong  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  60  m.  N.  of  Tritchinopoly,  and  80  W. 
S.  W.  of  Pondicherry. 

Atwater,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio ;  140  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus. 

Aid),  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principality  of 
Wurtzburg,  on  the  river  Grollach,  12  m.  S.  E.  of 
Wurtzburg. 

Aube,  an  interior  department  in  the  N.  E.  of 
France,  containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Champagne.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river, 
which,  passing  by  Bar-sur-Aube  and  Arcis,  joins 
the  Seine,  above  Nogent.  Troyes  is  the  capital. 
Pop.  about  240,000. 

Aiihenfis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ardeche,  with  manufactures  of  woolen  cloths, 
red  cotton,  and  silk  ;  seated  on  the  Ardeche,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Cevennes,  15  m.  S.  of  Viviers. 

Auhentoa,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  situated  on  the  Aine,  10  m.  S.  of 
Viviens. 

Aubeterre,  a  town  of  France,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Charente  and  Dordogne,  seated  on  the  Drome,  22 
m.  S.  of  Angouleme.  Long.  0. 12.  E.  lat.  45. 17.  N. 

Aubicres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Puy  de  Dome,  3  m.  S.  E.  of  Clermont. 

Auhigne,  or  Aubigny,  a  small  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Cher,  seated  in  a  fine  plain, 
24  m.  north  of  Bourges,  surrounded  with  strong 
walls,  wide  ditches,  and  high  counterscarps.  The 
castle  is  within  the  town,  and  is  verv  handsome. 

Aubin,  St.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Jersey,  with  a 
fort,  standing  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  opening 
to  the  south.     See  St.  Helier. 

Aubonnc,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Pays 
de  Vaud,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  which  falls  into 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  10  m.  W.  of  Lausanne. 

AiJmm,  p.t.  Susquehanna  Co.  Pa. 

Auburn,  2  towns,  in  Geauga  and  Richland 
Counties,  Ohio. 

Auburn,  p.t.  the  chief  town  in  Cayuga  Co.  N.Y. 


169  m.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  4,486.  It  is  sitoafed  near 
the  W.  end  of  Owasco  lake  and  is  very  hand- 
somely built.  It  contains  a  Theological  Seminary, 
and  the  New- York  State  Prison. 

Auburn,  or  Aldbom,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng., 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Kennet,  8  m.  N.  E.  of 
Marlborough,  and  81  W.  of  London. 

Aubusson,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Creuse,  with  a  manufacture  of  tapestry;  seat«d 
on  the  river  Creuse,  37  m.  N.  E.  of  Limoges. 

Aucagural,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Adel, 
seated  on  an  eminence  near  the  river  Hawash. 
Long.  44.  25.  E.  lat.  856.  N. 

Auch,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  departmen* 
of  Grers  ;  lately  an  archiepiscopal  see,  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Gascony.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  France.  Here  are  manufactures  of  velvet,  ser- 
ges, crapes,  hats,  and  leather.  It  is  seated  by  the 
summit  and  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Gers,  37  m. 
W.  of  Toulouse;     Long.  0.  35.  E.  lat.  43.  39.  N. 

Auckland  Bishops,  a  town  in  the  bishoprick  of 
Durham,  Eng.,  at  which  the  bishop  has  a  palace. 
It  has  a  beautiful  castle,  and  a  chapel,  whose  archi- 
tecture is  very  curious.  Here  are  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  muslin.  It  is  seated  by  the  side  of 
a  hill,  on  the  river  Wear,  8  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Dur- 
ham, and  249  N.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  2,180. 

Aude,  a  maritime  department  of  France,  at  the 
S.  E.  extremity,  containing  part  of  the  late  pro- 
vince of  Languedoc.  It  receives  its  name  from 
a  river,  which  rises  in  the  Pyrenees,  and  flow- 
ing by  Quillan,  Limeux,  and  Carcassone,  enters 
the  Mediterranean  near  Narbonne,  and  which,  hy 
the  Royal  canal  and  Garonne,  is  united  with  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.     Carcassone  is  the  capital. 

Audieme,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Finisterre,  seated  in  the  bay  of  Biscay,  18  m 
W.  of  Quimper. 

Auerbach,  a  town  on  the  east  side  of  the  Vogt- 
land,  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony. 

Auerstadt,  a  village  of  Thuringia,  circle  of  Upper 
Saxony,  W.  of  the  Saal  River,  celebrated  for  a  bat- 
tle between  Napoleon  and  the  Prussians,  on  the 
14th  October,  1806.  This  battle  is  called  the  battle 
of  Jena  ;  because  the  portion  of  the  French  army 
under  the  immediate  command  of  Napoleon  was 
engaged  with  the  army  at  that  town.    See  Jena. 

Augila,  a  territory  of  North  Africa,  lying  to  the 
south  of  Barca,  between  Fezzan  and  Egypt.  It 
abounds  in  dates ;  and  many  of  the  inhabitants 
engage  in  the  caravan  trade.  The  capital  is  of  the 
same  name,  220  m.  W.  of  Siwah,  and  540  E.  by 
N.  of  Mourzouk.  Long.  23.  40.  lat.  29.  33.  N. 

Auglaize,  r.  a  branch  of  the  Maumee,  Ohio. 

Augsburg,  a  city  of  Suabia,  lately  imperial,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  but  now  the  capital  of  a  principality 
subject  to  Bavaria.  It  is  a  large  fortified  place,  has 
a  variety  of  manufactures,  and  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal trading  towns,  and  for  the  negociation  of  bills 
of  exchange,  in  the  interior  of  Germany.  The  ca- 
thedral, town-house,  and  other  public  buildings, 
are  magnificent.  In  the  bishop's  palace,  the  Luth 
erans  presented  their  confession  of  faith  to  the  em 
peror  Charles  V.  in  1550,  hence  called  the  Confes 
sion  of  Augsburg.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1703,  and  again  in  1796.  It  is  seated  between  the 
Werdach  and  Lech,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Munich 
Long.  10.  55.  E.  lat.  48.  17.  N. 

Augusta,  p.t.  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Maine, 
situated  upon  the  W.  branch  of  the  Kennebec 
river,  in  the  co.  of  Kennebec,  2  m.  above  Hallo- 
well.  Pop.  3,980.  It  contains  a  State  House  of 
stone,   a  court-house,  academy    jail  and   bank 


AUR 


62 


Airs 


Here  is  a  bridge  across  the  river.    The  river  is 
navigable  below  for  vessels  of  100  tons. 

Jiuffiista,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  110  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  3,058. 
Jlugusta,  p.t.  Northumberland  Co.  Pa. 
Augusta,  a  County  of  the  W.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia, near  the  centre  of  the  State,  subdivided  into 
N.  and  S.  Augusta.  Pop.  of  N.  A.  9,142,  of  S.  A. 
10,783.     Staunton  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  both. 

Augusta,  p.t.  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Georgia, 
stands  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of  the  river  Savannah, 
about  140  m.  from  the  sea.  It  is  regularly  built  of 
brick  upon  a  level  spot  and  surrounded  by  a  fer- 
tile country.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  cotton  and 
other  productions  of  the  interior.     Pop.6,G96. 

Augusta,  p.v.  Perry  Co.  Mississippi.  72  m.  S.  E. 
Monticello. 

Augusta,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Alab.  C7  m.  E. 
Cahawba. 
Augusta,  t.  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 
Agustin,  St.  a  cape  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  300 
m.  N.  E.  of  the  bay  of  All  Saints.  Long.  35.  40. 
W.  lat.  8.  30.  S.  Also  the  name  of  a  river,  bay, 
and  port,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  in  the  straits 
of  Belleisle  ;  and  of  a  river  and  bay,  at  the  S.  W. 
end  of  the  island  of  Madagascar. 

Augustine,  St.  p.t.  St  John's  Co.  E.  Florida,  on 
the  eastern  coast.  It  was  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  whole  territory  of  Florida.  The  town 
stands  in  a  prairie  near  the  sea,  with  a  good  har- 
bour, which  however  has  a  shallow  entrance. 
It  is  regularly  built  of  a  stone  formed  by  the  con- 
cretion of  sea-shells.  One  of  the  churches  is  an 
old  edifice  in  the  gothic  style.  The  situation  of 
the  town  is  low,  but  pleasant.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood are  numerous  groves  cforange  trees.  Before 
it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States,  its 
population  was  about  5,000.  Since  this  period 
the  yellow  fever  has  made  its  appearance,  and  the 
population  has  diminished.  St.  Augustine  is  310 
in.  S.  S.  W.  of  Charleston,  in  lat.  29.  45.  N. 
Long.  81.  40.  W. 

Aagustow,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Polachia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Narieu,  44  m.  N.  of  Bielisk. 

Augustus,  Fort,  a  fortress  of  Scotland  in  Inver- 
ness-shire, at  the  influx  of  the  Oich  into  the  south 
extremity  of  Loch  Ness,  34  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Inver- 
ness. 

Augusiburg .     See  Schelhnherg. 
Aulendorf,  a  town  of  Suabia,  situate  on  the  river 
Schus,  8  m.  N.  of  Ravensburg. 

Aulnay,  two  towns  of  France  adjoining  each 
other,  in  the  department  of  Calvados,  14  m.  S.  W. 
of  Caen.  Pop.  about  3,500.  Also  the  name  of 
another  town  in  the  department  of  the  Lower 
Charente. 
Aumale.     See  Albemarle. 

Aumont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lozere,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Mende. 

Aumore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  30  m. 

S.  of  Rajemal,  and  46  N.  N.  W.  of  Moorshedabad. 

Aunis,  lately  a  small  territory  of  France,  in  the 

S.  V/.  part  of  Poitou,and  rjow  forming  part  of  the 

department  of  Lower  Charente. 

Aurach,  a  fortified  town  of  Suabia,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  rivulet  Eras,  15  m.  E. 
of  Tubingen. 

Auras,  a  town  of  Silesia,  on  the  river  Oder,  12 
m.  N.  W.  of  Breslau. 

Aurny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 

Morbihan,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  near  its  entrance 

into  the  gulf  of  Morbihan,  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 

8  m.  W.  of  Vannes. 

Aurich,  the  capital  of  East  Friesland,  in  the 


kingdom  of  Hanover,  seated  in  a  plain  surrounded 
by  forests,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Emden. 

Aurelius,  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.Y.  173  m.  W.  Alba- 
ny, on  Owasco  lake.     Pop.  2,767. 

Aurelitis,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Ohio ;  96  m.  S. 
E.  Columbus. 

AuriesviUe,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  C.  123  m, 
S.  W.  Raleigh. 

Aurillac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Cantal.  Quantities  of  lace  and  velvet  are  man- 
ufactured here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Jordanne,  30 
m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Flour.     Pop.  10,500. 

Auriol,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Axis,  and 
12N.N.E.  of  Marseilles. 

Aurora,  p.t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  175  m.  W.  Albany, 
Pop.  2,421. 

Aurora,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio ;  140  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus. 

Aurora,  p.v.  Dearborn  Co.  Ind.  25  m.  W.  Cin- 
cinnati. 

Aurora,  an  island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  36  m.  long  and  six 
broad,  affords  plenty  of  wood  and  water,  and  has 
a  small  bay  on  the  N.  W.  coast.  Long.  168.  18.  E. 
lat.  15.  8.  S. 

Aurungahad,  a  considerable  city  of  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  Dowlatabad.  It  owes  the  greatest  part 
of  its  magnificence  to  the  great  Aurungzebe,  who 
made  it  his  place  of  residence  and  gave  it  the 
present  name.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  plain,  almost 
surrounded  by  mountains,  110  m.  S.  W.  of  Burh- 
anpour,  and  250  E.  S.  E.  of  Surat.  Long.  76.  2. 
E.  lat.  19.  45.  N. 

.  Aurungahmder ,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the 
province  of  Tatta,  on  the  branch  of  tlie  Indus,  to 
which  it  gives  name,  40  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Tatta. 

Ausa,  formerly  Alsa,  a  river  of  Carniola,  which 
running  soutiiward  by  Aquileia,  after  a  short 
course,  falls  into  the  Adriatic.  On  the  banks  of  this 
river,  Constantine,  the  son  of  Constantine  the 
Great,  fighting  against  Constans  was  slain. 

Auspitz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  20  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Brunn. 

Aussig,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on  the  Elbe, 
11  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Leutmerltz. 

Aust,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  10  m. 
north  of  Bristol,  noted  for  its  ancient  ferry  over  the 
Severn. 

Austell,  St.  a  town  of  Cornwall,  in  the  centre  of 
an  extensive  mining  district.  In  the  environs  is 
abundance  of  fine  clay,  which  is  sent  to  Livcr« 
pool,  Bristol  and  Staffordshire,  for  the  potteries. 
It  is  seated  near  the  English  Channel,  13  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Truro,  and  245  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,  6,175. 

Austerlitz,  or  Slawkow,  a  town  of  Moravia. 
Near  this  place  a  great  and  decisive  victory  was 
obtained  by  the  French,  commanded  by  Boii<> 
parte,  over  the  Austrians  and  Russians,  on  tho 
2nd  of  Dec.  1805,  which  led  to  the  treaty  of  Pres- 
burg.  It  is  12  m.  E.  of  Brunn  and  30  S.  S.  W.  of 
Olmutz. 

Austerlitz,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.  J.  34  m.  S.  E. 
Albany.  Pop.  2,245. 

Austinhury,  p.t.  Ashtabula,  Co.  Ohio  ;  192  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus  ;  has  a  number  of  mills  and  woolen 
manufactories. 

Au.stinto2Dn,  p.t.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio  ;  160  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus.   Pop.  1,259. 

Austincille,  p.v.  Wythe  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ka- 
nahwa. 

Australasia,  a  name  conventionally  applied  to 
the  extensive  tejrritory  of  New  Holkuid,  and  the 


AUS 


63 


AUS 


Beverfil  groups  ot  islands  south  of  the  equator,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean.     See  Kew  Holland. 

Austria,  Empire.  Circle,  and  Archduchy  of,  in 
Europe.  The  Austrian  empire  comprehends  the 
ancient  kingdoms  of  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  Hun- 
gary, tlie  Italian  States  of  the  Tyrol,  and  the  an- 
cient republic  of  Venice,  Dalmatia,  the  duchies 
of  Mantua  and  Milanese,  parts  of  tlie  circle  of 
Bavaria,  of  Switzerland,  and  of  Poland,  and  the 
circle  which  includes  the  archduchy.  This  fine 
empire  lies  between  the  45th  and  51st  deg.  of  N. 
lat.  and  the  9th  and  27th  of  E.  long,  and  contains 
a  superficies  of  about  300,000  sq.  m.  and  28,000,000 
of  inhabitants.  In  an  aggregate  sense  the  Aus- 
trian empire  may  be  considered  an  interior  and  ag- 
ricultural, rather  than  a  maritime  and  commerical 
country,  the  only  part  that  borders  upon  the  sea 
being  the  Italian  States  on  the  south,  which  may 
be  considered  tributary,  rather  than  integral  parts 
of  the  empire,  and  as  such  are  held  by  too  precari- 
ous a  tenure,  and  under  circumstances  too  pre- 
scribed to  excite  a  spirit  of  commercial  enterprize. 
That  noble  river  the  Danube,  runs  from  west  to 
east  through  the  heart  of  the  empire,  and  by  its 
numerous  branches,  intersects  almost  every  part, 
affording  great  internal  facility  of  communication, 
and  advantages ;  but  the  peculiar  locality  of  its 
communication  with  the  Black  Sea  within  the 
Dardanelles,  precludes  it  from  affbrding  any  very 
great  external  advantage.  The  Elbe  rises  in  Bohe- 
mia ;  but  its  course  is  too  circuitous,  and  too 
much  liable  to  political  impediments,  to  afford  any 
advantages  to  Austria  to  be  relied  on  ;  all  the  use- 
ful branches  of  manufacture,  however,  in  wool, 
flax,  silk,  and  leather,  and  most  of  the  useful  arts 
which  contribute  to  the  comfort  and  prosperity  of 
society,  are  carried  on  over  every  part  of  the  em- 
pire, from  materials  drawn  from  its  own  internal 
resources. 

Several  mountain  districts  supply  abundance 
of  almost  every  species  of  metallic  substances  ; 
the  forests  supply  abundance  of  timber,  and  the 
plains  such  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep,  as  to  af- 
ford several  million  lbs.  weight  of  wool  to  be  annu- 
ally exported,  after  supplying  their  own  internal 
demands.  The  Italian  States  furnish  silk,  olives, 
and  oil,  and  Hungary  the  choicest  wines  ;  and  in- 
deed the  Austrian  empire  may  be  considered  as  con- 
taining witliin  itself  all  the  means  of  substantial 
subsistence  and  of  comfort,  and  much  of  luxury. 
But  although  Austria  is  not  destitute  of  genius, 
enterprise,  and  efficiency  in  the  higher  depart- 
ments of  art,  a  bigoted  and  idolatrous  species  of 
religious  faith,  and  self-sufficiency  of  political  as- 
cendancy, tend  to  subdue  rather  tlian  excite  the 
mental  faculties,  and  preclude  all  great  exertion 
of  social  enterprize.  The  government  is  absolute 
in  form,  and  the  formularies  of  the  church  of 
Rome,  are  the  established  religion  of  the  empire  ; 
the  government  however  if  not  mild,  is  not  san- 
guinary, and  the  religion  is  rendered  tolerant. 
The  ruling  passion  of  the  government  is  military 
parade,  to  maintain  which  a  revenue  of  more  than 
50,000,000  dollars  is  abstracted  annually  from  the 
productive  classes  of  the  empire. 

Nobles  from  every  part  of  the  empire  settle  in 
the  capital,  and  contribute  by  their  wealth  to 
increase  its  commerce  and  industry.  The  in- 
dolence and  ennui  of  the  rich  render  many  places 
of  amusement  necessary,  but  none  are  so  much 
frequented  as  the  theatre.  Much  has  not  been 
done  in  literature,  still  less  in  science;  music  forms 
the  only  exception  ;  it  has  been  cultivated  with 
great  success      The  people  are  punctilious  in  ob- 


serving forms  and  ceremonies ;  no  class  of  the 
community,  no  rank  or  order,  is  free  from  creduli- 
ty, superstition  and  bigotry.  But  although  the 
inhabitants  are  ignorant,  they  are  not  corrupt ; 
the  men  art  honest,  and  the  domestic  Virtues  are 
cherished  in  the  family  circle. 


The  Circle  of  Austria,  is  bounded  on  the  east  by 
Hungary,  nOrth  by  Moravia  and  Bohemia,  west  bj' 
Bavaria,  Suabia,  and  Switzerland,  and  south  by 
the  Austrian  and  Italian  States,  and  the  gulf  of 
Venice, and  contains  superficies  of  about  50,000  sq. 
miles,  and  4,500,000  inhabitants.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Voralberg,  and  the  counties  of  Bregen 
and  Tyrol,  the  bisnopric  of  Trent,  the  duchies  of 
Stiria,  Carinthia,  and  Carniola,  each  subdivided 
into  upper  and  lower,  Friuli,  and  Istria,  the  bish- 
oprics of  Salzburg  and  Passau,  insulated  in  the  circle 
of  Bavaria,  and  two  small  territories  of  the  Teuton- 
ic knights,  insulated  in  the  circle  of  Suabia  and 
Franconia,  all  of  which  will  be  found  more  amply 
described  under  their  respective  heads. 

TJie  Archduchy  of  Austria,  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Bohemia  and  Moravia,  E.  by  Hungary, 
S.  by  Stiria,  and  west  by  Bavaria ;  it  forms  the 
the  north-east  part  of  the  circle,  and  is  divided 
into  West,  Upper,  and  East,  Lower.  Upper  Aus- 
tria is  again  subdivided  into  the  Inn  Quarter,  Mi- 
hel  Quarter,  Quarter  of  Hausruck,  and  Black  and 
Traun  Quarters ;  and  Lower  Austria  north  of  the 
Danube  is  subdivided  into  the  circles,  west  above 
and  cast  below  the  Manhartsberg,  and  south  of 
the  Danube,  into  the  circles  above  and  below  the 
forest  of  Vienna.  Upper  Austria  contains  about 
5,100  sq.  miles,  100  cities  and  towns,  numerous 
villages,  and  630,000  inhabitants ;  and  Lower 
Austria  about  78.000  sq.  miles,  280  cities  and  towns, 
numerous  villages,  and  1,100,000  inhabitants. 
The  Archduchy  of  Austria  constitutes  what  con- 
ventionally is  considered  the  hereditary  dominions 
of  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  the  reigning  and  ruling 
family,  and  the  city  of  Vienna,  situate  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Danube,  in  the  circle  below 
the  forest  of  Vienna,  in  lower  Austria,  is  the 
seat  of  government  of  the  whole  Austrian  em- 
pire. Except  Vienna,  there  are  no  other  cities 
or  towns  in  the  Archduchy  of  Austria,  that  merit 
any  particular  notice  ;  it  may  be  considered  an 
agricultural  and  a  somewhat  fruitful  district,  and 
its  peasantry  are  considered  to  be  the  happiest 
and  best  conditioned  of  any  in  Europe.  To  obtain 
however  a  just  view,  and  to  form  a  just  estimate  of 
their  condition,  and  indeed  of  the  condition  of  any 
people,  it  is  necessary  to  weigh  well  the  circum- 
stances under  which  they  are  born,  and  by  which 


AVA 


64 


AVE 


they  are  turrounded.  The  peasants  of  Austria 
have  b«en  born  under  the  influence  of  the  star  of 
passive  chedience,  which  for  years  past  has  been 
preached  to  them  with  mildness  and  persuasion, 
rather  than  violence  ;  and  as  such  has  made  them 
a  quiet  and  contented  people,  and  as  far  as  con- 
tentment constitutes  happiness,  the  peasantry  of 
♦he  archduchy  of  Austria,  may  perhaps,  justly  be 
considered  as  the  happiest  and  best  conditioned 
in  Europe  ;  but  after  all,  in  the  legitimate  sense 
of  the  term  happiness,  it  is  a  condition  alike  re- 
pugnant to  common  sense,  and  derogatory  to  the 
character  of  man.  The  character  of  the  govern- 
ment, courtiers,  and  privileged  classes  of  the  arch- 
duchy of  Austria,  although  tending  somewhat  to 
self-importance,  is  on  the  whole,  courteous,  affa- 
ble, and  condescending;  and  whilst  the  peasantry 
of  the  archduchy  may  be  considered  the  most  con- 
tented, the  court  may  be  considered  the  least  licen- 
tious of  any  in  Europe. 

Antaujra,  a  county  of  Alabama,  on  the  river  Al- 
abama. Pop.  1 1,872.  Washington  is  the  chief  town. 

Jlutun,  a  city  of  France,  and  an  episcopal  see, 
in  the  department  of  Saone  and  Loire.  It  con- 
tains many  vestiges  of  Roman  magnificence,  par- 
ticularly the  temples  of  Janus  and  Cybele.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  tapestry,  carpets,  coverlets, 
and  delft  ware.  The  cathedral  of  St.  Lazarus, 
the  college,  and  the  seminary,  are  worthy  of  no- 
tice. Autun  is  seated  on  the  Arroux,  at  the  foot 
of  three  mountains,  45  m.  E.by  S.  of  Nevers,  and 
162  S.  E.  of  Paris. 

Auvergne,  a.  late  province  of  France,  100  miles 
long,  and  75  broad ;  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
Bourbonnois,  east  by  Forez  and  Velay,  south  by 
Rouergue  and  the  Cevennes,  and  west  by  Limo- 
sin,  Querci,  and  La  Manche.  It  now  forms  the 
two  departments  of  Cantal  and   Puy  de  Dome. 

AuvMiird,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lot  and  Garonne,  situate  on  the  river  Garonne, 
13  m.  S.  E.  of  Agen. 

Jiuxerre.,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Yonne,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see.  It 
contains  many  fountains  and  squares,  and  the 
episcopal  palace  is  deemed  one  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful in  France.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
on  tile  river  Yonne,  75  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Dijon, 
and  90  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  about  11,000. 

Auxon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aube,  13  m.  S.  ofTroyes. 

Auxonne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Cote  d'Or,  with  a  castle,  an  arsenal,  a  foundry 
for  cannon,  and  a  school  for  the  artillery.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Saone,  17  m.  E.  of  Dijon.  Pop. 
about  5,300. 

Auzen  or  Tigre ,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Tigre,  and  a  place  of  considerable 
commerce.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  that  flows  into 
the  Taccazze,  170  m.  N.  E.  of  Gondar.  Long. 
39.  93.  E.  lat.  14.  4.  N. 

Ava,  a  country  of  Asia,  now  generally  called 
Birmah,  which  see. 

Ava,  a  large  city,  formerly  the  metropolis  of  the 
Birman  empire.  It  is  divided  into  an  upper  and 
lower  city,  both  of  which  are  fortified  ;  the  lower 
is  the  most  extensive,  about  four  miles  in  circum- 
ference, protected  by  a  lofty  wall,  now  moulder- 
ing into  decay.  The  materials  of  the  houses,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  wood,  were  removed  about  the 
year  1783  to  the  new  city;  and  its  numerous  tem- 
ples, on  which  the  Birmans  never  lay  sacrilegious 
hands,  are  dilapidating  by  time.  Clumps  of  bam- 
boos, a  few  plantain  trees,  and  tall  thorns,  occupy 
most  of  the  arna  of  this  lately  flourishing  capitaL 


It  is  situate  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Erabatty,  4  ra. 
S.  W.  of  Ummerapoora,  the  present  capital,  in  N. 
lat.  22.  E.  long.  96.  5. 

Avalon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne,  which  has  a  great  trade  in  grain,  wine, 
and  cattle,  and  a  manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Cousin,  24  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Auxerre.  Pop. 
about  4,300. 

Avallon,  a  town  of  France,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  department  of  Yonne,  about  20  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Auxerre. 

Avatscha,  or  Avmlslia,  a  large  bay,  forming  a 
very  commodious  harbour  for  ships  of  the  largest 
burthen,  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  coast  of 
Kamschatka.  The  town  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul 
on  the  north  side  of  the  bay,  is  in  lat.  53.  1.  N.  and 
15.  8.  E.  long.  Saratounka  is  another  town  ott 
the  S.  side. 

Aveiro,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with  a 
good  harbour  for  vessels  of  a  moderate  size.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  salt,  of  which  great  quantities  are 
made  in  its  vicinity.  It  stands  on  a  small  gulf, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Vouga,  33  m.  S.  of  Oporto. 
Long.  8.  40.  W.  lat.  40.  40.  N. 

Aveiron,  an  interior  department  of  the  south  of 
France,  including  the  late  province  of  Rouergue. 
It  is  named  from  a  river  which  rises  near  Severac 
le  Chateau,  and  flowing  by  Rhodez  and  Ville- 
franche,  joins  the  Garonne,  below  Montauban. 
The  Lot  mtersects  the  nortliern,  and  the  Tarn  the 
southern  part  of  the  department ;  it  is  divided  in- 
to five  arondisements  ;  Villefranche,  Milhau,  St. 
Afrique,  Espalion,  and  Rhodez,  the  last  is  the 
capital  of  the  department,  which  contains  a  popu- 
lation of  about  320,000. 

Avel.Ia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro 
celebrated  for  its  honey  and  apples,  15  m.  N.  E. 
of  Naples. 

AveUino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  UJte- 
riore.  It  was  almost  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in 
1694,  and  again  in  1805.  Near  it  is  the  celebrated 
convent  of  Monte  Virgine,  on  a  wild  mountain,' 
which  formerly  had  a  sumptuous  temple  of  Cybele. 
Avellino  is  fajnous  for  the  dye  of  cloth,  also  for 
nuts  and  maccaroni.  It  is  25  m.  E.  of  Naples. 
Pop.  about  9,000. 

Avenay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Marne,  on  the  river  Marne,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Chalons-sur-Marne. 

Avenche,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Berne,  formerly  the  capital  of  Helvetia,  but 
now  greatly  decayed,  grain  and  tobacco  being 
raised  on  the  site  of  part  of  the  ancient  city.  It 
stands  at  the  south  end  of  the  lake  Morat,  15  in. 
W.  of  Bern. 

Aventsville,  p.v.  Nash  Co.  N.  C.  75  m.  N.  E.. 
Raleigh. 

Averbach,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Vogt- 
land,  near  which  is  a  rock  famous  for  pale  topazes- 
It  is  14  m.  S.  of  Zwickau. 

Averill,  a  town  in  Essex  Co.  Vt.  63  m.  N.  Mont- 
pelier.     Pop.  1. 

Averno,  a  lake  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
600  yards  in  diameter,  near  Puzzuoli.  Virgil  and 
others  have  said  the  water  was  so  bad,  that  birds 
dropt  dead  when  flying  over  it,  and  hence  they 
call  it  the  lake  of  hell ;  but  it  now  has  no  sucn 
poisonous  quality,  for  birds  swim  upon  it.  A  lit- 
tle to  the  west  of  the  lake  is  a  cave,  where  some 
pretend  they  went  formerly  to  consult  the  CumsB- 
an  sybil.  There  are  aJso  some  old  walls,  which 
some  suppose  to  be  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Apol- 
lo, and  others  of  Pluto. 

Aversa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di   Lavoro 


<} 


AVO 


es 


AYL 


In  1305,  it  suffered  greatly  by  an  earthquake. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fine  plain,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

^verysboro,  p. v.  Cumberland  Co.  N.  C.  on  Cape 
Fear  river,  35  m.  S.  Raleigh. 

Aves,  or  The  Islands  of  Birds,  so  called  from  the 
great  number  of  birds  that  frequent  them,  though 
they  have  not  a  tree.  They  are  70  m.  E.  of  Cu- 
racao, and  100  N.  of  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  in 
N.  lat.  15.  50.  W.  long.  63.  43. 

Avesnes,  a  frontier  town  of  France,  in  the  south 
of  the  department  of  Nord,  seated  on  the  high 
road  from  Mons  to  Paris. 

Avestadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Westmania, 
noted  for  its  copper- works,  and  a  mint  for  copper 
money,  35  m.  N.  N.  W  of  Westeros. 

Avezzano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteri- 
ore,  18  m.  S.  of  Aquilla. 

Jiviann,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  23  m.  W.  of 
Udina. 

Avig!iano,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  on  a 
hill  near  the  Cotian  Alps,   10  m.  W.  of  Turin. 

Acignon,  a  city  of  the  south  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Vaucluse,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  was  formerly  dependent  on  the  pope,  and  an 
archbishop's  see,  but  became  annexed  to  France 
in  1791.  It  has  a  university,  several  handsome 
churches  and  a  synagogue,  and  numerous  manu- 
facturing establishments.  If  is  seated  in  the  heart 
of  a  very  fruitful  district,  (in  which  the  olive, 
vine,  and  fruits  of  all  kinds  are  very  abundant,) 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rhone,  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Durance,  about  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Nismes. 
Pop.  32,000. 

Avila,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  university  and  a  manufacture 
of  fine  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Adaga,  in  a 
large  plain,  surrounded  by  mountains  covered 
wim  fruit-trees  and  vineyards,  56  m.  N.  W.  of 
Madrid.  It  was  formerly  one  of  the  most  consid- 
erable cities  of  Spain,  but  does  not  now  contain 
more  than  4,000  inhabitants. 

Aviles,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  near  the 
bay  of  Biscay,  16  m.  N.  of  Oviedo. 

Avis,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  seated  on 
an  eminence,  with  a  castle,  near  the  river  Avis. 
Hence  the  military  order  of  the  knights  of  Avis 
have  their  name.     It  is  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Estremos. 

Aviso,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  6 
m.  E  of  Sora. 

Avon,  a  river  of  England,  celebrated  for  its  as- 
sociation with  the  name  of  Shakspeare.  It  rises 
from  several  springs  in  Naseby  Field,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Northampton ;  its  most  elevated  source 
springs  from  under  the  wall  of  a  farm  yard,  a  few 
paces  north  of  the  church,  in  the  village  of  Naseby, 
and  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  source  of 
the  Nez,  which  flows  east,  and  in  a  contrary  di- 
rection to  the  Avon,  falling  into  the  German 
Ocean ;  whilst  the  Avon  pursues  a  westerly 
course,  a  short  distance  from  its  source,  dividing 
the  county  of  Northampton  from  that  of  Leicester, 
until  it  enters  the  county  of  Warwick,  in  which  it 
ornaments  the  fine  domain  of  Stoneleigh  Abbey, 
afterward  washing  the  rocky  foundation  of  War- 
wick castle,  from  whence  it  proceeds  to  Strat- 
ford, the  birth-place  of  Shakspeare,  and  where  it 
becomes  navigable  for  barges  of  30  to  50  tons  bur- 
then, running  past  Evesham  to  Tewkesbury  in 
Gloucestershire,  where  it  falls  into  the  Severn.  It 
has  numerous  corn  and  paper  mills  on  its  banks. 
There  is  also  another  river  of  the  same  name  in 
England,  which  rises  in  the  north  of  Wiltshire, 
runs  past  Malmsbury  and  Chippenham  to  Bath, 
lailinj^  into  the  Bristol  Channel,  this  in  contradis- 


tinction to  the  other  is  called  the  Lower  Avon 

Avon,  another  river  which  rises  near  Bed  win, 
in  Wiltshire,  running  past  Salisbury,  and  skirting 
the  ed^e  of  the  New  Forest,  falling  into  Christ 
Church  bay,  in  the  English  Channel. 

Avon,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.     Pop.  745. 

Avon,  p.t.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.  236  m.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  2,362. 

Avon,  p.t.  Lorain,  Co.  Ohio.  146  m.  N.  E.  Co- 
lumbus. 

Avoyelles,  a  parish  in  the  western  district  of 
Louisiana,  between  the  Mississippi,  Red  and  At- 
ehafalaya  rivers.  It  produces  great  quantities  of 
cotton.    Pop.  3,488.    Marksville  is  the  chief  town. 

Avranches,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  south  of 
the  meiritime  department  of  La  Manche.  It  is 
situate  on  an  eminence,  about  2  miles  from  the  sea, 
in  a  fine  agricultural  district.  It  was  formerly  a 
bishop's  see,  to  which  Henry  II.  of  England  went 
to  obtain  absolution  from  the  pope's  nuncio,  for 
the  murder  of  Thomas  a  Becket  in  1172.  Al- 
though much  declined  in  importance,  the  cathe- 
dral, episcopal  palace,  and  castle,  give  it  some 
consequence ;  and  it  contains  about  6,000  inhab- 
itants; 10  m.  E.  of  St.  Malo. 

Aw,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire, 
30  miles  long,  and  in  some  parts  above  2  broad.  It 
contains  four  little  islands,  tufted  with  trees,  on 
one  of  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle ; 
and  on  a  peninsula  of  a  lake  are  the  noble  ruins 
of  Kilchurn  castle.  At  the  north  extremity  rises 
the  mountain  of  Cruachan,  elevated  3,390  fl. 
above  the  surface  of  the  lake ;  and  near  its  top  is 
the  spring  which  forms  this  beautiful  expanse  of 
water.  The  river  Aw,  the  outlet  of  this  lake, 
runs  into  Loch  Etive,  at  the  village  of  Bonaw. 

Atcatska.     See  Avatscha. 

Aiccri,  or  Overo,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  depen- 
dent on  Benin,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Formosa.  Long.  5.  10.  E.  lat.  6. 
10.  N. 

Aicen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Cochen, 
20  m.  W.  S.  W.ofOeting. 

Axbridge,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  the  river  Ax,  under  the  Mendip  hills,  10  m. 
N.  W.  of  Wells,  and  130  W.  of  London. 

Axel,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flanders, 
seated  in  a  morass,  10  m.  N.  of  Ghent. 

Axim,  a  territory  of  Guinea,  on  ♦he  Gold  Coast, 
with  a  river  of  the  same  name  flowing  through  it, 
and  a  town  on  the  east  side,  at  its  entrance  into 
the  ocean.  The  country  is  fertile,  and  well  cul- 
tivated, producing  palm-oil,  cocoas,  oranges,  pine- 
apples, yams,  water-melons,  and  a  prodigious 
quantity  of  rice.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort  and  fac- 
tory here,  called  St.  Anthony.  Long.  1.  3.  W. 
lat.  4.  42.  N. 

Axminster,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  on  the 
river  Ax.  King  Athelstan  established  a  minster 
here  to  the  memory  of  the  princes  slain  in  his 
army,  when  he  defeated  the  Danes  in  this  neigh- 
bourhood. Here  is  a  manufacture  of  leather 
gloves,  «fcc.  and  a  famous  one  of  carpets.  It  is  27 
m.  E.  by  N.  of  Exeter,  and  147  W.  of  London. 

Axum,  a  town,  anciently  the  capital  of  Abys- 
sinia. Its  ruins  are  very  extensive,  among  ^  hich 
are  many  obelisks  of  granite,  with  sculptures,  but 
no  hieroglyphics.  It  is  70  m.  N.  W.  of  Auzen. 
Long.  38. 45.  E.  lat.  14.  10.  N. 

Aylmouth,  Alne,  or  Alemouth,  a  town  in  North- 
umberland, at  the  mouth  of  the  Alne,  4  miles  east 
of  Alnwick.  It  has  a  good  harbour  for  fishing 
vessels.  In  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth  the 
French  held  it  and  rortified  it,  as  it  was  the  finit 
f2 


BAA 


^ 


BAB 


port  near  Scotland,  where  they  could  safely  land 
their  supplies  for  Mary  of  Guise,  the  queen  regent. 
It  is  said  that  the  bones  of  giants  are  often  dug  up 
in  the  neighbourhood.  It  exports  considerable 
quantities  of  grain  for  the  London  market. 

Ayamonte,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  at  the  mouth  of'the  river 
Guadiana,  opposite  Castro-Marino,  80  m.  N.  W. 
of  Cadiz.     Long.  7.  15.  W.  lat.  37.  12.  N. 

Aylesbury,  a  borough  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng. 
It  is  the  centre  of  the  busi>ess  of  the  fertile  vale 
of  Aylesbury.  Many  people  here  derive  their 
support  from  a  peculiar  manner  of  rearing  ducks 
for  the  London  market ;  and  the  making  of  lace 
is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent.  It  is  17  m.  S.  E. 
of  Buckingham,  and  38  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  4,400. 

Aylesford,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Kent,  Eng. 
situate  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Medway  river. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,136. 

Aylesliam,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  11  m.  N.  of 
Norwich,  and  118  N.  E.  of  London.  There  is  a 
spring  about  a  mile  from  the  town,  very  effica- 
cious in  chronic  disorders.  It  is  seated  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  river  Bure,  which  is  navigable 
to  Yarmouth.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,853. 

Ayr,  a  county,  parish,  royal  burgh,  and  river  of 
Scotland.  The  county  extends  for  about  56  miles 
along  the  S.  W.  coast,  and  is  about  20  in  mean 
breadth.  It  is  one  of  the  most  productive  coun- 
ties in  Scotland,  and  exports  considerable  quanti- 
ties of  grain  to  Liverpool ;  and  the  north  part  of 
the  county  participates  largely  in  the  cotton  man- 
ufacture. It  also  abounds  in  coal  and  iron,  and 
has  some  veins  of  copper  and  antimony,  and  some 
kelp  is  made  on  the  coast  from  sea  weed,  which 
is  also  extensively  used  as  manure.  It  has  been 
proposed  to  intersect  the  north  part  of  the  county 
with  a  canal  from  Adrossan  to  the  Clyde  at  Glas- 
gow, but  after  having  been  completed  for  about  12 
miles  from  the  Clyde,  the  work  has  been  suspend- 
ed. Agates,  porphyry,  jasper,  and  calcareous  pet- 
rifactions are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  county ; 
whilst  lime,  and  freestone  abound,  and  on  the  riv- 
er Ayr  is  obtained  the  whetstone,  so  useful  in 
sharpening  of  agricultural  cutlery.  The  principal 
towns  beside  Ayr,  are  Kilmarnock,  Kilwinning, 
and  Irvine,  N.,St.  Quivox,  Mauchline,  Muirkirk, 
in  the  centre,  Maybole,  Kirkmichael,  Daily, 
Girvan,  and  Ballantrae,  S. 

The  itoyal  Burgh  of  Ayr  is  situate  in  the  parish, 
and  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  sea  coast,  the  light-house  being  in  lat.  54. 
35.  N.  and  4.  26.  W.  long.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable antiquity,  having  been  a  royal  burgh  as 
far  back  as  1202 ;  its  commercial  importance  de- 
clined with  the  rise  of  Glasgow,  but  has  revived 
somewhat  since  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century.  Its  export  of  coal  is  very  great.  About 
6,000  tons  of  shipping  belong  to  the  place,  a  por- 
tion of  which  is  employed  in  the  timber  trade,  to 
British  America.     Its  buildings  do  not  merit  any 


particular  notice.  Pop.  in  1821,  7,425,  and  Kev> 
Town  Ayr,  immediately  contiguous,  4,027  more. 
The  Ayr  river  as  well  as  the  Don,  affords  a  con- 
siderable supply  of  salmon. 

Aysgarth,  a  parish  and  village  of  North  York- 
shire ;  the  parish  contains  12  townships,  and  a 
population  of  5,620  ;  the  village  contains  293  in- 
habitants; and  is  seated  on  the  Eure,  four  miles 
east  of  Askrigg.  Here  is  a  grand  picturesque 
waterfall,  called  Aysgarth  Force  ;  and  a  bridge  of 
one  arch,  72  feet  in  the  span,  overgrown  with 
ivy. 

Azamor,  a  town  of  Morocco,  on  the  river  Mor^ 
beys,  near  the  sea,  80  m.  N.  of  Morocco. 

Azaredo,  a  sea-port  of  Brazil,  in  the  bay  of 
Spirito  Santo,  celebrated  for  sugar.  Long.  40. 
10.  W.  lat.  20.  18.  S. 

Azores  or  Western  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  Atlantic,  between  25.  and  30.  W.  long,  and 
37.  and  40.  N.  lat.  900  m.  W.  of  Portugal.  Thev 
are  nine  in  number,  viz.  St.  Maria,  St.  Michael, 
Terceira,  St.  George,  Graciosa,  Fayal,  Pico, 
Flores,  and  Corvo.  They  were  first  discovered 
in  1439,  by  John  Vanderberg,  a  merchant  of  Bru- 
ges, who  was  driven  here  by  stress  of  weather. 
On  his  arrival  at  Lisbon,  he  boasted  of  his  dis- 
covery ;  on  which  the  Portuguese  set  sail,  and 
took  possession  of  them,  which  they  have  retained 
ever  since.  They  have  all  a  clear  sky  and  salu- 
brious air;  are  extremely  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
and  various  fruits  ;  and  breed  great  numbers  of 
cattle.  It  is  said  they  are  quite  free  of  venom- 
ous animals ;  but  they  are  subject  to  earthquakes 
and  volcanic  eruptions.  They  are  seen  at  a  great 
distance,  one  of  them  having  a  very  high  moun- 
tain, called  the  Pico,  or  Peak  of  the  Azores.  The 
governor-general  resides  at  Angra,  in  Terceira ; 
but  St.  Michael  is  the  largest  island.  In  the  year 
1819  they  exported  to  Great  Britain  51,706  boxes 
of  oranges,  and  in  1824-5  a  still  greater  quantity, 

Azoth,  Azotus,  or  Ashdod,  one  of  the  five  cities 
of  the  Philistines,  and  a  celebrated  seaport  of  tlie 
Mediterranean.  It  was  in  this  city  that  the  idol 
Dagon  fell  down  before  the  Ark  ;  and  so  strong 
a  place  it  was,  if  we  may  believe  Herodotus,  that 
it  sustained  a  siege  of  29  years,  by  Psainmeticus, 
king  of  Egypt.  It  was,  however  taken  by  the 
Maccabees,  in  a  much  shorter  time,  who  burned 
both  city  and  temple,  and  with  them  about  8,000 
inen.  The  town  is  now  called  by  the  Arabs  Has- 
aneyun.  It  is  but  thinly  inhabited,  though  the 
situation  is  very  pleasant.  The  town  is  about  a 
mile  and  a  half  in  circumference,  and  has  in  it  a 
mosque,  a  public  bath,  a  market-place,  and  two 
inns.  Here  is  an  old  structure  with  fine  marble 
pillars,  which  the  inhabitants  say  was  the  house 
that  Sampson  pulled  down  ;  and  to  the  S.  E.  just 
out  of  the  town,  is  the  water  where  Philip  bap- 
tized the  Ethiopian  eunuch.  There  are  several 
ancient  buildings,  with  capitals  and  pillars  stand- 
ing. It  is  situated  about  J 4  or  15  m.  S.  of  Ekron, 
between  that  and  Ascalon. 


B 


BAAL  BECK,  or  the  Valley  of  Baal,  a  fertile 
country  of  Asia,  between  Lebanon  and  Antiliba- 
nus,  about  30  miles  from  Damascus,  where  there 
was  formerly  a  magnificent  temple  of  the  Sun, 
the  ruins  of  which  are  still  admired  by  travellers. 
Some  geographers  make  it  a  part,  and  others  the 
whole  of  Coslosyria ;  but  all  agree,  that  it  was 
one  of  the  most  pleasant  spots  on  the  earth. 


Baba,  or  Babadag,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,    j 
in  Bulgaria,  celebrated  for  its  knives  and  sword     f 
blades.     It  stands  on  a  gulf  of  its  name,  in  the 
Black  Sea,  90  m.  N.  E.  of  Silistria.     Long.  28. 
38.  E.  lat.  44.  40.  N. 

Bahclmandel,  a  strait  between  the  coast  of 
Abyssinia  and  Arabia,  uniting  the  Red  Sea  with 
the  Indian  Ocean.     In  it  is  a  small  island  and  a 


BAG 


67 


BAD 


mountain  of  the  same  name.  Long.  43.  59.  E. 
lat.  \2.  50.  N. 

Balff.nhausen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  Germany, 
5  m.  N.  of  Tubingen. 

Biibic,  or  Bahalicg,  a  town  of  Persia,  on  the  con- 
fines of  the  Desert  of  Kerman,  situate  at  about  an 
equal  distance  from  the  cities  of  Kerman,  Sliiraz 
ami  Zed. 

Babiiij;l)ij.  a  village  of  Norfolk,  Eng.  is  noted  as 
beiuir  the  place  where  Felix  the  Burgundian  first 
landc-d,  to  instruct  the  East  Angles  in  the  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel,  and  where  the  first  church  is 
-**  said  to  have  been  erected.  It  is  4  ni.  N.  E.  of 
Lynn. 

Babuyanes,  a  cluster  of  six  or  seven  small  isl- 
ands in  the  North  Pacific  Ocean,  10  leagues  N.  of 
tile  isle  of  Luconia.  The  chief  produce  is  wax, 
ebony,  bananas,  cocoas,  and  plantains. 

BJbiflon,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of 
Babylonia  or  Chaldea.  Semiramis  is  said  by 
some,  and  Belus  by  otliers,  to  have  founded  this 
city.  But  by  whomsoever  it  was  founded,  Nebu- 
chadnezzar embellished  it,  and  made  it  one  of  the 
wonders  of  the  world.  The  most  famous  works  in 
and  about  it  were,  the  walls  of  the  city,  the  temple 
of  Belus,  Nebuchadnezzar's  palace,  the  hanging 
gardens,  the  banks  of  the  river,  the  artificial  lake, 
and  the  canals.  The  walls  were  87  feet  thick,  350 
feet  high,  and  GO  miles  in  circumference,  forming 
an  exact  square,  having  100  gates  of  solid  brass,  25 
on  each  side,  with  a  street  running  from  each  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  opposite  gate ;  so  that  there 
were  in  all  -50  great  streets,  each  15  miles  long. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  stood  on  both  banks  of  the 
Euphrates,  in  long.  44.  0.  E.  lat.  32.  0.  N.  Alex- 
ander of  Macedon  died  here  April  21,  B.  C.  323. 

Baca,  or  Baza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  15 
m.  N.  E.  of  Guadix.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Bach,  or  Batlia,  a  town  of  Hungary,  formerly 
the  see  of  a  bishop,  seated  near  the  Danube,  30  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Funfkirchen,  and  35  S.  of  Buda. 

Bacharach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palatin- 
ate of  the  Rhine.  It  is  famous  for  its  wine,  and 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  Rhine, 
24  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Coblentz.  The  Counts  pala- 
tine had  formerly  a  castle  here,  and  levied  toll  on 
the  produce  and  merchandize  passing  up  and  down 
the  Rhine,  which,  from  the  extentof  the  exaction, 
was  denominated  the  golden  toll.  It  at  present 
forms  part  of  the  Prussian  territory. 

Bachcserai,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  province  of 
Taurida.  It  was  lately  the  residence  of  the  Tar- 
tar clans  of  the  Crimen,  and  the  pilace  is  a  curi- 
ous species  of  painted  Chinese  structure.  Near 
this  place,  on  a  high  rock,  is  an  old  fort  called  the 
Jews'  Citadel,  so  na;ned  as  having  been  from  time 
immemorial  inhabited  by  about  200  families  of 
Jews.  Bacheserai  is  seated  in  a  deep  valley,  on 
the  rivulet  Katza,  18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Symphero- 
i>ol. 

Bacfimn,  an  island,  the  largest  and  most  south- 
ern of  the  proper  Moluccas.  It  is  70  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, and  the  interior  rises  into  woody  hills. 
It  is  governed  bv  a  sultan,  who  is  also  sovereign 
of  Ouby  and  Ceram  ;  and  he  receives  a  pension 
f-om  the  Dutch,  either  for  the  destruction  or  sup- 
ply of  nutmegs.  The  Dutch  first  formed  a  settle- 
ment here  in  1010.  Zabonn-a  is  the  chief  town. 
Long.  127.  0.  E.  lat.  0.  25.  S. 

Bachu,  or  Baku,  a  city  of  Shirvan,  in  Persia, 
situate  on  the  shore  of  a  fine  haven  on  the  W. 
»ide  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  was  taken  possession 
of  by  Russia  at  the  commencement  of  the  last 
century  ;  ceded  back  to  Persia  in  1735,  and  repos- 


sessed by  Russia,  since  1801.  The  country  round 
abounds  in  petroleum,  and,  in  some  places,  con- 
stantly emits  llarne,  but  without  producing  any 
very  sensible  degree  of  heat.  It  was  probably 
this  district  that  gave  rise  to  the  sect  of  the  Par- 
sees,  Guebres,  or  Fire  Worshippers,  by  whom  it 
was  formerly  much  resorted  to.  A  similar  phe- 
nomenon of  ignited  petroleum  prevailed  neaj 
Brosely,  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  from  1711  to  1750, 
since  when  the  flame  has  entirely  ceased. 
What  was  more  singular  at  Brosely  was,  that  the 
flame  emitted  from  a  spring  of  water  There  are 
a  number  of  inflammable  springs  in  the  western 
part  of  N.  York.  See  Burning  Springs.  Baku 
is  now  an  inconsiderable  place  ;  it  is  iu  40.  5.  N. 
lat.  and  50.  10.  E.  long. 

Badujoz,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Estremadu- 
ra,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  famous  for  a  bridge 
built  by  the  Romans  over  the  Guadiana.  On  this 
bridge  the  Portuguese  were  defeated  by  don  John 
of  Asturias,  in  itiGl.  Badajoz  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1809,  and  retaken  by  the  alliod  army, 
under  Lord  Wellington,  by  storm,  on  the  Cth  of 
April,  1812.  It  is  a  frontier  town  toward  Portu- 
gal, and  well  fortified.  It  is  14  m.  E.  of  Elvas, 
and  175  S.  by  W.  of  Madrid.  Long.  6.  40.  W. 
lat.  38.  45.  N. 

Badukslian,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  or  Great 
Bucharia,  capital  of  the  province  of  Kilan.  Gold, 
silver,  and  rubies  are  found  in  its  vicinity  ;  and 
caravans  pass  by  this  city  to  Cabul  and  China. 
It  is  seated  on  the  main  branch  of  the  Gihon,  about 
100  miles  from  its  source,  at  the  foot  of  the  Belur 
mountains,  120  m.  E.  of  Balk.  Long.  68.  50.  N. 
lat.  37.  10.  E. 

Badbury,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  on  a 
considerable  eminence,  4  m.  N.  W.  of  Win- 
born.  It  was  a  summer  station  of  the  Romans, 
and  many  of  their  coins,  urns,  &c.  have  been 
found.  Here  is  also  a  Saxon  camp,  which  con- 
sists of  three  oblong  ramparts. 

Badelona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seated 
on  the  Mediterranean,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Barcelona. 

Baden,  or  Baadcn,  formerly  a  margraviate,  in  the 
circle  of  Suabia,  stretching  along  the  east  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  from  the  canton  of  Basle,  in  Switzer- 
land, on  the  south,  in  the  lat.  of  47.  30.  to  the  bish- 
opric of  Spires,  in  the  lat.  of  49.  10.  N.  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Black  Forest.  It  was  divided  in- 
to upper  and  lower,  or  Baden-Baden  and  Baden- 
Durlach,from  the  names  of  the  chief  towns  of  the 
two  divisions.  Under  Napoleon's  formation  of  the 
Rhenish  confederacy  in  180G,  Baden  was  constitut- 
ed a  grand  duchy,  with  some  change  of  territory, 
divided  into  three  parts  of  the  Ilppei;,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Rhine  ;  but  receiving  a  further  accession 
of  territory  of  Brisgau,  &.c.  in  1809,  it  was  divi- 
ded into  the  10  folhnving  circles,  viz.  The  Lake 
Danube,  Weisen,  Treisam,  Kinzig,  Murg,  Pfutz 
and  Enz,  Neckar,  Odenwald,  and  Main  and  "Tauber, 
being  names  of  so  many  rivers  intersecting  the 
territory ;  the  code  Napoleon  w^s  adopted  as  the 
constitution  of  the  sUite.and  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, established  at  Carlsruhe,  about  two  miles 
from  Durlach.  The  whole  territory  contains 
about  .5,600  square  miles,  and  a  population  of  about 
925,000,  from  the  productive  portion  of  whom  a 
revenue  of  about  £G00,000  annually  is  collected 
for  military  and  state  purposes.  That  portion  of 
the  territory  bordering  on  the  Rhine,  including 
the  old  margraviate,  is  exceedingly  fruitful,  and 
contains  about  180,000  inhabitants.  The  foresta 
yield  abundance  of  materials  for  building  and  fuel. 

Baden,  the  capital  of  Upper  Baden,  with  a  ca»- 


BAG 


68 


BAH 


da,  on  tlie  top  of  a  hill,  where  the  prince  often  re- 
sides. It  is  remarkable  for  its  hot  baths,  and  is 
seated  between  the  Murg  and  the  Rliine,  40  m. 
W.  of  Stuttgard,  and  20  S.  of  Carlsruhe.  Long. 
8,  22.  E.  lat.  43.  48.  N. 

Batten,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Argau,  capital 
of  tlie  county  of  the  same  name.  Near  it  are  some 
warm  baths,  mentioned  by  the  ancients  under  the 
names  of  Aquaj  and  l^hermae  Helvetica?.  In 
17J4,  a  treaty  was  concluded  here  between  Ger- 
many and  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Linimat,  10 
m.  N.  W.  of  Zurich.     Long.  8.  24.  E.  lat.  47. 26.  N. 

Baden,  a  town  of  Austria,  famous  for  its  numer- 
ous hot  baths  ;  seated  on  the  Suechat,  13  m.  S.  S. 
VV.  of  Vienna.  ALso  of  a  village  in  the  Valais, 
Switzerhmd,  witli  a  hot  bath  of  a  sufficient  degree 
of  heat  to  boil  an  egg. 

r,:idemceilcr,  a  town  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Ba- 
den, in  the  circle  ofWeisen,  much  frequented  for  its 
hot  baths,  seated  near  the  Rhine,  5  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Sulzburg. 

BadgewoTthjViViWvige  in  Gloucestershire,  En?.  7 
m.  N.  E.  of  Gloucester.  Here  is  a  mineral  spring 
called  Cold  Pool,  nearly  the  same  in  quality  as  that 
of  Cheltenham. 

Baeza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated 
near  the  source  of  theGuadalaquivir.  It  was  once 
the  residence  of  a  Moorish  king,  and  was  since  a 
bishop's  see,  and  seat  of  an  university,  but  is  now 
deemed  of  little  importance,  although  its  popula- 
tion is  still  considerable.  It  lies  four  leagues  E. 
of  the  great  post  road  from  Madrid  to  Cadiz  by 
Cordova,  and  about  10.  N.  of  Jaen. 

Baffa,  a  seaport  town  at  the  west  end  of  the 
Isle  of  Cyprus,  with  a  fort,  near  the  ancient  Pa- 
phos,  of  which  considerable  ruins  remain,  particu- 
larly some  broken  columns,  which  probably  be- 
longed to  the  temple  of  Venus.  Long.  32.  30.  E. 
lat.  34.50.  N. 

Barn's  Bay,  a  vast  expanse  of  sea,  so  called  from 
an  English  captain  of  the  name  of  Baffin,  who 
navigated  it  in  161(5.  It  is  entered  from  the  Atlan- 
tic by  Davis's  Straits,  between  the  long,  of  54. 
and  67.  W.  and  in  the  lat.  of  the  Arctic  Circle.  It 
is  still  questionable  whether  it  be  a  bay  or  not ; 
and  the  English  governent,  since  the  general 
peace  of  Europe  in  1814,  have  sent  several  expe- 
ditions, to  endeavour  to  penetrate  in  the  direction 
of  that  sea  into  the  Pacific  Ocetan. 

Bagdad,  a  celebrated  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
the  capital  of  a  pachalic  of  the  same  name,  or,  as 
it  is  now  more  commonly  called,  Irac  Arabi ;  Bag- 
dad is  finely  seated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  noble 
river  Tigris,  and  previous  to  the  route  to  India  by 
th''  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  it  v/as  the  centre  of  a 
very  extensive  commerce.  It  was  t!ie  capital  of 
the  Saracen  empire,  till  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
the  13th  century;  since  which  it  has  often  been 
an  object  of  contention  between  the  Turks  and 
Persians,  until  it  was  taken  the  last  time  by  the 
Turks,  in  1631.  It  still  continues  to  be  a  place  of 
considerable  resort,  for  all  the  commodities  of 
Natolia,  Syria,  Persia,  and  India ;  but  has  lost 
much  of  its  ancient  splendour,  and  is  not  so  opu- 
lent as  when  in  the  possession  of  the  Persians. 
The  tomb  of  the  Jewish  prophet  Ezekiel  is  still 
shown  here.  Ii  has  several  mantifactorics  of  silk, 
cotton,  wool,  and  leather,  and  has  a  cannon  foun- 
dry. The  city  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  about  five 
miles  in  circumference,  and  contains  some  commo- 
dious houses,  but  its  general  character  is  mean  and 
dirty.  Its  markets  are  abundantly  supplied  with 
all  kinds  of  provisions  ;  but  the  great  heat  of  its 
climate  renders  it  uncomfortable  i     tha  gummer 


season.  It  is  about  50  miles  north  of  the  site  of 
the  ancient  Babylon,  250  north  of  Bassora,  and  8 
deg.  due  east  of  Damascus.  Lat.  33.  20.  N.  and 
44.  40.  E.  long.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  60,000  to 
i)0,000,  three-fourths  of  whom  are  Turks,  the  re- 
mainder are  Jews,  Persians,  and  of  various  na- 
tions. 

Baglana,  a  country  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Guzerat,  east  by  Cande- 
ish  and  Dowlatabad,  south  by  Visiapour,  and  west 
by  the  ocean.  It  is  exceedingly  mountainous,  but 
fertile  in  many  places. 

Bagnaluca,  or  Banjaluka,  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  tiie  N.  W.  corner  of  Bosnia,  on  the  bor- 
der of  Croatia,  55  m.  N.  W.  of  Serai. 

Bagnara,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulter- 
iore.  Here  are  several  high  waterfalls  :  and  among 
the  rocks  are  the  ruins  of  the  former  town,  in 
which  3,017  persons  perished  by  !in  earthquake  in 
17S3.  It  is  situate  near  the  straight  of  Messina, 
15  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Reggio.  Long.  16.  8.  E.  lat,  38. 
15.  N.    Pop.  about  5,000. 

Bugnarea,  a  tov/n  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  5  m.  S.  of  Orvieto. 

Bagneres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Pyrenees,  famous  for  its  baihs  and  min- 
eral waters ;  seated  on  the  river  Adour,  10  m.  S. 
of  Tarbes. 

Bagnols,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
of  Gard,  near  the  river  Cese,  8  m.  S.  of  Pont  St. 
Esprit.     It  has  manufactures  of  silk. 

Bagshot,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  12  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Farnham.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  extensive 
heath,  bordered  on  the  west  by  Windsor  park. 
Since  1800  a  considerable  portion  has  been  enclosed 
and  brought  under  cultivation. 

Bahamas,  or  I  ucayos  Islands,  a  group  of  Islands, 
forming  part  of  the  British  West  Indies,  exten- 
ding fi-om  the  long,  of  79.  W.  in  the  lat.  of  28.  in 
a  S.  E.  direction,  to  the  long,  of  70.  in  the  lat.  of 
21.  N  The  northern  part  lies  contiguous  to  the 
coast  of  Florida,  and  the  southern  contiguous  to 
the  north  end  of  St  Domingo.  The  greater  por- 
tion are  mere  rocks  and  uninhabited  ;  the  follow 
ing  are  the  principal  islands  :  Bahama,  Abaco,  An- 
dreas, New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Exuma,  Cat 
Island,  Long  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Mariguana, 
Great  Caycos,  Grand  Turk,  Inagua,  Square 
Handkerchief.  Of  these  Cat  Island  first  deserves 
notice,  as  being  the  first  land  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  discovered  by  Columbus  on  the  12th 
of  Oct.  1492,  by  whom  it  was  called  Guanahana. 
New  Providence  is  the  best  cultivated,  producing 
a  little  sugar,  coffee,  and  cotton,  and  exporting 
large  quantities  of  fruit  to  the  U.  S.  of  America. 
Exuma  and  Turks  Islands  have  exported  30,000 
tons  of  salt  annually  ;  but  the  chief  occupation  of 
the  inhabitants,  is  the  turtle  fishery.  The  passage 
between  the  northernmost  island  and  the  crast 
of  Florida  is  called  the  Bahama  channel,  and 
another  passage  between  Long  and  Crooked  isl- 
ands is  called  the  windward  passage,  and  forms  the 
route  of  the  ships  bound  from  Jamaica  to  Europe  : 
the  Jamaica  packet  touches  at  Crooked  Island 
homeward-bound  as  the  point  of  departure.  The 
number  of  slaves  upon  the  whole  islands  accord- 
ing to  a  return  made  to  parliament  in  1823,  was 
10,108,  and  the  white  population  probably  amounts 
to  about  4,000. 

Bahar,  an  interior  province  of  Hindoostan,  west 
of  Bengal ;  bounded  on  the  north  by  Nepaul,  west 
by  Oude  and  Allahabad,  and  south  by  Bezar  and 
Orissa.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Ganges  from 
west  to  east,    which    receives  several  tributary 


BAI  « 

streams  in  its  course  through  the  province,  the 
mist  considerable  of  which  are,  the  Goosey  from 
the  north,  and  the  Soane  from  the  south.  It  is  an 
exceedingly  fertile  district ;  its  rice  is  the  finest 
of  all  Hindoostan  ;  sugur,  silk,  indigo,  cotton,  and 
salt  petre  are  produced  in  great  abundance.  Pat- 
na  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ganges,  is  the  chief 
town.  The  town  of  Bahar,  formerly  the  capital, 
is  about  '.V>  m.  S.  E.  of  Patna.  The  whole  prov- 
ince is  subject  t )  the  English  East  India  Company. 
B.ikia,  one  of  the  12  captaincies  of  Brazil,  ly- 
ing siuth  of  Pernarfibuco,  and  e.xtending  from 
the  11th  to  nearly  the  Kith  deg.  of  S.  lat.  and  west 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  in  tne  long,  of  40.  to  a 
ridge  of  mounta'u;  in  44.  which  bound  it  on  the 
west ;  it  is  inters;'oted  by  another  ridge  of  moun- 
tains, its  whole  extent  ftoni  south  to  north  in  the 
long,  of  about  42.  and  the  river  St.  Francisco  runs 
from  south  to  north  between  the  two  ridges  of 
mount-tins,  to  the  north  extremity  of  the  territo- 
ry ;  wh^n  it  abruptly  changes  its  course  to  the  east 
forming  the  boundary*  between  Bahia  and  Per- 
na:nbuco.  Bahia  contains  a  surface  of  about  50,- 
000  sq.  miles,  and  is  the  most  extensively  culti- 
vated district  of  all  Brazil ;  sugv,  coffee,  cotton, 
and  tobacco  are  all  produced  in  great  abundance, 
and  the  cultu.'e  is  progressively  extending.  The 
forests  abDUiid  in  a  variety  of  wood,  and  are  so 
dense  as  to  be  almost  impenetrable.  The  chief  town 
of  the  saine  name,  or  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  St. 
Salvador,  is  situate  in  lat  12.  45.  S.  and  38.  25. 
W.  long,  on  the  east  b.ank  of  a  noble  bay,  called 
the  bay  of  All  Saints,  which  runs  up  from  south 
to  north  about  4'j  m.  being  about  8  m.  wide  at  its 
mouth.  The  town  is  situate  just  within  the  en- 
trance, and  extends  for  3  m.  along  the  shore  ;  the 
ground  rises  to  the  height  of  400  ft.  within  the 
distance  of  1  m.  from  the  main  street,  from  ab  iut 
the  centre  of  which  buildings  have  been  extended 
to  the  summit  of  the  rising  ground,  »vhich  com- 
mands a  very  extensive  and  beautiful  view  of 
the  sea  and  the  country  inland.  Next  to  Rio  Ja- 
neiro, Bahia  is  the  most  important  town  of  Brazil 
and  in  point  of  commerce  is  the  greatest.  The 
h  m  jes  are  in  general  well  built,  mostly  of  stone, 
and  it  has  several  churches  and  convents  of  con- 
siderable magnitude.     Pop.  about  100,000. 

Ball' iniren,  a  town  of  Wurteinburg.  situate  near 
th.»  source  of  the  Teyah,  a  branch  of  tlie  Neckar 
River,  about  20  m.  S.  W.  of  H  jhenzollern. 

Btihrakck,  a  town  of  Hindoostan.  in  the  pr  iv- 
mce  of  Oude,  02  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Fyzabad,  and 
65  N.  E.  of  Lucknow.  Long.  81.  5d."  E.  lat.  27. 
30.  N. 

Bahrenburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Hoya,  on  the  river  Sulilingen,  20  m. 
W.  of  Nieuburg. 

Bahrein,  a  town  of  Arabia,  situate  on  an  island, 
3=0  ra.  long,  in  thi?  gulf  of  Persia.  It  gives  name 
not  only  to  the  island  on  which  it  is  built,  but 
also  to  a  cluster  of  them,  celebrated  for  tJie  pearl 
fishery  ;  and  likewise  to  a  province,  extending 
alonii  the  west  coast  of  the  gulf.  The  town  is 
fortified,  and  belonged  once  to  the  Portuguese,  but 
is  now  possessed  by  the  Wahabees.  It  stands  on 
the  west  side  of  the  island.  70  m.  N.  15.  of  Lasha. 
Long.  49.  5.  E.  lat.  20.  20.  N. 

Bi:ra,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
formerly  famous  for  its  hot  baths  and  elegant  pal- 
aces, of  which  some  ruins  remain.  It  is  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Naples,  12  m.  W.  of  Naples. 

Ba}a.  a  town  of  Lower  Hunearv.  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Danube,  35  m.  N.  W.  of  Esseg. 
Btuas,  or  Paisas,  a  town  of  Syria,  at  the  N.  E. 


BAL 


comer  of  the  ^If  of  Aiasso,  supposed  to  have  been 
the  ancient  Issus,  celebrated  for  the  victory  of 
Alexander  over  D;uius. 

Baibtmrdi.  an  inland  town  of  Armenia,  about 
45  m.  N.  of  Arz  Roum. 

Baikal,  a  lalce  of  Siberia,  in  the  province  of 
Irkutsk,  350  m.  in  length,  but  its  greatest  breadth 
not  above  40,  between  the  lat.  of  52.  and  55.  N. 
and  104.  to  100.  E.  long.  The  water  is  fresh,  and 
the  Russians  speak  of  it  with  reverence,  calling  it 
the  H  )ly  Sea.  There  are  many  seals  in  it  of  a 
blackish  colour,  and  abundance  of  fish  ;  also  sev- 
eral islands,  and  that  of  Olchon,  the  largest,  has 
sulphureous  springs,  and  naptha  sometimes  floats 
on  its  surface.  It  receives  the  Selinga  from  the 
south,  and  its  outlet  is  the  Angara,  which  flows 
north  into  the  Yenisei. 

Baileysburg,  p.v.  Surry  Co.  Va.  70  m.  S.  E. 
Richmond. 

BtulJeul,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Nord,9  m.  S.  W.  of  Ypres.  It  is  a  manufactur- 
ing town.  Pop.  about  9,000.  There  are  several 
other  towns  of  the  same  name,  in  different  parts 
of  France. 

Bai'ur,  a  seaport  of  Abyssinia,  and  chief  town 
in  the  country  of  Dancali.  It  stands  on  a  spacious 
bay  of  the  Red  Sea,  340  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Gondar. 
Long.  42.  40.  E.  lat.  13.  3.  N. 

Bain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ille  and  Vilaine,  16  m.  S.  of  Rennes. 

Bainbridire,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  135  m.  W. 
Albany,  Po"p.  3,040. 

Bainbridge,  p.t.  Ross  Co.  Ohio. 

Baiiilfridge,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Alab.  on  the 
Tennessee,  5  m.  above  Florence. 

Bairdsloipn,  the  chief  town  of  Nelson  County, 
Kentucky,  50  m.  S.  W.  of  Frankfort. 

Bairout  or  Btrut,  anciently  Berytus,  a  seaport 
of  Syria,  in  Palestine,  and  the  chief  town  of  the 
Druses.  The  port  is  nearly  choked  with  sand 
and  ruins ;  but  many  cottons  and  silks  are  expor- 
ted hence  for  Cairo.  It  stands  on  the  north  side 
of  a  broad  promontory,  50  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Da- 
mascus. Long.  3tj.  10.  E.  lat.  33.  45.  N.  Pop 
about  7,500. 

Baker,  a  County  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Georgia 
on  Flint  river.     Pop.  1.253.  Byron  is  the  capital. 

Bakersfield,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  48  m.  N.  W. 
Mjntpelicr.     Pop.  1,087. 

Baker's  R'ver,  a  branch  of  the  Merrimack, 
Graflon  Co.  N.  Hampshire. 

Bakcrstuion,  p.v.  Allegany  Co.  Pa.  13  m.  N. 
Pittsburg. 

Bakewell,  an  extensive  parish  and  town,  in  the 
Peak  of  Derbyshire,  Eng.  Here  is  a  large  cotton- 
mill  ;  and  near  it  at  the  village  of  Asliford,  are 
marble  works,  where  the  black  and  grey  marbles 
found  in  the  vicinity  are  sawn  and  polished.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Wye,  27  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Derby, 
and  153  of  London.  The  town  contains  a  pop. 
of  1,782,  and  the  parish  about  9,100. 

Bakow,  or  Bakou,  a  town  of  Euro{>ean  Turkey, 
in  Moldavia,  on  the  river  Bistritza,  60  m.  S.  W. 
J  assy. 

Baku  or  Bachu,  a  town  of  Fersia,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Schirvan,  the  most  commodious  haven  ot 
the  Caspian  Sea,  on  the  west  coast  of  which  it  is 
situate.  The  vicinity  produces  much  rock-salt, 
sulphur,  and  naptha,  and  it  is  famous  for  saffron. 
Baku  is  a  fortress,  surrounded  by  high  brick  walls, 
300  m.  S.  of  Astracan.  Long.  49.  15.  E.  lat.  40. 
2.  N. 

Bala,  a  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Merioneth 
shire.     It  is  seated  on  the  lake  of  Bala,  or  Pern 


BAL 


70 


BAL 


blemere,  which  is  three  miles  long,  and  one  broad, 
and  abounds  with  a  fish  called  guinard,  resem- 
bling a  saltnon  in  shape,  and  tasting  like  a  trout. 
The  river  Dee  issues  from  this  lake.  It  has  the 
remains  of  three  Roman  camps,  which  seem  to 
have  been  used  as  exploratory  stations,  before  the 
Ordovices  were  totally  subdued.  The  inhabitJints 
carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  knit  woolen  stock- 
ings. It  is  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Caernarvon,  and  VJo 
N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1  1G3. 

Balacheo,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  situate 
on  a  branch  of  the  Don,  00  m.  W.  of  Saratov. 

Bidachiui,  a  town  Russia,  seated  near  the  Volga, 
40  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Niznei  Novogorod. 
•  Balaguer,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalon- 
ia, on  the  river  Segra,  at  the  foot  of  a  crajrgy  rock, 
75  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona.  Long.  0.  40.  E. 
lat.  41.  43.  N. 

Bilairanskol,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Irkoutsk, 
Siberia,  about  30  m.  N.  of  the  city  of  Irkoutsk. 

Balakawa,  a  seaport  at  the  south-west  end  of 
the  Crimea. 

Balamhansron,  a  small  but  very  fruitful  island, 
off  the  nortir  end  of  Borneo,  in  lat.  7.  16.  N.  and 
116.  58.  W.  long. 

Balamlman.     See  PaJambuan. 

Balapurn,  Chica,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, noted  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar-candy  and 
clayed  sucar,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Doda  Balapura. 

Balapura,  Doda,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, surrounded  by  a  mud- wall  and  hedge,  and 
has  a  strong  mud  fort  with  a  palace.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  sugar.  It  is  22  m.  N. 
by  W.  of  Bangalore,  and  57  S.  E.  of  Sera. 

Balartic,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Herault,  famous  for  its  baths.  It  is  12  m.  from 
Montpelier. 

Balasore,  a  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa,  and 
a  place  of  considerable  trade  ;  situate  on  the  Gon- 
gahar,  20  m.  from  its  mouth  in  the  bay  of  Bengal, 
and  124  S.  W.  of  Calcutta.  Long.  8(5.  4G.  E.  lat 
21.  26.  N. 

Balaton,  a  lake  in  the  south  part  of  Lower  Hun- 
gary, 40  m.  in  length,  and  1  to  4  broad.  The  N. 
end  is  about  5  m.  from  Stuhl- Weisenburgh,  and  36 
more  from  the  Danube,  with  which  it  is  proposed 
to  unite  the  lake  by  a  canal. 

Balbastro,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  on  the  river  Vero,  near  its  conflux  with  the 
Cinca,  45  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Saragossa.  Pop.  about 
5,000. 

Balhec,  the  ancient  Heliopolis,  a  town  of  Syria, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Libanus,  near  the  north-east 
extrepiity  of  the  fertile  valley  of  Bocat.  On  the 
east  side  are  magnificent  ruins,  particularly  those 
of  the  temple  dedicated  to  the  Sun.  The  town 
was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in  1759, 
and  is  now  a  poor  place,  37  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Da- 
mascus. 

Baldcagle,  ts.  Lycoming  Co.  Pa.  and  Centre  Co. 
Pa. 

Baldivia.     See  Valdlvia. 

Baldock,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  seated 
among  hills,  9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Royston,  and  37 
N.  N.  W.  of  London.  It  was  origmally  built  by 
the  knights  templars  in  the  12th  century,  on  the 
site  of  tne  Roman  way,  called  the  Ikeneild  street. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,550. 

Baldwin,  t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  047. 

Baldicin,  a  County  in  the  centre  of  Georgia. 
Pop.  7,389.  Milledgeville  is  the  cliief  town. 

Baldtcin,  a  County  in  the  S.  part  of  Alabama, 
Pop.  2,324.  Blake ly  is  the  chief  town. 

Balearic  Isles,  fire  islands  in  the  Mediterranean, 


forming  part  of  the  province  of  Arragon ;  they  are 
named,  Majorca, Minorca,  I vica,  Formentera,  eaid 
Cabrera,  which  see. 

Balfrush,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Mazanderan,  on 
the  south  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  12  m.  W.  or 
Ferabad. 

Balga,  a  town  of  Prussia,  on  the  Frisch  Haff, 
24  m.  S.  W.  of  Konigsberg. 

Ball,  or  Bally,  an  island,  75  miles  long  and  45 
broad,  at  the  east  end  of  the  isle  of  Java,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel  called  the  Strait 
of  Bali.  It  is  populous,  abounds  in  rice  and  fruits,  * 
and  furnishes  slaves,  cotton-yarn,  and  pickled 
pork.     Long.  11.  50.  E.  lat.  8.  30.  S. 

Balizc,  a  river  which  divides  the  provinces  of 
Yucatan  and  Guatemala,  falling  into  the  bay  of 
Honduras  in  lat.  14. 50.  N.  91 .  15.  W.  long.  There 
is  a  town  of  the  same  name  near  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  which  forms  the  principal  settlement  of  the 
English  for  supplying  mahogany  and  logwood,  to 
the  extent  of  20,000  tons  annually. 

There  is  also  a  fort  called  Balize  in  the  Swamp, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River,  in  lat.  29. 
6.  N.  89.  20.  W.  long. 

Balk,  a  southcr«  province  of  Independent  Tar- 
tary,  bordering  on  Persia,  now  subject  to  Caubul. 
The  principal  city  of  tlie  same  name  is  situate  on 
the  Dewash,  a  branch  of  the  Oxus  or  Anm  River, 
and  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  once  the  capital 
of  Persia,  and  the  residence  of  Cyrus.  It  is  still 
a  place  of  considerable  importance  and  intercourse 
between  the  inhabitants  of  the  countries  border- 
ing on  the  eastern  shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
the  sea  of  Aral  and  Bukharia  on  one  side,  and  of 
Hindoostan  on  the  other.  The  khan's  castle  is  a 
magnificent  structure,  built  of  marble,  dug  cut  of 
the  neighbouring  mountains.  It  is  about  220  m. 
S.  E.  of  Bokhara,  and  2C0  N.  W.  of  Atlock  Bena- 
res on  the  Indus,  in  36.  28.  N.  lat.  and  65.  20.  W. 
long.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Ballavh,  a  parish  in  the  county  of  Mayo,  Ire- 
land. Pop.  in  1821,  3,380,  in  which  is  included 
the  town  of  Minola  with  415  inhabitants  and  the 
village  of  Ballagh  with  329. 

Ballantrae,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Stinchar,  24  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Ayr. 

Ballichorough,  a  parish  and  town  in  the  county 
of  Cavan,  Ireland.  In  1821,  pop.  of  the  parish 
6,283,  and  of  the  town  804. 

Ballibophaij ,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Donegal, 
Ireland.     Pop.  in  1821,  290. 

Ballina,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Mayo,  Ireland, 
7  m.  S.  of  Killala,  and  120  W.  by  N.  of  Dublin. 
Pop.  in  1821,  4,422.  It  was  occupied  by  tlie 
French  in  1798. 

Bullinasloe,  a  town  chiefly  in  the  parish  of  Kil- 
cloony,  county  of  Galway,  but  extends  into  the 
parish  of  Creagh,  in  the  county  of  Roscommon, 
Ireland.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  great  annual 
slieep  fair,  the  first  week  in  Oct.  when  about  100,- 
000  sheep,  and  10,000  head  of  horned  cattle  are 
brought  to  market.  It  is  12  m.  W.  of  Athlone, 
and  72  W.  of  Dublin.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Dunloe.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,811. 

Ballingarnj,  a  parish  and  town  in  the  county 
of  Limerick,  Ireland.  Pop.  of  the  town  1,553,  and 
of  the  parish  5,328  more. 

Ballinaldn,  a  town  and  parish  in  Queen's  Coun- 
ty, Ireland.  The  town  is  situate  on  the  border  of 
Kilkenny,  48  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,951,  and  the  parish  which  is  called  also  Dysait 
Gallen,  2,467. 

*,*  There  are  about  300  other  parishes  and  vil 


BAL 


71 


BAL 


lages  in  Ireland  beginning  with  Bnllin,  but  none 
that  merit  any  particular  notice  ;  several  of  them 
are  populous. 

BuUston,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  "Y.  35  m.  N.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  2,113.  This  town  is  famous  for  its 
mineral  springs.     See  Saratoga. 

Bally,  in  Irish  signifies  town ;  there  are  up- 
wards of  150  parishes,  towns,  and  villages  in  Ire- 
land beginning  with  Bally,  such  as  Bailyhoy,  Bal- 
ly castle,  S^i-C.  i^C. 

Balmcriiw,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
which  has  a  trade  in  corn  and  salmon.  The  ruins 
of  its  once  magnificent  abbey,  founded  in  1229, 
are  much  admired.  It  is  seated  on  the  frith  of 
Tay,  opposite  Dundee,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  An- 
drew. 

Baltic,  an  inland  sea,  in  the  N.  W.  of  Europe, 
between  the  coasts  of  Sweden,  Russia,  Courland, 
Prussia,  Germany,  and  Denmark,  extending  from 
the  54th  to  the  60th  dcg.  of  N.  lat.  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia  running  up  to  the  lat.  of  06.  and  lying 
between  the  16th  and  22nd  deg.  of  W.  long,  the 
Gulf  of  Livonia  extending  2  deg.  further  west, 
and  that  of  Finland  as  far  as  30.  Its  surface  is 
estimated  at  120,000  sq.  miles,  it  contains  a  great 
number  of  islands,  the  principal  of  which  are 
Aland,  Dago,Oesel,  Gothland, Oeland,  Bornholm, 
Rugen,  and  Laland ;  and  the  islands  cf  Zealand 
and  Funen  separate  it  from  the  Cattegat,  by  which 
it  communicates  with  the  ocean.  There  are  three 
navigable  channels  into  the  Baltic  from  the  sea 
called  the  Cattegat,  which  communicates  with  the 
German  Ocean  :  1st.  which  is  the  most  northerly 
and  most  frequented,  is  called  the  Sound,  between 
the  coast  of  Sweden  N  and  the  coast  of  the  Isle 
of  Zealand  S.  This  passage  is  about  four  miles 
across,  and  is  navigated  by  8,000  to  9.000  sail  of 
vessels  annually,  which  pay  a  trifling  tax  to  the 
Danish  government,  for  the  mauitenance  of  the 
light-liouses  on  the  coasts  of  the  several  channels. 
The  middle  channel  between  the  south  side  of  the 
Isle  of  Zealand,  and  the  Isles  of  Funcn  and  Laland 
is  called  the  Great  Belt ;  and  the  most  southerly, 
between  the  isle  of  Funen  and  Laland,  and  the 
coast  of  Jutland,  the  Little  Belt;  but  the  naviga- 
tion of  botli  is  circuitous  and  intricate  compared 
with  the  Sound,  and  tliey  are  only  passed  under 
very  particular  circumstances.  There  is  little  or 
no  tide  within  the  Baltic,  and  the  channels  and 
harbours  are  generally  frozen  up  three  or  four 
months  in  the  winter.  Amber  is  found  on  the 
coast  of  Prussia. 

Baltimore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  on  a  headland  which  runs  into  the  sea,  and 
forms  a  good  harbour,  5  m.  N.  E.  of  Cape  Clear. 
It  has  the  ruins  of  an  abbey,  and  is  50  m.  S.  W. 
of  Cork.     Long.  9.  14.  W.  fat.  51.  18.  N. 

Baltimore,  a  Coimty  of  Maryland,  on  Chesa- 
peak  Bay.  Pop.  120,876.  The  city  of  Baltimore 
is  the  seat  of  justice. 

Baltimore,  the  chief  city  in  Maryland,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Patapsco  on  the  western  side 
of  Chesapeak  Bay,  is  a  place  of  great  commerce 
and  wealth.  It  was  founded  in  1729,  but  grew 
so  slowly  that  in  17.52  it  consisted  of  only  25 
houses.  Since  the  revolution  it  has  increased 
with  astonishing  rapidity  and  at  present  is  one  of 
the  first  American  cities.  It  stands  at  the  head  of 
tide-water,  14  miles  from  the  bay,  and  contains 
45  churches,  5  markets,  2  theatres,  10  banks,  an 
exchange,  a  public  library,  St.  Mary's  College 
and  the  University  of  Maryland,  a  lunatic  asylum, 
an  observatory,  2  museums,  and  several  elegant 
public   fountains.     The    Cathedral    is   an  Ionic 


structure  190  feet  in  length  and  127  feet  high  to 
the  cross  at  the  summit  of  the  dome.  It  contains 
the  largest  organ  in  the  United  States,  having 
6,000  pipes  and  36  stops.  Here  are  also  two 
splendid  p&intings.  The  Merchants'  Exchange 
was  built  by  private  subscription,  and  is  255  feet 
in  length,  with  a  hall  86  feet  by  53,  lighted  from 
the  dome  of  the  building ;  in  this  hall  the  mer- 
chants meet  daily  to  transact  business. 

There  are  two  splendid  monuments  at  Balti- 
more. The  Battle  Monument  is  built  of  marble, 
55  feet  in  height,  Jind  commemorates  the  defeat  of 
the  British  in  their  attack  upon  the  city  in  1814. 
The  Washington  Monument  is  also  of  white  mar- 
ble, 50  feet  square  at  the  base  and  su.staining  a 
colossal  statue  of  Washington  at  the  height  of 
163  teet  from  the  ground.  The  City  Hotel  is  one 
of  the  first  public  houses  in  the  country.  Most  of 
the  streets  of  the  city  are  broad  and  at  nght  an 
gles.  Fell's  Point,  the  lower  part  of  the  city,  is 
the  quarter  where  most  of  the  stor/s  and  shipping 
are  collected.  Baltimore  is  the  greatest  flour 
market  in  the  United  States.  In  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  are  above  60  flour  mills,  a  single 
one  of  which  has  produced  32,000  barrels  in  a 
year.  In  the  same  compass  are  also  12  cotton 
manufactories,  and  others  of  cloth,  powder,  paper, 
iron,  glass,  steam  engines,  chemical  works,  &c. 
Baltimore  has  80,625  inhabitants  and  is  the  third 
commercial  city  in  the  United  States.  It  is  in 
lat.-  39.  17.  N.  and  long.  76.  36.  W.  37  m. 
N.E.Washington,  and  100m.  S.  W.Philadel- 
phia. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  extends  from 
this  city  to  the  Ohio  river  at  Pittsburg,  300  miles. 
It  was  begun  in  1829  and  a  great  portion  of  it 
is  already  completed.  There  are  several  viaducts 
and  embankments  in  its  course  near  Baltimorf, 
substantially  built  of  granite,  and  a  deep  cut  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  long  and  70  feet  deep.  Many 
cars  are  already  in  operation  upon  the   rail  road 


Some  of  them  are  drawn  by  horse  power,  some 
driven  by  steam  and  some  by  wind.  The  cars 
with  sails  go  sometimes  25  miles  an  hour  and  can 
lie  within  4  points  of  the  wind.  The  whole  dis- 
tance from  Baltimore  to  Pittsburg,  when  complet- 
ed, will  be  travelled  according  to  estimation,  by 
horse  power  in  30  hours,  and  by  steam  in  20. 
Another  railroad  has  been  commenced  to  extend 
from  Baltimore  to  York  Haven  on  the  Susque- 
hanna, 60  miles. 

Baltimore,  JVcw,  p.t.  Greene  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m. 
S.  Albany,  on  the  Hudson.     Pop.  2,370. 

Baltimore,  t.  Sussex  Co.  Del.  comprising  the 
Hundreds  of  Daysborough,  Indian  River,  Lewes 
Rehoboth  and  Broad  Kiln. 

Battinglass,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland  in 
the  county  of  Wicftlow.  It  has  some  manufac- 
tures of  linen  and  woolen,  and  is  seated  on  the 


i^ 


BAN 


78 


BAN 


Slaney,  29  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  Population  of 
the  town  in  1820,  1,500,  and  of  the  parish,  2,303 
more. 

Bamba,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  in  a 
rich  province  of  the  same  name.  It  carries  on  a 
traflic  in  slaves,  and  is  seated  on  the  Loze,  1(50  m. 
S.  W.  of  St.  Salvador.  Long.  13.  45.  E.  lat.  7. 
2.S. 

Bntnbarra,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  which  lies 
to  the  S.  W.  of  that  of  Tombuctoo.  The  cultiva- 
tion of  corn  is  here  carried  on  to  a  great  extent ; 
and  the  inhabitants  are  hospitable  to  strangers. 
Sego  is  the  capital.  It  is  intersected  from  west 
to  east  by  a  river,  the  supposed  Niger,  navigable 
for  canoes  the  whole  extent  of  the  country. 

Bamberg,  the  territory  of,  formerly  an  imperial 
bishopric  but  made  over  to  Bavaria  in  tlie  Bona- 
partean  territorial  arrangements  in  1803,  and  is 
now  called  the  Circle  of  the  Mayne.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  lines  of  50.  N.  lat.  and  the  11th  of 
E.  long,  containing  a  surface  of  about  1,430  sq. 
miles,  several  towns  and  villages,  and  a  popula- 
tion of  210,000.  The  cliief  town  of  the  same  name 
is  situate  in  the  centre  of  the  territory,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Rednitz  River,  a  little  above  its  conflux 
with  the  Mayne.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  university, 
and  the  cathedral  and  episcopal  palace  are  stately 
edifices. 

Bamberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  30  m.  S.  of  Glatz. 

Bamhorough,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng. 
on  the  sea-coast,  14  m.  N.  of  Alnwick.  It  was 
once  a  borough,  and  gave  name  to  a  tract  called 
Bamborouglishire.  It  has  a  castle,  on  a  rock,  in- 
accessible on  all  sides,  except  the  south,  said  to 
have  been  built  by  king  Ida,  about  5G0. 

Bambmik,  a  liingdom  of  Africa,  between  the 
rivers  Faleme  and  Senegal.     It  is  said  to  be  very 

Eopulous,  and  on  the  borders  of  the  rivers  fertile, 
ut  in  other  parts  sandy  and  barren.  The  most 
remarkable  animals  are  a  species  of  white  apes, 
wrhich  the  inhabitants  will  not  allow  to  be  sent 
out  of  the  country  ;  while  foxes,  and  the  giraffe, 
an  animal  like  a  camel,  and  of  extraordinary 
swiftness.  Tiicre  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  tin, 
lead,  and  iron.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name. 
Long.  9.  30.  W.  lat.  13.  30.  N. 

Baminn,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Gaur,  soutli  of  the  Gaur  mountains. 
Here  are  a  great  number  of  apartments  and  re- 
cesses cut  out  of  a  mountain,  some  of  which,  from 
their  ornamental  work  and  extraordinary  dimen- 
sions, are  supposed  to  have  been  temples.  It  is 
seated  near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  170  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Balk,  and  100  W.  of  Cabul.  Long.  G6. 
10.  E.  lat.  34.  30.  N. 

Bavwa,  a  town  on  the  north  border  of  the 
kingdom  of  Birmah,  with  a  fort,  seated  on  the 
Irrawaddy,  170  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ummcrapoora. 

Bampton,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  The 
remains  of  its  ancient  castle  yet  exist ;  and  it  has 
a  trade  in  leather  gloves,  jackets,  and  breeches. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Thames,  12  m.  W.  of  Oxford, 
and  71  W.  by  N.  of  London.     Pop.  1,4(J0. 

Bampton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  with  a 
chalybeate  spring  ar  i  a  manufacture  of  serges.  It 
is  seated  in  a  bott'wn,  surrounded  by  hills,  20  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Exeter,  and  103  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  1,030. 

Banagher,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  King's 
County,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  15  m.  S.  of  Ath- 
Jofae.     Pop.  2,813. 

Bana.wara,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
with  a  fine  mud  fort,  and  the  ruins  of  an  extensive 


palace.     Much  tobacco  is  cultivated  in  the  vicini 
ty.     It  is  68  m.  N.  W.  of  Seringapatam. 

Banbury,  a  borough  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  It 
is  noted  for  its  cakes  and  ale,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Cherwell,  71  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London,  and  on  the 
line  of  the  Oxford  Canal.  It  has  a  manufacture 
of  silk  plush,  and  returns  one  member  to  parlia- 
ment. • 

Banca,  an  island  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  Sumatra, 
celebrated  for  its  productive  tin  mines.  It  has  a 
town  and  strait  of  the  same  name.  It  was  possess- 
ed by  the  English  during  the  war  of  1812-13, 
but  ceded  back  to  the  Dutch  in  1814. 

Bancali,  a  seaport  on  an  island  off  the  east  coast 
of  Sumatra,  in  the  straits  of  Malacca,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  settlement.  It  is  130  m.  S.  of  Malac- 
ca.    Long.  101.  7.  E.  lat.  1.  15.  N. 

Bancallury,  the  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Ma- 
dura. It  is  the  residence  of  the  Sultan,  and  po- 
pulous. 

Ba.ncapov.r,  a  frontier  town  of  Mysore,  in  lat. 
14.  58.  belonging  to  the  Mahrattas. 

Banrock,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  with  a 
fort ;  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Menan,  48  m. 
south  of  Siam.     Long.  101.  48.  E.  lat.  13.  44.  N. 

Bancout,  or  Fort  Victoria,  a  town  and  fortress  of 
Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of  the  Concan,  with  a 
good  harbour,  and  a  trade  in  salt.  It  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1755 ;  and  is  G6  m.  S.  of  Bombay. 
Long.  72.  48.  E.  lat.  18.  5.  N. 

Banda,  the  chief  of  the  Banda,  or  Nutmeg  Isl- 
ands in  the  Indian  Ocean.  The  group  comprises 
the  isle  called  Lantor,  and  six  or  seven  others. 
The  nutmeg,  covered  with  mace,  grows  principal- 
ly on  these  islands.  It  flourishes  best  in  a  black 
mould,  and  grows  also  among  the  lavas  of  Go- 
nong,  the  highest  of  all  the  islands,  its  summit 
being  1,940  ft.  above  the  sea.  In  its  general  ap- 
pearance the  nutmeg  resembles  the  clove  tree, 
only  it  is  less  pointed  at  the  top,  and  its  branches 
are  more  spreading.  Its  leaves  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  pear  tree,  but  larger,  and  like  those 
of  the  nut  tribe    are    dark   green  on    the  upper 


surface  and  gray  beneath.  After  small  white 
flowers  it  produces  a  fruit  very  similar  in  form 
and  colour  to  a  nectarine.  When  ripe  it  resembles 
a  ripe  peach,  and  bursting  at  the  furrow,  discovers 
the  nutmeg  with  its  reticulated  coat,  the  mace,  of 
a  fine  crimson  colour.  The  external  pulpy  cov- 
ering has  an  astringent  taste.  Within  the  mace  is 
the  nutmeg,  inclosed  in  a  thin  shell  of  a  glopsy 
black,  and  easily  broken.  It  has  8  varieties  which 
appear  to  be  permanent.  Its  cultivation  is  nice  and 
difficult.  The  best  trees  are  produced  from  the 
seeds  voided  by  a  blue  pigeon  called  the  nutmeg 
bird.  These  islands  have  been  subject  to  the 
Dutch  ever  since  1609,  when  they  expelled  both 
the  English  and  natives.  They  are  all  very  small, 
the  largest  being  only  20  m.  in  circumference,  and 
are  subject  to  earthquakes.     Banda  was  taken  by 


BAA 


73 


BAN 


the  English,  in  1796,  and  restored  in  1802.  Re- 
taken iu  1810,  and  restored  again  at  the  peace  in 
ldl4.     Lat.  4.  40.  S.  long.  12J.  E. 

Banda  Oriental,  or  Eastern  Shore,  a  district  of 
the  United  Provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  lying  in 
the  eastern  part,  between  tiie  river  Uruguay  and 
the  sea.  It  is  bounded  N.  by  Brazil  and  S.  by 
the  bay  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  contains  about 
70,0J0  sq.  m.  It  is  a  fertile  and  well  watered  dis- 
trict and  has  been  the  subject  of  contention  and 
warfare  between  the  Buenos  Ayrean  and  Brazil- 
'  ian  governments.  Monte  Video  is  the  chief  town. 
Baiidon,  or  Bandon-bridge,  a  borough  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Cork.  It  is  commonly  a  milita- 
••y  station,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton,  cam- 
lets, ticking,  «&c.  It  is  situate  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  13  m.  S.  W.  of  Cork.  It  extends 
into  three  parishes,  the  part  in  the  parish  of  Desart, 
contained  in  1820,  10,171)  inhabitants,  and  the  re- 
mainder about  4,000  more. 

Bandora,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  island  of  Salsette  which  is  separated 
from  that  of  Bombay,  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is 
6  m.  N.  of  Bombay. 

Banff,  a  County  of  Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  ocean,  S.  E.  by  Aberdeenshire,  and  W.  by 
Murrayshire.  Its  greatest  length  is  50  miles,  and 
its  extent  along  the  coast  22,  but  the  main  breadth 
is  not  more  than  16.  The  south  part  is  very  moun- 
tainous, but  the  northern  district  is  level  and  fer- 
tile. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Deveron  and 
Spey,  which  form  a  part  of  its  east  and  west  boun- 
daries, and  yield  abundance  of  fine  salmon.  The 
Aven  rises  from  a  small  lake  at  the  south  extrem- 
ity of  the  county,  falling  into  the  Spey,  where  that 
river  divides  the  county  from  Murrayshire.  The 
principal  towns  are  Gamry,  Cullen,  Fochabers, 
Keith,  Aberlour,  and  Kirkmichael. 

Banff,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding  county, 
is  situate  at  itsiN.  W.  extremity,  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Deveron,  over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge 
of  seven  arches.  It  has  some  manufactures  of  lin- 
en and  cotton,  but  it  is  more  a  place  of  fashiona- 
ble resort  than  either  a  manufacturing  or  commer- 
cial town.  The  town-hall  was  built  in  1798,  and 
is  a  handsome  edifice.  It  is  a  royal  burgh,  gov- 
erned by  a  provost,  four  bailies,  aud  12  councillors. 
45  m.  N.  of  Aberdeen,  and  167  of  Edinburgh.  Pop. 
in  1820, 3,855. 

Bangalore,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore. 
It  had  a  strong  fort,  built  by  Hyder,  deemed  the 
*  bulwark  of  Mysore,  toward  Arcot :  it  was  taken  bv 
the  English  in  1791,  and  restored  tiie  next  year 
to  Tippoo,  who  destroyed  it :  but  since  reverted  to 
the  English.  The  palace  is  composed  of  mud, 
yet  not  without  some  degree  of  magnificence,  and 
there  are  two  extensive  gardens  made  by  the  two 
sultans.  The  chief  manufactures  are  silk  and  cot- 
ton cloths,  muslins,  leather,  and  oil.  It  is  74  m. 
N.  E.  of  Seringapatara.  Long.  77.  37.  E.  lat.  13. 
0.  N. 

Bangor,  a  city  ojf  Wales,  in  Caernarvonshire. 
It  is  situate  on  the  east  shore  of  the  Menai  Strait 
on  the  high  road  from  London  to  Holyhead.  It 
was  once  so  consideraNje,  that  it  was  called  Ban- 
gor the  great,  and  defHjded  by  a  castle.  The 
principal  buildings  are  the^^^hedral  and  the  bish- 
op's palace.  The  see  is  of  very  great  antiquity. 
The  church  was  dedicated  to  St.  Daniel,  who 
was  bishop  about  the  year  516.  It  is  36  m.  W. 
of  St.  Asaph,  and  251  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1821,3,579. 

Bangor,  a  borough  and  populous  parish  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Down,  seated  on  the  south 
10 


shore  of  the  bay  of  Carrickfergua,  opposite  tlie 
town  of  that  name.  Pop.  in  l82l,  of  the  town, 
2,943;  of  the  corporation,  327  ;  and  of  the  parish, 
6,272,  making  a  total  of  9,542  ;  90  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Dublin,  and  about  10  E.  of  Belfast. 

Bangor,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  on  the  Penob- 
scot, 35  m.  above  Castine.  It  has  a  considerable 
commerce  in  lumber,  and  a  Theological  Seminary. 
Pop.  2,868. 

Bangor,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  N.  Y.  204  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.    Pop.  1,076. 

Banistar,  p.v.  Halifax  Co.  Va.  140  m.  S.  W 
Richmond. 

Banjaluka.  See  Bagnaluka. 
Banjer,  or  Bender,  a  considerable  river  in  the 
island  of  Borneo,  which  flows  almost  due  soutli 
from  the  centre  of  the  country  to  the  harbour  of 
Banjermassing,  and  at  its  mouth  the  Dutch  have 
their  principal  factory. 

Banjermassing,  or  Bendermassing,  a  kingdom 
in  the  south  part  of  the  island  of  Borneo,  the 
capital  of  which  is  Metapura.  The  country  pro- 
duces great  quantities  of  pepper  ;  also  gold,  iron, 
diamonds,  canes,  birds-nests,  wax,  and  dragons- 
blood.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
food  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Banjer. 
■ong.  114.  30.  E.  lat.  3. 15.  S. 
Banks  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
on  the  east  side  of  New  Zealand,  about  100  m.  in 
circumference.  Long.  184.  0.  E.  lat.  43.  30.  S. 

Banks  hland,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  west  coast  of  North  AmeDica,  about  60 
m.  long  and  5  broad.  Long.  130.  0.  W.  lat.  53. 
30.  N. 

Bann,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  issues  from  the 
Mourne  mountains,  in  the  county  of  Down,  flows 
N.  W.  into  Armagh,  through  Lough  Neagh,  and 
thence  forms  the  boundjiry  between  Londonderry 
and  Antrim,  entering  the  sea  four  miles  below 
Coleraine. 

Bannalec,  a  town  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  France,  15  m.  E.  ot  Quim- 
per. 

Bannbridgc,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Down,  on  the  river  Bann,  14  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Newry,  on  the  road  to  Belfast.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,715. 

Bannockbum,  a  village  of  Scotland  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Ninians,  on  the  river  Bannock,  two  miles 
south  of  Stirling.  It  is  noted  for  a  battle  between 
Edward  II.  and  Robert  Bruce,  in  1314,  in  which 
the  former  was  defeated.  Here  also  James  the  III. 
in  1487,  was  defeated  by  his  subjects, -Wounded,  and 
soon  after  murdered  by  a  priest  taking  his  confes- 
sion. 

Banno7c,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Wex- 
ford, seated  on  the  east  shore  of  a  bay  to  which  it 
gives  name,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Wexford.  Long.  6. 
50.  W.  lat.  52.  12.  N.    Pop.  in  1821, 1,298. 

Bantam,  a  town  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Java,  cap- 
ital of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  with  two  forts. 
It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  river.  The  En- 
glish and  Danes  had  factories  here  till  1682,  when 
tliey  were  expelled  by  the  Dutch.  The  chief  pro- 
duce of  the  country  is  pepper,  of  which  vast  quan 
titles  were  formerly  exported  by  the  Dutch,  who 
deposed  the  kings  of  the  ancient  race,  and  monop- 
olized the  entire  traffic  of  the  country.  Bantam, 
once  populous  and  flourishing,  is  now  a  poor  place, 
its  harbour  being  so  choked  up  that  it  is  inacces- 
sible to  vessels  of  burden  ;  its  commerce  is  trans- 
feredto  Batavia.  Long.  105.  26.  E.  lat.  6.  20.  S. 

Bantry,  a  capacious  bay,  at  the  S.  W.  extremi- 
ty of  Ireland,  on  the  coast  of  Cork,  capable   of 
G 


BAR 


74 


BAR 


containing  all  the  shipping  of  Europe  ;  but  some- 
what exposed  to  the  swells  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
A  French  fleet  endeavoured  to  land  succours  of 
arms  in  this  bay  to  the  adherents  of  James  II.  l(Jbi), 
and  they  made  another  unsuccesful  attempt  to 
effect  a  landing  with  a  fjrmidable  force  179(5.  It 
is  26  miles  long,  3  broad,  and  40  fathoms  deep  in 
the  middle.  There  is  a  town  named  Bantry,  at 
the  head  of  the  bay  on  the  east  side,  the  spacious 
harbour  of  which  is  defended  from  the  swells  of 
the  ocean  by  the  island  of  Whiddy.  It  is  4G  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Cork,  and  103  from  Dublin.  Pop.  in 
1821,3,059. 

Banwell,  a  village  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  four 
miles  N.  N.  W.  ot  Axbridge.  Here  was  a  mon- 
astery, founded  by  one  of  the  Saxon  princes, 
which  was  destroyed  by  the  Danes.  On  its  site 
an  episcopal  palace  was  erected,  some  remains  of 
which  are  to  be  seen  near  the  church.  Pop.  1,430. 

Bapaume,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Pas  de  Calais,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Arras.  Pop.  3,150. 
There  is  a  river  of  the  same  name,  falling  into  the 
Seine,  which  drives  about  20  paper  mills. 

Baptistoion,  p. v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J.  30  m.  N. 
W.  Trenton. 

Bar,  a  town  of  Podolia,  in  Russian  Poland,  on  a 
river  that  flows  east  into  the  Bog.  In  1708,  a  cath- 
olic confederation  was  held  here,  to  protect  the  reli 
gion  of  the  country  from  the  encroachments  ot 
dissenters.  It  is  48  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Kaminieck,  and 
55  N.  W.  of  Braclaw.  Long.  27.  40.  E.  lat.49.  14. 

Bar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bahar,  near  the 
Ganges,  34  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Patna. 

Bar,  or  Barrois,  a  late  duchy  of  France,  lying  on 
both  sides  of  the  Meuse,  between  Lorraine  and 
Champagne.  It  now  forms  the  department  of 
Meuse. 

Baracoa,  a  town  on  thfi  N.  E.  coast  of  Cuba,  with 
a  good  harbour  for  small  vessels,  90  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
St.  Jago  de  Cuba.     Long.  74. 42.  W.  lat.  20. 30.  N. 

Baranco  de  Malamha,  or  Buranguilla,  a  town  of 
Colombia,  in  the  province  of  Magdalena,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  good  harbour,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Magdalena.  70  m  N.  E.  of  Carthagena. 
Long  74.  50.  W.  lat.  11.  20.  N. 

Barany,  or  Baranwahr,  a  town  of  Lower  Hunga- 
ry, capital  of  the  county  of  Barany,  taken  from  the 
Turks  in  1084.  It  is  seated  in  an  island,  formed 
by  the  river  Crasso,  14  m.  N.  Esseg,  and  120  S. 
of  Buda.     Long.  19.  10.  E.  lat.  45.  42.  N. 

Barataria,  a  bay  or  tlie  coast  of  Louisiana,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  surrounded  by  a  flat 
marshy  country.  Botits  can  pass  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  New  Orleans,  through  tliis  bay  to  the 
sea.     This  was  formerly  a  great  resort  for  pirates. 

Barhacoa,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  Cauca,  on  the 
river  Tolembi,110  m.  S.  W.  of  Popayan. 

Barhacoa,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  Venezuela,  on 
the  east  side  of  the  lake  Maracaybo,  130  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Venezuela. 

Barbadoes,  the  most  easterly  of  the  Windward 
islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  25  m.  long  and  15 
broad,  subject  to  Great  Britain.  The  soil  is  beau- 
tifully undulated,  and  yields  most  of  the  produc- 
tions common  to  the  climate,  but  the  chief  object 
of  culture  is  the  sugarcane,  tlie  produce  of  which 
IS  about  15,000  tons  of  sugar  annually,  which,  with 
some  ginger  and  axrow-root,  form  its  main  exports. 
The  island  suffered  greatly  by  the  storm,  on  the 
10th  of  October,  1780,  when  upwards  of  4,000  per- 
sons perished  by  its  violence,  and  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  19th  century  was  considerably  on  the 
decline,  the  soil  indicating  symptoms  of  exhaus- 


tion, until  the  year  1813,  when  a  very  singular  phe- 
nomenon occurred,  which  contributed  essentially 
to  its  resuscitation  ;  a  vast  dense  cloud  of  matter 
from  the  eastward,  composed  apparently  of  volcan- 
ic eruption,  fell,  and  covered  nearly  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  island,  which  tended  greatly  to  its  fer- 
tility. Barbadoes  was  constituted  an  ecclesiastical 
see  over  the  whole  of  tlie  Carribee  Islands  in  1824. 
It  is  also  the  chief  seat  of  commissariat  for  the  same, 
which  occasions  the  internal  commerce  of  the  is- 
land to  be  considerable.  It  was  first  settled  by  the 
English  in  1024  ;  after  the  restoration  of  Charles 
II.  a  duty  of  4 1-2  per  ct.  was  exacted  upon  all  pro- 
duce exported,  under  the  pretext  of  maintaining 
and  keeping  in  repair  the  forts  of  the  island,  and 
for  other  protection.  The  duty  has  continued  150 
years,  and  in  1820  amounted  to  £18,037,  but  whol- 
ly converted  into  pensions,  and  the  expenses  of  the 
island  defrayed  out  of  the  taxes  levied  in  Eng- 
land. It  is  divided  into  five  districts  and  11  par- 
ishes. Bridgetown,  the  chief  town,  is  in  lat.  13. 
5.  N.  and  59.  43.  W.  long.  Charles's,  James's,  and 
Speight's  towns  are  the  other  towns  of  tlie  island  ; 
the  free  population  amounts  to  about  20,000 

Barbara,  St.  a  town  on  the  west  coast  of  North 
America,  capital  of  a  jurisdiction  of  its  name.  It 
stands  in  a  rugged,  barren  country,  but  has  a  good 
roadstead.     Long.  119.  17.  W.  lat.  34.  54.  N. 

Barbareen,  a  village  of  Ceylon,  on  the  west 
coast,  35  m.  south  of  Colombo.  It  has  a  harbour 
for  shifp-boats,  and  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
cordage  and  cables  from  the  cocoa  tree. 

Barbary,  or  the  Burbary  Slates,  comprise  the 
whole  northern  coast  of  I>Jorth  Africa,  bordering 
on  the  Mediterranean  Sea  from  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  to  Egypt ;  bounded  or  rather  intersected, 
on  the  south  by  the  Atlas  chain  of  mountains  and 
bounded  by  the  deserts  of  Sahara,  Tuarick,  and 
Lybia,  extending  in  length  from  the  long,  of  10. 
W.  to  25.  of  E.  and  varying  in  breadth  from  300  to 
600  or  700  m.  between  the  lat.  of  29.  and  37.  N.  di- 
vided into  the  six  following  sovereignties,  or 
states  :  viz.  first,  beginning  with  the  west ;  Mo- 
rocco, bordering  wholly  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
Fez,  forming  the  nortli-west  corner  of  the  African 
coniinent,  and  Algiers,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  Barca, 
all  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean.  Tliis  exten- 
sive territory  was  known  to  the  ancients  by  the 
name  of  Mauritania,  Numidia,  Africa  Preper, 
and  Lybia,  and  at  one  period  contended  with 
Rome  for  tlie  empire  of  the  world  ;  and  although 
at  the  present  day  its  inhabitants  are  among  tlie  * 
most  unsocial  and  illiterate  of  the  communities  of 
civilization,  they  were  at  one  period  as  distin- 
guishe-d  for  their  attainments  in  art,  as  in  arms. 
The  whole  country  abounds  in  local  beauties,  and 
possesses  all  the  advantages  of  soil  and  climate 
which  man  can  desire  :  the  soil  yields  great  crops 
of  maize  and  corn,  and  all  the  choice  fruits,  sucb 
as  lemons,  oranges,  the  vine,  dives,  figs,  almonds, 
and  dates  are  in  great  profusion  ;  the  mountains 
are  rich  in  mineral  substances,  and  all  the  domes- 
tic animals  common  to  Europe  abound  over  the 
whole  country  ;  the  horses  are  much  esteemed 
for  their  fleetness  and  beauty.  I'he  lien,  panther, 
and  hysena,  and  other  ferocious  animals  are  nu- 
merous in  the  mountains,  and  frequently  make 
inroads  into  the  plains.  Reptiles  are  also  very 
numerous,  and  the  Boa-Constrictor,  the  most  fero 
cious  of  the  serpent  kind,  is  common  on  the  bor 
ders  of  the  deserts.  The  external  commerce  of  tht 
country  is  limited,  but  will  be  more  particularly 
adverted  to  when  treating  of  the  respective  d'vi 
sions.     Mahometanism,  in  its   utmost  degree  of 


BAR 


75 


BAR 


personal  indulgence  and  wantonness  of  power, 
prevails  alike  in  all  the  states,  and  restrains  all 
rational  and  social  advancement. 

Barber  ino,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Apennines,  on  the  river  Sieva,  12  m.  N.  of  Flor- 
ence. 

Barbezicux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente,  with  a  mineral  spring,  and  a 
manufacture  of  linen  cloth.  It  is  45  m.  N.  E.  of 
Borde  lux.     Pop.  2,750. 

Barbuursvillc,  p. v.  Orange  Co.  Va.  78  m.  N.  W. 
Richmond. 

BarhoursviUe,  p.t.  Knox  Co.  Ken.  on  Cumber- 
land River,  125  m.  S.  E.  Frankfort. 

Barbuda,  one  of  the  Leeward  islands,  in  the 
West  Indies,  2)  tn.  long  and  10  broad.  It  has 
gold  road  for  shipping,  but  the  inhabitants  (about 
1,500)  are  chiefly  employed  in  raising  corn,  and 
breeding  cattle,  for  the  use  of  the  neighbouring 
isl-.ind^!.  It  is  35  m.  N.  of  Antigua.  Long.  61. 
50.  W.  lat.  17.  50.  N. 

Barbij,  a  town  in  the  Prussian  principality  of 
Anhilt,  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  its  name,  with  an  ancient  castle,  and  an 
academical  cDllegc,  fouaded  by  the  United  Breth- 
ren, in  1754.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  l^m.  S.  E. 
of  Magdeburg.  Long.  12.  4.  E.  lat.  52.  2.  N. 

Barca,  one  of  the  six  Barbary  states,  the  an- 
cient Cyrenaica,  on  the  south  coast  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, between  Tripoli  and  Egypt.  The 
south  part  is  a  barren  desert,  inhabited  by  wan- 
dering Arabs.  The  north  part  along  the  coast 
is  fertile  and  well  peopled.  It  belongs  to  the 
Turks,  and  is  governed  by  a  sangiac,  dependent 
on  the  bashaw,  who  resides  at  Tripoli.  Derne  is 
the  capital. 

Barcelona,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Catalonia, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  good  harbour,  on  the 
Mediterranean.  It  is  of  an  oblong  form,  defend- 
ed by  a  strong  fort,  called  Montjuich,  which  stands 
on  a  rocky  mountain,  a  mile  west  of  tJie  town. 
It  has  double  walls  on  the  north  and  east,  and 
the  sea  on  the  south,  with  a  mole  for  the  security 
of  ships.  It  is  divided  into  the  new  and  old  town, 
by  a  wall  and  a  ditch  ;  and  the  sea  having  retired 
considerably  from  the  portgates,  a  whole  quarter 
of  the  town  now  stands  on  the  sands  that  were 
once  the  bottom  of  the  harbour.  It  has  a  fine 
university,  an  inquisition,  a  cathedral  with  two 
lofty  towers,  a  palace  for  the  viceroy,  a  large  ex- 
change, an  extensive  cannon  foundry,  an  arsenal 
containing  arms  for  several  thousand  men,  and 
docks  for  the  building  of  galleys.  It  has  various 
manufactures,  bat  is  more  particularly  distin- 
guished for  those  of  fire  arms  of  all  kinds,  swords, 
cutlery,  and  soap,  and  there  are  several  very  ex- 
tensive distilleries  of  brandy  ;  its  commerce  is  gen- 
eral. In  1705  it  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Peterbo- 
rough, after  a  siege  of  three  weeks.  In  1706, 
Philip  V.  invested  it  with  a  numerous  army,  but 
was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege.  In  1714,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French  and  Spaniards,  and  a  citadel 
built  to  keep  it  in  awe.  The  French  took  this 
city  by  treachery  in  1808.  In  1323  it  held  out  to 
the  last  in  favour  of  the  constitutionalists,  and  did 
.■  not  yield  until  all  hope  or  expectation  of  success- 
%  ful  resistance  was  obviously  useless.  It  is  250 
•  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Madrid.  Long.  2.  12.  E.  lat.  41. 
23.  N.  Pop.  of  the  city  and  the  new  town  or 
suburb  of  Barceloneta  120,000. 

Barcelona,  is  also  the  name  of  a  populous  sea- 
port town  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  little  river 
Neveri,  in  the  new  province  of  Oronoko,  Colom- 
bia, about  50  m.  W.  of  Cumana.     It  is  a  mean 


dirty  place ;  the  inhab.  about  14,000,  under  the 
proscribed  system  of  Old  Spain,  were  the  chief 
medium  of  the  smuggling  carried  on  between 
Trinidad  and  the  interior  parts  of  the  country. 

Barcelonctte,  a  town  of  France,  situate  among 
the  Alpine  mountains,  in  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Alps,  about  10  m.  S.  of  Embrun. 

Barcelorc,  or  Barcura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  coast  of  Canara,  which  gives  name  to  a  dis- 
trict, but  has  been  long  in  ruins.  It  is  40  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Mangalore. 

Barrel  OS,  a  very  ancient  town  of  Portugal,  in  En- 
tre  Douro  e  Minho,  near  the  river  (Javado,  10 
m.  W  S.  W.  of  Braga,  supposed  to  have  been 
founded  by  Hamilcar  Barca,  250  B.  C. 

Bard,  and  Bardin,  two  towns  in  the  province  of 
Kerman,  Persia.  Bardin  is  on  the  route  from 
Ormus  to  Lake  Gazel,  and  Bard  about  10  ni.  E. 
of  Bardin. 

Bardcwlck,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
dutcliy  of  Lunenburg,  on  the  river  Ilmenau,  17 
m.  S.  E.  of  Hamburg. 

Bardi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Parmesan,  with 
a  magnificent  castle.     30  m.  S.  W.  of  Parma. 

Bardt,  or  Bart.li,  a  town  of  Swedish  Pomerania, 
with  a  castle  and  harbour,  near  the  Batlic,  15  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Stralsund.  Long.  12.  50.  E.  lat.  54. 
25.  N. 

Bareges,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Pyrenees,  much  frequented  on  account 
of  its  mineral  baths.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley  of  the 
same  name,  24  m.  S.  of  Tarbes. 

Barenton,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Manche,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Avranches. 

Barflcur,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Manche.  It  was  from  this  port  that  William 
the  Norman  embarked  on  his  expedition  to  Eng- 
land in  the  11th  century.  Barfleur  was  destroyed 
bv  the  English  in  1346,  and  the  harbour  filled  up. 
The  cape  of  that  name  is  12  ra.  E.  of  Cherburg, 
and  near  it  part  of  the  navy  of  France  was  destroy- 
ed by  the  English  in  1692.  It  is  174  m.  N.W.  of 
Paris.     Long.  1.  10.  W.  lat.  49.  40.  N. 

Birga,  a  considerable  town  of  Italy,  about  10 
m.  N.  of  Lucca.     Pop.  about  9,000. 

Bara-aintowti,  p.v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  50  m.  S. 
E.  Phllad. 

Barge,  or  Barges,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  7  m.  S. 
of  Pinerola. 

Barguz'Msk,  or  Barghouzin,  a  town  of  Siberia, 
in  the  government  of  Irkutsk,  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Lake  Baikal,  at  the  influx  of  the  Barguzin,  170 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Selenginsk.  Long.  109.  30.  E.  lat. 
53.  20.  N. 

Bari,  or  Terra  di  Bari,  a  maritime  province  of 
Naples,  on  the  shore  of  the  Adriatic,  bounded  on 
the  south-east  by  Otranto,  south-west  by  Basilica- 
ta,  and  north-west  by  Capitanata.  The  soil  is  fer- 
tile, but  there  are  many  serpents  and  tarantulas. 
See  Trani. 

Bari.,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  capital  of  Terra  di  Bari, 
and  an  arclibishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  shore 
of  the  Adriatic,  has  a  good  harbour,  and  is  well 
fortified.  The  trade  principally  consists  in  olives 
and  almonds.  It  is  26  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Trani.  Long. 
E.  17.  0.  lat.  41.  15.  N. 

Barjols,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of' 
Var,  19  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Riez. 

Bark/iamstead,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  Pop, 
1,715. 

Barking,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  It  was  cele- 
brated for  a  magnificent  nunnery,  of  which  a  gate- 
way and  part  of  the  walls  are  still  visible.  It  is 
chiefly   inhabited  by  fishermen,   and   seated  on 


BAR 


76 


BAR 


the  river  Roding,  near  the  Thames,  7  m.  E.  of 
London. 

Barletta,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  in  Bari.  It  has  a 
large  stone  pier,  and  a  trade  in  corn,  almonds,  and 
salt.  It  is  seated  on  the  shore  of  t)ie  Adriatic,  25 
m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bari.  Long.  IG.  32.  E.  lat.  41. 
19.  N. 

Barmouth,  a  small  seaport  of  Wales,  in  the  par- 
ish of  Corwen,  Merionethshire.  It  has  a  good 
trade  in  flannels  and  hose,  and  is  much  frequented 
m  the  bathing  season.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of  the 
samt-  name,  12  m.  S.  of  Harlccli,  and  222  N.  W. 
of  London.  Long.  3.  53.  W.  lat.  52.  44.  N.  Pop. 
of  the  parish  1,742. 

Barnaoul,  a  considerable  town  in  the  province 
of  Colyvan,  Asiatic  Russia,  situate  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  falling  into  the  Obi 
about  200  m.  S.  of  the  city  of  Colyvan.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  supreme  court  of  all  the  mines  in 
the  Altaian  mountains.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Barnard,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  .GO  m.  N.  E. 
Bennington.    Pop.  1,881. 

Barnegat,  an  inlet  on  the  coast  of  New  Jersey, 
70  m.  N.  E.  Cape  May. 

Barnesville,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  Maryland, 
12  ni.  S.  Fredericktown. 

Barnesville,  p.t.  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 

Barnet,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connec- 
ticut.    Pop.  1,7G4. 

Barnet,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  Near  this 
place  was  fought,  in  1471,  the  decisive  battle 
between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster;  and 
at  the  meeting  of  the  St.  Alban  and  Hatfield  roads 
is  a  column,  with  an  inscription  to  commemorate 
this  event.  Barnet  is  11  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London, 
and  being  the  first  port  town  out  of  London  on 
the  Great  North  road,  is  a  place  of  great  inter- 
course and  bustle. 

Barnevelt's  Islands,  two  small  islands  a  little 
north  of  cape  Horn,  and  to  the  south  of  Terra  del 
Fuego.  Long.  G6.58.  W.  lat.  55.  49.  S. 

Barnevcldt,  or  Barnweld,  an  interior  town  of 
Guelderland,  Holland,  situate  about  an  equal  dis- 
tance from  Arnheim  and  Ammersfort.  Pop.  about 
5,000. 

Barnsleij,  a  town  of  West  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Here 
are  considerable  manufactures  of  coarse  linen,  and 
in  the  vicinity  'are  many  bleaching  grounds,  a 
glass  manufacture,  and  several  coal  mines.  It  has 
a  canal  to  the  Calder,  and  another  to  the  Don,  and 
is  seated  near  the  Derne,  19  m.  S.  of  Leeds,  and 
172  N.  by  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  8,284. 

Barnstable,  a  County  of  Massachusetts  compris- 
ing the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod.  Pop.  28,525.    The 
chief  town  has  the  same   name.      Vast  quantities 
of  salt  are  n    ie  in  this  county  by  solar  evapora-  . 
tion. 

Barnstable,  p.t.  the  capital  of  the  above  Co.  stands 
on  a  harbour  at  the  bottom  of  Cape  Cod  Bay.  The 
town  is  built  with  considerable  neatness  and  has 
some  commerce  and  fishing  business.  There  are 
extensive  salt  marshes  in  the  neighbourhood,  but 
rhe  soil  here  is  better  than  in  almost  any  other 
part  of  the  Co.  It  is  64  m.  S.  E.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
3,975. 

Barnstaple,  a  seaport  and  borough  in  Devon- 
shire, Eng.  It  had  formerly  a  castle,  but  none  of 
the  works  remain  except  the  mount.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  tammies,  shalloons,  baize,  «&.c. 
and  a  variety  of  articles  are  exported.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Taw,  12  m.  E.  of  Barnstaple  bay, 
in  Bristol  channel,  35  N.  N.  W.  of  E.xeter,  and  192 
W.  by  S.  of  London.  Long.  4. 5.  W.  lat.  51. 8.  N. 
P.p.  in  1821,  5,079. 


Barnste-ad,  p.t.  Stafford  Co.  N.  H.  36  m.  from 
Portsmouth.     Pop  2,047. 

Barmcell,  a  district  in  the  south  part  of  South 
Carolina,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Savannah, 
and  north  by  the  Edisto  River.  Pop.  19,236,  who 
are  chiefly  occupied  in  the  culture  and  cleaning 
of  cotton.  The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is 
situated  in  the  centre  of  the  district,  116  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Columbia. 

Baroarh,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  Gu- 
zerat,  with  considerable  manufactures  of  cotton; 
seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Nerbudda,  near  its 
entrance  into  the  gulf  of  Cambav,  40  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Surat.     Long.  72.  55.  E.  lat.  21  45.  N. 

Barquisimeto,  an   ancient  inland  town    of  th 
province  of  Venezuela,  Colombia.  It  is  situate  it, 
a  fertile  plain,  about  20  m.  from  the  E.   shore  oi 
the  bay  of  Maracaybo,  and  120  W.  by   S.  of  the 
city  of  Caracas. 

Barra,  or  Barray,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scot- 
land, to  the  south  of  South  Uist.  It  is  12  m  long 
and  4  broad,  and  has  a  mountainous  appearance, 
but  the  soil  in  many  parts  is  fertile.  Great  quan- 
tities of  cod  and  ling  are  caught  on  the  coast ;  and 
shell-fish,  especially  cockles,  are  found  in  great 
abundance.  On  the  N.  E.  side  is  a  good  harbour. 
Long.  7.  27.  W.  lat.  57.  2.  N. 

Barra,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
city  of  Naples.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Barra,  a  fertile  and  populous  district,  north  of 
the  Gambia,  in  North  Africa,  bordering  on  the  At- 
lantic Ocean. 

Barra  Inding  or  Barranding,  situate  on  the 
west  bank  of  a  small  river  which  falls  into  the 
Gambia,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
it  is  the  capital  town  of  the  territory  of  Barra,  and 
is  a  place  of  considerable  traflic.  There  is  anoth- 
er town  of  the  same  name,  about  100  miles  up  the 
river,  on  the  north  bank,  between  the  rivers  Ko- 
lar  and  Badiboo. 

Barraconda  a  considerable  town  in  the  interior 
of  North  Africa,  about  400  miles  up  the  GamTaia, 
where  there  are  some  falls  which  impede  the  nav- 
igation of  that  river. 

Barragon,  a  small  town  about  12  m.  below  Bu- 
enos Ayres,  feituate  on  the  shore  of  a  bay  to  which 
it  gives  name. 

Barraux,  a  fortress  of  France,  in  the  Alpine  de- 
partment of  Isere,  at  the  entrance  of  the  valley  of 
Gresivauden,  and  on  the  river  Isere,  6  m.  S.  of 
Chambery. 

Barre,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,012. 

Barre,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  60  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  2,503. 

Barre  t.  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 

Barren,  a  County  in  the  south  central  part  of 
Kentucky.  Pop.  14,821.  Glasgow,  the  chief 
town,  is  134  m.  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort.  Two 
rivers,  one  called  the  Little,  and  the  other  the  Big 
Barren,  have  their  source  within  the  county,  run- 
ning in  different  directions,  but  both  falling  into 
the  Green  River. 

Barrington,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  65  m.  fr 
Boston  :  20  fr.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,895. 

Barrington,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  R.  I.  8  m.  S.  E. 
Providence.     Pop.  612. 

-Barroio ,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  the 
N.  part  of  Queen's  County,  and  flows  S.  by  Athy, 
Carlow,  and  New  Ross,  into  Waterford  harbour. 

Barroie,  a  village  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.  on  the 
river  Soar,  two  miles  N.  of  Mountsorrel.  It  haa 
for  centuries  been  famed  for  a  very  fine  lime,  in 
particular  request  for  works  in  water,  and  which 
IS  exported  in  large  quantities.     Pop.  1,568. 


BAR 


77 


SAf 


Bar  le  Due,  or  Bar-sur-Ornain,  a  town  of  France, 
Capital  of  the  department  of  Meuse,  with  a  castle. 
Its  wine  is  as  delicate  as  Champagne,  and  it  has 
several  manufactures.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  by  the  rivulet  Ornain,30  ra.  W.  of  Toul,  and 
138  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

Bars ur-Jl lib..,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  famous  for  its  wines  ;  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Joinville.  Pop. 
3,600. 

Bar-sicr-Ssine,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  on  the  river  Seine,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,    20  m.  S.  W.  of  Bar-sur-Aube.     Pop. 

Bars,  an  interior  county  in  the  north  p'.rt  of 
Lower  Hungary  ;  a  town  of  the  same  name,  for- 
merly fortified,  was  once  the  capital.  Kremoni 
in  the  centre  of  a  mining  district  is  now  the  chief 
lown. 

Barsac,  a  town  of  France,  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Garonne,  about  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux.  It 
gives  name  to  a  favourite  wine. 

Bart,  p.t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  • 

Bartfeldt,  a  town  in  the  County  of  Saros,  north 
part  of  Upper  Hungary,  situate  among  the  Carpa- 
thian mountains.  It  had  a  printing  press  in  the 
16th  century.  It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  and 
contains  about  4,000  inhabitants. 

Barten,  and  Bartenstein,  two  interior  towns  of 
the  kingdom  of  Prussia  Proper,  30  to  40  m.  E.  of 
Konigsberg. 

Bartholomew,  a  river  which  rises  in  Arkansas 
territory,  and  falls  into  the  Washita,  in  the  state 
of  Louisiana,  a  little  below  the  town  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Bartholomeio,  a  small  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
one  of  the  New  Hebrides.  Long.  167. 18.  E.  lat. 
15.  42.  S. 

Bartholomeio,  St.  one  of  the  Carribee  islands,  in 
the  West  Indies,  24  miles  in  circumference,  and 
25  north  of  St.  Christopher.  The  French  ceded  it 
to  the  Swedes  in  1785;  and  it  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1801,  but  restored  to  Sweden  in  1814. 
The  chief  exports  are  druars  and  lignumvitae ; 
and  it  has  a  good  harbour.  Xiong.  63.  40.  W.  lat. 
17.  46.  N. 

Bartholomew,  St.  a  parish  of  S.  Carolina,  in 
Charleston  District. 

Bartlet,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  at  the  foot  of  the 
White  Mountains,  85  m.  fr.  Portsmouth.  Pop. 
644. 

Barton,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  It  has 
two  large  churches,  and  was  formerly  a  consider- 
able place,  surrounded  by  a  rampart  and  fosse,  the 
remains  of  which  are  yet  visible.  Four  miles  E. 
S.  E.  are  the  noble  ruins  of  Thornton  abbey.  Bar- 
ton is  seated  on  the  Humber,  over  which  is  a  fer- 
ry into  Yorkshire,  34  m.  N.  of  Lincoln,  and  167  of 
London.     Pop  in  1821,  2,496. 

Barton  is  also  the  name  of  a  populous  town- 
ship in  the  parish  of  Eccles,  situate  on  the  banks 
of  the  Irwell,  7  m.  E.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  in 
1820,  1,977.  There  are  also  30  other  towns  or  vil- 
lages called  Barton  in  different  parts  of  England. 

Barton,  p.t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  50  m.  N.  E.  Mont- 
peliet.  Pop.  729.  A  river  of  this  name  runs 
through  the  town  N.  into  Lake  Memphramagog, 
and  in  1810  was  the  scene  of  a  remarkable  inun- 
dation occasioned  by  the  bursting  of  a  lake  from 
its  banks.     See  Vermont. 

Baruth,  a  town  of  Lusatia,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Brandenburgh,  25  m.  S.  by.  E.  of  Potsdam. 

Baruth,  a  town  of  Syria,  with  a  Christian 
•hurch,  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Seyda. 


Baras,  a  town  and  parish  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of 
the  isle  of  Lewis.  Pop.  in  1821,  2,568.  The 
town  is  situate  on  the  shore  of  a  fine  bay. 

Ba.s,  a  small  island  off  the  N.  coast  of  the  de- 
partment of  Finisterre,  France,  in  N.  lat.  48. 46. 
W.  long.  4.  2. 

Basartschick, a.  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ro- 
mania. It  has  a  great  trade,  and  is  seated  on  the 
river  Meritz.     Long.  24.  40.  E.  lat.  42.  19.  N. 

Basel,  Basle,  or  Ba'e,  a  canton  of  Switzerland, 
24  miles  long  and  21  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Brisgau,  "east  by  the  Forest  towns,  south  by 
the  canton  of  Soleure,  and  west  by  the  bishopric 
of  Bassel  and  France.  It  contains  about  38,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  of  the  reformed  religion. 

Basel  a  bishopric  in  liie  N.  W.  part  of  SwitzeJ 
land  ;  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  canton  of  Basel, 
south  by  that  of  Soleure,  and  west  and  north  by 
France.  The  bishop  was  a  prince  of  the  German 
empire.  In  1798  the  French  seized  on  this  terri- 
tory, annexed  it  to  France,  and  made  it  a  new  de- 
partment called  Mont  Terrible. 

Basel,  the  capital  of  the  canton  of  the  same  name, 
and  the  largest  town  in  Switzerland,  is  situate  at 
the  north  extremity  of  the  canton,  and  on  the 
frontiers  of  France  on  the  west,  and  the  duchy 
of  Baden  on  the  east.  It  is  surrounded  by  thick 
walls,  flanked  by  towers  and  bastions  ;  and  is  di- 
vided into  two  parts  by  the  Rhine,  which  com- 
municate by  a  handsome  bridge.  The  largest 
part  is  on  this  side  of  Switzerland,  and  the  least 
on  that  of  Germany.  The  larger  has  five  gates, 
six  suburbs,  numerous  streets  and  fountains, 
and  is  partly  seated  on  a  hill ;  the  other  stands 
on  a  plain,  and  has  but  two  gates,  with  several 
streets  and  fountains.  The  principal  church  is 
an  elegant  gothic  building  but  disfigured  by  rose- 
coloured  paint  spread  over  the  whole  edifice. 
Under  a  marble  tomb  in  it  is  interred  the  great 
Erasmus,  who  died  in  1536.  The  town-house, 
and  fine  paintings  in  fresco  are  much  admired. 
The  University  founded  in  1459,  has  a  fine  libra- 
ry and  a  rich  cabinet  of  medals.  The  clocks  here 
are  always  an  hour  too  fast,  because  the  town-clock 
went  so  on  a  day  appointed  to  murder  the  magis- 
trates, by  which  the  conspiracy  was  disconcerted. 
Basel  has  several  manufactures,  particularly  of 
paper,  ribands,  and  cottons  ;  and  it  carries  on  an 
extensive  trade.  Three  treaties  of  peace  were 
concluded  here  in  one  year,  1795,  with  tlie  French 
republic ;  namely,  by  Prussia,  Spain,  and  Hesse 
Cassel.  The  allies  passed  through  this  city,  when 
they  invaded  France,  in  December,  1813.  Basel 
is  capable  of  containing  100,000  inhabitants;  but 
the  number  is  scarcely  more  than  14,000.  It  is 
174  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Geneva,  and  250  E.  by  S.  of 
Paris.     Long.  7.  30.  E.  lat.  47.  35.  N. 

Bashee,  an  island  in  the  China  Sea,  the  most 
eastern  of  a  cluster  called  from  this,  the  Bashee 
islands,  lying  to  the  South  of  Formosa.  The  pro- 
ductions are  plantains,  bananas,  pine-apples,  su- 
gar-canes, potatoes,  yams  and  cotton.  The  quad- 
rupeds are  goats  and  hogs.  Bashee  is  of  a  cir- 
cular form,  six  miles  in  diameter,  and  has  a  town 
of  the  same  name.  Long.  121.  50.  E.  lat.  20. 
30.  N. 

Basilkata,  a  maritime  province,  in  the  south  of 
Naples,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Capitanata  and 
Bari,  east  by  the  gulf  of  Taranta,  south  by  Cala- 
bria Citeriore  and  west  by  PrincipataCiteriore  and 
Ulteriore.  It  has  some  mountains  continually 
covered  with  snow,  but  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine, 
oil,  cotton,  honey  and  saffron.  Arcerenza  is  the 
capital. 

g2 


BAS 


78 


BAS 


Basilipotamo,  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  in 
the  Morea,  which  flows  into  tlie  gulf  of  Colocy- 
thia.     It  was  called  Eurotas  by  the  ancients. 

Basingstoke,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Kn^.  It  has 
a  ereat  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  a  manufacture  of 
druggets  and  shalloons,  and  a  navigable  canal  to 
the  fiver  Wey,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Thames; 
and  being  situate  at  the  junction  of  several  great 
roads,  from  all  parts  of  the  West  of  England,  it  is 
a  place  of  considerable  bustle.  Pop.  in  1821 ,  a,C15. 
It  is  IS  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Winchester,  and  43  W.  by 
S.  of London. 
The  village  of  Old  Basing,  which  is  a  township 
in  the  parish  of  Basingstoke,  situate  about  two 
miles  in  the  east,  is  distinguished  for  the  deter- 
mined stand  which  it  made  against  the  forces 
of  Cromwell,  by  whom  it  was  ultimately  taken, 
when  he  put  nearly  the  whole  garrison  to  the 
sword,  and  razed  the  fortress,  which  was  the  resi- 
dence of  the  marquis  of  Winchester,  to  the  ground. 
Pop.  1073. 

Baskenridge,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J.  8  m.  S.  W. 
Morristown.  General  Lee  was  taken  prisoner 
here  by  the  British  during  the  revolutionary  war. 

Basques,  a  late  territory  of  France,  which  inclu- 
ded Lower  Navarre,  Labourd,  and  Soule,and  now 
forms  with  Beam,  the  department  of  Lower  Py- 
renees. 

Bass,  an  insulated  rock  near  the  coast  of  Scot- 
land,at  the  entrance  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  between 
the  towns  of  North  Berwick  and  Dunbar.  On 
the  south  side  it  is  almost  conic,  on  the  other  it 
overnangs  the  sea  in  a  tremendous  manner.  It 
is  inaccessible  on  all  sides,  except  the  south-west, 
and  there  it  is  with  difficulty  a  man  can  climb  up 
by  the  help  of  a  rope  or  ladder.  In  May  and  June 
it  is  quite  covered  with  the  nests,  eggs,  and  young 
birds  of  thegannets  and  solan  geese.  The  rock  is 
one  mile  in  circumference,  and  has  a  rabbit  war- 
ren and  pasture  for  a  few  sheep.  A  ruinous 
castle,  once  the  state  prison  of  Scotland,  stands  at 
the  edge  of  the  precipice.  The  garrison  in  1G94, 
surrendered  to  king  William,  and  the  fortifications 
were  demolished. 

Bass  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  Lake  Erie, 
comprised  in  Huron  county,  Ohio.  There  are  3 
large  and  several  smaller  ones.  The  southern- 
most contains  the  haven  of  Put-in-Bay,  near 
which  Commodore  Perry  engaged  and  captured 
the  whole  British  squadron,  Sept.  10th,  1813. 

Bass's  Strait,  a  channel  about  40  leagues  wide, 
which  separates  Van  Diemen's  Land  from  the 
south  extremity  of  New  Holland.  It  contains  a 
chain  of  islands  that  run  north  and  south.  This 
strait  was  discovered,  in  17!J8,  by  surgeon  Bass, 
in  an  open  whale-boat  and  passed  through  by  him 
and  lieutenant  Flinders,  in  the  Norfolk,  in  17!)!). 

Bassano,  a  town  in  the  north  of  Italy,  in  Vincen- 
tino,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  Brenta,  in  a 
country  productive  of  excellent  wine  and  oil.  The 
French  defeated  the  Austrians  at  this  place  in 
17<)(i.     It  is  18  m.  N.  of  Vicenza. 

Bassee,  or  La  Basse,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  formerly  of  great  strength,  but 
dismantled  by  Louis  XlV.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Deule.  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Lisle. 

Basseen,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country 
of  Baglana.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1780, 
but  restored  to  the  Mahrattas  in  1733.  It  stands 
on  the  sea-coast,  opposite  the  N.  W.  point  of  the 
island  of  Salsette,  20  m.  N.  of  Bombay.  L  ng. 
72.  40.  E.  lat.  19.  20.  N. 

Bassenthwaite-water,  a  lake  in  Cumberland,  three 
miles  N.W.  of  Keswick.    It  is  four  mikM  long» 


bounded  on  one  side  by  high  hills,  wooded,  in 
many  places,  to  their  bases ;  on  the  other,  by  the 
fields  and  the  skirts  of  Skiddaw.  The  river  Der- 
went  flows  through  its  whole  length.  There  is  a 
village  named  Bassenthwaite  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  lake,  containing  284  inhabitants. 

Basseterre,  the  capital  of  St.  Christopher,  built 
by  the  French,  when  this  part  of  the  island  was  in 
possession,  before  it  was  ceded  to  the  English  in 
1713  It  is  situate  on  the  S.  E.  end  of  the  island, 
and  is  defended  by  three  forts.  Long.  63.  13.  W 
lat.  17.  10.  N. 

Basseterre,  the  capital  of  Guadaloupe,  on  the  S. 
W.  part  of  the  island,  defended  by  a  citadel  and 
other  lortifications.  Long.  61.  59.  W.  lat.  15.  59. 
N. 

Bassien,  or  Persaim,  a  city  of  Pegu,capital  of  the 
province  of  Bassien.  It  is  a  trading  place,  situate 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  is  the  west 
branch  of  the  Irrawaddy,  110  m.  S.  W.  of  Pegu. 
Long.  94.  53.  E.  lat.  16.  22.  N.  ' 

Bassorah,  or  Basra,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Trac  Arabi.  It  stands  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Euphrates,  or  Shat-ul-Arab,  navigable 
for  ships  of  500  tons  burthen  up  to  the  town,  about 
65  m.  above  the  entrance  of  the  river,  into  the  Gulf 
of  Persia.  Bassorah  appears  to  have  been  founded 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventh  century,  and  pro- 
gressively advanced  into  importance  until  it  be- 
came the  most  considerable  trading  town  of  all 
western  Asia ;  and  previous  to  the  route  to  India 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  it  was  the  medium 
through  which  a  great  portion  of  the  commerce 
of  Asia  passed  to  Venice  aiid  Genoa,  and  from 
thence  over  western  Europe.  It  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  Turks,  in  1688,  since  which  pe- 
riod it  has  continued  to  decline,  having  been  al- 
ternately exposed  to  the  interruptions  of  the  Per- 
sians, Arabs,  and  Turks ;  and  since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  19th  century,  when  the  tide  of 
commerce  began  to  set  from  the  west  to  the  cast, 
Smyrna  has  become  what  Bassorah  was,  for  so 
many  centuries,  the  emporium  of  the  greater  por- 
tion of  the  commerce  of  that  part  of  the  world. 
Bassorah  however  still  continues  to  be  a  place  of 
considerable  traflic,  which  is  participated  in,  more 
or  less,  by  most  of  the  trading  nations  of  both  Eu-  ^ 
rope  and  Asia.  The  city  is  surrounded  by  a  wall 
of  clay,  said  to  be  six  miles  in  circumference, 
mounted  with  a  great  number  of  cannon  ;  the 
streets  are  bad  and  narrow,  and  the  houses  con- 
structed of  bricks  have  a  mean  aspect.  It  is 
nominally  under  the  dominion  of  Turkey,  but 
governed  by  an  Arab  chieftain,  with  little  defer 
ence  to  the  Ottoman  authority.  The  great  desert 
of  Arabia  runs  up  nearly  to  the  town  ;  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity,  however,  is  very  fertile.  A  wall  of  seve- 
ral miles  in  extent  has  been  constructed  on  the  side 
of  the  desert,  as  a  check  on  the  predatory  incursions 
of  the  Arabs,  who  frequently  commit  depredations 
under  the  very  walls  of  the  town.  The  popula- 
tion is  estimated  at  about  60,000,  among  whom 
are  a  considerable  number  of  Jews,  Armenians, 
and  Arabs,  and  natives  of  the  more  eastern  parts 
of  Asia.  It  is  about  210  m.  S.  W.  of  Ispahan,  in 
lat.  30.  30.  N.  and  47.  45.  E.  long. 

Bastia,  a  seaport  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba- 
nia, opposite  the  island  of  Corfu,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Calamu.     Long.  20.  20.  E.  lat.  39.  40.  N. 

Bastia,  a  city  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  Island 
of  Corsica,  capital  of  the  island,  with  a  good  har- 
bour and  a  strong  castle.  It  was  taken  by  the  En 
glish  in  1794.  It  is  80  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Leghorn 
Long.  9.  20.  E.  lat.  42.  38.  N.     Pop.  about  11,500. 


BAT 


79 


BAT 


Bastimentos,  small  islands  near  the  ithsmus  of 
l>arien,  at  the  entrance  of  the  b!\y  of  Nombre  de 
Dios,  with  a  fort  and  a  good  harbour.  Long.  79. 
45.  W.  lat.  9.  30.  N. 

B'istognc,  a  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, near  the  forest  of  Ardennes.  It  was  fortified 
by  the  French  in  1 683,  and  commonly  known  among 
them  by  the  name  of  Paris  in  Ardennes.  It  is  23 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Luxemburg. 

Baswaputanmi,  a  town  of  Hindoostan.in  Mysore, 
with  a  fjrt  and  a  celebrated  mosque,  CO  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Nagura. 

Batahaiio,  a  town  on  the  south  coast  of  Cuba, 
Stuate  on  the  north  side  of  a  large  bay,  opposite 
Pinos  Island,  55  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ilavannah.  Long, 
jg.  0.  W.  lat.  22.  20.  N. 

BrUacole,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Canara.  The  country  produces  a  great  quantity 
of  pepper.     It  is  10  m.  N.  of  Barcalore. 

Balacolo,  a  small  fortress  on  the  east  side  of  Cey- 
lon, built  by  the  Dutch.  It  is  of  great  importance, 
an  account  of  the  extreme  fertility  of  the  adjacent 
countrj',  which,  during  a  war,  or  times  of  scarcity 
in  the  district  of  Trincomale,  can  supply  the  gar- 
risons there  with  all  kinds  of  provisions.  It  sur- 
rendered to  the  English  in  1796 ;  and  is  situate  at 
the  head  of  a  deep  bay,  54  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Trinco- 
male. 

Batalha,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
celebrated  for  its  rich  monastery,  founded,  in  1386. 
by  John  I.  who  is  interred  here,  with  his  queen 
Philippa.     It  is  8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Lerida. 

Baiavia,  the  ancient  name  of  an  island  in  Hol- 
land, whence  the  Dutch  are  sometimes  called  Ba- 
tavians. 

Butavia,  a  city  and  seaport,  on  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  island  of  Java,  capital  of  all  the  Dutch  settle- 
ments in  the  East  Indies,  finely  situate  in  the 
bosom  of  a  spacious  bay.  The  fort  is  built 
of  coral  rock,  brought  from  some  of  the  adjoin- 
ing islands,  and  has  a  fortification  of  brick.  A 
part  of  the  town  wall  is  built  of  dense  lava 
from  the  mountains  in  the  centre  of  Java.  No 
stone,  of  any  kind,  is  to  be  found  for  many 
miles  beyond  this  city  ;  but  marble  and  granite 
are  brought  here  from  China.  The  harbour  is  ex- 
cellent, and  there  are  canals  in  the  principal 
streets,  planted  on  each  side  with  trees,  after  the 
manner  of  the  towns  in  Holland.  The  inhabitants 
are  composed  of  natives  from  nearly  all  the  coun- 
tries and  islands  of  Asia  and  the  Indian  Ocean, 
as  well  as  of  most  of  the  chief  trading  parts  of  Eu- 
rope and  America,  amongst  whom  the  number  of 
Chinese  is  considerable. 

The  city  was  founded  in  1619,  and  rose  rapidly 
into  importance  ;  during  the  eighteenth  century 
it  was  deemed  the  finest  European  settlement  in 
all  Asia ;  and  although  considered  unhealthy,  from 
the  influence  of  the  heat  of  the  climate  on  the  mud 
and  stagnant  waters  of  the  canals  and  streams  by 
which  it  is  intersected,  it  was  vainly  denominated 
by  the  Dutch,  the  "Queen  of  the  East."  The 
houses  of  two  streets,  forming  the  European  part  of 
the  town,  are  handsome  and  commodious,  and  vie 
with  if  they  do  not  excel  in  capaciousness  and  con- 
venience those  of  the  best  towns  in  Holland  ;  but 
the  parts  occupied  by  the  Javanese,  Chinese,  and 
other  natives  of  the  east,  like  most  of  the  Asiatic 
towns,  are  crowded,  mean,  and  dirty.  Batavia  was 
very  sensibly  affected  by  the  war  of  1793,  and  be- 
came almost  deserted,  until  its  capture,  with  the 
whole  of  the  Island  of  Java,  by  the  English,  in 
1811,  when  it  became  again  the  centre  of  an  ex- 
tensive  commerce.    It  was  ceded  back   to  the 


Dutch  on  the  peace  of  1814,  who  having  relaxed 
somewhat  from  their  former  sj'stem  of  proscription 
and  monopoly  in  their  commercial  regulations, 
Batavia  continues  a  flourishing  and  important 
place.  The  stadthouse  is  the  principal  edifice  de- 
serving of  notice.  The  natives  of  the  several  na- 
tions and  countries  who  compose  the  population, 
which  amounts  to  about  50,000,  have  each  their 
churches,  mosques,  and  temples,  but  there  are 
none  that  merit  any  particular  notice.  The  nature 
of  its  commerce  will  be  more  fully  elucidated  un- 
der the  head  of  Java.  The  observatory  is  in  lat. 
69.  S.  and  106.  52.  E.  long. 

Batavia,  p.t.  Gennesee  Co.  N.  T.  38  m.  N.  E. 
Buffalo.  Pop.  4,271.  It  is  a  handsome  town, 
with  considerable  trade. 

Batavia,  p.t.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio. 

Batesville,  p.t.  Independence  ('o.  Arkansas,  on 
White  river,  110  m.  N.  E.  Little  Rock. 

Bath,  a  city  of  England,  in  the  east  corner  of 
the  county  of  Somerset,  on  the  confines  of  Glou- 
cester and  Wilts  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
a  range  of  hills,  up  the  declivity  of  which  build- 
ings have  been  constructed  in  varied,  ornamental, 
and  tasteful  styles  of  architecture,  terraces,  cres- 
cents, &c.  of  a  beautiful  white  stone,  dug  on  the 
spot.  The  city  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  riv- 
er Avon.  Its  foundation  is  generally  ascribed  to 
the  Romans.  A  rude  tradition,  however,  exists 
which  would  carry  its  origin  back  into  more  dis- 
tant times,  and  attribute  the  honour  of  its  com- 
mencement to  one  of  the  earliest  British  kings, 
who,  being  expelled  while  a  prince  from  his  fath- 
er's court,  cured  himself  of  leprosy  by  accidentally 
washing  in  its  waters.  But  rejecting  what  ap- 
pears most  fabulous  in  this  tale,  it  is  not  impro- 
bable that  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  were  well 
acquainted  with  the  virtue  of  the  spring  before 
the  arrival  of  the  invaders,  and  that  the  elements 
of  a  town  or  village  existed  there  from  very  early 
times.  The  Romans,  characteristically  luxurious 
in  their  baths,  and  choosing  their  situations  with 
the  most  scrupulous  care,  were  not  likely  to  neg- 
lect the  advantages  which  such  a  neighbourhood 
presented.  The  mildness  of  the  air,  and  the  lovely 
amphitheatre  of  hills  which  surrounds  this  valley 
of  waters,  would  tend  still  farther  to  delight  them 
with  the  station, — the  best  counterpart  of  their 
own  Italy  which  the  uncultivated  land  afforded, — 
and  we  accordingly  learn  from  the  best  accredited 
accounts,  that  it  shortly  became  the  favourite  re- 
sidence of  the  Roman  governors,  and  sometimes 
of  the  emperors.  The  mrm  in  which  the  city  was 
first  built  was  a  parallelogram,  extending  from  east 
to  west  about  400  yards,  and  from  north  to  south 
about  380.  It  was  fortified  by  a  wall  twenty  feet 
high,  and  of  a  thickness  varying  from  sixteen  feet 
at  the  base  to  eight  at  the  top.  Several  strong 
towers  supported  its  angles  ;  and  its  four  gates 
stood  one  at  each  extremity  of  the  two  grand 
streets,  which  intersected  each  other,  and  divided 
the  city  into  four  parts.  Near  the  centre  of  the 
town  were  built  those  splendid  baths,  of  which 
the  ruins  were  discovered  in  1755  at  the  depth  of 
twenty  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Sev- 
eral other  Roman  relics  have  been  also  dug  up  in 
late  years ;  and  among  them  a  head  of  Minerva, 
reckoned  one  of  the  most  valuable  remains  of  an- 
tiquity. In  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror 
it  was  named  as  one  of  the  royal  demenses  ;  and  in 
that  of  Rufus  it  was  erected  into  a  see  by  John  de 
Villulo,  who  removed  thither  from  Wells.  After 
undergoing  several  changes  during  the  political 
convulsions  of  the  following  centuries,  it  received 


TTVr.RSlTY 


BAT 


90 


BAT 


a  charter  from  queen  Elizabeth  in  1590,  which  was 
renewed  and  modified  in  1794.  According  to  this 
charter,  it  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  eight  aldermen, 
and  twenty -wnr  common  councilmen  ;  and  sends 
two  members  to  parliament. 

The  situation  of  Bath  affords  every  advantage 
for  architectural  effect;  and  the  arrangement  of 
its  streets  and  terraces,  the  splendour  and  richly 
ornamented  character  of  the  buildings,  together 
with  tlie  luxurious  beauty  of  the  intervening  gar- 
dens and  villas,  form  one  of  the  loveliest  scenes 
that  can  be  found  in  any  city  of  these  northern 
climes.  The  hills  on  which  it  is  built  open  on 
the  two  opposite  sides  to  admit  the  Avon,  which, 
flowing  through  the  valley,  and  being  the  princi- 
pal channel  for  the  trade  of  the  neighbouring 
counties,  adds  greatly  to  the  beauty  and  liveliness 
of  the  prospect.  As  the  streets  rise  one  above  the 
otlier,  according  to  the  gradual  elevation  of  the 
hills,  the  principal  part  of  the  city  at  a  distance 
has  a  close  resemblance  to  the  interior  of  a  mighty 
theatre,  which  gave  rise  to  Smollet'e  well-known 
sarcasm,  "  an  antique  amphitheatre  turned  in- 
side out."  The  opinion  of  the  novelist  has  not 
been  unsupported  by  others  ;  and  it  is  argued  by 
persons  of  the  best  taste,  that  however  imposing 
the  prospect  of  Bath  is  at  a  distance,  the  architec- 
ture, when  more  closely  inspected,  is  greatly  de- 
fective in  taste  and  correctness  of  design. 

The  city  is  divided  into  four  parishes — St.  Pe- 
ter's and  St.  Paul,  St.  James's,  St.  Michael's,  and 
Walcot ;  besides  which  there  are  some  out-parish- 
es, now  closely  connected  with  the  more  ancient 
part  of  the  town.  The  abbey  church  is  regarded 
as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  specimens  of  the  rich- 
ly ornamented  style  of  Gothic  architecture  that 
exists,  but  its  numerous  windows,  amounting  to 
fifly-two,  have  gained  it  the  appellation  of  the 
lantern  of  England.  Some  of  the  monuments  it 
contains  are  very  much  admired ;  and  the  oratory 
of  prior  Bird,  who  died  in  the  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  is  extremely  rich  in  monumen- 
tal beauties.  Among  the  tombs  which  generally 
attract  attention  in  this  church,  are  those  of  lady 
Waller,  wife  of  the  celebrated  sir  William  Waller  ; 
of  the  noted  comedian  Quin,  of  bishop  Montague, 
and  Beau  Nash,  the  well-known  originator  of 
most  of  the  regulations  of  Bath  etiquette.  There 
are  few  names  connected  witli  the  history  of  the 
city  better  known  to  fame  than  that  of  this  cele- 
brated master  of  fashion  ;  and  his  fortunes  are 
well  calculated  to  point  a  moral  for  the  place  of 
which  he  was  the  hero.  He  was  born  in  1674,  at 
Swansea  in  Glamorganshire,  and  was  intended 
for  the  law,  but  entered  the  army  ;  which,  taking 
disgust  at  the  discipline  and  his  subordinate  rank, 
he  soon  forsook,  and  took  chambers  in  the  Tem- 
ple. Here  he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  pleas- 
ure and  fashion ;  and  when  king  William  visited 
the  Inn,  he  was  chosen  as  master  of  the  pageant 
with  which  it  was  customary  to  welcome  the  mon- 
arch. So  pleased  was  William  with  the  enter- 
tainment, that  he  offered  him  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood ;  but  Nash  refused  it,  saying,  "  Please  your 
majesty,  if  you  intend  to  make  me  a  knight,  1 
wish  it  may  be  one  of  your  poor  knights  of  Wind- 
sor, and  then  I  shall  have  a  fortune  at  least  equal 
to  support  my  title."  In  1704  he  was  appointed 
master  of  the  ceremonies  at  Bath  ;  and  immediate- 
ly instituted  a  set  of  regulations,  as  remarkable  for 
their  strictness  as  for  their  judicious  adaptation  to 
the  wants  and  society  of  the  place.  While  in  the 
plenitude  of  his  power  and  popularity,  Nash  lived 
'n  the  most  splendid  style  of"  elegance,  supporting 


his  expenses  by  a  long  run  of  success  at  the  gam- 
ing table.  His  dress  was  covered  with  expensive 
lace,  and  he  wore  a  large  white  cocked  hat.  The 
chariot  in  wliich  he  rode  was  drawn  by  six  grey 
horses,  and  attended  by  a  long  cavalcade  of  ser- 
vants, some  on  horses,  others  on  foot ;  while  his 
progress  througli  the  streets  was  made  known  by 
a  band  of  French  horns  and  other  instruments. 
His  common  title  was  the  King  of  Bath;  and  his 
reign  continued,  with  undiminished  splendour, 
for  more  than  fifteen  years.  His  health  then 
began  to  decline,  and  his  resources  grew  less 
plentiful.  As  the  change  in  his  spirits  and  cir- 
cumstances became  more  evident,  his  former 
acquaintances  gradually  forsook  him  ;  and  he  died 
at  the  age  of  eighty-eight,  in  comparative  indi- 
gence and  solitude.  His  character,  however,  was 
so  estimated  by  the  corporation  of  the  city,  that 
he  was  buried  with  great  magnificence  at  its  ex- 
pense, and  iiis  epitaph,  a  neat  tribute  to  his  memo- 
ry, was  written  by  Dr.  Harrington. 

The  Crescent,  the  North  and  South  Parades,  the 
Circus,  and  Pulteney-street,  are  the  principal 
public  avenues  ;  but  the  great  points  of  attraction 
for  the  visitors  of  Bath  are  the  pump  and  ball- 
rooms :  the  former  is  85  feet  long ;  the  interior  is 
surrounded  by  three-quarter  Corinthian  columns, 
crowned  with  entablatures  and  surmounted  by  a 
five-feet  coving.  At  the  west  end  is  a  music  gal- 
lery ;  and  a  recess  at  the  east  is  occupied  by  a 
statue  of  Nash.  In  the  centre  of  the  south  side 
stands  the  marble  vase,  from  which  the  water  is 
taken  by  an  attendant  and  handed  to  the  com- 
pany. 

The  public  baths  are,  the  king's  and  queen's, 
the  hot  bath,  and  the  cross  bath  ;  besides  which, 
there  are  the  duke  of  Kingston's,  the  corpora- 
tion's, and  some  other  private  ones.  The  king's 
is  on  the  south  side  of  the  pump-room,  and  is 
rather  more  than  C5  feet  long  and  40  broad,  con- 
taining, when  filled,  more  than  346  tons  of  water  : 
it  is  surrounded  by  a  Doric  colonnade  ;  and  in  the 
centre,  where  the  spring  rises,  is  a  brass  hand- 
rail. In  the  hottest  part  of  the  bath  the  thermom- 
eter stands  at  111 ;  in  the  coolest,  at  100.  The 
hot  bath  raises  it  to  117. 

There  are  several  public  charities  in  this  city 
of  great  utility.  The  general  hospital,  which  was 
founded  at  the  benevolent  instigation  of  Nash, 
receives  poor  persons,  to  whom  the  waters  are 
likely  to  be  beneficial,  from  all  parts  of  the  king- 
dom. Two  or  three  establishments  also  exist  for 
the  support  of  aged  men  and  women  ;  and  early 
in  the  last  century  the  venerable  Robert  Nelson 
founded  a  charity  school  for  fifty  boys  and  fifty 
girls.  Nor  is  Bath  wanting  in  provisions  for  lit- 
erary and  scientific  pursuits  :  it  has  a  large  public 
library,  a  society  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture, 
and  a  philosophical  society. 

Bath  is  107  miles  west  from  London,  and  12 
miles  east  from  Bristol.  Lat.  51.  23.  N.  Ion.  2, 
22.  W.     Pop.  37,000. 

Bath,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  on  the  Kennebec,  12 
m.  from  the  sea,  has  considerable  commerce  and 
ship  building.  It  has  two  academies  and  two 
banks.  Pop.  3,773. 

Bath,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Connecti- 
cut; 148  m.  fr.  Boston.    Pop.  1,026. 

Bath,  p.t.  Berkeley  Co.  Va.  100  m.  N.  W.  Wash- 
ington.  In  this  town  are  the  Berkley  Springs. 
There  are  also  towns  of  this  name  in  N.  Y.,  Pa., 
N.  C.  and  Ohio. 

Bath,  a  County  in  the  centre  of  Virgmia,  among 
the  Apalachian  mountains,  but  comprised  in  the 


BAT 


81 


Western  District.  Pop.  4,008.  Among  these 
mountains,  183  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Richmond,  are  the 
hot  springs  which  give  name  to  the  county.  There 
is  another  spring  a  few  miles  north,  called  the 
Warm  Spring  ;  the  north  and  south  forks  of  the 
Jackson  River  run  through  the  plain  between  the 
two  ridges  of  mountains  and  the  Cow  Pasture 
River,  east  of  the  eastern  ridge,  all  of  which  fall 
into  James  River,  at  the  south  end  of  tlie  county. 
There  is  another  hot  spring  in  Berkeley  county, 
Virginia,  between  the  foot  of  the  Bluff  of  the  Ca- 
capon  ridge  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  the 
Potomac  River,  about  40  m.  N.  by  W.  of  the  city 
of  Washington. 

Bath,  a  County  of  Kentucky,  in  the  N.  E.,  on 
Licking  river.  Pop.  8,799.  Owingsville  and 
Sharpsburg  are  the  chief  towns. 

Bathoratc,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Linlithgow- 
Bhirc,  19  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Edinburgh,  on  the  high 
road  to  Glasgow.  Pop.  in  1821,  3,283,  principally 
emploj^ed  in  weaving. 

Batlior,  an  interior  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  in 
the  county  of  Szabolts,  about  30  m.  N.  W.  of  De- 
bretzin. 

Bathurst,  an  English  settlement  on  the  W.  coast 
of  North  Africa,  at  the  entrance  of  the  river  Gam- 
bia. 

Bathurst  Plains,  extensive  fertile  plains,  west 
of  a  ridge  of  mountains,  called  the  Blue  Moun- 
tains, running  parallel  with  the  east  coast  of  New 
Holland  in  the  lat.  of  about  36.  S. 

Batinda,  the  chief  town  of  a  fertile  district  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  N.  W.  confines  of  Dehli, 
bordering  on  the  desert  of  Moultan. 

Batoa,  a  small  island  in  tlie  Indian  Ocean,  near 
the  west  side  of  Sumatra,  on  the  equinoctial  line, 
in  long.  98.  0.  E. 

Baton  Rouge,  a  parish  in  the  E.  District  of 
Louisiana,  subdivided  into  E.  and  W.  The  form- 
er has  a  pop.  of  G,717,  ch.  town  Concordia.  The 
latter  has  a  pop.  of  3,092,  ch.  town  Baton  Rouge. 

Baton  Rouge,  p.t.  capital  of  the  above,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  138  m.  above  N.  Orleans, 
along  the  river.  The  country  around  is  fertile, 
but  the  town  is  small. 

Batopilas,  a  considerable  town  of  the  Andes,  or 
Cordilleras  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendency  of  Du- 
rango. 

Baloumi,  a  town  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
Bame  name,  falling  into  tlie  Black  Sea,  and  form- 
ing the  N.  E.  boundary  of  Armenia. 

Batta,  two  towns  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Dan- 
ube, in  Lower  Hungary  ;  one  a  few  miles  S.  of 
Buda,  and  the  other  a  few  miles  E.  ofFunfkirchen. 

Battalluh,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  about  GO  m. 
east  by  south  of  Lahore,  in  the  province  of  that 
name. 

Batlrxola,  a  town  on  the  Malabar  coast,  about 
100  m.  N.  of  Mangalore. 

Batlenhurg,  a  town  of  Holland  in  Guelderland, 
with  a  casf  le  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Meuse,  10  m. 
S.W.  ofNimeguen. 

Battcnhurg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 
Upper  Hesse,  seated  on  the  Eder,  14  m.  N.  of 
Marl)urg. 

Batlcrsna,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Thames,  4  miles  W.'S.  W.  of  London. 
Here  was  the  seat  of  the  St.  Johns,  where  the  fa- 
mous Lord  Bolingbroke  was  born,and  died.  On  the 
site  of  it  now  stands  a  distillery  and  a  horizontal 
air-mill  fur  grinding  malt.  Here  is  a  timber  bridge 
over  til?  river  to  Chelsea.  Pop.  in  1821,  4,764, 
chiefly  occupied  in  gardening  and  supplying  the 
L.ondon  markets  with  vegetables. 
11 


BAi 

Batticotta,  a  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Cey- 
lon, where  is  an  American  missionary  station. 

Battle,  a  town  in  Sussex,  Eng.  near  the  English 
Channel.  Near  this  place,  William,  duke  of 
Normandy,  defeated  Harold,  king  of  England, 
1066,  and  in  memory  of  tliis  victory,  he  lound- 
ed  here  an  abbey,  wliich  from  its  remains  ap- 
pears to  have  been  magnificent.  This  town  is 
famous  for  a  manufacture  of  gunpowder.  It  is 
24  m.  E.  of  Lewes,  6  N.  of  Hastings,  and  50  S.  E. 
of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,852. 

Battlefield,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  5  miles 
N.  of  Shrewsbury.  Here  a  decisive  victory  was 
gained  by  Henry  IV.  over  Henry  Percy,  sur* 
named  Hotspur. 

Battletown,  p. v.  Frederick  Co.  Va.  6  m.  E.  Win- 
chester. 

Bavaria,  Palatinate,  Duchy,  Electorate,  Circle, 
and  Kingdom  of.  The  former  circle  of  Bavaria  lies 
between  the  47th  and  50th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  and  the 
Jlth  and  14th  of  E.  long.,  is  bounded  on  the  north- 
east by  Bohemia,  south-east  and  south  by  Aus- 
tria and  the  Tyrol,  south-west  by  Suabia,  and 
north-west  by'Franconia  ;  and  comprises  the  pal- 
atinate, and  principalities  of  Sulzbach  and  Neu- 
berg,  in  the  north  ;  the  duchy,  which  constituted 
the  greater  portion  of  the  circle,  divided  into 
Lower  and  Upper,  the  county  of  Werdenfels  in 
the  south-west ;  the  bishopric  of  Passau  on  the 
east ;  the  provostship  of  Rerchtolsgadcn,  insulated 
in  the  archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  which  formed 
the  south-east  part  of  the  circle,  forming  together 
an  area  of  about  16,500  sq.  miles,  and  containing 
a  population  of  1 ,300,000.  ^ 

The  Duchy  of  Bavaria,  which  formed  about 
two-tliirds  of  the  circle,  was  part  of  the  ancient 
Noricum,  peopled  from  ancient  Gaul,  from  which 
they  were  driven  about  590  years  B.  C.  It  was 
constituted  a  duchy  in  the  early  part  of  the  10th 
century  of  the  Christian  sera,  under  which  title 
it  continued  uninterrupted  until  the  reign  of  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  of  Germany,  who  rai.sed  Ba- 
varia into  an  Electorate  of  the  Germanic  confed- 
eracy ;  but  Maximilian  Emanuel,  grandson  of  the 
first  elector,  forfeited  his  possessions,  by  violating 
his  allegiance  in  entering  into  an  alliance  .with 
France,  against  the  emperor.  He  was  however 
reinstated  in  his  posse.ssions  in  1714,  and  the  suc- 
ceeding elector,  Charles,  introduced  numerous 
salutary  regulations  into  the  social  institutions 
of  the  state,  under  which  it  rose  in  prosperity  and 
reputation,  and  continued  to  make  advances  in 
social  improvement,  and  to  retain  its  influence  in 
the  Germanic  diet,  until  Napoleon  interposed  his 
power,  at  the  commencement  of  the  19th  century 
when  the  elector  was  again  induced  to  withdraw 
from  the  Germanic  confederacy  under  the  pledge 
of  being  vested  vi^ith  regal  authority,  and  guaran- 
teed in  an  accession  of  territory  at  the  expense  of 
Austria ;  hence  the 

1'  Ingdom  of  Bucuria,  which  was  acknowledged 
by  the  emperor  of  Austria  at  the  peace  of  Pres- 
burg  in  1805:  the  accession  of  territory  obtained 
with  the  regal  title,  lay  on  the  side  of  Franconia, 
Suabia,  and  the  Tyrol.  The  disaster  experienced 
by  Napoleon  at  Moscow  in  the  winter  of  1812, 
1813,  induced  the  new  king  to  conclude  a  secret 
treaty  with  the  confederate  powers  against  his 
former  patron,  on  condition  of  being  guaranteed 
•  in  the  integrity  of  his  newly  acquired  dominions, 
and  at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  in  1818,  the  bound- 
aries of  the  Bavarian  kingdom  were  finally  adjust- 
ed, when  the  territory  was  divided  into  the  eight 
following  circles,  with  the  chief  towns  of  each 


BAU 


82 


BAT 


annexed  as  follows  :  viz. 

1  The  Rhine,        W. 

Spires. 

S  Lower  Maine,    N. 

Wurzburgh. 

3  Upper  ditto,       N. 

Bayreuth. 

4  Rezat,             ^    N.  W. 

Anspach. 

5  Upper  Danube,  S.  W. 

Augsburg. 

6  Iser,                      S. 

Munich. 

7  Lower  Danube,  E. 

Passau. 

8  Regen,                N.  E. 

Ratisbon. 

Of  these  divisions  the  1st  lies  on  both  sides  of 
the  Rhine,  at  tlie  northern  extremity  of  the  terri- 
tory of  the  grand  duke  of  Baden,  and  is  detached 
from  the  other  seven.  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4,  formed 
part  of  the  circle  of  Franconia,  and  No.  5  of  Sua- 
bia.  The  last  three  previously  forming  the  grand 
duchy  and  the  palatinate,  the  archbishopric  of 
Saltzburnr  having  been  ceded  to  Austria.  The 
whole  of  this  territory  comprises  about  32,000  sq. 
miles,  and  a  population  of  about  3,600,000.  The 
frontier  parts  of  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria  are  in 
general  rugged  and  mountainous,  but  the  inland 
parts  are  fertile  in  corn  and  pasture  ;  all  the  va- 
rious branches  of  manufacture  of  flax,  wool,  some 
silk,  leather,  and  working  of  metals,  are  followed 
more  or  less  as  domestic  occupations  over  most 
parts  of  the  country  ;  having  but  little  surplus 
produce  of  any  kind  for  external  traffic.  Bavaria 
maybe  regarded  as  possessing  within  itself  all  the 
means  of  domestic  and  social  comfort.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly well  watered  ;  the  Danube,  which  rises 
on  the  border  of  the  Black  Forest  in  Suabia,  runs 
from  west  to  east  through  the  heart  of  the  country, 
passes  Dilligen,  Donauwerth,  Neuberg,  Ingol- 
stadt,  and  Ratisbon  to  Passau,  where  it  enters  the 
archduchy  of  Austria.  The  Inn,  Iser,  Lech,  and 
Iller,  run  from  south  to  north  into  the  Danube, 
and  the  Maine  runs  from  east  to  west,  past 
Schweinfurth  and  Wurtzburg  into  the  Rhine. 
Four-fifths  of  the  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  the  remainder  Protestants  :  the  latter 
however  not  only  enjoy  the  unrestrained  exercise 
of  their  worship,  but  are  eligible  to  civil  offices 
and  military  appointments.  Like  all  the  ■  other 
Germanic  states,  military  pretension  and  parade 
is  the  ruling  passior  of  the  government,  and  from 
40,000  to  50,000  men  are  held  under  military 
discipline,  to  sustain  which  and  other  expenses 
of  the  state,  taxes,  equal  to  about  11,000,000  dol- 
lars American  money,  are  levied  annually  on  the 
produce  of  the  labour  of  the  people.  Munich  is 
the  capital  of  the  whole  kingdom,  and  the  seat  of 
government,  which  is  unlimited,  and  vested  in  the 
king,  the  title  to  which  is  hereditary.  The  power 
has  however  been  exercised  with  discretion, 
prudence,  and  mildness,  although  not  with  all 
the  wisdom  and  efficiency  to  be  desired.  Edu- 
cation has  of  late  years  been  widely  diffused 
through  the  Bavarian  states  ;  academies,  ly- 
ceums,  and  universities,  have  been  multiplied  ; 
productions  of  foreign  literature  have  been  Im- 
ported ;  and  the  effects  are  already  apparent  in 
the  improved  condition  of  society  and  the  grad- 
ual .advance  of  moral  and  physical  renovation. 
Bavaria  may  now  be  considered  as  holding  the 
first  rank  among  the  secondary  class  of  European 
states. 

Bavay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Nord.  It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1792, 
but  recovered  the  same  year.  It  is  6  m.  N.  E.  of 
Quesnoy,  and  12  S.  W.  of  Mens. 

BauchervlUe,  a  beautifully  located  village,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  about  10 
la.  W.  of  Montreal. 


Baud,  a  town  in  the  interior  of  the  maritime 
province  of  Morbihan,  France,  about  12  m.  N.  E. 
ofL'Orient.     Pop.  6,200. 

Bauge,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  seated  on  the  Coesnon,  18 
m.  E.  of  Angers.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Baughman,  t.  Wayne  Co.  Ohio. 

Batdeak,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  stations  for  collecting  of  silk,  22  m.  N. 
E.  of  Moorshedabad. 

Baumari's  Islands,  three  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  Bauman,  a  Dutchman,  who 
accompanied  Roggewein,  in  1722.  Tliey  are  cov- 
ered with  fruit  trees,  and  divers  sorts  of  vegeta- 
bles. The  inhabitants  are  numerous,  and  armct* 
with  bows  and  arrows ;  but  of  a  gentle  and  humane 
disposition,  and  friendly  to  strangers.  The  largest 
island  is  about  22  m.  in  circumference.  Long. 
170.  0.  W.  lat.  14.  0.  S. 

Baume  les  J\fones,  or  Baume  les  Dames,  a  town 
of  France,  in  the  department  of  Doubs.  It  has  a 
nunnery,  from  which  it  received  its  appellation  ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  Doubs,  15  m.  N.  E.  ofBe- 
sangon. 

Bausk,  or  Bautka,  a  town  of  Courland,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Poland,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Musza,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Mittau. 

Bautzen,  or  Budissen,  the  capital  of  Upper  Lusa- 
tia,  with  a  citadel  on  a  rock,  called  Ortenburg.  Its 
trade  arising  from  various  manufactures  is  con 
siderable.  It  is  famous  for  a  great  battle  having 
been  fought  here  on  May  20,  1813,  between  the 
allied  army  under  the  emperor  of  Russia  and  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and  the  French  army  commanded 
by  Napoleon,  in  which  the  former  were  defeated. 
It  stands  on  the  river  Spree,  30  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Dresden.     Long.  14.  30.  E.  lat.  51.  10.  N. 

Baux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  top 
of  which  is  a  castle,  10  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Aries. 

Ba.iptry,  a  small  town  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  Eng.  It  has  a  trade  in  lead,  mill- 
stones, and  grindstones ;  and  is  seated  on  the  ri- 
ver Idle,  9  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Doncaster,  and  153  N. 
of  London. 

Baija,  a  seaport  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold  coast,  GO 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Acra.   Long.  1.  59.  E.  lat.  5.  45  N. 

Bay  of  Islands,  there  are  several  bays  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  world  so  called  ;  viz.  1st,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Newfoundland ;  2nd,  in  the  straits 
of  Magellan  ;  3rd,  on  the  north-east  coast  of  New 
Holland  in  lat.  10.  30. ;  4th,  on  the  north-west 
coast  of  America  in  lat.  57.  N. ;  5th,  on  the  east 
coast  of  New  Zealand. 

Bayagtuina,  an  inland  town  of  the  Island  of  St. 
Domingo,  about  35  m.  N.  E.  of  the  city  of  St 
Domingo. 

Buyumo,  a  town  in  the  east  part  of  Cuba  ,on 
the  river  Estero,  which  forms  a  bay  on  the  coast, 
20  m.  below  the  town.  It  gives  name  to  a  chan- 
nel, between  Cuba  and  the  islands,  called  the 
Queen's  Garden,  and  is  80  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  St. 
Jago.     Long.  77.  20.  W.  lat.  20.  45.  N. 

Bayazia,  or  Baiezia,  a  large  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, in  the  south-east  corner  of  Armenia,  near 
tlie  source  of  the  Euphrates,  on  the  confines  of 
Persia.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and  contains 
two  mosques,  and  several  other  edifices  of  groat 
architectural  beauty,  and  about  30,000  inhab. 

Bayersdorf,  a  town  of  the  Bavarian  circle  of  the 
Upper  Mayne,  with  a  seat  of  justice  and  a  large 
synagogue,  seated  on  the  Rednitz,  4  m.  N.  of 
Erlang. 


«JU. 


B3 


BEA 


Bayeux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathedral  is 
very  noble,  and  contains  an  exhibition  on  tapes- 
try, of  the  conquest  of  England  by  William  the 
Norman,  and  there  are  17  other  churches.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  leather.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Aure,  4  m.  from  the  English  Channel,  and  140 
W.  by  N.  of  Paris.  Long.  0.  42.  W.  lat.  49.  17. 
N.     Pop.  about  10,500. 

Bayon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe,  on  the  river  Moselle,  12  m.  S.  of  Nancy. 

Bayoa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  on  a  small 
gulf  of  the  Atlantic,  with  a  convenient  harbour, 
12  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Tuy. 

Bayonne,  a  city  and  seaport  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lower  Pyrenees,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  Tlie  Nive  and  Adour  unite  their  streams  in 
the  middle  of  the  city,  and  proceed  to  the  sea,  at 
the  distance  of  a  mile.  The  first,  which  is  deeper 
and  more  rapid  than  the  Adour,  divides  the  town 
into  two  unequal  parts,  the  smallest  of  which  is 
called  the  Bourg  neuf,  or  new  town.  They  have 
a  communication  by  three  timber  bridges.  A  bank 
of  sand,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Adour,  renders  the  en- 
trance of  the  harbour  difficult.  The  citadel  is  the 
strongest  in  France,  and  the  cathedral  is  remark- 
able for  the  height  of  the  nef,  and  the  delicacy 
of  the  pillars  which  support  it.  The  military  weap- 
on, the  bayonet,  bear  the  name  of  this  city,  in 
which  it  was  invented.  The  chocolate  of  Bayonne 
is  famous ;  and  it  also  exports  wines,  woolen 
cloths,  silks,  cottons,  «fec.  The  chief  trade  arises 
out  of  its  relation  with  Spain  ;  and  it  is  a  kind  of 
emporium  for  the  merchandise  of  that  country. 
The  court  of  France  was  held  here  for  some  time 
in  1808,  when  the  king  of  Spain  and  his  son,  the 
prince  of  the  Asturias,  were  invited  here  to  settle 
their  differences  before  Bonaparte,  the  result  of 
which  was,  that  they  were  made  to  sign  a  treaty, 
resigning  the  crown  of  Spain  into  his  hands.  Bay- 
onne was  besieged  by  the  Eno-lish  in  1814,  during 
which  the  French  made  a  sally,  and  attacked  the 
English  with  success,  but  were  at  leno-th  driven 
back.  The  loss  of  the  British  in  this  affair  was 
considerable,  and  their  commander  wounded  and 
taken  prisoner.  It  is  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Dax  and  518  S. 
by  W.  of  Paris.     Long.  1.  29.  W.  lat.  4.3.  29.  N. 

Baypour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Malabar,  on  a  river  capable  of  receivino-  vessels 
of  400  tons.     It  is  15  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Calicut. 

Bayou,  the  name  given  in  Louisiana  to  the 
forks  of  the  rivers,  or  natural  canals  which  inter- 
sect almost  every  part  of  the  state.  It  is  probably 
a  corruption  of  the  French  word  boyau. 

Bayreutk,  a  city  of  Franconia,  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name,  with  a  palace,  a  fine 
castle,  and  a  famous  college.  Near  it,  forming  a 
iind  of  suburb,  is  the  town  of  Georgen,  which  has 
a  large  castle,  a  manufacture  of  excellent  brown 
and  white  porcelain,  and  a  house  of  correction,  in 
which  the  marble  of  the  country  is  polished  by 
means  of  a  machine.  In  1783  the  archives  of  the 
principality  were  brought  to  Bayreuth,  from  Pla- 
senburg;  see  Culmhach:  and  in  1791  the  margravate 
of  Bayreuth,  with  that  of  Anspach,  was  abdicated 
by  the  reigning  prince  in  favour  of  the  king  of 
Prussia,  but  both  were  annexed  and  guaranteed 
by  Bonaparte,  and  afterward  confirmed  by  the 
con;^rcss  at  Vienna,  to  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria, 
(which  see  ;)  and  Bayreuth  is  now  the  capital  of 
the  circle  of  Upper  Mayne.  It  is  32  m.  E.  of 
Bamberg.     L<mg.  11.  44*  E.  lat.  49.  55.  N. 

Baza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  seated  on 
the  Gaudalantin,  21  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Guadix 


Bazas,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Gironde  and  lately  an  episcopal  see.  It  is  seated 
on  a  rock,  5  m.  from  the  river  Gcaronne,  and  42 
S.  E.  of  Bordeaux.     Long.  0.  2.  W.  lat.  44.  22.  N. 

Beachy  Hea4,  the  highest  promontory  on  the 
south  coast  of  England,  between  Hastings  and 
Seaford.     Long.  0.  15.  E.  lat.  50.  44.  N. 

Beaconsficld,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng. 
The  poet  Waller  lived  here,  and  is  interred  in  the 
churchyard.  It  is  also  the  place  of  interment  of 
Edmund  Burke.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  23  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1,756. 

Beallsville,  p. v.  Washington  Co.  Pa.  7  m.  W. 
Brownsville. 

BeaminsUr,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  canvas,  iron,  and  copper.  This 
place  suffered  greatly  by  fire  in  1781.  It  is  15  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Dorchester,  and  132  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don.   Pop.  in  1821,  2,806. 

Bear  camp,  r.  N.  H.  falls  into  Ossipee  Lake. 

Bearjield,  t.  Perry  Co.  Ohio. 

Bear  Island,  an  island  in  Bantry  Bay,  Ireland, 
with  fortifications  which  form  a  strong  defence 
to  the  head  of  the  bay.  The  island  is  about  12  m. 
from  the  town  of  Bantry. 

Beam,  a  late  province  of  France,  40  m.  long 
and  30  broad ;  bounded  on  tlie  east  by  Bigorre, 
south  by  Spanish  Navarre,  west  by  Soule  and  a 
part  of  Lower  Navarre,  and  north  by  Gascony  and 
Armagnac.  The  plains  are  fertile,  especially  in 
pastures,  and  the  hills  are  loaded  with  vines.  It 
now  forms  with  Basques  the  department  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees. 

Beat,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  the  houses  are  built  of  marble, 
there  being  no  other  stone  in  the  neighbourhood. 
It  is  seated  on  tlie  Garonne,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  St. 
Bertrand. 

Beaucuire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gard,  on  the  Rhone,  about  20  m.  from  the  sea, 
where  the  river  forms  a  spacious  harbour  and  has 
a  communication  by  a  bridge  of  boats  with  Taras- 
con  on  the  opposite  bank  of  tlie  river.  Much 
trade  is  carried  on  here,  and  an  annual  fair,  held 
for  six  days,  in  the  month  of  July,  was  formerly 
the  most  famous  in  Europe,  but  is  now  of  little 
importance.     It  is  11  m.  E.  of  Nismes. 

/Jcwurc,  a  late  province  of  France,  between  the 
Isle  of  France,  Blasois,  and  Orleanois.  It  is  so 
fertile  in  wheat  that  it  is  called  the  granary  of 
Paris.  It  now  forms  the  department  of  Eure  and 
Loire. 

Beaufort,  a  maritime  district,  forming  the 
south-east  corner  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina  ; 
bounded  on  the  south-west  by  the  Savannah  Riv- 
er. It  is  a  low  swampy  district,  but  very  pro- 
ductive in  rice  and  cotton.  In  addition  to  the 
Savannah  on  the  south,  it  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  Big-slake-hatchie  River,  and  the  Coosaw- 
hatchie  intersects  the  district  from  north-west  to 
the  south-east,  dividing  into  two  branches  about 
the  centre  of  the  district  and  Arming  an  island 
called  Port  Royal  Island,  on  which  is  a  town  nam- 
ed Beavfort,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  district, 
but  the  courts  are  now  held  at  the  town  of  Coosaw- 
hatchie,  about  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Beaufort,  and  193 
S.  of  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the  state. 

Beaufort,  a  County  of  Nortli  Carolina,  divided 
in  two  parts  by  the  Pamlico  River,  at  its  entrance 
into  Pamlico  Sound ;  it  is  a  swampy  and  dreary 
district,  with  a  population  of  10,949.  Washington, 
130  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Raleigh  is  the  chief  town. 

Beavfort,  p.t.  a  seaport  of  North  Carolina,  chief 
town  of  Carteret  County.     It  is  situate  on  the  N. 


BEA 


84 


BEA 


E.  side  of  Core  Sound,  55  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Newbern. 
Long.  76.  50.  W.  lat.  34.  38.  N. 

Beaufort,  p.t.  Beaufort  District,  S.  C.  on  the  isl- 
and of  Port  Royal,  75  m.  S  Charleston.  It  has  a 
fine  harbour,  but  the  town  is  not  in  a  very  flour- 
ishing state. 

Beaufort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mayenne  and  Loire,  with  a  castle,  15  in.  E.  of 
Angers.     Pop.  6,000. 

Beaufort,  a  town  cf  Savoy,  on  the  river  Oron, 
a^  branch  of  the  Ysere,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Moutier. 
Pop.  about  3,000. 

Beaugency,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Loire,  famous  for  its  wines,  seated  on  the  river 
Loire,  6  m.  W.  of  Orleans. 

Beuvjeu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  with  an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  the 
Ardiere,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  13  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Villefranche.     Pop.  1,600. 

Bcaujolois,  a  late  province  of  France,  30  m. 
long  and  24  broad.  It  lies  north  of  the  Lyonois, 
and  both  of  them  now  form  the  department  of 
Rhone. 

Beauleij,  a  river  of  Scotland  in  Inverness-shire, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  rivulets  Farrar,  Can- 
nich,  and  Glass,  on  the  borders  of  Ross-shire.  It 
takes  a  N.  E.  course,  and  after  forming  the  falls 
of  Kilmorack  and  other  cascades,  flows  to  the 
town  of  Beauley,  where  it  enters  the  head  of  Mur- 
ray frith.  It  produces  a  considerable  supply  of 
salmon  for  the  London  market. 

Beauley,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  parish  of 
Kilmorack,  in  Inverness-sliire,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Beauley,  12  m.  W.  of  Inverness. 

BeauLieu,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  on  a  riv- 
er of  its  name,  six  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Southampton. 
It  has  a  manufacture  of  coarse  sacking;  and  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river  are  the  remains  of 
its  famous  abbey,  founded  bv  king  John. 

Beaumarchcz,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  13  m.  W.  of  Mirande. 

Beaumaris,  a  borough  of  Wales,  capital  of  An- 
glesey ;  governed  by  a  mayor,  a  recorder,  24  burg- 
esses, and  other  officers,  who  return  one  member  to 
parliament.  It  stands  on  the  strait  of  Mcnai,  was 
fortified  with  a  castle  by  Edward  I.  and  has  a  good 
harbour.  It  is  59  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Chester,  and 
251  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  4.  15.  W.  lat.  53. 
15.  N.     Pop.  2,205. 

Beaumont,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  on  the 
frontiers  of  the  department  of  Nord,  France,  about 
eight  miles  east  of  Maubeuge.  Tliere  are  eight 
other  towns  in  different  parts  of  France  called 
Beaumont,  but  none  that  merit  any  particular  no- 
tice, unless  one  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse, 
the  residence  of  Mirabeau , 

Beaune,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cote  d'Or,  remarkable  for  its  excellent  wine.  It 
is  25  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Dijon. 

Beaurais,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see.  The 
cathedral  is  admired  for  its  fine  architecture  ;  and 
the  church  of  St.  Stephen  is  remarkable  for  its 
curious  windows.  It  was  besieged  in  1463,  by  the 
duke  of  Burgundy,  at  the  head  of  80,000  men, 
when  the  women,  under  the  conduct  of  Jean  de 
Hachette,  obliged  the  duke  to  raise  the  siege.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  good  trade  in  beautiful  ta- 
pestry. It  is  seated  on  the  Thesin,  42  m.  N.  of 
Paris.    Pop.  about  30,000. 

Beauvoir,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vendee,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  32  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Sables  d'Olonne. 

Beau,  which  implies  fine,  is  prefixed   to   the 


names  of  a  number  of  other  towns  in  difllerent  parts 
of  France,  and  to  a  few  in  England. 

Beaurivage,  a  river  of  Lower  Canada,  south  ot 
the  St.  Lawrence  ;  it  falls  into  tJie  Chaudieic, 
about  four  miles  above  the  entrance  of  that  river 
into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Beaver,  r.  N.  H.  falls  into  the  Merrimack  at  Dra- 
cut,  Mass. 

Beaver,  Great  and  Little,  two  head  streams  of  the 
Ohio,  the  former  in  Pa.  and  the  latter  in  Ohio. 

Beaver,  a  County  at  the  west  extremity  of  th» 
state  of  Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  Ohio  ;  it  is  in 
tersected  by  the  Ohio  River.    Pop.  24,206. 

Beaver,  or  Beverton,  the  chief  town  of  this  coun- 
ty, is  situate  at  the  junction  of  the  Beaver  Rivo' 
with  the  Ohio,  near  the  centre  of  the  county,  2'tO 
W.  by  N.  of  Harrisburgh. 

There  are  also  9  other  towns  in  Pa.  called  Bea- 
ver N.  S.  Little,  Big  &c.     Also  3  towns  in  Ohio. 

Beaver  Islands,  a  cluster  of  Islands  at  the  north 
extremity  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Beaver  Dam,  in  Southampton  township,  Long 
Island,  and  in  Roxbury  township,  Delaware  coun- 
ty, and  in  Berne  township,  Albany  county,  and 
Beaver-kill,  in  Hurly  township,  Ulster  county,  all 
in  the  state  of  New  York. 

Behlingen,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Wurtem- 
burgh,  with  a  castle  on  a  hill,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Stut 
gard. 

Bee,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Low- 
er Seine,  with  a  noble  Benedictine  abbey,  18  m.  S. 
W.  of  Rouen. 

Becancour,  a  river  of  Lower  Canada,  which  falls 
into  the  St.  Lawrence,  from  the  south,  opposite 
the  town  of  Three  Rivers. 

Beecaria,  .t.  Clearfield  Co.  Pa. 

Beccles,  a  corporate  town  in  Sufiblk^  Eng.  It 
has  a  noble  church,  with  a  lofty  steeple,  and  a 
grammar  school,  endowed  with  10  sholarships  foi^ 
Emanuel  college,  Cambridge.  It  is  seated  on  the 
"Waveney,  12  m.  S.  W.  of^Yarmouth,  and  109  N. 
E.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,493. 

Beehin,  a  town  in  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name,  in  which  are  several  medicinal 
springs  and  mines  of  salt.  It  has  an  ancient  for- 
tified castle,  and  stands  on  the  river  Lausnitz,  57 
m.  S.  by  W.  of  Prague.  Long.  14.  28.  E.  lat.  49. 
18.  N. 

Becket,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  110  m.  W. 
Boston.   Pop.  1,065. 

Beckhamsville,  p.t.  Chester  Dis.  S.  C.  on  the 
Wateree,  32  m.  N.W.  Camden. 

Bcckum,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  principali 
ty  of  Munster,  at  the  source  of  the  Verse,  20  m. 
S.  E.  of  Munster. 

Bedale,  a  town  in  North  Yorkshire,  Eng.  the  sur- 
rounding district  is  distinguished  for  its  breed  of 
horses,  and  of  horse-jockies,  10  m.  S.E.  of  Rich- 
mond, and  222  N.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1 ,]  37. 

Bedarieux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Herault,  with  a  manufacture  of  druggets,  and 
other  woolen  stuff's,  seated  on  the  Orbre,  16  m.  N. 
of  Bezieres.     Pop.  3,350. 

Beddington,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  2  m 
W.  of  Croydon.  Here  is  Beddington-park,  one  of 
the  many  said  to  have  been  the  residence  of  queen 
Elizabeth.  The  church  is  a  Gothic  pile,  with 
stalls  in  the  aisles,  like  a  cathedral.     Pop.  480. 

Beder,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Ille  Vilaine,  10  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Rennes. 

Beder,  a  fortified  town  of  Hindooston,  in  Dow 
latabad,  situate  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Manzorah 
river,  once  the  capital  of  a  considerable  kingdom, 
and  still  celebrated  for  the  number  and  raagnifi 


BED 


85 


BEE 


cence  of  its  pagodas.   It  is  80  m  N.  W.  of  Hydra- 
bad.     Long.  78.  2.  E.  lat.  17.  48.  N. 

Bedford,  an  inland  county  of  England.     At  the 
time  Britain  was  invaded  by  the  Romans,  Cassib- 
elinus,  the  chief  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of 
the  country,  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  all 
the  forces  of  Britain,  against  Caesar;  and  under 
the  heptarchy  of  the  Saxon's,  it  formed  part  of  the 
kingdom  of  Mercia,  and  the  county-town  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  burial-place  of  king  Offa ; 
it  was  afterwards  the  scene  of  man/  contests  be- 
tween  Britons,  Saxons,  and  Danes  and  at  later 
.,         periods  became  involved  in  the  collisions  between 
%        king  John  and  the  barons ;  and  in   1642  it  took 
'■  the  side  of  the  people  against  the  kingly  authority 

of  Charles  I.  The  river  Ouse  intersects  it  by  a 
very  winding  course  from  west  to  east;  and  the 
Ivel,  with  several  tributary  streams,  waters  the 
south  part.  The  face  of  the  country  is  varied  with 
small  hills  and  valleys  ;  and  on  the  south  is  a 
range  of  chalky  hills,  which,  rising  to  a  consider- 
able elevation,  and  projecting  irregularly  over  the 
valleys,  give  the  landscape  a  bold  and  remarkable 
appearance.  From  the  south-east  corner  to  the 
middle  of  the  county  runs  a  line  of  good  meadow- 
land  ;  and  the  north  and  east  portions  have  a  deep 
>  soil,  which  is  well  cultivated  and  produces  large 
crops  of  corn.  The  mineral  productions  are  lime- 
stone, coarse  marble, and  imperfect  coal;  and  ful- 
ler's earth  is  obtained  in  considerable  quantities. 
Mineral  springs  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the 
county,  but  they  have  not  acquired  muclrcelebri- 
ty.  The  manufactures  are  chiefly  confined  to  the 
making  of  lace  and  preparing  straw  plat  for  bon- 
nets, baskets,  toys,  &c.  The  remains  of  both  Sax- 
on and  Gothic  architecture  are  to  be  seen  in  sev- 
eral of  the  churches,  as  also  a  few  specimens  of 
stained  glass  in  their  windows.  Roman  antiqui- 
ties have  also  been  frequently  discovered  in  the 
county;  and  it  is  intersected  by  three  Roman  roads. 
Bedford,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding  coun- 
ty, is  situate  about  the  centre  of  the  county,  on 
q,  spacious  plain,  north  of  the  Chiltern  hills, 
which  run  across  the  south  part.  The  river  Ouse, 
over  which  there  is  a  beautiful  stone  bridge  of 
five  arches,  divides  the  town  into  two  parts.  It 
has  five  churches,  a  county  hospital,  and  the  luna- 
tic asylum,  a  well  endowed  public  school,  and 
about  50  alms-hduses,  liberally  endowed  by  Sir 
William  Harpur,  knight,  a  former  inhabitant  of 
tlae  town.  It  is  a  borough  town,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  recorder,  aldermen,  two  chamberlains,  and 
13  common  council,  and  returns  two  members  to 
parliament,  by  the  suffrage  of  the  male  inliabitants 
at  large.  It  is  the  seat  of  assize,  and  of  election 
fir  the  county.  Pop.  in  1821,  5,460,  27  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Buckingham,  and  50  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Bedford  Level,  a  tract  of  fenny  land,  about 
yOO,000  acres,  in  the  counties  of  Norfolk,  Suf- 
folk, Cambridge,  Huntingdon,  Northampton,  and 
Lincoln.  After  various  attempts  to  drain  these 
■  fens,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  and  Charles  I., 
William,  earl  of  Bedford,  in  1649,  undertook  and 
completed  it;  and  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  a 
corporation  was  established  for  the  government 
of  this  great  level.  In  these  fens  are  several  de- 
coys, in  which  innumerable  quantities  of  wild  fowl 
are  taken  during  the  season. 

Bedford,  a  County  in  the  E.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia, bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Blue  Ridge  :  on 
the  north  by  James  River,  and  on  the  south  by  the 
Staunton,  a  branch  of  the  Roanoke.  Pop.  20,253. 
Liberty,  the  chief  town,  in  the  centre  of  the  coun- 
ty, is  162  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond. 


Bedford,  is  also  the  name  of  a  county  in  West 
Tennessee.  Pop.  30,444.  Shellbyville,  35m.  south 
of  Murfreesborough,  is  the  chief  town. 

Bedford,  another  county  in  the  Western  Dis- 
trict of  Pennsylvania,  bordering  on  Maryland, 
lying  between  the  Tuscarora  and  the  main  ridge 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  Pop.  54,636.  The 
chief  town  of  the  same  name,  in  the  centre  of  the 
county,  is  105  m.  W.  of  Harrisburg. 

Bedford,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  52  m.  fr. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,554. 

Bedford,  p.t.  Middlebury  Co.  Mass.  16  m.  N.  W 
Boston.     Pop.  685. 

Bedford,  p.t.  West  Chester  Co.  N.  Y.  110  m 
S.  Albany.     Pop.  2,750. 

Bedford,  p.v.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio. 

Bedminsler ,  t.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 

Bedminster,  t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Bednore,  a  district  of  Hindoostan,  forming  the 
N.  W.  corner  of  the  Mysore,  intersected  by  the 
Ghaut  Mountains,  the  chief  town  of  the  district, 
and  which  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Canara,  is 
situate  east  of  the  mountains,  and  is  supposed 
once  to  have  been  a  magnificent  and  important 
place ;  but  having  been  repeatedly  subject  to  the 
assaults  of  the  Mahrattas,  the  British,  and  Tippoo 
Saib,  it  is  much  reduced.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch 
of  the  Trombudra  River,  185  m.  N.  W.  of  Ser- 
ingapatam. 

Bedouins,  tribes  of  wandering  Arabs,  who  live 
in  tents,  and  are  dispersed  all  over  Arabia,  Egypt, 
and  the  North  of  Africa,  governed  by  their  own 
chiefs,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Patriarchs  liv- 
ed and  governed  anciently  ;  the  principal  employ- 
ment of  both,  the  grazing  of  cattle. 

Bedwin,  Great,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng. 
it  has  neither  market  nor  fair,  but  returns  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  situate  on  the  line  of 
the  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal,  five  miles  S.  W.  of 
Hungerford,  and  70  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1,928. 

Bedioortk,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Warwick, 
England,  seated  on  the  great  coal  strata,  which  is 
here  extensively  worked.  A  number  of  persons 
are  also  employed  in  the  riband  manufacture ; 
5  m.  N.  of  Coventry.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,519. 

Beekman,  p.t.  Duchess  Co.  N.  Y.  86  m.  S.  Alba- 
ny.   Pop.  1,584. 

Beckmantoicn,  p.t.  Clinton  Co.  N.  Y.  160  m.  N. 
Albany.    Pop.  2,391. 

5ec?naA,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  in 
the  mountains  to  the  North  of  Poonah,  and  flows 
S.  E.  upwards  of  300  miles,  till  it  joins  the  Kristna, 
near  Edghir. 

Becring's  Bay,  a  bay  formerly  called  Admiral- 
ty Bay,  in  N.  lat.  59. 18.  on  the  west  coast  of  North 
America. 

Becring's  Island,  an  Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
about  90  m.  long  and  30  wide,  30  leagues  east  of 
the  coast  of  Kamschatka.  Long.  166.  30.  E.  lat. 
55.30.  N. 

Becring's  Strait,  the  narrow  sea  between  the 
west  coast  of  North  America  and  the  east  coast 
of  Asia.  It  is  13  leagues  wide  in  the  narrowest 
part,  between  the  capes  Prince  of  Wales  and 
Tchukotskoi,  in  lat.  65.  45.  N.  168.  17.  W.  long. 

Beeroo,  a  country  of  Negroland,  between  Zalia- 
ra  on  the  north,  and  Bambara  on  the  south. 
Walet  is  the  capital. 

Bees,  St.  a  village  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  near  the 
sea,  five  miles  south  of  Whitehaven.  Here  is  a 
noted  free-school ;  also  the  remains  of  a  priory,  the 
nave  of  its  church  being  now  used  as  the  parish 
church. 

Beesho,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  with  a 
H 


BEL 


86 


BEL 


cloth  manufacture  ;  seated  on  the  Spree,  40  m.  S. 
E.  of  Berlin. 

Befort,  or  Belfort,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Upper  Rhine,  with  manufac- 
tures of  excellent  iron.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  34  m.  S.  W.  of  Colna.  Pop.  about 
5,000. 

Begherme,  an  interior  country,  in  the  centre 
of  North  Africa,  south  of  Bornou.  The  capital,  of 
the  same  name,  is  situate  in  the  lat.  of  17.  N. 
and  22.  50.  E.  long.  A  salt  lake  in  the  centre  of  the 
territory  supplies  a  great  extent  of  country  with 
tliat  indispensable  ariicle. 

Behahur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Lahore,  75 
m.  W.  by  N.  of  Lahore,  on  the  road  to  Cashmere. 

BeliJcer,  or  Bhahor,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capi- 
tal of  a  country  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  on 
an  island  formed  by  the  Indus,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Dummoody,  IGO  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Moultan. 
Long.  70.  2.  E.  lat.  27.  30.  N. 

Beilstcin,  the  name  of  several  towns  in  different 
parts  of  Germany  :  1st  in  the  Duchy  of  Wurtem- 
burg  at  which  is  a  mineral  bath,  about  20  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Stuttgard  ;  2nd  in  the  Prussian  states  of 
the  Grand  Duchy  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Moselle,  about  5  m.  N.  of  Zell,  and 
22  S.  W.  of  Coblenlz ;  3rd  a  little  to  the  west  of 
Leon,  on  the  Mayne. 

Beinliclm,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Sur,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Rhine,  22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Stras- 
burg. 

Beira,  a  province  of  Portugal,  bordering  on  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  extending  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mondego  River,  S.  in  lat.  40.  to  the  Douro,  which 
forms  its  northern  boundary,  in  hit.  41.11.  N.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  east  by  tlie  Spanish  province  of 
Salamanca,  and  south  by  the  Portuguese  province 
of  Estremadura,  and  contains  an  area  of  823  sq. 
leagues,  and  in  1810  a  populatfon  of  1,121,095. 
The  province  is  interspersed  with  mountains, 
from  which  rise  several  streams,  some  falling  into 
the  Tagus,  and  others  into  the  Douro,  in  addition 
to  the  Mondego,  wJiicii  intersects  nearly  the 
whole  province  from  east  to  west,  and  is,  on  tlie 
whole,  a  fine  and  fruitful  district.  The  capital  is 
Coimbra,  and  the  other  clilef  towns  are  Lamewo, 
Viseu,  Pinhel,  Almeida,  Guarda,  and  Castel 
Branco. 

Beit  el  Faki,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  fa- 
mous as  being  a  great  mart  for  coffije.  It  is  24  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Hodeida.  and  about  70  N.  by  E.  of  Moka. 

Bcith,  a  parish  and  town  of  Scotland  ;  the  parish 
is  partly  in  Ayr  and  partly  in  Pienfrewshire,  and 
in  1821  contained  4,472  inhabitants.  The  town, 
in  which  tlie  greater  portion  of  the  population  is 
concentrated,  and  employed  in  the  cotton  manu- 
facture, is  in  Ayrshire,  about  10  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Paisley. 

Bcja,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  supposed 
to  h^ve  been  the  Pax  Julia  of  the  Romans,  seated 
on  an  eminence  in  an  extensive  plain,  near  a  lake 
of  i(s  name,  72  m.  S.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lono-.  7.  40. 
W.  lat.  37.  53.  N.   Pop.  about  0,000. 

Be.japour.     See  Visiajtour. 

Bekcsh,  a  town  in  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
in  Upper  Hungary,  situate  in  a  fork  of  the  Korash 
River,  a  few  miles  east  of  Tur. 

Bcia,  a  large  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  situate  a- 
moug  the  Carpathian  Mountains  on  the  frontiers 
of  Poland. 

Bd-Mciixar,  or  BaJcaznr,  a  town  of  (^ordova, 
Spain,  situate  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Goga  river, 
;{5  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cordova. 


Belabre,  or  Balahre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de 
partment  of  Indre,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Chateauroux. 

Belair,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Maryland,  53  m.  N 
Annapolis. 

Beibeis,  a  considerable  town  of  Egypt,  35  m.  N 
E.  of  Cairo,  and  45  N.  W.  of  Suez. 

Belcastro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteri- 
ore,  seated  on  a  mountain,  eight  miles  from  the 
Gulf  of  Squilace   and  12  S.  W.  of  St.  Severino. 

Belchertown,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  80  ra. 
N.W.Boston.     Pop.  2,491. 

Belchite,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  on  the  ri- 
ver Almonazir,  20  m.  S.  of  Saragossa. 

Befez,  or  Belz,  a  town  of  Gallicia,  about  25  m 
N.  by  E.  of  Lemberg. 

Belem,  a  village  ot  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  on 
the  north  side  of  the  Tagus,  four  miles  below  Lis- 
bon. Here  is  a  royal  monastery,  where  the  kings 
and  queens  of  Portugal  are  interred  ;  a  strong  fort, 
which  defends  the  entrance  to  the  city ;  and  to 
the  north  a  noble  modern  aqueduct. 

Bcleslat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aude,  27  m.  S.  W.  of  Carcassone. 

Belfast,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  Ireland, 
situate  at  the  head  of  a  spacious  bay,  about  15 
miles  in  length,  which  forms  a  safe  and  commo- 
dious harbour.  Vessels  drawing  more  than  eight 
or  nine  feetof  wat«r  load  and  unload  by  lighters, 
about  seven  miles  below  the  town.  Belfast  is  a 
regular  well-built  town ;  the  principal  street 
runs  in  a  straight  line  from  the  head  of  the  bay, 
and  is  very  handsome.  It  is  the  entrepot  for  a 
great  portion  of  the  linens  manufactured  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  for  the  storing  of  which  there  is 
a  spacious  edifice  called  the  Linen  Hall,  on  the 
plan  of  the  cloth  halls  in  Leeds.  It  has  a  thea- 
tre and  an  exchange,  over  which  is  an  assembly- 
room  ;  two  handsome  churches,  and  several  meet- 
ing-houses, and  in  1808  a  public  school  on  an  ex- 
tensive scale  was  founded  ;  there  are  "'..so  very  ex- 
tensive barracks  on  the  north  side  of  the  town  ; 
the  river  Lagan,  over  which  there  is  a  bridge  of 
21  arches,  falls  into  the  bay,  on  the  S.  E.  side,  and 
communicates  with  Lough  Neagh  by  a  canal. 
The  markets  are  exceedingly  well  supplied  with 
all  kinds  of  provisions,  and  large  quantities  of 
linens,  in  small  parcels,  are  brought  in  for  sale 
by  the  country  people,  for  ^hose  accommodation 
there  is  a  separate  market.  In  addition  to  large 
quantities  of  linens,  butter,  salt  provisions,  and 
grain,  shipped  to  Great  Britian,  partly  in  ex- 
change for  manufactures  and  partly  in  payment  o' 
rent,  to  a  non-resident  proprietor,  Belfast  carries 
on  a  direct  trade  to  the  West  Indies,  Spain,  Amer- 
ica, and  the  Baltic;  builds  and  owns  a  considera- 
ble extent  of  slii])ping,  and  has  several  manufac- 
tures of  leather,  chemicals,  glass,  &c.;  and  the 
cotton  manufacture,  is  endeavouring  to  establish 
itself  in  Belfast  and  its  vicinity.  It  is  88  in.  N.  of 
Dublin.  Pop.  in  1821,  37,277,  and  returns  one 
member  to  the  parliament  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

Belfast,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Penobscot,  12  m.  W.  Castine,  has  x  good  harbour 
and  considerable  trade  in  lumber.     Pop.  3,077. 

^e/frts;,t.  Bedford  Co.  Pa. 

Belford,  p.v.  Nash  Co.  N.  C.  04  m.  E.  Raleigh. 

Bcjford,  a  town  of  Northumberland,  Eng.  on  the 
line  of  the  high  road  from  London  to  Edinburgh, 
49  m.  N.  bv  W.  of  Newcastle,  and  15  S.  by  E.  of 
Berwick.   "Pop.  1,208. 

Belgaril,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  immedi- 
ately contiguous  to  Corbin,  and  about  15  m.  S.  bv 
E.  of  Colberg. 

Belgcin,  a  town  of  Saxony  Proper,  with  a  good 


BEL 


87 


V 


,BEL 


E.of 


trade  in  beer,  seated^  on  the  Elbe,  8  m.  S. 
Torgau. 

Belgium.     See  Netherlands 

Belgrade,  a  celebrated  town  and  fortress  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  capital  of  Servia,  and  a  Greek 
bishop's  see,  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Saave 
with  the  Danube,  immediately  contiguous  to  the 
Sclavonian  fortress  of  Semlin.  It  was  first  pos- 
sessed by  the  Turks  in  1522,  retaken  by  the 
confederated  German  powers  in  1G88,  but  again 
taken  by  the  Turks  in  1690.  It  was  taken  by 
prince  Eugene  in  1717,  and  kept  till  1739,  when 
it  was  ceded  to  the  Turks.     It  was  again  taken  in 

1789,  and  restored  at  the  peace  of  Reichenbach,  in 

1790,  and  in  180G  it  surrendered  to  an  insurgent 
force  of  Servians,  in  opposition  to  the  wanton  au- 
thority of  the  Janissaries.  In  addition  to  its  emi- 
nence as  a  fortress,  it  is  one  of  the  most  considera- 
ble trading  towns  in  Western  Turkey.  It  is  about 
440  m.  NTW.  of  Constantinople,  and  IGO  S.  S.  E. 
of  Pest. 

Belgrade,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ro- 
mania, on  the  strait  of  Constantinople,  20  miles 
north  of  tliat  city. 

Belgrade,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  seated  near 
the  Tojamenta,  81  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Udina. 

BeliiUi,  or  Bleeda,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Titeria,  at  the  foot  of  a  ridge  of  mountains, 
15  m.  S.  E.  of  Algiers. 

Belitz,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  in  the 
Middle  Mark,  with  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  sea- 
ted on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  27  m.  S.  W.  of 
Berlin. 

Bellac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne.,  seated  on  the  Vincon,  20  m.  N.  of 
Limoges.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Bellamy  Bank,  r.  unites  with  the  Piscataqua  at 
Dover,  N.  H. 

Belleforte,  p.t.  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Bellegarde,  a  fortress  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  and  an  important  place, 
on  account  of  its  being  a  passage  to  the  Pyrenees. 
It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1793,  but  retaken 
the  next  year.     It  is  1.5  m.  S.  of  Perpignan. 

Bellegarde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Saone  and  Loire,  on  the  river  Saone,  15  m.  N. 
E.  of  Chalons. 

Belleisle,  an  island  of  France,  15  miles  from  the 
coast  of  Bretagne.  It  is  10  miles  long  and  three 
broad,  diversified  with  craggy  mountains,  salt- 
works, and  fertile  plains.  The  principal  place 
is  Palais,  a  fortified  town,  with  a  citadel.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English,  in  17G1,  and  restored  in 
17G2.  It  now  forms  part  of  the  department  of 
Morbihan,  and  contains  a  population  of  about5,800. 
Long.  3.  5.  W.  lat.  47.  17.  N. 

Belleisle,  an  island  at  the  N.  E.  end  of  a  channel 
between  New  Britain  and  Newfoundland,  called 
the  Strait  of  Belleisle.  The  island  is  20  miles 
in  circuit,  and  has  a  small  harbour  on  the  N.  W. 
side.     Long.  55.  25.  W.  lat.  51.  58.  N. 

Bdlesme,  a  town  of  Fr.ince,  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  with  an  ancient  castle,  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Alennon  and  80  S.  W.  of  Paris. 

Bellevieic,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Missouri,  in  the 
Mine  District. 

Belleville,  p.v.  Essex  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Passaic,  5 
m.  above  Newark.  Here  are  calico  printing 
works  which  turn  out  annually  near  7,000,000 
yards,  also  manufactures  of  copper,  brass,  silver, 
red  and  white  lead,  &c. 

BelUviUe,  p.t.  Wood  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ohio.  There 
are  also'.ownsof  this  name  in  Ohio,  Illinois,  Ken 
tucky  anC.  Alabama. 


Belley,  a  to-wn  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  and  lately  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  near  the 
Rhone,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Bourtr.  Long.  5.44.  tl.  lat. 
45.  47.  N.     Pop.  about  3,S()0. 

BclL'iiem,  a  town  in  the  Bavarian  circle  of  the 
Rhine,  lying  between  Laudan  and  Phillipsburg, 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river. 

Bellin.  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  new  Mark, 
east  of  the  Oder  Canal,  about  18  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Kustin. 

Bellin^ltam,  a  town  in  Northumberland,  Eng. 
seated  on  tiie  nortli  branch  of  the  Tyne,  15  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Hexham,  and  300  of  London. 

Bellingham,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  26  m.  S. 
W.Boston.     Pop.  1,10]. 

BclUnzonn,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Tessin.  It  is  seated  on  tiie  Tesino,  five 
miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  lake  Maggiore, 
and  22  W.  S.  W.  of  Chiavenna.  Long.  8.  55.  E. 
lat.  4G.  8.  N. 

Bellows  Falls,  a  cataract  on  the  Connecticut  be- 
tween Walpole  and  Rockingham,  consisting  ol 
several  pitches  in  a  very  narrow  strait  of  tiie  riv- 
er. .\  large  rock  here  divides  the  stream  into  two 
channels,  each  i)0  feet  wide,  but  when  the  river  is 
low  the  whole  current  is  thrown  into  the  western 
channel,  where  it  is  contracted  to  16  feet  and  rush- 
es with  astonishing  rapidity.  A  bridge  is  built 
over  these  falls,  and  a  canal  passes  round  them. 

Bell  Rock,  or  Inch  Cape,  a  ledge  of  partly  sunk- 
en rocks,  off  the  east  coast  of  Scotland,  between 
the  Friths  of  Forth  and  Tay,  formerly  very  dan- 
gerous in  foggy  weather,  and  by  night,  but  some 
what  obviated  since  1811,  by  tlie  erection  of  a 
light-house  upon  the  most  prominent  point,  in  lat. 
5G.  26.  N.  and  long.  2.  23.  W. 

Belluncse,  a  district  of  Italy,  lying  between  Fri- 
uli, Cadorino,  Feltrino,  and  Tyrol.  It  has  large 
woods,  and  iron  mines ;  and  is  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  and  fruit.  Belluno  is  the  only  place  of 
note. 

Belluno,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Bel- 
lunese,  and  a  bishop's  see,  seated  among  the  Alps, 
on  the  river  Piave,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Feltri.  Long. 
12.  9.  E.  lat.  43.  13.  N.     Pop.  about  7,500. 

Belmont,  a  county  on  the  east  side  of  the  state 
of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  River,  which  se- 
parates it  from  Virginia.  Pop.  24,412.  St.  Clairs- 
vilie,  the  chief  town,  is  123  m.  E.  of  Columbus. 

Belmont,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  20  m.  W.  Castine 
Pop.  1,024. 

Belmont,  Wayne  Co.  Missouri. 

Belmont,  the  name  of  two  inconsiderable  towns 
in  France,  one  in  the  department  of  Loire,  and 
the  other  in  Aveiron. 

Belover,  a  town  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Croatia, 
near  the  frontiers  of  Sclavonia. 

Beloochistan,  a  country  of  Asia,  lying  between 
Persia  and  the  Indus,  the  boundaries  of  which  are 
very  imperfectly  defined;  the  inhabitants  consist- 
ing whollj'  of  pastoral  tribes,  extend  their  territo- 
ry wlierever  pasture  and  fertility  invite,  and  the 
power  of  their  arms  prove  sufficient  to  defend 
them  against  interruption  ;  in  fact,  instead  of  Be- 
loochistan being  designated  a  country,  it  would  be 
more  proper  to  consider  it  as  the  eastern  part  of 
Persia,  inhabited  by  numerous  predatory  and  law- 
less tribes,  possessing  peculiar  Mahometan  tenets, 
from  which  the  name  of  Belooches  has  been  deriv- 
ed, and  which  will  be  more  fully  described  under 
the  head  of  Persia,. 

Belluza,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  with 
a  citadel,  both  of  them  strongly  fortified  with  a 
mud  wall  and  a  ditch.     In  the  vicipity  is  much 


BEN 


98 


BEN 


fine  rice  ground,  and  a  great  number  of  sheep 
are  bred.— It  is  38  m.  N.  of  Scringapatam. 

Belper,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eiig.  Here  are 
several  large  cotton-mills,  a  bleaching  mill  and  an 
iron-forge,  and  about  a  dozen  large  establishments 
for  the  manufacture  of  nails.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Derwent,  8  m.  N.  of  Derby,  134  N.  N.  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,7,235. 

Belpre,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Ohio,  on  the  N. 
W.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Kanahwa,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Marietta,  and 
4G  N.  E.  of  Gallipolis 

Belpuig,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a 
famous  convent,  18  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Lerida. 

Belt,  Great,  a  strait  of  Denmark,  between  the 
islands  of  Zealand  and  Funen,  which  forms  a  com- 
munication between  the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic. 
Owing  to  its  more  circuitous  course  it  is  not  so 
much  frequented  as  the  Sound.  (See  Baltic.)  In 
1658  the  whole  strait  was  frozen  so  hard,  that 
Charles  Gustavus,  king  of  Sweden,  marched  over 
it,  with  a  design  to  take  Copenhagen. 

Belt,  Little,  a  strait,  west  of  the  Great  Belt,  be- 
tween Funen  and  North  Jutland.  It  is  one  of  the 
passages  from  the  Cattegat  to  the  Baltic,  though 
not  three  miles  in  breadth,  and  very  crooked. 

Belturbet,  a  town  in  the  north  part  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Cavan,  Ireland,  it  is  in  the  parish  of  Annagh, 
which  in  1821  contained  a  population  of  10,488, 
and  is  sometimes  called  Belturbet.  The  town 
contains  about  1,800  inhabitants,  9  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Cavan,  and  61  of  Dublin. 

Belvedere,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  capital 
of  a  fertile  province  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Mo- 
rea.  The  raisins  called  Belvederes  come  from  this 
place.  It  is  17  m.  N.  E.  of  Chirenza.  Long.  21. 
45.  E.  lat.  38.  0.  N. 

Belvedere,  p.v.  Warren  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Dela- 
ware. 

Belvez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  27  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Perigueux.  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Beluin,  a  town  of  Hanover,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Oste,  24  m.  N.  W.  of  Stade.  Considerable 
quantities  of  flax  are  raised  in  its  vicinity. 

Belur,  a  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  which  is  a  hilly  coun- 
try, bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  the  Belur 
Tag,  or  Dark  Mountains,  anciently  the  Imaus. 
The  capital  is  200  m.  E.  of  Badakshan.  Long.  74. 
10.  E.  lat.  36.  35.  N. 

Belvidere,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  38  m.  N.  Mont- 
pelier.     Pop.  185. 

Belzi<r,  a  town  of  Saxony  Proper,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Walse,  25  m.  IN .  N.  W.  of  Witten- 
burg. 

Ben,  a  name  prefixed  to  most  of  the  mountains 
in  Scotland  ;  the  following  are  among  the  most 
considerable,  with  the  counties  in  which  they  be- 
long and  their  altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea: — 

Feet. 
Ben 


Ardlanich 

Perth 

3,500 

Beauchonzie 

2,!(22 

Beinglo 

3,725 

Abourd 

Aberdeen 

3,940 

Avon 
Choachan 

3,920 
3,000 

Ross 

Cloch 

Clackmannan 

2,420 

Ivas 

Perth 

4,000 

Nevis 

Inverness 

4,370 

Lomond 

Stirling 

3,240 

Berui,  or  Bene,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  in 
the  north-west  part  of  the  province  of  Mondovi, 
28  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  about  5,000. 


Benares,  an  exceedingly  fertile  district  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  north-east  part  of  tlie  province  of 
Allahabad,  between  those  of  Bahar  and  Oude.  It 
contains  the  circars  of  Benares,  Jionpour,  Chunar, 
and  Gazypour ;  and  was  ceded  to  the  English  in 
1775.  It  is  very  productive  in  rice,  sugar,  silk, 
cotton,  and  indigo. 

Benares,  the  chief  town  of  the  district,  is  one 
of  the  finest  and  most  populous  towns  of  all  Hin- 
doostan.  It  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Ganges,  and  celebrated  as  the  ancient 
seat  of  Brahininical  learning.  Several  Hindoo 
temples  embellish  the  high  banks  of  the  river; 
and  many  other  public  and  private  buildings  are 
magnificent.  The  streets  are  narrow,  the  houses 
higli,  and  some  of  them  five  stories  each,  inhabit- 
ed by  different  families,  but  the  more  wealthy 
Gentoos  live  in  detached  houses,  with  an  open 
court,  surrounded  by  a  wall.  Nearly  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city  is  a  considerable  Mahomedan 
mosque,  built  by  tlie  emperor  AuruiTgzebe,  who 
destroyed  a  magnificent  Hindoo  temple  to  make 
room  for  it.  There  is  also  a  very  superb  temple, 
built  by  the  rajah  Cheytsing,  who  was  driven  from 
Benares  for  exciting  an  insurrection  against  the 
British  in  1781,  and  who  was  finally  deposed  in 
1783.  There  are  ruins  of  several  Hindoo  temples 
in  the  vicinity,  destroyed  by  the  intolerance  of 
Mahometans.  In  addition  to  the  consequence 
derived  from  the  vast  congregation  of  persons  oc- 
casioned by  the  priestcralt  of  Benares,  it  is  the 
centre  of  a  very  extensive  traffic  for  all  the  pro- 
ductions and  manufactures  of  the  east,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  trade  in  diamonds,  and  works  in 
gold  and  jewelry.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  British  juris- 
diction, and  is  about  130  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Patna, 
and  460  W.  by  N.  of  Calcutta.  Pop.  about  600,000. 

Benatck,  a  town  in  the  circle  of  Bunzlau,  Bohe- 
mia, situate  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Iser  River, 
about  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Prague.  Tyclio  Brahe  died 
here  in  1601. 

Benavari,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  17  m. 
N.  of  Lerida. 

Benavente,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  on  the 
river  Esla,  35  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Leon. 

Benavente,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  on 
the  river  Soro,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Tagus, 
30  m.  E.N.  E.  of  Lisbon. 

Benhecula,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
Hebrides,  between  North  and  South  Uist,  from  the 
last  of  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel, 
nearly  dry  at  low  water.  It  is  of  a  circular  form, 
including  the  inlets  of  the  sea,  9  miles  in  diame- 
ter. The  soil  is  sandy  and  unproductive,  but 
much  kelp  is  made  from  the  sea-weed  thrown  on 
the  coast. 

Bencoolen,  a  settlement  of  the  English  East 
India  Company,  on  the  south-west  side  of  the 
Island  of  Sumatra.  The  settlement  was  first  forni' 
ed  in  1690,  after  the  valiant  Dutch  drove  all  the 
Englisli  from  Batavia.  The  unhealthiness  of  the 
spot  first  chosen,  destroyed  in  1692,  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  European  population  :  a  new  site 
was  chosen,  and  the  fort  called  Fort  Marlborough, 
has  proved  more  congenial  to  the  physical  con- 
stitutions of  Europeans,  but  it  is  still  considered 
the  most  disagreeable  place  in  all  the  British  do- 
minions cf  the  east.  The  town  is  inhabited  by 
natives  from  all  parts  of  Asia.  The  chief  occupa- 
tion of  Ihe  people  of  the  country  is  the  culture  of 
the  pepper  plant,  the  extent  of  the  produce  of 
which  is  very  great,  and  constitutes  its  exclu'fve 
means  of  external  commerce.  Fort  Malbo^ough 
is  in  lat.  3-  48.  S.  and  102.  28.  E.  long.     / 


BEN 


BEN 


Bencoonant,  a  town  at  the  south-west  extremity 
of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  about  120  m.  S.  E.  of 
Bencoolen. 

Bencowse,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Constantlne,  2-5  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Sett^ef. 

Bendala,  a  town  of  Bornou,  North  Africa,  about 
200  m.  E.  of  the  capital. 

Bender,  or  Token,  a  fortified  town  oi  European 
Turkey,  capital  of  Bessarabia.  Here  Charles  the 
XII.  of  Sweden  resided,  after  his  defeat  at  Pulto- 
wa  in  1709.  Previous  to  1770,  when  the  Russians 
took  Bender  by  stor-.i,  and  totally  destroyed  the 
town,  and  afterwards  abandoned  it,  it  contained 
about  30,000  inhabitants.  In  1769  it  was  taken 
again  by  the  Russians  almost  witliout  a  struggle, 
but  restored  to  the  Turks  in  the  following  year ; 
again  taken  by  the  Russians,  to  whom  with  the 
whole  of  Bessarabia  and  all  that  part  of  Moldavia 
east  of  the  Pruth,  it  was  confirmed  by  treaty  in 
1812.  It  is  seated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Dnies- 
ter, about  100  ra.  E.  by  S.  of  Jassy,  and  410  N.  of 
Constantinople.     Present  pop.  about  10,000. 

Bender  Major,  Begh,  and  Risher,  three  towns 
on  the  north-east  shore  of  the  Persian  gulf 

Bendorf,  a  town  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
about  5  m.  N.  of  Coblentz. 

Beneadl,  a  large  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Nile,  in  lat.  about  27.  30  N. 

Benedetto,  St.  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan, 
near  the  river  Po,  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Mantua,  distin- 
guished before  the  revolution,  for  one  of  the  rich- 
est and  finest  convents  in  all  Italy.  There  is  also 
another  town  of  the  same  name  in  Piedmont,  12 
m.  E.  of  Bena. 

Benedict,  a  town  of  Maryland,  in  Charles  Coun 
ty,  situate  on  the  Patuxent,  IG  m.  W.  of  Port  To- 
bacco. 

Benedict,  St.  a  market  town  of  Hungaiy,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Gran,  about  5  m.  W.  of 
Pukanz. 

Beneschau,  a  town  in  the  south-west  part  of 
Silesia,  on  the  frontier  of  theprincipality  of  Trop- 
pau.  Also  the  name  of  four  small  towns  in  Bo- 
hemia. 

Bensoeiif,  a  town  of  Egvpt,  noted  for  its  hemp 
and  flax  ;  seated  on  the  Nile,  50  m.  S.  of  Cairo. 

Bencvente,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Creuse,  10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Borganeuf 

Benevento,  a  city  of  Naples,  and  an  archbishop's 
see,  capital  of  Principato  Ulteriore,  and  of  a  small 
duchy  of  its  name,  lately  belonging  to  the  pope. 
Benevento  has  suffered  greatly  by  earthquakes, 
particularly  in  1()S8,  when  the  archbishop  was  dug 
out  of  the  ruins  alive.  Except  Rome,  no  city  in 
Italy  can  boast  of  so  many  ruins  of  ancient  sculp- 
ture as  are  to  b**  found  in  this  place.  It  is  seated 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Sabato  and  Caloro, 
35  m.  N.  E.  of  Naples.  Long.  14.  47.  E.  lat.  41. 
a  N.     Pop.  about  14,000. 

Benfeld*n,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  river  111,  12  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Strasburg. 

Bengal,  a  maritime  province  forming  the  north- 
east extremity  of  the  great  promontory  of  Hin- 
doostan,  lying  between  the  lat.  of  22.  and  26.  30. 
N.  and  the  86th  and  92nd  deg.  of  E.  long.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north-east  and  north  by  IVleckley, 
Assam,  and  Bootan,  countries  at  present  but  little 
known  ;  north-west  by  Bahar  ;  south  by  Orissa  ; 
and  south-east  by  the  ocean  or  bay  of  Bengal,  and 
containF  an  area  of  upwards  of  100,000  sq.  miles. 
The  river  Ganges  intersects  the  province  from 
north-west  to  south-east,  dividing  into  numerous 
channels  before  it  falls  into  the  sea,  between  the 
12 


88th  and  91st  deg.  of  long.  The  Burrampooter 
enters  the  province  from  Assam,  at  the  north-east 
extremity,  and  unites  with  the  most  northern, 
which  is  the  main  branch  of  the  Ganges  at  its 
confluence  with  the  sea;  whilst  the  Dummooda 
waters  the  south  side  of  the  province,  falling  into 
the  Hooglv,  or  southern  branch  of  the  Ganges, 
below  Calcutta :  these  rivers,  with  their  numer- 
ous tributary  streams,  afford  a  facility  of  commu 
nication  by  water  to  almost  every  town  in  the 
province,  and  by  their  periodical  overflowings  add 
fertility  to  the  luxuriant  and  exhaustless  soil. 
Bengal  is  altogether  a  level  country,  formed  of 
vast  plains,  bounded  to  the  eye  only  by  the 
horizon,  yielding,  with  but  little  aid  of  culture,  all 
the  plants  and  fr'uits  peculiar  to  a  tropical  climate. 
Rice,  cotton,  silk,  and  saltpetre,  are  its  indigenous 
and  staple  productions,  and  sugar  and  indigo  have 
been  recently  cultivated  with  great  success  and  to 
a  vast  extent.  Tobacco,  hemp,  and  flax,  are 
also  produced  for  internal  consumption,  but  being 
inferior  in  quality  to  the  like  productions  oT 
America  and  Europe,  they  are  not  exported. 
Gums  and  medicinal  plants  are  various  and  abun- 
dant. The  great  forests  and  marshy  districts  are 
peopled  with  elephants.  These  gigantic  animals, 
once  formidable  in  the  field  of  battle,  are  now  em- 
ployed only  to  drag  cannon  and  carry  amunition, 


to  set  heavy  engines  in  motion,  to  carry  on  their 
broad  backs  the  purple  tent  where  a  nabob  reposes 
on  his  gilded  cushions ;  or  to  hunt  the  tiger  in  thf* 
thick  jungle  which  overspreads  the  plains.  The 
tigers  are  numerous  among  the  underwood  of  the 
marshes.  The  rhinoceros  lives  m  the  mud  and 
water,  and  is  especially  common  upon  the  islands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Ganges.  Buflaloesand  horn- 
ed cjvttle  are  numerous,  and  horses  of  various 
kinds  are  common.  Birds  and  domestic  poultry 
of  all  kinds  are  very  abundant.  Previous  to  the 
commencement  of  the  13th  century,  Bengal  was 
inhabited  by  an  unmixed  and  feeble  race  of  Hin- 
doos, who  at  that  period  yielded  their  authority 
to  a  horde  of  Mahometan  marauders  from  the  con- 
fines of  Persia  and  Tartary.  They  established 
their  seat  of  empire  at  Dehli,  and  Bengal  con- 
tinued tributary  for  about  140  years,  when  it  re- 
gained, and  preserved  its  independence  for  nearly 
two  centuries.  It  was  invaded  again  by  Shere 
Shah,  and  afterwards  by  the  emperor  Akbar,  who 
again  rendered  it  tributary  to  Dehli,  to  which  it 
continued  subject  until  the  year  1756,  when  the 
whole  province  became  subject  to  the  authority 
of  the  English  East  India  Company,  who  for  half 
a  century  previously  had  established  settlements 
on  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  and  progressively  ex- 
tended their  influence.  They  have  since  divided 
it  into  three  districts  for  civil  and  judffRll  pur- 
poses :  viz.  Calcutta,  Dacca,  and  Moorshedabad, 
h2 


BEN 


90 


BEN 


and  formed  six  great  military  stations  of  which 
Calcutta  is  the  chief,  as  well  as  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment f  f  the  whole  British  empire  in  Asia.  The 
total  population  is  about  3,000,000,  of  whom  about 
nine-tenths  are  native  Hindoos,  and  the  remain- 
der a  mixrd  race  of  Mahometans,  descendants  of 
of  the  early  conquerors,  by  intermarriages  with 
the  natives;  and  a  few  Europeans.  Manufactures 
of  cotton,  or  silk,  are  carried  on  in  almost  every 
town  of  tlie  province,  and  in  the  principal  cities 
the  works  in  gold  and  jewelry  are  very  extensive. 
The  nature  and  present  extent  of  the  commerce 
of  Bengal  will  be  more  fully  elucidated  under  the 
head  ot  Calcutta,  and  the  nature  and  extent  of 
revenue  under  the  head  of  Hindoostan. 

BcnjTuela,  a  maritime  district  on  the  west  coast 
of  South  Africa,  lying  south  of  the  Congo  river, 
between  the  lat.  of  10.  30.  and  16.  S.  There  are 
two  towns  or  settlements  of  the  Portuguese  on  the 
coast,  called  Benguela,  Old  and  New,  the  former 
in  the  lat.  of  10.  50.  and  the  other  in  about  12. 
30.  S.  from  whence  the  Portuguese  and  Brazilian 
ships  obtain  a  considerable  portion  of  their  slaves. 

Bent,  a  large  river  of  South  America,  rising 
near  the  south  extremity  of  La  Paz,  running  north, 
parallel  with,  and  within  the  most  easterly  ridge 
of  the  Andes,  and  forming  the  east  branch  of  the 
Ucayale,  which  falls  into  the  Amazon  after  run- 
ning from  south  to  north  through  the  whole  inte- 
rior of  Peru.  The  Jesuits  founded  some  settle- 
ments on  the  banks  of  the  Beni,  of  which  St.  Fran- 
cisco, Trinidad,  and  Reycz,  in  the  lat.  of  12.  to 
14.  S.  are  the  chief. 

Benicarlo,  a  town  of  Valencia,  Spain,  a  few  m. 
north  of  Peniscola.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines, 
of  which  considerable  quantities  are  exported. 

Benigno,  St.  a  populous  village  of  Piedmont, 
situate  on  the  high  road  to  the  Alps,  about  10  m. 
N.  of  Turin.     Pop.  about  4,500. 

Benihassen,  a  maritime  province  of  Fez,border- 
mg  on  the  Atlantic,  of  which  New  Salee  or  Rabat, 
in  lat.  34.  5.  N.  is  the  principal  outport. 

Benin,  a  country  in  North  Africa,  towards  the 
east  extremity  of  Upper  Guinea,  lying  principal- 
ly north  and  west  of  the  river  Formosa,  the  en- 
trance to  which  is  in  lat.  5.  33.  N.  and  4.  35.  E. 
long.  It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  Dahomey ; 
on  the  east  by  Waree ;  and  north  by  undefined 
boundaries  and  countries  but  little  known.  Benin 
exhibits  many  beautiful  landscapes ;  but  the  air 
IS  noxious  near  the  coast,  on  account  of  the  gross 
vapours  from  the  marslies.  Oranges  and  lemons 
grow  on  the  side  of  the  roads,  and  the  cotton  and 
pepper  plants  are  indigenous  to  the  soil,  but  both 
are  very  imperfectly  cultivated.  Among  the  ani- 
mals are  elephants  in  great  number,  leopards, 
stags,  wild  boars,  civet  and  mountain  cats,  horses, 
hares,  and  hairy  sheep  ;  a  vast  number  of  serpents 
and  other  reptiles  ;  and  the  principal  birds  are 
parroquets,  pigeons,  partridges,  storks,  and  ostri- 
ches. The  dress  of  the  natives  is  neat.  The  rich 
wear  white  calico  or  cotton  petticoats,  but  the  up- 
per part  of  the  body  is  commonly  naked.  The 
women  use  great  art  in  dressing  their  hair,  which 
they  reduce  into  a  variety  of  forms.  The  people 
are  skilful  in  making  various  sorts  of  dyes  ;  and 
they  manufacture  some  cotton  into  cloths.  Poly- 
g.imy  is  allowed,  and  the  number  of  wives  is  lim- 
ited by  the  state  of  their  circumstances  only. 
Though  jealous  of  each  other,  they  offer  their 
wives  to  Europeans.  Their  religion  is  paganism, 
the  king  himself  being  fetiche,  and  as  such  the 
chief  object  of  adoration  in  his  dominion.  The 
chief  town,  called  also  Benin,  is  one  of  the  most 


populous  of  all  Western  Africa,  containing  about 
15,000  inhabitants.  It  is  situate  inland  about  40 
m.  from  Gatto,  a  town  standing  at  the  head  of  a 
large  inlet  of  the  Formosa  river.  Tlie  road  from 
Gatto  to  Benin  is  over  a  level  country,  in  some 
places  swampy  and  thickly  wooded,  and  the  coun- 
try aiound  the  town  of  Benin  is  also  thickly  wood- 
ed. Like  all  other  African  towns,  Benin  is  very 
unequally  laid  out.  The  houses  are  all  built  with 
clay,  and  covered  with  reeds,  straw,  or  leaves. 
The  royal  palace  is  of  vast  extent,  but  neither  el- 
egant nor  commodious.  All  male  slaves  here  are 
foreigners ;  for  the  inliabitants  cannot  be  sold  for 
such,  only  they  bear  the  name  of  the  king  s 
slaves.  Since  tlie  restriction  of  the  slave-trade  to 
the  south  of  the  equator,  Benin,  in  common  with 
the  whole  extent  of  the  western  coast  of  Africa, 
from  the  river  Gambia,  in  lat.  13.  N.  to  Malemba, 
in  lat.  5.  S.  has  shewn  itself  capable  of  affording 
all  the  means  requisite  for  the  formation  of  an 
intercourse,  as  social  and  reciprocal,  as  the  slave 
traffic  was  debasing,  partial,  and  vicious.  The 
commerce  of  Great  Britain  with  this  part  of  Africa 
is  inconsiderable. 

Benin-Dazy,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  having  several  iron  mines  in 
its  vicinity.     Pop.  1,600. 

Bcnis2ief,  a  town  of  Egypt,  with  manufactures 
of  carpets,  and  woolen  and  linen  stuffs,  seated  on 
the  Nile,  60.  m.  S.  of  Cairo. 

Benkenstein,  or  Benneckenstein,  a  town  of  the 
Prussian  states,  in  the  duchy  of  Saxony,  11  m. 
S.  W.  of  Halberstadt. 

Benningen,  a  village  of  Wirtemburg,  on  the 
Neckar,  where  the  remains  of  a  Roman  town 
were  discovered  in  1597. 

Bennington,  a  village  in  Hertfordshire,  England 
near  Stevenage.  Here  the  Mercian  kings  had  a 
palace;  and  the  castle,  in  which  a  council  was 
held  in  850,  still  remains  near  the  church.  Pop. 
658. 

Bennington,  a  County  forming  the  south-west 
part  of  the  state  of  Vermont,  bordering  on  the 
state  of  New  York.    Pop.  17,470. 

Bennington,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding 
County.  Though  the  largest  and  oldest  town  in 
the  state,  the  judicial  courts  are  commonly  held 
at  Rutland  and  Windsor  alternately.  Near  this 
town.  General  Stark  gained  two  battles,  on  Aug 
16th,  1777,  which  contributed  to  the  subsequent 
surrender  of  general  Burgoyne's  army.  Benning- 
ton is  situate  at  the  foot  of  the  Green  Mountains 
near  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state,  30  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Albany  and  129  S.  S.  W.  of  Montpelier. 
Pop.  3,419. 

There  are  also  towns  of  this  name  in  New  York, 
Pa.,  Ohio  and  Alabama. 

Bnnsalem,  t.  Burks  Co.  Pa. 

Bensboro,  p.v.  Pitt  Co.  N.  C.  60  m.  S.E.  Raleigk 

Bensherg,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Berg,  West-\ 
phalia,  7  m.  E  of  Mulheim,  on  the  Rhine. 

Bensheim.  a  town  of  Germany,  25  miles  N.  N. 
W.  of  Heidelberg,  and  10  N.  E.  of  Worms.  Pop. 
about  3,100. 

Bensington,  commonly  called  Benson,  a  tow.- 
in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  on  the  high  road  from  Lon- 
don to  Oxford.  It  was  formerly  the  abode  of  royal- 
ty, and  has  a  hospital  called  Cod's  House.  Pop. 
960. 

Benson,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Champlain. 
Pop.  1 ,493. 

Bentheim,  formerly  a  county  of  the  circle  of 
Westphalia,  but  now  forming  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Hanover.     It  is  about  18  miles  in  breadth  and 


SER 


a 


BER 


45  in  length,  bordering  on  the  United  Provinces 
of  Holland,  intersected  from  south  to  north  by  the 
Vecht.  Pop.  about  20,000.  There  is  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  inconsiderable.  The  chief  towns 
<^  are  Neinhus,  Nortliern,  and  Schuttorf. 

J     Bentioogiio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bolognese,  10 
cm.  N.  E.  of  Rologna. 

'     Berueytcule,  p.v.  Halifax  Co.  Va.  120  m.  S.  W. 
t     Richmond. 

}        Benton,  p.t.  Yates  Co.  N.  Y.  200  m.  West  Al- 
bany.   Pop.  3,057. 

lientoii,  p.v.  Scott  Co.  Missouri,  IGO  m.  fr.  St. 
Louis. 

Benzfumsen,  a  populous  village  with  several 
iron  forges,  in  the  mining  district  of  Smalcalden, 
county  of  Henneberg,  circle  of  Franconia. 

Btr.y ,  an  interior  province  of  the  Deccan  of  Hin- 
^v^ii'an,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Malwa  and  Al- 
lahabad, east  by  Orissa,  south  by  Golconda,  and 
west  by  Dowlatabad  and  Candeish.  The  princi- 
pal part  of  it  is  nominally  subject  to  a  rajah,  under 
surveillance  of  the  English  East  India  Company, 
the  other  to  the  Nizam  of  the  deccan.  The  rajah's 
country  extends  550  miles  from  east  to  west,  and 
in  some  places  200  from  north  to  south.  Its  cap- 
ital is  Nagpour.  Little  is  known  respecting  the 
interior ;  but  that  about  Nagpour  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated.  The  general  appearance  of  the 
countrv,  particularly  between  Nagpour  and  Oris- 
sa, is  that  of  a  forest,  thinly  set  with  villages  and 
towns. 

Berut  or  Arnauth  Belgrade,  the  ancient  Eordea, 
a  large  interior  town  of  Albania,  about  40  m.  N.  E. 
ofValona.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Beraun-Podbrad,  an  interior  circle  of  Bohemia, 
lying  between  49.  25.  and  50.  of  N.  lat.  and  13. 
4o.  and  14.  30.  of  E.  long.  It  is  intersected  from 
south  to  north  by  the  Moldau  river,  which  falls 
into  the  Elbe,  about  20  miles   north  of  Prague. 

Beraun,  the  chief  town,  is  situate  near  the 
nothern  frontier  of  the  circle,  on  the  south  bank 
of  a  river,  of  the  same  name,  which  rises  near  the 
frontiers  of  Bavaria,  and  falls  into  the  Moldau  a 
few  miles  south  of  Prague.  It  has  manufactures 
of  fire-arms  and  earthen  ware  ;  15  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Prague. 

Berbera,  the  projecting  coast  of  Eastern  Africa, 
extending  from  the  straits  of  Babelmandel  to 
cape  Guardafui.  At  a  town  of  the  same  name 
upon  the  coast,  in  lat.  10.  25.  N.  and  45.  8.  E.  long, 
a  larcre  annual  fair  is  held,  at  which  the  manufac- 
tured productions  of  Persia  and  India  are  ex- 
changed for  gum,  frankincense,  myrrh,  and  va- 
rious other  commodities.  This  seems  to  be  a  point 
of  the  African  coast  from  whence  a  more  advan- 
tageous intercourse  might  be  established  with  the 
interior,  than  any  other  either  on  the  western  or 
eastern  coasts. 

Brrhice,  a  river  of  South  America,  the  entrance 
t..  which  is  in  lat.  6. 29.  N.  and  57.  11.  W.  long. 
Plantations,  formed  by  the  Dutch,  extend  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  for  about  150  miles  along 
the  coast.  The  colony  was  surrendered  to  the  Eng- 
lish in  1790  ;  given  up  at  the  peace  of  Amiens ; 
retaken  on  the  renewal  of  the  war,  and  confirm- 
ed to  England  at  the  peace  of  1814. 

Berrhtolsgaden,  provostship  of,  encircled  by  the 
archbishopric  of  Saltzburg,  formerly  part  of  the 
circle  of  Bavaria,  but  now  of  the  Austrian  em- 
pire. The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  situate 
at  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  district,  about  14  miles  S. 
of  Saltzburg.  It  has  a  handsome  church.  Pop. 
about  3,000,  who  are  much  employed  in  the  man- 
u&cturt  of  wooden  toys,  large  quantities  of  which 


are  exported  to  England ;  the  district   produces 
great  quantities  of  salt. 

Berdoa,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Erivan,  seated  in 
a  fertile  plain,  16  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Gangea. 

Bere  jilston,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng. 
containing  about  100  houses,  seated  between  the 
Tamar  and  the  Tave,  10  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  212  W.  by  S.  of  London.  It  returns 
two  members  to  parliament. 

Bere  Regis,  a  toAvn  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  On 
Woodbury-hill ;  half  a  mile  to  the  north-east,  is  a 
circular  Roman  camp,  inclosed  within  three 
trenches.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  Bere,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Piddle,  12  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Dorchester,  and  112  S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  958. 

Bcreiily,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  ofRohil- 
la,  which  was  conquered  by  tlie  nabob  of  Oude,  in 
J774.  It  is]20  m.  N.  N.  W.  ofLucknow.  Long. 
79.  40.  E.  lat.  28.  30.  N. 

Berclos,  a  lake  of  Egypt,  between  Damietta  and 
Rosetta,  of  an  oval  form,  32  miles  long,  and  10 
broad  in  the  middle. 

Beretsk,  a  town  at  the  south-east  frontier  of 
Transylvania,  near  the  pass  of  Oitosch. 

Beregh,  a  frontier  county  of  Upper  Hungary, 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  river  Theiss,  and 
north  by  the  Carpathian  mountJiins.  Pop.  about 
46,000.  . 

Beregh,  and  Bereghszaz,  two  of  the  principal 
towns,  are  situate  m  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  pre- 
ceding county. 

Berezina,  a  river  of  Lithuania,  which  has  its 
source  near  a  village  of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  54. 
50.  N.  and  after  receiving  several  tributary 
streams,  and  running  south  through  the  palatinate 
of  Minsk,  parallel  with  the  Dnieper,  through 
nearly  three  degrees  of  lat.  falls  into  that  river  a 
little  above  Rzeczyca.  It  is  memorable  for  the 
disasters  which  its  passage  occasioned  to  the 
French  army  on  its  retreat  from  Moscow  in  1812. 
There  is  a  small  river  of  the  same  name  falling 
into  the  Vistula,  a  few  miles  S.  E.  of  Thorn. 

Berezinskoi,  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  Irtisch 
river,  about  40  ra.  S.  E.  of  Tobolsk. 

Ferezov,  a  considerable  town  of  Siberia,  situate 
near  the  confluence  of  the  Soswa  river,  with  the 
west  branch  of  the  O be,  in  lat.  64. 

Beror,  a  duchy  of  Westphalia,  lying  along  the 
river  Rhine,  to  the  south  of  the  duchy  of  Cleves, 
about  60  miles  in  length,  and  from  10  to  22  in 
breadth.  It  is  full  of  woods  and  mountains,  but 
fertile  upon  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  and  in  the 
valleys ;  and  has  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  coal. 
Dusseldorfis  the  capital.  It  now  forms  apart  of 
the  Prussian  provinces  of  the  Lower  Rhine.  Pop. 
about  295,000. 

Berg  is  also  the  name  of  several  towns  in  difier- 
ent  parts  of  Germany. 

Berga,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia,  seated  on 
tlie  Lobregat,  18  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Solsona. 

Berga,  is  also  the  name  of  two  towns  in  Saxo- 
ny, one  in  Switzerland,  and  another  in  Norway. 

Bergamasrxi,  a  province  of  Italy,  bounded  by 
Brescia,  the  Valteline,  and  the  Milanese.  Toward 
the  north  it  is  mountainous  and  rocky,  and  has 
mines  of  iron  ;  some  of  the  valleys  produce  much 
wine  and  oil ;  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  capital, 
Bergamo,  it  is  very  fertile.  It  formed  part  of 
the  kingdom  of  Italy,  under  Bonaparte,  but  was 
transferred  to  Austria  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
subsequent  to  the  peace  of  1815.  Pop.  about 
365,000. 

Bergamo,  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  and  a  bish- 
op's see,  capital  of  Bergamasco,  with  a  citadel.     It 


BER 


98 


BER 


is  famous  for  its  sewing  silk  ;  and  its  fair  on  •  St. 
Bartholomew's  day,  is  resorted  to  by  merchants 
from  distant  parts.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  between 
the  rivers  Ri-eniba  and  Serio,  30  miles  N.  E.  of 
Milan ;  and  contains  several  fine  edifices,  and  is 
distinguished  as  the  birth-place  of  several  eminent 
artists  and  literati.     Pop.  about  30,000. 

Bergamo,  a  city  of  Natolia.     See  Pcrffami. 

Bcrged/jvf,  a  tow'i  of  the  north  bank  of  the  Elbe, 
about  10  m.  E.  of  Hamburgli. 

Bcrgrn,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Norway,  capital 
of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  and  a  jjishop's 
see,  with  a  castle.  It  forms  a  semicircle  round  a 
small  gulf  of  the  sea,  and  is  the  most  populous 
town  in  Norway,  containing  19,000  inhabitants. 
On  the  land  side  it  is  defended  by  mountains,  and 
on  the  other  by  several  fortifications.  All  the 
churches  and  many  of  the  houses  are  of  stone,  but 
most  of  the  latfer  are  constructed  of  wood.  The 
castle  and  catliedral  are  remarkable  edifices.  It 
carries  on  a  great  trade  in  skins,  fir-wood,  deals, 
tar,  and  dried  fish  ;  and  is  170  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Christiania.     Long.  5.  20.   E.  lat.  60.  24.  N. 

Bergen,  a  town  of  North  Holland,  noted  for  two 
bloody  battles,  in  1799,  between  the  English 
and  Russian  forces  opposed  by  the  Dutch  and 
French,  which  terminated  in  favour  of  the  former. 
It  is  situate  among  woods,  4  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Alc- 
maer. 

Bergen,  the  chief  town  of  the  island  of  Rugen, 
which  see. 

Bergen,  p.t.  Genessee  Co.  N.  Y.  258  m.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  1  ,.508. 

Bergen,  a  County  of  New  Jersey,  bordering  on 
the  Hudson.  Pop.  22,414.  Hackensack  is  the 
chief  town. 

Bergen,  p.t.  in  the  above  Co.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  descendants  from  the  Dutch  settlers.  It 
is  surrounded  by  water  excepting  the  north,  and 
separated  b}-  the  river  Hudson  from  the  city  of 
New  York,  3  miles  distant. 

Bcrgcn-op-Zonm,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  cap- 
ital ofa  marr|nisate  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a 
handsome  place,  and  its  fortress  is  one  of  the 
strongest  in  the  Netherlands,  seated  partly  en  a 
hill,  and  partly  on  the  river  Zoom,  which  commu- 
nicates with  the  Scheldt  by  a  canal.  It  has  sev- 
eral times  been  besieged  to  no  purpose  ;  but  was 
taken  by  the  French,  in  1747,  and  1794.  In  1814, 
the  English  attempted  to  carry  this  place  by  storm, 
but  after  forcing  a  passage  into  the  town,  their  re- 
treat was  cut  off,  when  tficy  were  nearly  all  kill- 
ed or  made  prisoners.  It  is  15  m.  N.  of  Antwerp, 
and  22.  S.  W.  of  Breda.  Long.  4.  22.  E.  lat.  51. 
30.  N. 

Bergerac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Dordogne,  seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Riv- 
er Dordogne,  24  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Perigueux,  and 
48  E.  of  Bourdeaux.     Pop.  8,000. 

Bergoo,  an  interior  district  of  North  Africa,  ly- 
ing to  the  east  of  Begherrae.  Warra  is  the  chief 
town. 

Berg-Reichenstein,  and  Bergstadt,  two  towns  in 
the  circle  of  Prachin  Bohemia,  situate  in  a  mining 
district  on  the  frontiers  of  Bavaria. 

Bergues,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  on  the  river  Colme,  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  5  m.  S.  of  Dunkirk. 

BergzaJjern,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  the 
Jthine,  seated  on  the  Erlbach,  6  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Landau,  and  34  S   E.  of  Deux  Fonts. 

Berkliamstead  or  Barkhamslead,  t.  Litchfield 
Co.  Con.     Pop.  1,715. 

Berkhamstcad,  a  town   in  Hertfordshire,  Eng. 


Roman  coins  have  been  often  dug  up  here , 
and  on  the  north  side  are  the  remains  of  a  castle, 
the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Mercia.  In  <5!)7  a 
parliament  was  held  here,  and  Ina's  laws  publish- 
ed. Here  William  the  Conqueror  swore  to  his  no- 
bility to  maintain  the  laws  made  by  his  predeces- 
sors. Henry  II.  kept  his  court  in  this  town,  and 
granted  to  it  many  privileges  ;  and  James  I.  whose 
children  were  nursed  here,  made  it  a  corporation  ; 
but  this  government  was  dropped  in  the  civil  wars. 
The  church  is  a  handsome  Gothic  structure.  It 
is  seated  on  the  west  branch  of  the  river  Gade, 
and  on  the  Grand  Junction  Canal,  20  m.  N.  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  ii  1821 .2,310. 

Berkley,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  It 
has  a  trade  in  timber,  coals,  malt,  and  cheese 
which  is  benefited  by  means  of  a  can;  1  frorfj, 
Gloucester.  Here  is  an  ancient  castle  on  a  rising 
ground,  in  which  Edward  II.  was  murdered. 
Berkley  has  the  honour  of  giving  birth  to  the 
justly  celebrated  Dr.  Edward  Jenner,  the  discov- 
erer of  the  vaccine  inoculation.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Little  Avon,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Severn,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Gloucester,  and  114  W 
of  London.     Pop.  836. 

Berkley,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  35  m.  S.  Boston. 
Pop.  907. 

Berkley,  p.v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  13  m.  fr. 
Philadelphia. 

Berkley,  a  frontier  County  of  Virginia,  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  Potomac  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  10,-528. 
Marti nsburgh,  192  m.  N.  W.  of  Richmond,  is 
the  chief  town. 

Berkley  Springs,  p.v.  Morgan  Co.  Va.  on  the 
Potomac. 

Berks,  or  Berkshire,  an  inland  and  very  irregu 
lar  shaped  county  of  England.  The  river  Thames 
by  a  very  circuitous  course,  divides  it  on  the  north 
and  east  from  the  counties  of  Oxford  and  Wilt- 
shire, and  south  from  Hampshire.  Reading,  39m. 
west  of  London  is  the  chief  town.  At  the  east 
end  of  the  county,  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Thames,  is  the  castle  and  extensive  domain  of 
Windsor,  a  residence  of  the  kings  of  England, 
and  one  of  the  most  stately  and  magnificent  abodes 
in  Europe  or  the  world.  The  other  principal  towns 
are  Maidenhead,  Newbury,  and  Hungerford.  The 
county  has  but  few  manufactures  :  some  sacking 
is  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Abingdon,  and  some 
ribands  and  silk  plush  in  the  vicinity  of  Read- 
ing ;  but  its  supply  of  colonial,  foreign  and  man- 
ufactured productions,  is  obtained  by  means  of  a 
surplus  of  grain,  flour,  malt,  wool,  some  cattle 
and  sheep,  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  oak  tim- 
ber. Berkshire  has  long  been  distinguished  as 
containing  the  most  celebrated  residence  of  roy- 
alty in  the  whole  British  dominions,  Windsor 
Castle,  which  was  founded  bv  William  the  Cor. 
queror.  In  this  county  are  also  Frogmore,  Cum- 
berland Lodge,  Cranbourn  Lodge,  and  other 
residences  of  the  royal  family,  with  above  150 
seats  belonging  to  the  nobility  and  gentry. 

Berks,  an  interior  county  in  the  E.  district  of 
Pennsylvania,  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  by  the  blue 
ridge  of  the  Apalacliian  Mountains,  and  intersect- 
ed from  the  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  bv  the  Schuylkill  Riv- 
er.  Pop.  53,357.  Reading;!  52  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Harrisburgh,  is  the  chief  town. 

Berkshire,  p  t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Missis- 
que.    Pop.  1,308. 

Berkshire,  a  county  forming  the  whole  western 
boundary  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  bordering 
on  the  state  of  New  York.     Pop.  37,825.    Lenox, 


4 


BER 


93 


BER 


thechief  town,  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  is  129 
nj.  due  west  of  Boston. 

Berkshire,  p.t.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  210  m.  S.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  1,G83. 

Berkshire,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  Oliio. 

Burlamont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  6  miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Quesnoy. 

Berleburg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  the  Electo- 
rate of  llesse,  with  a  castle  seated  on  the  Berle- 
bach,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Eder,  20  m.  N. 
W.  of  Marburrr,  and  70  S.  E.  of  Casscl. 

Berlin,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  electo- 
rate of  Brandenburg,  and  of  the  whole  Prus- 
sian dominion;  one  of  the  largest,  best  built,  and 
best  governed  of  any  in  Germany .  It  is  defended 
partly  bv  walls,  partly  by  palisades,  and  has  IG 
gates.  The  streets  are  straight,  wide,  and  long  ; 
and  its  Large  squares,  magnificent  palaces,  church- 
es, and  other  buildings,  are  scarcely  to  be  equalled. 
It  is  12  m.  in  circumference ;  but  within  this  in- 
closure  are  numerous  gardens,  and  many  beauti- 
ful houses  are  let  in  stories  to  mechanics.  The 
population  in  1803,  was  153,123,  exclusive  of  the 
garrison.  The  royal  palace  contains  a  fine  libra- 
ry, a  rich  cabinet  of  curiosities  and  medals,  and 
the  supreme  colleges  of  government.  Near  the 
palace  stands  the  magnificent  cathedral.  Here 
are  also  several  academies,  and  hospitals,  an  as- 
tronomical observatory,  a  superb  arsenal,  and  a 
royal  cloth  manufacture.  Berlin  has  a  flourishing 
trade  occasioned  by  its  numerous  manufactures  of 
silk,  wool,  cotton,  camels'  hair,  linen,  Prussian 
blue,  cutlery,  and  porcelain;  and  by  its  enamelled, 
inlaid,  and  embroidered  works.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Spree,  from  which  there  is  a  canal  to  the 
Oder  on  the  east,  and  another  to  the  Elbe  on  the 
west ;  thus  it  has  a  communication  by  water,  both 
with  the  Baltic  Sea  and  the  German  Ocean.  This 
city  was  taken,  in  1760,  by  an  army  of  Russians, 
Austrians,  and  Saxons,  who  were  obliged  to  evacu- 
ate it  in  a  few  days.  In  1806,  ten  days  after  the 
battle  of  Jena,  the  French  entered  this  city,  and 
Bonaparte  held  a  court  in  the  palace.  It  is  100 
m.  N.  of  Dresden,  and  185  N.  W.  of  Breslau. 
Long.  13.  22.  E.  lat.52.  31.  N. 

Berlin,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  5  m.  S.  E. 
Montpelier.     Pop.  1,664. 

Berlin,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  692. 

Berlin,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  .10  m.  S.  Hart- 
ford. Pop.  3,038.  This  town  is  celebrated  for 
the  manufacture  of  tin  ware. 

Berlin,  Rensselaer  Co.  New  York,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  15  m.  E.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  2,019. 

Berlin,  p.v.  Adams  Co.  Pa.  100  m.  W.  Philad. 

Berlin,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  Pa.  There  are  also  3 
towns  of  this  name  in  Ohio. 

Berlinvillc,  p.v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 

Bermco  or  Bormeo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
"^n  the  bay  of  Biscay,  near  the  cape  of  Machica- 
co,  15  m.  E.  of  Bilbao. 

Bermuda.  Hundred,  or  City  Point,  a  port  of  Vir- 
ginia, in  Chesterfield  Co.  The  exports  from  this 
place  are  collected  at  Richmond  20  m.  above  it, 
and  to  which  it  is  the  out-port.  City  Point,  fro'bi 
which  it  is  named,  is  on  the  south  bank  of  James 
River,  4  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  the  town.  Long.  77.  31. 
W.  lat.  37.  16.  N. 

Bermudas,  or  Somers  Islands,  four  islands  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  500  m.  east  of  Carolina,  and  sur- 
rounded by  rocks.  They  were  discovered  by  Ju- 
an Bermudez,  a  Spaniard,  in  1527;  but  not  in- 
habited till  1609,  when  Sir  George  Somers  was 
cast  away  upon  them ;  and  they  have  belonged  to 


Britain  ever  since.  They  abound  in  cedar  wood 
with  which  a  number  of  small  vessels  are  built. 
Some  sugar  and  coffee  is  cultivated  for  e.xporta- 
tion.  The  white  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
about  4,800,  and  in  1823  there  was  5,176  slaves. 
The  principal  island  is  called  St.  George,  and  the 
town,  of  tJie  same  name,  is  in  lat.  32.  22.  N.  and 
65.  33.W.  long. 

Bermudiau,  p.v.  York  Co.  Pa.  48  m.  S.  Harris- 
burg. 

Bern,  the  largest  of  the  cantons  of  Switzer- 
land, being  150  m.  long  and  75  broad.  It  is  the 
most  fertile  country  in  Switzerland,  and  divided 
into  two  principal  parts,  called  the  German  and 
Roman  ;  but  the  last  is  most  commonly  called  the 
Pays  de  Vaud.  It  is  intersected  from  south  to 
north  by  the  river  Aar  ;  on  the  S.  E.  part  are  the 
lakes  of  Thun  and  Brienz,  and  on  the  N.  W  it 
extends  to  Lake  Neufchatel,  and  to  that  of  Gene- 
va. The  religion  is  Calvinism.  Pop.  about  215, 000. 

Bern,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Bern.  Here  is  a  celebrated  academy 
and  a  rich  library.  It  is  a  strong  place,  in  a  pen- 
insula, formed  by  the  river  Aar,  and  estimated 
to  contain  18,000  inhabitants.  The  houses  are 
built  of  freestone,  and  pretty  uniform,  particular- 
ly in  the  principal  street,  and  there  are  piazzas 
on  each  side,  with  a  walk  raised  four  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  street,  very  commodious  in  wet 
weather.  The  streets  are  traversed  by  a  canal, 
and  the  public  buildings  are  magnificent.  In  the 
arsenal  are  preserved  the  figure  and  armour  of 
the  celebrated  Wm.  Tell,  in  the  act  of  taking  aim 
at  the  apple  on  his  son's  head.  Bern  was  taken 
in  1798,  by  the  French.  It  is  70  m.  N.  E.  of  Ge- 
neva.    Long.  7.  29.  E.  lat.  46.  57.  N. 

Bern,  p.t.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y.  31  m.  fr.  Albany. 
Pop.  3,605.  There  are  also  3  towns  of  this  name 
in  Pa. 

Bernard,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  N.  Y. 

Bernard,  Grand,  St.  a  mountain  of  the  Pen- 
nine Alps,  on  the  frontiers  of  Piedmont,  15  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Aosta.  On  the  summit,  at  a  height 
of  11,000  feet,  is  a  large  convent,  where  the  monks 
entertain  all  travellers  gratis  for  three  days.  It 
was  by  this  passage  Bonaparte  conducted  his 
army  into  Italy  in  1800.  Little  St.  Bernard,  to 
the  S.  W.  is  7,194  ft.  in  height. 

BerTiard  Castle,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, Eng.  with  manufactures  of  stockings  and 
camlets.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  castle  built 
by  Bernard  Baliol,kingof  Scotland,  who  founded 
an  hospital  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tees, 
24  m.  S.  W.  of  Durham,  and  246  N.  N.  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,580. 

Bernaw,  a  fortified  town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  middle  mark.  The  principal  commerce  is 
in  beer,  of  which  large  quantities  are  brewed.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Pancho,  15  m.  N.  N.  £.  of 
Berlin. 

Bcrnaij,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  seated  on  the  Carantonne,  20  m.  S.  W. 
of  Rouen.     Pop.  6,500. 

Bernburg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Anhalt,  seated  on  the  Saale,  22 
m.  S.  W.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  about  2,500. 

Berncastle,  a  town  of  Germany,  remarkable 
for  good  wine ;  seated  on  the  Moselle,  18  m.  N. 
E.  of  Treves.  .J 

Berne,  t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass. 

Berngries,  or  Beilngries,  a  town  of  Franconia, 
in  the  principality  of  Aichstadt,  on  the  Altmuhl, 
17  m.  N.  E.  of  Aichstadt,  and  28  W.  of  Ratisbon, 

Bernstadt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principoli 


BES 


94 


BET 


ty  of  Oels,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Weida, 
20  m.  E.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  S^iSO. 

Berre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mouths  of  tlie  Rhone,  formerly  one  of  the  strong- 
est towns  of  Provence.  It  stands  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  at  tlie  influx  of  a  river,  18  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Aix.     Pop.  1,800. 

Berry,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  Orleanois  and  Blaisois,  east  by 
the  Nivernois  and  Bourbonnois,  south  by  the 
Bourbonnois  and  Marche,  and  west  by  Touraine 
and  Poitou.  It  is  tertile  in  corn,  fruit,  hemp, 
and  flax;  iind  there  is  excellent  wine  in  some  pla- 
ces. It  now  forms  the  two  departments  of  Cher 
and  Indre. 

BfTTijsJrurg,  p. v.  Dauphin  Co.  Pa.  30  m.  fr.  Har- 
risburg. 

Bersdio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Po,  at  the  influx  of 
the  Linza,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Parma. 

Bertie,  a  County  of  North  Carolina,  bounded 
on  the  south  by  the  Roanoke  River,  and  east  by 
Albemarle  Sound.  Pop.  ]2,27().  Windsor  the 
chief  town,  is  IJM  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Raleigh. 

Beitinero,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  with 
a  citadel,  seated  on  a  hill,  15  m.  S.  of  Ravenna. 

Bertrand^  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne.  It  was  lately  an  epis- 
copal see,  and  is  45  m.  S.  of  Auch.  Long.  0.  48. 
E.  lat.  42.  5G.  N. 

Berme,  or  Inrerlervie,  a  borough  of  Scotland, 
in  Kincardineshire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bervie, 
which  forms  a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  12  m.  N. 
E.  of  Montrose.     Pop.  1,092. 

Be.rwick-upon-  Tweed,  a  borough  on  the  borders 
of  England  and  Scotland.  It  was  once  a  strong 
fortress,  of  great  importance,  when  England  and 
Scotland  were  hostile  nations,  to  each  of  which 
it  alternately  belonged,  or  was  considered  as  a  dis- 
trict separate  from  both  countries.  It  now  be- 
longs to  the  bishopric  of  Durham,  and  the  Eng- 
lish judges  hold  the  assizes  here.  It  is  still  forti- 
fied, ana  has  good  barracks  for  the  garrison,  but 
its  castle  is  now  in  ruins.  It  supplies  the  Lon- 
don markets  with  considerable  quantities  of  sal- 
mon, pickled  pork,  and  grain,  and  has  some  manu- 
factures. Pop.  in  1821,  8,723.  It  returns  two 
members  to  parliament,  and  is  seated  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Tweed,  near  the  sea,  54  m.  S.  E.  of 
Edinburgh,  and  337  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Long. 
2.  O.W.  lat.  55.  46.  N. 

Berwick,  p.t.  YorkCo.  Me.  7m.  N.  W.  York.  Pop. 
3,1  G8.  There  are  also  3  towns  of  this  name  in  Pa. 

Berwickshire,  a  maritime  and  the  S.  E.  border 
county  of  Scotland.  Coldstream,  Greenlaw, 
Danse,  and  Lauder  are  the  principal  towns  ;  it  is 
an  agricultural  county,  and  has  but  few  manu- 
factures. 

Berwick,  J^orth,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Had- 
dingtonshire, on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  9  m.  N.  of  Had- 
dington and  22  E.N.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  1,()94. 

Bcsalu,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  seated 
near  the  Fluvia,  44  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Gerona. 

Besantjon,  a  fortified  city  of  France,  and  an 
archiepiscopal  see,  capital  of  the  department  of 
Doubs.  It  has  a  citadel,  on  a  high  rock,  tlte  base 
of  which  touches  two  sides  of  the  Doubs,  which 
here  forms  a  peninsula;  also  an  university,  an 
academy  of  sciences,  a  literary,  military  society, 
and  a  public  library  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Vincent. 
The  triumphal  arch  of  Aurelian,  and  other  Ro- 
man antiquities,  are  still  to  be  seen.  It  is  52  m. 
¥..  of  Dijon,  and  228  S.  E.  of  Paris.  It  ha«  sev- 
eral manufactures.    Pop.  28,200. 


Besigheim,  a  town  of  Suabia,  m  the  kingdom  of 
Wirtemburg,  with  two  old  castles,  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Ncckar  and  Ens,  25  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Stuttgard.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Bessarabia,  or  Budzac,  a  territory  of  European 
Turkey,  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea, 
between  the  mouth  of  the  Danube  and  the 
Dniester.  On  the  banks  of  the  last  river  the 
Tartar  inhabitants  rove  from  place  to  place.  Their 
common  food  is  the  flesh  of  oxen  and  horses, 
cheese,  and  mares'  milk.  Bender  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Bessay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depajtment 
of  Allier,  8  m.  S.  of  Moulins. 

Besse,  a  town  of  France,  in  the    department  of  . 
Puy  de  Dome,  18  m.  S.  of  Clermont. 

Bcsscnay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  12  m.  W.  of  Lyons. 

Bestricia,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  with  gold 
mines  in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  85  m.  N.  W.  of 
Hermanstadt.     Long.  28.  45.  E.  lat.  47.  30.  N. 

Betanzos,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated 
on  the  Mandeo,  at  its  entrance  into  the  bay  of 
the  Atlantic,  20  m.  S.  of  Ferrol.  Long.  8.  6  VV. 
lat.  43.  20.  N. 

Betelfaugi,  or   Beit-el-fakih,  a  town  of  Arabia ' 
Felix,    famous   for   the    vast   quantity    of   coffee 
bought  and  sold  in  it.     It  is  25  m.  E.  of  the  Red 
Sea.     Long.  57.  20.  E.  lat.  15.  40.  N. 

BctkaJmra,  a  town  of  North  Carolina,  in  Stokes 
County,  noted  for  being  the  first  settlement  of 
the  Moravians  in  those  parts,  begun  in  1753.  It 
is  6  m.  N.  of  Salem. 

Bethania,  or  Bethany,  a  village  at  the  foot  of 
Mount-Olivet,  on  the  east  side,  where  Lazarus 
dwelt,  and  was  raised  from  the  dead  ;  and  where 
Christ  appeared  among  his  disciples  for  the  last 
time  after  his  crucifixion.  It  is  about  two  miles 
to  the  east  of  Jerusalem. 

Bethania,  p.t.  Stokes  Co.  N.  C.  125  m.  N.  W. 
Raleigh.    This  place  was  settled  by  the  Moravians. 

Betliany,  t.  Wayne  Co.  Pa. 

Bethany,  p.t.  Genessee  Co.  N.  Y  250  m.  W 
Albany.     Pop.  2,374. 

Bcthil,  there  are  14  towns  of  this  name  in  the 
U.  States ;  namely  in  Me.,  Vt.,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Pa., 
and  Ohio. 

Bethlehem,  a  town  of  Syria,  in  Palestine,  fa- 
mous for  the  birth  of  Christ.  It  was  once  a  flour- 
ishing town,  but  now  an  inconsiderable  place. 
Here  is  a  church  erected  by  the  famous  Helena, 
in  the  form  of  a  cross;  also  a  chapel,  called  the 
Chapel  of  Nativity,  where  they  pretend  to  show 
the  manger  in  which  Christ  was  laid ;  another 
called  the  Chapel  of  Joseph ;  and  a  third  of  the 
Holy  Innocents.  Bethlehem  is  much  visited  by 
pilgrims ;  and  is  seated  on  a  ridge  of  hills,  six 
miles  S.  E.  of  Jerusalem 

Beth/them,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania,  in  North- 
ampton County,  situate  on  the  Lehigh,  a  branch 
of  the  Delaware.  The  town  being  partly  on  an 
eminence,  and  partly  on  the  lower  banks  of  the 
Manakes  (a  fine  creek)  has  a  pleasant  and  healthy 
situation,  and  is  frequently  visited  in  summer  by 
the  gentry  from  different  parts.  It  is  the  princi- 
pal settlement  in  America  of  the  Moravians,  who 
were  fixed  here  by  count  Zinzendorf,  in  1741. 
The  German  language  is  more  in  use  than  the 
English ;  but  divine  service  is  performed  in  both 
languages.  It  is  53  m.N.  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia. 
Long.  75.  8.  W.  lat.  40.  37.  N.  There  are  11  other 
towns  called  Bethlehem,  in  N.  IL,  Conn.,  N.  Y., 
Pa.,  Va.,  Geo.,  Ohio.,  and  Ind. 

Bethnal- Green,  one  of  the  out-parishes  on  the 


BEV 


95 


BIA 


N.  E.  side  of  London,  in  which  there  are  about 
10,000  looms  employed  in  the  broad  silk  manufac- 
ture.    Pop.  in  1821,  45,676. 

Bethsaida,  p.  v.  Jones  Co.  Geo.  25  m.  W.  JMil- 
ledgeville. 

Bethune,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Pas  de  Calais,  with  a  castle.  It  was 
taken  by  the  allies,  in  1710,  and  restored  by  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  by  the 
river  Brette,  120  m.  N.  of  Paris. 

Betley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  18  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Stafford,  and  157  of  London.  Pop. 
932. 

Beltis,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  formerly 
the  capital  of  Curdistan.  It  is  now  the  residence 
of  a  bey,  who  is  neither  subject  to  the  Turks  nor 
Persians,  and  has  a  numerous  army  of  horsemen 
and  infantry.  It  stands  on  the  Khabur,  between 
two  mountains,  150  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Altunkupri. 
Long.  43.  20.  E.  lat.  37.  20.  N. 

Bcttenlumsen,  a  populous  village  of  the  county 
of  Henncberg,  Saxony,  six  miles  west  of  Mein- 
ungen  ;  it  has  considerable  manufactures  of  lin- 
en. 

Bctilah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan.  in  Bahar,  85  m. 
N.  N.  W.  ofPatna. 

Betzko,  a  considerable  town  of  Lower  Hungary, 
situate  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Waag  River,  a  few 
miles  south  of  Trentschin. 

Betuwc,  an  island  of  Holland,  in  Guelderland, 
40  miles  long  and  10  broad,  formed  by  the  bifurca- 
tion of  the  Rhine  above  Nimcguen,  and  by  the 
union  of  its  streams,  under  different  appellations, 
near  Worcum.  It  was  the  ancient  Batavia,  and 
foriuerly  gave  the  name  of  Bataveeren,  or  Batavi- 
ans,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Dutch  Netherlands. 
In  this  island  the  ancestors  of  the  present  race  first 
settled,  when  they  emigrated  from  Germany. 
The  principal  place  is  Niiiiegucn. 

Bcula,  t.  Cambria  Co.  Pa.   58  m.  E.  Pittsburg. 

Bevccum,  a  town  of  the  JNetherlands,  in  Brabant, 
10  m.  S.  of  Louvain. 

Bevelaiid,  JVorth  and  South,  two  islands  of  Hol- 
land, in  Zealand,  between  the  east  and  west  branch- 
es of  the  Scheldt.  They  were  occupied  by  the 
English  at  the  period  of  their  disastrous  expedi- 
tion to  Walcheren  in  1809. 

Bevergern,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Munster,  on  the  river  Ems,  5  m.  N. 
W.  ofTecklenburgh. 

Bevcren,  a  populous  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
&m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Oudenarde. 

Bever'eif,  a  borough  in  East  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
It  lias  two  churches,  besides  the  Minster  ;  and  a 
large  market-place ,  adorned  with  a  beautiful  cross. 
The  chief  trade  is  malt,  oatmeal,  and  tanned  lea- 
ther. It  is  famous  for  being  the  retirement  of 
John  de  Beverley,  archbishop  of  York,  who  lived 
here  four  years,  built  a  monastery,  and  .died  in 
J211  ;  in  honour  of  whom  several  kings,  particu 
larly  Athelstan,  who  chose  him  guardian  saint,  en- 
dowed the  place  with  many  privileges  and  immu- 
nities. It  is  seated  near  the  river  Hull,  23  m.  E. 
by  S.  of  York,  and  183  N.  of  London.  It  returns 
two  members  to  parliament.     Pop.  in  1321,  7,503. 

Beverly,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  is  a  seaport,  and 
separated  from  Salem  by  an  inlet  which  is  crossed 
by  a  bridge.  This  town  was  formerly  a  part  of 
Salem.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  and  has  consid- 
erable commerce  and  fishing  business.  Pop.  4,079. 

BcMr/y,  p.v.  the  seat  of  justice  of  Randolph  Co. 
Va.  on  the  E.  branch  of  the  Monongahela,  250  m. 
N.  W.  Richmond 

Beverungtn,   a    town  of   Westphalia,   in   the 


principality  of  Paderbom,  at  tne  commence  of  tne 
Beaver  and  Weser,  24  m.  S.  E.  of  Paderbom. 

Beverwyck,  a  town  of  North  Holland,  on  tl»e 
Wyckermeer,  which  comnmnicates  with  the  Wye> 
7  m.  N.  of  Harlem,  and  US.  by  W.  of  A'Ic- 
maer. 

Beuthen,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  lordship 
of  the  same  name.  It  stands  near  a  branch  of  the 
Oder,  on  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  45  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Ratisbon.     Long.  18.  53.  E.  lat.  50.  21.  N. 

Beuthen,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Carolath,  on  the  river  Oder,  13  m.  N.  W.  Glo- 

2RI1. 

Beicdley,  a  borough  in  Worcestershire,  Eng. 
It  has  a  good  trade  in  malt,  leather,  salt,  and 
iron  ware  ;  and  a  free  school  founded  by  James  I. 
It  rs  seated,  on  the  Severn,  14  m.  N.  of  Worcester, 
and  129  N.  W.  of  London.  It  returns  one  mem- 
ber to  parliament.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,720. 

Btx,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  cajiton  of 
Bern,  noted  for  its  salt  rocks,  43  m.  S.  W.  of  Bern. 

Bezieis,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  lately  an  episcopal  see.  The  remains  of 
a  circus,  and  some  inscriptions,  bespeak  its  an- 
cient grandeur.  It  is  seated  near  the  royal  ca- 
nal, on  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which  flows  the  Obre, 
a  few  miles  from  the  s(?a,  85  m.  £.  by  S.  of  Toul- 
ouse, and  30  S.  W.  of  Montpelier.  Long.  3.  12. 
E.  lat.  43.  20.  N.  Pop.  12,500. 

^Aaio-owo-,  a  considerable  town  of  NepanI,  about 
eight  miles  E.  by  S.  of  the  capital,  Catmandoo; 
it  is  the  principal  residence  of  the  chief  Brahmin 
of  Nepaul.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Bhurtpore,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  Agra.  The  British  took  it  by 
storm,  in  1805.     Is  it  38  m.  W.  of  Agra. 

Biafia,  a  country  of  Guinea,  to  the  S.  E.  of 
Benin,  of  which  little  is  known  ;  but  is  said  to 
have  a  capital  of  the  same  name,  on  the  river 
Camerones,  which  enters  ths  Atlantic  in  long.  11. 
30.  E.  lat.  3.  28.  N. 

Biala,  a  town  of  Gallicia,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Silesia,  opposite  to  Bilitz  ;  it  participates  in  the 
linen  manufacture  of  the  district.  Pop.  about 
2,300.  It  is  the  name  of  three  other  small  towns 
in  different  parts  of  Germany. 

Bialysf.ock,  a  considerable  town  of  Russian  Po- 
land, seated  on  the  Biala,  a  branch  of  the  Vistula 
River,  15  m.  E.  of  Wilna. 

Biar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.  Its  principal 
riches  consists  in  honey,  celebrated  for  its  whitc- 
nessand  solidity,  which  is  not  affected  by  weather. 
It  is  6  m.  from  Vilena. 

Bihh,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  6,305.  Cen- 
treville,  112  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Cahawba,  is  the  seat 
of  judicature  for  the  county. 

Biberach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  fustians,  seated  in  a  fertile  valley,  on  the 
Reuss,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ulm.  Pop.  about  4,500 
It  now  belongs  to  Wurtemburg. 

Btftra,  a  town  of  Upj)er  Saxony,  in  Thuringi% 
much  frequented  on  account  of  its  mineral  spring 
It  is  9  m.  S.  of  Qucrfurt. 

Bichcstcr,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  11  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Oxford,  and  54  W.  by  N.  of  London 
on  the  mail  coach  road  to  Leamington  and  War 
wick.     Pop.  2,544. 

Blclianeer,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
cicar,  in  the  country  of  Agimere.  It  is  42  m.  W. 
of  Nagore.     Long.  74.  0.  E.  lat.  27.  12.  N. 

Bidadie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  departmen 
of  Lower  Pyrenees,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Bidouse,  12  m.  E.  of  Bayonne.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Bidassoa,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  th« 


BIE 


96 


BIL 


Pyrenees,  and  enters  the  Bay  of  Biscay ,  at  Fon- 
tarabla.  This  river  was  a  long  time  a  subject  of 
dispute  between  France  and  Spain,  but  it  is  now 
common  between  the  two  nations  ;  the  duties  paid 
by  those  who  pass  from  Sjjain  to  France  belong- 
ing to  the  latter,  and  by  those  who  pass  the  con- 
trarj'  way  to  the  former. 

Jiidbur<s,  a  town  of  Netherlands,  in  the  duchy 
of  Luxemburg,  30  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Luxemburg. 

Biddcford,  a  seaport  of  England,  in  Devonshire. 
It  has  a  trade  in  coal,  culm,  timber,  and  oak  bark, 
also  in  the  herring  and  Newfoundland  fisheries, 
and  builds  and  owns  a  considerable  burthen  of 
shipping.  A  great  quantity  of  Welsh  lime-stone 
is  burned  here  ;  and  there  is  a  large  pottery.  It 
is  seated  on  both  sides  of  the  Torridge,  over 
which  is  an  ancient  Gothic  bridge  of  24  arches, 
16  m  S.  by  W.  of  Ilfracomb,  and  201  W.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  in  1821,  4,053. 

Biddeford,  a  seaport  of  York  Co.  Me.  The 
county  courts  are  sometimes  held  here.  It  is  sit- 
uate on  the  sea-coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saco,  14 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Portland.  Pop.  1,995.  Long.  70. 
35.  W.  lat.  43.  2G.  N. 

Bidzigur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Allahabad, 
with  a  fort  on  a  steep  and  lofty  rock,  50  m.  S.  of 
Benares. 

Biedenkopf,  a  town  of  the_g^and  duchy  of  Hesse, 
situate  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Lahn,  near  its 
source,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Marburg. 

Bieez,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Cracowia,  remarka- 
ble for  its  mines  of  vitriol;  seated  on  the  Wese- 
loke,  50  m.  S.  E.  of  Cracow. 

Biel  or  Bicnne^  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  a  small  territory,  lately  subject  to  the  bishop 
of  Basil.  It  stands  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  river  Suss,  17  m.  N.  W.  of  Bern. 

Bicia,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  and  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Aoust.  The  town  is  situate  near  the  riVer  Cerva, 
24  m.  W.  of  Vercelli.     Pop.  about  8,300. 

Biclmo,  a  popnltjus  town  of  Silesia,  with  con- 
siderable manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton,  15 
m.  east  of  Buntzlaw.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Bielfcld,  a  tovirn  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county 
of  Ravensberg.  The  linen  made  and  bleached 
here  is  much  esteemed.  It  is  18  m.  north  of  Lip- 
stadt.     Pop.  about.  5,500. 

Bida-orod,  a  tovi'n  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Kursk,  and  aji  archbishop's  see,  80  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Kursk.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

Biel (Torod .  or  Akcrman,  a  strong  town  of  Eu'o- 
pean  Turkey  in  Bessarabia,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dniester,  70  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Bender.  Long.  31.  15.  E.  lat  4G.  8.  N. 

Bi.cloi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  governiaent  of 
Smolensk,  60  m.  N.  E.  of  Smolensk. 

Bielozrrsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  on  the  south  side  of  the  lake 
Bielo,  210  m.  N.  E.  of  Novogorod,  and  about  the 
same  distance  E.  of  St.  Petersburgh.  Pop.  about 
3,000. 

Bielsk,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  capital  of 
Podiakia,  seated  on  the  Biala,  one  of  the  sources  of 
the  Vistula,  130  m.  E.  N  E.  of  Warsaw.  Long. 
23.  3;t.  E.  lat.  52.  40.  N. 

Bienvenu,  a  bayou  in  the  Parish  of  Orleans, 
Lou.  running  E.  into  Lake  Borgne.  By  this  chan- 
nel the  British  army  reached  the  Mississippi  in 
Dec.  1814  when  marching  upon  New  Orleans. 

Biervliet,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders, situate  on  the  West  Scheldt,  and  on  a  small 
island  of  its  name,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Ghent. 

Biggar,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  I  Lanarkshire, 


with  the  ruins  of  a  collegiate  church,  10  m.  S.  E 
ofCarnwarth.    Pop.  I,75i7. 

Biggleswade,  a  town  of  Bedfordshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed on  the  Ivel,  10  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bedford,  and  45 
N.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  2,778. 

Bigorre,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Armagnac,  east  by  Comminges,  west 
by  Beam,  and  south  by  the  Pyrenees.  See  Py- 
renees Upper. 

Bigfiorn,  a  river  of  the  Missouri  territory,  North 
America,  rising  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  the 
lat.  of  about  41.  N.  runs  north  into  the  Yellow 
Stone  which  falls  into  the  Missouri  in  the  lat.  of 
48.  N.  It  is  represented  as  flowing  through  a 
fertile,  but  at  present  an  uninhabited  country. 

Big  Sandy,  a  river  which  divides  the  state  of 
Virginia  from  that  of  Kentucky,  falling  into  the 
Ohio,  opposite  Burlington,  in  Lawrence  county, 
state  of  Ohio. 

Bigbay  p. v.  Johnson  Co.  111. 

Big  Bone  Lick,  a  small  river  in  Woodford  Co. 
Ken.,  where  numbers  of  enormous  bones  have 
been  found. 

Biguha,  a  kingdom  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
watered  by  the  Rio  Grande.  The  capital  is  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
river,  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  Long 
13.  50.  W.  lat.  11.  12.  N. 

Big  Walnut,  r.  an  easterly  branch  of  the  Scioto 
in  Ohio. 

Bihar,  a  county  of  Upper  Hungary,  bordering 
on  Transylvania.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Korosh 
river.  Groswarden  is  the  capital.  The  east  part 
is  mountainous,  and  inhabited  by  WallachiaRS. 
Pop.  about  223,000,  chiefly  Hungarians. 

Bihatz,  a  town  in  Croatia,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Bosnia,  seated  on  an  isle  formed  by  the  river 
Unna,  65  m.  S.  E.  of  Carlstadt.  Long.  16.  32.  E. 
lat.  44.  51.  N. 

Bilbao,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Spain,  capital  of 
Biscay.  The  upper  part  is  built  mostly  of  wood, 
and  has    narrow   streets,    which    terminate   in  a 

freat  square ;  the  lovv'er  part  is  of  freestone  and 
rick,  with  fine  broad  streets.  The  houses  are 
rather  high,  and  fully  inhabited.  The  principal 
exports  are  wool,  oil,  chcsnuts,  sword-blades,  and 
other  manufactures  in  iron  and  steel.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  banks  of  the  Du- 
rango  river,  which  forms  a  good  harbour  near  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  50  m.  W.  of  St.  Sebastian,  and 
72  1-2  leagues  N.  of  Madrid,  by  way  of  Aranda, 
and  88  by  way  of  Valladolid  and  Segovia.  Long. 
2.44.  W.  lat.  43.  14.  N. 

Bildcston,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  river  Breton,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Bury,  and  63  N. 
E.  of  London.  It  has  two  fairs  annually.  Pop.  836, 
Biledulgerid,  a  country  of  Barbary,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Tunis  and  Algiers,  east  by  Tri- 
poli, south  by  Guergula,  and  west  by  Tuggurt. 
The  air  is  hot  and  unhealthy.  The  country  is 
mountainous  and  sandy,  producing  little  susten- 
ance, except  dates,  which  are  exchanged  with  the 
neighbouring  countries  for  wheat.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  deemed  lewd,  treacherous,  thievish,  and 
cruel.  They  are  a  mixture  of  ancient  Africans 
and  wild  Arabs ;  the  former  living  in  towns  and 
the  latter  in  tents. 

Bilin,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  south-west 
part  of  the  circle  of  Leutmeritz,  near  a  mountain 
of  its  name,  17  m.  W.  of  Leutmeritz. 

Bilitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  with  a  castle,  and 
considerable  manufacture  of  cloth  ;  situate  on  the 
Biala,  on  the  verge  of  Poland,  18  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Teschen.     Pop.  about  3,400. 


BIO 


9r 


BIR 


Billericay,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  seated  ^n  a 
hill,  9  m.  S.  W.  of  Chelmsford,  and  23  E.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  about  1,200. 

BUlesdon,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.  8  m. 
N.  of  Leicester,  and  93  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
634. 

BUlom,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Puy  de  Dome,  seated  on  an  eminence,  15  ra.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  5,200. 

B'dmah,  a  vast  burning  desert  of  Africa,  be- 
tween Fezzan  and  Bornou,  which  caravans  are 
ten  days  in  passing. 

Bllsah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malwa,  capital 
of  a  circar,  noted  for  producing  excellent  tobacco. 
It  is  situate  near  the  source  of  the  Betwa  river, 
120  m.  E.  ofOugein. 

Bilscn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Liege.  Near  it  is  Munster  Bilsen,  a  cele- 
brated temporal  foundation  and  abbey  for  noble 
ladies.  It  is  situate  on  the  Demer,  15  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Liege.     Pop.  about  2,000! 

Bilstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Westphalia,  situate  on  a  mountain,  24  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Arensburg. 

Bilston,  a  large  village  in  Staffordshire,  Eng. 
2  m.  S.  E.  of  Wolverhampton.  It  has  a  naviga- 
ble canal,  communicating  with  the  Staffordshire 
and  Worcestershire  canals,  and  several  great  riv- 
ers. Near  it  are  large  mines  of  coal,  iron-stone, 
&c.  also  furnaces,  forges,  and  slitting  mills  ;  and 
manufactures  of  japanned  and  enamelled  goods. 
Pop.  in  1821,  12,003. 

Bimini,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands,  near  the  , 
channel  of  Bahama,  8  miles  long,  and  nearly  as 
many  broad.     It  has  a  good  harbour.     Long.  79. 
30.  W.  lat.  25.  0.  N. 

Bimlepatam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Circars,  12  m.  N.  of  Vizigapatam. 

Binaros,  or  Vinaros,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, seated  near  the  Mediterranean,  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river,  which  forms  a  small  harbour,  7  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Peniscola,  and  23  S.  of  Torsosa. 

Binch,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Hainault,  on  the  river  Haye,  9  m.  E.  of  Mons. 
Pop.  3,800. 

Binchester,  a  village  in  the  county  of  Durham , 
Eng.  on  the  river  Wear,  near  Durham.  By 
several  inscriptions  and  monuments,  it  appears  to 
have  been  the  Roman  Vinovium  ;  and  many  Ro- 
man coins  have  been  dug  up  here. 

Bingazi,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Barbaca,  with 
a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  35  m.  S.  W.  of  Tolo- 
meta. 

Bingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Nahe  with  the  Rhine,  15  m.  W.by 
S.  ofMentz.     Pop.  2,700. 

Blngcnhcitn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Upper  Rhine,  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  ofFrankfort. 

Bingham,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  Eng.  in 
the  vale  of  Belvoir,  9  m.  E.  of  Nottingham,  and 
124  N.  by  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1 ,574. 

Binglmm,  t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.     Pop.  538. 

Bingley,  a  town  in  West  Yorkshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed on  the  Aire,  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Skipton,  and  202 
N.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  6,176. 

Biobio,  the  largest  river  of  Chile,  which  rises 
in  the  Andes,  runs  through  veins  of  gold,  and 
fields  of  sarsaparilla.  and  passing  the  city  of  Con- 
cepcion,  enters  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  lat.'36.  55.  S. 
It  is  the  boundary  between  Chile,  and  the  coun- 
try of  the  Araucan  Indians. 

Biorneburg,  a  town  of  Russian  Finland,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Kune,  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
75  m.  N.  of  Abo.     Long.  22.  5.  E.  lat.  61.  42.  N. 
13 


Bir,  El-Bir,,Beer,  or  Biredgik,  a  town  of  Asi- 
atic Turkey,  in  Diarbeck,  with  a  castle.  It  stands 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Euphrates,  near  a  high 
mountain,  in  a  fruitful  country,  60  m.  N.  E.  of 
Aleppo. 

Birboom,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  66 
m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Moorshedabad,  and  115  N.  N 
W.  of  Calcutta. 

Bird  Islands,  there  are  a  dozen  islands  and  clus- 
ters of  islands  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  cal- 
led Bird  Islands,  mostly  uninhabited,  except  by 
birds,  from  which  they  have  been  named.  Tite 
most  considerable  group  is  in  the  Carribean  Sea, 
E.  of  Curacao. 

Birdshorough,  p.v.  Berks  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuyl 
kill,  8  m.  below  Reading. 

Birdsville,  p.v.  Burke  Co.  Geo.  48  m.  S.  E. 
Milledgeville. 

Birkevfdd,  a  town  of  Grermany,  in  the  county 
of  Spanheim,  in  the  circle  of  Upper  Rhine  ;  seat- 
ed near  the  source  of  the  river  Nahe,  25  m.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Treves.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  cattle 
fairs. 

Birmah,  an  extensive  empire  in  Asia,  to  the 
east  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal ;  containing  the  king- 
doms of  Birmah,  Cassay,  Aracan,  and  Pegu,  and 
all  the  west  coast  of  Siam,  to  the  promontory  of 
Malay,  extending  from  the  10th  to  the  24th  deg. 
of  N.  lat.  The  kingdom  of  Birmah,  frequently 
called  Ava,  from  the  name  of  its  ancient  capital, 
has  Pegu  on  the  south,  and  occupies  both  sides  of 
the  river  Irrawaddy,  or  Errabatty,  to  the  frontiers 
of  Assam  on  the  north;  on  the  west  it  has  Arra- 
can  and  Cassay,  and  on  the  east  China  and  Upper 
Siam.  This  kingdom  was  conquered  in  1752,  by 
the  king  of  Pegu,  who  carried  the  Birman  mon- 
arch prisoner  to  Pegu,  and  caused  him  to  be  mur- 
dered there  in  1754 ;  but  Alompra,  a  Birman  of 
low  distinction,  who  was  continued  by  the  con- 
queror as  chief  at  Monchaban,  a  small  place  to 
the  north  of  Ava,  revolted  against  the  Peguese, 
got  possession  of  Ava  in  1755,  and  after  continued 
battles,  with  various  success,  became  the  conquer- 
or of  Pegu,  in  1757.  This  deliverer  of  his  coun- 
try continued  in  a  state  of  warfare  to  his  death,  in 
1760 ;  and  his  successors  have  since  added  the 
other  countries,  which  now  form  the  Birman  Em- 
pire. The  climate  of  Birmah  is  very  salubrious ; 
the  seasons  being  regular,  and  the  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold  seldom  experienced.  The  soil  is 
remarkably  fertile,  producing  rice,  sugar  canes, 
tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  and  all  the  tropical  fruits 
in  perfection  ;  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Irrawaddy, 
which  runs  south  througli  the  whole  country,  is 
produced  pure  amber,  and  the  finest  teak  timber  in 
the  world.  The  kingdom  of  Birmah  abounds  in 
minerals  ;  it  has  mines  of  gold,  silver,  rubies,  and 
sapphires  ;  and  affords  amethysts,  garnets,  chrys- 
olites, jasper,  load-stone,  and  marble.  The  gene- 
ral disposition  of  the  Birmans  is  strikingly  con- 
trasted with  that  of  the  natives  of  Hindoostan, 
though  separated  only  by  a  narrow  ridge  of  moun- 
tains, in  several  places  admitting  of  an  easy  inter- 
course. The  Birmans  are  a  lively,  inquisitive 
race,  active,  irascible,  and  impatient ;  but  the 
character  of  their  Bengal  neighbours  is  known  to 
be  the  reverse.  The  passion  of  jealousy  which 
prompts  most  eastern  nations  to  immure  their 
women,  and  surround  them  with  guards,  seems  to 
have  little  influence  on  the  minds  of  the  Birmans; 
for  their  wives  and  daughters  have  as  free  inter- 
course with  the  other  sex  as  the  rules  of  Euro- 
pean society  admit.  The  Birmans  are  extremely 
fond  both  of  poetry  and  music.     Their  religion  is. 


BIR 


98 


BIS 


in  fact,  that  of  the  Hindoos,  though  they  are  not 
votaries  of  Brama,  but  sectaries  of  Boodh.  Their 
jurisprudence    is  distinguished  above  that  of  any 


other  Hindoo  community  for  perspicuity  and 
good  sense.  The  emperor  of  Birmah  is  a  despot- 
ic monarch,  and  like  the  sovereign  of  China  ac- 
knowledges no  equal.  The  prevailing  character- 
istic of  tiie  Birnian  court  is  pride.  There  are  no 
hereditary  dignities  or  employments  in  the  gov- 
ernment, for  all  honours  and  offices,  on  the  demise 
of  the  the  possessor,  revert  to  the  crown.  The 
capital  was  formerly  Ummerapoora,  but  this  city 
is  now  deserted,  and  the  old  capital  Ava  rebuilt. 
The  chief  seaport  is  Rangoon. 

Birniingharn,  a  large,  inland,  populous  and  im- 
portant town  of  England,  in  Warwickshire,  bor- 
dering on  the  counties  of  Worcester  and  Stafford. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  has  long  been 
celebrated  for  its  works  in  every  kind  of  metal, 
and  the  manufacture  of  hardware,  fire-arms,  cut- 
lery, japanned  wares,  and  trinkets.  The  era  of 
its  pre-eminence  however  is  comparatively  recent, 
its  commencement  may  be  dated  subsequent  to 
the  war  ofl77G — I7d3;  since  when  it  has  more 
than  doubled  in  extent  and  population.  The 
number  of  its  inhabitants,  including  Aston,  imme- 
diately contiguous,  in  1801  was  72,522,  and  in  1821 
100,722,  and  the  adjacent  country,  on  the  borders 
of  the  counties  of  Staft'ord  and  Worcester,  contains 
from  80,000  to  100,000  persons  more,  chiefly  occu- 
pied in  the  manufacture  of  articles  broughtrto  Bir- 
mingham, for  sale  and  distribution.  The  Stiffbrd- 
shire  border  abounds  in  iron  and  coal  of  the  finest 
quality,  which  contributes  essentially  to  the  excel- 
lence and  facility  of  most  of  its  manufactures.  The 
town  is  considered  peculiarly  healthy,  the  chief 
part  being  built  along  the  ridge  of  a  hill,  having 
a  dry,  sandy  soil.  The  streets  are  regular,  and 
the  buildings  spacious.  The  church  of  St.  Philip, 
built  in  1711,  is  a  stately  and  fine  edifice,  and 
since  1800  two  other  churches  have  been  built, 
both  equally  handsome.  It  has  several  sectarian 
meeting  houses,  a  well-endowed  public  school,  a 
handsome  theatre,  and  an  extensive  suite  of  baths. 
The  perspective  of  the  town,  especially  on  the 
east  side,  is  very  imposing,  and  independent  of 
its  innate  importance,  being  nearly  in  the  centre 
of  the  kingdom,  it  is  a  place  of  vast  intercourse. 
It  has  a  canal  basin  at  its  higliest  level,  from 
whence  cuts  diverge  in  every  direction,  and  tty 
which  the  manufactures  of  the  district  are  con- 
veyed to  all  the  ports  of  the  kingdom,  for  distri- 
bution over  every  part  of  the  habitable  globe.  The 
surrounding  country  is  very  fertile,  and  its  mark- 
et is  in  consequence  exceedingly   well  supplied 


wil'i  all  the  essentials  of  subsistence.  Birmin?- 
haio  K  not  an  incorporated  town,  and,  notwitn- 
staiiuing  its  size  and  importance,  has  at  present 
no  representation  in  parliament,  though  this  evil 
will  probably  be  soon  removed.  It  is  governed 
by  two  bailiffs  and  two  constables,  and  there  are 
several  resident  magistrates  who  are  chosen  an- 
nually from  the  most  respectable  part  of  the  com- 
munity. In  1643  Birmingham  was  besieged  and 
taken  by  prince  Rupert,  and  ordered  to  be  burnt 
to  the  ground,  but,  owing  to  some  propitious  cir- 
cumstances, the  conflagration  did  very  little  dam- 
age. In  1(365,  or  1666,  the  town  suffered  severe- 
ly from  the  plague.  It  began  shortly  after  this 
period  to  be  considerably  enlarged,  though  in  1700 
it  consisted  of  only  30  streets,  whereas  there  are 
now  upwards  of  300.  It  is  109  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
London,  by  way  of  Coventry  or  Warwick,  from 
each  of  which  it  is  distant  18  m.  and  116  by  way 
of  Oxford,  from  which  it  is  distant  o8  m. 

There  are  3  towns  in  Pennsylvania  by  the 
name  of  Birmingham. 

Birnam,  a  hill  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire,  cele- 
brated by  Shakspeare  in  his  Macbeth,  1580  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  was  anciently  a 
forest  and  part  of  the  Royal  domain  of  Scotland. 

Biron,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  73  miles  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

Biron,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  12  m  S.  E.  of  Saintes. 

Birr,  a  parish  and  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's 
county,  near  the  borders  of  Tipperary.  The  town 
is  sometimes  called  Parsons  Town  :  it  is  .34  m. 
N.  E.  of  Limerick,  and  34  N.  N.  W.  of  Kilkenny. 
Pop.  in  1821,5,406;  and  the  parish  2,1)72  more. 

Birse,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
seated  on  the  Dee,  28  m.  West  of  Aberdeen.  Pop. 
1,505. 

Birtlev,  a  village  in  the  county  of  Durham,  Eng. 
10  m.  N."  of  Durham.  Pop.  in  1821,  1,386.  There 
is  a  village  of  the  same  name  in  Northumberland, 
having  a  salt  spring,  at  which  great  quantities  of 
salt  were  formerly  made. 

Birviesca,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  13 
m.  N.  of  Burgos. 

Birza,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Samogitia,  42  miles 
S.  E.  of  Mittau. 

Bisaccia,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Principato  Ulte- 
riore,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Conza. 

Biscara,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province 
of  Constantlna,  and  the  chief  place  of  the  dis- 
trict of  Zaab.  It  is  an  ancient  town,  120  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Constantina.    Long.  5. 12.  W.  lat.  33.  35.  N. 

Biscay,  a  maritime  province  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Spain,  extending  from  the  Bidassoa,  which  di- 
vides Spain  from  France  in  the  long.  of].  40.  W. 
to  Santona,  in  3.  18.  W.  lying  on  the  shore  of 
of  the  Bav  of  Biscay,  nearly  in  a  straight  line,  in 
the  lat.  of  43.  20.  N.  extending  inland,  in  nearly 
a  pyramidal  form,  to  Logrono,  in  Old  Castile  ;  its 
area  being  248  square  leagues,  and  in  ]  810  con- 
tained a  pop.  of  283,450.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Asturias  and  Old  Castile,  and  E.  by  the 
Navarre.  The  river  Ebro,  which  runs  S.  into  the 
Mediterranean,  rises  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
province,  and  afterwards  forms  part  of  its  west- 
ern boundary.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts  viz. 
Alava,  S.  containing  90  leagiies  of  area,  and  67,523 
of  the  pop.  chief  town  Vittoria ;  Guipuscoa,  E. 
containing  52  leagues  of  area,  and  104,491  of  pop. 
chief  town  St.  Sebastian  ;  this,  it  will  be  per- 
ceived, is  the  most  populous  part ;  Biscay  Proper, 
on  the  W.  containing  106  leagues  of  area,  and  111,- 
436  of  pop.  chief  town  Bilbao.     The  country  is  in 


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some  parts  mountainous,  but  well  covered  with 
wood,  and  yielding  abundance  of  iron  and  lead. 
The  plains  and  valleys  are  well  cultivated,  yield- 
ing ample  supplies  of  all  that  is  essential  to  the 
comfort  of  the  inhabitants.  The  Biscay  ans  are  a 
brave  choleric  people,  possessing  a  character  and 
speaking  a  language  distinct  from  tliat  of  every 
other  part  of  Spain  ;  and  through  all  the  mutations 
to  which  Spain  has  been  exposed  during  a  period 
of  2000  years,  by  the  irruptions  of  Romans,  Cartha- 
ginians, Moors,  (fee.  Biscay  has  retained  its  an- 
cient Cantabrian  laws  and  independence,  and  at 
tlie  present  time  forms  an  independent  republic 
under  the  protection  of  Spain,  rather  than  an  integ- 
ral part  of  the  kingdom.  It  admits  a  corregidor 
and  commissary  appointed  by  the  crown,  but 
permits  no  taxes  to  be  levied  without  the  sanction 
of  the  province,  and  yields  none  to  the  crown  but 
as  gratuitous  donations,  and  sanctions  no  title  of 
the  king  but  that  of  lord. 

Biscuif,  Baij  of,  a  large  bay  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ;  formed  by  the  Isle  of  Ushant,  N.  in  lat. 
4d.  22.  N.  and  Cape  Ortegal  S.  in  lat.  43.  47.  N. 
and  7.  14.  W.  long,  washing  the  N.  coast  of 
Spain,  from  Cape  Ortegal  to  St.  Jean  de  Luz,  in 
lat.  42.  23  N.  and  the  W.  coast  of  France,  on  a 
line  of  longitude  from  St.  Jean  de  Luz,  in  1,4J. 
to  Ushant  in  5.  3.  W.  During  a  prevalence  of 
westerly  winds,  the  swell  of  tiie  Atlantic  Ocean 
sets  into  this  Bay,  and  renders  the  approach  to 
the  British  channel  by  vessels  from  the  S.  and 
S.  W.  exceedingly  difficult,  and  if  the  gales 
are  powerful,  quite  impossible,  until  they  subside  ; 
there  being  however,  plenty  of  sea-room,  it  is  a 
position  of  tediousness  and  labour,  rather  than 
of  danger. 

Biscay,  New,  a  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to 
a  part  of  the  W.  coast  of  Mexico  ;  now  incorpo- 
rated with  the  intendency  of  Sonora,  Durango, 
and  Guadalaxara  (all  of  which  see.) 

Bisckofstein,  a  town  of  Prussia  Proper,  about 
50  m.  S.  of  Konigsberg,  and  5  S.  E.  of  Heilsburg. 

Bischofsheivi,a.  tow  a  of  the  duchy  of  Wurtzburg, 
seated  on  the  Tauber,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Wurtz- 
burg.— Another  seated  on  the  Rhom,  44  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  W  urtzburg. 

Bischofslack,  a  town  of  Upper  Carniola,  with  a 
good  trade  in  linen  and  worsted,  17  m.  W.  by  N. 
of  Laybach. 

Bischofswerda.,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  seated  on  the  Weiseritz,  Irf  m.  E.  of  Dresden. 

Bischofswcrder ,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Oberlajid,  on  the  river  Oss,  28  m.  N.  E.  of 
Culm. 

Bischofzdl,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Thurgau, 
with  a  castle  ;  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Sittur  and  Thur,  12  m.  south  of  Constance. 

%*  There  are  several  other  towns  prefixed  by 
Bisckofs,  in  different  parts,  of  Germany. 

Bisegiia,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Terra  di  Bari,  on 
a  hill,  near  the  shore  of  the  Adriatic,  6  in.  E.  of 
W.  Trani.     Pop.  10,(300. 

Bisciia,  Bizerta,  or  Binzert,  a  seaport  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  in  a  country  abounding  with 
corn,  fruit,  oil,  cotton,  and  other  valuable  produc- 
tions. It  stands  on  a  canal,  which  communi- 
cates with  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  37  m.  N. 
of  Tunis.     Long.  9.  79.  E.  lat.  37.  20.  N. 

Bisentz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  near  the  frontier 
of  Hungary,  15  m.  S.  W  of  Haradish.  Pop.  about 
2,600. 

Bishops-Auckland,  Stortford,  Waltham,  and 
Wearmouth.     See  Auckland,  &c. 

Bishops-castle,  a  borough  in  Shropshire,  with 


a  market  on  Friday,  much  frequented  by  th© 
Welch.  It  is  seated  near  the  River  Clun,  8  milei* 
E.  of  Montgomery,  and  159  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 
It  returns  two  members  to  Parliament.  Pop.  in 
1821,1,880.    Voters  about  180. 

Bishopsville,  p. v.  Sumpter  Dis.  S.  C.  GO  m.  S 
E.  Columbia. 

*,j*  There  are  about  3G  other  towns  and  villages 
with  Bishop  or  Bishops  prefixed  to  their  names 
in  different  parts  of  England. 

Blssigano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite- 
riore,  with  a  castle  :  seated  on  a  hill  near  the 
river  Boccuna,  16  m.  N.  of  Cosenza. 

Bisleij,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  3  m 
S.  E.  of  Stroud.  It  has  a  large  church  standing 
on  an  eminence.  Pop.  in  1821,  5,421,  much  em- 
ployed in  the  woolen  manufacture. 

Bisnagur,  or  Bijntigur,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in 
the  couiitry  of  Sanore.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Narsinga,  and  formerly  a 
large  city,  it  is  seated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Toombudra,  28  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Sanore,  and  105 
N.  by  W.  of  Chitteldroog.  Long.  76. 0.  E.  lat.  15. 
20.  N. 

Bisv.ee,  a  town  of  Bootan,  capital  of  a  district 
on  the  borders  of  Ben.o-al  and  Assam.  It  is  50  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Rantramutty,  and  130  S.  E.  of  Tas- 
sasudon.     Long.'pO.  45.  E.  lat.  26.  27.  N. 

Bissagos,  or  Bejugas,  a  cluster  of  islands  and 
shoals  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa.  The  largest, 
called  Bissago,  is  80  m.  in  circuit,  inhabited  by 
Portuguese  and  Negroes,  and  well  cultivated.  Its 
N.  end  is  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
Long.  15.  10.  W.  lat.  10.  58.  N. 

Bissunpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
circar  in  Bengal,  74  m.  N.  W.  of  Calcutta. 

Bistricz,  a  populous  town  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Transylvania,  on  the  River  Bistricz,  142  m.  N. 
E.  of  Coloswar. — also  the  name  of  another  towji 
in  the  circle  of  Prerau,  Moravia. 

Bitche,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  the  river 
Schwelb,  30  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Strasburg.  Pop. 
2,300. 

Bitchen.     See  Pitschen. 

Bilteto,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  11 
m.  S.  S.  W.  ofBari. 

Bitov.o,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  10  m 
W.  S.  W.  ofBari. 

Bittcrfeld,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
seated  on  the  Mulda,- 14  m.  S.  of  Dessau. 

Blacklna~n,  an  extensive  parish  and  town  in  the 
centre  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  England,  in- 
tersected by  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  canal.  It 
is  divided  into  23  townships,  and  in  1821,  contain- 
ed a  population  of  53,350,  chiefly  employed  in  the 
various  branches  of  the  cotton  manufacture.  Parts 
of  the  parish  are  bleak  and  dreary,  but  it  is  part- 
ly situate  on  tlie  great  coal  strata,  which  supplies 
abundance  of  fuel.  The  town  of  Blackburn  is 
seated  in  a  valley,  on  both  sides  of  a  stream  call- 
ed the  Derwent,  over  which  there  are  four  bridges, 
and  it  is  skirted  by  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  canal. 
Next  to  Manchester,  it  is  one  of  the  principal 
focuses  of  that  wide  occupation,  the  cotton  man- 
ufacture, thsre  being  about  a  dozen  large  establish- 
ments for  spinning,  forty  more  largely  occupied 
in  the  manufacture  of  calicoes,  twenty  large  estab- 
lishments for  printing  of  ditto,  with  all  the  attend- 
ant occupations  of  bleaching,  dyeing,  iron  found- 
ing and  machine  and  reed  making.  It  has  three 
public  breweries.  In  1821  it  contained  21,940  of 
the  above  population.     12  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Preston 


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and  23  N.  W.  of  Manchester.  It  has  a  free  gram- 
mar school,  with  an  endowment  of  about  £150 
per  ann.  and  also  a  female  charity  school,  with 
nearly  a  similar  endowment;  four  churches,  two 
of  them  handsome,  and  several  meeting-houses. 

Black  Forest,  a  mountainous  and  woody  district 
of  Germany,  part  of  the  ancient  Hercynian  Forest, 
extending  N.  from  the  frontiers  of  Switzerland, 
for  about  100  m.  parallel  with  the  N.  course  of 
the  Rhine.  The  principal  part  lies  within  the 
territory  of  the  Duchy  of  Baden,  bordering  on 
Bavaria,  the  N,  part  running  into  the  territory  of 
Wurtemburg.  It  is  in  some  places  rich  in  iron 
and  other  metals,  and  its  wood  is  very  valuable 
as  well  for  fuel  <as  for  building  both  of  houses  and 
vessels  for  navigating  the  Rhine. 

Blackheat/i,  an  elevated  and  spacious  plain,  the 
ascent  to  which  is  5  m.  E.  of  London  Bridge.  It 
La  partly  in  the  parish  of  Greenwich,  and  the  up- 
jier  part  of  the  park  of  the  hospital  of  Greenwich 
is  part  of  the  plain.  It  is  intersected  by  the  great 
liigh  road  from  London  to  Dover,  and  is  celebra- 
ted in  several  periods  of  English  history.  The 
Danes  encamped  upon  it  in  1012.  In  1390  the 
celebrated  Wat  Tyler  assembled  100,000  men 
against  the  government,  to  avenge  an  insult  of- 
fered to  liis  daughter  by  a  petty  tax-gatherer  at 
Dartford.  In  1450,  Jack  Cade  assembled  his 
forces  on  the  same  spot ;  and  in  1497,  it  was  the 
scene  of  a  contest  between  Henry  VII.  and  Lord 
Audley.  It  is  surrounded  by  detached  houses,  and 
ranges  of  handsome  buildings,  residences  of  some 
of  the  more  opulent  classes  connected  with  the 
transactions  of  London.  It  commands  some  fine 
prospects,  and  in  the  summer  season,  especially, 
is  a  beautiful  and  interesting  spot.  In  the  side 
of  the  ascent  from  London  is  a  cavern  consisting 
of  seven  large  rooms,  which  communicate  by 
arched  avenues ;  the  sidfes  and  roofs  of  rocks  of 
chalk  ;  and  it  has  a  well  of  clear  water,  27  feet 
deep. 

Black  Lake,  a  river  of  Louisiana  rising  in  the  N. 
W.  expanding  into  a  wide  sheet  of  water  and 
flowing  into  the  Salme. 

Black  Lick,  t.  Indiana  Co.  Pa. 

Blackness-castle,  a  fort  of  Scotland,  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, built  on  a  kind  of  peninsula  on  the  frith 
of  Forth,  9  m.  N.  E.  of  Linlithgow.  It  consists  of 
four  bastions,  and  is  one  of  the  forts  which,  by 
the  articles  of  nnion,  are  to  be  kept  in  repair. 

Blackpool,  a  village  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  3  m. 
W.  of  Poulton,  much  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing. 

Black  River,  the  name  of  several  rivers  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  world.  1st.  In  the  county  of 
Mayo,  Ireland,  falling  into  Lake  Mask.  2nd.  In 
the  S.  W.  part  of  the  island  of  Jamaica,  falling 
into  the  Caribean  Sea.  3rd.  In  Upper  Canada, 
falling  into  Black  Bay,  Lake  Superior.  4th.  In 
Orleans  county,  Vermont,  falling  into  Lake  Mem- 
phremagog.  5th.  In  Windsor  county,  ditto,  fal- 
ling into  the  Connecticut,  (ith.  In  Virginia,  fal- 
ling inti>  the  Nottoway,  on  the  frontiers  of  N.  Car- 
olina. 7th.  Intersecting  Darlington  district,  S. 
Carolina,  fxlling  into  the  great  Pedee.  8th.  Fal- 
ling into  Lake  Michigan,  towards  the  S.  E.  end ; 
and  several  others,  but  all  inconsidersible. 

Black  Rock,  p.v.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake  Erie 
4  m.  N.  Buffalo.  It  is  a  small  village  with  a  har- 
bour artificially  improved  by  a  pier.  The  seams 
and  patches  of  dark  coloured  chert  in  the  lime- 
Btone  here  have  given  its  name  to  this  place. 

Blackstone,  a  river  rising  near  Worcester,  Mass. 
and  flowing  into  Narraganset  Bay  near  Provi- 
dence.   Along  the  valley  of  this  river  is  the  Black- 


stone  canal  extending  from  Worcester  to  Provi- 
dence, 45  miles.  It  contains  48  locks  built  of 
hammered  stone,  and  is  34  feet  wide  at  the  sur- 
face and  4  feet  deep.  It  was  built  at  a  cost  of  (iOO, 
000  dollars  and  finished  in  1828.     The  navigation 


upon  it  is  flourishing:  the  produce  of  the  interioi 
of  Massachusetts  finds  by  its  means  a  ready  mar 
ket  in  the  commercial  city  of  Providence. 

Blackslmrg,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Va.  217  m. 
S.  W.  Richmond. 

Blackshurg,  and  Blacksville,  2  towns  on  the  riv- 
er Alabama  in  Monroe  Co.  Alab. 

Black  Sea.     See  Euxine. 

Blackmail,  a  suburb  of  London,  situate  in  a  nook 
at  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  county  of  Middlesex. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  river  Lea,  which 
divides  it  from  the  county  of  Essex,  at  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Thames,  which  from  Blackwall  to- 
wards London  Bridge,  makes  a  considerable  detour, 
the  distance  by  the  course  of  the  river  being  about 
10  miles,  and  more  than  double  the  distance  of  the 
meridional  line.  This  has  led  to  the  construction 
of  a  tide  canal,  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  for  ships 
of  600  to  800  tons  burthen,  across  the  isthmus  for- 
med by  the  detour  of  the  river  ;  ?ind  also  to  the 
construction  of  basins  or  docks  for  the  reception 
of  all  the  ships  arriving  from  the  West  and  East 
Indies.  The  West  India  dock  establishm.ent  is 
the  most  magnificent  and  complete  work  of  the 
kind  in  the  world  :  it  consists  of  two  outer  basins  ' 
from  the  river  at  Blackwall,  which  lead  to  the 
grand  receiving  basin,  an  oblong  square,  1.200 
yards  in  length,  affording  quay  room  for  about  sev- 
enty sail  of  large  vessels  to  discharge  their  cargoes 
at  one  time,  with  moorings  for  100  to  200  vessels 
more  in  the  centre.  On  the  S.  side  is  a  range  of 
magnificent  store  houses,  alternately  of  two  and 
five  stories,  of  sufficient  capacity  to  warehouse 
100,000  tons  of  merchandize.  The  N.  side  has  a 
covered  quay,  and  a  low  range  of  warehouses  over 
vaults,  for  the  storing  of  50,000  puncheons  of  rum, 
dye-woods,  (fee.  Sec.  After  discharging  their  car- 
goes, the  vessels  leave  the  receiving  basin  at  the 
W.  end  through  anouter  basin  that  communicates 
again  with  the  river,  or  to  tlie  outward  bound  basin 
on  the  S.  in  a  line  parallel  witl)  the  grand  receiving 
basin,  taking  their  departure  through  the  outer 
basins  at  Blackwall.  The  quays  of  the  grand  re- 
ceiving basin  are  all  of  stone,  and  the  conveniences 
for  unloading  stores,  and  distributing  of  the  mer- 
chandize, with  the  swing-bridges  over  the  entrance 
to  tlie  outer  basins  and  the  dock  gates,  are  all  as 
complete  as  labour  and  art  can  make  them,  whilst 
a  suitable  taste  pervades  the  whole.  It  was  first 
opened  in  1802.  Between  the  West  India  Docks 
and  the  river  Lea  are  two  spacious  basins  for  the 
reception  of  all  ships  from  China  and  the  East  In- 
dies with  store-houses  for  the  ships'  stores,  salt- 
petre, and  some  of  the  more  bulky  productions " 


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but  all  the  more  valuable  articles  are  stored  in  ware- 
houses in  different  parts  of  the  E.  side  of  London. 
There  is  also  the  largest  private  ship-building  yard 
in  the  world,  where  eight  or  ten  ships,  averaging 
1,000  tons  each,  are  occasionally  on  tJie  stocks, 
or  repairing,  at  one  time.  Blackwall  commands 
a  very  extensive  view  down  the  river,  which  draws 
a  constant  succession  of  visitors  to  witness  the 
unrivalled  passing  scene  of  vessels  from  and  to  all 
parts  of  the  world,  which  almost  every  flood  and 
ebb  of  the  tide  presents.  The  pop.  of  this  appen- 
dage of  London  in  1821  was  12,223. 

Black  Walnut,  p.v.  HaUfax  Co.  Va.  100  m.  S. 
W.  Richmond. 

Black  Warrior,  r.  the  N.  E.  branch  of  Tombig- 
bee  river  in  Alabama.  It  rises  among  the  moun- 
tains in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  is  nav- 
igable for  a  great  part  of  its  course. 

B'ockicater,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  flows 
through  the  counties  of  Cork  and  Waterford  into 
Youghal  Bay. 

Blackwater,  a  river  in  Essex,  Eng.  which  flows 
by  Bradfield,  Braintree,  Coggeshal,  Kelvedon,  and 
Maiden,  and  then  enters  the  estuary,  to  which  it 
gives  the  name  of  Blackwater  bay,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames.  It  is  also  the  name  of  four  or 
five  rivers  in  the  United  States,  but  all  inconsider- 
able. 

Bladen,  a  county  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  Carolina, 
bordering  on  the  maritime  county  of  Brunswick. 
It  is  intersected  by  Cape  Fear  River.  Pop.  7,801. 
Elizabethtown,  98  m.  S.  of  Raleigh,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Bladenoch,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  hills  in  the  N.  part  of  Wigtonshire,  and  after 
a  winding  course  of  24  m.  enters  Wigton  bay. 
Several  islands  are  formed  in  its  bed,  which  are 
famous  for  the  resort  of  eagles. 

Bladenshurg,  a  town  of  Maryland,  in  George 
county,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Potomac,  9  m.  from 
its  mouth,  at  Washington,  and  38  S.  W.  of  Balti- 
more. The  American  army  sustained  a  defeat  by 
the  British  at  this  place,  on  the  24th  of  August, 
1814,  in  attempting  to  arrest  the  progress  ot  the 
British  towards  Washington. 

Blain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Loire,  22  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Nantes. 

Blair  Atliol,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
with  a  castle,  the  seat  of  the  Duke  of  Athol,  36 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Perth. 

Blair  Gowrie,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
with  a  manor  house,  built  in  the  form  of  a  castle, 
22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Perth.  Pop.  2,253,  partly  em- 
ployed in  the  cotton  manufacture. 

Blmnzille,  p.v.  Indiana  Co.  Pa.  184  m.  W. 
Harrisburg. 

Blasois,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Beauce,  E.  by  Orleanois,  S.  by  Berry, 
acd  W.  by  Touraine.  It  nOw  fornis  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire  and  Cher. 

Blaison,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Angers. 

Blakely,  p.t.  a  seaport  of  Baldwin  Co.  Alab.  on 
a  branch  of  the  Mobile,  at  the  head  of  Mobile  Bav. 
The  town  was  founded  in  1816,  and  is  a  flourish- 
ing place.  The  situation  is  healthy,  and  the  har- 
bour commodious. 

Blakely,  t.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 

Blakesburg,  plantation,  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
403. 

Blamont,  a  town  in  France,  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe,  seated  on  the  Vezouze,  12  m.  E.  of  Lu- 
neville. 

Blanc-enrberry,   a  town  of  France,  in  the   de- 


partment of  Indre,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Creuse,  35  m.  E.  of  Poitiers.     Pop.  3,850. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  Patagonia,  130  m.  N.  E.  of 
Port  St.  Julien.     Long.  65.  56.  W.  lat.  47.  20.  S. 

Blanco,  a  cape  of  Peru,  12.)  m.  S.  W.  of  Guay- 
aquil.    Long.  81.  10.  W.  lat.  4.24.  S. 

Blanco,  a  cape  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  180 
m.  N.  of  the  river  Senegal.  Long.  17.  10.  W. 
lat.  20.  55.  N.  It  is  the  name  of  12  or  14  other 
Capes  or  Promontories  in  different  parts  of  the 
world. 

Blandford,  a  corporate  town  in  Dorsetshire, 
Eng.  In  1731  almost  all  the  town  was  burnt 
down  ;  but  it  was  soon  rebuilt,  and  a  neat  town- 
hall  of  Portland  stone,  on  columns,  in  which  is  a 
pump,  was  erected  in  remembrance  of  that  disaster. 
The  houses  and  shops  are  very  handsome.  It  has  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  thread  and  shirt  but- 
tons, and  is  seated  on  the  river  Stour,  near  the 
Downs,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Dorchester,  and  103  W. 
by  S.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,643. 

Blandford.  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  15  m.  N. 
W.  Springfield  and  116.  S.  W.  Boston.  Pop. 
1,594. 

Blandford,  p.v.  Prince  Geo.  Co.  Va. 

Blanes,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Todera,  20  m.  S.  of  G«rona. 

Blankenberg,  a  town  and  fort  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Flanders,  situate  on  the  German  Ocean,  8  m. 
N.  E.  ofOstend. 

Blankcnburg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  at  the  S. 
end  of  the  duchy-  of  Berg,  on  the  river  Sieg,  12 
m.  E.  of  Bonn. 

Blankenhurg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital 
of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Hartz 
district,  containing  about  140  sq.  miles.  The 
castle  stands  on  a  craggy  mountain  and  is  one  of 
the  finest  buildings  of  the  kind  in  Germany.  It 
was  the  residence  of  Louis  XVIII.  during  a  part 
of  his  exile.  The  town  contains  about  3,000  in- 
habitants, and  is  9  m.  S.  of  Halberstadt. 

Blankenhiirg,  a  town  in  the  principalitv  of 
Schwartzburg,  circle  of  Thuringia,  5  m.  N.  W.  of 
Saalfeld. 

Blankenesse,  a  town  of  Holstein,  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Elbe,  9  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Hamburg. 
Pop.  about  2,000. 

Blankenhayn,  a  town  of  Saxony,  10  m.  S.  W. 
of  Jena.     Pop.  about  1,850. 

Blannerhassetfs  Island,  a  small  but  very  beau- 
tiful island  in  the  Ohio,  near  Belpre.  It  was 
named  from  an  Irish  gentleman  who  settled  upon  it 
in  1801  and  was  implicated  in  Burr's  conspiracy. 

Blarney,  a  parish  and  town  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  Ireland.  In  1821  the  parish  contained  a 
population  of  1,851.  The  town  is  situate  about  4 
miles  N.  W.  of  Cork,  on  a  branch  of  the  river  Lee, 
which  works  a  paper-mill,  and  the  cotton  manu- 
facture was  attempted  in  this  neihbourhood  about 
1820,  at  which  period  the  town  contained  333  in- 
ha'o. 

Bias  San,  a  seaport  town  of  Mexico,  on  an  is- 
land at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  or  Santiago 
river,  which  falls  into  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  lat.  21 . 
30.  N.  and  104.  46.  W.  long. 

Blauheurcn,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wurtemburg,  with  a  castle  on  a  hill.  Great 
quantities  of  fustian  and  linen  cloth  are  made 
here.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ach 
with  the  Blau,  11  m.  W.  of  Ulm. 

Blaye,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department  ot 

Gironde,   on  the  east  bank  of  the    river  of  thai 

name,  17  miles  below  Bordeaux.     It  has  a  good 

citadel,  and  a  fort  on  an  island  in  the  Gironde,  or 

12 


BLO 


108 


BOB 


Garonne,  which  is  here  3,800  yards  wide.  Its 
trade  consists  in  the  wines  of  the  adjacent  country. 
Its  harbonr  is  much  frequented,  being  the  outport 
to  Bordeaux,  as  Gravesend  is  to  London,  and 
ships  bound  to  Bordeaux  having  guns  on  board, 
leave  them  at  Blaye.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Bledsoe,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop.  6,448. 
Pikeville  is  the  capital. 

Blekingen,  a  province  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland, 
on  the  coast  of  the  Baltic.  It  is  90  m.  long  and 
21  broad  ;  and  though  mountainous,  is  one  of  the 
most  agreeable  countries  in  the  kingdom.  The 
principal  trade  is  in  potash,  pitcli,  tar,  tallow, 
hides,  and  timber.     The  chief  town  is  Carlscrona. 

Blenheim,  a  village  of  Suabia,  now  in  the  Bava- 
rian circle  of  the  Upper  Danube,  seated  on  the 
Danube,  3  m.  N.  E.  of  Hochstat.  It  is  memora- 
ble for  the  signal  victory  over  the  French  and  Ba- 
varians, gained  August  2nd,  1704,  by  the  duke  of 
Marlborougli.  The  Austrians  were  defeated  by 
the  French  near  this  place  in  1800. 

Blenheim,  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y.  53  m.  from 
Albany.     Pop.  2,280. 

Blere,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  on  the  river  Cher,  18  m.  E.  by 
S.  of  Tours.     Pop.  2,600. 

Blessington,  a  parish  and  town  in  the  county  of 
Wicklow,  Irelan'l.  The  parish  contains  quarries 
of  granite  which  are  very  extensivel}'  worked. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,618.  The  town  is  14  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  Dublin,  on  the  border  of  Kildare,  andjn  1821, 
contained  494  inhabitants,  partially  employed 
in  a  branch  of  the  woolen  manufacture . 

Bletchingly,  a  borough  in  Surrey,  Eng.  seated 
on  a  hill,  4  m.  E.  of  Ryegate,  and  21  S.  of  Lon- 
don. It  returns  two  members  to  parliament. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,187. 

Block  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Rhode  IsJand,  ly- 
ing 21  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Newport  and  in  Newport 
County.  It  is  7  m.  in  length,  and  4  in  its  ex- 
treme breadth,  and  famous  for  cattle,  sheep,  but- 
ter, and  cheese.  The  south  part  of  it  is  in  lat.  41. 
8.  N.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  700  persons,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  whom  subsist  hy  the  fishery. 

Blockley,  p.t.  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa.  3  m.  from 
Philad. 

BlocJczijl,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Overyssel,  with 
a  fort ;  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Aa,  on  the 
Zuyder  Zee,  where  there  is  a  good  harbour,  8  m. 
N.  W.  of  Steenwick.  Long.  5.  39.  E.  lat.  52. 44.  N. 

Blois,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire  and  Cher,  and  lately  an  episcopal 
see.  The  cathedral  is  a  large  structure,  seated  on 
an  eminence  at  one  extremity  of  tlie  city,  and  on 
another  eminence  at  tlie  other  end  is  a  magnifi 
cent  castle.  In  this  castle  Louis  XII.  was  born  ; 
and  here  in  1588,  Henry  III.  caused  the  Duke  of 
Guise,  and  his  brother  the  cardinal,  to  be  assassin- 
ated. Here  are  some  fine  fountains,  supplied  by 
an  aqueduct,  supposed  to  have  been  erected  by 
the  Romans.  The  principal  commerce  is  in  wi^.e 
and  brandy  ;  and  the  chief  manufactures  are  ser- 
ges and  ticken,  It  it  seated  on  tlie  Loire,  over 
which  is  a  handsome  bridge,  37  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Tours,  and  100  S.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  Pop.  about 
13,000. 

Bloniez,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Masovia,  20  m. 
W.  of  Warsaw. 

Bloom,  there  are  6  towns  of  this  name  in  the 
U.  S.,  4  in  Ohio,  and  2  in  Pa. 

Bloomjield,  there  are  14  towns  of  this  name 
in  the  U.  S. 

Bloominghurg,  villages  in  SuHivan  Co.  N.  Y. 
and  Fayette  C-o-  Ohio. 


Bloom.ingdnl.e,  a  village  on  the  Hudson,  7  m. 
abeve  New  York. 

Blooming  Grove,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  102  ra. 
S.  Albany.     Pop.  2,099.  Also  2  towns  in  Ohio. 

Bloom-inrrton,  p. v.  the  capital  of  Monroe  Co.  Ind. 
70  m.  N.   E.  Vincennes. 

Bloomingville,  p  v.  Huron  Co.  Ohio,  123  m.  N. 
Columbus. 

Blo&mslmrg,  3  towns  ;  in  Columbia  Co.  Pa  :  in 
Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J.  and  Halifax  Co.  Pa. 

Blore,  a  village  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  10  m.  N. 
of  Utoxcter.  Its  heath  is  famous  for  a  battle  be- 
tween the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster,  in  which 
Nevil,  earl  of  Salisbury,  for  York,  with  500  men 
only,  defeated  lord  Audley  with  10,000.  Tu<r 
latter  was  killed,  and  on  the  spot  is  erecte  d  u 
stone-cross  to  his  memory. 

Blount,  a  County  of  E.  Tennessee,  pop.  11,- 
027,  Marysville  is  the  capital ;  also  a  County  of 
Alabama,  pop.  4,233,  Blountsville  is  the  capital. 

Blountsvillc.  is  also  a  village  of  Jones  Co.   Geo 

Bluchill,  p.t'.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,499.  It 
stands  upon  a  bay,  12  m.  N.   E.  Castine. 

Blue  Mountains,  several  mountains  so  called  in 
different  parts  of  the  world  ;  viz.  1st,  intersecting 
the  island  of  Jamaica  from  east  to  v/est.  North 
Peak  is  8,180  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  2nd, 
the  most  eiksterly  ridge  of  the  Apalachians,  in  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania,  extending  in  the  south-west 
direction,  from  the  Delaware  to  the  south  of  the 
Susquehannah  river,  altitude,  3,000  to  4,000  ft.; 
3rd,  a  more  southern  branch  of  the  same  ridge, 
extending  in  the  same  direction  from  the  north 
of  the  Potomac  river,  through  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia into  North  Carolina.  Otter  Peak  is  3,103  ft. 
nigh,  and  is  the  highest  point  in  all  Virginia. 
The  passage  of  the  Potomac  river  through  this 
ridge  is  peculiarly  grand  ;  4th,  an  extensive  range 
in  New  Holland,  dividing  the  settlements  of  Port 
Jackson,  &c.  on  the  coast,  from  Bathurst  Plains  : 
5t.h,  intersecting  the  island  of  Java  in  various 
directions. 

Blue  Rock,  t.  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio. 

Blufton.  p.v.  Ray  Co.  Missouri,  on  the  Missouri, 
280  rn.  from  St.  Louis. 

Bhjth,  a  large  parish  and  town,  at  the  north-west 
extremity  of  the  County  of  Nottingham,  Eng.  bor- 
dering on  Yorksliire.  The  town  is  5  m.  N.  of 
Worksop.  Pop.  801 ,  and  of  the  parish  3,456. 

Blyth,  a  town  of  Northumberland,  England,  sit- 
uate at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  falls  into  the  German  Ocean,  14  m  N.  N. 
E.  of  Newcastle.  It  lias  a  convenient  quay  from 
which  a  considerable  quantity  of  coal  is  shipped. 
Pop.  1,805.  There  are  two  other  rivers  of  the 
same  name,  in  England  :  viz.  one  in  the  County 
of  Suffolk,  falling  into  the  sea  at  Soufhwold,  and 
anotlior  in  the  County  of  AVarwick,  falling  into 
the  Tame,  below  Coleshill. 

Boud,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa,on  th". 
river  Mahanuday,  65  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Sumbul- 
pour,  and  115  W.  of  Cuttack. 

Bodlslmrg,  p.v.  Centre  Co.  Pa.  115  m.  N  W. 
Harrisburg. 

Bnardman,  p.t.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Bohbia,  a  town  of  Italv  in  the  Milanese,  on  the 
river  Trebia,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Pavia.  Pop.  3,500. 

Bolicnhause.n,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Gers 
brentz,  43  m.  S.  E.  of  Frankfort  on  the   Mayne. 

Bober,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  Si 
lesia,  on  the  borders  of  Bohemia,  flows  north  bj 
Lowenburg,  Buntzlau,  and  Sagan,  and  joins  the 
Oder  below  Cro»sen. 


Boa 


103 


BOH 


Bohersherg,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  and  duchy  of  Crossen;  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  by  the  river  Bober,  5  m.  S.  of  Crossen. 

Bobingca,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  9  m.  S.  of  Augs- 
burg.    Pop.  about  1 ,500. 

Bobrawa,  a  town  in  the  circle  of  Brunn,  Mo- 
ravii,  4  m.  S.  W.  of  Bistitz. 

Bohrelz,  a  town  in  the  County  of  Liptau,  Up- 
per Hungary,  among  the  Carpathian  Mountains. 
Pop.  about  1,700. 

Bnbrij<k,  a  town  in  the  palatinate  of  Minsk, 
Lithuania;  situate  east  of  the  Bobrigia  river,  just 
above  its  confluence  with  the  Berezina. 

Boca,  signifying  mouth,  is  a  term  which  has 
been  prefixed  by  the  Spaniards,  to  the  name  of 
several  straits  or  sea-passages  in  different  parts 
of  South  America ;  the  most  celebrated  is  the 
north  strait,  between  the  island  of  Trinidad  and 
the  coast  of  Cumana,  called  the  Boca  del  Drago, 
or  Dragon's  Mouth. 

Boca  Tigris,  a  strait  in  Canton  river,  China. 

Bochelta,  a  chain  of  mountains,  in  the  territory 
of  Genoa,  over  which  is  the  road  into  Lombardy. 
On  the  highest  mountain  is  a  strong  pass  that 
will  hardly  admit  three  men  to  wo  abreast;  and 
this  is,  properly,  the  Bochetta.  It  is  the  key  of 
Genoa,  and  was  forced  by  the  French  in  J  796 
and  by  the  Austrians  in  1800. 

Bochnia,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Cracow,  with  large  salt  mines,  20  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Cracow.     Pop.  about  3,300. 

BocJioU,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Munster,  on  the  river  Aa,  40  m.  W.  of 
Munster. 

Bockenheim,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Hildesheim,  on  the  river  Nette,  13 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Hildesheim. 

Bocking,a.  large  village  in  Essex,  Eng.  adjoin- 
ing to  Braintree.  Its  church  is  spacious  ;  and 
here  is  a  great  manufacture  of  baize.  Pop.  in 
1621,  2,78(i. 

Bockum.  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county 
of  Mark,  26  m.  S.  E.of  Wesel. 

Boden  See.     See  Constance,  Lake  of. 

Bodmin,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  The 
summer  assizes  are  held  here.  It  has  some  man- 
ufactures of  serge,  and  a  trade  in  wool  and  yarn. 
The  church  is  the  largest  in  the  county,  and  the 
remains  of  an  episcopal  palace  and  a  priory  are 
still  to  be  seen.  It  is  32  m.  N.  E.  of  Falmouth, 
and  235  W.  by  S.  of  London.  It  returns  two 
members  to  Parliament.     Pop.  in  1821 ,  3,278. 

Bobrogh,  a  river  of  Upper  Hungary,  rising 
among  the  Carpathian  mountains,  and  falling  into 
the  Theiss  at  Tokay. 

Bodrun,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  gulf  of  Scalanova,  18  m.  S. 
of  Smyrna.     Another,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 

alicarnassus,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  gulf  of  Stan- 
hio,45  m.  W.by  S.  of  Melassa. 

Bog,  a  river  which  rises  on  the  S.  border  of 
Volhynia,  in  Poland,  flows  through  Podolia  and 
Budzac  Tartary,  and  enters  the  Black  Sea,  be- 
tween Oczakow  and  the  river  Dnieper. 

Bogg,  t.  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Boglio,  or  Beuil,  a  town  of  Savoy,  situate  on 
the  Tinea,  21  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Nice. 

Boglion,  a  town  of  Austrian  Istria,  about  30  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Trieste. 

Boglip&ur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
circar  in  Bengal ;  seated  on  the  Ganges,  112  m. 
N.  E.  of  Moorshedabad. 

Bogodouli,  or  Bogoduchow,  a  large  inland  town 
of  Europeein  Russ°>a,  in  the  province,  of  Kharcov. 


It  has  considerable  manufactures  of  leather.  Pop. 
about  7,000. 

Bognor,  a  village  in  Sussex,  Eng.  7  m.  S.  of  Chi- 
chester. It  is  an  improving  place,  and  much 
frequented  in  summer  for  sea-bathing. 

Bogota,  a  river  of  Colombia,  which  falls  into 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  lat.  of  1 .  N. 

Bogoroditsk,  a  handsome  town,  containing 
about  5,000  inhabitants,  in  the  province  of  Thoula, 
Russia. 

Bogota,  a  large  city  and  the  capital  of  Colom- 
bia. During  the  rule  of  the  Spaniards  in  S. 
America,  it  was  the  capital  of  the  viceroyalty  of 
New  Granada,  and  was  then  more  commonly  call- 
ed Santa  Fe.  Since  the  organization  and  estab- 
lishment of  the  republic  of  Colombia,  it  has  been 
more  commonly  called  Bogota,  and  made  the 
chief  town  of  the  province  of  Cundinamarca, 
and  seat  of  the  whole  republican  government  of 
Colombia.  It  is  situate  on  a  spacious  and  fertile 
plain,  on  the  most  easterly  ridge  of  the  Andes, 
in  the  lat.  of  4.  36.  N.  and  73.  30.  of  W.  long, 
at  an  elevation  of  upwards  of  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  which,  notwithstanding  its  con- 
tiguity to  the  equator,  renders  its  climate  com- 
paratively temperate  and  agreeable.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  a  small  river  called  the  Bogota  (hence 
its  recent  appellation)  which  falls  into  the  Mag- 
dalena,  W.  of  the  ridge  of  mountains  on  which 
the  town  is  situate.  The  town  is  tolerably  well 
laid  out,  having  four  squares,  containing  some 
handsome  buildings ;  and,  although  its  remote- 
ness from  the  sea,  and  destitution  of  water  com- 
munication, will  ojjerate  against  its  becoming  a 
place  of  the  first  magnitude,  should  it  continue 
to  be  the  sea:  of  government,  it  will  doubtless 
considerably  increase  both  in  extent  and  popula- 
tion, which  at  present  amounts  to  about  40,000. 
The  most  convenient  points  of  debarkation  for 
Bogota  from  Europe,  are  either  Laguira  or  Car- 
th.agena,  the  distance  from  the  former  about  6G0 
miles  N.  W.  and  from  Carthagena  about  450 
N.  E. ;  but  the  routes  usually  taken  will  in  both 
instances,  greatly  exceed  those  distances.  It  is 
about  450  m.  N.  E.  of  Quito,  about  15  m.  S.  W. 
of  the  town,  at  a  place  called  Tequendama  ;  the 
river  Bogota  falls  down  a  precipice  with  consid- 
erable fury,  and  is  an  objei^t  of  great  attraction 
to  the  strangers  who  visit  Bogota. 

Bogwanvoor ,  a  town  of  Bahar,  Hindoostan,  a 
few  m.  S.  E.  of  Benares. 

Boheima,  a  kingdom  and  very  compact  terri- 
tory in  the  centre  of  Europe,  supposed  to  have 
derived  its  name  from  a  tribe  of  Celts  called  the 
Boii.  It  was  originally  more  extensive,  inclu- 
ding Lusatia  and  Silesia  on  the  N.  E.  and  Mora- 
via on  the  S.  E.  Previous  to  1517,  it  was  an  in- 
dependent kingdom,  having  an  elective  form  of 
government,  the  popularity  of  which  excited  the 
jealousy  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  Ferdinand 
I.  who  obtained  at  that  period  the  consent  of  the 
Germanic  diet,  to  declare  it  an  hereditary  append- 
age of  the  dominion  of  Austria.  This  union  was 
severely  contested  on  the  part  of  the  Bohemians 
for  about  seventy  years,  but  since  1690  they  have 
implicitly  yielded  to  the  Austrian  yoke.  Bohe- 
mia, in  its  present  extent,  is  in  the  form  of  a  dia- 
mond, and  lies  between  the  lat.  of  48.  35.  and  51. 
5.  N.  and  12.  20.  to  16.  30.  of  W.  long.  Its  south- 
ern point  borders  on  Upper  Austria,and  it  is  boun- 
ded by  Bavaria  on  the  S.  W.,  Saxony  on  the  N. 
W.,  Lusatia  and  Silesia  on  the  N.  E.,  and  Moravia 
on  the  S.  E.,its  extreme  length  and  breadth  will 
be  about  180  by  190  m.,  but  each  of  the  four  sidei 


BOH 


104* 


BOK 


of  its  quadrilateral  figure  will  not  average  more 
than  about  125,  and  as  si  ch  give  a  superficial  ex- 
tent of  15.(i2o  sq.  m. 

Since  1751  it  lias  been  divided  into  the  12  fisl- 
lowing  circles^  named  after  12  of  the  principal 
towns,  (exclusive  of  Prague,  the  metropolis  of  the 
wliole  territory,  which  has  a  separate  jurisdiction  :) 
viz.  Leutmeritz,  Bunzlau,  Konigingratz,  Chrudim 
Tchaslau,  Bechin,  Praclwn.  Bohemia  is  consider- 
ed the  most  elevated  part  of  Europe,  no  rivers 
running  into  it.  The  Spree,  the  Neisse,  and  the 
Bober,  running  north  through  Lusatia  and  Silesia, 
have  their  source  on  the  frontiers  of  the  circles  of 
Bunzlau  and  Konigingratz,  and  the  Elbe  hiis  its 
source  in  the  latter  circle  near  the  frontier  of 
Silesia,  running  south  into  the  circle  of  Chrudim, 
and  then  takes  a  north-west  course,  bounding  the 
circle  of  Buntzlau  on  the  south,  intersectingCeut- 
meritz  towards  Dresden  in  Saxony.  The  Mol- 
dau  rises  near  the  frontier  of  Austria  at  the  south 
extremity  of  the  circle  of  Bechin,  and  runs  near- 
ly due  north  past  Prague,  into  the  Elbe  at  Melnik 
in  Buntzlau.  Several  streams  have  their  sources 
in  the  circle  of  Pilsen,  which  unite  near  the  town 
of  that  name,  and  there  form  the  Beraun,  which 
runs  into  the  Moldau  a  little  below  Prague.  The 
Eger  intersects  the  circle  of  Saaz  from  south-west 
to  north-east,  falling  into  the  Elbe  a  little  below 
the  town  of  Leutmeritz.  These  rivers,  with  their 
several  tributary  streams,  contribute  alike  to  the 
diversity  and  fertility  of  the  country.  There  are 
also  several  small  lakes  in  the  south  part  of  the 
circle  of  Bechin.  The  frontiers  on  all  sides,  ex- 
cept on  that  of  Moravia,  are  mountainous  and 
woody,  whilst  the  whole  of  the  interior  possesses 
a  soil  of  great  capability  ;  but  as  a  species  of  feudal 
tyranny  pervades  the  whole  territory,  it  naturally 
precludes  all  excitement  to  social  exertion,  and 
its  productions  are  consequently  confined  to  a 
bare  means  of  subsistence.  It  grows  a  considera- 
ble quantity  of  flax,  which,  as  well  as  their  wool, 
is  manufactured  into  linens  and  cloths,  for  domes- 
tic use,  and  some  on  the  side  of  Lusatia  and  Silesia 
for  exportation.  Almost  every  kind  of  mineral  is 
found  in  one  part  of  the  country,  or  the  other,  and 
having  but  little  external  intercourse,  every  branch 
of  manufacture  is  carried  on  as  domestic  occupa- 
tions for  internal  supply.  It  has  several  mineral 
springs,  but  it  is  deficient  in  the  essential  article 
of  salt,  part  of  the  supply  being  obtained  from 
external  sources. 

On  the  subjugation  of  Bohemia  by  Austria,  the 
ancient  form  of  government  was  retained,  but  it 
was  merely  the  form :  and  aJjsolute  and  despotic 
dictation  nullified  whatever  was  calculated  to  jus- 
tify or  vindicate  the  rights  of  man,  and  the  con- 
duct of  blind,  passive  obedience,  may  now  be  con- 
sidered as  firmly  established  in  Boliemia,  as  in 
any  part  of  Europe,  or  the  world.  The  establish- 
ed religion  of  Bohemia  is  the  Roman  Catholic, 
and  before  the  year  1781  the  Protestants  were  not 
permitted  the  free  exercise  of  their  worship :  at 
present  all  religious  creeds  are  tolerated.  Out  of 
a  population  of  about  3,000,000,  the  dissentients 
from  Catholicism  do  not  exceed  100,000,  about 
half  of  whom  are  Jews.  In  time  of  peace,  about 
50,000  men  are  maintained  in  arms,  to  support 
whom,  and  other  state  pretensions,  exactions, 
equal  to  about  9,000,000  American  dollars,  are  im- 
posed on  the  productive  labours  of  the  people. 
The  original  language  of  Bohemia  seems  to  have 
been  Sclavonic,  a  dialect  of  which  is  still  common 
in  the  country  ;  but  the  German  or  high  Dutch  is 
spoken  with  considerable  purity. 


BokmerwalJ,  a  dense  mountain  forest,  forming 
the  south-west  boundary  of  Bohemia.  The  term 
implies  Bohemian  Forest,  Baum  in  German  signi- 
fying wood ;  Bokm  is  probably  a  corruption  of 
that  term  in  Boheniia,  and  may  have  given  name 
to  the  country,  signifying  a  woody  country,  and 
the  two  following  places  as  situated  in  woods. 

Bohmisch  Mche,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Bunzlau,  20  m.  N.  of  Jung  Bunzlau. 

Bohmisch  Brod,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Kaurzim,  14  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Prague. 

Bohof,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  to  the 
north  of  Mindanao.  Long.  124.  5.  E.  lat.  10.  0. 
N. 

Bohol,  or  Bool,  a  town  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  falling  into  the  Sooloo  Sea,  on 
the  north  coast  of  the  isle  of  Celebes. 

Bohtts,  or  Bahus,a,  small  district  of  West  Goth- 
land, Sweden,  bordering  on  the  Cattegat,  north 
of  Goltenburg.  Stromstadt,  on  the  coast,  in  lat. 
53.  56.  N.  and  11.  15.  E.  long,  is  the  principal 
town. 

Bojador,  a  cape  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa, 
doubled  by  the  Portuguese  in  1433.  Long.  14. 
27.  W.  lat.  26.  12.  N. 

Boiano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Apennines,  on  the  east,  near  the  river 
Tilerno  In  1808  it  suffered  greatly  by  an  earth- 
quake, and  most  of  the  inhabitants  were  destroy- 
ed.    It  is  45  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

Bois  Blanc,  an  island  in  Michigan  Teritory,  in 
Detroit  river,  opposite  Ainherstburg. 

Bois  le  Due,  a  fortified  city  of  Dutch  Brabant, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  which  con 
tains  also  the  towns  of  Helmont,  and  Eyndhoven 
It  has  a  castle  named  Papen-briel,  and  a  little  to 
the  south  are  two  forts,  called  Isabella  and  St. 
Antony.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1894. 
It  is  situate  among  morasses,  on  the  river  Dom- 
mel,  where  it  receives  the  Aa,  22  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Breda,  and  45  S.  S.  E.  of  Amsterdam.  Pop. 
about  13,000. 

Boiscowmun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Orleans. 

Boitzcnlnirg ,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Meck- 
lenburg, at  the  confluence  of  the  Boitze  with  the 
Elbe,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Schwerin. 

Boitzenburg,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Ucker  Mark,  10  m.  W.  of  Prenslow. 

Bokhara,  a,  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  in  Bokharia. 
It  stands  on  a  rising  ground,  surrounded  by  a 
slender  wall  of  earth,  and  a  dry  ditch,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river  Sogd.  The  houses  are 
low,  and  mostly  built  of  mud ;  but  the  caravan- 
seras  and  mosques,  which  are  numerous,  are  all 
of  brick.  The  bazars,  or  market-places,  have 
been  stately  buildings,  but  the  greatest  part  of 
them  are  now  in  ruins.  Here  is  also  a  stafelv 
building  for  the  education  of  the  priests.  Great 
numbers  of  Jews  and  Arabians  frequent  this 
place;  and  the  Irade  with  Russia  and  Persia  is 
considerable.  In  1220,  Bokhara  was  tnken  by 
Jenghis  Khan,  with  a  numerous  army,  who  burnt 
the  city,  a«d  demolished  the  cast-Ie ;  but  after  the 
city  had  remained  in  ruins  some  years,  he  at 
length  ordered  it  to  be  rebuilt.  It  is  138  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Samarcand.  Long.  62.  56.  E.  lat.  39.  4. 
N.  ^ 

Bokharia,  or  Bucharia,  a  country  of  Usbec  Tar- 
tary, bounded  on  the  north  by  Turkestaft,  east  by 
Cashgar,  south  by  Hiiidoostan  and  Persia,  and 
west  by  Chorasan  and  Charism.  It  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  fruit,  and  the  best  cultivated  of  any  part 
of  Tartary.  This  country  comprehends  the  ancient 


BOL 


105 


BOL 


district  of  Bactriana,  the  native  country  of  the 
two-humped  camel.  The  one-humped  camel,  or 
dromedary,   is   a  much   more    common    animal. 


The  inhabitants  are  in  general  tawny,  with  black 
hair,  but  some  are  white  and  well  made.  They 
are  cleanly  in  their  food,  which  often  consists  of 
minced  meat,  and  tea  is  the  general  drink.  They 
are  not  warlike,  but  use  the  bow,  lance,  and  sabre. 
Saniarcand  is  the  capital. 

Bnkharia,  Little.     See  Cashgar. 

Bolabola,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  4  leao-ues  N.  W.  of  Otaha.  Long. 
151.  52.  W.  lat.  1(3.  32.  S. 

Bolchcrcsk,  a  town  of  Kamtschatka,  on  the  river 
Bolchoireka,  22  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  sea 
of  Okotsk.     Long.  1.56.  37.  E.  lat.  52.  54.  N. 

Bolingbroke,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  It 
was  the  birth-place  of  Henry  IV.  and  has  a 
manufacture  of  earthen  ware.  It  stands  at  the 
source  of  a  river  wliich  runs  into  the  Witham, 
29  m.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and  133  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Bolivia,  a  Republic  of  South  America,  formed 
out  of  the  province  of  Upper  Peru  in  1825.  It  is 
bounded  N.  W.  by  Peru,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Brazil, 
S.  by  Buenos  A3'res,  and  W.by  the  Pacific  Ocean 
and  Peru.  The  territory  is  mountainous,  and 
many  of  the  streams  which  fall  into  the  Amazon 
and  La  Plata  had  their  origin  here.  It  contains 
miny  silver  mines,  among  other  the  celebrated 
mine  of  Potosi.  Its  principal  towns  are  Potosi, 
Charcas,  Oropesa,  Oruro,  La  Paz,  Cochabamba,  and 
La  Plata  or  Chuquisaca  which  is  the  capital.  The 
population  is  estimated  at  something  more  than 
a  million.  The  government  consists  of  a  Presi- 
dent, and  a  legislative  body  of  three  chambers. 
The  battle  of  Ayacucho  wliich  established  the  in- 
dependence of  this  territory,  was  the  last  effort 
made  by  the  Spaniards  to  retain  a  footing  in  their 
ancient  dominion  of  South  America.  This  battle 
was  fought  Dec.  9,  1824.  The  Colombian  army 
under  General  Sucre,  gained  a  complete  victory 
over  the  Spaniards,  commanded  by  the  Viceroy 
La  Serna.  Sucre  was  made  President  of  Bolivia, 
but  was  afterwards  assassinated. 

Bolkenluiijn,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Schweidnitz,  a  few  miles  west  of  the  town 
of  Schweidnitz  ;  the  inhabitants  chiefly  employed 
in  the  linen  manufacture. 

Bolkowitz,  or  Polkwitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  12  m. 
S.  of  Glogau. 

Bolognu,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Bolognese, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  about  5  miles  in 
circuml'erence,  and  contains  80,000  inhabitants. 
It  has  long  been  distinguished  as  a  school  of  sci- 
ence ;  the  university  being  one  of  the  most  an- 
cient and  celebrated  in  Europe.  An  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences  was  founded  in  1712,  and  con- 
tributed grdatly  to  that  fame  which  the  city  has 
acquired.  As  a  school  of  painting,  it  is  immortal- 
ized by  the  number  of  masters  it  has  produced. 
There  are  here  169  churches,  and  these,  as  well 
an  the  numerous  mansions  of  the  nobles,  are  most 
14 


munificently  furnished  with  their  best  produc- 
tions. Nor  have  the  exertions  of  art  been  con- 
fined to  the  sphere  of  painting ;  the  city  exhibits 
some  of  the  finest  monuments  of  architecture, 
such  as  the  palace  of  Capraria,  the  marble  foun- 
tain in  the  Piazza-del- Gigante,  and  in  fact,  almost 
every  building  of  any  note.  The  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences  is  a  building  of  great  magnificence, 
and  the  public  theatre  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  beautiful  in  Italy.  The  church  of  St.  Petro- 
nius  is  the  largest  in  Bologna,  but  is  more  remark- 
able for  its  pavement,  wliere  Cassini  drew  his 
meridian  line,  180  ft.  long.  T-lie  trade  of  Bologna 
is  verv  considerable,  being  situated  in  a  fertile 
country,  and  having  an  easy  conveyance  of  its 
produce  by  a  canal  to  the  P'o.  The  exuberance 
of  the  adjacent  country  enables  the  inhabitants  to 
furnish  all  Europe  witfc  the  greatest  delicacies  in 
confectionary,  distilled  waters,  essences,  &c.  oil, 
wine,  flax,  hemp,  and  silk,  also  furnish  abundant 
sources  of  trade  and  employment.  The  Reno,  ~ 
which  passes  by  the  city,  turns  no  less  than  400 
mills  for  silk-works.  It  is  situated  at  the  foot  of 
the  Apennines,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Modena,  and  175  N. 
W.  of  Rome.  Long.  1 1 .  21 .  E.  lat.  44.  30.  N.  It 
was  taken  possession  of  by  the  Frencli  in  1796,  but 
restored  to  the  states  of  Rome  at  the  general  peace. 

Bolognese.  a  province  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Ferrarese,  west  by  Modena,  south 
by  Tuscany,  and  east  by  Romagna.  It  is  watered 
by  »iany  small  rivers,  and  produces  all  sorts  of 
grain  and  fruit,  particularly  rich  muscadine  grapes 
Some  miles  before  the  entrance  into  Bologna,  the 
country  seems  one  continued  garden.  .  The  vine- 
yards are  not  divided  by  hedges,  but  by  rows  of 
elms  and  mulberry-trees ;  the  vines  hanging  in 
festoons,  from  one  tree  to  another.  There  are 
also  mines  of  alum  and  iron.  Bologna  is  the  cap- 
ital. There  are  about  300  other  towns,  contain- 
ing a  population  of  about  200,000. 

Bolsena,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  on  a  lake  of  its  name,  13  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Viterbo. 

Bolsoter,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng  Ti  has 
a  spacious  castle  on  the  brow  of  a  hil! :  ana  is 
noted  for  the  manufacture  of  tobacco  pipes.  It  is 
6  m.  E.  of  Chesterfield,  and  145  N  N  W.  oi 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,245. 

Bolsiceart,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Friesland.  near 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  10  m.  N.  of  Sloten.  Npsi-  this 
town,  which  is  about  two  miles  in  ejctent  was 
formerly  an  abbey  of  the  Cistertians,  wV'*  *ne 
Munster  Anabaptists  took  refuge  in  1534  and 
where  William,  count  of  Holland,  was  buried  in 
the  14th  century. 

Bolton-le-Moors,  a  large  and  populous  town  in 
Lancashire,  Eng.,  consisting  of  two  townships. 
Great  and  Little  Bolton.  It  is  so  called  from  its 
situation  amidst  several  extensive  moors,  and  also 
to  distinguish  it  from  another  town  in  the  north 
part  of  the  county,  called  Bolton-le-Sands.  It  is 
11  miles  N.  W.  o?  Manchester,  on  the  mail-coach 
road  to  Preston  and  Glasgow,  and,  ne.xt  to  Man- 
chester, is  one  of  the  most  considerable  stations 
of  the  cotton  manufacture,  the  branches  more  par- 
ticularly pursued  being  those  of  muslins,  dimities 
and  counterpanes.  The  canal  to  Manchester, 
from  which  there  is  a  branch  to  Bury,  has  added 
materially  to  the  prosperity  of  the  place  ;  and  the 
new  railway  to  Leigh,  by  affording  facilities  for  an 
additional  supply  of  coal,  has  reduced  the  price 
of  that  indispensable  fuel.  Besides  the  parish 
church,  here  are  two  other  episcopal  churches 
of  recent  erection,  a  Roman  Catholic  ckapel,  and 


BOM 


106 


BON 


about  sixteen  meeting  houses  for  dissenters,  with 
various  schools  and  charitable  institutions.  A 
town  hall,  for  the  transaction  of  public  business, 
has  been  recently  erected.  Pop.  in  1S21,  H9,197, 
of  which  Little  Bolton  contained  9,258.  The  earl 
of  Derby  was  executed  here,  in  1651 ,  for  pro- 
claiming Charles  II. 

*^*  There  are  12  other  towns  and  villages 
named  Bolton,  besides  Bolton  on  the  Sands,  in 
different  parts  of  England  ;  viz.  three  in  Cu'iber- 
land,one  each  in  Northumberland  and  Westmore- 
land, and  seven  in  Yorkshire. 

Bohim,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  33  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  1,2.')8.  The  town  abounds  in  lime-stone. 

Bolton,  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  24  m.  N.  W. 
Montpelier.     Pop.  452. 
-^'Bolton,  p.t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.     Pop.  744. 

Bolton,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  N.  Y.  09  m.  N.  Albany. 

Pop.  i,Am. 

Bomal,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, on  the  river  Ourt,  20  m.  S.  of  Lie^e. 

Bombay,  an  island  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Dec- 
can  of  Hindoostan,  7  miles  in  length,  and  20  in 
circumference.  It  came  to  the  English  by  the 
marriage  of  Charles  II.  with  Catherine  of  Portu- 
gal, and  was  made  over  to  the  East  India  Compa- 
ny in  1688,  when  it  was  made  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  all  their  possesions  on  that  side  of  Hin- 
doostan, which  was  previously  at  Surat.  It  is 
now  one  of  the  three  presidencies  by  which  their 
oriental  territories  are  governed.  It  contains  a 
strong  and  capacious  fortress,  a  city,  dockyard, 
and  marine  arsenal.  Here  the  finest  merchant  ships 
are  built  all  of  teak,  supplied  from  the  neighbour- 
ing countries,  which  is  more  durable  than  the 
best  English  oak  ;  and  in  1810,  the  Mindcn,  74 
gun  ship,  was  launched,  having  been  built  entirely 
under  the    superintendence   of  a  Persee.      The 

f  round  is  in  general  barren,  and  good  water  scarce ; 
ut  it  has  abundance  of  cocoa-nuts,  and  its  mar- 
kets are  well  supplied  with  every  delicacy.  The 
population  of  the  territory  of  Bombay  is  estimated 
at  225.000,  three-fourths  of  whom  are  Hindoos, 
the  remainaer  Mahometans,  Armenians,  and  Jev/s 
and  about  8,000  Persees  or  fire  worshippers.  (See 
Bachu.)  The  city  of  Bomhay,  next  to  Calcutta, 
may  be  considered  the  most  commercial  place  in 
Hindoostan ;  its  intercourse  with  China  is  very 
great,  the  export  of  cotton  sometimes  amounting 
to  350,000  bales  per  annum.  It  is  much  resorted 
to,  by  traders  from  Persia,  Arabia,  Abyssinia,  Ar- 
menia, and  all  parts  of  western  Asia,  as  well  as 
from  most  of  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  and 
all  the  eastern  parts  of  Asia,  and  the  commercial 
transactions  are  conducted  with  more  integrity 
than  is  U:-;nal  in  Asiatic  cities.  It  is  about  180  m. 
S.  of  Surat,  and  1,300  W.  by  S.  of  Calcutta.  The 
lighthouse,  which  is  a  very  prominent  object,  and 
visible  for  20  miles  out  at  sea,  is  in  lat.  18.  53. 
N.  and  72.  53.  E.  long. 

Bomenx,  a  seaport  of  Holland,  in  Zealand,  on 
the  north  shore  of  the  Island  of  Schowen,  3  m.  E. 
of  Browershaven. 

Bommel,  a  town  of  South  Holland,  in  the  isle 
of  Overfrakke,  7  m.  W.  of  Williamstadt. 

Bommel ,  a  strong  town  of  Holland,  in  Guelder- 
land,  in  the  island  of  Bommelwert,  on  the  river 
Waal,  21  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Utrecht,  and  7  N.  of  Bois- 
le-Duc.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Bommelwert,  an  island  of  Holland,  formed  by 
tlie  junctions  of  the  Waal  and  Maese.  It  lies  in 
the  province  of  Guelderland,  except  a  small  dis- 
trict at  the  west  end,  which  belongs  to  South  Hol- 
land.    It  is  15  miles  in  length,  from  Lowestein  to 


Fort  St.  Andrew,  and  is  not  more  than  4  in  the 
broadest  part.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1072,  and  again  in  1794. 

Bona,  a  seaport  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Constantina.  Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Hippo  Regius.  It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  oil,  wax 
and  wool,  and  is  270  m.  E.  of  Algiers.  Long.  7 
45.  E.  lat.  30.52.  N. 

Bonair,  or  Bucn  Jiyre,  a  fertile  island  in  the 
Caribean  Sea,  to  the  E.  of  Curagoa.  It  is  00  m. 
in  circuit,  and  has  a  good  harbour  and  road  on 
the  S.  W.  side.     Long.  08.  18.  W.  lat.  12.  10.  N. 

Bonavlsta,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  islands,  so  call 
ed  from  its  beautiful  appearance  to  the  first  dis- 
coverers, in  1450 ;  but  is  now  become  barren, 
through  the  extreme  idlenews  of  the  inhabitants. 
Long.  22.  47.  W.  lat.  10.  6.  N. 

Bonavisfa,  a  cape  on  the  east  side  of  the  island 
of  Newfoundland.  Long.  52.  32.  W.  lat.  48. 
15.  N. 

Bond,  a  County  of  Illinois  or  the  Kaskaskias. 
Pop.  3,124.     Greenville  is  the  chief  town. 

Bondorf,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Black  Forest, 
capital  of  a  county  which  joins  the  Brisgau.  It 
is  7  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Furstenburg,  now  included  in 
the  territory  of  the  Duchy  of  Baden. 

Bondiiu,  an  interior  country  of  North  Africa, 
lying  between  the  rivers  Senegal  and  Gambia,  in- 
habited by  the  Foulah  race  of  negroes,  who  are 
industrious  and  social  in  their  habits,  and  Mahom- 
etans in  religion. 

Boness,  or  Borrowstonnes,  a  town  of  Scotland, 
in  Iiinlithgowshire,  with  a  safe  and  commodious 
harbour  on  the  frith  of  Forth.  It  has  a  consider- 
ble  trade  in  ship-building  and  coal,  and  extensive 
manufactures  of  salt  and  stoneware.  It  is  5  m. 
N.  of  Linlithgow.     Pop  in  1821,  3,018. 

Bonhomme,  t.  St.  Louis  Co.  Missouri. 

Bonnefemme,  t.  Howard  Co.  Missouri. 

Boni,  or  Bony,  a  spacious  bay  between  the  two 
southern  promontories  of  the  Isle  of  Celebes.  It 
has  numerous  shoals  and  rocks,  and  is  commonly 
called  Bugges  Bay  by  Europeans.  Near  the  up- 
per end  of  the  bay,  on  the  shore  of  the  western 
promontory  is  the  town  of  Boni,  which  is  the  cap- 
ital of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  but  little 
known.  The  inhabitants  are  partly  Mahometans. 
It  is  in  the  lat.  of  3.  S.  and  120.  30.  of  E.  long. 

Bonifacio,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Corsica,  with  a 
good  harbour  and  a  coral  fishery.  It  stands  on  a 
small  peninsula,  at  the  south  extremity  of  the 
island,  37  in.  S.  of  Ajaccio.  Long.  9.  20.  E.  lat. 
41.25.  N.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Bonn,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  the  territor}'  of 
Cologne.  It  has  a  flourishing  university ,  four  [lar- 
ish  churches,  and  several  religious  foundations 
It  was  taken  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  in 
1703,  and  by  the  French  in  17f^4.  It  is  seated  on 
tlie  Rhine,    14  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Cologne. 

Bonrifit,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
La  Creuse.     Pop.  al)out  2,000. 

Bonnetable,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarte,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Mons.     Pop.  4,500 

Bonncval,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eure  and  Loire,  seated  on  the  Loire, 8  m.  N.  of 
Chateaudiin. 

Bonneville,  a  town  of  Savoy,  capital  of  Fau 
cingay,  seated  on  the  river  Arve,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain  called  the  Mole,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Geneva. 

Bonny,  a.  kingdom  of  Guinea,  N.  Africa,  lying 
between  Waree  and  Callabar.  The  inhabitants 
are  less  social  than  their  neighbours,  and  live  in 
constant  collision  with  those  of  Callabar. 

Bontliain,  a  seaport  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the 


BOR 


107 


BOR 


western  promontory  of  tlie  island  of  Celebes,  seat- 
ed on  the  shore  of  a  large  bay,  where  ships  may 
lie  in  security  during  both  the  monsoons.  The 
town  has  a  palisadoed  fort,  ani  stands  on  the 
south  side  of  a  small  but  deep  river.  Long.  120. 
32.  E.  lat.5.  31.  S. 

Boocrebooge,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the 
countiy  of  Cutcli,  140  m.  S.  E.  of  Tatta,  and  230 
W.  by  N.  of  Amedabad.  Long.  69.  2.  E.lat.  23. 
IG.  N. 

Bool.     See  Bohol. 

Boom,  a  town  of  Brabant,  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  river  Nelhes,  10  m.  S.  of  Antwerp.  Pop. 
about  3,500. 

Boone,  a  frontier  country  of  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, nearly  encircled  by  the  Ohio  River,  which 
divides  the  north  end  from  the  states  of  Ohio  and 
Indiana,  opposite  to  where  the  Miami  River  falls 
into  the  Ohio.  Pop.  9,012.  Burlington,  90  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Frankfort,  is  the  chief  town. 

Boonsboro,  p. v.  Washington  Co.  Maryland,  16 
m.  N.  W.  Fredricktovvn. 

Boonsborough,  a  town  of  Kentucky  in  Madison 
county,  seated  on  Red  River,  which  runs  into  tlie 
Kentucky,  3S  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Lexington. 

Booncton,  v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J.  30  m.  N.  W. 
Newark. 

Boonville,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  116  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  2,746. 

Boo»iin.h,n.  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  98 
m.  N.   E.  of  Calcutta. 

Bootan,  a  mountainous  country  of  Hindoostan 
Propter,  lying  between  the  province  of  Bengal  and 
Thibet.  It  is  a  i'eudatory  province  of  Thibet,  and 
abounds  in  mountains  covered  with  verdure,  and 
rich  with  abundant  forest  trees ;  there  is  scarce- 
ly a  mountain  whose  base  is  not  washed  by 
some  torrent,  and  many  of  the  loftiest  bear  popu- 
lous villages,  amid  orchards  and  plantations,  on 
their  summits  and  on  their  sides.  The  soutliern- 
most  ridge  of  the  Bootan  mountains  rises  near  a 
mile  and  a  half  above  the  plains  of  Bengal,  in  a 
horizontal  distance  of  only  15  miles  ;  and  from  the 
summit  the  astonished  traveller  looks  on  the  plains 
below  as  on  an  extensive  ocean.  The  Booteas  are 
mucli  fairer  and  more  robust  than  their  neighbours 
the  Bengalees,  with  broader  faces  and  higher 
cheek-bones :  their  hair  is  invariably  black,  and 
cut  short ;  their  eyes  small  and  black,  with  long 
pointed  corners ;  and  their  skins  remarkably 
smooth.  The  houses  are  built  on  props,  though 
the  country  is  hilly,  and  ascended  by  a  ladder  : 
the  lower  part,  closed  on  all  sides,  serves  for  hold- 
ing stores,  and  accommodating  hogs,  cows,  and 
other  animals.     The  capital  is  Tassasudon. 

Boothbay,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  between  Sheeps- 
cut  and  Damariscotta  river.     Pop.  2,290. 

Bootle,  a  village  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  contiguous 
to  Liverpool,  which  it  supplies  with  fine  fresh 
water,  from  abundant  and  never-failing  springs 
near  the  sea-shore. 

Bond,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malwa,  98  m. 
E.  of  Ougeia. 

Bopjingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Eger, 
19  m.  N.  W.  of  Donawert. 

Boppart,  a  town  of  Germany,  seated  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  Rhine,  8  m.  S.  of 
Coblentz. 

Borahs,  a  town  of  W.  Gothland,  Sweden,  about 
10  m.  E.  of  Gottenburg. 

Borcholz,  a  town  on  the  west  side  of  the  bishop- 
ric of  Paderborn,  Westphalia,  now  part  of  the 
Prussian  States. 

Bord,  or  Boit,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 


ment of   Correze.      It   was  the   birth-place  of 

Marmontel. 

Borba,  a  town  of  Alemtejo,  Portugal,  lying  be- 
tween Estremoz  and  Vitra-Vicosa. 

Bordeaux,  a  city  of  France,  an  episcopal  see, 
and  cliief  town  of  the  department  of  the  Gironde, 
lies  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  in  a  semicircu- 
lar or  oval  form,  corresponding  with  the  curve  of 
the  river  which  constitutes  its  port.  The  dat*,-  of 
its  foundation,  like  those  of  many  other  cities,  is 
lost  in  the  distance  of  time.  -It  is  mentioned  by 
Strabo  and  some  of  tlie  Augustine  historians. 
The  etymology  of  its  Ltalin  name,  Burdigala,  i? 
doubtful,  and  throws  no  light  upon  its  foundeu. 
Under  Augustus  it  was  regarded  as  a  great  city, 
and  was  further  aggrandised  and  embellished  hy 
him.  Adrian  made  it  the  metropolis  of  the 
second  Aquitaine.  In  the  third  century  it  became 
an  episcopal  see,  and  in  the  fourth  was  distin- 
guished for  the  cultivation  of  arts  and  letters. 
The  Roman  dominion  gave  way  to  barbarism  and 
the  Visigoths,  who  were  themselves  soon  driven 
out  by  the  still  more  barbarous  Clovis  and  his 
Franks.  Henceforth  it  was  an  integral  part  of 
France,  and  capital  of  Guienne,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  periods  during  wliich  it  was  un- 
der English  dominion.  The  Saracens  ravaged 
it  in  the  eight  century,  and  the  Normans  in  the 
tenth. 

The  long  and  violent  rather  than  sanguiuary 
contests  between  the  French  and  English,  for  the 
inheritance  of  Eleanor  of  Guienne,  bore  directly 
upon  Bordeaux,  the  capital,  which,  alternately 
French  and  English,  and  more  indebted  to  the 
latter,  retained  for  them  a  strong  partiality  for 
which  it  was  severely  mulcted  by  Charles  VII. 
in  1451.  From  that  period  it  has  continued  an 
integral  part  of  the  kingdom  of  France,  partak- 
ing, but  in  a  less  degree  than  other  cities,  the 
troubles  of  the  Reformation,  the  League,  tlie  Fronde 
(during  the  regency  of  Anne  of  Austria),  and 
tlie  Revolution.  Bordeaux  sent  to  the  national 
asser.iblies  several  of  the  most  eloquent  and  vir- 
tuous men  of  the  popular  party,  called  '  Giron- 
dists,' from  the  department  of  wliich  it  is  the  chief 
town.  Deprived  almost  wholly  of  its  foreign 
commerce  by  the  wars  and  decrees  of  Bonaparte, 
it  was  the  first  place  to  open  its  gates  to  the 
Bourbons. 

The  most  striking  objects  upon  ap]>roarhing 
Bordeavix  are  the  port  aiid  the  stupend.nis  bridge, 
projected  and  partly  executed  by  Bonap:ii-te.  over 
the  Garonne,  an  arm  of  the  sea  rather  than  a 
river.  The  practicability  of  such  a  bridge  was 
long  doubted,  from  the  breadth  of  the  river — nearly 
a  quarter  of  a  league — and  the  violence  of  the 
current.  The  port  should  be  viewed  from  La 
Bastide,  a  village  opposite  Bordeaux,  on  the  right 
bank :  it  then  presents  its  magnificent  curve 
round  the  corresponding  segment  of  the  river  , 
its  fagade,  uniform  and  noble ;  the  qua3's,  crowd- 
ed and  animated ;  and  the  river,  covered  with 
vessels,  generally  in  a  state  of  gentle  movement, 
heaving  with  the  waves.  The  town  is  semicir- 
cular ;  but  the  port  is  an  elliptic  curve,  near  two 
leagues  in  diameter  between  its  extremities. 
Bordeaux,  like  so  many  other  cities,  is  divided 
into  the  old  and  new  town,  on  the  right  and  left. 
The  "course"  or  avenue  of  Tourny,  leading  to 
the  fauxbourg  de  Chartrons,  is  remarkably  beau- 
tiful. The  theatre,  in  the  rue  de  Chapeau-rouge, 
is  a  noble  building,  surpassing  in  its  exterior,  but 
not  interior,  most  other  theatres  of  Europe.  Its 
peristyle  consists  of  twelve  Corinthian  columns 


m 


BOR 


108 


BQR 


Burmounlod  by  a  balustrade,  with  a  statue  to  each 
column.  The  vestibule  is  majestic  and  ornament- 
ed, having  a  double  staircase  lighted  from  a  cu- 
pola. The  exchange,  at  the  extremity  of  this 
street,  is  a  vast  and  imposing  structure,  with  in- 
terior arcades  round  the  walls  ;  the  central  space 
covered  in,  and  lighted  from  the  top  ;  and  a  grand 
door  opening  into  the  Place  Royale,  one  of  the 
handsomest  squares  of  Bordeaux,  and  deficient 
only  in  extent.  This  jjlace  merits  particular  de- 
scription :  its  form  is  that  of  a  horseshoe,  opening 
upon  the  river,  with  a  fine  quay  between.  It  is 
lined  by  the  exchange  and  tlie  custom-house,  with 
corresponding  fronts ;  all  the  facades  richly  or- 
namented, and  bearing  allegorical  figures  m  re- 
lief. 

The  cathedral  is  the  principal  Gothic  edifice  of 
Bordeaux,  but  by  no  means  of  France,  as  some 
have  described  it.  It  is  remarkable  chiefly  for  the 
two  bold,  light,  and  lofty  spires  which  rise  above 
the  portal.  The  English  built  it,  in  part  at  least, 
during  their  occupation  of  Guienne.  There  are 
three  other  large  Gothic  churches, — those  of  St. 
Michael,  St.  Croix,  and  St.  Sturin, — whicli  con- 
tain some  good  pictures.  The  ancient  Roman 
remains  called  the  "  Palais  Gallien,"  without  any 
good  reason  for  the  name,  have  nearly  disappear- 
ed, to  make  way  for  modern  elegance  and  avarice. 
The  Roman  remains,  called  the  "  Palais  de  Tute- 
le "  gave  way  to  the  chateau  de  Trompette ; 
which,  in  its  turn,  has  recently  made  room  for 
new  and  beautiful  edifices,  and  the  spacious  Place 
do  Louis  XVI.  It  was  in  the  chateau  de  Trom- 
pette that  general  Clausel  held  oat  so  long  against 
me  Bourbons.  This  was  probably  the  main  cause 
ot  Its  demolition  upon  their  re-establishment.  It 
is  well  supplied  by  the  place,  new  streets,  and 
market,  wliich  occupy  its  site,  but  which  will  take 
some  time  to  be  finished.  Count  Lynch,  mayor 
of  Bordeaux,  at  the  fall  of  Bonaparte,  and  chiefly 
instrumental  in  opening  its  gates  to  the  Bour- 
bons, erected  in  this  quarter  a  small  museum,  in 
which  are  pre.served  all  the  antiquities  discovered 
in  or  about  Bordeaux :  they  are  scanty.  The 
house  of  Montaigne  still  exists  as  a  curiosity  in 
the  street  bearing  his  name,  and  his  monument  is 
in  a  church  in  the  same  street. 

The  communications  open  to  Bordeaux  by  the 
Atlantic  with  the  north,  America,  and  the  Indies, 
and  by  the  canal  of  Languedoc  with  the  south 
and  the  Levant,  afford  to  it  the  greatest  facilities 
for  maritime  commerce.  It  accordingly,  has  an 
extensive  and  tlie  most  various  trade  of  any  port, 
in  every  species  of  produce  and  manufacture. 
But  the  difference  of  peace  and  war,  especially 
war  between  England  and  France,  is  to  it  the  dif- 
ference between  prosperity  and  ruin.  Its  com- 
mercial relations  (it  has  been  said)  have  no  other 
limits  in  time  of  peace  than  those  of  the  world  ; 
m  tmie  of  war  they  do  not  extend  beyond  the 
lighthouse  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gironde,  except 
smuggling  and  privateering.  The  quay  of  Char- 
tron  was  grass-grown  during  the  continental 
blockade  :  it  is,  since  the  peace,  the  most  busy 
and  crowded,  especially  with  the  export  of  wines. 
The  merchants  of  Bordeaux  are  hospitable  and 
polite  ;  and  the  higher  orders  emulate  the  capital 
in  luxury,  the  love  of  pleasure,  and  what  is  called 
fashion.  The  women  are  considered  to  come 
nearest  to  those  of  the  capital  in  accomplishments, 
graces,  aii._  the  love  of  amusement. 

It  contains  the  same  establishments  as  the  other 
great  towns,  but  not  on  the  same  scale  or  with  the 
•amc   degree  of  cultivation,  for  the  purpose  of 


knowledge  and  the  arts  ;  a  branch  university,  an 
academy,  a  library  containing  an  old  copy  of 
Montaigne's  Essays  corrected  and  noted  by  him- 
self, a  cabinet  of  natural  history,  a  museum  of 
antiquities  and  painting,  an  observatory,  but  with- 
out an  observer  or  instruments  of  observation. 

The  ancient  parliament  of  Bordeaux  was  dis- 
tinguished for  eloquence,  learning,  and  philoso- 
phy.— Montaigne,  Montesquieu,  and  the  presi- 
dent Dupaty,  were  among  its  ornaments.  The 
modern  bar  has  maintained  its  ancient  reputation 
for  eloquence  in  Ferriere,  some  years  dead ; 
Deseze,  Laine,  and  Ravez — all  three  peers  of 
France.  In  the  second  national  or  legislative 
assembly  the  palm  of  eloquence  was  born  away 
by  Vergniaud,  inferior  only  to  Mirabeau  of  all  th« 
orators  of  the  Revolution.  Guadet,  Gensonne, 
and  Ducos,  who  perished  by  suicide  or  the  guil- 
lotine, also  eloquent  members  of  the  national  as 
sembly  and  convention,  were  of  the  bar  of  Bor- 
deaux. Among  the  other  distinguished  natives 
of  Bordeaux  are  the  two  Dupatys,  sons  of  the 
president;  the  engraver  Andrieux  ;  the  two  mu- 
sical composers  darat  and  Rode,  the  former  the 
first  singer — by  the  way,  an  equivocal  distinction, 
— the  second,  the  first  violin  player — of  France, 
— and  consequently  of  Europe.  Lais,  Avho  was 
the  first  singer  at  the  Parisian  grand  opera  for 
several  years,  and  since  the  restoration,  was  also 
a  Bordelese.  Berquin,  the  author  of  "  L'Anii 
des  Enfans ;"  the  grammarian  Lebel,  several 
Jesuit  controversialists,  whose  memory  has  pass- 
ed away  with  the  controversy  respecting  that  or- 
der ;  and  the  Latin  poet  Ausonius,  who  lived  in 
the  time  and  in  the  court  of  Adrian,  were  natives 
of  Bordeaux. 

The  city  of  Bordeaux,  especially  the  new  town, 
is  beautiful,  rather  as  a  uniform  whole,  than  from 
any  detached  or  single  objects.  There  are  no 
very  striking  beauties  in  its  environs,  with  the 
exception,  perhaps,  of  the  verdant  and  pictur- 
esque banks  of  the  Gironde. — The  chateau  of 
Brede  is  visited  rather  as  the  residence,  and  in 
.some  measure  the  creation,  of  Montesquieu,  than 
for  its  intrinsic  merits.  It  is  situated  in  a  plain, 
well  wooded  ;  a  simple  hexagonal  building,  with  a 
drawbridge,  and  approached  by  a  long  avenue  of 
oak  trees.  The  Tour  de  Cordouan,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Gironde,  is  the  finest  lighthouse  in 
France. 

A  natural  phenomenon  called  the  mascaret, 
observed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dordogne,  and  in 
no  other  river  of  Europe,  should  not  be  passed 
over.  When  the  waters  of  the  Dordogne  are 
low,  and  especially  in  summer,  a  hillock  of  wa- 
ter, about  the  height  of  an  ordinary  house,  is  ob- 
served at  its  confluence  with  the  Garonne.  It 
suddenly  rises  iind  spreads,  rolls  along  the  bank, 
ascends  the  river  in  all  its  sinuosity,  with  extra- 
ordinary rapidity  and  a  fearful  noise.  All  that 
comes  in  its  way,  on  the  bank  by  which  it  moves, 
yields  to  its  fury.  Trees  are  torn  up,  barges 
sunk,  and  stones  are  driven  to  the  distance  of 
fifty  paces  ;  all  fly  from  it  in  consternation  ;  cat- 
tle even,  with  a  strong  and  fierce  instinct.  It 
sometimes  takes  the  centre  of  the  river,  and 
changes  its  shape.  The  watermen  are  able  by 
their  observations  to  discover  its  approach,  and 
thus  escape  certain  destruction.  A  similar  phe- 
nomenon was  observed  by  the  French  traveller 
Condamine  in  the  Amazon  river,  and  by  the 
English  Rennell  in  the  Ganges.  Its  cause  is 
known,  and  simple, — the  tide  flowing  with  a  dis- 
proportionate quantity  and  impulse  into  the  Dor- 


'^^ 


BOB. 


109 


BOR 


dogne,  which  is  right  in  the  direction  of  the  Gi- 
ronde,  whilst  the  course  of  the  Garonne  is  angu- 
lar or  divergent.  The  impediments  which  the 
mascaret  meets  as  it  ascends  the  Dordogne  from 
sand  banks,  the  sinuosities,  and  the  rapidity  of 
the  opposing  current,  all  tend  to  increase,  and  it 
may  be  said  to  enfuriate,  its  force.  Such  is  its 
velocity,  that  a  second  must  not  be  lost  by  him 
who  would  eseape  it. 

The  population  of  Bordeaux  fluctuates  with  its 
commerce  between  60,000  and  100,000.  From 
the  most  recent  calculations,  in  18'2S,  it  apjjears 
between  93,000  and  96,000.  Its  distance  from 
Paris  is,  by  Orleans  and  Poitiers,  155  1-2 leagues; 
by  Tours  and  Angouleme,  154  1-2  leagues ;  by 
Chateauroux  and  Perigueux,  153  1-2  leagues. 
Lat.  44.  50.  N.  long.  0.  40.  W. 

BordeJitaicn,  a  town  of  New  Jersey,  in  Burling- 
ton county,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware,  6 
m.  below  Trenton,  and  23  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia. 

Borge,  a  town  of  Denmark,  the  chief  place  in 
the  island  of  Femern,  with  a  fort,  on  Femern 
Sound.     Long.  11.  17.  E.  lat.  54.  27.  N. 

Borgentryck,  or  Bergentrych,  a  town  on  the  S. 
W.  side  of  the  Bishopric  of  Paderborn,  Westphalia. 

Borghetto,  a  town  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Adige, 
at  the  southern  extremity  of  the  bishopric  of 
Trent. — Also  the  name  of  a  village  in  the  vicinity 
of  Mantua,  where  a  severe  battle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  French  and  Anstrians  in  1796. 

Borgholm,  a  Ibrtinea  u»v»n  >.ja  vii  ""^ni,  oide  of 
the  isle  ofOland,  in  the  Baltic,  part  of  the  province 
of  East  Gothland. 

Borg,  Barg,  or  itcrgnoiuuiu^vn,  d  town  in  the 
county  of  Ravensburg,  Westphalia. 

Borgne,  a  large  lake  or  inlet  of  the  sea,  between 
the  states  of  Mississippi  and  Louisana,  com- 
municating with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  inland 
with  lake  Pontchartrain. 

Borgo,  a  seaport  town  of  Russian  Finland,  lying 
betv-  n  Ilelsingfurt  and  Lovisa.  In  lat.  60.  21. 
N.  and  25.  45.  £.  long. 

Borgo  Rusz,  Prunt  and  Pass,  three  towns  con- 
tiguous to  each  other,  near  the  source  of  the  Bis- 
tritz  River  on  the  eastern  frontier  of  Transylvania, 
bordering  on  the  Bukowine.  They  have  salt 
springs  and  some  manufactures  of  earthenware. 
The  population  is  considerable,  principally  Wal- 
lachians. 

Borgo,  signifying  a  market  town,  is  prefixed  to 
twelve  towns  in  different  parts  of  Italy. 

Borgo,  6'/.  Donnini,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of  Par- 
ma, so  called  from  the  martyrdom  of  Donnini,  who 
was  beheaded  here  in  304.  It  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  is  situate  about  midway,  on  the  road  from 
Piacenza  to  Parma. 

Borgo  di  St.  Sepolcro,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in 
the  Fiorentino,  with  a  fort,  seated  near  the  source 
of  the  Tiber,  12  m.  N.  E  of  Arezzo.  In  1789 
about  1,000  of  the  inhabitants  were  destroyed  by 
an  earthfj"'" 

Borgojuiic,  a  town  oi  iiAiy,  lu  luf  riauiaan,  on 
the  river  Po,  at  the  influx  of  the  Oglia,  10  nv  S. 
of  Mantua;  and  nine  others,  all  inconsiderable. 

Borgo,  or  Burgo  D'Osina,  a  town  of  Spain,  sur- 
rounded with  walls,  and  containing  about  200 
famiUes.  33  ra.  W.  of  Soria,  and  40  S.  E.  of 
Burgos. 

Burgo  di  St.  Jin^do,  a  fortress  of  the  island  of 
Malta,~a  little  to  the  east  of  Valetta. 

Borja,  or  Bergosa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arra- 
gon,  in  a  fruitful  spot,  near  Mount  Cayo,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  42  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Sara- 
gossa. 


Borja,  a  town  of  Colombia,  situate  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  river  Amazon,  300  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Paita  and  90  W.  by  N.  of  Jaen.  Long.  76.  36.  W. 
lat.  4.  15.  S. 

Borja,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
near  the  frontier  of  Brazil.  It  was  founded  by 
the  Jesuits. 

Borisoglebsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  situate  on  the 
banks  of  the  Verona,  near  the  south  end  of  the 
province  of  Tamboy,  about  300  miles  S.  E.  of 
Moscow. — It  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  the 
province  of  Jaroslav,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Vol- 

fa,  a  ievf  miles  north   of  the  city   of  Jaroslav. 
op.  of  each  about  3,000. 

Borrissow,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Berezina,  about  35  m.  E.  of  Minsk. 

Borkelo,  a  strong  town  of  Holland,  in  the  coun 
ty  of  Zutphen,  remarkable  for  having  been  the 
subject  of  two  wars :  one  in  1665,  against  the 
bishop  of  Munster,  and  the  other  with  France,  in 
1672.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  river  Borkel,  15  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Zutphen. 

Borken,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  principjili- 
ty  of  Munster,  with  a  collegiate  church,  seated  on 
the  Aa,  38  ra.  W.  of  Munster. 

Borkum,  an  island  of  the  kingdom  of  Hanover, 
lying  between  the  east  and  west  channels  of  the 
Ems  river.  It  is  partly  inundated  at  high  water. 
It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  the  inhabitants 
subsisting  chiefly  by  fishing. 

Bormio,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
county  of  its  name,  on  the  confines  of  Tyrol. 
About  a  mile  from  the  town  are  medicinal  batlis. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  on  the 
river  Fredolso.  near  its  confluence  with  the  Adda, 
40  m.  S.  E.  of  Coire.     Long.  10. 20.  lat.  46. 17.  N. 

Bormio,  or  Bormida,  a  large  river  of  Piedmont, 
which  rises  in  the  territory  of  Finale,  runs  north, 
intersecting  the  dutchy  of  Montferrat,  falling  into 
the  Tanaro  a  little  below  Alessandria. 

Boma,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  circle 
of  Leipzig,  with  a  manufacture  of  stuffs ;  seated 
near  the  river  Pleysse,  13  m.  S.  E.  of  Leipzig,  on 
the  road  to  Altenburg. 

Borneo,  an  island  of  Asia,  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  in  1521,  lying  be- 
tween the  lat.  of  4.  10.  S.  and  7.  N.  and  109.  15. 
to  119.  25.  W.  long,  being  in  its  extreme  length 
775  geographical  miles  of  69  1-2  to  a  degree,  and 
650  in  extreme  breath  ;  but,  as  the  north  part  con- 
verges into  a  promontory,  if  resolved  into  a  square , 
the  sides  would  not  exceed  600  miles;  which, 
however,  will  give  a  surface  greater  than  that  of 
any  island  in  the  world,  except  New  Holland,  be- 
ing about  360,000  sq.  m.  or  nearly  five  times  larger 
than  Great  Britain.  Although  under  the  equator, 
the  air  is  not  so  excessively  hot  as  might  be  ex- 
pected, being  frequently  refreshed  with  showers 
and  cool  breezes,  the  thermometer  varying  from 
82.  to  94.  of  Fahrenheit.  In  the  monsoon,  from 
April  to  September,  the  wind  is  westerly,  and 
the  rains  are  constant  and  heavy,  attended  with 
violent  storms  of  thunder  and  lightning.  The 
rainy  season  continues  for  eight  months,  and 
during  that  time  all  the  flat  country,  from  ten  to 
twenty  miles  from  the  crest,  is  overflowed,  and 
the  air  rendered  very  unhealthy.  For  this  reason 
the  inhabitants  build  their  houses  on  floats,  which 
they  make  fast  to  trees.  They  have  but  one  floor, 
with  partitions  made  with  canes ;  and  the  roofs 
are  covered  with  palmetto-leaves,  the  eaves  ot 
which  reach  within  four  or  five  feet  of  the  bottom. 
Some  of  their  houses  are  built  upon  pillars,  a  suf- 
ficient height  from  the  surface  not  to  be  deluged. 
K 


BOR 


110 


BOR 


The  countries  on  the  coast  are  inhabited  by  a  mix- 
ture of  Malays,  Javanese,  and  Macassars  TJie 
aborigines  oi  the  island,  however,  live  in  the  in- 
terior, and  are  called  Biadjoos,  Biayos,  or  Dijak- 
kese,  &c.,  who  are  represented  as  the  most  un- 
couth and  unsocial  of  the  human  race.  Indeed  it 
seems  to  be  here  where  natnre  has  united  the 
chain  of  animated  creation,  and  placed  the  orang 
outang  as  the  connecting  link  betwefru  the  articu- 
lating, modulating,  and  inventing,  and  Se  instinc- 
tive ;  or,  in  other  words,  between  the  biped  and 
the  quadruped  race  of  animals.  On  one  side  of 
the  orang  outang,  whicli  seems  to  be  a  native  of 
the  soil  of  Borneo,  are  apes,  monkeys,  bears, 
goats,  deer,  horses,  buffiiloes  and  other  horned 
cattle,  tigers,  and  the  elephant ;  whilst  on  the 
other  side  is  a  class  of  beings  with  apparently  no 
other  claim  to  the  character  of  man  but  that  of 
the  power  of  articulation  ;  and  yet,  amidst  this 
unsocial  and  unappreciating  race  of  beings,  na- 
ture seems  to  have  bestowed  in  lavish  profusion 
all  her  most  delectable  gifts  ;  with  iron,  tin,  and 
various  other  metals  for  purposes  of  utility  ;  gold, 
diamonds,  and  various  other  precious  gems,  for  or- 
nament, abound.  It  is  here  that  the  salangane,  a  spe- 
cies of  swallow,  constructs  its  edible  nest,  which  is 
exchanged  to  gratify  the  luxurious  palates  of  the 
Chinese,  at  a  rate  double  its  weight  of  silver.  In 
the  vegetable  kingdom,  in  addition  to  rice  and 
maize  for  substantial  subsistence,  the  sensations 
of  taste  and  smell  are  here  to  be  gratified  in  the 
highest  possible  degree.  Cassia,  cinnamon,  frank- 
incense, and  inyrrh,  are  indigenous  productions 
of  the  country.  The  laurus  camphoratus  yields 
an  endless  abundance  of  its  fragrant  and  inflam- 
mable substance  ;  whilst  agaric,  musk,  aloes,  and 
various  other  substances  and  plants,  are  dispersed 
over  the  country  in  endless  profusion  to  aid  the 
domestic  and  social  economy  of  man,  and  to  serve 
as  alteratives  in  case  of  accident  or  disease.  On 
the  otiier  hand,  the  pernicious  and  poisonous 
class  of  plants  and  reptiles  are  also  common,  and 
the  natives  appear  equally  adept  at  applying  thein 
in  revenue  against  their  enemies,  as  in  the  appli- 
cation of  medicines  to  avoid  their  consequences. 
Thus,  whilst  tlie  soil  of  Borneo  appears  suscepti- 
ble by  social  arrangements  and  due  cultivation  to 
sustain  in  a  high  degree  of  comfort  and  enjoy- 
ment, a  fourth  of  the  whole  population  of  the 
globe,  the  total  number  of  inhabitants  is  suppos- 
ed not  to  exceed  3,000,000,  divided  into  numerous 
petty  sovereignties.  With  the  exception,  how- 
ever, of  the  coast,  very  little  is  known  as  to  the 
extent  and  condition  of  the  population.  Tiie 
English  East  India  Company  formed  some  settle- 
ments upon  the  coast  towards  the  close  of  tlie  17th 
century  ;  but,  in  1706,  the  Dutch,  in  the  prime 
of  their  valour,  drove  the  English  entirely  from 
the  country,  and  for  more  than  a  century  were  the 
inly  European  nation  that  maintained  any  direct 
intercourse  with  the  island.  Their  grovelling 
policy  has  ever  been,  and  still  continues  to  be,  to 
preclude  the  world  from  all  knowledge  of  the  po- 
sition, people,  condition,  and  resources  of  the 
countries  with  which  they  trade,  as  far  as  it  is 
possible  for  them  to  do  so.  During  tlie  war,  sub- 
sequently to  the  peace  of  Amiens  in  1802,  when 
in  their  turn  the  Dutch  were  driven  from  all  their 
positions  in  Asia,  the  English  again  establisJied 
themselves  on  the  coast  of  Borneo,  and  were 
making  progress  in  the  arts  of  cultivation  and 
social  economy,  whofi,  by  treaty  in  181(5,  the 
Dutch  were  re-instated  in  their  possessions,  and 
Itorneo  again  exposed  to  their  confined  and  ex- 


clusive line  of  policy.  As  far  as  our  knowledge 
of  the  country  docs  extend,  whilst  the  coast  on 
all  sides  is  low  and  swampy,  the  interior  ueems 
much  intersected  by  mountains  ;  a  river  called 
the  Banjar  has  its  source  in  the  centre  of  the 
country,  about  two  degrees  north  of  the  equator, 
and  runs  south  into  the  sea  of  Java.  There  are  two 
or  three  rivers  running  from  E.  to  W.  falling  into 
the  sea  on  the  west  side,  but  the  north  and  east 
coasts  appear  deficient  in  good  navigable  rivers 
for  internal  communication  by  water.  There  are, 
however,  several  fine  harbours  and  roadsteads 
round  the  coast ;  the  principal  is  Bandermassing, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Banjar  ;  Sambar  at  the  soutii- 
west  point ;  Sambas  on  the  west  coast ;  Borneo 
at  the  north-west :  and  Passir  at  the  south-east. 

Borneo,  the  principal  city,  and  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name  at  the  north  part  of 
the  above  island,  is  situate  up  a  river  about  10  m. 
from  the  sea,  in  the  lat.  of  4.  55.  N.  and  114.  15. 
E.  long.  Like  most  or  all  tlie  other  towns  on  the 
coast,  the  houses  are  built  on  piles  driven  into  the 
swamp,  inundated  at  high  water,  and  the  trading 
transactions,  which  are  here  very  considerable 
with  the  Chinese  and  other  eastern  nations,  are 
carried  on  in  boats  and  wherries. 

Bornheim,  a  town  in  the  electorate  of  Cologne, 
about  15  m.  W.  by  JN.  of  Bonn.  Pop.  about  1,100. 
— Also,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  about  10  ra. 
N.  E.  of  Dendermonde. 

Bornholm,  an  island  of  Dewmark.  iust  within 
the  Baltic,  of  an  oval  ^ujriu,  «um>ui  ,««  miies  in  cir- 
cumference, and  nearly  surroun-ieil  «v  rocks.  The 
soil  is  stony,  but  fenue,  wir.n  excellent  pasture  ; 
and  there  are  mines  of  coai,  anu  auarries  of  mar- 
ble. It  lies  10  m.  S.  E.  or  tne  soutnern  extremity 
of  Sweden.  The  chief  town  is  Roune,  on  the 
west  side  ;  the  north  end  is  in  lat.  55.  18.  N.   and 

14.  49.  E.  long. 

Bornos,  a  town  of  the  province  of  Seville,  about 

15.  m.  N.  E.  of  Cadiz.     Pop.  about  3,000. 
Bornou,  an  extensive  empire  in  the  interior  of 

North  Africa,  having  Cassina  or  Kashna  on  the  W. 
and  Nubia  on  the  h.  It  consists  of  a  number  of 
oases,  or  fertile  spots,  interspersed  with  arid 
wastes.  The  climate  is  said  to  be  characterized 
by  excessive,  though  not  by  uniform,  heat.  Two 
seasons,  one  commencing  soon  after  the  middle  of 
April,  the  other  at  the  same  period  in  October, 
divide  the  year.  The  first  is  introduced  by  violent 
winds  from  the  south-cast  and  south,  with  intense 
heat,  a  deluge  of  sultry  rain,  and  such  tempests 
of  thunder  and  lightning  as  destroy  multitudes  of 
the  cattle,  and  many  of  the  people.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  second  season,  the  ardent  heat 
subsides  ;  the  air  becomes  soft  and  mild,  and  tlie 
weather  perfectly  serene.  Maize,  rice,  the  horse- 
bean,  cotton,  hemp,  and  indigo,  are  cultivated; 
and  tliere  are  figs,  grapes,  apricots,  pomegranates, 
lemons,  limes,  ana  melons.  The  most  valuable 
tree  is  called  redeynah,  in  form  and  height  like 
an  olive,  the  leaf  resembling  that  of  a  lemon,  and 
liearing  a  nut,  the  kernel  ana  shell  of  which  are  in 
great  estimation ;  the  first  as  a  fruit,  the  last  on 
account  of  the  oil  it  produces.  Horses,  asses, 
mules,  dogs,  horned  cattle,  goats,  sheep,  and 
camels  (the  flesh  of  which  is  much  esteemed)  are 
the  common  animals.  Bees  are  so  numerous,  that 
the  wax  is  often  thrown  away  as  an  article  of  no 
value.  The  game  consists  of  partridges,  wild 
ducks,  and  ostriches,  the  flesh  of  which  is  prized 
above  every  other.  The  other  animals  are  the 
lion,  leopard,  civet  cat,  wolf,  fox,  elephant,  buffa- 
lo, antelope,  and  the  camelopard  or  giraffe,  one  of 


BOR 


111 


BOS 


the  tallest,  most  beautiful  and  most  harmless  ani- 
mals m  nature.  Its  neck  is  very  long  and  its  fore 
legs  much  longer  than  the  hinder  ones,  at  least 


m  outward  appearance.  It  sometimes  feeds  upon 
the  grass,  which  however  is  scarce  in  this  coun- 
try, and  its  ordinary  food  is  the  leaf  of  a  sort  of 
mimosa.  Within  a  few  years,  several  of  these 
animals  have  been  transported  to  Europe.  Here 
are  also  great  numbers  of  the  hippopotamus.  They 
abound  in  Lake  Tchad  and  the  waters  of  the 
neighbourhood.  Major  Denham  in  his  travels  in 
this  country  saw  a  whole  troop  of  them  in  the 
water  following  a  band  of  martial  music  in  a  negro 
army  marching  along  the  shore.  In  this  country 
are  also  many  snakes,  scorpions,  centipedes,  i-nd 
toads.  The  complexion  of  the  natives  is  black, 
but  they  are  not  of  the  Negro  cast.  The  dress  of 
the  greater  part  consists  of  shirts  of  blue  cotton 
manufactured  in  the  country,  of  a  red  cap  brought 
from  Trinoii  ana  a  white  muslin  turban  from 
Cairo  Nose,  rinors  of  srold  are  worn  by  the  prin- 
cipal people.  j>ai  me  only  covering  of  the  poorer 
sort  w  o  lr'"«^  nf  «irdlf>  for  the  waist.  In  their 
manners  me  peopie  are  courteous  and  humane  : 
they  aro  n-joaionotalv  fond  of  play  ;  the  lower 
classes  of  drauirnts.  and  the  higher  excel  in  chess. 
More  than  30  dil'erent  languages  are  said  to  be 
spokfi"  in  Fio^nmi  ana  its  dependencies  ;  and  the 
reigning  >^^»i<tioh  is  the  Mahometan.  The  mon- 
archy i«  elfptivp  The  snltan  is  said  to  have  500 
ladies  in  his  seraguo,  and  that  his  stud  contains 
likewise  500  horses.     His  dominions  extend  be- 

{rond  the  desert  into  the  fertile  country  of  Negro- 
and,  of  which  he  possesses  a  large  portion.  He 
has  a  vast  army,  which  consists  almost  entirely 
of  horse  :  the  sabre,  pike,  and  bow,  are  their 
weapons  of  offence,  and  a  shield  of  hides  is  their 
armour. 

Bornou,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  palace  like  a  citadel.  The  whole 
city  is  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  encompassed 
with  a  ditch;  but  the  other  towns  of  the  kingdom 
are  open.  The  principal  trade  is  in  gold-dust, 
slaves,  horses,  ostriches'  feathers,  salt,  and  civet. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Gazel,  750  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Kashna.     Long.  25.  5.  E.  lat.  19.  45.  N. 

Boro  Budor,  the  chief  temple  of  the  Javanese, 
situate  about  GO  m.  from  Samarang,  nearly  in 
the  centre  of  the  island.  It  is  dedicated  to  Boodh, 
and  contains  several  hundred  subordinate  idols. 

Borodino,  a  village  of  Russia,  near  the  river 
Moskwa,   about  90  m.  W.  of  Moscow.     It  will 


long  be  memorable  in  the  annals  of  Russia,  for 
the  desperate  conflict  between  the  French  and 
Russian  armies,  during  the  march  of  the  former 
towards  Moscow,  on  the  7th  of  September,  1812, 
when  about  30,000  men  on  each  side  were  either 
killed  or  wounded. 

Borourrh,  t.  Beaver  Co.  Pa. 
Boroughhridge,  a  borough  in  W.  Yorkshire, 
Eng.  it  has  a  trade  in  hardware.  Here  Edward 
II.  in  1322,  defeated  the  rebel  earl  of  Lancaster. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Ure,  over  which  is  a  stone 
bridge,  18  m.  N.  W.  of  York,  and  206  N.  by  W. 
of  London.  It  is  immediately  contiguous  to  Aid- 
borough  ;  each  place  returning  two  members  to 
parliament.     Pop.  8()0. 

Borovkchi,  a  town  of  Russia,  on  the  south 
east  side  of  the  province  of  Novogorod,  bordering 
on  Twer,  seated  on  the  soutli  bank  of  the  Msta 
river,  about  170  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  Pop. 
2,600.  ^         ^ 

Borotnisk,  or  Boroosk,  another  town  of  Russia, 
about  60  m.  S.  W.  of  Moscow. 

Borriano,  or  Borrial,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  "Valen- 
cia, near  the  mouth  of  the  Manjares,  21  m.  N.  of 
Valencia.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Borris,  in  Ossory,  a  village  in  the  parish  of  Ag- 
haboe.  Queen's  County,  Ireland,  63  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  Maryborough.     Pop.  in  1821,  919. 

Borros,  a  parish  in  Queen's  County,  Ireland, 
which  includes  the  town  of  Maryborough,  by 
which  name  the  parish  is  sometimes  called.  Pop. 
of  the  parish,  exclusive  of  the  town,  2,032,  and 
of  the  town,  2,677.     See  Maryborough. 

Borrowdale,  a  village  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  six 
miles  south  of  Keswick.  It  stands  at  the  end  of 
a  narrow  and  crooked  valley,  and  is  famous  for 
mines  of  plumbago  or  black-lead,  a  substance  al- 
most peculiar  to  England  and  the  vicinity  of  Ma- 
laga, Spain. 

Borrowstonnes.  See  Boncss. 
Borrod,  a  county  in  the  north  part  of  Upper 
Hungary,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Shajo 
branch  of  the  Sheif  river.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  districts  of  the  country.  Pop.  about  95, 
000.     Mishkoltz  is  the  capital. 

Bosa,  a  seaport  on  the  west  coast  of  Sardinia, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Argeri.  Long.  8. 
50.  E.  lat.  40.  29.  N. 

Boscaiccn,  p.t.   Merrimack    Co.    N.  H.   68    m. 

from  Boston  :  52  from  Portsmouth.     Pop.  2,093. 

Boscawcn  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

about  10  m.  in    circumference.     Long.  175.  10. 

W.  lat.  15.  50.  S. 

Bosco,  or  Boschi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milan- 
ese, seated  on  the  Orbe,  5  m.  east  of  Alexandria. 
Boscohd,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  9  m. 
south  east  of  Newport,  where  Charles  II.  was 
concealed  in  an  oak,  after  the  battle  of  Worcester. 
Boshua.na,  or  Boot.chuana,  an  extensive  tract  of 
country  in  the  interior  of  South  Africa,  extending 
through  about  5  deg.  of  lat.  from  25.  to  20.  south, 
inhabited  by  numerous  tribes  of  people,  of  whom 
at  present  very  little  is  known.  They  seem  phy- 
sically considered,  to  be  of  the  same  stock  as  the 
Caffres,  but  somewhat  more  advanced  in  social 
economy,  which  seems  to  improve  northwards. 
Hence  it  may  be  inferred,  that  civilization  and 
improvement  in  Africa  gradually  extended  itself 
from  the  north.  The  chief  town,  as  far  as  the 
country  is  at  present  known,  is  Lattakoo,  repre- 
sented to  have  contained  about  1 -5,000  inhabitants, 
reduced  to  7  or  8,000  during  the  present  century, 
bv  the  continued  intestine  broils  of   the  different 


BOS 


112 


BOS 


tribes.  They  cultivate  various  kinds  of  grain,  and 
look  upon  fish,  as  an  article  of  food,  with  horror. 
As  far  as  pretension  to  worship  prevails,  the  peo- 
ple are  idolaters ;  but  they  seem  indifferent  to 
worship  of  any  kind  :  polygamy  is  general ;  the 
elder  men  have  usually  one  young  wife,  and 
another  who  is  p.ast  child  be.aring.  Mahomedism 
appears  not  to  have  reached  them.  Their  dress 
is  principally  of  skins,  which  they  tan  into  lea- 
ther ;  and,  in  tlie  more  northern  parts,  they  ap- 
pear to  have  made  some  progress  in  the  smelting 
and  working  of  iron. 

Bosnia,  a  compact  and  naturally  fertile  district 
of  European  Turkey,  lying  between  the  lat.  of  43. 
18.  and  45.  10.  N.  and  the  17th  and  20th  of  W. 
long.  It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Austrian 
province  of  Croatia,  north  by  the  Saave  river, 
which  falls  into  the  Danube,  and  divides  it  from 
Sclavonia;  on  the  east  by  the  Turkish  Prov- 
ince of  Servia,  and  south  by  the  north  end  of 
Albania  and  Dalmatia.  It  has  some  mountain 
districts,  and  is  intersected  by  several  rivers,  run- 
ning from  the  north  into  the  Saave ;  and  the 
Narenta,  which  rises  in  the  south  part  cf  the 
province,  runs  south'  through  Dalmatia.  into  the 
Adriatic  at  Narisi,  a  few  miles  north  of  Jlagusa. 
Its  area  maj'  be  stated  at  about  15,000  square  m.; 
yet  the  population  is  supposed  not  to  exceed  80,- 
000.  As  a  frontier  district,  it  is  principally  oc- 
cupied hy  Turkish  soldiery,  who  subsist  upon  the 
products  of  the  occupiers  of  the  soil ;  and  as  the 
soldiery  of  the  province  amount  to  40  or  50,000, 
they  of  course  tend  to  subdue  all  excitement  to 
agricultural  exertion ;  and  thus,  although  the 
vine  and  the  olive  would  yield  fruit  in  abundance, 
one  of  the  finest  districts  in  Europe  is  kept  a 
wilderness,  by  an  undisciplined,  lawless,  and  ruth- 
less horde  of  soldiery.  The  principal  towns  are, 
Sarajo,  the  capital  ;  Banjaluka,  Sworniek,  Trau- 
ruik,  (the  seat  of  the  pacha,)  and  Prisrendi.  As 
far  as  any  external  commercial  intercourse  is 
maintained  with  Bosnia,  it  is  principally  through 
Dalmatia  from  Ragusa.  The  greater  part  of  the 
province  formerly  belonged  to  Hungary.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  Sclavonians,  speaking 
the  Sclavonic  with  great  purity,  and  professing 
the  formulary  of  the  Greek  church. 

Bosphorus,  the  narrow  strait,  20  miles  in  length, 
and  from  1  to  1  1-2  broad,  which  unites  the  Black 
Sea  with  the  sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  sometimes 
called  the  strait  of  Constantinople. 

Basra,  a  town  of  Syria,  where  Mahomet  is  said 
to  have  received  much  information  from  a  Nesto- 
rian  monk,  towards  founding  his  religious  doc- 
trines.    It  is  100  m.  S.  of  Damascus. 

Bossiny,  or  Trevenna,  a  borough  in  Cornwall, 
Eng.  seated  near  the  Bristol  channel,  17  m.  N. 
W.  of  Launceston,  and  233  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
See  Tintagel. 

Bost,  a  strong  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  Sigis- 
tan  or  Seistan.  It  is  seated  on  the  Heern)und, 
and  on  the  rovte  of  the  caravans,  from  Ispahan  to 
Caubul,  about  170  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Candahar. 
Long.  C4.  15.  E.  lat.  32.  30.  N. 

Bostan,  a  to\<n  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  north 
part  of  the  province  of  Aladeul,  situate  near  the 
eastern  confines  of  Caramania,  and  near  the  source 
of  a  river  which  falls  into  the  Levant  Sea,  at 
Adanah. 

Boston,  a  borough  and  seaport  town  of  Lincoln- 
shire, Eng.  When  the  idle,  the  crafty,  and  the 
vicious,  sought  subsistence  and  refuge,  and  the  op- 
pressed and  indigent  relief,  from  monastic  insti- 
tutions ;  and  when  monasteries,  abbeys,  priories. 


and  convents,  with  their  pointed  windows  and 
archways,  and  varied  styles  of  tasteful  architectur- 
al display,  were  spread  over  the  country,  as  bar- 
racks, gaols,  and  workhouses,  are  at  the  present 
day,  Boston  ranked  among  the  most  important 
towns  in  the  country,  having  had  not  less  than  ten 
fraternal  establishments  ;  all  of  whicli  were  an- 
nulled, and  the  inmates  dispersed  under  the  gen- 
eral demolition  of  tliose  institutions  by  Henry 
VIII.  After  this  reverse,  when  England  ex- 
changed her  agricultural  productions  and  raw  n  a- 
terials  for  the  haberdashery  and  other  manufac- 
tures of  Germany  and  Holland,  Boston  became 
one  of  the  principal  markets  in  tlie  kingdom  for 
wool,  which  used  to  be  exported  in  large  quanti- 
ties to  Holland,  and  the  Hanse  Towns:  but,  on 
the  exportation  of  wool  being  totally  prohii)iU»d, 
Boston  was  doomed  to  a  further  reverse,  aiul  grad- 
ually declined  until  towards  the  close  of  the  last 
century,  when  a  paper  circulating  medium  sub- 
verted that  of  gold  and  silver,  and  the  modern 
system  of  creating  ideal  wealth  by  funding  had 
doubled  and  trebled  the  money  rate  of  all  articles 
of  subsistence,  tliereby  exciting  an  unusual  de- 
gree of  enterprize  in  agricultural  pursuits,  a  great 
portion  of  the  pasture  lands  of  Lincolnshire 
were  converted  into  tillage,  and  Boston  became 
the  principal  port  through  which  the  surplus  pro- 
duce found  its  way  to  market,  and  it  has,  since  the 
commencement  of  the  present  century,  gradually 
been  rising  in  population  and  importance.  The 
number  of  inhabitants,  which  in  180!  was  only 
5,920,  in  1821  amounted  to  10,330.  The  town  is 
situate  on  both  the  banks  of  the  river  Witham, 
over  whicli  is  a  handsome  bridge,  of  one  arch,  of 
cast  iron,  eighty-six  feet  in  span,  a  few  miles 
above  the  entrance  of  the  rive"  ""''  *Vie  sea,  called 
Boston  Wash,  with  which  river,  and  by  canals, 
it  communicates  with  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
interior  of  the  country,  and,  in  addition  to  its  very 
considerable  tr!><-'<-  '<"  f».<«;n  fnr  thq  London  mar- 
ket, it  carries  on  a  airect  trade  with  the  Baltic  for 
deals,  hemp,  tar.  itc.  'l"he  parish  church  founded 
by  St.  Botolrih  in  i;«)y.  is  a  very  stately  edifice, 
being  300  feet  in  Ipmrth.  supported  by  Corinthian 
pillars,  lio-bO»fi  hv  nnuiieo  windows,  and  its  steeple 
ascended  by  stens  corresnonding  in  number  with 
the  months,  weeks  and  rlays,  in  the  year.  The 
steeple  or  fn«;f^r  id  fisrifppt:  111  height,  surmounted 
with  a  lantern,  whicn  serves  as  a  beacon  for  ma- 
ny miles  out  at  sea,  and  the  country  being  very 
level  inland,  it  forins  a  beautiful  and  interesting 
object  in  the  persoective  many  miles  distant. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  recorder,  twelve 
aldermen,  and  eighteen  common  councilmen,  with 
subordinate  ofticers,  who  iire  vested  with  the  ad- 
miralty jurisdiction  of  the  adjoining  coasts.  The 
corporation,  since  1800,  have  erected  a  commodi- 
ous fish  market,  which  is  abundantly  supplied,  and 
large  quantities  are  conve3'ed  into  the  interior 
counties  of  Nottingliam  and  Leicester.  It  has 
four  fairs  annually,  and  two  endowed  schools,  and 
returns  two  members  to  parliament.  It  is  36  m. 
S.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and  UG  N.  of  London.  Lat.  52. 
48.  N.     Long.  0.  2.  W. 

Boston  Deeps,  is  the  sea  channel  of  the  inlet 
called  the  Wash, leading  from  the  German  Ocean 
by  the  Lincolnshire  coast,  up  to  the  port  of  Boston 
The  opposite  side,  which  washes  the  coast  of  Nor- 
folk is  called  Lynn  Deeps.  The  body  of  the  Wash 
is  a  large  shoal,  partly  dry  at  low  water,  and  even 
the  Deeps  are  the  reverse  of  what  their  name  im- 
plies, not  admitting  at  the  most,  vessels  of  more 
than  200  tons  burthen. 


BOS 


113 


BOS 


Boston,  the  capital  of  Massacliusetts,  and  the 
chief  citv  in  New  England,  stands  upon  a  penin- 
sula in  a  capacious  harbour,  at  the  western  ex- 
tremity of  Massachusetts  Bay.  Its  situation  is 
noble  and  coinrnanding,  the  site  being  elevated 
and  the  city  nearly  surrounded  by  water,  so  that 
to  the  eye  of  the  spectator  its  lofty  domes  and 
spires  seems  like  those  of  Venice  to  rise  out  of 
the  waves.  In  the  interior,  there  is  much  irregu- 
larity, and  many  crooked  and  narrow  streets,  but 
there  are  also  in  Boston  a  greater  number  of  ele- 

fant  buildings,  beautiful  sites,  and  objects  that 
isplay  the  wealth,  taste,  and  public  spirit  of  the 
inhabitants,  than  in  any  other  city  of  the  United 
States.     The   beautiful  common  in  the   western 


rart,  occupies  the  southerly  slope  of  Beacon  Hill, 
t  is  a  qte,rter  of  a  mile  in  extent,  surrounded  by 
a  mall  planted  with  elms,  witii  an  open  prospect 
to  the  west  and  fronted  in  other  parts  by  elegant 
buildings.  The  State  House,  which  stands  on  the 
summit  of  the  hill  overlooking  the  common,  and 
indeed  the  whole  city,  is  a  spacious  brick  edifice, 
painted  of  a  stone  colour  and  surmounted  by  a 
lofljr  dome.  The  finest  ornament  of  its  interior, 
is  a  statue  of  Washington  in  white  marble,  by 
Chantry.  Fronting  the  mall,  is  also  St.  Paul's 
church,  built  of  hammered  granite  with  a  fagade 
of  freestone,  exhibiting  six  massy  Doric  columns. 
The  effect  of  the  simple  elegance  of  this  structure 
is  much  injured  by  the  contrast  of  a  huge  gothic 
pile  at  its  side,  the  Masonic  Temple,  whose  lofty 
front,  however,  exhibits  an  imposing  specimen  of 
that  order  of  architecture.  The  Stone  Chapel  is 
the  name  given  to  a  church  of  considerable  an- 
tiquity ;  it  is  a  plain  edifice,  with  a  square  tower, 
surrounded  by  a  Doric  colonnade,  and  the  style  is 
both  chaste  and  dignified.  Trinity  church  is  of 
rough  granite,  in  the  mixed  gothic  style,  with  a 
lofty  tower,  and  its  whole  appearance  is  massy 
and  imposing .  The  congregational  church  in 
Bowdoin  street,i8  another  edifice  in  the  same  style, 
but  smaller.  The  church,  in  ChurcJi  Green,  is  of 
white  granite,  octagonal  in  shape  and  supporting 
a  tall  and  slender  spire  ;  it  is  much  admired  by 
many,  but  is  rather  finical.  The  Brattle  Street 
church  is  worthy  a  stranger's  notice  for  displayin<r 
in  its  front  the  cannon  ball  shot  into  it  during  the 
siege  of  Boston  in  1775.  The  Old  South  church, 
which  the  British  soldiers  turned  into  a  hippo- 
drome while  they  held  possession  of  the  city,  still 
remains,  but  its  locality  is  now  central  and  not 
southerly.  Park  Street  church  at  the  head  of  the 
mall,  has  a  spire  that  towers  above  every  other  in 
the  city.  There  are  besides  these,  many  houses 
of  worship,  not  without  claims  to  notice. 

But  the  structure  which  most  strikes  the  atten- 
tion of  the  stranger,  is  perhaps  Fanueil  Hall  Mar- 
ket.    This  pile  is  536  feet  in  length,  two  stories 
15 


high,  and  is  built  of  white  granite,  with  porticoes 
of  columns  cut  from  a  single  stone.  This  is 
probably  the  handsomest  market-house  in  the 
world,  and  is  fronted  on  both  sides  by  solid  blocks 
of  stone  stores  in  a  uniform  architecture.  The 
street  on  the  north  fi-ont  is  Go,  and  thaton  the  south, 
102  feet  in  width.  In  the  halls  of  the  upper  story, 
are  annually  held  the  great  sales  of  American 
manufactures.  Old  Faneuil  Hall,  immortal  in 
the  annals  of  our  country  as  the  '  cradle  of 
Liberty,'  stands  west  of  tlie  market,  and  is  an  an- 
cient pile  of  brick,  containing  a  spacious  hall,  in 
which  popular  assemblies  are  still  held  and  pub- 
lic dinners,  celebrations,  &c.  are  performed.  The 
Post  Office  and  City  Hall  are  in  the  Old  State 
House,  at  the  head  of  State  Street.  Many  of  the 
banks  are  elegant  stone  edifices.  The  County 
Court  House  is  stone  and  of  handsome  propor- 
tions, but  its  situation  is  unfavourable  for  display, 
and  the  spot  it  occupies  would  be  more  service- 
able for  a  public  square.  The  Massachusetts 
General  Hospital  is  large,  and  elegantly  built  of 
stone ;  it  is  a  monument  of  the  philanthropic 
munificence  of  private  citizens. 

Here  also  the  finest  hotel  in  the  United  States  dis- 
plays the  public  spirit  and  liberality  of  the  Boston 
people.  This  edifice  is  called  the  Tremont  House, 
and  occupies  a  beautiful  situation  ;  its  main  body 
is  granite,  with  an  ^elegant  portico  of  fluted  col- 
ums  cut  from  a  single  stone.  The  wings  in  the 
rear  are  brick  with  stone  basements,  and  with  the 
front,  form  three  sides  of  a  quadrangle.  This 
hotel  contains  nearly  200  apartments,  and  is  un- 
rivalled in  the  country  for  the  excellence  of  its 
accommodations.  There  are  other  structures  for 
public  objec's  worthy  of  attention,  as  the  prisons, 
houses  of  industry,  &c.,  these  are  generally  of 
Quincy  or  Chelmsford  granite,  an  excellent 
Duilding  stone,  of  which  there  is  an  abundance  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  place. 

Alterations  and  additions  have  of  late  years 
vastly  improved  the  appearance  of  Boston.  The 
streets  which  were  formerly  almost  without  an 
exception,  narrow  and  crooked,  have  been  in 
a  great  degree  rendered  wide  and  commodious  ; 
the  old  wooden  structures,  have  in  the  greater 
part  of  the  city  been  replaced  by  handsome  build- 
ings of  stone  or  brick.  In  the  western  part,  par- 
ticularly, there  is  much  neatness  and  elegance. 
The  splendour  of  the  private  buildings  here,  is 
not  equalled  in  any  other  part  of  the  Union. 

The  literary  institutions  of  this  city  are  of  the 
first  order.  The  public  libraries  contain  70,000 
volumes.  The  Boston  Atheneum  is  the  finest  es- 
tablishment of  its  kind  in  the  United  States  ;  its 
library  contains  above  25,000  volumes,  and  a  read- 
ing room,  in  which  the  most  esteemed  periodicals, 
from  all  parts  of  the  world,  may  be  found.  If  we 
add  to  these  the  library  of  Harvard  College,  in  the 
neighbourhood,  of  40,000  volumes,  making  the 
number  of  books  within  the  reach  of  the  citizens 
110,000,  it  must  be  allowed  that  Boston  offers  to 
the  scholar  a  more  advantageous  residence  than 
any  other  spot  in  the  western  world.  The  litera- 
ry character  of  the  citizens  corresponds  to  these 
advantages;  Boston  is  distinguished  for  the  num- 
ber and  talent  of  its  periodical  works  :  the  North 
American  Review,  which  is  allowed  to  be  the 
most  able  of  all  the  literary  journals  of  our  coun- 
try, and  the  only  one  that  has  gained  a  reputation 
in  Europe,  is  published  here.  The  Christian  Ex- 
aminer, which  has  now  enlarged  its  plan,  and  as- 
sumed more  of  a  purely  literary  character,  is  rank- 
ed among  the  first  publications  of  the  day.  The 
k2 


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114 


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periodicals  of  the  city  are  more  than  60,  including 
31  ntjwspapers,  7  of  which  are  daily.  The  pub- 
lic schools  are  not  equalled  in  any  other  city  in 
the  world.  Tlie  ambition  of  the  schola'-s  is  exci- 
ted by  annual  rewards  to  the  most  worthy,  in  the 
shape  of  a  public  dinner  at  Fanouil  Hall  in  com- 
pany with  the  Mayor  and  ofScers  of  tlie  city  ; 
and  the  distribution  of  gold  and  silver  medals, 
the  product  of  a  fund  for  this  purpose  establislied 
by  the  great  Franklin,  who  was  born  in  this 
city.  In  the  department  of  the  fine  arts,  tliere  is 
much  taste  and  liberal  patronage  displayed  here. 
The  annual  exhil)itions  of  paintmgs  in  the  gallery 
of  the  Atheneum  is  the  best  in  the  country,  and  a 
fund  is  collecting  from  its  proceeds  for  the  encour- 
agement of  the  arts. 

This  city  is  distinguished  for  the  early  and  res- 
olute stand  which  it  made  in  favour  of  American 
liberty.  It  was,  in  fact,  the  birth-place  of  our  in- 
dependence, and  the  first  American  blood  shed  by 
the  British,  was  in  the  skirmish  between  the  citi- 
zens of  Boston  and  the  soldiery,  in  State  Street, 
on  the  5th  of  March,  1770,  which  is  known  by  the 


name  of  the  Boston  Massacre.  The  animosity 
occasioned  by  this  occurrence  never  subsided,  and 
six  years  afterward  the  British  were  driven  from 
the  place. 

In  commerce,  Boston  is  the  second  city  in  the 
union,  and  its  trade  is  carried  on  with  every  quar- 
ter of  the  world.  The  yearly  imports  are 
13,000,000  dollars,  and  the  exports  9,000,000. 
The  shipping  of  the  port  amounted  in  1828,  to 
161,r)83  tons.  The  wharves  lierc  are  tlie  finest  in 
thfe  United  States.  Long  Wharf  and  Central 
Wharf  are  each  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
length,  and  covered  with  stores ;  those  of  the 
latter  are  a  solid  pile,  with  an  observatory  in  the 
centre,  where  signals  are  received  by  telegraph 
from  the  islands  in  the  bay.  India  Wharf  has  a 
solid  pile  of  buildings,  of  large  extent.  All  these 
form  spacious  docks,  and  are  furnished  with  broad 
carriage  ways. 

The  manufactures  of  the  city  and  suburbs,  con- 
sist of  glass,  iron,  cordage,  leather,  &c.;  the  finest 
cut  and  crown  glsss  in  the  country  is  made  here. 
TJie  manufacturing  interests  are  strongly  support- 
ed in  Boston,  and  a  great  portion  of  its  capital  lies 
in  the  establishments  of  Lowell,  Waltham  and  oth- 
er manufacturing  towns.  A  railroad  is  in  progress 
from  Boston  to  Lowell,  which,  when  completed, 
will  give  additional  spirit  to  the  manufacturing  in- 
dustry of  the  state  and  contribute  to  the  prosperi- 
ty of  the  capital.  There  are  8  avenues  to  the  city, 
viz.,  G  bridges,  the  neck,  and  the  western  cause- 
way. The  bridges  lead  from  Charlestown,  Cam- 
bridge and  South  Boston  ;  they  are  of  wood,  and 
that  leading  to  Cambridgeport  is  nearly  two  thirds 
of  a  mile  in  lenorth.  The  western  avenue  is  of  solid 


earth,  faced  with  stone,  and  is  a  mile  and  a  half 
in  length.  The  traveller  who  approaches  the  city 
on  a  dark  evening,  admires  the  brilliant  and  pic 
turesque  appearance  of  the  lights  upon  the  aven- 
ues, stretcliing  in  long  lines  across  the  wide  bay 
that  embosoms  tlie  city.  The  western  portion  of 
the  bay  is  enclosed  by  the  causeway  above  mem- 
tioned,  and  serves  for  a  mill-basin. 

The  wealth  of  Boston  is  computed  at  92  millions 
of  dollars ;  probably  no  other  city  of  its  size  can 
be  found  equally  rich.  The  inhabitants,  although 
distinguished  for  beirij;  '  full  of  notions,'  yet  have 
more  of  a  settled  and  permanent  character  than 
those  of  any  other  American  city.  The  high  de- 
gree of  wealth,  education  and  literary  talent 
which  prevails  here,  has  imparted  to  the  upper 
classes  a  portion  of  that  exclusive  feeling,  which, 
for  want  of  a  more  precise  definition  is  called 
aristocracy,  although  there  is  no  wider  distinction 
of  classes  than  such  as  the  natural  operations  of 
society  mark  out.  The  rich,  the  gifted,  and  the 
well-bred,  are  self-complacent  in  the  possession  of 
their  power,  or  superiority,  but  their  pride  is  tem- 
pered with  urbanity  and  never  wears  a  repulsive 
shape.  No  people  are  more  tolerant  in  religion, 
and  they  have  long  since  discarded  every  tiling 
offensive  in  the  strait-laced  puritanism  of  their 
ancestors  ;  yet  no  where  is  the  state  of  moral  feel- 
ing more  correct.  There  are  all  sects  in  religion, 
but  the  Unitarians  are  the  most  numerous,  and 
their  clergy  can  boast  of  some  of  the  ablest  heads 
of  the  day.  The  people  are  noted  for  their  love 
of  parade,  pomp,  and  public  celebrations^  but  the 
occasions  are  generally  well  chosen,  and  the  per- 
formances seldom  offend  good  taste. 

The  facilities  for  travelling  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Boston  are  very  great.  There  are  more 
stage  coaches  running  to  and  from  this  city  than 
any  other  in  America.  Hourly  and  half-hourly 
stages  carry  passengers  to  the  neighbouring  towns 
at  a  very  low  rate.  The  number  of  daily  arrivals 
and  departures  is  about  250.  In  summer  there 
are  steamboats  running  to  Hingham,  Nahant  ana 
the  coast  of  Maine.  The  roads  about  Boston  are 
excellent,  and  tlie  public  houses  of  the  first  order. 
The  country  here  is  exceedingly  varied  and  pic- 
turesque, adorned  with  every  graceful  variety  of 
hill  and  dale,  garden  and  grove,  and  abounding 
in  beautiful  villages  and  elegant  country  seats. 
From  the  dome  of  the  State  House,  the  spectator 
may  look  down  upon  the  whole  city,  the  country 
around  it,  the  harbour  and  bay  sprinkled  with 
beautiful  islands  and  the  ocean  beyond,  forming  a 
panorama  not  surpassed  by  any  view  of  its  kind 
in  tlie  world.  Tlie  harbour  is  capacious,  safe,  and 
impregnable  to  an  enemy.  The  heights  of  Dor- 
chester, which  command  tlie  city  and  harbour 
and  whose  batteries  drove  the  British  from  Bop- 
ton  in  177G,  are  now  within  the  limits  of  tJie  city. 

A  city  government  was  first  adopted  in  iS'Zl  ; 
the  officers  are  a  Mayor,  eight  Aldermen,  and  a 
Common  Council  of  48,  all  elected  by  a  popu- 
lar vote  in  Deceml)er  annually.  With  Chelsea, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  harbour.  Boston  com- 
poses the  county  of  Suffolk,  which  has  G  Senators 
in  the  State  Legislature.  The  city  alone  sends  one 
Representative  to  Congress.  The  yearly  expenses 
are  about  300/100  dollars,  of  which  above  50,000 
are  appropriated  to  the  support  of  common  schools ; 
80,000  for  improving  the  streets  and  30,000  for 
the  poor. 

Boston  was  founded  in  1G30.  Its  name  in  the 
Indian  language  was  Shaumut ;  and  it  was  called 
by  the  settlers   TrcmorU  or  Trivwuntain,  frgm  its 


BOT 


115 


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three  hills.  The  two-hundredth  year  of  the  city- 
was  solemnized  on  the  17th  September  1830  by  a 
splendid  jubilee,  when  all  the  public  ofBcers,  as- 
sociations, &c.,  formed  in  an  immense  procession, 
marched  to  the  Old  South  Church,  the  usual  scene 
for  such  festivities,  and  were  addressed  by  the 
President  of  ITitrvard  College. 


Tlie  census  of  1830  gave  a  return  of  61,392  in- 
habitants for  the  12  wards  within  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  city,  but  taking  in  those  adjoining  parts  of 
Charlestown,  Cambridge  and  Roxbury,  which  are 
to  all  practical  purposes,  so  many  portions  of  the 
capital,  its  whole  population  will  amount  to  about 
80,000.  The  city  proper  has  40  churches ;  19 
banks,  2  theatres,  80  public  schools,  50  bookstores, 
and  is  210  m.  N.  E.  from  New  York  ;  300  N.  E. 
from  Philadelphia;  300  S.  S.  E.  from  Montreal, 
and  436  N.  E.  from  Washington.  It  is  in  N.  lat. 
42.  22.  and  in  W.  long.  71.  3. 

Bof'ton.  p.t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  320  m.  W.  Albany. 
Pop.  1,520. 

Boston,  t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 
BosweUsvUlc,  p.v.  Louisa  Co.  Va.  20  m.  N.  W. 
Richmond. 

Bosioorth.  Market,  a  town  in  Leicestershire, 
Entr.  In  its  vicinity,  in  1468,  was  fought  the  fa- 
mous battle  between  Richard  IIL  and  the  Earl 
of  Richmond,  afterward  Henry  VIL  in  which 
the  former  lost  his  crown  and  life.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill.  13  m.  W.  of  Leicester,  and  106  N.  N. 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  1,117. 

Bosworth,  Husband,  another  town  in  Leicester- 
shire, 14  m  S.  of  Leicester.     Pop.  820. 

Botany  Bay,  a  bay  of  New  South  Wales,  dis- 
covered by  Cook  in  1770,  and  so  called  from  the 
great  quantity  of  herbs,  found  on  the  shore.  Tlie 
promontories  which  form  its  entrance  are  named 
Cnne  Rinks  and  Po'nt  Solander.  It  was  origi- 
nally fixed  on  for  a  colony  of  convicts  from  Great 
Britain,  which  in  the  sequel,  was  established  at 
Port  Jackson,  13  m.  further  to  the  N.  See  Hol- 
land Mio.     Long.  151.  21.  E.  lat.  34.  0.  S. 

Botany  Island,  a  small  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  to  the  S.  E.  of  New  Caledonia.  Long. 
167.  17.  E.  lat.  22.  27.  S. 

Botesdde,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  seated  in  a 
valley,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Bury,  and  86  of  London. 
Pop. "584. 

Botetourt,  an  interior  county  of  the  W.  District 
of  Virgin'a.  lyinrr  between  the  two  most  easterly 
ridges  of  the  Apalachian  mountains.  The  Roan- 
oke and  James  rivers  have  both  their  sources 
within  this  county  ;  and  it  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  valley  over  which  is  the  natural  bridge, 
90  feet  in  length  and  200  feet  above  the  surface 
of  the  water.  (See  Cedar  Creek.)  Pop.  16,354.  Fin- 
castle,  194  m.W  of  Richmond,  is  the  chiof  town. 
Bothnia,    Gulf  of,   a  large  gulf  of  the    Baltic, 


forming  its  northern  continuation,  extending  in  a 
north  by  east  direction,  from  the  Isle  of  Aland,  in 
the  lat.  of  60.  to  ToVnoa,  in  the  lat.  of  66.  N.  and 
having  ah  average  breadth  of  about  3  degrees  of 
long,  between  17.  and  25.  E.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  west  by   Sweden  and  east  by  Finland. 

Bothnia,  East,  the  northern  province  of  Fin- 
land, extending  from  Finland  Proper,  in  tlie  lat. 
of  62.  N.  to  the  line  of  the  arctic  circle,  which 
divides  it  from  Lapland  ;  lying  on  the  east  shore 
of  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  between  21.  and  30.  of 
east  longitude,  bounded  on  the  east  by  tlie  Rus- 
sian Province  of  Olonetz ;  containing  an  area  of 
about  28,000  square  miles,  but  having  only  about 
70,000  inliabitants.  It  is  generally  low  and  marshy, 
intersected  by  lakes  and  small  rivers,  abounding 
with  fish,  some  salmon.  The  climate  is  general- 
ly unfavourable  to  vegetation.  It  has,  however, 
some  herds  of  small  horned  cattle,  and  bears,  and 
other  furred  animals  are  common  ;  and  it  exports 
some  fir  timber,  deals,  tar,  and  pitch.  It  it  di- 
vided into  twenty-eight  parishes  under  the  eccles- 
iastical jurisdiction  of  the  see  of  Abo,  which  fa- 
vours the  tenets  of  Luther.  Tiie  inhabitants, 
with  some  little  exception  of  Swedish,  speak  the 
Finnish  language.  The  chief  towns  are  Kajana 
on  the  east  side,  and  Uleaborg,  Brahestad,  Car- 
leby,  Jacobstadt,  Wasa,  and  Christianstadt  all  on 
the  shores  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  This  prov- 
ince, with  Finland,  was  ceded  by  Sweden  to  Rus- 
sia in  1809. 

Bothnia,  West,  a  province  of  Sweden,  lying 
between  the  west  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia 
and  Lapland,  extending  south  from  Angerman- 
land,  in  the  lat.  of  63,  50.  to  that  of  67.  N.  and  19. 
to  25.  E.  long.  Its  area  is  about  half  that  of  East 
Bothnia,  and  the  population  does  not  exceed  50, 
000.  It  differs  but  little  in  character  from  the 
eastern  province ;  it  abounds  somewhat  more  in 
furred  animals,  which  serve  alike  for  subsistence 
and  traffic.  It  is  intersected  by  numerous  streams, 
all  running  from  west  to  east  into  the  gulf.  The 
four  principal  rising  from  the  mountains  which 
divide  Lapland  from  Norland,  give  name  to  as 
many  districts  and  towns  ;  viz.  Tornea,  at  the  head 
of  the  gulf,  Lulea,  Pitea,  and  Umea,  at  the  south 
extremity  of  the  province,  all  upon  the  coast  of 
the  gulf.  It  contains  some  veins  of  copper  and 
iron  ;  but  its  chief  exports  arc  timber,  deals,  and 
tar.  It  is  under  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction  of 
the  see  of  Ilcrmsand. 

Bot.hiccll,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county  ot 
Lanark,  situate  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Clyde,  be- 
tween Hamilton  and  Glasgow.  It  is  distinguish- 
ed for  the  battle  fought  in  its  vicinitj^  in  1679,  be- 
tween the  covenanters  and  the  royal  forces  com- 
manded by  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  when  the  for- 
mer were  completely  defeated. 

Botlcy,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  6  m.  E.  of 
Southampton,  on  the  river  Hamble,  noted  for  a 
considerable  trade  in  flour.     Pop.  in  1821,  670. 

Bottcsford,  a  village  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.  on 
the  confines  of  Nottinghamshire  and  Lincolnshire, 
7  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Grantham.  Near  it,  on  a  lofty 
f  :ninence,  is  Belvoir  castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the 
dukes  of  Rutland.  In  the  church  are  several 
handsome  monuments  of  that  noble  family  ;  and 
many  Roman  antiquities  have  been  found  in  the 
neighbourhood.     Pop.  1,070. 

Botttehdl,  p.t.  Morris  Co.  N.  J.  15  m.  N.  W.  of 
Elizabethtown. 

Botwar,  a  town  in  the  north  part  of  the  duchy 
of  Wirtemburg,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  15  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Heilbron.     Pop.  about  2,000. 


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Kotzev.,  a  large  town  in  the  interior  of  the  Ty- 
rol, beautifully  located  near  the  junction  of  the 
Eich  and  Eisach,  branches  of  the  Adige  river. 
It  has  some  manufactures  of  silks,  and  has  four 
fairs  annually,  numerously  attended.  The  sur- 
rounding country  produces  excellent  wine.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  March,  ]7il7,  but  re- 
taken by  the  Austrians  immediately  after.  An 
Austrian  commandant  resides  here.  It  is  about 
13  m.  N.  of  Trent.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Botzrmlmrgh,  a  tovn  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Ueker  Mark,  9  m.  S.  W.  of  Prentzlau,  and  about 
50  m.  N.  of  Berlin.     It  has  a  manufacture  of  silk. 

Bouchain.  a  fortified  to^vn  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the 
Scheldt.  It  was  taken  by  the  allies  in  1711,  un- 
der the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  but  retaken  the  year 
following;  and  was  invested  by  the  Austrians  in 
1793,  but  soon  relieved.  It  is  9  m.  W.  of  Valen- 
ciennes. 

liouchart.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre  and  Loire,  situate  on  an  island  in  the  river 
Vienne,  15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Tours. 

Bouchemain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne  and  Loire,  4    m.  S.  of  Angers. 

Bouclfins,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Doubs,  8  m.  E.  of  Besanoon. 

Boudrif,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  County 
of  Neufchatel,  4  m.  S.  W.  of  Neufchatel.  It  was 
the  birth-place  of  Marat. 

Bougainville's  Strait,  on  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  an  island  of  the  same  name  and  the  north 
end  of  Solomon's  Island,  in  the  lat.  of  7.  S.  and 
150.  E.  long. 

Bouillon,  a  town  of  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, with  a  castle,  on  an  almost  inaccesible 
rock.  The  French  took  it  in  1676,  when  Louis 
XIV.  gave  it  to  the  duke  of  Bouillon.  In  1794 
this  town  w.as  taken  by  storm,  by  general  Beau- 
lieu,  after  defeating  a  considerable  body  of  French 
republicans,  and  given  up  to  pillage,  [t  is  sea- 
ted near  the  river  Semoy,  on  the  frontier  of 
France,  6  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Sedan,  and  46  W.  by 
N.  of  Luxemburg. 

Bouillij,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aube,  7  m.  S.  of  Treves. 

Boulai/.  a  town  of  France.  In  the  department 
of  Moselle,  13  m.  N.  E.  of  Metz. 

Boulocrne,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Pas  de  Calais.  It  is  divided  into  two 
towns,  the  Upper  and  the  Lower  ;  the  former  is 
strongly  fortified ;  but  the  latter  is  merely  sur- 
rounded with  walls.  The  port  has  for  a  long 
time  been  so  shallow  that  no  ships  of  burden  could 
enter  it.  But  owing  to  some  recent  improve- 
ment, it  is  represented  to  hold  ten  feet  at  low  wa- 
ter ;  and  a  large  basin  has  lately  been  construct- 
ed to  contain  1 7  feet.  The  harbour  is  protected 
by  a  mole,  to  which  very  strong  fortifications 
have  been  added.  Under  Bonaparte,  Boulogne 
was  made  a  royal  port,  and  no  merchant  vessel, 

firivateers,  nor  even  prizes  were  admitted,  unless 
oaded  with  ordnance  or  military  stores,  being  the 
principal  depot  of  the  armaments  which  he  intend- 
ed for  the  invasion  of  Britain.  Since  the  pear^ 
in  1315,  it  has  been  much  resorted  by  the  Eng- 
'ish,  several  hundreds  of  families  havmg  adopted 
it  as  their  place  of  residence,  who,  subsisting  on 
annuities  paid  out  of  the  taxes  raised  in  England, 
contribute  essentially  to  the  interest  of  the  town 
and  neighbourhood.  Bonaparte  commenced  the 
erection  of  a  tower,  apparently  intended  to  be  car- 
ried to  a  great  height ;  but  it  is  left  in  an  unfinish- 
ed state,  and  its  utility  is  not  very  obvious.     It  is 


16  m.  S.  W.  of  Calais,  in  lat.  50.  46.  N.  and  1. 
37.  E.  long.  There  is  also  another  town  of  the 
same  name  in  France,  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  having  several  tanneries.  It  is  12  m. 
N.  by  W.  of  St.  Gaudins. 

Bourbon,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean,  50  m. 
long  and  '.iT)  broad,  lying  400  m.  east  of  Madagas- 
car. It  has  not  a  safe  harbour,  but  there  are  some 
roads  for  shipping.  On  the  S.  E.  is  a  volcano. 
It  is  a  fertile  island  ;  producinsr,  in  particular,,  the 
finest  cotton,  and  excellent  cofFee.  The  French 
settled  here  in  1672.  It  surrendered  to  the  English, 
after  the  capture  of  the  Isle  of  France,  on  the  3d 
of  December,  1810.  But  Bourbon  was  restored 
at  the  General  Peace  in  1815  ;  since  when,  the 
culture  of  sugar,  coffee,  and  cotton,  has  been  pur 
sued  with  great  avidity,  by  the  aid  of  slaves,  ob 
tained  from  Madagascar.  It  also  produces  a  va- 
riety of  woods,  resins,  gums,  and  flints.  Wild 
goats  and  hogs  abound  in  the  mountains  and 
woods.  The  cattle  in  the  plains  are  numerous  ; 
and  the  coasts  supply  abundance  of  fish.  On 
the  whole,  this  island  affords,  not  only  all  the 
means  of  subsistence,  but  of  enjoyment  in  a  very 
high  degree.  The  white  inhabitants  are  suppos- 
ed not  to  exceed  5,000;  and  the  slaves  about  20,- 
000.  St.  Denis  is  the  chief  town,  in  lat.  20.  52. 
N.  and  55.  30.  E.  long,  about  100  m.  S.  of  the 
Isle  of  France. 

Bourbon,  an  interior  County  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  the  state  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  18,434.  Paris, 
situate  on  a  fork  of  the  south  branch  of  the  Lick- 
ing river,  40  m.  E.  of  Frankfort, is  the  chief  town. 

Bourbon  Lomci/,  a  town  of  France,  on  the  west 
side  of  the  department  of  S.aone  and  Loire,  cele 
brated  for  its  hot  mineral  waters,  and  a  laro-e  mar- 
ble pavement,  called  the  Great  Bath,  which  is  a 
work  of  the  Romans.  It  is  28  m.  S.  W.  of  Autun. 
Pop.  2,800. 

Bouibon  V  Jirchambaud,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Allier,  celebrated  for  its  hot 
baths  and  for  giving  name  to  the  family  of  the 
kings  of  France.  It  is  situate  near  the  river  Al- 
lier, 15  m.  W.  of  Moulins.     Pop.  2,600. 

Bourbonnc  les  Bains,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Marne,  famous  for  its  hot 
baths,  18  m.  E    N.  E.   ofLangres.     Pop.  3,200. 

Bourbonnois,  a  late  province  of  France,  boun- 
ded on  the  north  by  Nivernois  and  Berry,  west 
by  Berry  and  Marche,  south  by  Auvergne,  and 
east  by  Burgundy  and  Forez.  It  abounds  in 
corn,  fruit,  pastures,  wood,  game,  and  wine.  It 
now  forms  the  department  of  Allier. 

Bourbourg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  seated  near  the  river  Aa,  and  on 
a  canal,  that  communicates  with  Calais  and 
Dunkirk,  10m.  S.  W.  of  Dunkirk.     Pop.  4,100. 

Bourg,  which  in  French  signifies  borough,  is 
prefixed  to  the  names  of  about  20  pl.aces  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  France  ;  among  the  more  considera- 
ble are, 

Bourg-en-Brcsse,  the  capital  of  the  department 
of  Ain.  Near  it  is  the  magnificent  churcli  and 
monastery  of  the  Angustins,  which  contains  the 
mausoleum  of  Margaret  of  Austria,  and  of  Charles 
V.  The  principal  commerce  is  in  corn,  horses, 
cattle,  and  white  leather.  It  stands  in  a  marshy 
but  fertile  country,  on  the  river  Ressousso,  36  m. 
N.  E.  of  Lyons,  and  233  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  It  was 
the  birth  place  of  Lalande.     Pop.  about  7,300. 

Bourg-sur-Mrr,  in  the  department  of  Gironde, 
with  a  tide  harbour  on  the  Dordogne,  near  the 
point  of  land  formed  by  the  junction  of  that  river 
with  the   Ga'-onne,  on  its  north  side.     It  has  a 


./ 


y 


BOU 


117 


BOV 


great  trade  in  wine,  and  is  15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bor- 
deaux.    Pop.  2,700. 

Bouriraneuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse.  Here  is  a  lofty  tower,  faced  with 
stones  cut  diamond-wise,  erected  by  Zisiui,  broth- 
er of  Bajazet  II.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  when  he 
was  obliged  to  exile  himself,  after  the  loss  of  a  deci- 
sive battle.  Bourganeuf  is  seated  on  tlie  Taurion, 
20  m.  N.  E.  of  Liiuogcs.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Bjura-es,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  and  an  archiepiscopal  see,  with  a 
university,  founded  by  Louis  XI.  the  Nero  of 
France,  who  w:i3  barn  here.  In  extent,  it  is  one 
of  the  greatest  cities  in  France,  but  the  inhabitants 
hardly  exceed  17,000.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures are  cloth,  woolen  stuiFs,  and  stockings  ;  but 
the  trade  is  inconsiderable.  It  is  seated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Auron  and  Yevre,  25  m.  N.  W.  of 
Nevers,  and  125  S.  of  Paris. 

Bourgct,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  Rhone,  6  ra.  N.  of  Cham- 
berry. 

Bouraneuf,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  deprart- 
ment  ot  Lower  Loire.  The  chief  trade  is  in  salt, 
made  from  the  adjacent  salt-marshes.  It  stands 
on  a  bay  to  which  it  gives  name,  between  the 
isle  of  Noirmoutier  and  the  continent,  20  m.  S. 
W.  of  Nantes.  It  has  an  oyster  fishery  on  the 
coast ;  some  ships  are  also  fitted  out  from  hence 
for  the  Newfoundland  fishery.  Pop.  about  2,000. 
Long.  1.51.  W.  lat.  47.  3.  N. 

Bouroroin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Isere.  Some  hemp  is  raised  in  the  vicinity, 
and  it  has  some  manufactures  of  chintz.  Pop. 
about  3,600. 

Bourgueil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre  and  Loire,  22  ra.  W.  of  Tours.  It  has  a 
Benedictine  abbey  and  castle.     Pop.  about  2,800. 

Bourlos,  a  large  lake,  or  bay,  lying  between  the 
Rose tta  and  Damietta  branches  of  the  Nile.  On 
the  East  Cape  is  a  town  called  Bourlos,  in  the 
lat.  of  31.  3(5.  N.  and  31.  27.  E.  lonw. 

Bourmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Marne,  on  a  steep  mountain,  20  m.  E. 
by  .\    of  Chaumont. 

Bourn,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  It  has  a 
navigable  canal  to.  Boston,  and  is  seated  at  the 
source  of  a  rivulet  that  runs  to  Spalding,  35  ra.  S. 
of  Lincoln,  and  97  N.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
2,242. 

BournalxU,  a  village  in  the  vicinity  of  Smyrna, 
where  Homer  is  said  to  have  written  his  Iliad. 

Bouro,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in  the  Bnn- 
da  Sea,  between  Celebes  and  Ceram,  about  90  m. 
long  and  30  broad.  Some  mountains  in  it  are  ex- 
tremely high,  and  the  sea  on  one  side  is  uncom- 
monly deep.  It  is  represented  as  being  exceed- 
ingly fertile,  yielding  abundance  of  rice.  One  of 
its  peculiar  vegetable  productions  is  the  mc'aleuca 
cuti<roU.a,  from  the  leaves  of  which  the  Cajeput 
oil  is  extracted,  which  forms  one  of  the  principal 
articles  of  traffic.  The  nutmeg,  clove,  cocoa, 
banana,  and  ebony  trees,  as  well  as  the  orange, 
lemon,  citron  &c.,  are  also  common  to  the  island. 
The  natives,  who  live  mostly  in  the  interior,  are 
represented  to  be  as  rude  and  unsocial  as  those  of 
Borneo,  to  whom  they  bear  a  close  affinity  in  fea- 
ture, manner,  and  character.  VV  ild  boars,  goats, 
and  hog  deer,  range  in  the  woods,  which  are  also 
much  infested  with  reptiles,  and  some  of  an  enor- 
mous size.  There  is  a  town  of  the  same  name  on 
the  shore  of  a  commodious  bay,  called  Cajeli,  on 
tlie  north  east  part  of  the  island,  in  lat.  3.  25.  S. 
and  127.  E.  long,  where  the  Dutch  have  a  fort ; 


their  grovelling  policy  precludes  alike  all  social 
improvement  among  the  natives,  whilst  it  consti- 
tutes a  barrier  to  the  attainment  of  all  knowledge 
of  the  details  of  their  numbers,  economy,  and  re- 
sources. Some  Maliometans,  and  natives  of  oth- 
er islands,  who  live  in  subservience  to  the  Dutch, 
inhabit  the  towns  upon  the  coast. 

Bourthes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Pas  de  Calais,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Boulogne. 

Boussac,  a  town  of  France,  in  tiie  department 
of  Creuse,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  25  m.  N.  E.  of 
Gueret. 

Bouton,  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  lymg 
off  the  south  east  promontory  of  tlie  island  of 
Celebes,  about  180  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S. 
and  25  in  breadth.  It  is  in  part  mountainous  and 
woody,  but  in  other  parts  exceedingly  fertile. 
The  natives  appear  to  be  of  Malayan  origin,  pro- 
fessing the  Mahometan  faith.  It  is  governed  by 
a  sultan,  who  lives  in  considerable  state,  and 
whose  authority  extends  over  some  small  islands 
contiguous.  Forts  are  constructed,  on  several  in- 
accessible heights,  in  different  parts  of  the  island. 
It  is  said  to  produce  cotton  of  a  very  superior 
quality,  which  the  natives  manufacture  into 
cloth.  The  north  point  of  the  island  is  in  lat.  4. 
21 .  S.  and  123.  5.  E.  long.  The  Dutch  attempted 
to  establish  themselves  upon  this  island ;  but 
their  perfidy  led  to  a  general  massacre,  and  they 
have  not  since  renewed  the  attempt.  There  is  a 
town  of  the  same  name  at  the  north  west  extremi- 
ty of  the  island,  at  which  the  sultan  usually  re- 
sides. There  is  also  another  island  (a  small  one) 
called  Bouton,  off  the  Malay  coast,  in  lat.  6.  2o. 
N.  and  99.  15.  E.  long. 

Poutanne,  a  river  of  France,  rising  in  the  de- 
partment of  Deux  Sevres,  becomes  navigable  at 
St.  Jean  D'Angely,  and  falls  into  the  Charente 
about  10  miles  above  Rochefort.  There  is  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river, 
about  18  ra.  W.  of  St.  Jean  D'Angely. 

Bouvignes,  a  small  fortified  town  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, on  the  west  bank  of  the  Meuse,  about  14 
m.  S.  of  Namur.  This  is  the  spot  where  a  great 
victory  was  gained  by  Philip  Augustus,  king  of 
France,  over  the  Emperor  Otho  IV.,  A.  D.  1214. 

Bouzdogan,  a  town  in  the  south  west  part  of 
Natolia,  about  18  m.  N.  W.  of  Melasso. 

Bouzok,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  near  the 
north  east  confines  of  Caramania,  and  near  the 
source  of  a  branch  of  tlie  Kisil  Jarmak  River, 
which  falls  into  the  Black  Sea. 

BouzonvUte.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Moselle,  on  the  river  Nied,  27  m.  N.  £. 
of  Metz. 

Bova,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra,  at 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  promontory  of 
Italy.  The  inhabitants  are  supposed  to  be  de- 
scendants of  Albanians,  great  numbers  of  whom 
are  scattered  over  the  adjacent  country.  Pop.  of 
Bova  about  2,300. 

Bardies,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Somme,  6  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Amiens. 

Borenden,  or  Bawarden,  a  town  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Callenberg,  about  3  m.  N.  of  Got- 
tingen. 

Bovense,  or  Borgense,  a  town  on  the  north 
coast  of  tlie  island  of  Funen,  fiwm  whence  there 
is  a  ferry  over  to  Klakring,  in  Jutland. 

Bores,  a  populous  town  in  Piedmont,  a  few  m. 
S.  of  Coni. 

Bovina,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.  76  m.  S.  W 
Albany.     Pop.  1,346. 

Bovino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  seated 


BOX 


118 


BRA 


at  the  foot  of  the   Apennines,  15  m.  N.  E.  of 
Benevento. 

Bote,  or  Stratford  le  Bow,  one  of  the  out  parish- 
es of  London,  on  the  east  side.  The  church  is  4 
miles  from  the  Royal  Exchange.  Bow  is  situate 
at  the  south-cast  extremity  of  the  county  of 
Middlesex,  separated  from  Essex  by  the  river  Lea 
(see  Blackwail).  The  cliurch  is  very  ancient; 
and  an  old  stone  bridge  over  the  river  is  supposed 
to  iiave  been  the  fast  erected  in  England,  and 
the  curve  or  bow  of  the  arch  to  have  given  name 
to  the  town.  Over  this  bridge  is  the  great  outlet 
from  London  to  the  3  eastern  counties  of  England : 
viz.  Essex,  Suffolk,  and  Norfolk.  The  pop.  of 
the  parish  of  Bow  in  1821  was  2,349 ;  and  of 
Bromley,  immediately  contiguous,  4,3(i0.  In  this 
section  of  the  metropolis  are  several  very  exten- 
sive flour-mills,  chyinical  laboratories,  and  other 
works,  the  operations  of  which  are  aided,  con- 
jointly with  steam,  by  the  waters  of  the  Lea. 

Bow,  one  of  the  Society  Isles  at  the  south  east 
extremity  of  the  Cluster,  in  lat.  18.  23.  S.  and 
141.  10.  W.  long.  It  was  discovered  by  Captain 
Cook  on  his  first  voyage  ;  but,  with  130  fathom  of 
line,  no  bottom  could  be  found  for  anchorage.  It 
seemed  barren  ;  but  from  appearance  of  smoke, 
it  was  conjectured  either  to  be  inhabited  or  vol- 
canic. 

Bow,  t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  adjoining  Con- 
cord.    Pop.  1,065. 

Bowdoin,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.     Pop.  2,095. 

Bowdoinliam,  p.t.  in  the  same  Co.     Pop.  2,061. 

Bowerbank,  t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  40  m.  N.  W. 
Bangor.     Pop.  49. 

Bowers,  p.v.  Essex  Co.  Va.  and  Southampton 
Co.  Va. 

Bowes,  a  town  at  the  north  west  extremity  of 
the  county  of  York,  Eng.,  situate  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountains  on  the  frontier  of  Westmoreland, 
on  one  of  the  Roman  military  ways,  now  the  high 
road  from  London  to  Carlisle.  Its  antiquity  is  fur- 
ther manifest,  from  a  stone  in  the  church,  which,  at 
the  commencement  of  tlie  last  century,  was  used 
as  a  Communion  table,  on  which  is  an  adulatory 
inscription  to  the  Emperor  Adrian.  It  holds  a 
market  on  Fridays,  53  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Carlisle,  and 
250  N.  by  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821 , 1,438. 

Bowling  Grten,  there  are  villages  of  this  name 
in  Va.,  Ken.,  Ohio.,  Geo.,  and  Missouri. 

Boicmore,  a  town  of  the  isle  of  Islay,  Scotland, 
on  the  coast  of  Argyleshire,  on  the  east  coast  of 
Loch  Indal.     Pop.  about  700. 

Boicnes,  a  village  in  Westmorland,  Eng.,  on  the 
east  side  of  Windermere-water,  9  miles  west  by 
noith  of  Kendal.  It  is  a  great  mart  for  fish  and 
charcoal ;  and  the  chief  place  for  trading  and 
pleasure  boats  used  in  navigating  the  lake. 

Bowncss,  a  village  in  Cumberland,  Eng.,  at  the 
west  end  of  the  ricts  wall,  on  Solway  frith,  13 
miles  west  by  north  of  Carlisle.  It  was  a  Ro- 
man station,  called  Blatum  Bulgium ;  and  from 
hence  Antoninus  began  his  Itinerary. 

Boxber^,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
ducby  of  Baden,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  an 
eminence  ;  seated  on  the  Tauber,  13  m.  W.  of 
Mergentheim. 

Buxborough,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  Pop. 
474. 

Boxford,  a  village  in  Suffolk,  Eng.,  5  miles 
from  Sudbury.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  malt,  and 
a  manufacture  for  dressing  sheep  and  deer  skins 
in  oil.     Pop.  743. 

Boxford,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Merri- 
mack, 14  ra.  above  Newburyport.     Pop.  937. 


Boxley,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.,  four  miles  north 
of  Maidstone,  famous  for  an  abbey,  founded  in 
1146,  sonic  remains  of  which  still  exist.  In  this 
abbey,  Edward  II.  granted  the  charter  to  the  city 
of  London,  empowering  them  to  elect  a  mayor. 
Pop.  1,166. 

Boxtcl,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  river  Bommel,  and  furnished  with 
sluices.  Here  the  British  and  Dutch  troops,  un- 
der the  duke  of  York,  were  defeated  by  the 
French  in  1794.  It  is  8  m.  S.  of  Bois  le  Due. 
Pop.  2,650. 

Boijdstown,  p.t.  Mecklenburg  Co.  Va. 

Boydsville,  p.t.  Davidson  Co.  Ten.  20  m  fr'.tn 
Nashville. 

Boyle,  a  populous  parish,  and  borough  of  Ire- 
land, in  the  county  of  Roscommon,  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Sligo.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  abbey, 
near  the  lake  Key,  and  manufactures  of  linen  and 
yarn.  It  has  extensive  barracks,  seated  on  the 
river  Boyle,  23  miles  north  of  Roscommon,  and 
86  north  west  of  Dublin.  It  returned  two  mem- 
bers to  the  Irish  parliament  previous  to  the  union. 
Pop.  of  the  town  in  1821,  3,407;  and  of  the  par-'^ 
ish,  including  the  town,  11,181. 

Boyhton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  820. 

Boyne,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  the 
north  part  of  the  county  of  Kildare,  crosses  the 
county  of  Meath,  past  Trim  and  Navan,  and  en- 
ters the  Irish  channel  below  Drogheda.  In  this 
river  and  on  its  banks  James  II.  was  defeated  by 
William  HI.  in  1690. 

Bozolo,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  seated  on  the  Oglio,  15  m.  S.  W.  of 
Mantua. 

Bozrah,  p.t.  N.  London  Co.  Conn.  Pop. 
1,078. 

Bra,  a  large  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  province 
of  Alba,  situate  near  the  junction  of  the  Stura 
with  the  Tanaro  River,  10  miles  south  east  of 
Carmagnola.  Pop.  about  10,000.  Cherasco,  with 
a  further  population  of  about  11,000,  is  situate  on 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  river. 

Bruan,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
which  descends  from  the  hills  east  of  Loch  Tay, 
and  flows  into  the  Tay  above  Dunkeld.  Upon 
this  river  is  a  grand  scene,  at  a  place  called  the 
Rumbling-bridge.  Under  an  arch,  thrown  over  a 
narrow  chasm,  between  two  projecting  rocks, 
the  river  is  precipitated  in  a  fall  of  near  50 
feet. 

Brabant,  a  territory  in  the  north  west  part  of 
Europe,  lying  between  the  lat.  of  50.  30.  and  51. 
35.  N.  and  4.  and  5.  10.  E.  long,  formerly  belong- 
ing to  Austria,  and  afterwards  part  of  the  king- 
dom of  the  Netherlands.  It  will  be  best  under- 
stood divided  into  two  parts  :  viz.  North  or  Dutch 
Brabant,  and  South  or  Austrian  Brabant.  Dutch 
Brabant  lies  north  of  the  Scheldt,  the  north  east 
being  bounded  by  the  Maese,its4  principal  towns 
being  Bergen-op-Zoom,  Breda,  Bois-le-duc,  and 
Endhoven.  South,  or  Austrian  Brabant,  is  bound- 
ed on  the  west  by  the  Dender  and  Scheldt,  south 
by  Namur,  and  east  by  Liege.  This  district  was 
overrun  by  the  French  in  1702,  who  were  driven  * 
back  the  following  3'car;  but  returned  in  1794 
and  effectually  subdued  the  whole  of  the  Austri- 
an Netherlands,  which  were  confirmed  to  them 
by  the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio  in  1797,  and  of 
Luneville  in  1801,  when  they  divided  South  Bra- 
bant into  two  departments;  viz.  Deux  Nethes,  af^ 
ter  the  name  of  two  rivers  which  run  from  N.  to 
S.  uniting  at  Lier,  and  afterward  fall  into  the 
Scheldt;  and  the  Dyle,  named  after  another  river, 


BRA 


119 


%     BRA 


running  from  S.  to  N.  past  Louvain  and  Malines, 
into  the  Nethes,  before  it  ialls  into  the  Scheldt. 
The  forniei  of  these  divisions,  besides  the  towns 
above  mentioned,  contains  the  citj  of  Antwerp, 
and  the  towns  of  Turnhout  and  Herenthals,  and 
numerous  villages ;  and  the  latter,  Brussels, 
Arschot,  Tirelmont,  &c.  &c.  With  some  partial 
exceptions,  this  is  a  very  fertile  and  important 
district;  it  yields,  after  supplying  its  inhabitants 
with  abundance  of  all  things  necessary  for  sub- 
sistence and  comfort,  a  surplus  of  flax  and  of 
wheat  of  very  superior  qualiiy.  It  was  annexed 
to  Holland  at  the  general  peace ;  and  Brussels 
made  the  seat  of  government  in  alternate  years 
with  the  Hague  (see  Netherlands.)  Tlie  inhabitants 
are  Catholics,  and  speak  the  French  language. 

Bnuadale,  a  town   and  parish  of  Scotland,  on 
the  west  coast  of  the  isle  of  Skye,  which  in  1821 
contained  a  pop.  of  2.103. 
,  Bracciano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 

St.  Peter,  celebrated  for  manufactures  of  paper, 
the  ruins  of  Veia,  and  some  warm  baths  in  its 
vicinity.  It  is  situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
,name,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Rome. 

BraccigUuno,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citeriore,  7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Salerno. 
Braceniile,  p.t.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 
Bracken,  a  frontier  county  on  the  north  east 
side  of  Kentucky,  bounded  by  the  Ohio  River. 
Pop.  6,392.  Augusta,  on  the  Ohio,  90  m.  N.  E. 
of  Frankfort,  is  the  chief  town. 

Brachcnheim,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Wirtem- 
berg,  about  G  miles  W.  of  the  Necker  at  LaufFen, 
and"  18  N.  of  Stutgard.  Pop.  about  1,500.  It 
has  a  well  endowed  hospital. 

Brarldetj,  a  borou  >h  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
It  contains  two  churches,  and  had  formerly  a 
college,  now  a  free-school.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ouse,  18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Northampton,  and  G3 
N.  W.  of  London.  It  returns  two  members  to 
parliament.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,8-51. 

Braclmc,  a  strong  town  in  the  south  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  capital  of  the  Palatinate  oi  its 
name,  in  Podolia.  It  stands  on  the  river  Bog,  85 
m.  E.  of  Kaminieck. 

Bradfield,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  seated  on  the 
river  Blackwater,  IG  m.  N.  of  Chelmsford,  and  44 
N.  N.  E.  of  London.     Pop.  822. 

Brculfield,  is  also  the  name  of  a  township,  in 
the  parish  of  Ecclesfield,  Eng.  6  miles  north  of 
Sheffield,  in  the  manufactures  of  which  it  is  ex- 
tensively occupied.  Pop.  in  1821,  5,.2'.)8.  It  is 
also  tlic  name  of  seven  other  towns  and  villages 
in  different  parts  of  England,  all  inconsiderable. 
Bradford,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  It  is  the 
centre  of  the  greatest  fabric  of  superfine  cloths  in 
England,  and  is  eminent  for  the  nicest  mixtures. 
There  are  about  twenty  extensive  establishments. 
It  stands  on  the  side  of  a  rocky  hill,  on  the  Lower 
Avon,  10  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Warminster,  and  100 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  10,231. 

Bradford,  a  large  and  populous  parish  and  town 
in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.  in  which 
manufacturing  industry  manifested  itself  as  strong- 
ly during  the  first  20  years  of  the  present  centu- 
ry, as  in  any  part  of  the  kingdom.  The  town, 
which  in  1801  contained  a  pop.  of  only  6.393,  and 
in  1811  of  7,767,  in  1821 ,  contained  13,064,  and  the 
aggregate  of  the  parish  52,954,  which  in  1311  was 
^  only  36,358.  In  the  town  there  are  about  forty 
large  dealers  in  wool,  about  30  large  establish- 
ments for  the  spinning  of  ditto,  and  sixty  factories 
for  the  weaving  of  ditto,  into  various,  kinds  of 
stuffs.     It  has  five   or  six  extensive  iron  foun  ■ 


dries,  as  many  machine  manufactories,  and  several 
employers  both  in  the  manufacture  of  hats  and 
combs  ;  and,  that  there  may  be  no  lack  of  un- 
ceasing toil,  the  cotton  manufacture  has  also  es- 
tablished itself  in  the  parish.  The  town  is  situate 
at  the  foot  of  the  ridge  of  mountains  which  divides 
the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshire  from  Lancashire, 
on  the  banks  of  a  small  river,  falling  into  the  Aire, 
on  the  south  side.  It  has  also  the  advantage  of  a 
collateral  cut  to  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  canal ; 
and  consequently  a  facility  of  communication,  of 
water,  with  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  sur- 
rounding country  abounds  in  iron  ore,  coal,  flag- 
stones, and  slates.  The  parish  church  is  a  stately 
Gothic  edifice  :  a  new  church,  built  by  subscrip- 
tion, was  opened  in  1815.  It  has  several  other 
religious  places  of  worship,  a  free  grammar 
school,  and  a  market  hall  for  the  exhibition  of  the 
worsted  stuffs  brought  for  sale  ;  It  is  10  m.  W.  of 
Leeds,  and  9  N.  E.  of  Halifax. 

Bradford,  derived  from  two  Saxon  words  imply- 
ing Brofidford,  is  the  name  of  six  other  towns  and 
villages  in  different  parts  of  England,  situate  on 
the  banks  of  streams  tliat  formerly  used  to  be 
forded. 

Bradford,  a  county  in  the  E.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bordering  on  New  York.  It  is  intersec- 
ted by  the  east  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  river, 
which  receives  numerous  collateral  branches 
flowing  from  all  directions  within  the  county. 
Pop.  19,669.  Towanda,189  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Harris- 
burg,  is  the  chief  town. 

£ra<//orrf,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  80  m.  fr. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,285. 

Bradford,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Merri- 
mack, opposite  Haverhill.  Pop.  ],856.  This  town 
has  some  ship-building  and  manufacture  of  shoes. 
It  is  10  ni.  from  Newburyport. 

Bradford,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  53  m.  S.  E. 
Montpelier.  Pop.  1,507. 

Bradford,  East  and  West,  towns  in  Chester 
Co.  Pa. 

Bradford,  t.  Clearfield  Co.  Ohio. 
Brading,  a  corporate  town  of  Hampsliire,  Eng. 
near  the  east  angle  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  at  the 
head  of  a  large  haven,  which  admits  small  vessels 
to  the  quay  at  hi<rh  water.  It  is  6  m.  E.  of  New- 
port, and  8  S.  of  Portsmouth.  Pop.  in  1821,  2,023. 
Bradley,  derived  from  two  Saxon  words,  broad 
ley,  the  latter  signifying  meadow  or  pasture 
land,  is  the  name  of  about  twenty  towns  and  vil- 
lages in  different  parts  of  England  ;  all  inconsider- 
able. And  Brad  precedes  different  terminations, 
names  of  about  twenty  other  towns  and  villages 
in  England  ;  all,  likewise,  inconsiderable. 

Bruga,  a  city  of  Portugal,  capital  of  Entre- 
Douro'e-Minho,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop, 
primate  •  f  Portugal.  It  contains  four  churches, 
besides  the  cathedral,  and  ei^ht  convents.  There 
are  some  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  an  aque- 
duct. It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the 
Cavado,  about  25  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Oporto,  and  180 
m.  N.  of  Lisbon. 

Braganza,  a  city  of  Portugal  in  Tras  os  Montes, 
capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  is  di- 
vided into  the  old  and  new  town  :  the  former  is 
on  an  eminence,  surrounded  bj'  double  walls,  now 
in  ruins  ;  and  the  latter  is  on  a  plain,  at  the  foot 
of  a  mcantain,  defended  by  a  fort.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Fervanza,  32  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Miranda, 
and  88  N.  E.  of  Oporto.  The  duchy  was  con- 
stituted in  1442,  and  the  possessor  of  the  title  was 
raised  to  the  throne  of  Portugal  in  1640,  and  haa 
continued  i**  succession  to  the  present  time 


BRA 


120 


BRA 


Brahestad,  one  of  the  five  principal  towns  of 
the  Russian  province  of  East  Bothnia,  situate  on 
the  east  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  about  30 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Uleaborg,  in  lat.  64.  40.  N.  and 
24.  30.  E.  long. 

Braila,  Brakilow,  or  Piraila,  a  fortified  town  of 
European  Turkey,  situate  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Danube,  at  the  east  extremity  of  the  province 
of  Wallachia,  a  few  uiiles  south  of  Galatz,  and 
about  320  N.  by  W.  of  Constantinople. 

Brailoto,OT  Brakylow,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Po- 
dolia,  on  the  river  Bog,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Braclaw. 

Braincrd,  a  missionary  station  in  Tennessee, 
on  the  Tennessee  river,  about  140  m.  S.  W. 
Knoxville. 

Brain  le  Comte,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Haiuault,  15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Brussels.  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Braintree,  a  town  in  Esse.x,  Eng.  It  has.  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  baize,  and  is  joined 
on  the  north  by  the  e.xtensive  village  of  Booking. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Blackwater,  11  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Chelmsford,  and  40  m.  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop. 
2,983. 

Braintree,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,209. 

Braintree,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  8  m  S.  by  E. 
of  Boston.  Pop.  1,752.  It  was  the  birth  place  of 
John  Adams  second,  and  father  of  the  sixth 
president  of  the  United  States. 

BrairUrem,  p.t.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Sus- 
quehannah. 

Brake! ,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Paderborn,  on  the  rivulet  Brught,  16  m.  E. 
oi  Paderborn. 

Bralio,  a  mountain  of  the  Alps,  in  the  countrj'' 
of  the  Grisons,  which  separates  the  valley  of 
Munster  from  the  county  of  Bormio.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  same  which  Tacitus  mentions 
under  the  name  of  Juga  Rha3tica. 

Bramant,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  tlie  river  Arc, 
20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  St.  Jean  do  Maurienne. 

Brambcr,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  Eng.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Adur,  immediately  contijuous  to 
Steyning,  51  m.  S.  by  W.  of  London.  Each  place 
returns  two  members  to  parliament.  Pop.  of 
Bramber  98  and  of  Steyning,  1,324. 

Brampton,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  On 
the  top  of  a  high  hill  is  a  fortified  trench,  called 
the  Mote.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Irthing,  9 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Carlisle,  and  311  N.  N.  W.  of 
London.  Pop.  in  1821,2,921. 

Brampton,  is  the  name  of  twelve  other  towns 
and  villages  ;  and  Bram,  derived  from  a  Saxon 
word  implying  a  bushy  country,  precedes  the 
termination  of  the  names  of  upwards  of  twenty 
other  towns  and  villages  in  different  parts  of 
England,  all  inconsiderable. 

Bramstedt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Hol- 
stein,  near  which  is  a  medicinal  spring.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Bram,  21  m.  N.  of  Hamburg. 

Branaio,  or  Braunau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  confines  of  Silesia,  with  a  manufacture  of 
coloured  cloth,  11  m.  N.  W.  of  Glatz. 

Brancaleone,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Bova,  at  the  south  ex- 
tremity of  the  peninsula. 

Brancaster,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  4  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  Burnham.  It  was  the  ancient  Brano- 
dunum,  a  considerable  Roman  city,  and  has  now 
a  considerable  trade  in  malt. 

Branchtoicn,  p. v.  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa. 

Branchville,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  78  m.  N. 
Trenton. 

BrandeiSf  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 


Kaurzim,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river  Elbe,  10 
N.  E.  of  Prague. 

Brandenburg,  electoral  marquisate  of,  an  inte- 
rior and  irregularly  shaped  territory  of  Europe, 
in  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  lying  between  the 
lats.  of  51.  45.  and  54.  N.  and  11.  and  16.  of  E.  . 
long.  It  is  separated  from  the  Baltic,  on  the 
north,  by  Mecklenburg  and  Pomerania;  bounded 
on  the  east  by  Prussian  Poiana,  and  on  the  south 
by  the  duchy  of  Saxony  and  principality  of  An- 
halt,  and  on  the  west  by  Magdeburg.  Its  area 
may  be  estimated  at  about  12,000  square  miles. 
From  the  tenth  to  the  fifteenth  century  this 
territory  passed  under  various  governments  sub- 
ject to  Poland,  when,  in  1417,  it  was  vest- 
ed in  perpetuity,  by  the  emperor  Sigismund, 
with  consent  of  the  Germanic  confederacy,  to 
Frederic  VI.  of  Nuremberg,  and  his  descendants; 
a  succeeding  margrave  having  been  acknowledg- 
ed sovereign  of  the  then  duchy  of  Prussia  which  ^ 
in  1701  was  converted  into  a  kingdom.  The  . 
seat  of  government  was  transferred  from  Konigs- 
berg,  in  Prussia,  to  Berlin  in  Bradenburg,  which 
has  thereby  become  the  chief  part  of  the  Prus- 
sian dominions.  It  is  divided  into  the  five  fol- 
lowing parts:  viz.  the  Old  Mark,  west;  Prignitz, 
north-west;  Middle  Mark,  south;  Ucker  Mark, 
north  ;  and  the  New  Mark,  on  the  east.  It  is  in 
part  a  sandy  and  sterile  district ;  but  having  the 
advantage  of  several  navigable  rivers,  and  by  the 
aid  of  culture,  it  is  rendered  tolerably  productive 
in  all  that  is  necessary  for  subsistence  and  com- 
fort. The  bigoted  edict  of  Nantes,  which  in 
1685  drove  thousands  of  the  most  industrious 
and  intelligent  of  the  manufacturing  population 
of  France  from  their  homes,  led  a  number  of 
them  to  settle  in  this  part  of  Europe,  where  they 
introduced  their  respective  occupations  in  the 
manufacture  of  silk  and  worsted  stuffs,  which 
now  contributes  essentially  to  the  reciprocal  bene- 
fit of  the  various  classes  of  the  country.  The 
principal  rivers  are,  1st,  the  Oder,  which  enters 
the  New  Mark  from  the  south,  runs  north,  past 
Frankfort,  Kustrin,  and  Schwedt,  through  Pom- 
erania,  into  the  Baltic  ;  2nd,  the  Netze,  enters  the 
New  Mark  from  the  east,  and  falls  into  the  Oder 
at  Kustrin ;  3rd,  the  Spree,  enters  the  Middle 
Mark  from  the  south,  runs  west  by  north,  falling 
into  t;ie  Havel  west  of  Berlin  ;  4th,  the  Havel, 
rises  near  the  south  confines  of  the  Ucker  Mark, 
runs  south  to  Potsdam,  when  it  makes  a  circui- 
tous course  west,  to  the  town  of  Brandenburg,  then 
north  to  Havelberg,  where  it  falls  into  the  Elbe  ; 
5th,  the  Elbe,  from  the  south-east,  divides  the  Old 
Mark  from  the  Prignitz ;  the  Havel  is  also  united 
with  the  Elbe  by  a  canal  across  the  principality  of 
Magdeburg  from  Brandenburg  past  Gentin  ;  and 
with  the  Oder  by  another  canal  from  Liebenwalde, 
past  Neustadt,  to  Oderberg ;  the  Spree  is  also 
united  with  the  Oder  by  a  canal  from  the  south- 
east extremity  of  the  Middle  Mark  to  the  point 
where  the  Oder  enters  the  New  Mark  from 
Lusatia.  The  population  of  this  part  of  the 
Prussian  dominions  amounts  to  about  1 ,250,000, 
who  contribute  a  money  tax  equal  to  about  4,500, 
000  dollars  per.  annum.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  dissenters  from  the  church  of  Rome,  in- 
dulging in  the  peculiar  tenets  of  Luther,  who 
promulgated  his  doctrines  at  Wittemberg  ;  and 
some  of  Calvin  ;  but  the  state  makes  no  distinc- 
tion ;  religious  profession  be  it  what  it  may,  being  •* 
no  obstacle  to  civil  service.  The  following  is  a 
stivtement  of  the  principal  towns  in  each  of  the 
five    divisions  ;  viz.    Prignitz,   Witteml)erg,  Put 


BRA 


ISt 


BRA 


litz,  Perleberg;  Old  Mark,  Werben,  Osterberg, 
Kalbe ;  Middle  do.  Brandenburg,  Potsdam,  Ber- 
lin ;  Ucker  do.  Prenzlo,  Boytzenburg,  An^er- 
munde  ;  JV'etc  do.  Fulkenburgh,  Arenswald,  Kus- 
trin. 
I  Brandenburg,  the    city   which   gives  name  to 

the  preceding  territory,  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
.  old  and  new :  the  former  on  the  north  bank  of 
•  the  river  Havel,  and  the  latter  on  tJie  south.  It 
is  a  place  of  considerable  antiquity,  supposed  to 
have  been  first  founded  by  the  Sclavonians,  and 
fortified  in  the  early  part  of  the  tenth  century,  as 
a  barrier  against  the  incursions  of  the  Huns.  It 
has  various  manufactures.  Pop.  about  13,000.  It 
is  about  30  miles  S.  of  Havelsberg,  and  about  the 
same  distance  W.  of  Berlin.  There  are  two  other 
towns  named  Brandenburg ;  one  in  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  surrounded  by  walls.  The  streets  are 
wide  and  straight,  the  church  of  St.  Mary  is  a 
large  structure,  and  the  townhouse  is  worthy  of 
notice.  It  is  situate  on  the  Tollensee,  72  m.  N. 
of  Berlin  :  and  the  other  in  East  Prussia,  with  an 
ancient  castle,  at  the  south  end  of  the  Frische 
Half,  13  ra.  S.  W.  of  Konigsberg. 

Brandon,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  It  stands 
on  the  Little  Ouse,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  and  a 
ferry  a  mile  below  for  conveying  goods  to  and 
from  the  isle  of  Ely.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  com, 
malt,  coal,  timber,  &c.  and  in  the  vicinity  are  ex- 
tensive rabbit  warrens.  It  is  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Bury,  and  78  N.  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,770. 

Brandon,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.    Pop.  1,940. 

Brandyicine,  a  river  of  Chester  county,  in  the 
south  east  pari  of  Pennsylvania,  which  falls  into 
the  Delaware  a  little  below  Wilmington.  It  is 
distinguished  in  American  history  for  a  defeat 
sustained  by  the  revolutionary  army,  on  the  11th 
of  September,  1777. 

Brandywine,  towns  in  Chester  Co.  Pa.  and 
Newcastle  Co.  Del. 

Branford,  p.t.  New  Haven  Co.  Con.  Pop. 
2,333. 

BraslavB,  or  Breslau,  a  city  of  Lithuania,  in 
the  palatinate  of  Wilna,  on  the  north  side  of  a 
lake  which  communicates  with  the  Dwina,  76  m. 
N.N.  E.  of  Wilna. 

Brassa,  or  Br  essay,  one  of  the  Shetland  islands. 
Between  this  and  the  principal  island,  called 
Mainland,  is  the  noted  Brassa  Sound,  where  1,000 
sail  of  vessels  may  at  once  find  commodious 
mooring. 

Brassaw,  or  Cronstadt,  a  strong  town  in  the 
south  east  part  of  Transylvania,  on  the  river 
Burezel,  50  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Hermanstadt. 

Brattleboro,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Con- 
neticut.     Pop.  2,141. 

BrattonvUU,  p. v.  Prince  William  Co.  Va 

Brava,  a  republic  on  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  kingdom  of  Magadoxa,  and  the  only  one  in 
Africa.  It  was  founded  by  seven  Arabian  breth- 
ren, who  fled  hither  from  the  tyranny  of  Lacah, 
a  petty  monarch  of  Arabia,  Finding  a  most  de- 
lightful situation  between  two  rivers,  near  their 
confluence  into  the  Indian  Ocean,  they  built  the 
city  of  Brava,  which  is  now  large  and  populous, 
and  the  greatest  mart  on  all  the  coast.  Its  mer- 
chants are  rich,  carrying  on  an  extensive  trade  in 
gold,  silver,  elephants'  teeth,  ambergris,  silk,  cot- 
ton, and  other  stuffs.  The  republic  is  under  the 
protection  of  the  king  of  Portugal,  for  which  they 
pay  a  tribute  of  about  £20  annually.  The  city  of 
Brava  lies  in  long.  43.  25.  E.  lat.  1.  20.  N. 

Brava,  on«  of  the  Cape  Verd  islands,  12  miles 
16 


W.  S.  W.  of  Fuegq,  and  inhabited  by  the  Portu 
guese.  The  land  is  high  and  mountainous,  but 
fertile  ;  and  horses,  beeves,  asses,  and  hogs  are 
numerous.  It  has  three  harbours,  but  Porto  Fer 
reo  on  the  south  side  is  the  best  for  large  ships 
Long.  24.  31).  W.  lat.  14.  52.  N. 

Braubach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Wester- 
wald,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  8  m.  S. 
of  Coblentz. 

Braunau,  a  fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  elector.  In  1742  it  was  taken 
by  the  Austrians ;  and,  in  1777,  by  the  peace  of 
Teschen  the  town  and  its  district  were  ceded  to 
Austria.  In  1805  it  was  captured  by  the  French 
and  Bavarians.  It  is  seated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  river  Inn,  on  the  frontier  of  Upper  Austria, 
28  m.  S.  W.  of  Passau,  to  which  country  it  now 
belongs. 

Braunau,  a  town  on  the  eastern  frontier  of  the 
circle  of  Koningsgratz,  bordering  on  Silesia.  It 
is  a  manufacturing  town,  and  has  a  rich  Benedic- 
tine abbey. 

Braunfels,  capital  of  the  county  of  Solms.  Here 
is  a  magnificent  palace,  the  seat  of  the  prince  of 
Solms-Braunfels ;  and  near  it  is  the  decayed  cas- 
tle of  Solms.  It  is  seated  near  the  Lahn,  10  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Wetzlar.  Long.  8.  28.  E.  lat.  50.  30. 
N. 

Braunshurg,  a  town  of  west  Prussia,  in  Erme- 
land.  It  has  an  academy  for  catholics,  establish- 
ed in  1783 ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Passarge,  near 
its  entrance  into  the  Frische  Haff.  It  exports 
great  quantities  of  linen  yarn  to  England,  18  m. 
N.  E.  of  Elbing.     Long.  19.  58.  E.  lat.  54.  30.  N. 

Braunston,  a  village  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
four  miles  N.  W.  of  Daventry,  and  72  from  Lon- 
don, on  the  confines  of  Warwickshire.  Here 
commences  the  Grand  Junction  canal,  under  a 
tunnel  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  to  the 
Thames,  which,  with  the  Oxford  and  Coventrjr 
canals,  render  it  the  central  place  of  inland  navi- 
gation.    Pop.  1,238. 

Bray,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Wick- 
low,  seated  on  the  river  Bray,  near  St.  George's 
channel,  10  m.  S.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,481. 

Bray,  a  village  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  one  mile 
south  of  Maidenhead.  It  is  famous  in  song  for 
its  vicar,  who  was  twice  a  papist  and  twice  a  pro- 
testant,  in  four  successive  reigns,  and  when  taxed 
with  being  a  turncoat,  said,  he  always  kept  to  his 
principle,  'to  live  and  die  vicar  of  Bray.'  Pop. 
in  1821,  3,159. 

Brazil,  a  vast  territory  of  South  America,  lying 
between  the  lat.  of  4.  N.  and  34.  S.  and  35.  and 
72.  of  W.  long,  but  being  triangular  in  form,  con- 
verging into  a  point  southerly,  its  area  will  not 
exceed  2,000,000  of  square  miles,  though  estima- 
ted by  some  writers  as  exceeding  3,000,000.  The 
first  discovery  of  Brazil  has  been  claimed  for  a 
Martin  Behem,  who  is  said  to  have  visited  it  in 
1487,  but  the  credit  of  making  it  known  to  Euro- 
peans is  assigned  to  the  Portuguese  admiral,  Pedro 
Alvarez  Cabral,  who  sailed  from  Lisbon  on  the 
9th  of  March,  1500,  with  a  squadron  of  thirteen 
sail,  destined  for  the  East  Indies ;  when  stretch- 
ing more  than  usual  to  the  westward  to  avoid  the 
calms  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  he  accidentally  dis- 
covered this  fine  territory  in  the  lat.  of  16.  south, 
on  the  24th  of  April ;  and  having  communicated 
with  the  natives,  who  manifested  a  social  disposi- 
tion, anchored  his  squadron  in  the  Bay  of  Porto 
Seguro,  and  on  the  following  day  landed  and 
planted  the  cross,  and  took  possession  of  the  ter- 
ritory in  the  name  of  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal 


BRA 


199 


BRA 


For  nearly  filly  years,  however,  it  was  but  little 
appreciated  ;  there  being  no  indications  of  gold, 
silver,  or  gems,  upon  the  coast :  it  was  merely 
used  as  a  place  of"  transportation  for  criminals, 
the  ships  conveying  tliem,  carrying  back  nothing 
but  the  red  wood  so  important  m  dyeing  ;  and  its 
capabilities  would  probably  have  remained  much 
longer  undisclosed,  but  for  the  banishment  of  the 
Jews  from  Portugal  in  154[l,  who,  by  the  assistance 
of  their  friends  in  other  parts  of  the  world,  intro- 
duced the  sugar-cane  from  Maderia,  which  flour- 
rished  to  such  a  degree  as  .s:/on  to  render  it  an  ob- 
ject of  great  importance.  Although  its  profuse 
treasures  of  gold,  silver,  and  gems,  remained  un- 
disclosed, enougli  liad  been  discovered,  and  the 
celebrity  of  the  colony  became  sufficiently  general 
by  the  close  of  the  century,  to  excite  the  jealousy 
and  cupidity  alike  of  the  French,  Spaniards,  and 
Dutch.  In  1724  the  Dutch  dispatched  a  squadron 
under  the  command  of  Admiral  Willikens,  who 
succeeded  in  taking  possession  of  St.  Salvador,  or 
Bahia,  the  principal  settlement,  and  proclaimed 
the  conquest  of  the  whole  territory.  The  Span- 
iards next  sent  a  formidable  squadron,  who  com- 
pletely dislodged  the  Dutch  ;  but,  in  1630,  tlie 
Dutch  again  returned  to  the  country  with  a  force 
of  not  less  than  forty-six  armed  ships,  and  after 
seven  or  eight  years  of  continued  warfare,  suc- 
ceeded in  extending  their  influence  over  more 
than  half  the  country  ;  but  their  oppressive,  mean, 
and  grovelling  policy  became  so  obnoxious  to  the 
settlers  as  to  render  their  tenure  exceedingly 
precarious.  After  various  collisions  and  alterna- 
tions of  success  between  Dutch,  Spaniards,  and 
Portuguese,  towards  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  the  Dutch  by  treaty  ceded  all  their  inter- 
est to  the  Portuguese,  and  the  influence  of  the 
Spaniards  having  been  previously  subverted,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  18th  century  the  whole 
territory  came  into  the  possession  of  tlie  Portu- 
guese. With  them  it  remained  for  more  than  a 
century,  silently  advancing  in  cultivation  and  im- 
portance, though,  comparatively  speaking,  but 
little  known  to  the  world  until  the  events  of  the 
twenty  years'  war  growing  out  of  the  French 
revolution  in  1793,  led,  in  1807,  to  the  emigration 
of  the  Portuguese  court  from  Lisbon,  to  Rio  Ja- 
neiro. 

From  this  period,  the  barriers  which  had  pre- 
viously confined  the  intercourse  of  Brazil  to  Por- 
tugal, were  at  once  annihilated,  and  its  features, 
condition,  character,  and  resources,  laid  fairly 
open  to  the  view  and  intercourse  of  the  world. 
Since  then,  cultivation  lias  been  vastly  extended, 
and  its  supply  of  productions  doubled,  trebled, 
and  in  some  cases,  quadrupled.  For  purposes  of 
civil  and  military  jurisdiction,  it  has  been  divided 
into  the  thirteen  following  districts,  viz.  1st,  Gui- 
ana, comprising  the  whole  extent  of  country  north 
of  the  main  branch  of  the  Amazon  river,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  New  Colombian  Territory 
and  French  Guiana.  2d,  Para,  which  comprises 
a  vast  tract  extending  from  the  frontier  of  Peru, 
the  whole  breadth  of  tlie  country  parallel  with 
Para,  south  of  the  main  branch  of  the  Amazon  to 
*he  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  following  nine  border 
i>n  the  Atlantic  coast,  beginning  at  the  north : 
viz. 

3.  Maranham.  8.  Rio  Janeiro. 

4.  Seara.  9.  St.  Paul. 

5.  Pernambuco  10.  St.  Catherine. 
G.  Bahia.                          1 1 .  Rio  Grande. 
7.  Minas  Geraes. 

I'l.  Goi;is,  interior ;  and  13.  Matto  Grosso,  on  the 


frontier  of  the  United  Provinces  of  Buenos  Ayres 
The  extent  and  production  of  each  of  these  dis- 
tricts will  be  more  fully  elucidated  under  their 
respective  heads.  Independent  of  the  noble  river 
Amazon,  which  has  one  of  its  sources  near  tlie 
shore  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  by  numerous  col- 
lateral branches  opens  a  communciation  with  the 
whole  interior  of  Peru,  and  dividing  the  before- 
mentioned  provinces  of  Guiana  and  Para.  The 
Maderia,  Tapajos,  Xingu,  Araguay,  and  the  Toc- 
antins,  all  flowing  from  the  south  into  the  Amazon, 
intersect  all  the  interior  and  nortliern  part  of 
Brazil;  whilst  the  Paraguay,  and  Parana,  with 
innumerable  branches,  intersect  all  the  southern 
part,  running  south  into  the  great  river  La  Plata. 
In  addition  to  these  the  Pinare,  Barbadoes,  Parai- 
ba,  St.  Francisco,  and  numerous  others  of  minor 
note,  water  all  the  maritime  provinces  falling  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

A  chain  of  mountains  intersects  the  maritime 
provinces  from  south  to  north,  from  Rio  Grande 
to  the  St.  Francisco  River,  which  separates  the 
province  of  Bahia  from  Pernambuco.  The  ground 
rises  gradually  from  the  coast  to  the  summit  of 
this  ridge,  which  varies  in  altitude  from  3,C00  to 
5,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Westward 
of  this  ridge,  the  ground  gradually  slopes  till  it 
again  ascends  to  form  another  mountain  ridge  of 
somewhat  greater  altitude  than  the  preceding, 
dividing  Goias  from  the  maritime  provinces,  and 
running  east  of,  and  parallel  with,  the  Tocantins 
to  its  entrance  into  the  Para  mouth  of  the  Ama- 
zon. From  this  chain  a  collateral  ridge  branches 
off",  intersecting  the  province  of  Seara,  in  a  direc- 
tion from  south  to  north,  to  near  the  shore  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Over  so  vast  a  tract  of  land,  it  cannot  be  imag- 
ined that  the  climate  will  be  foundat  all  equal,  or 
the  seasons  uniform.  The  northern  provinces 
are  subject  to  heavy  rains,  variable  winds,  torn;^- 
does,  storms,  and  the  utmost  fury  of  the  elements  ; 
while  the  southerly  regions  are  favoured  with  all 
the  comforts  which  a  fine  fertile  soil  and  temper- 
ate climate  can  afford.  In  some  of  tlie  provinces 
tlie  heat  of  the  climate  favours  the  generation  of  a 
variety  of  poisonous  insects  and  reptiles  ;  some 
of  which,  as  the  lihoya,  or  roebuck  snake,  are 
said  to  extend  to  the  length  of  thirty  feet,  and  to 
be  two  or  three  yards  in  circumference.     Lizards, 


which  are  found  in  almost  every  part  of  the  world, 
grow  here  to  an  enormous  size,  and  are  often  lound 
2  or  3  feet  in  length.  The  rattle-snake,  and  other 
reptiles  of  the  same  kind,  grow  likewise  to  an  in- 
credible size  ;  and  the  serpent  called  ihahaloka  is 
affirmed  to  be  seven  yards  long,  and  half  a  yard 
in  circumference,  possessed  too  of  a  poison  instan- 
taneously fatal  to  the  human  race.  Here  also  are 
scorpions, ant-bears,  the  jaguar,  porcupines,  janon- 
veras,  and  tapirs.  No  part  of  the  world  affords  a 
greater  number  of  beautiful  birds  or  greater  vari- 
ety of  the  most  exquisite  fruits.  The  chief  indig- 
enous vegetable  production  which  gave  name 
to  the  country  and  title  of  prince  to  the  heir  pre- 
sumptive of  the  sovereignity  of  Portugal,  is  the 
lignum  Brusilianum,  or  Brazil  wood,  so  justly 
celebrated  for  its  colouring  properties.     Forests 


BRA 


Iti 


BRB 


of  trees,  as  stately  in  size  as  endless  in  variety, 
'intermixed  with  brambles  and  creeping  plants 
flowering  in  every  variety  and  tinge  of  colour,  emit- 
ting the  most  delicious  odours,  and  for  hundreds 
of  square  miles  in  extent  so  dense  as  to  be  quite 
impenetrable,  except  to  the  native  Indians,  are 
spread  over  the  greater  part  of  the  country  from 
the  sea-coast  to  the  Araguay  river,  which  separates 
Goias  from  Matto  Grosso.  In  the  cultivated 
parts,  the  palnia  christi,  orange,  lemon,  citron, 
and  various  other  trees  and  plants  flourish  in  the 
utmost  luxuriance  ;  and  among  the  foreign  plants, 
tlie  sugar-cane,  coff'ee  tree,  and  cotton  plant,  are 
yielding  an  increasing  supply  of  their  respective 
products  of  the  very  choicest  quality ;  but  th« 
productions  for  wliich  Brazil  has  hitherto  been 
the  most  celebrated  are  its  gems,  gold,  and  silver. 
The  gems  are  as  various  as  beautiful ;  and,  al- 
though diamonds  have  been  appreciated  from  the 
earliest  periods  of  social  refinement,  the  largest 
and  most  valuable  ever  known  was  found  in  Bra- 
xil,  weighing  in  its  rough  state  ■  -iSO  carats  or  14  oz. 
troy,  which,  according  to  the  imaginary  and  con- 
ventional rule  of  valuation,  at  JE2  sterling  for  the 
first  carat,  would  be  equal  in  value  to  2o,0()2,912 
dollars  Ameri<jan  money.  The  qtiantity  of  gold 
and  silver  during  a  series  of  years  averaged  in 
money,  about  22  million  dollars  per  annum.  On 
the  gold  and  silver,  the  government  levied  a  tax 
of  one  fifth  of  the  produce,  but  restric'ed  the 
searching  for  diamonds  and  cutting  of  the  Brazil 
wood  to  its  own  agents,  subjecting  the  violators 
of  tlie  law  to  the  severest  penalties.  Rich  as  Bra- 
zil is,  in  a  comparative  sense,  in  gems  and  metals, 
they  have  obviously  retarded,  rather  than  advanc- 
ed, the  genuine  prosperity  of  the  country,  having 
tended  to  divert  the  inhabitants  from  the  more  ra- 
tional and  socializing  pursuits  of  agriculture. 
Since  1806,  however,  cultivation  has  been  pursu- 
ed with  greater  avidity,  and  its  superior  advanta- 
ges once  established,  it  will  probably  increa.so  in 
estimation,  whilst  the  infatuating  pursuits  in 
search  of  diamonds  and  gold  will  subside.  The 
revolutionary  spirit,  so  widely  spread  over  all 
Spanish  America  shortly  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century,  e.Ttended  itself"  in- 
to Brazil.  Pernambuco,  in  1817,  revolted  agamst 
the  government,  and  the  whole  country  manifest- 
ing rather  an  equivocal  dispositon  towards  the 
ruling  family,  the  court  of  Rio  Janerio,  in  1821, 
emigrated  back  to  Lisbon,  leaving  Don  Pedro, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  king,  as  viceroy,  who  no 
sooner  felt  himself  separated  from  paternal  allegi- 
ance, than  he  began  to  turn  his  thoughts  to  his 
individual  aggrandizement,  and  strove  to  cherish, 
rather  than  subdue,  the  revolutionary  spirit  which 
had  previously  been  excited  ;  and  on  the  11th  of 
September,  all  allegiance  to  Portugal  was  formal- 
ly denounced,  and  Uon  Pedro  proclaimed  emper- 
or of  Brazil.  This  change  not  proving  satisfacto- 
ry to  all  parties,  and  the  integrity  of  Don  Pedro 
appearing^  equivocal  to  tlie  neighbouring  govern- 
ment of  Buenos  Ayres,  a  spirit  of  political  disqui- 
etude generally  prevails,  and  the  final  issue  of  its 
mode  of  government  consequently  remains  pro- 
blematical. The  political  cabals,  however,  have 
not  materially  retarded  cultivation  and  commerce, 
which  continue  to  increase.  Of  the  extent  of  the 
population  accounts  are  much  at  variance.  The 
introduction  of  slaves  from  the  coast  of  Africa, 
since  the  excitements  to  agriculture  commenced, 
has  been  very  great,  and  must  have  added  at 
least  50,000  annually  to  the  population  of  the 
coast,  unless  the  mortality  has  been  proportional 


bly  great  with  the  importation.  The  aggregate 
population  probably  amounts  to  near  a  million, 
four-fifths  of  whom  are  slaves  and  people  of  col- 
our. The  Brazilians  are  indolent,  and  great  num- 
bers of  those  who  are  wealthy  pass  their  time  up- 
on their  estates  in  the  country,  where  their  chief 
delight  is  to  swing  in  their  hammocks  all  the  af- 
ternoon. The  chief  amusement  besides  this  is 
hunting,  which  from  the  abuiidance   of  game  in 


the  interior  districts  may  be  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent  The  natives  who  inhabit  the  inland  parts, 
live  almost  in  a  state  of  nature  ;  they  are  copper- 
coloured,  go  naked,  cohabit  indiscriminately,  and 
have  no  signs  of  religion  ;  they  are  strong,  lively, 
and  gay,  and  subject  to  few  diseases  ;  but  of  their 
aggregate  number,  whether  one,  two,  or  more 
millions,  or  only  a  few  thousand,  even  conjecture 
does  not  hazard  an  opinion.  See  Lisbon,  Portugal, 
Rio  Janeiro. 

Brazza,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic,  near  the  coast 
of  Dalmatia,  30  miles  long,  and  10  broad.  The 
soil  is  stony,  but  it  produces  much  excellent  wine, 
and  this  article,  with  fire-wood  and  sheep,  form 
the  chief  trade.  It  has  a  town  of  the  Same  name, 
several  villa<res,  and  an  aggregate  population  of 
about  15,000.  Long.  17.  35.  E.  lat.43.  50.  N. 

Breage,  a  populous  village  on  the  shore  of 
Mount*s  Bay,  Cornwall,  Eng.  with  ten  mines  in 
its  vicinity,  4  m.  W.  of  Helstone,  and  10  E.  by 
S.  of  Penzance.     Pop.  in  1821  3,668. 

Brechin,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Forfar,  an- 
ciently a  bishop's  see  and  the  county  town.  The 
cathedral  is  partly  ruinous,  but  one  of  its  aisles 
serves  for  the  parish  church.  Adjoining  to  this  is 
a  curious  antique  round  tower,  which  tapers  from 
the  bottom,  and  is  very  slender  in  proportion  to  its 
height.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  linen  and  cot- 
ton, and  a  considerable  tannery.  It  is  seated  on 
the  South  Esk,  8  m.  W.  of  Montrose,  and  12  E. 
N.  E.  of  Forfar.     Pop.  in  1821,  5,906. 

Breckenridge,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  on  the 
Ohio.  Pop.  7,345.  Hardensburg  is  the  chief  town. 

Breckerfeld,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  the  Mark,  about  30  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cologne. 
Pop.  1,100. 

Brecknock,  towns  in  Berks  Co.  and  Lancaster 
Co.  Pa. 

Brecon,  or  Brecknockshire,  a  border  county  of 
South  Wales,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  coun 
ties  of  Hereford  and  Monmouth,  north  by  Radnor, 
west  by  Caermarthen  and  Cardiganshires,  and 
south  by  Glamorgan.  It  j^  a  mountainous  dis- 
trict, yielding  iron,  coal,  and  limestone  in  great 
abundance,  and  some  copper  and  lead,  and  at 
Llanelly,  on  the  border  of  Glamorganshire,  tiie 


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smelting  of  iron  is  carried  on  to  some  extent.  It 
has  some  fertile  valleys,  and  is  watered  by  the 
rivers  Wye  and  Uske  and  other  streams,  and  has 
the  advantage  of  a  canal  for  barges  of  25  tons  bur- 
then from  the  centre  of  the  county  to  the  Bristol 
Channel  at  Newport.  It  has  few  or  no  manufac- 
tures ;  but,  in  addition  to  its  iron,  it  produces  a 
surplus  of  grain,  cattle,  and  butter,  and  some  wool, 
out  of  which  a  considerable  rent  .and  other  taxes 
are  discharged,  and  a  supply  of  manufactured, 
colonial,  and  foreign  productions  obtained.  The 
four  principal  towns  are  Brecon,  Builth,  Crick- 
howel,  and  Hay. 

Brecknock,  or  Brecon,  a  borough  and  chief  town 
of  the  preceding  county.  It  is  an  ancient  place, 
as  appears  by  the  Roman  coins  tliat  are  often  dug 
up  ;  and  its  once  magnificent  castle  is  now  an  in- 
significant ruin.  It  contains  three  churches,  one  of 
which  is  collegiate  ;  and  in  that  part  of  the  town, 
called  the  Watton  is  a  fine  arsenal.  To  the  east 
of  the  town  is  a  considerable  lake,  well  stored  with 
fish,  whence  runs  a  rivulet  into  the  Wye.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Hondey  with  the 
Uske,  which  falls  into  the  Bristol  Channel  and 
with  which  it  communicates  by  a  canal  to  New- 
port, near  the  mouth  of  the  Uske,  34  m.  N.  W. 
of  Monmouth,  and  171  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  4,193. 

Breda,  a  fortified  city  of  Dutch  Brabant,  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  water  and  morasses.  The 
great  church  is  a  noble  structure,  with  a  lofty 
spire  362  feet  in  height.  In  1625  the  Spaniards, 
ailer  a  memorable  siege  of  10  months,  reduced 
this  city ;  but,  in  1637  the  prince  of  Orange  retook 
it.  In  1793  it  surrendered  to  the  French,  after 
a  siege  of  only  three  days,  but  was  retaken  soon 
after.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Merk,  25  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Antwerp,  and  60  S.  of  Amsterdam. 

Bredon,  a  considerable  village  in  Leicester- 
shire, Eng.  5  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ashby  de  la  Zouch, 
seated  at  the  base  of  a  high  limestone  rock,  on 
the  summit  of  which  the  church  stands,  and  com- 
mands very  extensive  views.     Pop.  l,044. 

Bredstedt,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick,  21  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Sleswick.  Pop. 
about  1,500. 

Breeds  Hill,  an  eminence  on  the  north  side  of 
Charlestown,  in  Massachusetts,  celebrated  for  the 
stand  made  by  the  Americans  against  the  Brit- 
ish troops,  at  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
with  the  mother  country.  This  action  is  usually 
called  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  (another  hill  near 
it.)     See  Bunker  Hill. 

Bregentz,  or  Bergens,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Tyrol,  with  a  castle  on  an  eminence;  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name,  on  the  east  end 
of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Lindau. 
Fop.  about  2,000. 

Breglio,  a  town  of  the  continental  part  of  Sar- 
dinia, 19  m.  N.  E.  of  Nice. 

Brehar,  the  most  mountainous  of  the  Sicily 
islands,  30  miles  W.  of  the  Land's  End.  Long. 
6.  47.  W.  lat.  50.  2.  N. 

Bredna,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Saxony,  8  m. 
N.  E.  of  Halle. 

Brcme,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Sessia  with  tlie  Po,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Montferrat,  28  m.  W.  of  Pavia. 

Bremen,  a  duchy  and  maritime  district  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony,  lying  be- 
tween the  Weser  and  the  Elbe ;  the  former  of 
which  separates  it  from  Oldenberg,  and  the  other 
from  Holstein.  The  country  is  fertile  and  popu- 
leos,  but  in  wiatcr  is  subject  to  inundations.    It 


formerly  belonged  to  the  Swedes,  but  was  sold  to 
the  elector  of  Hanover,  in  1719.  Stade,  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Elbe,  is  the  seat  of  regency.  It 
is  about  2,100  square  miles  in  extent,  contains  a 
population  of  about  170,000,  and  now  forms  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Hanover. 

Bremen,  a  free  city,  and  capital  of  the  duchy  of  ' 
the  same  name.  The  Weser  divides  it  into  the 
old  and  new  town,  both  of  which  are  fortified  :  the 
former  is  the  largest,  and  in  it  stands  the  cathedral. 
It  has  a  harbour,  nine  miles  below  the  town,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable,  trade,  but  which  was 
formerly  much  more  extensive.  In  17.57  it  was  ' 
taken  bv  the  French,  who  were  driven  out  in  1758, 
by  the  Hanoverians  If  is  22  m.  E.  of  Oldenburg, 
and  54  S.  W.  of  Hamburgh.  Pop.  about  40,000. 
Long.  8.  40.  E.  lat.  53.  5.  N. 

Bremeiivord,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of  Bremen, 
defended  by  a  castle.  The  chancery  of  the  duchy 
is  kept  here.  It  stands  near  the  Oste,  32  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Bremen. 

Bremgarlen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  free 
lower  bailiwics,  between  the  cantons  of  Zurich 
and  Bern.  The  inhabitants  deal  chiefly  in  paper; 
and  it  is  seated  on  the  Reuss,  10  m.  W.  of  Zurich. 

Breno,  a  town  of  Italv,  in  Bresciano,  seated  on 
the  Oglio,  36  m.  N.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Brenta,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  principality  of 
Trent,  passes  by  Bassano  and  Padua,  and  enters 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  a  little  S.  of  Venice. 

Brentford,  an  appendage  to  London,  7  m.  from 
Hyde  Park  corner,  on  the  great  western  road.  It 
is  seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames,  where 
the  grand  junction  canal  originally  communica- 
ted with  the  river  ;  but  an  extended  line  having 
since  been  cut,  skirting  the  whole  of  the  north 
side  of  London,  to  the  vicinity  of  the  docks  on 
the  east,  and  jetting  in  its  course  into  the  very  cen- 
tre of  the  city,  Brentford  derives  but  little  compar- 
ative advantage  from  that  canal.  It  has  however 
some  very  extensive  flour  mills,  distilleries,  soap 
works,  pan,  tile,  and  coarse  pottery  works,  exten- 
sive nursery  grounds,  and  various  other  occupa- 
tions dependent  on  the  metropolis.  It  is  a  very 
old  town,  as  may  be  inferred  from  its  name  being 
derived  from  the  Saxon,  implying  a  ford  over 
the  little  river  Brent,  which  here  falls  into  the 
Thames  ;  and  in  earlier  times  it  was  distinguish- 
ed as  having  a  market  on  Tuesday,  whilst  now, 
from  the  continual  intercourse  with  London,  it 
has  every  day  the  appearance  of  holdinff  a  great 
fair.  On  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river  is  a 
Gothic  edifice,  built  by  George  HI.  for  an  occa- 
sional residence  ;  and  at  the  west  end  of  the  town 
is  a  magnificent  edifice,  called  Sion  House,  form- 
erly a  monastery,  now  belonging  to  the  dukedom 
of  Northumberland.  The  election  of  the  two 
members  of  parliament  for  the  metropolitan  coun- 
ty of  Middlesex  is  held  here  ;  and  duringa  contest, 
the  whole  line  of  road  from  London  and  Brent- 
ford itself,  presents  a  scene  of  gaiety,  animation, 
and  spirit,  that  must  be  seen  to  be  understood  ; 
for  described  correctly  it  cannot  be.  Being  on 
the  confines  of  two  or  three  parishes,  the  popula- 
tion has  not  been  specifically  returned ;  but,  in 
1826,  it  may  be  stated  at  9,000. 

Brentwood,  p.t.  Rockipgham  Co.  N.  H.  20  m.  ft, 
Portsmouth.  Pop.  891 .  Here  are  manufactories 
of  cotton . 

Brentville,  p. v.  Prince  William  Co.  Va. 

Bresciano,  a  province  in  the  north  of  Italy, 
lying  between  the  lat.  of  45.  10.  and  46.  20.  N., 
and  10.  45.  of  E.  long.,  bounded  on  the  south  by 
Mautua  and  th«  Cremoness,  west  by  BergamasoO| 


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1S5 


BRl 


north  by  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  and  east  by  the 
principality  of  Trent,  the  Veronese,  and  Mantua. 
The  Oglio  has  its  sjurce  in  the  north  extremity 
of  this  province,  runs  south  for  about  30  miles, 
when  it  forms  the  lake  of  Jeso,  and  afterwards 
the  boundary  between  Bergamasco  and  the  Cremo- 
nese.  The  Chiana  intersects  the  east  side,  falling 
into  the  Oglio  at  the  south-east  extremity  ef  the 
province;  the  Smela  and  several  other  streams, 
mtersect  the  centre  and  southern  part  of  the  prov- 
ince, all  falling  into  the  Oglio,  and  lake  Garda 
divides  i^  from  the  Veronese  on  the  east.  Its  su- 
perficies may  be  stated  at  about  3,000  square  miles, 
and  population  at  500,000.  It  has  some  dreary 
spots  ;  but  on  the  whole  it  may  be  considered  a 
fertile  district,  producing  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  in 
abundance.  T.'«e  vine,  olive,  and  mulberry,  all 
luxuriate  in  its  soil ;  and  the  lakes  and  rivers  sup- 
ply abundance  of  fish.  It  exports  some  silk  ; 
but  its  manufactures  do  not  much,  if  at  all,  ex- 
ceed the  demand  and  consumption  of  the  province. 
Besides  Brescia,  the  capital  of  the  other  principal 
towns  are,  Breno,  Chiari,  Orci,  Novi,  and  Salo. 
It  was  formerly  a  part  of  the  republic  of  Venice  : 
but  is  now  under  the  dominion  of  Austria. 

Brescia,  an  ecclesiastical  city  and  capital  of  the 
preceding  province,  situate  in  a  spacious  and  fer- 
tile plain,  between  the  rivers  Mela  and  Navilo, 
on  the  high  road  from  Bergamo  to  Mantua.  It  is 
well  fortified,  and  has  a  good  citadel,  on  an  em- 
-inence.  It  has  twelve  churches,  and  thirty  con- 
vents. The  cathedral  and  the  palace  are  adorned 
with  beautiful  paintings,  and  in  the  former  is 
shown  the  standard  of  Constantine.  Here  are 
several  flourishing  manufactures,  and  its  fire-arms 
are  particularly  celebrated.  This  city  has  been 
taken  and  retaken  several  times,  by  the  Austrians 
and  French.  Pop.  about  50,000.  A  stream,  cal- 
led the  Garza,  runs  through  the  city,  afterwards 
falling  into  the  Mela.  It  is  about  50  m.  N.  of 
Parma,  40  N.  W.  of  Mantua,  and  30  S.  E.  of 
Bergamo. 

Bresello,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  on 
the  river  Po,  27  m.N.  W.  of  Modena. 

Brestau,  an  ecclesiastical  city  and  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name  and  of  all  Silesia; 
seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Oder,  just  below  the 
junction  of  the  little  river  Ohlau,  which  runs 
through  several  of  the  streets,  and  forms  two  is- 
lands. It  has  one  Lutheran  and  twenty-six  Cath- 
olic churches,  and  is'  surrounded  by  walls, 
strengthened  hy  ramparts  and  other  works.  It 
has  a  great  trade  in  linen,  leather,  Hungarian 
wines,  S^c.  and  contains  60,000  inhabitants. 
The  public  squares  are  spacious,  the  streets  toler- 
ably wide,  and  the  houses  lofty.  Here  the  Jes- 
uits founded  a  university,  in  1702,  at  which  there 
are  generally  about  four  hundred  students.  The 
two  principal  churches  belong  to  the  protestants  ; 
near  one  of  which  is  a  college.  This  city  be- 
came subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia  in  1741.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  in  1757,  but  regained 
the  same  year.  It  was  for  some  time  besieged  by 
the  French,  and  surrendered  to  them  in  January, 
1807,  and  again  in  1813 ;  but  reverted  to  Prussia 
afl^rthe  peace  of  1814.  It  is  112  m.  N.  E.  of 
Prague,  and  165  N.  of  Vienna.  Long.  17.  9.  E. 
lat.  51.  3.  N.  The  principality  contains  about  950 
square  miles  of  area,  and  180,000  inhabitants. 

Bresle,  a  river  of  France,  which  divides  the 
department  of  Lower  Seine  from  that  of  Somme 
and  enters  the  English  channel  at  Treport. 

Bressc,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Burgundy  and  Franohe  Comte,  east 


by  Savoy,  south  by  the  Viennois,  and  west  by  the 
Lyonnois.    It  now  forms  the  department  of  Ain. 

Bressuire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Two  Sevres,  with  a  college,  35  m.  N.  W.  of 
Poitiers.     Pop.  2,000. 

Brest,  a  maritime  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre.  Prior  to  1631,  it  was  an  insig- 
nificant fishing  town  ;  but  having  one  of  the  most 
commodious  and  secure  harbours  in  Europe,  it 
was  improved  by  the  French  government,  under 
the  administration  of  Richelieu,  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  for  a  marine  station,  and  it  is  now  the 
chief  naval  depot  of  France  ;  situate  on  a  promon- 
tory at  the  western  extremity  of  the  kingdom.  It 
is  equally  convenient  for  the  equipment  of  expedi- 
tions to  all  parts  of  the  coast,  or  of  the  world.  The 
English  made  an  ineflfeotual  attempt  to  take  it  in 
1694;  and  during  the  twenty -three  years'  war, 
from  1793,  to  1814,  it  compelled  the  English  to 
maintain  a  large  blockading  squadron  ofl^the  har- 
bour, without  doing  the  least  possible  injury  to 
France.  The  extensive  occupations  attendant  on 
the  building,  repairing,  and  equipment  of  a  great 
national  marine,  necessarily  gave  rise  to  an  ex- 
tensive interchange  and  consumption  of  commod- 
ities of  various  kinds  ;  and  the  town  of  Brest  has 
consequently  risen  into  importance  proportionate 
to  the  consequence  derived  from  its  being  the  chief 
naval  station  of  the  kingdom.  It  now  contains 
a  population  of  about  25,000.  It  has  a  marine 
academy,  theatre,  &c.  It  is  33  m.  E.  of  LTshant 
Light,  in  the  lat.  of  48. 23.  N.  and  4.  29.  of  W.  long, 
being  27  m.  S.  and  6  deg.  49. ;  or  about  325  geo- 
graphical miles,  W.  by  S.  of  Paris. 

Bretagne,  or  Brittany,  a  late  province  of  France, 
150  miles  long  and  112  broad.  It  is  a  promontory, 
united  on  the  east  to  Maine,  Anjou,  and  Poitou. 
The  air  is  temperate,  and  it  has  large  forests.  It 
now  forms  thedepartmentsof  Finisterre,  Cotes  du 
Nord,  Ille  and  Villaine,  Lower  Loire,  and  Morbi- 
han. 

Bret.euil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Oise,  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Beauvais,  and  18  S.  of 
Amiens.     Pop.  about  2,200. 

Breton  Cape.     See  Cape  Breton. 

Bretten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  late  palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine,  on  the  frontier  of  Wurtera- 
berg,  20  m.  S.  of  Heidelberg,  and  about  30  N.  by 
W.  of  Stuttgard.  Pop.  2,500.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Melancthon,  and  is  now  included  in  the 
territory  of  the  duchy  of  Baden,  circle  of  the 
Pfintz  and  Enz. 

Bretton  Woods,  t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  at  the  foot  of 
the  White  Mountains.     Pop.  108. 

Brevord,  or  Brevoort,  a  strong  town  of  Holland, 
in  the  county  of  Zutphen  with  a  castle,  situate  in 
a  morass,  24  m.  S.  E.  of  Zutphen. 

Srejccr,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,078. 

Brewood,  a  town  in  StaflTordshire,  Eng.  10  m. 
S.  by  W.  of  Stafford,  and  129  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,2,263. 

Breipster,-p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  upon  Cape 
Cod,  16  m.  E.  Barnstable.    Pop.  1,418. 

Brainsk,  an  interior  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
province  of  Orel,  situate  on  the  Desna,  an  eastern 
branch  of  the  Dnieper,  about  250  m.  S.  W.  of 
Moscow.  Pop.  about  4,000.  It  has  an  annual  fair 
very  numerously  attended. 

BriauQon,  a  town  of  France,  on  the  frontier  r' 
Piedmont,  in  the  department  of  Upper  Alps,  with 
a  castle  on  a  craggy  rock,  and  other  fortifications. 
In  its  neighbourhood,  manna  is  gathered  from  a 
sort  of  pine  tree.  It  has  a  handsome  church,  and 
a  noble  bridj^e  over  the  Durance,  20  m.  N.  of 
1.3 


BRI 


1«6 


BRI 


Embrun,  and  about  70  E.  by  S.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Brianconnet,  a  fortress  of  Savoy,  near  the  town 
of  Moustiers,  situate  on  a  rock  inaccessible  every 
way,  except  by  the  side  of  a  river,  where  it  is  as- 
cended by  two  or  three  hundred  steps.  The  com- 
mon passage  from  Savoy  to  Italy  is  by  this 
fortress. 

Briare,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  seated  on  the  Loire,  and  has  a  canal  be- 
tween that  river  and  the  Seine.  It  is  40  ra.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Orleans. 

Bricksv'dh,  t.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio. 

BriAvehampton,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  at  the  E. 
end  of  Long  Island. 

Bridgerul,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
with  a  woolen  manufacture ;  seated  on  the  Og- 
more,  a  river  abounding  in  trout  and  salmon,  7 
miles  W.  by  N.  of  Cowbridge,  and  181  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821 ,  1 ,701 . 

Bridgenorth,  a  borough  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  It 
has  two  churches,  and  a  free-school  that  sends 
and  maintains  eighteen  scholars  at  the  university 
of  Oxford.  It  was  formerly  fortified  with  walls, 
and  had  a  castle,  now  in  ruins.  Its  trade  both  by 
land  and  water  is  considerable.  It  is  seated  on 
botli  banks  of  the  Severn,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge  of  six  arches.  The  upper  part  of  the 
town  is  180  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  river,  and 
commands  an  extensive  and  delightful  prospect. 
An  annual  fair,  on  the  2nth  of  October,  is  very  nu- 
merously attended,  and  the  quantities  of  cattle, 
sheep,  butter,  cheese,  and  bacon,  brought  for  sale, 
is  very  great.  It  had  formerly  some  manufactures 
of  worsted,  which  have  declined,  and  the  popu- 
lation, since  1800,  has  in  consequence  remained 
stationary,  being  in  1821,  4,345,  and  two  out  par- 
ishes about  1,100  more.  It  returns  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  is  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  139  N.  W.  of  London. 

Bridgeport,  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn,  on  L.  I. 
Sound,  10  m.  S.  W.  Strafford.  Pop.  2,803.  Also  2 
towns,  in  Harrison  Co.  Va.  and  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 

Bridgeton,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,541. 

Bridgetown,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J.  and  the 
seat  of  justice,  40  m.  S.  E.  Philadelphia.  It 
stands  on  a  creek  running  into  the  Delaware  ;  it 
is  a  port  of  entry  and  has  some  manufactures. 
There  are  also  2  villages  in  Maryland  of  this 
name. 

Bridgetown,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Barba- 
does,  situate  in  the  inmost  part  of  Carlisle  bay, 
which  is  large  enough  to  contain  .500  ships,  but 
the  bottom  is  foul,  and  a])t  to  cut  the  cables.  This 
city  was  burnt  down  in  1()88 ;  and  suffered  also 
greatly  by  fires  in  1756,  17(i0,  and  1767.  Before 
these  fires  it  contained  1,.5()0  houses;  and  it  has 
since  been  rebuilt.  The  streets  are  broad,  the  hous- 
es high,  the  wharves  and  quays  convenient,  and 
tlie  forts  strong.  The  church  is  as  large  as  some 
cathedrals.  Here  also  is  a  free-school,  an  hospi- 
tal, and  a  college  ;  the  latter  erected  by  the  socie- 
ty for  propagating  the  gospel,  pursuant  to  the  will 
of  colonel  Codrington,  who  endowed  it  with  £2,000 
a  year  The  town  had  scarcely  risen  from  the 
calamities  already  mentioned,  when  it  was  torn 
from  its  foundation  by  a  hurricane  in  1780,  in 
which  many  of  the  inhabitants  perished.  It  is 
(scarcely  yet  restored  to  its  former  splendour. 
Long.  59.  43.  W.  lat.  13.  5.  N.     See  Barhadoes. 

BridgeiDoter,  a  borough  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Parret,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge.  It  has  a  large  handsome  church 
with  a  lofty  spire.    The  summer  assiaes  are  held 


here  every  other  year.  In  the  wars  between 
Charles  I.  and  the  parliament,  the  forces  of  the 
latter  reduced  great  part  of  the  town  to  ashes ;  « 
and  the  castle  was  then  so  far  demolished,  that  few 
vestiges  of  it  are  now  observable.  The  river  is 
navigable  up  to  the  town,  for  vessels  of  200  tons 
burthen,  and  for  barges  as  far  as  Lanoport,  and 
by  the  Tone  to  Taunton  ;  and  although  a  preva- 
lence of  westerly  winds  causes  the  tide  at  times 
to  set  into  the  river  with  great  fr,ry,  its  naviga- 
tion contributes  essentially  to  the  interest  of  the 
town  ;  commercial  intercourse  however  is  prin- 
cipally confined  to  the  coast.  The  population 
which  in  1301  was  only  3,644,  in  1821  was  6,155. 
and  the  adjoining  parish  of  North  Pcrtherton,  on 
the  south,  contained  a  further  population,  of  3,091 
It  returns  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  31 
miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Bristol,  and  138  W.  bv  S.  of 
London.  It  was  the  birth  place  of  Admiral 
Blake,  the  worthy  antagonist  of  Van  Tromp. 

Bridgeicater,  I.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  70  m.  from 
Portsmouth.  Pop.  783. 

Bridgeicater,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  16  m.  N. 
W.  Windsor.     Pop.  1,311. 

Bridgewater,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  22  m. 
S.  Boston.  Pop.  1,855.  Here  are  manufactures 
of  cotton,  woolen  and  iron. 

Bridgewater,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  83  m.  N. 
W.  Albany.  Pop.  1,608.  There  are  3  towns  of 
this  name  in  N.  J.  and  Pa. 

Bridgewater,  or  Lundy's  Lane,  a  spot  in  Upper 
Canada  on' the  West  side  of  Niagara  river,  near 
the  falls,  celebrated  as  the  scene  of  a   battle  be- 
tween  the  Americans  and  British,  on  the  25th     j 
July,  J  814. 

Bridlington,  commonly  called  Burlington,  a  sea- 
port in  East  Yorkshire,  Eng.  The  harbour  ia 
commodious  and  defended  by  t%vo  strong  piers. 
Its  mineral  waters,  and  accommodations  for  sea- 
bathing, draw  much  company  in  summer ;  and 
its  trade  is  considerable,  owning  about  6,000  tons 
of  shipping.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  south  of  Flam- 
borough-head,  40  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  York,  and  206 
N.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821,  4,275,  being  1,145 
more  then  in  1801. 

Bridport,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  It 
is  seated  about  3  miles  from  the  shore  of  the 
British  channel,  between  the  rivers  Brit  and  Bride, 
which  unite  just  below  the  town,  and  form  a  con- 
venient harbour,  which,  since  1822,  has  been  im- 
proved so  as  to  admit  vessels  of  200  to  300  tons 
burthen.  It  was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  man- 
ufactures of  cordage,  sail-cloth,  twine,  and  net- 
ting ;  and  Henry  Vlll.  granted  it  a  monopoly 
for  making  all  the  cordage  for  the  national  ma- 
rine, which  it  retained  for  about  sixty  years; 
but  its  manufactures  are  now  inconsiderable.  It 
builds  and  owns  some  shipping,  and  carries  on  a 
little  external,  as  well  as  coasting  trade.  It  re 
turns  two  members  to  parliament.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,742.  It  is  12  m.  W.  of  Dorchester,  and  135 
W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Bridport,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Cham- 
pl.ain,  near  Crown  Point.  Pop.  1,774. 

Brieg,  a  fortified  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  with  a  Lutheran 
cathedral,  and  several  other  churches  for  pro- 
testants  and  catholics.  Here  is  a  manufacture 
of  cloth.  It  was  taken  by  the  Prussians  in  1741, 
and  its  ancient  castle  burned  down  during  the 
siege.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder,  25  m.  S.  E.  of 
Breslau.     Pop.  about  9,000. 

Brieg,  or  Brig,  a  handsome  town  of  the  Valais, 
seated  on  the  Baltina  river,  which  falls  into  tfa« 


BBT 


187 


BRI 


Rhone  on  the  south  side,  about  28  miles  east  of 
Sion.  It  suffered  much  from  an  earthquake  in 
1755. 

Briel,  or  Brill,  a  j^nlified  seaport  of  South  Hol- 
land, capital  of  the  island  of  Voorn.  The  Dutch 
took  it  from  the  Spaniards  in  1572,  which  was 
the  fjundation  of  the  republic^  It  was  the  birth 
place  of  Van  Tromp,  and  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Maese,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Rotterdam. 
Lonur.  4.  1.  E.  lat.  51.  48.  N.    Pop.  about   3,000. 

Brienne,  a  small  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  distinguished  for  its  military 
school,  at  which  Napoleon  received  his  educa- 
tion.    It  is  about  20  m.  E.  ofTroyes. 

Brieiitz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  famous  for  the  cheese  made  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. It  is  situate  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
name  (nine  miles  long  and  three  broad)  42  m.  S. 
£.  of  Bern. 

Briezen,  a  small  town  of  Brandenburgh,  in  the 
middle  mark,  on  the  frontier  of  Anhalt,  about  25 
m.  S.  of  Potsdam. 

Brieux,  St.  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Cotes  du  Nord,  and  a  bishop's  "see, 
with  a  small  harbour.  It  is  seated  among  hills, 
near  the  English  channel,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  St. 
Malo.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Briey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Moselle,  near  the  river  Manse,  12  m.  N.  W.  of 
Metz.     Pop.  1,800. 

Brigala,  a  town  in  the  Col  de  Tende,  on  the 
frontier  of  Nice,  a  few  miles  S.  of  the  town  of 
Tende. 

Brighthdmstone,  commonly  called  Brighton,  a 
town  of  England,  in  the  County  of  Sussex,  situ- 
ate on  a  very  abrupt  and  uninteresting  part  of  the 
coast  of  the  British  channel,  at  the  foot  of  a  range 
of  naked  hills,  without  a  tree,  either  for  shelter, 
or  to  diversify  the  scene.  Having  no  accommoda- 
tion for  shipping  beyond  a  fishing  boat,  and  the 
coast  here  forming  a  sort  of  bay  with  shoal  water, 
vessels  passing  up  and  down  the  channel  keep 
too  far  out  at  sea  ever  to  be  visible  from  the 
shore  ;  so  that  the  view  by  sea  and  by  land  is 
equally  monotonous,  yet  without  any  one  natural 
feature  or  convenience  to  recommend  it,  from  an 
insignificant  fishing  town.  Brighton  has  become 
(chiefly  in  consequence  of  the  patronage  of  the  late 
king)  one  of  the  principal  resorts  of  gaiety  and 
fashion  in  the  kingdom. 

In  1784  the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  George 
IV.,  erected  at  Brighton,  for  an  occasional  resi- 
dence, an  edifice  calif  d  a  marine  pavilion.  This 
he  afterwards  converted  into  a  splendid  palace, 
where  he  spent  a  great  portion  of  every  year,  till 
the  cares  of  royally  and  the  infirmities  of  age 
rendered  its  distance  inconvenient.  Up  to  this 
period  the  buildings  were  comparitively  mean ; 
but  the  improvements  within  the  last  twelve  years 
have  been  verv  considerable.  A  new  and  perfect- 
ly unique  village,  denominated  Kemp  Town, 
forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  Brighton ;  while 
Brighton  Terrace,  a  magnificent  range  of  houses 
on  the  west,  stretches  into  the  parish  of  Hove.  A 
commodious  market  is  erected  in  the  Bartholo- 
mews, on  the  former  site  of  the  workhouse  ;  and 
it  is  in  contemplation  to  build  a  town-hall  near 
the  same  spot.  The  new  workhouse,  near  the  sum- 
mit of  the  Church  Hill,  is  a  building  of  consider 
able  extent,  well  adapted  to  secure  the  health 
and  comfort  of  its  inmates.  The  parish  church, 
situate  on  an  eminence  at  the  north-west,  was 
formerly  at  a  small  distance  from  the  town,  which 
has  now  almost  entrenched  upon  its  sacred  enclo- 


sure. The  other  places  of  worship  connected 
with  the  establishment,  are  the  Chapel  Royal,  St 
James's  Chapel,  and  Trinity  Chapel,  and  four  oth- 
ers situate  in  the  eastern  and  western  divisions  of 
the  town,  besides  the  church  of  St.  Peter's,  recent 
ly  erected,  which  is  by  far  the  most  beautiful  orna 
ment  that  Brighton  has  to  boast.  Here  are  alijo 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  a  Jews'  synagogue,  and 
several  meeting  houses  for  the  different  denomi- 
nations of  dissenters,  most  of  whom  have  their 
schools  and  distinct  benevolent  and  religious  in- 
stitutions. Besides  the  accommodations  for  sea- 
bathing, warm,  cold,  and  vapour  baths,  of  the  most 
elegant  and  commodious  construction,  have  also 
been  erected  ;  while  the  park  furnishes  a  beautiful 
ride,  and  the  spa  all  the  varieties  of  artificial, 
mineral,  and  medicinal  waters.  Here  are  also  two 
assembly  rooms,  a  handsome  theatre  (opened  in 
1807,)  a  celebrated  race  ground,  «Stc.  After  the 
battle  of  Worcester,  in  1(>51,  Charles  II.  embark- 
ed at  this  place  for  France,  in  a  vessel  which  is 
said  to  have  been  moored  after  the  restoration  in 
the  Thames,  opposite  Whitcchapel.  Brighton  is 
subject  to  the  county  magistrates.  It  is  J  7  miles 
W.  by  N.  of  Beachy  Head,  50  E.  by  N.  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  52  S.  from  London. 

Brighton,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  5  m.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  972.  This  town  is  celebrated  for  its 
Annual  Cattle  Show  and  Fair  which  has  been 
held  here  ever  since  the  revolution.  Vast  num- 
bers of  cattle  for  the  Boston  market  are  brought 
here  from  all  parts  of  the  country. 

Briohton,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  235  m.  W.  Alba- 
ny.    Pop.  6,519.      Also  a  town  in  Beaver  Co.  Pa. 

Brightside,  Bierlow,  the  west  quarter  of  the  par- 
ish of  Sheffield  (which  see,)  containing  in  1821  a 
population  of  6,6l5. 

Brignais,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Rhone.  During  the  summer  season  it  is  the 
favourite  resort  of  the  citizens  of  Lyons,  who  have 
here  many  elegant  villas  and  country  houses.  It 
is  seated  on  the  small  river  Garron,  9  miles  S. 
of  Lyons. 

Brignolles,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Var,  famous  for  its  prunes.  It  is  seated  among 
mountains,  in  a  pleasant  country,  20  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Toulon.     Pop.  about  9,000. 

Brihuega,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  manufacture  of  broad  cloth,  and  a  trade  in  wool. 
Here  General  Stanhope  and  an  English  army  were 
taken  prisoners,  in  1710.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ta- 
juna,  43  m.  N.  E.  of  Madrid. 

BriUon,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Westphalia,  on 
the  river  Alme,  27  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Arensberg. 

Briwfield,  p.t.  Hampden'Co.  Mass.  75  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,599. 

Brindisi,  (the  ancient  Brundusium,)  a  maritime 
and  archiepiscopal  city  of  Naples,  in  the  province 
of  Otranto,  situate  just  within  the  entrance  to  the 
Adriatic,  in  the  lat.  of  40.  39.  N.  and  18.  20.  of  E. 
long.  Its  harbour  at  one  period  was  the  most 
commodious  and  secure  in  the  Mediterranean; 
but  during  the  commercial  career  of  Venice,  it  be- 
came neglected  and  inaccessible,  except  for  small 
vessels.  Within  the  present  century,  efforts  have 
been  made  to  render  it  again  convenient  and  use- 
ful ;  but  so  long  as  the  subduing  and  precluding 
line  of  policy  of  the  present  government  of  Na- 
ples prevails,  all  efforts  at  social  improvement  will 
be  made  in  vain.  The  adjacent  country,  like  the 
harbour,  presents  an  aspect  of  desolation.  It  is 
surrounded  by  extensive  forests  of  olive  trees,  and 
some  mulberries,  from  which  silk  is  gathered. 
Present  pop.  of  the  city  about  6,000.    It  is  about 


BRJ 


128 


BRI 


190  m.  S.  E.  of  Naples.     Virffil  died  at  Brindisi, 
B.  C.  ly. 

Brinti.     See  Brunn. 

Brioiide,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Loire.  Near  it  is  a  small  town  called 
Church  Brioude,  on  account  of  a  famous  chapter. 
Brioude  sUinds  on  the  AHier,  over  which  is  a 
bridtrc  of  one  arch,  173  feet  in  diameter.  It  is  32 
miles  N  W.  of  Puy,  and  M  S.  by  E.  of  Clermont. 
Pop.  about  5,000.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  La 
Fayette,  distinguished  for  his  enthusiasm  in  the 
cause  of  the  Americans  to  obtain  their  indepen- 
dence. 

Brusach,  Old  and  JVeto.  Old  Brisach  is  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  was  formerly  the 
chief  town  of  the  Brisgau  ;  but  the  fortifications 
were  demolished  in  1/41,  and  the  ordnance  re- 
moved to  Friburg,  about  15  miles  in  the  interior. 
New  Brisach  is  a  fortified  town  on  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  river,  in  the  French  department  of 
the  Upper  Rhine,  about  40  m.  S.  of  Strasburg, 
and  2-50  E.  by  S.  of  Paris.  The  fortification  is  one 
of  those  constructed  under  the  superintendence  of 
Vaubcan,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV. 

Brisaa-Of  a  town  of  Switzerland,  on  the  lake 
Maggiore,  5  m.  S.  of  Locarno. 

Brisgau.  a  territory  in  the  circle  of  Suabia,  of 
about  1,0(K)  square  miles  in  extent,  intersected 
by  the  line  of  the  48th  degree  of  N.  lat.  and  8th  of 
E.  long,  extending  eastward  from  the  Rhine  into 
the  Black  Forest.  As  a  frontier  district  border- 
ing on  France,  it  has  been  exposed  to  ravage  in 
all  the  wars  between  that  nation  and  Austria, 
and  lias  been  the  scene  of  several  bloody  contests. 
At  an  early  period  of  the  French  revolution,  in 
1793,  the  French  reduced  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
town  of  Old  Brisach  to  ashes  ;  and,  in  17fl6,  after 
a  severe  action  possessing  themselves  of  Friburg, 
the  capital,  but  which  they  were  obliged  to  aban- 
don the  same  year.  After  various  changes  of 
sovereignty,  it  was  wholly  ceded  by  Bonaparte  to 
the  grand  duke  of  Baden,  in  1805,  confirmed  by 
treaty  with  Austria,  and  in  the  new  subdivisions 
of  the  territory  of  the  states  ofBaded,  in  1810,  the 
Brisgau  was  divided  between  the  three  circles  of 
Wiesen,  Treisam,  and  Kinzig,  the  names  of  three 
rivers  by  which  the  territory  of  Baden  in  inter- 
sected. 

Bristino,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Capitanata.  11  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Manfredonia. 

Brissac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Maine-et- Loire  :  seated  on  the  Aubence,  13  m.  S. 
of  Angers. 

Bristol,  an  ancient  maritime,  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal city  and  county  of  England,  situate  at  the 
south-west  extremity  of  the  county  of  Glouces- 
ter, at  the  confluence  of  the  little  river  Frome 
with  the  Lower  Avon,  which  divides  it  from 
Somersetshire  on  the  south,  about  ten  miles  above 
the  confluence  of  the  Avon  with  the  Severn  into 
the  arm  of  the  sea  called  the  Bristol  Channel. 
Bristol  was  known  at  a  very  early  period  ;  and 
about  the  year  430  it  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the 
fortified  cities  of  Britian.  It  was  known  lo  the 
ancient  Britons  by  the  name  of  Cacr  Odir  nnnt 
Baden,  or  the  city  of  Ostorius,  in  the  valley  of 
Bath,  and  by  way  of  eminence  it  was  sometimes 
called  Ca^r  Brito,  the  British  city,  and  by  the 
Saxons,  Bightstowe,  pleasant  place.  It  is  adverted 
to  both  by  Gildus  and  Nennius,  in  the  fifth  and 
seventh  centuries,  and  from  the  period  of  Henry 
II.  in  the  twelfth,  to  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  it  ranked,  next  to  London,  as  the  most 
populous,  commercial  and  important  place  in  the 


kingdom.  Since  the  latter  period,  although  it 
has  not  declined,  it  has  been  greatly  exceeded  in 
population,  commerce,  and  importance  by  Glas-  ^ 
gow,  Liverpool,  jManchester,  Leeds,  and  Birming- 
ham. Tlie  po])uIation  of  Bristol  including  the 
suburb  of  Bedminister,  on  the  Somersetshire  side 
of  the  river,  and  Clifton  on  the  north  (which  see) 
in  1810  was  f)5,!)24,  and  in  lfe21,  95,758  of  which 
number  42,1()9  were  in  the  out-parishes,  and  52, 
819  within  the  city  ;  of  the  increase,  tha  greatest 
proportion  was  in  the  suburb  of  Bedminister, 
which  was  as  7,979  to  2,279.  As  into  all  the 
rivers  falling  into  the  Bristol  channel,  the  tides 
rise  to  a  great  height,  and  occasionallj^  rush  in 
with  considerable  fury.  Tlie  spring  tides  at  Bris- 
tol rising  to  the  height  of  42  feet,  ebbs  and  neaps 
were  consequently  attended  with  great  inconven- 
iences and  detentions.  This  circumstance,  since 
the  completion  of  the  canal  navigation  of  the  in- 
land counties  communicating  with  Liverpool  and 
London,  neither  of  which  parts  are  materially 
affected  by  the  inequality  of  the  tides,  tended  to 
divert  a  considerable  portion  of  the  West  India 
trade,  and  refining  of  sugar,  from  Bristol.  It 
however,  retains  a  certain  portion  :  the  importa- 
tion of  sugar,  on  an  average,  of  the  six  years 
1819—1824,  was  about  27,000  hogsheads  per  ann. 
It  also  imports  a  considerable  quantity  of  wool, 
fruit,  and  wine,  direct  from  Spain,  Portugal  and 
France  ;  and  maintains  a  partial  intercourse  direct 
with  all  other  parts  of  the  world,  except  the  East 
Indies,  to  which,  up  to  1S26,  it  had  not  sent  more 
than  one  or  two  ships.  From  1809  to  1822,  about 
£600,000  had  been  expended  towards  the  improve- 
ment of  the  harbour.  In  the  latter  year  an- 
other act  was  granted  for  its  further  improve 
ment ;  and  in  1825  numerous  arbitrary  and  op- 
pressive town  dues  were  abolished,  or  duly  reg 
ulated ;  all  of  which  are  as  well  calculated  to  re 
vive  and  maintain  its  commercial  prosperity,  as 
to  add  to  the  comfort,  interest,  and  character,  of 
the  city  at  large.  It  has  some  extensive  works 
in  copper  and  brass,  and  manufactures  of  glass 
bottles,  lead,  painters'  colours,  &c.  &c.  The 
value  of  its  exports,  howev^er,  are  inconsiderable, 
its  West  India  produce  being  imjjorted  to  defray 
the  interest  on  mortgages,  or  as  the  proceeds  of 
property  acquired  by  means  of  the  traffic  in  slaves, 
and  the  produce  of  their  labour,  since  the  traffic 
was  abolished.  Its  imports  from  all  other  parts 
are  principally  equal?zcd  through  London.  In 
addition  to  the  advantages  derived  from  its  com- 
merce it  is  indebted  to  a  hot  well  for  a  considera- 
ble portion  of  the  increase  of  its  population,  the 
water  being  considerjod  very  efficacious  in  the 
cure  of  diabetes,  phthisical,  scorbutic,  and  inflam- 
matory disorders,  it  renders  it  the  resort  alike  of 
valetudinarians  and  of  fashion.  Besides  the  ca- 
tlfedr.al  and  the  church  of  St.  Mary  RadclifFc,  it 
has  sixteen  other  churches,  and  five  episcopal 
chapels,  some  of  them  beautiful  and  most  of  them 
fine  edifices.  There  are  several  dissenting  meet- 
ing-houses, thirteen  fellowship  companies,  soriie 
of  whom  have  elejrant  halls,  several  hospitals,  and 
other  public  buildings  ;  and  being  surrounded  by 
a  very  fertile  as  well  as  picturesque  country,  its 
markets  are  abundantly  supplied  with  every  kind 
of  fish,  flesh,  fowl,  vegetables,  and  fruits;  and 
two  annual  fairs  in  March  and  September  are 
very  numerously  attended.  It  has  a  distinct 
jurisdiction,  and  returns  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, the  voters  amounting  to  about  8,000.  In 
November  1831  this  city  was  the  scene  of  a  terri- 
ble riot  occasioned  by  the  rejection  of  the  Re- 


BAl 


120 


BRO 


form  Bill  by  the  House  of  Lords.  The  populace 
were  in  complete  insurrection  for  two  or  three 
days ;  ninny  building  were  set  on  fire  and  des- 
troyed, and  several  people  killed.  It  is  13  ra. 
W."  N.  W.  of  Bath,  34  S.  S.  W.  of  Gloucester, 
and  1 14  \V.  of  London.  Long.  2.  3G.  W.  lat.  51. 
27.  N. 

Bristol,  a  maritime  county  of  the  state  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, bounded  on  the  south  by  Buzzard's 
Bay,  and  west  by  the  state  of  Rhode  Island. 
Pop.  40,474.  Taunton,  the  cliief  town,  situate  near 
the  head  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  the  county,  is  33  m.  south  of  Boston. 
New  Bedford,  on  Buzzard's  Bay,  is  the  other  prin- 
cipal town. 

Bristol,  a  small  maritime  county  of  the  state  of 
Rhiide  Island,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  upper 
part  of  the  preceding  county,  and  on  the  east 
by  Naraganset  Bay.  Pop.  5,4t56.  The  chief 
town  of  the  same  name,  situate  near  the  south  end 
of  the  county,  was  distinguished  for  the  part 
which  it  took  in  the  slave  trade  previous  to  its 
abolition  by  the  American  government.  It  owns 
about  7,00(1  tons  of  shipping. 

Bristol,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  13  m.  E.  Wiscas- 
set.     Pop.  2,450. 

Bristol,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  90  m.  from  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  799. 

Bristol,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  R.  I.  seat  of  justice  for 
the  county  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  on  Nar- 
aganset  Bay,  15  m.  S.  Providence.  It  is  a  hand- 
some town  and  has  considerable  conunerce.  Pop. 
3,054. 

Bristol,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,707. 
This  town  has  large  manufactures  of  wooden  and 
brass  clocks,  and  30,000  are  sometimes  made  in  a 
year. 

BrUt^l,  p.t.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  213  m.  'W.  Alba- 
ny. Pop.  2,952.  There  are  7  other  towns  of  this 
name  in  Pa.  and  Ohio. 

Bristol  Bay,  a  spacious  bay,  formed  by  two  pro- 
jecting points  of  the  west  coast  of  North  America. 
The  inouth  of  a  river  called  Bristol  River,  falling 
into  the  head  of  the  bay  is  in  the  lat.  of  58.  12.  N. 
and  157.  33.  W.  long,  and  Cape  Newnham,  which 
forms  the  north  point  of  the  bay  is  in  lat.  58.  34. 
N.  and  1(31.  55.  W.  long,  and  the  island  of  Oona- 
laska,  one  of  the  Aleutian  group  off  the  south 
point  of  the  bay,  is  in  lat.  53.  54.  W.  and  1C6.  22. 
VV.  long. 

Bristol  Channel,  an  arm  of  the  sea  between  the 
south  coast  of  Wales  and  the  north  coast  of  the 
counties  of  Somerset  and  Devon,  leading  into  the 
rivers  Severn  and  Lower  Avon  on  which  the  city 
of  Bristol  is  situate  ;  hence  its  name  or  rather 
misnainer,  for  it  should  properly  be  called  Bristol 
Bav,  the  term  channel  being  applicable  only  to 
straits  of  the  sea  that  have  passages  through  them, 
which  that  in  question  has  not. 

Britain.     See  Great  Britain. 

Britain,  .Xeto,  a  country  of  North  America, 
comprehending  all  the  tract  N.  of  Canada,  com- 
monly called  the  Esquimaux  country,  including 
Labrador  and  New  North,  and  South  Wales.  It  is 
subject  to  Great  Britain  ;  and  lies  between  50.  and 
70.  N.  lat.  and  50.  and  100.  W.  long.  There  are 
innumerable  lakes  and  morasses,  which  are  cov- 
ered with  ice  and  snow  a  great  part  of  the  year. 
The  principal  settlements  belong  to  the  English 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  See  Esquimaux,  Hudson 
Bay,  and  Labrador. 

Britain,  .Yew,  an  island  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  to  the  east  of  New  Guinea,  explored  by 
Dampier,  who  sailed  through  the  strait  which  se- 
17 


parates  it  from  New  Guinea ;  and  captain  Carte- 
ret, 1 767,  sailed  through  a  channel  which  divides 
it  on  the  N.  E.  from  a  long  island,  called  New 
Ireland.  New  Britain  lies  in  long.  152.  20.  E 
and  lat.  4.  0.  S.  The  shores  of  both  islands  are 
rocky,  the  inland  parts  high  and  mountainous, 
but  covered  with  trees  of  various  kinds,  among 
which  are  the  nutmeg,  the  cocoa  nut,  and  differ- 
ent kinds  of  palm.  The  inhabitants  are  black,  and 
woolly-headed,  like  negroes,  but  have  not  their 
flat  noses  and  thick  lips. 

Brittany.     See  Bretagne. 

British  .imerica,  comprises  the  whole  of  the 
north  part  of  the  northern  division  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  from  the  Atlsmtic  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  extending  south  in  the  long,  of  83.  W.  to 
the  lat.  of  about  42.  N.  but  further  west  it  is 
bounded  on  the  south  by  a  conventional  line  di- 
viding it  from  the  territory  claimed  by  the  United 
Slates  of  America,  in  tlie  lat.  of  about  48.  N.  This 
extensive  territory  of  several  millions  of  square 
miles  will  be  found  more  particularly  elucidated 
under  the  ten  heads,  aa  specified  under  the  head 
of  British  Empire. 

Brive,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Correze,  with  manufactures  of  silk  handkerchiefs, 
muslins,  gauzes,  &c  It  is  seated  on  the  Cor- 
reze, opposite  the  influx  of  the  Vezere,  in  a  de- 
lightful valley,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Tulle.  Pop.  about 
6,000. 

Brix,  or  Brux,  a  considerable  town  of  Bohemia, 
at  the  north  end  of  the  circle  of  Saaz,  about  8  m. 
S.  W.  of  Bilin,  and  40  N.  W.  of  Prague.  Pop. 
2,500. 

Brixen,  a  principality  of  Germany,  lately  a 
bishopric,  in  the  east  part  of  Tyrol.  It  is  extreme- 
ly mountainous,  but  produces  excellent  wine. 

Brixen,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  the  prin- 
cipality of  Brixen.  Beside  the  cathedral,  there 
are  one  parochial  and  six  other  churches.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1796,  and  again  in  1797. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Evsach,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Rientz,  38  m.  S.  by  E'.  of  Inspruck.     Pop.  4,000. 

Brixham,  a  small  seaport  in  Devonshire,  Eng, 
on  the  west  side  of  Torbay,  celebrated  for  its 
fishery.  A  quay  hjis  been  built  for  the  purpose  of 
supplyinor  the  ships  of  war  with  water.  The 
prince  of  Orange,  afterward  William  III.,  landed 
here  in  1688.  ft  is  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Dartmouth,  and 
201  W.  by  S.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  4,503. 

Brizen,  or  Britzen,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in 
the  Middle  mark,  on  the  Adah,  18  m.  N.  E.  of 
Wittenberg. 

Broach.     See  Baroach. 

Broadalbin,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.  45  m. 
N.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  2,657. 

Broadkiln,  t.  Sussex  Co.  Del. 

Broadstairs,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  or.  iie  sea- 
shore, two  miles  nortli  of  Ramsgate.  It  has  a 
small  pier,  with  a  harbour  for  light  vessels ;  and 
is  a  fashionable  resort  for  sea-bathing,  more  retired 
than  Ramsgate.     Population  inconsiderable! 

Broadicater,  a  village  in  Sussex,  Eng.  near  the 
sea-coast,  4  m.  W.  of  Shorehara.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,725. 

Brod,  Broit,  or  Brodo,  a  strong  town  of  Scla- 
vonia,  on  the  river  Saave,  which  divides  it  from 
the  Turkish  province  of  Bosnia,  where  the  empe- 
ror gained  a  victory  over  the  Turks  in  l(j88.  It 
is  4o  m.  S.  W.  of  Esseck,  and  about  120  west  of 
Belgrade.     Long.  18.  30.  E.  lat.  46.  10.  N. 

Brod  Hun,  or  Hun  Brod,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  10  m.  E.  S.  £.  of 
Hradisch.    Pop.  about  3,000. 


BRO 


190 


BRO 


Brod,  Bohmisch.     See  Bohmisch. 
Brod,  Deutsch,  a  town  of  Bohemia  on  the  river 
Sazawa,  SW  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Czazlau. 

Brwitrd,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Guzerat,  celebrated  for  its  linens,  indigo,  and 
lace.  It  is  G2  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ainedabad.  Long. 
73.  11.  E.Iat.22.  15.  N. 

Brodziac,  a  town  of  Lithuania,  on  the  river 
Berezina,  100  m.  S.  ofPolot.sk,  and  40  W.  of  Mo- 
hiluw. 

Broek,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Berg,  capital  of  a  county  of  its  name ;  seated  on 
the  Iloer,  11  m.  N.  of  Dusseldorf. 

Broek,  a  village  of  North  Holland,  six  miles 
from  Amsterdam.  It  is  one  of  the  most  singular 
and  picturesque  places  in  the  world.  The  streets 
are  paved  in  mosaic  work  with  variegated  bricks  ; 
and  no  carriages  ever  enter  them.  The  houses 
are  painted  on  the  outside,  and  each  has  a  terrace 
and  garden  to  the  street,  inclosed  by  a  low  rail- 
ing;  the  garden  is  adorned  with  china  vases  and 
shell-work,  with  borders  composed  of  minute  par- 
ticles of  glass,  of  diifereut  colours.  Behind  the 
houses  are  meadows,  full  of  cattle,  in  which  the 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade.  Pop.  about 
700. 

Broken  Bay,  a  bay  of  New  South  Wales,  18 
miles  north  of  Port  Jackson.  It  is  formed  by  the 
mouth  of  a  great  river  called  the  Hawkesbury, 
and  is  a  good  harbour.  Long.  151.  27.  E.  lat.  33. 
34.  S. 

Bromley,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  Here  is  a  col- 
lege for  20  poor  clergymen's  widows  ;  and  near 
the  town  is  a  palace  of  the  bishops  of  Rochester, 
where  there  is  a  chalybeate  spring.  Bromley  is 
seated  on  the  Ravensbourn,  10  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  in  1821,  3,417. 

Bromley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  It  was 
formerly  called  Abbots-Bromley,  and  afterward 
Paget  Bromley,  being  given  to  lord  Paget  at  the 
dissolution  of  the  abbeys.  It  is  7  m.  E.  of 
Stafford,  and  129  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1,533. 

*^*  There  are  seven  other  inconsiderable  places 
named  Bromley  in  different  parts  of  England. 

Broiiipton,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  situate  on  an 
easy  ascent  from  Chatham,  and  containing  fine 
barracks  for  the  military  of  that  garrison."  See 
Chatham. 

Brampton,  an  appendage  to  London,  in  the  par- 
ish of  Kennington,  which  see. 

*^*  There  are  six  other  towns  and  villages 
named  Brompton,  in  different  parts  of  England. 

Bromsgrove,  a  corporate  town  in  Worccster- 
shire,  Eng.  Here  are  manufactures  of  sheetinar, 
nails,  and  needles  ;  and  a  grammar  school,  found- 
ed by  Edward  VI.  It  is  seated  on  the  Salwarp, 
13  m.  N.  N.  E  of  Worcester,  13  S.  W.  of  Bir- 
mingham, and  ll(j  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821 , 
7,(ilU. 

Broviwlck,  West,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng. 
7  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  in  1«21, 
9,505,  extensively  occupied  in  the  various  branch- 
es of  the  hardware  manufacture. 

Bromyard,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed near  the  Frome,  amid  fine  orchards,  13  m.  N. 
E.  of  Hereford,  and  125  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop-  1.^227. 

Brono,  or  Broni,  a  town  of  Italy,  near  the  south 
frontier  of  the  Milanese,  where  the  French  defeat- 
ed the  Auatrians  in  1800.  It  is  10  m.  S.  E.  of 
I'avia. 

Bronti,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona,  at 

the  foot  of  Mount  ./Etna,  on  the  wes?t  side.     It  was 

onfp'-'-ed,  with  its  territory,  by  the  king  of  Na- 


ples, on  lord  Nelson,  for  his  naval  &ervices,  after 
the  battle  of  the  Nile. 

Brooke,  a  County  in  the  W.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia, bounded  on  the  east  by  Washington  county, 
Pennsylvania,  and  west  by  the  Ohio  River.  Pop. 
6,774.  Wellsburg,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Ohio, 
409  m.  N.  W.  of  Richmond,  is  the  chief  town. 

Brookfield,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  90  m.  from 
Boston.     Pop.  ()71. 

Brookfield,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  16  m.  S.  Mont- 
pelier.     Pop.  1,677. 

Brookfield,  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  8G  m.  W 
Albany.     Pop.  4,3(17. 

Brookfield,  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Con.  Pop.  1,261 
Also  2  towns  in  Ohio. 

Brookfield,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  64  m.  S. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  2,.342.  This  town  was  settled 
at  an  early  period,  and  during  Philip's  war  in 
1675,  was  attacked  by  the  Indians.  The  inhabit 
ants  collected  in  one  house  which  was  mimediato 
ly  besieged  by  the  savages  who  set  fire  instantly 
to  every  other  building  in  the  town.  For  two 
days  and  nights  the  Indians  poured  in  shot  upon 
the  people  in  the  house  incessantly  but  were  met 
by  a  most  determined  defence  on  the  part  of  the 
besieged.     They  then  attempted  to  fire  the  house 


by  flaming  torches  at  the  ends  of  long  poles  ;  but 
the  garrison  continued  to  defend  themselves  by 
firing  from  the  windows  and  throwing  water  upon 
the  names,  as  they  fortunately  had  a  pump  with- 
in the  liouse.  These  attempts  failing,  the  Indians 
then  prepared  a  cart  loaded  with  flax,  hemp  and 
other  combustible  matters,  and  under  cover  of  a 
barricade  of  boards  thrust  the  burning  mass  by  the 
means  of  long  timbers  against  the  house.  In  this 
movement  one  of  the  wheels  came  off  which  turn- 
ed the  machine  aside  and  exposed  the  Indians  to 
the  fire  of  the  garrison  ;  a  shower  of  rain  coming 
on  at  the  same  time  extinguished  the  flames- 
Shortly  afterwards  a  reinforcement  of  forty  men 
arrived  from  Boston,  forced  their  way  through 
the  enemy  and  joined  Ihe  garrison.  The  Indians 
then  abandoned  the  siege  and  retired,  having  suf- 
fered a  heavy  loss. 

Brookliaven,  a  township  of  New  York,  in  Suffolk 
county.  Long  Island,  60  m.  E.  of  New  York.  Pop. 
6,095. 

Brookline,  t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H  43  m.  from 
Boston.     Pop.  627. 

Brookline,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  adjoining 
Boston,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  wide  bay, 
and  with  which  it  communicates  by  the  great 
western  avenue  or  causeway.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  bold  and  picturesque,  and  the  hills  ex 
hibit  the  most  charming  view  from  Boston  Com 
mon.     Pop.  1,041. 

Brooklyn,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  45  m.  E 
Hartford.    Pop.  1,451. 


BRO 


131 


BRU 


BrooJiIijn,  a  large  town  on  Long  Island,  sepa- 
rated from  the  ciW  of  New  York  by  the  narrow 
channel  called  East  River.  It  is  properly  a 
suburb  of  that  city  and  is  a  place  of  great  business. 
It  is  regularly  built,  and  contains  many  fine 
houses,  the  residence  of  merchants  from  the  city. 
The  United  States  Navy  Yard  is  in  the  east  part 
of  the  town  upon  a  bay  called  the  Wallabout. 
Pop.  15,3n(i.  Near  this  town  a  bloody  battle  was 
fought  with  the  British  in  1776,  and  the  neigh- 
bourhood exhibits  many  remains  of  the  fortifica- 
tions thrown  up  at  that  time. 

Brooklyn,  t.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio. 

Brooksville,  p.t.Hancock  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,089. 

BrookviUe,  the  chief  town  of  Franklin  county, 
Indiana.  It  is  finely  situated  between  the  east  and 
west  forks  of  the  White  Water  River,  which  falls 
into  the  Miami,  a  little  above  its  entrance  into 
the  01)io. 

Broome,  a  south  frontier  county  of  the  state  of 
New  York,  bordering  on  Susquehannah  county, 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  S.  E.  corner  borders  on 
the  Delaware  River.  It  has  some  mountain  dis- 
tricts. Pop.  17,582.  Binghampton,  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Susquehannah,  148  miles  W.  by  S.  of 
Albany,  is  the  chief  town. 

Broome,  is  also  the  name  of  a  township  in  Scho- 
narie  county,  New  York,  53  m.  W.  of  Albany. 
Pop.  3,161. 

Broom  Loch,  Great  and  Little,  two  lakes  or  arms 
of  the  sea,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire.  They  contain  several  good  harbours,  have 
long  been  noted  for  excellent  herrings,  and  are 
esteemed  as  the  best  fishing  stations  on  the  coast. 
Ullapool,  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  Great  Loch  is 
a  good  harbour,  and  at  the  head  is  the  town  of 
Lochbroom,  the  parish  of  which,  in  1821,  contain- 
ed a  population  of  4,540. 

Broro,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Sutherlandshire, 
which  issues  from  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  and 
forms  several  cascades  in  its  course  to  the  town  of 
Brora,  where  it  enters  the  sea. 

Brora,  a  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  S.  E.  coast 
of  Sutherlandshu-e,  with  a  small  harbour  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Brora,  14  m.  N.  E.  of  Dornoch. 

Brosdey,  a  town  of  Shropshire,  Eng.  it  is  situ- 
ate near  the  Severn,  on  the  west  side,  in  a  very 
interesting  and  important  district,  abounding  in 
coal,  iron,  and  lime.  The  celebrated  iron-works 
of  Colebrooke  Dale  are  in  the  parish,  and  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  town,  on  the  banks  of  the 
river,  over  which  there  is  an  iron  bridge  of  one 
arch,  leading  to  Madely,  on  the  opposite  side, 
which  may  be  considered  an  appendage  to  the 
district.  It  has  also  an  extensive  porcelain  manu- 
factory, and  another  of  tobacco  pipes.  The  coal 
of  this  district  contains  much  bitumen,  and  in  1711 
naphtha  was  discovered  issuing  from  a  spring  of 
water,  but  which  has  totally  disappeared  sinoe 
1755.  Brosely  is  6  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bridgenorth, 
and  140  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821,  4,815, 
which  owing  to  the  more  extensive  iron-works  in 
Glamorganshire  having  superseded  a  portion  of  the  ■ 
demand  from  this  district,  is  rather  less  than  in 
1800.  Madely  and  the  surrounding  district  con- 
tain a  furthei  population  of  6,000  to  8,000. 

Brotherton,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
one  mile  north  of  Ferrybridge,  where  Thomas  de 
Brotherton,  son  of  Edward  I.  was  born.  It  has  a 
trade  in  lime.     Pop.  1 ,720. 

Brouage,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Charente.  It  has  the  most  considerable 
salt-works  in  France,  and  stands  near  a  bay  of  the 
sea,  17  m.  S.  of  Uockelle. 


Brouca,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona,  on 
the  gulf  of  Catania,  15  m.  S.  of  Catania. 

Brmigh,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  Eng.  Near 
it  is  a  cotton  spinning  manufacture,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain.  It  is  8  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Appleby,  and 
261  N.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  940. 

Bowersliaven,  a  seaport  of  Holland  on  the  north 
side  of  the  island  of  Schonen,9  m.  S.  W.  of  Hel- 
voetsluys.     Long.  3.  50.  E.  lat.  41.  38.  N. 

Brown,  a  frontier  county  of  the  state  of  Ohio, 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Ohio  River,  which 
divides  it  from  Mason  county,  Kentucky.  Pop. 
17,867.     Georgetown  is  the  chief  town. 

Brown,  is  also  the  name  of  a  county  in  the 
Michigan  territory,  westward  of  Lake  Michigan. 
Pop.  964.  Menomonie,  is  the  chief  town  or  sta- 
tion of  the  county. 

Brownfield,  t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.     Pop.  936. 

Brow7ihelm,  p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio. 

Brownington,  t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  412. 

Broicnsborough,  p.t.  Madison  Co.  Alab. 

Broicnshurg,  2  villages  in  Rockbridge  Co.  Va. 
and  Washington  Co.  Ten. 

Broumstown,  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Michigan,  16  m. 
S.  yV.  Detroit. 

Brownstown,  p.t.  the  seat  of  justice  for  Jackson 
Co.  Ind.  43  m.  N.  W.  Louisville. 

Brownsville,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Sack- 
ett's  Harbour.     Pop.  2,938. 

Brownsville,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop.  402 
Also  the  name  of  5  other  towns  in  Pa.,  N.  and  S. 
Carolina,  Ken.  and  Illinois. 

Brownsville,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Fay- 
ette county.  The  trade  to  Kentucky  renders  it  a 
flourishing  place,  and  many  boats  are  bui't  here. 
The  vicinity  abounds  with  monuments  of  Indian 
antiquity.  It  is  seated  on  the  Monongahela,  at 
the  mouth  of  Redstone  Creek,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Pittsburg.  Also  the  name  of  3  townships  in  Pa. 
and  Ohio. 

Bracctown,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Va. 

Bracev-ille.  p.v.  Knox  Co.  Ind. 

Brvrhsal,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Baden,  circle 
of  Pfinz  and  Enz.  It  has  a  large  salt-work,  and 
is  seated  on  the  river  Satz,  5  m.  S.  E.  of  Phillips- 
burg.     Pop.  about  6,0i)0. 

Bruck,  a  town  of  Saxony,  25  in.  N.  by  W.  of 
Wittenburg. 

Bruck,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  river  Leyta, 
20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Vienna. 

Brack,  or  Brug,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Ar- 
gau,  with  a  college,  seated  on  the  river  Aar,  22 
m.  S.  E.  of  Basel. 

Bruck,  or  Pruck,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
river  Ammer,  12  m.  W.  of  Munich.  Another  in 
the  Palatinate,  22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ratisbon. 

Bruck,  or  Pruck,  a  town  of  Gerninny  in  Stiria, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  its  name.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Muehr,  24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Gratz,  and  82  S 
W.  of  Vienna. 

Brue,  a  river  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  which  rises 
in  Selwood  forest,  on  the  borders  of  Wiltshire, 
and.  flows  through  the  county,  by  Bruton  and 
Glastonbury,  into  Bridgewater  bay. 

Brug,  or  Brig,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  tho 
Valais,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  39  m.  E.  of  Sion. 

Bruges,  a  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flanders. 
It  was  once  a  great  trading  town  ;  but,  in  the  16th 
century,  the  civil  wars  drove  the  trade  first  to 
Antwerp,  and  then  to  Amsterdam.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  estimated  at  20,000,  but  it  is  not  populous 
in  proportion  to  its  extent.  Its  situation  still  com- 
mands some  trade,  for  its  has  canals  to  Ghent,  Os- 
tend,  Sluys,  Nieuport,  Fumes,  Ypres,  and  Dun 


BRU 


]33 


BRU 


kirk.  Bruges  has  been  often  taken.  It  is  14  m. 
E.  of  Ostend. 

Brugge,  or  Bruggen,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony, 
in  the  principality  of  Hildesheim,  on  the  river 
Leyne,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Hildesheim. 

Bruggen,  a  town  of  Germany,  the  duchy  of 
Juliers;  seated  on  the  Schwalm,  6  m.  N.  E.  of 
Ruremonde. 

Brugencto,  a  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  35  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Ge- 
noa. 

Bruguiere  La,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Tarn,  5  m.  S.  of  Cashes.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Brukl,  a  town  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  in  the  elec- 
torate of  Cologne,  about  7  m.  S.  of  the  city  of  Co- 
logne.    Pop.  about  2,000. 

Brumau,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Hradisch,  at  the  foot  of  the  Carpathian  Mountains, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Hungary,  20  m.  E.  Hradisch. 

Brummen,  a  populous  village  of  Holland,  in 
Guelderland,  on  the  road  from  Arnheim,  to  Zut- 
phen. 

Brump,  or  Brumeth,  a  frontier  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  10  m.  N. 
of  Strasburg. 

Bruneg,  or  Prunecken,  a  town  of  the  Tyrol,  sit- 
uate in  a  fork  of  two  branches  of  the  river  Rientz  ; 
it  has  medicinal  baths  in  its  vicinity,  and  is  about 
15  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Brixen. 

Brunn,  or  Brian,  a  town  of  Moravia,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  defended  by  a  strong  fortress,  called  Spilberg, 
built  on  an  eminence  ;  and  has  manufactures  of 
cloth,  velvet,  and  plush.  The  Prr.-sians  besieged 
it  in  1742,  but  were  obliged  to  raise  the  siege.  It 
is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Zwittau  and 
Schwartz,  33  m.  S.  W.  of  Olmutz.  Long.  IG.  38. 
E.  lat.  49.  13.  N. 

Brunnen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Schweitz.  Here  the  cantons  of  Uri,  Schweitz, 
and  Underwalden,  formed  the  alliance  which  was 
the  foundation  of  the  republic  of  Switzerland.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Waldsta3dler  See,  2  m.  S.  W.  of 
Schweitz. 

Brunsbuttel ,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Holstein, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  13  m.  N.  W.  of 
Gluckstadt. 

Brunsicick,  Duchy  of,  a  territory  of  Germany, 
in  the  south  part  of  the  circle  of  Lower  Saxony. 
This  territory  formed  the  patrimony  of  the  family 
of  Cruelph,  \Velf,  or  Whelps,  who  trace  their  de- 
scent from  the  marquis  of  Este,  who  died  about 
the  middle  of  the  10th  century.  In  154G,  it  was 
divided  by  Ernest,  the  then  duke,  between  his  two 
sons ;  one  founding  the  dukedom  of  Brunswick 
Luneburg,  and  the  other  of  Brunswick  Wolfen- 
buttel ;  the  former  will  be  described  under  the 
head  of  Luneburg  and  Hanover,  and  the  other 
under  that  of  Wolfenbuttel. 

Brunsicick,  the  chief  town  of  the  states  of  Bruns- 
wick Wolfenbuttel,  is  situate  in  the  principality 
of  Wolfenbuttel,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Ocker, 
which  falls  into  the  Aller.  It  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  contains  ten  Lutheran  churches,  a  cathedral, 
dedicated  to  St.  Blasius,  one  Calvinist,  and  one 
Catholic  church,  a  college,  two  academies,  a  mint, 
opera  house,  town  hall,  &c.  The  ducal  palace  was 
formerly  a  monastery.  There  is  a  large  building 
appropriated  as  a  public  storehouse  for  wine.  It 
has  several  manufactories,  and  claims  the  inven- 
tion of  the  spinning  wheel;  and  is  distinguished  for 
its  breweries  of  mum,  made  principally  from 
vrheaten   malt,   with  a  portion  of  oat  and  bean 


malt,  tops  of  fir  and  birch,  and  various  herbs  ;  and,     ' 
with  the  exception  of  Leipzig  and  Frankfort,  the 
fairs  of  Brunswick  are  more  numerously  attended 
than  in  any  other  town  in  Germany.     It  formerly 
ranked  as  a  free  independent  city  ;  and  for  the 
continuance  of  its  freedom  it  long  and  strenuous- 
ly contended  ;  but  towards  the  close  of  the  17th-    * 
century,  yielded  all    its  pretensions,  and  became 
the  ducal  residence   in  1704.     It  is  47  m.  W.  by 
N.  of  Magdeburg,  35  E.   by  S.  of  Hanover^  and 
about  110  S.  by  E.  of  Hamburgh,  in  the  lat.   of    "' 
52.   16.  N.   and   10.  30.  of  E.  long.     Pop.  about  J!' 
35,000. 

Brunswick,  New,  a  province  of  British  America, 
extending  from  the  bay  of  Fundy  south,  in  the 
lat.  of  45.,  to  the  frontier  of  Lower  Canada,  in 
the  lat.  of  48.  N.,  bounded  on  the  west,  partly  by 
the  Schoodic  River,  and  partly  by  a  conventional 
line  running  from  the  head  of  tide  water  in  the 
above  river,  which  divides  it  from  the  American 
State  of  Maine,  in  the  long,  of  07.  45.  W.,  to  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  long,  of  (54.  It  is 
joined  to  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  south-east  corner,  by 
an  isthmus,  about  15  miles  in  breadth,  and  con- 
tains an  area  of  about  8,500  square  miles,  and  an 
aggregate  population  of  about  60,000.  It  is  inter- 
sected from  the  north  by  the  river  St.  John,  which 
falls  over  a  rapid  into  the  bay  of  Fundy  ;  the 
rapid  impedes  the  navigation  for  vessels  of  100 
tons  burthen  for  a  hundred  miles,  and  vast  quan- 
tities of  masts  and  logs  of  timber  are  floated  down 
for  shipment  in  the  bay,  which  is  spacious  and 
secure.  St.  John's,  the  chief  town  of  the  pro- 
vince, it  situate  on  the  east  shore  of  the  bay,  im- 
mediately contiguous  to  the  river  of  the  same 
name.  It  has  several  rivers  running  from  W.  to 
E.  into  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  on  which  side 
of  the  province  are  several  spacious  bays,  such 
as  Chaleur,  Mirimichi,  Richibucto,  &c.,  from 
whence  vast  quantities  of  timber  are  shipped  to 
Great  Britain  annually.  A  (ew  tribes  of  native 
Indians  are  scattered  over  the  province.  It  pos- 
sesses in  general  a  capable  soil,  but  cultivation 
has  made  but  little  progress  ;  the  inhabitants  de- 
pending more  on  the  forests  and  the  fishery,  in 
obtaining  a  supply  of  manufactures  and  other  for- 
eio-n  productions,  than  on  agriculture.  Besides 
St.  John's,  the  other  chief  towns  are,  St.  Andrews, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Schoodic,  and  St.  Ann's, 
or,  as  it  is  now  called,  Fredericton,  which  is  the 
seat  of  the  provincial  government,  about  80  m.  up 
the  river  St.  John. 

Brunswick,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
3,747.  It  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Andros- 
coggin river,  26  m.  N.  E.  of  Portland.  The  river 
has  many  falls  at  this  place  on  which  are  situated 
a  number  of  mills  as  well  as  cotton  and  woolen 
manufactories.  But  what  chiefly  distinguishes 
the  town  is  Bowdoin  College,  which  was  established 
here  in  1806.  It  has  a  President  and  6  professors. 
Its  library  contains  12,000  vols,  and  it  has  a  phi- 
losophical and  chemical  apparatus  and  a  cabinet 
of  minerals.  The  college  is  supported  partly  by  the 
income  of  property  bequeathed  by  James  Bow- 
doin, Governor  of  Massachusetts,  from  whom  it 
derives  its  name.  The  number  of  students  is 
137.  There  are  3  vacations,  in  Ma}',  September 
and  December,  of  13  weeks.  Commencement  is 
in  September. 

Brunsicick,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,570.  Also  the  name  of  3  towns  in  Vt.,Pa.,and 
Ohio. 

Brunswick,  a  south  frontier  county  of  the  E 
District  of  Virginia,  bordering  on  Northamptoa 


Btiir 


133 


BRU 


county,  North  Carolina.  The  south-west  corner 
jets  upon  the  Roanoke  river.  Pop.  15,770.  Law- 
renceville  is  the  chief  town. 

Brunstcick,  a  maritime  and  frontier  county  at 
the  soutli  extremity  of  North  Carolina.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Cape  Fear  Riv- 
er. It  is  a  swampy  and  desolate  district.  Pop. 
6,.523.  Smithville,  near  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear 
River,  255  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Raleigh,  is  the  chief 
town.  It  has  also  a  town  of  the  same  name  about 
30  miles  up  the  river. 

Brunswick,  a  seaport  of  the  state  of  Geo.,  chief 
town  of  Glynn  county,  with  a  safe  harbour,  capa- 
ble of  containing  a  numerous  fleet  of  men  of  war. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  mouth  of 
Turtle  River,  in  St.  Simon  Sound,  60  ra.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Savannah,  and  10  S.  of  Darien.  Long.  81. 
0.  W.  lat.  31.  10.  N. 

Bruny's  Me,  an  island  off  the  S.  E.  point  of 
Van  Dieman's  Land,  about  30  m.  in  length,  in- 
dented by  Adventure  Bay. 

Bruree,  a  parish  in  the  county  of  Limerick, 
Ireland.  Pop.  in  18"21,  4,038.  A  small  village  of 
the  same  name,  within  the  parish,  16  m.  S  of  Lim- 
erick, was  formerly  celebrated  as  the  half  yearly 
rendezvous  of  the  Irish  bards ;  but  avarice  and 
oppression  have  long  since  subdued  all  social  in- 
tercourse among  the  native  Irish ;  and  the  min- 
strel has  not  sounded  at  Bruree  since  1746. 

Brussels,  or  Bruxelles,  one  of  the  chief  cities 
of  Belgium,  in  South  Brabant,  and  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  It 
stands  on  a  gentle  eminence  on  the  banks  of  the 
Senne,  a  small  stream  flowing  into  the  Scheldt. 
Its  existence  can  be  traced  to  a  vt:y  remote  period, 
and  the  simplicity  of  its  origin  forms  a  striking 
contrast  with  its  subsequent  splendour.  Early  in 
the  seventh  century,  St.  Gery,  bishop  of  Cam- 
bray,  erected  a  small  chapel  in  one  of  the  islands 
formed  by  the  Senne,  and  there  preached  the 
gospel  to  the  surrounding  peasantry.  The  beau- 
ty of  the  situation,  and  the  piety  and  eloquence 
of  the  preacher,  attracted  many  to  the  spot ;  their 
united  numbers  soon  formed  a  large  village, 
which  increased  so,  that  in  the  year  990  it  could 
boast  of  a  market  and  a  castle.  In  process  of 
time  it  became  the  favourite  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Brabant,  and  of  the  Austrian  governors 
who  succeeded  them,  and  even  acquired  the  title 
of  "  the  ornament  of  the  Netherlands."  In  the 
vear  155.5,  it  was  chosen  by  the  emperor  Charles 
V.  as  the  place  in  which  he  made  a  formal  resig- 
nation of  his  dominions  to  his  son,  afterwards 
Philip  II. :  the  chair  in  which  he  sat,  on  that  me- 
morable occasion,  is  still  religiously  preserved. 
During  the  wars  that  raged  in  Europe  in  the 
oeventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries,  and  of 
which  the  Netherlands  were  the  principal  theatre, 
Brussels  underwent  its  share  of  suffering;  being 
occupied,  in  turn,  by  each  of  the  contending 
powers.  In  1695  it  was  bombarded  by  marshal 
Villeroy  ;  when  fourteen  churches,  and  upwards 
of  4,000  houses,  were  destroyed.  After  the  cele- 
brated battle  of  Ramillies,  its  keys  were  surren- 
dered to  the  duke  of  Marlborough.  It  was  taken 
by  the  French  under  marshal  Saxe  in  1746,  but 
restored  to  its  former  master  at  the  peace  of  Aix- 
ta-Chajielle.  During  the  revolutionary  war  it 
again  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  to  whom 
it  remained  subject  till  the  general  peace  of  Eu- 
rope in  1814.  While  under  their  government, 
it  was  made  the  seat  of  a  court  of  criminal  and 
special  justice,  a  chamber  and  tribunal  of  com- 
merce, and  a  coiurt  of  appeal  for  five  departments. 


Durmg  the  revolution  of  1830,  it  was  the  scene 
of  the  most  bloody  battles  between  the  inhabi- 
tants and  the  Dutch  troops.  The  24th,  25th  and 
26th  of  October  were  days  of  perpetual  and  terri- 
ble carnage  in  the  streets  of  tlie  city.  The 
Dutch  were  driven  out  of  Brussels  on  the  27th 
with  the  loss  of  3,000  men. 

Brussels  has  always  been  eminent  as  a  manu 
facturing  town ;  the  fabric  of  lace,  which  is  in 
high  estimation  every  where,  gives  employment 
to  upwards  of  10,000  individuals.  Its  camlets, 
and  still  more  its  carpets,  are  much  admired,  and 
command  high  prices.  It  is  also  celebrated  for 
the  manufacture  of  carriages,  which  are  consider- 
ed to  be  superior  to  those  of  London  and  Paris  in 
cheapness  and  elegance.  Neither,  although  in 
an  island  position,  is  it  without  a  consider- 
able share  of  commerce,  not  only  with  the  sur- 
rounding parts,  but  with  foreign  countries.  It 
owes  this  great  advantage  to  its  numerous  canals, 
by  which  it  communicates  with  the  Scheldt.  The 
principal  of  these  is  that  leading  to  Antwerp, 
constructed  about  the  year  1560,  at  an  expense  of 
£  170,000  sterling.  It  is  110  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea. 

The  present  flourishing  condition  of  the  citj- 
is  also  owing  to  the  great  influx  of  foreigners, 
particularly  French  and  English.  To  the  latter 
it  has  become  peculiarly  attractive  of  late  years, 
from  its  contiguity  to  the  plain  of  Waterloo ; 
but,  before  that  period,  the  salubrity  and  mildness 
of  its  temperature,  the  cheapness  of  its  economi- 
cal arrangements,  and  the  tone  of  its  society,  had 
made  it  a  favourite  place  of  abode  with  numbers 
of  this  nation.  So  early  as  the  time  of  Cromwell, 
it  was  marked  in  the  annals  of  England,  as  being 
the  chosen  residence  of  Charles  II.,  and  of  his 
brother,  afterwards  James  II.,  during  the  greater 
part  of  the  period  of  their  exclusion  from  their 
native  country..  The  interior  of  the  town,  of  it- 
self, offers  much  to  attract  and  to  retain  strangers. 
Its  environs  are  also  beautiful  by  nature,  and  are 
rendered  still  more  so  by  the  elegant  additions  of 
art  guided  by  refined  taste. 

The  city  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  wall 
and  ditch,  neither  of  which  now  exist :  what  were 
the  ramparts,  are,  at  present,  beautiful  walks  bor- 
dered with  trees  ;  those  to  the  north  and  east  are 
called  boulevards.  The  lower  part  of  the  city, 
adjacent  to  the  river,  is  irregular,  and,  from  its 
situation,  somewhat  unhealthy ;  but  in  the  new 
part,  which  occupies  the  more  elevated  portions, 
the  streets  are  spacious  and  airy,  the  houses  well 
built  and  lofty.  Considerable  attention  is  paid  to 
architectural  ornament ;  and  the  custom  of  paint- 
ing the  outside  with  some  lively  colour  presents 
an  agreeable  variety  to  the  eye. 

The  appearance  of  tlie  city  is  much  enlivened 
by  the  elegance  of  its  squares  ;  the  principal  are 
the  Place  Royale,  the  Great  Market,  the  Place 
St.  Michael,  the  Corn  Market,  and  the  Grand  Sa- 
blon.  Of  these,  the  great  market-place  is  indis- 
putably the  finest :  it  is  an  oblong  of  large  dimen- 
sions ;  each  side  is  of  a  different  style  of  architec- 
ture, yet  all  combine  to  form  a  whole  highly 
pleasing  to  the  view.  The  town  hall,  and  several 
of  those  of  the  different  trading  companies,  form 
three  of  the  sides,  and  one  uniform  edifice  on  the 
remaining  side  completes  tlie  parallelogram.  St. 
Michael's  square,  also,  deservedly  attracts  much 
attention  :  it  is,  like  the  former,  an  extended  ob- 
long ;  but  it  differs  from  it  in  having  the  buildings 
of  uniform  architecture,  ornamented  with  pillars 
of  the  Doric  order.  The  centre  has  been  planted 
M 


BRU 


134 


BRT 


and  laid  out  as  a  pleasure  ground.  The  fish  mar- 
ket, which  has  been  but  a  few  years  erected,  is 
one  of  the  neatest  in  Europe.  There  is  also  a 
market  for  frogs,  which  are  brought  alive  in  pails 
and  cans,  and  prepared  for  dressing  on  the  spot. 
The  hind  limbs,  which  are  the  only  parts  used, 
are  cut  from  the  body  with  scissors  by  the  women 
who  bring  the  animals  for  sale. 

The  favourite  place  of  recreation  for  the  inha- 
bitants is  the  Park.  It  is  a  large  pleasure  ground, 
adjoining  the  palace,  laid  out  with  great  taste, 
planted  with  a  variety  of  fine  trees  and  flowering 
shrubs,  and  diversified  with  lawns  ornamented 
with  fountains  and  statues.  Some  of  these  latter 
are  of  the  purest  style  of  sculpture.  In  the  centre 
is  a  fine  basin,  stocked  witli  gold  and  silver  fish. 
On  each  side  of  the  principal  walk  is  a  valley 
planted  so  as  to  exclude  all  annoyance  from  the 
overpowering  rays  of  the  sun.  A  fountain,  in 
one  of  these,  is  marked  with  an  inscription,  stat- 
ing that  Peter  the  Great,  during  his  residence 
here,  sat  down  by  its  margin  to  drink  a  bottle  of 
wine :  another  version  of  the  story  says,  that  he 
fell  into  it,  while  strolling  through  the  park  after 
dinner.     Both  may  be  true. 

One  of  the  approaches  to  the  town  also  forms  a 
favourite  promenade.  It  is  called  the  Allee  Verte, 
and  is  planted  with  a  triple  row  of  trees  along  the 
canal ;  the  prospect  of  which,  with  the  numerous 
villas  around,  and  the  varying  scenes  of  pleasure 
and  employment  that  every  moment  present 
themselves,  render  it  singularly  beautiful. 

A  copious  supply  of  water  is  secured  to  the 
inhabitants  by  a  number  of  fountains,  whose 
elegance  of  structure  adds  much  to  the  beauty  of 
the  city.  One  of  the  finest  was  erected  by  Lord 
Aylesbury,  an  English  nobleman,  as  a  public  ex- 
pression of  his  gratitude  for  an  agreeable  residence 
of  forty  years  in  the  town.  The  water  for  the 
supply  of  these  fountains  is  raised,  by  machinery, 
from  a  lake  about  half  a  mile  from  the  city. 

The  palace  of  the  States-general  is  a  magnifi- 
cent building,  supported  on  pillars  of  the  Ionic 
order.  Its  entrance  leads  to  a  spacious  hall,  on 
each  side  of  which  is  a  marble  staircase ;  one  con- 
ducting to  the  chamber  of  peers,  the  other  to  the 
chamber  of  deputies.  This  latter  is  in  the  form 
of  a  semicircle,  with  a  very  capacious  gallery  for 
the  people.  The  town-hall  is  a  noble  specimen 
of  the  old  irregular  but  highly  ornamented  Gothic 
style.  So  irregular  is  the  building,  that  its  tower 
stands  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  centre. 
The  elevation  of  this  part  of  the  edifice  is  3G4 
feet :  it  is  surmounted  with  a  statue  of  St.  Mi- 
chael with  the  dragon  under  his  feet,  in  copper 
gilt,  seventeen  feet  high,  which  it  turns  on  a 
pivot,  and  serves  as  a  vane  for  showing  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind. 

The  Orange  Palace,  generally  called  La  Vieille 
Cour,  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  govern- 
ors of  Belgium  ;  but  is  now  occupied  as  a  muse- 
um, a  public  library,  a  cabinet  of  natural  history, 
and  singing  and  dancing  schools.  It  is  also  fur- 
nished with  a  valuable,  though  not  large,  collec- 
tion of  Flemish  paintings.  The  library,  which 
contains  upwards  of  100,000  volumes,  was  chiefly 
collected  from  suppressed  convents.  Adjoining 
the  building  is  a  fine  botanic  garden,  containing 
more  than  4,000  exotics.  The  philosophical  col- 
lege, wliich  has  been  but  a  few  years  in  existence, 
is  founded  on  a  liberal  scale.  The  great  hall,  or 
amphitheatre,  is  capable  of  accommodating  1,200 
persons.  Each  student  has  a  room  furnished  at 
the  expense  of  government ;  all  tlie  courses  of 


lectures  are  gratuitous  ;  and  stipends  are  allowed 
to  a  number  of  pupils  whose  means  are  not  ade- 
quate to  defray  the  moderate  expenses  of  their 
board. 

The  principal  church  is  that  of  St.  Gudule, 
erected  on  an  eminence,  and  adorned  with  two 
square  towers  which  command  a  very  extensive 
prospect.  It  contains  no  less  than  sixteen  chapels, 
which  are  enriched  with  numerous  paintings. 
The  windows  are  adorned  with  curious  painted 
glass;  and  the  pulpit  exhibits  a  beautiful  speci- 
men of  sculpture  in  wood,  both  as  to  design  and 
execution.  The  monument  of  John  II.  duke  of 
Brabant  is  in  the  choir :  it  is  of  black  marble, 
with  a  lion  of  copper,  weighing  6,000  pounds 
couching  *n  it.  The  archduke  Lrnest  has  also  a 
mausoleum  here.  This  church  is  celebrated  in 
legendary  history  for  three  miraculous  hosts, 
which  were  stolen  by  Jews,  but  were  afterwards 
restored.  The  event  is  commemorated  by  an  an- 
nual procession,  during  which  time  the  church 
is  decorated  with  six  exquisite  pieces  of  tapestry 
explanatory  of  the  event. 

The  cemeteries  are  detached  from  the  churches, 
being  situate  outside  the  boulevards.  David,  the 
celebrated  French  painter,  is  buried  in  that  with- 
out the  gate  of  Louvain.  Among  the  hospitals, 
is  one  for  foundlings,  one  for  penitent  women  of 
the  town,  and  a  third  in  which  strangers  are  main- 
tained gratuitously  for  three  days. 

In  the  village  of  Lacken,  about  half  a  league  to 
the  north  of  Brussels,  is  the  splendid  palace  of 
Schoenburg,  or  Schoonenburg,  originally  intend- 
ed for  the  reception  of  the  governor  of  the  Neth- 
erlands. During  the  reign  of  Napoleon,  it  was 
occiisionally  his  residence,  as  also  that  of  his 
brother,  the  late  king  of  Holland.  The  interior 
of  the  palace  is  laid  out  m  a  style  of  superior  mag- 
nificence. A  subterranean  grotto,  and  some  tem- 
ples connected  with  it,  are  also  much  admired. 

The  inhabitants  of  Brussels  are  Catholics,  and 
speak  the  French  language,  but  all  religious  te- 
nets are  tolerated.  The  population  has  increased 
considerably  since  1814  ;  and,  in  the  absence  of 
correct  data,  may  be  estimated  at  80,000  to  90,000 
It  is  25  miles  S.  of  Antwerp,  about  the  same  dis- 
tance E.  by  S.  of  Ghent,  and  148  N.  by  E.  of 
Paris.     Lat.  50.  51.  N.  long.  4.  22.  E. 

Bruton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  silk  and  hosiery  ;  a  free- 
school,  founded  by  Edward  VI. ;  and  a  stately 
alms-house,  consisting  of  the  ruins  of  a  priory, 
with  an  income  of  nearly  £3,000  per  annum.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Brue,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Wells 
and  100  W.  of  London.     Pop  in  1821,  1,858. 

Brutus,  a  township  of  Cayuga  county.  New 
York,  lying  between  the  south  shore  of  Lake 
Ontario,  and  the  Erie  Canal,  161  m.  W.  by  N. 
of  Albany.     Pop.  1,827. 

Brux,  a  town  in  the  north  part  of  the  circle  of 
Saaz,  Bohemia. 

Bruijeres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  11  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Epinal.     Pop.  1 ,900. 

Bryan,  a  small  maritime  county  of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Ogeechee 
River,  which  divides  it  from  Chatham  county ; 
the  Cannouchee  River  intersects  it  from  the  S. 
W.  corner,  falling  into  the  Ogeechee  about  the 
centre  of  the  north  side.  Pop.  2,319.  The 
court-house  of  the  county  is  about  15  miles  south 
of  Savannah,  and  206  S.  E.  W  E.  of  Milledgeville. 

Bryan sliridge,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  the  par- 
ish of  Killaloe,  county  of  Clare,  seated  on  th« 
Shannon,  8  m.  N  of  Limerick. 


BUG 


135 


JH/C 


Brzese,  or  Polesm,  Palatinate  of,  a  district  of 
Russian  Poland,  lying  between  the  rivers  Bug  on 
the  west,  and  Dnieper  on  tho  east,  intersected  by 
the  line  of  the  52nd  degree  of  JN.  lat.,  and  also 
from  W.  to  E.  by  the  Przspice  River,  with  nu- 
merous collateral  branches  falling  into  the  Dnie- 
per. These  rivers,  from  a  total  absence  of  all 
attempts  to  free  the  obstructions  of  their  currents, 
tend  to  make  Brzese  a  marshy  and  dreary  district, 
which,  under  social  and  reciprocal  arrangements, 
might  easily  be  made  to  rank  among  the  most 
fertile  in  Europe.  The  Pina,  a  branch  of  the 
Frzspice,  is  united  by  a  canal  to  the  Machawiza, 
a  branch  of  the  Bug,  falling  into  the  Vistula, 
thereby  uniting  the  waters  of  the  Black  Sea  with 
those  of  the  Baltic. 

Brzf^c  I.itov,  the  chief  town  of  the  above  dis- 
trict is  situate  at  the  confluence  of  the  river  Ma- 
chawiza with  tlie  Bug,  opposite  to  Therespol.  It 
is  a  considerable  place,  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop, 
and  celebrated  for  its  being  the  chief  place  for  the 
instruction  of  Jews  destined  for  raltbiuical  pur- 
suits. It  is  strongly  fortified,  and  has  a  castle  on 
an  eminence  about  100m.  E.  by  S.  of  War.saw,  and 
250  S.  E.  of  Dantzic. 

Brzese,  is  also  the  name  of  another  town,  capi- 
tal of  another  Palatinate  of  the  same  name,  lying 
between  the  rivers  Wartha  on  the  S.  W.  and  Vis- 
tula on  the  N.  E.  The  town,  seated  near  the 
Vistula,  is  about  DO  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Warsaw,  and 
150  due  S.  of  Dantzic. 

Brzezany,  a  town  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Austrian 
Gallicia,  seated  near  a  small  lake  communicating 
with  the  Dneister  River.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Brze,  and  Brzo,  begin  the  names  of  numerous 
other  towns  and  villages  in  different  parts  of  Po- 
land and  Gallicia,  but  none  of  them  merit  any 
particular  notice. 

Brzesnitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  on  the  frontier  of  the  principality  of  Mies- 
sen,  with  manufactures  of  lace,  fire-arms,  and 
hardware,  24  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Saatz.  Another, 
in  the  north  part  of  the  circle  of  Prachin,  18  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Pisek. 

Bua,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  called  likewise  Partridge  Island, 
because  frequented  by  those  birds.  It  is  joined 
by  a  bridge  to  the  town  of  Traon,  about  20  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of'Spalatro. 

Btuircos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  on  the 
sea-coast,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mondego,  27  m.  S. 
ofAveira.  It  suffered  greatly  by  the  earthquake 
which  destroyed  the  greater  part  of  Lisbon  in 
1759. 

Buccari,  or  Buchari,  a  seaport  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  on  the  coast  of  Morlachia,  at  the  head  of 
the  N.  E.  part  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  declared  by 
the  emperor,  in  1780,  a  free  port  for  commerce 
with  the  East  Indies  ;  but  the  favour  might  just 
as  well  have  applied  to  trading  with  the  moon,  for 
any  advantage  that  has  resulted  from  the  declara- 
tion.    It  is  12  m.  E.  of  Fiume.     Pop.  about  .3,000. 

Buckanes,  the  most  eastern  promontory  of  Scot- 
land, to  the  east  of  Peterhead,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
in  long.  1.  34.  W.  lat.  57.  27.  N.  Near  this  prom- 
ontory are  the  Bullers  of  Buchan,  and  other  stu- 
p«ndous  rocks  and  precipices,  much  admired  for 
their  awful  grandeur. 

BiLcharia.     See  Bokharia. 

Buchau,  a.to-wn  of  Suabia,  with  a  nunnery,  seat- 
ed on  a  small  lake,  called  Feyder  See,  2o  m.  S. 
W.  of  Ulm. 

Buchau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  26  m.  S.  W.  of  SaaU. 


Buchotz,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  middle 
mark,  seated  on  the  Dahme.  near  the  frontier  of 
Lusatia,  23  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Bucharest,  a  strong  city  of  European  Turkey, 
capital  of  Wallachia,  where  the  hospodar  com- 
monly resides.  The  patriarchal  church  is  large, 
adjoining  to  the  palace  of  the  archbishop  ;  and  in 
a  square,  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  the  great 
church  of  St.  George,  the  patron  saint  of  Wal- 
lacliia.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  60,000. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Domboriza,  which  falls  into 
the  Danube,  25  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Tergovist.  and 
200  N.  by  W.  of  Adrianople.  Lon<r.  26.  8.  E.  lat. 
44.  37.  N. 

Buchorn,  a  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  lake  of  Constance,  18  m.  N.  W.  of 
Lindau. 

Backden,  a  village  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng. 
5  m.  S.  W.  of  Huntingdon,  and  61  N.  of  Lon- 
don. Here  is  a  sujjerb  palace  of  the  bishops  of 
Lincoln,  and  several  of  the  prelates  have  been 
interred  in  the  church.     Pop.  368. 

Backchvrg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Schauenburg,  with  a  castle,  on  the  river 
Aa,  3  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Minden. 

Buckengham,  Old  and  JVe?c,  two  towns  in  Nor- 
folk, Eng.  12  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Thetford,  and  93 
N.  E.  of  London.     Pop.  together  1,854. 

Buckfastleigh,  a  village  m  Devonshire,  Eng. 
three  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Ashburton.  Here  are 
some  remains  of  a  Cistercian  abbey  ;  and  many  of 
the  houses  are  built  with  materials  from  its  ruins. 
Pop.  2,240. 

Buckfieid,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1.510. 

Bvckhead,  p.t.  Fairfield  Dis.  S.  C.  33  m.  N. 
Columbia. 

Buckingham,  an  interior  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  river  Thames,  which 
divides  it  from  Berkshire,  east  by  the  counties  of 
Middlesex,  Hertford,  and  Bedford,  south  by  North 
ampton,  and  west  by  Oxfordshire.  The  south 
part  is  intersected  by  the  Ouse  River,  running 
from  west  to  east  into  Bedfordshire,  working  sev- 
eral corn  and  paper  mills,  but  is  now  navigable 
within  the  county.  The  Syssel  runs  from  south 
to  north  into  the  Ouse,  and  the  Coin,  which  di- 
vides the  county  from  that  of  Middlesex,  runs 
from  north  to  south  into  the  Thames.  The  Thame, 
which  rises  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  runs 
west,  falling  into  the  Thames,  in  Oxfordshire. 
The  north  part  is  intersected  by  a  range  of  chalk 
hills,  and  the  Grand  Junction  Canal  runs  through 
the  south-east  part  of  the  county,  being  carried 
over  the  river  Ouse,  by  an  aqueduct  three  quar- 
ters of  a  mile  in  length.  The  county  may  be  con- 
sidered divided  by  the  chalk  hills  into  two  exten- 
sive plains  the  south  part  producing  wheat  and 
beans  of  superior  quality,  and  the  north  part  ap- 
propriated more  to  pasture.  In  addition  to  its 
chalk,  which  is  distributed  over  all  its  inland 
counties,  for  whitewashing,  it  has  veins  of  fuller's 
earth  and  ochre 

This  county  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  corn 
and  cattle  :  formerly  fine  flocks  of  sheep  were  fed 
m  the  vale  of  Aylesbury,  but  the  breeding  of 
these  useful  animals  has  been  for  some  time  on 
the  decline.  At  present  this  vale  feeds  oxen  for 
the  London  market,  to  which  it  also  sends  im- 
mense supplies  of  butter  weekly.  There  is  a 
small  proportion  of  arable  land  in  the  northern 
division  of  the  county ;  and  not  much  in  any 
other  part,  except  the  Chiltern  districts,  which 
are  usually  cultivated  with  wheat,  barley,  oats, 
beans,  and  sainfoin.     In   the  neighbourhood  of 


BUD 


136 


BUE 


Aylesbury,  ducks  are  reared  very  early  in  the 
spring,  and  sometimes  at  Christmas,  which  being 
sent  to  London,  sell  at  high  price.  The  only 
manufactures  of  consequence  in  this  county  are 
those  of  bonelace  and  paper.  The  former  is  car- 
ried on  at  Olney,  Newport-Pagnell,  and  Han- 
slope,  and  the  latter  principally  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Wycomb.  At  Amersham  there  is  a 
manufacture  of  sacking  and  of  white  cotton  goods ; 
and  at  Marlow  are  some  large  works  of  copper, 
brass,  and  brass-wire  ;  and  mills  for  making  thim- 
bles and  pressing  rape  and  linseed.  This  county 
is  adorned  with  several  magnificent  seats,  and  in 
various  parts  Roman  roads  and  military  stations 
are  traced,  and  Roman  antiquities  have  been 
occasionally  discovered.  The  principal  towns 
are  Aylesbury,  Buckingliam,  Marlow ;  and  of 
a  secondary  class,  Amersham,  Wycomb,  and 
Wendover  ;  each  of  which  returns  two  members 
to  parliament,  in  addition  to  two  for  the  county. 

Buckingham,  a  borough,  and  one  of  tlie  prin- 
cipal towns  in  the  preceding  county,  is  situate 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ouse,  by  which  it  is 
nearly  surrounded,  and  over  which  there  are 
three  bridges.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  an- 
tiquity, having  been  fortified  by  Edward  the  Elder 
in  918,  against  the  incursions  of  the  Danes.  It 
had  formerly  a  castle  in  the  centre  of  the  town, 
on  the  site  of  which,  towards  the  close  of  the  last 
century, an  elegant  new  church  was  erected.  The 
summer  assizes  for  the  county  are  held  here.  The 
town  hall  is  a  spacious  edifice  of  brick.  A  great 
number  of  calves  are  fattened,  and  large  quantities 
of  butter  made  for  the  London  market  in  this  piirt 
of  the  county  :  lace  is  also  made  here.  Market 
on  Saturday.  Pop.  in  1821,  including  four  ad- 
joining hamlets,  3,465,  IG  m.  north  of  Aylesbury, 
26  N.  E.  of  Oxford,  23  S.  W  of  Northampton, 
and  .55  N.  of  London. 

Backingham,  an  interior  county  in  the  E.  district 
of  Virginia,  forming  nearly  a  square,  the  west 
and  north  sides  of  which  are  bounded  by  James 
River.  Pop.  18,351.  The  court-house,  in  the 
centre  of  the  county  is  64  m.  W.  of  Richmond. 
Also  the  name  of  three  towns  in  Pa. 

Buckinghamshire,  a  county  of  Lower  Canada, 
m  the  district  of  Trois  Rivieres,  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Buckland.  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  105  m.  W. 
N.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  1,039. 

Bucks,  a  frontier  county  in  the  E.  district  of 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  bounded  on  the  north- 
east and  south-east  by  the  Delaware  River,  which 
divides  it  from  New  Jersey,  and  on  the  south-west 
by  Montgomery  county,  the  south-west  corner 
jetting  upon  Philadelphia.  Population,  45,740. 
Bristol,  the  chief  town,  in  the  south-east  part  of 
the  county,  on  the  bank  of  the  Delaware,  is  142 
m.  E.  of  Harrisburg,  and  18  N.  E.  of  Philadel- 
phia. 

Bucksport,  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  on  the  E.  bank 
oftlie  Penobscot,  17  ni.  above  Castine.  It  is  a 
maritime  town  and  has  a  considerable  trade.  Pop. 
2,237. 

Budu,  or  Ofcn,  theodpilal  of  Lower  Hungary, 
situate  en  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Danube,  over  whicii  is  a  bridge  of  boats  to 
Pest.  Tha  inhabitant!!  are  estimated  at  25,000. 
The  churches  and  public  buildings  are  "handsome. 
In  the  adjacent  country  are  vineyards,  which  pro 
duce  excellent  wine.  Prior  to  1.526,  when  it  sur- 
rendered to  the  Turks,  it  was  the  residence  of  the 
kings  of  Hungary.  From  that  period,  for  160 
years,  it  was  an  object  of  jealousy  and  contention 


between  the  Turks  and  the  Christian  powers  of 
Europe  ;  when,  in  1686,  it  surrendered  to  the  lat- 
ter, who  strengthened  the  fortifications,  and  by 
whom  it  has  since  been  retained  without  inver- 
ruption.  It  suffered  greatly  by  fire  in  1810,  when 
600  houses  were  destroyed  ;  but  their  places  have 
since  been  supplied  with  improved  buildings.  It 
is  about  130  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Vienna,  and  180  N. 
N.  W.  of  Belgrade.  Long.  19.  5.  E.  lat.  47.  30.  N. 

Budanitza,  a  town  at  the  north-west  end  of 
Sclavonia,  near  the  south  bank  of  the  Drave,  23 
m.  S.  W.  of  Funfkirchen. 

Budlich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory 
of  Treves ;  seated  on  the  Traen,  12  m  E.  N.  E.  of 
Treves. 

Buderick,  or  Burich,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleves  ;  seated  on  the  Rhine,  22  m.  S.  E. 
of  Cieves,  and  4    S.  E.  of  Wcsol. 

Budin,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Ra- 
konitz,  witli  a  castle,  9  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Leut- 
meritz. 

Budingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetteravia, 
with  a  castle ;  situate  on  the  Sambach,  25  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Frankfort,  on  the  Maine. 

Budinze,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  18  m.  S.  W^.  of 
Essey. 

Budoa,  a  strong  seaport  of  Dalmatia,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  sustained  a  siege  by  the  Turks, 
in  1636,  and  is  30  miles  S.  E.  of  Ragusa.  Lone. 
18.  58.  E.  lat.  42.  10.  N. 

Budrio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Bolognese,  8 
m.  E.  of  Bologna. 

Budiccis,  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia  in  the 
circle  of  Bechin,  and  lately  a  bishop's  see.  In  the 
environs  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Muldau,  75  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Prague. 

Budweis,  a  town  of  Moravia  in  the  circle  of 
Znaim,  40  m.  S.  W.  of  Bunn,  and  65  N.  N.  W. 
of  Vienna. 

Buenos  Ayres.  Under  this  head  it  has  been 
usual  to  include  a  vast  portion  of  the  sou-theru 
divisions  of  the  western  hemisphere,  extending 
from  the  13th  to  the  41st  deg.  of  south  lat.  com- 
prising an  area  of  about  1,450,000  square  miles; 
constituted  a  vice-royalty  of  Spain  in  1778,  but 
from  the  period  of  July,  1806,  to  Julv,  1821,  it 
continued  in  perpetual  revolution  ;  when  at  the 
latter  period  it  was  constituted  an  independent 
republic  by  the  title  of  the  United  Provinces  of 
South  America,  under  which  head  its  aggregate 
and  general  features  will  be  found  exhibited. 

Buenos  Ayres,  one  of  the  eight  united  provinces 
of  South  America,  is  the  most  easterly  division 
of  the  republic,  being  bounded  on  the  east  from  the 
2G*h  to  the  34th  deg.  of  south  lat.  by  the  Brazilian 
territory,  and  from  the  34th  to  the  frontier  of  Pata- 
gonia, in  the  lat.  of 41  south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ; 
divided  into  two  parts  north  and  south  by  the  great 
river  La  Plata,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
between  the  lats.  of  35.  and  37.  The  north  part 
of  this  province  is  intersected  from  north  to  south 
by  the  great  rivers  Parana  and  Uruguay,  the 
united  waters  of  which  form  the  La  Plata.  This 
part  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  a  conventional 
line,  which  divides  it  from  the  province  of  Cor- 
dova, from  50  to  120  m.  W.  of  Parana  River. 
The  greater  portion  of  this  division  of  the  province 
is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  the  congeniality  of  its 
climate  worthy  of  the  title  which  it  has  conferred 
upon  the  country.  It  contains  several  considera- 
ble towns,  the  most  important  of  which  are  Cor- 
rientes  in  the  north,  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Parana:  Santa  Fe,  south,  on  the  west  bank  of 
ditto  ;  and  Monte  Video  on  the  north  bank  of  tlie 


BUE 


137 


BU& 


La  Plata  towards  its  entrance  into  the  sea.  On 
the  east  bank  of  the  Uruguay  there  are  numerous 
settlements  founded  by  uie  Jesuits.  The  south 
part  of  this  province  is  also  divided  by  a  conven- 
tional line  from  Cordova,  and  south  by  the  Rio 
Negro,  which  separates  it  from  Patagonia,  and  is 
intersected  from  north-west  to  south-east,  between 
the  lats.  of  3d.  and  40.  by  the  Colorado  River,  and 
in  the  lat.  of  36.  by  the  Saladillo,  which  falls  into 
the  La  Plata.  This  part  of  the  province  is  very 
little  known,  but  is  celebrated  as  conUining  the 
chief  town  and  seat  of  government  of  the  eight 
united  provinces. 

Buenos  Ayres,  city  of,  is  seated  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  La  PlaU,  about  130  miles  from  its 
mouth,  in  the  lat.  of  ^4.  35.  S.  and  5d.  24.  of  VV. 
long,  opposite  to  where  the  Uruguay  forms  its 
junction  with  the  Parana.  This  city  is  justly  es- 
teemed as  the  finest  country  and  as  containing 
the  most  active  and  intelligent  population  of  all 
South  America.  It  was  founded  by  Mendoza,  in 
1535,  but  afterwards  abandoned  ;  and  in  1544, 
another  colony  of  the  Spaniards  came  here,  who 
left  it  also  ;  but  it  was  rebuilt  in  1582,  and  inhab- 
ited by  Spaniards  and  the  native  Americans. 
It  was,  however,  but  little  known  to  the  world 
until  the  commencement  of  the  last  century,  up  to 
which  period  the  intercourse  of  the  country  had 
been  restrained  by  a  rigorous  monopoly,  when  in 
174vS  the  annual  fleet  ot  the  monopolists  sailed  for 
the  last  time  to  Cadiz,  the  intercourse  being 
thrown  open  to  the  whole  of  Spain.  In  1774,  the 
freedom  of  its  intercourse  was  extended  to  the 
greater  part  of  the  ports  of  the  other  Spanish 
governments  in  America;  and  in  17/8,  when  the 
pro^  mces  of  Buenos  Ayres,  which  had  previously 
been  under  the  government  of  Peru,  were  consti- 
tuded  a  separate  viceroyalty,  and  the  city  of 
Buenos  Ayres  made  the  seat  of  the  viceroy,  it  grad- 
ually increased  in  extent,  population,  and  import- 
ance, during  the  remainder  of  the  last  century  ; 
about  which  period  the  imperial  French  govern- 
ment under  Napoleon  sent  emissaries  for  the  pur- 
pose of  rendering  it  subservient  to  the  views  and 
policy  of  France,  which  tended  materially  to  re- 
tard its  commerce  and  career,  on  which  alone  the 
prosperity  of  the  city  depended.  To  counteract 
this  influence,  the  English,  in  1806,  sent  an  expe- 
dition from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  against 
Buenos  Ayres,  which  they  took  by  surprise  in  the 
month  of  "May  of  that  year,  but  the  whole  force 
were  compelled  to  surrender  at  discretion,  after 
a  few  weeks,  to  a  body  a  militia  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Liniers,  a  partizan  of  the  French 
government.  In  June  of  the  following  year,  suc- 
cessive reinforcements  having  arrived  from  Eng- 
land, a  renewed  attack  was  made  upon  the  city 
with  a  force  of  10,000  men  under  the  command  of 
General  Whitelocke,but  the  inhabitants, animated 
by  Liniers  to  the  most  determined  resistance,  and 
aided  by  the  militia,  converted  every  house  into 
a  fortress,  from  which  they  assailed  the  English 
troops  at  all  points  with  such  disastrous  cffiect,  as 
to  compel  the  whole  force  to  surrender  prisoners- 
of-war.  From  this  period,  up  to  July,  1816,  the 
c  ty  became  the  theatre  of  internal  dissensions, 
when  a  declaration  of  independence  wais  agreed 
upon,  and  it  has  since  then  remained  compara- 
tivelv  tranquil,  and  been  progressively  recover- 
ing from  the  disasters  of  the  preceding  fifteen  or 
twenty  years.  The  buildings  of  Buenos  Ayres 
are  stately  and  uniform,  and  the  streets  regu- 
lar. Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  stately 
cathedral,  and  two  or  thre«  churches,  town  hall, 
18 


several  convents,  and  other  similiar  institutions. 
The  public  edifices  are  all  built  of  stone  of  a 
whitish  colour,  and  produce  an  imposmg  efl*ect. 
Its  commercial  intercourse  now  extends  to  all 
parts  of  the  world,  and  its  export  productions  of 
hides  and  tallow,  in  addition  to  the  silver  and  gold 
from  the  mines  of  Potosi,  &c.  enable  it  to  com- 
mand an  abundant  supply  of  all  the  manufac- 
tured productions  of  Europe  and  Asia,  as  well  as 
of  every  other  commodity,  from  every  quarter  of 
the  globe.  The  population,  which  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century  was  estimated 
at  about  40,000,  in  1825,  was  supposed  to  amount 
to  70,000. 

Buffalo,  p.t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake  Erie,  near 
its  outlet.  This  is  a  port  of  entry  with  a  good 
harbour,  furnished  at  the  entrance  with  a  light- 
house. It  is  the  great  emporium  of  the  lake  com- 
merce and  the  point  at  which  the  great  canal  from 
Albany  joins  the  waters  of  the  lake.  The  town 
occupies  a  pleasant  spot  on  a  gentle  acclivity,  and 
consists  principally  of  one  long  s*jeet  with  many 
handsome  and  commodious  buildings.  It  is  a  ve- 
ry flourishing  place  and  increases  fast  from  year 
to  year.  Tlie  harbour  is  frequented  by  great  num- 
bers of  lake  craft  and  steamboats.  Pop.  8,653. 
There  are  9  other  towns  called  Buffalo,  in  the  U. 
S.  viz.  6  in  Pa.  and  one  in  Ohioj  Va.  and  Missouri 

Bug,  a  river  of  Poland,  rising  near  Leopol  or 
Limberg,  running  north,  dividing  Austrian  Gal- 
licid  from  Russian  Poland,  to  Brzesc,  {which  see.) 
It  then  takes  a  westerly  course,  between  Gallicia 
and  Prussian  Poland,  falling  into  the  Vistula  a  few 
miles  below  Warsaw. 

Biigses  Bay.     See  Boni. 

Bugia,  or  Bujein,  a  seaport  of  Algiers,  in  the 
province  of  Constantina,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ma- 
jor, on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean.  It  has  a 
strong  castle,  but  Sir  Edward  Sprague  destroyed 
several  Algerine  men  of  war  under  its  walls  in 
1(571.  The  harbour  is  safer  and  more  capacious 
than  that  of  Algiers,  but  its  entrance  is  equally 
dangerous.  The  principal  trade  is  in  instruments 
of  agriculture,  made  of  iron,  obtained  from  moun- 
tains near  the  town.  It  is  90  miles  E.  of  Algiers. 
Long.  5.  28.  E.  lat.  36.  49.  N. 

Bugie,  a  town  of  Egypt,  situate  on  the  west 
shore  of  the  Red  Sea,  almost  opposite  to  Ziden, 
the  port  town  of  Mecca,  and  about  110  m.  W.  of 
it.     Long.  36.  6.  E.  lat.  22. 15.  N. 

BuiUh,  or  BuaJt,  a.  town  of  Wales,  in  Brecknock- 
shire. Here  was  an  ancient  castle,  whose  keep, 
its  last  remains,  was  burnt  down  in  1690.  In  this 
neighbourhood  the  Welsh  made  their  last  stand 
for  independence,  and  were  defeated  by  Edward 
I.  in  1283.  Builth  has  a  manufacture  of  stockings. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Wye,  over  which  is  a  bridge 
into  Radnorshire,  12  m.  N.  of  Brecknock,  and  173 
W.  by  N.  of  London.     Pop.  946. 

Buis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  40  m.  E.  of  Orange,  and  65  S.  S.  E.  of 
Valence. 

Buitrago,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  on  the  frontier  of  Segovia,  celebrated  for 
the  wool  collected  in  its  environs.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Lozoya,  40  m.  N.  of  Madrid. 

Bukharia  Great.     See  Bokhara. 

Bukharia  Little.     See  Cashgur. 

Bukowine,  a  district  in  the  nortb-west  part  of 
the  province  of  Moldavia,  bordering  on  Gallicia 
comprising  about  4,000  square  miles,  and  160,000 
inhabitants  of  various  nations,  among  whom  ar« 
about  2,000  gypsies.  It  is  nominally  under  th«  do 
mipion  of  Austria. 

m3 


Bim^ 


i« 


BUR 


BuIm,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  Nile,  two  miles 
west  of  Cairo,  and  the  port  of  that  city.  On  the 
north  side  of  it  is  the  Calisch,  whose  banks  are 
cut  every  year,  to  convey  the  waters  of  the  Nile, 
by  a  canal,  to  Cairo. 

Bulam,  or  Boolam,  an  island  on  the  west  coast 
of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The 
soil  is  good ;  and  a  settlement  of  free  blacks  was 
formed  here  in  1792,  but  abandoned  the  following 
year.     Long.  14.  30.  W.  lat.  11.  0.  N. 

Bui !f aria,  a  province  of  European  Turkey, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Danube,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Wallachia  and  Bessarabia,  east  by  the 
Black  sea,  south  by  Romania  and  Macedonia,  and 
west  by  Servia.  It  is  mountainous,  but  fertile 
in  the  intervening  valleys.  Sofia,  or  Sophia,  on 
the  frontier  of  Romania,  280  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Con- 
stantinople, is  the  capital. 

Bullitt,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  the  west  end  of 
which  borders  upon  the  Ohio  River.  Pop.  5,660. 
Shepherdsville,  69  m.  W.  S  W.  of  Frankfort,  is 
the  chief  town. 

Bullock,  an  interior  county  of  Georgia,  lying  be- 
tween the  Cannouche  and  Great  Ogechee  Rivers. 
Pop.  2,586.  Statesborough,  in  the  centre  of  the 
county,  35  m.  N.  W.  of  Savannah,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Bullskin,  a  township  in  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Bulltown,  p.v.  Lewis  Co.  Va. 

Bunaice,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire, 
on  the  east  side  of  Loch  Etive,  at  the  mflux  of 
the  river  Awe.  Here  is  an  iron  foundery,  a  valu- 
able salmon  fishery,  and  a  bay  that  affords  safe 
anchorage  in  any  wind.  It  is  15  miles  E.  N.  E. 
of  Oban. 

Buncomh,  a  large  county  at  the  western  extrem- 
ity of  North  Carolina,  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Tennessee,  and  south  by  South  Carolina.  Pop. 
16,259.  Ashville,  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  273 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Raleigh,  is  the  chief  town. 

Bunddcund  or  Bundela,  a  cicar  of  Hindoostan, 
lying  south  of  the  Ganges,  in  the  province  of  Al- 
lahabad, inhabited  by  a  tribe  of  Rajpoots.  It  is 
a  mountainous  tract,  and  contains  tlie  celebrated 
diamond  mines  of  Paunah,  with  some  strong  fort- 
resses. Chatterpour  is  the  capital.  It  was  annex- 
ed to  Benares  in  1804. 

Bungay,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  seated  on  the 
Wavenay,  which  is  navigable  hence  to  Yarmouth, 
[t  has  two  churches,  and  the  ruins  of  a  nunnery 
and  a  castle.  It  is  36  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Ipswich,  and 
106  N.  E.  of  London.     Pop.  3,2!)0. 

Bungo,  a  kingdom  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of 
Ximo.  The  king  of  this  country  was  converted 
•■.o  Christianity,  and  sent  a  solemn  embassy  to  the 
wpe  in  1583.  The  capital  is  Fumav.  Long.  132. 
).  E.  lat.  32.  40.  N. 

Bnniva,  a  mountain  of  Greece,  between  Janna 
ind  Livadia,  extending  to  the  gulf  of  Zeiton.  The 
mc'.ent  name  was  CEta  ;  and  it  is  famous  for  the 
jass  of  Thermopylffi,  (so  called  from  the  hot  baths 
n  he  neighbourhood)  where  Leonidas,  and  his 
$00  Spartans,  resisted  for  three  days  the  whole 
Pe  flian  army. 

unker  Hill,  a  steep  height  occupying  the  cen- 
re  of  the  peninsula  upon  whith  stands  the  town 
if  Charlestown,  Massachusetts.  The  southern 
•X  remity  offers  a  less  abrupt  eminence  detached 
rom  the  main  height,  and  properly  called  Breed's 
U  11.  Here  was  Mught  on  the  17th  of  June  1775 
the  celebrated  battle  known  as  the  Battle  of  Bunk- 
er Hill.  General  Warren  fell  in  the  action,  and 
the  Americans  finally  retreated  from  the  spot,  but 
the  British  suffered  the  loss  of  nearly  half  their 


men  and  were  unable  to  make  the  least  use  ol 
their  advantage.  To  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
this  obstinate  struggle  between  the  undisciplined 


K 

r^fli^B 

/  ■■■■  -'"I^&!^' 

^tL-^S^f^^^UMd^SSH^K^ 

militia  of  New  England  and  the  veterans  of  Brit- 
ain, a  noble  monument  has  been  commenced  on 
the  spot,  and  is  now  about  one  third  finished.  It 
is  a  plain  obelisk  of  granite,  and  will  be  220  feet 
high. 

Bujiiinoford,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  31 
m.N.  by  E.  of  London.     Pop.  907. 

Buntwala,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Canara, 
which  has  a  great  inland  trade ;  situate  near  the 
Netrawari,  10  m.  E.  of  Mangalore. 

Buntzlau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Jauer.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  brown  pottery 
with  gold  and  silver  flowers ;  and  is  seated  on 
the  Sober,  23  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Lignitz.  Pop 
3,300. 

Buntzlau,  a  circle  in  the  north  part  of  Bohemia, 
between  Leutmeritz  and  Konigingratz,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Lusatia,  and  south  by  the  Elbe, 
which  divides  it  from  Kaurzem.  It  contains 
about  1 ,850  square  miles,  and  280,000  inhabitants. 
The  Iser  intersects  it  from  N.  to  S.  falling  into 
the  Elbe. 

Buntzlau,  Jilt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on  the 
Elbe,  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Jung  Buntzlau. 

Buntzlau,  Jung,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of 
the  circle  of  Buntzlau.  It  was  a  royal  town  un- 
der Rodolphus  II.  and  is  seated  on  the  Iser,  28  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Prague. 

Buragrag,  a  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  which 
enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  Sallee. 

Burdwan,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  in  Bengal,  seated  en  the  north  bank  of  the 
Dummooda,  57  m.  N.  W.  of  Calcutta. 

Burello,  or  Civita,  Burella,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Abruzzo  Citeriore,  20  m.  S.  of  Lanciano. 

Buren,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  (iuelderland,  with 
a  fortified  castle,  22  m.  W.  of  Nimeguen.  Pop. 
3,500. 

Burcn,  or  Bueren,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  principality  of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the  Alme. 
10  ni.  S.  by  W.  of  Paderborn. 

Buren,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  seated  on  the  Aar,  6  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Soleure. 

Burford,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  saddles,  dusscls,  and  rugaw^ 
It  is  seated  on  the  Windrush,  17  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Oxford,  and  72  m.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1 ,686. 

Burg,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  the  county  of  Zut- 
phen,  seated  on  the  Old  Yssel,  18  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
ISimeguen. 

Burg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  ducliV 
of  Magdeburg,  on  the  River  Ihle,  12  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Burg,  or  Borg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  m  the 


BUR 


ciS9 


BUR 


duchy  of  Berg,  with  manufactures  of  gun  barrels 
and  woolen  stuffs  ;  seated  on  tiie  Wipper,  18  in. 
S.  E.  of  Dusseldorf. 

BM/vrrt^,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Roma- 
nia, ')0  in.  VV.  of  tlie  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  and 
iKiN.  i\.  W.  of  Constantinople. 

Rtinrau,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle  which 
gives  name  to  a  marquisate,  ceded  to  Bavaria  in 
180."),  and  now  forming  part  of  the  circle  of  the 
Upper  Danube.  It  is  seated  on  tiie  Mindel,()  m. 
E.  of  Guaizburg,  (the  capital)  and  22  N.  N.  W. 
of  Augsburg. 

Bar<r(L<irf,\\.  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  witli  a  castle,  seated  on  an  eminence,  on 
the  river  Eininen,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Bern. 

Riirgdorf,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Lune- 
bur<r,  with  a  castle,  on  the  river  Awe,  15  m.  S.  of 
Zell. 

Biirgk,  a  village  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  5  miles 
W.  N.  W.  of  Carlisle.  Near  it  is  a  column,  erect- 
ed to  denote  the  spot  where  Edward  I.  died,  when 
preparing  for  an  e.vj)edition  against  Scotland. 

Biirff/iaiin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tiie  princi- 
pality of  Fulda,  on  the  river  Haun,  8  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Fulda. 

BartrlumsPM,  properly  Burlchansen,  (which  see.) 

Burglcii<rcnfcl,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  princi- 

Sality  of  Neuburg,  seated  on  the  river  Nab,  IG  m. 
[.  W.  of  Ratisbon. 

Burgos,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Old  Castile, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  has  an  antique  castle, 
once  the  abode  of  the  kings  of  Castile  ;  and  the 
catliedral  is  one  of  tiie  most  magnificent  Gf>thic 
fabrics  in  Europe.  The  squares,  public  buildings, 
and  fountains,  are  fine.  In  1812  the  allied  army, 
under  Wellington,  entered  Burgos,  after  the  bat- 
tle of  Salamanca,  and  besieged  the  castle  near 
tliree  nionths,  during  which  they  made  several  at- 
tempts to  carry  it  by  assault,  but  in  vain  ;  and 
the  allies  were  ultimately  obliged  to  raise  the 
sieir  •  and  retire  into  Portugal,  but  it  surrendered 
the  following  year  without  resistance.  It  is  seat 
ed  partly  on  a  mountain,  and  partly  on  the  river 
Aranzon,  !)5  m.  E.  by  S.of  Leon,  and  117  N.  of 
Madrid.     Pop.  about"i),()()(). 

Burgu,  or  Berdou,  a  territory  of  Zaiiara,  in  the 
d(»sert  of  Lii)ya,  to  the  south  of  Aiigila  and  east 
of  Fczzan.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name,  2.')() 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Au<rila.  and  4:W  E.  S.  E.  of  Mour- 
zook.     Long.  21.  40.  E.  lat.2{).  !0.  N. 

Burgundy,  or  Bnurgognc,  a  late  province  of 
France,  112  miles  long,  and  75  broad;  bounded 
on  tiie  east  by  Franche  Comte,  west  by  Bour- 
bonnois  and  Nivernois,  south  l)y  Lyonois,  and 
north  by  Cham)>ague.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruits, 
and  e.xcelleut  wines,  and  is  now  formed  into  the 
three  departments  of  Cote  d'Or,  Saoneand  Loire, 
fend  Yonne. 

Bnrlimnpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  caiiital  <  f 
Candeish,  and,  at  one  period,  of  the  deccan  also. 
li  has  a  great  trade  in  fine  cotton  for  veils,  shawls, 
&.C.  In  the  war  witii  the  Mahrattas  in  1803  it 
surrendered  to  the  British.  It  is  situate  in  a  de- 
linrhtful  country,  on  the  river  Tapty,  225  m.  E. 
bj  N.  of  Surat.     Long.  7().  1!).  E.  lat.  21 .  25.  N. 

Biiri.ano.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese, 
near  the  lake  Castigleno,  10  ni.  S.  S.  E.  of  Massa. 

Buriclt.     See  Biidcricli. 

Bitrica,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Arabia,  on  the  ea.st 
eoast,  in  the  province  of  Oman,  45  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Mascat. 

Burins,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands  lying  with- 
in the  S.  E.  promontory  of  Luzon. 

Burlic,  a  western  county  of  North   Carolina, 


bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Blue  Ridge  of  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  which  divides  it  from  Bun 
comb.  The  Great  Catawi>a  River  rises  from 
about  twenty  sources,  at  the  fi)ot  of  the  mountains, 
within  tiiis  county.  Pop.  17,727.  Morgantown, 
205  ni.  W.of  Ralei   li,  is  the  cliicf  town. 

Burke,  a  frontier  county  in  Georgia,  bounded 
on  the  N.  E.  by  the  Savannah  River,  which  di- 
vides it  from  South  Carolina.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  south  by  the  Great  Ogeechee.  Pop.  1 1  ,K?3. 
Waynesborough,  in  the  centre  of  tlie  county,  104 
m.  E.  of  Milledgeville  and  75  N.  W  of  Savannah, 
is  the  chief  town. 

Burke,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  8{>  ni.  N.  E 
Montpelier.     Pop.  8(i(i. 

Burhen^  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory  of 
Mentz,  27  m.  E.  of  Heidelberg. 

Burkliuusen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  w'tli  an  old 
fortified  castle  on  a  mountain.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
regency,  and  stands  on  the  river  Salza,  near  its 
confluence  with  the  Inn,  27  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Salzburg. 

Burlinglon,  a  town  of  England.  See  Brid- 
lington. 

Burlington,  p.t.  Cliittenden  Co.  Vt.  on  Lake 
Champlain,  is  a  beautiful  town  situated  at  the 
bottom  of  a  small  bay.  It  has  considerable  com- 
merce and  manufactures  and  a  population  of 
3,52().  Mere  is  the  University  of  Vermont,  which 
has  a  President  and  4  Professors  and  Tutors. 
The  library  iiowever  is  small.  The  numl)er  of 
students  is  'M').  There  are  2  vacations  in  January 
and  August  of  12  weeks.  Commencement  is  in 
August. 

Burlington,  p.t.  Middlese.x  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  N. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  48(1. 

Burlington,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,30L 
Burlininon,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.   N.  Y.    ()5   m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  2,4.5<). 

Burlington,  a  county  of  New  Jersey,  the  S.  E. 
point  of  which  jets  upon  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at 
little  Egg  Harbour,  and  the  N.  W.  end  is 
bounded  by  tlie  Delaware  River.  Pop.  3I,0(5(J. 
Chief  town  Mount  Holly. 

Burlington,  city,  in  the  Co.  of  the  same  name, 
N.  J.  stands  on  the  Delaware  opposite  Bristol,  2() 
in.  above  Philad.  It  is  Iwndsomelv  situated, 
mostly  on  an  island  comnuinicatin<r  with  the 
main  land  by  several  bridges  and  causeways. 
There  are  8  other  towns  of  this  name  in  Pa., 
Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Ken. 

Burnham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  It  stands 
near  the  sea,  on  the  river  Burn,  in  which  is  a 
small  harbour.  Around  it  are  five  villages  of  the 
same  name,  with  an  addition  ;  and  that  of  Burn- 
ham  Tliorp  is  the  birthplace  of  the  celebrated  ad- 
miral lord  Nelson,  whose  father  was  the  n^clor. 
Burnham  is  2*.)  in.  N.  W.  of  Norwich,  and  1 17  N. 
E. of  London. 

Burnlium,  a  town  in  Esse.v,  Eng.  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Crouch,  which  is  here  called  Burn- 
ham Water.  The  Walfleet  and  Murnhain  oysters 
are  the  product  of  the  creeks  and  pits  of  this 
river.  Burnham  is  11  m.  S.  E.  of  Maiden.  Pop. 
1,371. 

Burning  Springs,  the  name  given  to  certain 
sprinirs  in  the  western  part  of  the  State  of  New 
YorkTchiefly  in  the  towns  of  Bristol,  Middlesex 
and  Canandaigua.  They  emit  gas  which  may  be 
set  on  fire.  At  Bristol  the  gas  rises  from  the  cJefls 
of  the  slate  rocks  on  the  margin  of  a  brook,  and 
here  it  burns  continually  with  a  steady  flame 
Where  it  rises  through  the  water  it  is  formed  inta 
bubbles  and  flashes  when  th«  flame  is  npuliod. 


BUR 


140 


^tJR 


In  Middlesex  the  springs  lie  along  a  tract  about  a 
mile  in  length,  partly  at  tlie  bottom  of  a  valley. 
The  gas  arises  from  the  summits  of  little  hillocks 
of  a  dark  bituminous  mould,  and  burns  with  a 
itendy  flame.  In  winter  when  these  hillocks  are 
covered  with  snow,  openings  are  made  through 
it,  and  the  gas  when  set  on  fire,  burns  in  contact 
with  the  snow.  Sometimes  tubes  of  ice  are  form- 
ed about  the  currents  of  gas,  and  rise  to  the  height 
of  several  feet ;  when  several  of  these  are  lighted 
at  once  in  a  still  evening,  the  illumination  produc- 
es a  most  brilliant  effect  There  is  another  burning 
spring  upon  Niagara  river  about  half  a  mile  tabove 
the  falls,  and  within  a  few  feet  of  the  rapids  ;  the 
water  is  charged  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas. 

In  the  south-east  part  of  Lake  Erie,  about  20 
rods  from  the  shore,  is  a  burning  spring  rising  from 
the  bottom  of  the  lake.  The  water  is  here  4  or  5 
feet  deep,  and  the  stream  from  the  spring  is  thrown 
to  the  surface  with  considerable  force  Wlien  a 
brand  is  applied  to  the  water  it  bursts  into  a  flame. 
If  drank,  it  proves  a  powerful  emetic. 

Burnley,  a  town  in  the  parish  of  Whalley, 
Lancashire,  Eng.  situate  at  the  foot  of  the  range 
of  hills  whieh  divide  Lancashire  from  Yorkshire, 
in  the  centre  of  a  very  populous  district,  exten- 
sively occupied  in  the  cotton  manufacture,  and 
abounding  in  coal ;  immediately  contiguous  to 
Burnley  there  are  eight  extensive  colleries,  about 
30  extensive  cotton  mills  and  manufactories,  four 
calico  printers,  five  or  six  machine  makers,  &.c. 
&c.  The  Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal  nearly  en- 
circles the  town,  which  in  1801  contained  a  pop- 
ulation of  only  3,30r>,  but  in  1821,  0,374  ;  24  miles 
due  north  of  Manchester,  and  15  W.  of  Halifax. 

Burnt  Island,  an  island  near  the  south  coast 
of  Newfoundland,  15  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cape  Ray. 
Long.  58.  50.  W.  lat.  47.  30.  N. 

Burnt  Islands,  a  cluster  (»1  islands  m  the  Indian 
Oc^an,  W.  N.  W.  fiom  Goa.  Long.  73.  30.  E.  lat. 
16.  0.  N. 

Burntisland,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
flhtre,  on  the  frilh  of  Forth,  with  an  excellent 
harbour,  and  a  tjdde  in  ship-building.  It  is  seated 
at  the  foot  of  lofty  hills,  9  m.  north  of  Leith. 
Pop.  2,13G. 

Burram.poottir,Megna,  or  Brahama.pootra,  a  river 
ot  Asia,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of  Thibet, 
near  the  head  of  the  Ganges,  in  the  lat.  of  34.  N. 
and  of  80.  of  E.  long.  These  two  rivers,  issuing 
from  opposite  sides  of  the  same  ridge  of  mountains, 
direct  their  course  toward  opposite  quiarters,  till 
they  are  more  than  700  miles  asunder;  and  after- 
wards meet  in  one  point  near  the  sea,  eacli  hav- 
ing performed  a  winding  course  of  about  1,400 
miles.  From  its  source,  the  Burrampooter  pro- 
ceeds S.  E.  through  Thibet,  where  it  is  named  San- 
poo,  or  Zancin  ;  that  is,  tlin  liircr  :  after  washing 
the  border  of  the  territory  of  Lassa,  it  proceeds  S. 
E.  beyond  the  Doth  degree  of  E.  long,  to  within 
220  miles  of  Yunan,  the  western-most  province  of 
Ciiina  :  it  then  turns  suddenly  to  the  west,  and 
passing  through  Assam,  assumes  the  name  of  Bur- 
rampooter. It  enters  Bengal  on  the  N.  E.,  makes 
a  circuit  round  the  western  point  of  the  G arrow 
Mountains,  and  then,  altering  its  course  to  south, 
meets  the  Ganges  about  40  m.  from  the  sea,  in 
the  lat.  of  22.  40.  N.  During  the  last  00  miles  be- 
fore its  Junction  with  the  Ganges,  it  forms  a  stream 
which  IS  regularly  from  four  to  five  miles  wide. 

BurrillsciUe,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  in  the 
N.  W.  corner  of  the  state.     Pop.  2,1UG. 

Burton,  t.  Straflbrd  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  325.  Also 
a  town  in  Geauga  Co.  Ohio. 


Bursa,  or  Prusa,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in 
Natolia,  built  by  Prusius,  king  of  Bythinia.  It 
was  the  capital  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  before  the 
taking  of  Constantinople  ;  and  it  now  contains 
about  00,000  inhabitants.  It  stands  upon  several 
little  hills,  at  the  bottom  of  Mount  Olympus,  and 
on  the  edge  of  a  fine  plain  full  of  fruit-trees.  So 
many  sprmgs  proceed  from  the  mount,  that,  eve- 
ry house  has  its  own  fountain  :  and  at  its  foot  are  •< 
splendid  hot-baths.  The  mosques  are  elegant,  as 
are  the  caravanseras.  The  Bezestine  is  a  large 
structure  full  of  warehouses  and  shops,  containing 
all  the  commodities  of  the  east,  besides  their  own 
manufactures  in  silk.  Here  are  the  best  work- 
men in  all  Turkey,  who  are  excellent  imitators 
of  the  tapestry  of  Ittaly  and  France.  None  but 
musselmen  are  permitted  to  dwell  in  the  city ; 
but  the  suburbs,  which  are  much  finer,  and  better 
peopled,  are  filled  with  Jews,  Armenians,  and 
Greeks.  Bursa  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Nil- 
ifur,  which  falls  into  the  sea  of  Marmora,  <>8  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  29.  12.  E.  lat. 
40.  12.  N. 

Burstdon,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  five 
miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Southampton.  It  stands  on  the 
Hamble,  three  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  several 
ships  have  been  birilt  here  for  the  navy.  Pop.  473. 

Burshm,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  Till 
towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  it  was  an  in- 
considerable place,  but  being  intersected  by  the 
Trent  and  Mersey  Canal,  it  has  become  one  of 
the  principal  centres  of  the  pottery,  porcelain, 
earthenware  and  several  other  manufactures.  The 
population,  which  in  1801  was  0,578,  in  1821  waj» 
9,099.  It  is  three  miles  north  of  Newcastle-under- 
Line,  and  151  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Burton-upon-Trent,  a  town  in  Staffordshire, 
Eng.  It  has  the  remains  of  a  large  abbey  ;  and 
is  seated  on  the  west  b.ank  of  the  Trent,  which 
here  divides  the  counties  of  Staflford  and  Derby  ; 
there  is  an  old  bridge  of  30  arches  over  the  river, 
and  on  its  banks  are  two  extensive  corn  mills,  one 
cotton  mill,  and  six  extensive  breweries,  the  prod- 
uce of  which  is  distributed,  and  justly  esteemed, 
over  every  part  of  the  world.  There  are  also  six 
or  eight  employers  in  the  manufacture  of  hats ; 
the  cotton  spinning,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
present  century,  was  more  extensive,  and,  in  con- 
sequence of  its  transfer  to  Lancashire,  the  popu- 
Lation  of  the  town,  which  in  1801  was  4,4,59,  in 
1821,  was  only  4,1 14,  four  contiguous  hamlets  con- 
taining 2.580  inhabitants  more.  It  is  12  m.  E.  of 
Litclifield,  12  W.  of  Derby,  and  123  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

*„*  There  are  about  3.5  other  towns  and  villages 
named  I'vrton,  or  to  which  it  is  prefixed,  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  England,  but  all  of  them  are  in- 
considerable. 

Bvrrrah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  on 
the  border  of  Orissa,  250  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Cal- 
cutta, 

Bvry,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  extensively 
engaged  both  in  the  cotton  and  woolen  manufac- 
ture, in  all  the  branches  of  spinning,  weaving, 
scouring,  fulling,  dressing,  blenching,  printing, 
&c.  in  all  the  various  branches  of  which  there 
are  nearly  100  establishments,  someof  thrm  \fry 
extensive.  There  are  also  iron  founderies,  ma- 
chine makers,  and  six  or  eight  employers  in  the 
manufacture  of  hats  ;  it  communicates  with  the 
Leeds  and  Liverpool  canal  by  a  collateral  cut  cal- 
led the  Bury  Extension.  It  is  seated  on  the  bank  , 
of  the  Irweil,  !»  in.  N.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  in' 
1821,   10,583,  beinp    3,511   more    than  in  1810, 


BUT 


141 


BUX 


tad  the  total  population  of  the  parish,  which  in- 
cludes hamlets,  in  1821,  was  34,581. 

Bury,  St.  Edmund,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  Eng. 
It  took  its  name  from  St.  Edmund  the  king,  who 
was  buried  here  ;  and  to  his  honour  an  abbey  was 
founded,  of  which  some  noble  ruins  remain. 
Here  are  two  parish  churches,  which  stand  in 
one  church-yard  ;  in  St.  Mary's  lies  Mary,  queen 
of  France,  wlio  was  married  to  Charles  Brandon, 
duke  of  Suffolk.  At  this  town  the  barons  met 
and  entered  into  a  league  against  king  John. 
Henry  VI.  called  a  parliament  here  in  1446,  when 
Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  was  imprisoned, 
and  here  he  died,  as  supposed,  by  poison.  The 
assizes  for  the  county  are  held  here ;  and  it  has 
a  free-school  founded  by  Edward  VI.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  1811  was  7,986;  and  in  18*21, 
9,999,  and  most  of  them  were  returned  as  employ- 
ed in  trade  and  manufactures.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Larke,  a  branch  of  the  Ouse,  25  m.  N.  W.  of 
Ipswich,  and  71  N.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Buryens,  St.  a  village  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  5  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Penyance.  It  was  once  of  great 
note,  and  had  a  college  founded  by  king  Athels- 
tan.  The  church  is  spacious,  and  contains  many 
curious  relics  of  antiquity.  In  its  neighbourhood 
are  19  large  stones  standing  in  a  circle,  12  feet 
from  each  other,  and  in  the  centre  is  one  much 
larger  than  the  rest.     Pop.  1,188. 

BusheiVi  or  Bushirc,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Far- 
Bistan,  surrounded  by  a  wall,  with  a  few  bastions. 
The  English  East  India  Company  had  formerly 
a  factory  here.  The  trade  with  Shiraz,  by  cara- 
vans, is  considerable.  It  is  situate  on  a  narrow 
neck  of  land,  in  the  gulf  of  Persia,  110  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Shiraz.     Long.  51.  0.  E.  lat.  29.  20.  N. 

Biishhill,  t.  Northampton,  Co.  Pa. 

Bushwick,  t.  Kings  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Island, 
3  m.  from  Brooklyn.     Pop.  1,620. 

Bussorah.     See  Bassarah. 

Bute,  an  island  of  Scotland,  in  the  frith  of  Clyde, 
separated  on  the  north  from  the  peninsula  of  Cow- 
al  in  Argyleshire  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is 
fourteen  miles  long  and  four  broad ;  the  north 
part  hilly  and  barren,  but  the  south  fertile  and 
well  cultivated.  The  coast  is  rocky,  and  indent- 
ed with  several  safe  harbours,  chiefly  appropriat- 
ed to  the  herring  fishery.     Rothsay  is  the  capital. 

Buteshire,  a.  coanty  of  Scotland,  consisting  of 
the  island  of  Bate,  Arran,  Great  and  Little  Cam- 
bray,  and  Inchmarnoc,  lying  in  the  frith  of 
Clyde,  between  the  counties  of  Ayr  and  Argyle. 
This  shire  sends  a  member  to  parliament  alternate- 
ly with  Caithnesshire. 

Butjemback,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  25  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Btitler,  an  interior  county  in  the  W.  District 
of  Pennsylvania,  the  south-east  point  jetting  upon 
the  Alleghany  River,  18  m.  above  Pittsburg.  Pop. 
14,683.  The  chief  town,  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
centre  of  the  county,  is  242  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Har- 
risburg 

But'er,  an  interior  county  in  the  west  part  of 
Kentucky,  intersected  from  east  to  west  by  Green 
River,  which  falls  into  the  Ohio.  Pop.  3,055. 
M">rgantown,  on  the  south  bank  of  Green  River, 
144  W.  by  S.  of  Frankfort,  is    t!ie  chief  town. 

Butler,  a  frontier  county  nl  l!j':  S  E.  extremity 
ofthe  state  of  Oiiio,  bordering  on  Indiana.  It  is 
intersected  from  the  north-west  corner  to  the  cen- 
tre ofthe  south  border  by  the  Miami  River.  Pop- 
ulation, 27,044.  Hamilton,  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Miami,  107  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Columbus,  and 
12  north  of  Cincinnati,  is  the  chief  town. 


Butler,  a  county  in  Alabama.  Pop.  5,634, 
Greenville  is  the  capital.  Also  the  name  of  2 
towns  in  Pa.  and  Ohio. 

Butler,  the  name  of  2  towns  in  Ohio. 

Butrinto,  a  seaport  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Albania,  and  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  canal 
of  Corfu,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
30  m.  S.  of  Chimajra.  Long.  19. 9.  E.  lat.  36. 49.  N. 

Butternuts,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  94  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  3,991. 

Butter  mere,  a  lake  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  eight 
miles  S.  W.  of  Keswick.  It  is  two  miles  long,  and 
nearly  half  a  mile  broad.  On  the  west  side  it  is 
terminated  by  a  mountain,  called,  from  its  fer- 
ruginous colour,  the  Red  Pike ;  a  strip  of  culti- 
vated ground  adorns  tue  east  shore  ;  at  the  north 
end  is  the  village  of  Buttermere  and  a  group  of 
houses,  called  Gatesgarth,  is  seated  on  the  south 
extremity,  under  an  amphitheatre  of  mountain- 
ous rocks.  Here  Honister  Crag  is  seen  rising  to 
a  vast  height,  flanked  by  two  conical  mountains, 
Fleetwith  on  the  east,  and  Scarf  on  the  west  side. 
Numerous  mountain  torrents  create  never-failing 
cataracts  that  thunder  and  foam  down  the  rocks, 
and  form  the  lake  below.  This  lake  is  called  the 
Upper  Lake ;  and,  near  a  mile  from  it,  to  the 
north-east  is  the  Lower  Lake,  called  also  Cro- 
mack-water.  The  river  Cocker  flows  through 
both  these  lakes  to  Cockermouth. 

Buttertcorth,  an  appendage  to  the  town  of  Roch- 
dale, in  Lancastershire,  Eng.  Pop.  5,554.  See 
Rochdale. 

Buttenant,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Cork.  The  town  is  4  m.  N.  of  Mallow, 
and  in  1820  contained  a  population  of  1 ,020  ;  totcil 
of  the  parish,  5,049. 

Button  Bay,  the  north  part  of  Hudson  Bay, 
through  which  attempts  were  made  by  Sir  Thom- 
as Button,  to  discover  a  north-west  passage  to 
China,  when  he  lost  his  ship,  and  came  back  in  a 
sloop  built  in  the  country.  It  lies  between  60. 
and  66.  N.  lat. 

Buttstadt  and  Buttelstatdt,  two  towns  of  Upper 
Saxonv.  in  Thuringia,  seated  on  the  Loss,  16  m. 
W.  of  Kaumburg. 

Bvtzhach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetteravia, 
seated  in  a  marshy  but  fertile  plain,  10  m.  S.  of 
Giessen,  and  25  N.  of  Frankfort.  Pop.  about 
3,200. 

Butzow,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin,  seated  on  the  Warna,  17  ra.  S. 
W.  of  Rostock. 

Buxadewar,  a  strong  fort  of  the  country  of 
Bootan,  at  the  entrance  of  the  mountains  from 
Bengal.  It  stands  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  20  m.  N. 
of  Chichacotta. 

Buxar,  a  town  and  tbrt  ot  Hindoostan,  in  Ba- 
har,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ganges,  72  m.  W. 
of  Patna. 

Buxtehude,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Bremen,  on  the  river  Este,  18  m.  S.  E. 
of  Stade. 

Btixton,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Peak.  It  has  nine  wells  that  rise 
near  the  source  of  the  river  Wye  ;  and  they  are 
deemed  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  Peak. 
Their  waters,  noted  in  the  time  ofthe  Romans,  are 
hot  and  sulphureous,  temperature  about  82 ;  much 
company  resort  to  them  in  the  summer.  The 
building  for  the  bath  was  erected  by  George,  earl 
of  Shrewsbury ;  and  here  Mary,  queen  of  Scot- 
land, resided  for  some  time.  The  duke  ofDevon- 
shire  has  erected  a  beautiful  building  in  the  form 
of  a  crescent,  under  which  are  piazzas  and  shops. 


CAB 


148 


CAC 


A  mile  hence  is  another  of  the  wonders,  called 
Pool's  Hole,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain.  The  en- 
trance is  low  and  narrow,  but  it  presently  opens 
to  a  cave  of  considerable  height,  and  696  feet  long, 
with  a  roof  resembling  a  Gothic  cathedral.  It 
contains  many  stalactitious  concretions,  and  sev- 
eral curious  representations  both  of  art  and  nature, 
produced  by  the  petrifying  water  continually  drop- 
ping from  the  rock.  iBuxton  is  32  m.  N.  W.  of 
Derby,  and  160  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Resident 
pop.  in  1821,  1,036. 

Buxton,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  a  little  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Saco.     Pop.  2,856. 

Buzanrois,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Indre,  on  tlie  east  bank  of  the  river  of  that 
name,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Chatillon.     Pop.  3,200. 

Buzzard's  Baij,  in  the  southern  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts, is  about  30  miles  long  and  7  wide.  On 
the  south  it  is  bounded  by  a  range  of  islands  cal- 
led the  Elizabeth  Islands  A  canal  31-2  miles  in 
length  from  the  bottom  of  this  bay  to  the  waters 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  would  completely  insulate 
the  whole  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod  and  enable  the 
coasting  craft  to  avoid  a  long  and  dangerous  navi- 


gation around  the  cape.  But  although  such  a 
comnmnication  has  been  talked  about  for  above 
an  hundred  years,  the  want  of  a  good  harb  mr  at 
the  northern  extremity  will  probably  hind  r  its 
being  undertaken. 

Byberry,  t.  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa. 
Bychow,  a  town  of  Lithuania  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Dnieper,  180  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Wilna,  and  8 
S.  of  Mohilow. 

Byfield,  a  village  in  Essex  Co.  Mass.  5  ra.  S. 
W.  from  Newburyport,  containing  Dummer  Aca- 
demy, and  another  Female  Seminary. 

Byker,  an  appendage  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Pop.  in  1821,  3,852.     See  JVcwcastle. 

Byron,  p.t.  Gennesee  Co.  N.  Y.  268  m.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  1,939. 

Byron  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
discovered  by  Commodore  Byron  in  1705.  It  is 
low,  full  of  wood,  and  very  populous.  The  na- 
tives are  tall,  well-proportioned,  and  clean ;  and 
their  countenance  expressive  of  a  surprising  mix- 
ture of  intrepidity  and  cheerfulness.  Long.  173 
46.  E.  lat.  1.  18.  S. 


c 


CABARRAS,  a  small  interior  county  of  North 
Carolina,  lying  to  the  west  of  the  Yadkin  River. 
Pop.  8,796.  Concord,  143  m.  V/.  S.  W.  of  Ra- 
leigh, is  the  chief  town. 

Cahezade  Vide,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo, 
with  a  castle,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Portalegro. 

Cabell,  a  large  mountainous  county  of  the  W. 
District  of  Virginia,  bounded  on  the  S.  W.  by  the 
Big  Sandy  River,  which  divides  it  from  Ken- 
tucky, and  on  the  N.  W.  by  the  Ohio  River, 
which  divides  it  from  the  state  of  Ohio.  It  is 
about  50  miles  in  length  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  and 
25  in  breadth.  Pop.  5,884.  Guyando,  at  the 
moutli  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  inter- 
sects the  country  its  whole  length,  falling  into 
the  Ohio,  is  the  chief  town. 

Cabello,  or  Cavdlo.     See  Porto  Cabello. 

Calienda,  a  seaport  on  the  west  coast  of  South 
Africa,  subject  to  Portugal,  100  m.  S.  E.  of  Loan- 
go.     Long.  12.  2.  E.  lat.  4.  5.  S. 

Cabes,  or  Gabcs,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  near  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  170  m.  south 
of  Tunis.     Long.  10.  55.  lat.  33.  40.  N. 

Cabot,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  1,304. 

CfflAra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  six 
convents,  and  a  college  for  the  study  of  philoso- 
phy and  divinity.  It  is  situate  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  near  the  source  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Cordova. 

Cabra,  a  town  of  the  kindom  of  Tombuctoo. 
It  is  a  place  of  great  trade,  seated  on  the  Niger, 
and  serves  as  a  port  to  the  capital,  10  m.  S.  E.  of 
Tombuctoo. 

Cabrera,  one  of  the  Balearic  Isles,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 7  m.  S.  of  Majorca.  It  has  a  large  har- 
bour, on  the  north  side,  defended  by  a  castle. 
Long.  2.  55.  E.  lat.  39.  8.  N. 

Cabul,  a  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  west 
by  Persia,  north  by  the  Hindoo-ko,  east  by  Cash- 
mere and  Lahore,  and  south  by  Candahar.  It  was 
anciently  a  province  of  Persia,  afterward  it  was 
annexed  to  the  Mogul  empire  till  1739,  when  it 
was  restored  to  Persia  by  Nadir  Shah.  The  coun- 
try is  highly  diversified,  consisting  of  mountains 


covered  with  snow,  hills  of  moderate  height, 
rich  plains,  stately  forests,  and  innumerable 
streams.  It  produces  every  article  necessary  for 
human  life,  with  the  most  delicate  fruits  and 
flowers.  It  is  sometimes  called  Zabulistan,  from 
Zabul,  one  of  the  names  of  Ghizni.  It  now  forms 
a  part  of  Afghanistan. 

Cabul,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Cabul,  and 
of  the  dominions  of  the  sultan  of  the  Afghans, 
seated  near  the  foot  of  the  Hindoo-ko  on  the  river 
Attock,  a  branch  of  the  Indus.  It  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade,  and  is  considered  as  the  gate 
of  India  toward  Tartary.  In  1739,  Nadir  Shah 
took  it  by  storm,  and  plundered  it  of  great  trea- 
sures. It  is  170  m.  N.  E.  of  Candahar.  Long. 
68.  35.  E.  lat.  34.  30.  N. 

Cacaca,  or  Kasusa,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  with  a  fort  upon  a  rock,  16  m.  S.  of  Melilla, 
on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 

Cacella,  or  Taceila,  a  town  of  Portugal,  on  the 
S.  E.  coast  of  Algarva,  6  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Tavira, 
and  8  W.  S.  W.  of  Castro  Marim. 

Caceres,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  seat- 
ed on  the  Sabrot,  22  ra.  S.  E.  of  Alcantara,  on  the 
road  to  Truxillo.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Caceres,  a  town  in  the  south  part  of  the  island 
of  Luconia,  capital  of  the  provinc  i  Camarinos, 
and  a  bishop's  see.    Long.  124.  0.  E.  lat.  14.  33.  N. 

Cachan,  or  Kashan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agemi,  which  has  considerable  trade  in  «<>lks, 
silver  and  gold  brocades,  and  porcelain.  iTeie 
are  many  Christians,  and  Guebres,  or  worship- 
pers of  fire.  (See  Bachu.)  It  is  seated  in  a  vast 
plain,  55  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Ispahan. 

Cac/iao,  or  Kcsho,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tonquin.  It  contains  20,000  houses,  whose 
walls  are  of  mud,  and  the  roofs  covered  with 
thatch;  a  few  are  built  with  brick,  and  roofed 
with  pantiles.  The  principal  streets  are  very 
wide,  and  paved  with  small  stones.  The  king  has 
three  palaces  here,  such  as  they  are ;  and  near 
them  are  stables  for  his  horses  and  elephants,  i 
The  house  of  the  English  factory  is  the  best  in 
the  city;  and   the  factories   purchase  silks   and 


'^;^l. 


CAD 


14S 


CAD 


lackered  ware,  as  in  China.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Hoti,  80  m.  from  the  gulf  of  Tonquin.  Long. 
105.  11.  E.  lat.  21. 10.  N. 

Cacheo,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Cumbo,  on 
the  west  coast  of  North  Africa,  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Cacheo,  or  St.  Domingo,  50  miles  from  its 
mouth,  between  the  Gambia  and  Rio  Grande.  It 
is  subject  to  the  Portuguese,  who  have  three  forts, 
and  formerly  carried  on  a  great  trade  in  wax  and 
slaves.     Long.  14.  55.  E.  lat.  12.  6.  N. 

Cackoiro,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  government 
of  Bahia.  It  is  the  mart  for  the  northern  gold 
mines,  and  stands  on  a  small  river,  42  m.  N.  W. 
of  St.  Salvador. 

Cacongo,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Loango,  on 
the  west  coast  of  South  Africa,  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  40  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Loango. 

Cacorla,  a  town  of  Spain,  situate  between  two 
mountains  on  the  frontiers  of  La  Mancha,  Murcia, 
and  Granada,  15  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Ubeda. 

Cadenac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Avignon. 
Cadenac,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  on  the  river  Lot,  27  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Cahors. 
Cader  Idris,  a  mountain  of  Wales,  in  Merio- 
nethshire, to  the  south  of  Dolgelly.  The  perpen- 
dicular height  of  which  is  2,914  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea;  and  on  it  are  several  lakes 
abounding  in  fish. 

Cadiar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  28  m.  S. 
E.  of  Granada. 

Cadillac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Garonne,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

Cadiz,  a  celebrated  city  and  seaport  of  Spain  in 
Andalusia,  called  by  the  Phoenicians,  who  found- 
ed it,  Gadir,  a  fence  or  fenced  place,  and  by  the 
Arabs  Gczira  Cades,  is  the  richest  trading  port  of 
Spain,  and  one  of  its  finest  cities.  It  stands  on 
the  western  extremity  of  a  tongue  of  land  project- 
ing from  the  isle  of  Leon,  which  on  its  south-east 
side  was  formerly  connected  with  the  main  land 
by  a  bridge.  The  town  is  surrounded  with  a  wall 
and  irregular  bastions,  adapted  to  the  variations  of 
the  ground.  On  the  south  side  there  are  steep 
acclivities  which  render  it  inaccessible,  and  the 
landiag-place  on  the  north  is  defended  by  sand- 
banks and  sunken  rocks.  On  the  south-west  point 
IS  a  range  of  rocks,  partly  covered  at  high  water ; 
and  the  point  of  St.  Sebastian  is  defended  be  a 
strong  fort.  At  the  neck  of  the  isthinus,  where  it 
is  most  accessible,  every  precaution  has  been 
taken  to  secure  it  against  hostile  attacks ;  and  it 
may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  almost  impregna- 
ble, lis  spacious  bay  forms  an  excellent  haven, 
and  is  divide'^.  -nto  two  harbours  communica'.ing 
with  each  othe''  ,^the  one  called  the  bav  of  Cadiz, 
the  other  that  of  Puntales.  The  entrance  to 
each,  as  well  as  the  town  and  port  generally,  are 
com  n^  ided  by  the  forts  of  St.  Catherine,  St.  Se- 
bastisin,  Chiclano,  Matagorda,  Puntales,  and  Fort 
Luis.  The  bay  of  Cadiz  is  tiie  appointed  resort 
of  merchant  vessels  ;  that  of  the  Puntales  is  re- 
served for  Spanish  men  of  war,  and  merchantmen 
trading  with  America;  a  passage  into  it  is  not 
permitted  to  ships  of  foreign  nations.  The  en- 
trance to  this  inner  harbour  is  commanded  on  one 
side  by  the  fort  of  Puntales,  an  isle  formed  by  the 
Cortadura,  and  on  the  other  by  the  fort  of  Mata- 
gorda. The  Trocadero  is  an  isle  formed  by  the 
bay  of  Cadiz  and  the  channel  leading  from  Mata- 
gorda to  Puerto  Real.  These,  and  other  advan- 
tages of  nature  and  art,  render  Cadiz  the  most 
co.nplete  maritime  station  in   Europe,  while  its 


position  qualifies  it  as  an  emporium  for  the  com* 
merce  of  both  hemispheres.  The  city  is  an  epis- 
copal see,  including,  however,  only  twenty-eight 
parishes  ;  its  cathedral  is  ancient,  and  very  mair- 
nificent :  there  are  also  thirteen  convents,  an 
academy  of  the  fine  arts,  a  nautical  and  mathe- 
matical school,  an  e.xcellent  observatory,  a  naval 
and  military  asylum,  a  chirurgical  institute,  a 
botanic  garden,  a  theatre,  and  thirteen  hospitals. 
Since  the  year  1786,  Cadiz  has  been  much  en- 
larged and  improved.  In  1808,  the  number  of 
houses  was  8,000,  and  that  of  the  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding many  English  and  Germans,  75,000  ;  but 
at  the  last  census  the  population  had  sunk  to 
53,000, — a  diminution  in  a  great  measure  ascriba- 
ble  to  the  loss  of  trade  with  the  colonies.  On  the 
isthmus,  near  the  town,  are  important  saltworks, 
and  some  vineyards  which  produce  good  wine. 
There  is  a  considerable  tunny  fishery.  Among 
the  inconveniences  of  Cadiz,  that  which  is  most 
severely  felt  by  foreigners  is  the  want  of  good 
spring  water.  Each  house,  indeed,  has  its  cis- 
tern ;  but  the  fresh  water  chiefly  in  request  is 
brought  in  casks  across  the  bay  from  Port  St. 
Mary's.  The  streets  are  straight,  and  in  general 
well  paved  and  lighted,  but  in  some  parts  narrow. 
The  houses,  with  their  small  windows  and  pro- 
jecting slate  roofs,  have  rather  a  gloomy  appear-  ^ 
ance,  notwithstanding  their  whitened  walls.  The  ^ 
principal  square  is  that  of  St.  Antonio.  A  fa- 
vourite luxury,  during  the  summer  heats  here,  is 
water  cooled  with  snow  brought  from  the  distant 
mountains  of  Ronda. 

When  Cadiz  had  become  the  centre  of  the  com- 
mercial intercourse  between  Spain  and  the  Indies, 
all  the  maritime  nations  of  Europe  established 
relations  with  it  by  means  of  resident  consnls, 
agents,  and  correspondents.  In  1795,  there  were 
110  great  commercial  houses  ;  and  about  the  same 
period,  or  a  few  years  previous,  the  imports 
amounted  to  100  millions  of  reals,  and  the  exports 
to  270  millions.  In  1804,  the  number  of  vessels 
that  entered  the  port  was  1,:}86.  The  battle  of 
Trafalgar,  in  the  following  year,  ruined  the  Sp»an- 
ish  navy  ;  and  the  decline  of  Cadiz  was  accele- 
rated by  the  usurpation  of  Bonaparte,  which 
afforded  the  South  American  states  an  opportuni- 
ty to  declare  their  independence  and  open  a  direct 
intercourse  with  Europe. 

Few  seaports  can  boast  of  higher  antiquity.  In 
the  sea,  near  the  isle  of  San  Pedro,  are  still  to  be 
traced  the  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Hercules  and  of 
the  ancient  Gades.  The  port  was  successively 
occupied  by  the  Tyrians,  the  Carthaginians,  and 
the  Romans,  who  preserved  to  it  the  name  of 
Gades.  The  Arabs,  after  their  invasion  of  Spain, 
made  themselves  masters  of  the  town,  and  held  it 
until  12(i2,  when  it  was  taken  from  them  by  the 
Spaniards.  In  169G,  it  was  plundered  and  "burnt 
by  the  English,  after  which  it  was  rebuilt  and 
more  strongly  fortified.  During  the  wars  with 
England  it  was  frequently  blockaded,  and  once 
bombarded,  but  without  success.  From  1808,  un 
til  the  return  of  Ferdinand  VII.,  it  was  the  rally 
ing  point  of  Spanish  loyalty  ;  and,  on  the  advance 
of  the  French  troops  into  Andalusia,  the  supreuie 
junta  adopted  strenuous  measures  for  its  defente, 
and  obtained  powerful  reinforcements  from  Gib- 
raltar and  Portugal.  The  French  laid  siege  to 
Cadiz  on  the  6th  of  February,  1810,  and,  notwith- 
standing a  determined  fire  from  the  ships,  forts, 
and  floating  batteries,  seized  several  strong  p>oints 
along  the  bay,  and  in  particular  the  fort  of  Mata- 
gorda, whence  they  determined  to  bombard  Hm 


CAE 


eity,  notwithstanding  its  great  distance ;  and  mor- 
tars for  this  purpose  were  cast  at  Seville.  Some 
shells  and  grenades  were  thrown ;  but  as  the  hou- 
ses of  Cadiz  were  strongly  built  of  stone,  no  con- 
flagration ensued,  and  the  damage  done  was  but 
inconsiderable.  The  possession  of  the  isle  of 
Leon  was  the  object  for  which  the  most  strenuous 

{(reparations  were  made  on  both  sides,  eis  it  must 
lave  decided  the  fate  of  the  city.  These  were 
continued   until  the  autumn  of  1812,  when  the 


144  ,CAE 

and  flows  twice  in  24  hours.     The  county  ano^ 
city  send  each  a  member  to  parliament. 

Caermarthen,  a  borough  of  Wales,  capital  of 
Caermarthenshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Towy, 
over  which  is  a  stone  bridge,  to  which  vessels  of 
200  to  300  tons  burden  may  come  up.  It  was 
fortified  with  a  wall  and  a  castle,  now  in  ruins; 
and  on  the  east  side  of  the  town,  near  the  river, 
are  the  remains  of  a  monastic  building  of  consid- 
erable extent.     There  are  iron  and  tin  mines  in 


victorious  progress  of  Lord   Wellington  in   the     the  neighbourhood.     It  is  24  m.  S.  E.  of  Cardi- 


centre  of  Spam  compelled  the  French  to  depart 
from  Andalusia,  and  abandon  a  siege  which  had 
been  continued  and  resisted  with  extraordinary 
vigour  and  pertinacity.  Few  subsequent  events 
occurred  here  of  much  importance.  In  1820, 
Riego  commenced  the  ill-starred  military  revolu- 
tion on  the  isle  of  Leon.  In  1823,  during  a  short 
blockade,  the  French,  under  the  duke  d'Angou- 
leme,  carried  the  Trocadero.     Since  the  return  of 


an,  and  220  W.  by  N.  of  London.    Pop.  in  1821, 
8,906. 

Caernarvonshire,  a  county  of  North  Wales,  of 
an  oblong  form,  the  south  part  projecting  into  St. 
George's  Channel,  the  north  being  bounded  by 
the  Irish  sea,  or  what  would  now  more  properly 
be  called  Liverpool  Bay,  from  the  celebrity  of  the 
town  of  that  name  :  the  Menai  Strait  divides  it 
from  the  Isle  of  Anglesea  on  the  north-west,  and 


Ferdinand  VII.  to  absolute  power,  the  trade  of     the  river  Conway  divides   it  from  Denbighshire 
■^    ''    '       '  -111-  1         1  .1        on  the  east,  whilst  part  of  the  south-east  side  bor- 

ders on  Merionethshire.  This  county,  being  the 
most  rugged  district  of  North  Wales,  may  be  truly 
called  the  Cambrian  Alps.  Its  central  part  is  oc- 
cupied by  the  famed  Snowden,  rising  to  the  height 
of  3,571  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the 
prospects  around  are  rude  and  savage  in  the  hio-h- 
est  degree ;  but  not  without  a  mixture  of  beauty, 
when  the  dimensions  of  the  vales  admit  the  vari- 
eties of  wood,  water,  and  meadows.  The  soil  in 
the  valleys  on  the  side  of  St.  George's  Channel  is 
pretty  fertile,  especially  in  barley ;  great  num- 
bers of  black  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats,  are  fed  on 
the  mountains ;  and  the  sea,  lakes,  and  rivers, 
abound  with  a  variety  of  fish.  Copper  mines 
have  been  worked  in  various  parts  of  these  moun- 
tains, as  well  as  lead;  and  quantities  of  stone,  ex- 
cellent for  hones,  are  dug  near  Snowdon  ;  to  the 
dreary  region  of  which  the  rich  vale  of  Conway 
below  forms  a  pleasing  contrast. 

Caernarvon,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  Wales, 
capital  of  Caernarvonshire.  It  is  seated  within 
the  Menai  strait,  near  its  entrance  into  Caernar- 
von bay,  and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  with 
Ireland,  and  the  principal  English  ports,  to  which 
it  exports  vast  quantities  of  slates.  It  has  a  cele- 
brated castle,  built  by  Edward  I.  in  which  his  son, 
Edward  II.  the  first  prince  of  Wales,  was  born. 
Caernarvon  is  governed  by  the  constable  of  tlie 
castle,  who  is  always  mayor.  Here  are  salt-water 
baths,  and  elegant  hot  and  cold  baths,  which  are 
much  frequented  during  the  season.  It  is  7  m 
S.  W.  of  Bangor,  and  244  N.  W.  of  London. 
Long.  4.  20.  W.  lat.  53.  8.  N.  Pop.  in  1821, 
5,7?8. 

Caerphilly,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
The  ruins  of  its  celebrated  castle  more  resemble 
that  of  a  city  than  a  single  edifice ;  a  circular 
tower,  about  75  feet  in  height,  inclines  11  feet  6 
inches  from  its  base.  It  is  seated  between  the 
Taafe  and  Rumncy,  7  m.  N.  of  Cardiff",  and  IGO 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  8<J9. 

Caerwent,  a  village  of  Monmouthshire,  Eng.  4 
m.  S.  W.  of  Chepstow,  and  about  2  m.  from  the 
bank  of  the  Severn.  It  is  the  Venta  Silurum  of 
the  Romans,  once  crowded  with  palaces  and  tem- 
ples ;  but  now  the  buildings  within  its  ruined 
walls  are  only  a  church  and  a  few  scattered 
houses,  the  rest  of  the  area  being  laid  out  in  fields 
and  orchards,  where  a  tasselated  pavement,  and 
numerous  other  antiquities  have  been  discovered. 
Pop.  394. 

Caerwys,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  5  m 


Cadiz  has  been  on  the  decline;  and,  perhaps,  the 
measure  best  calculated  for  its  revival,  though, 
unfortunately,  that  which  he  seems  least  willing 
to  adopt,  would  be  to  recognise  the  independence 
of  the  South  American  colonies.  Lat.  36.  30.  N. 
long.  6.  25.  W.     Pop.  53,000. 

Cadiz,  p.t.  Harrison  Co.  Ohio,  and  Trigg  Co. 
Ken. 

Cadolzbury,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  circle  of  Rezat, 
8  m.  W.  of  Nuremberg. 

Cadore,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  Venetian  terri- 
tory, the  birth-place  of  Titian,  the  painter.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Piave,  15  m.  N.  of  Belluno. 

Cadsand,  or  Cassand,  an  island  of  Holland,  on 
the  north  coast  of  Flanders,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Scheldt.  The  land  is  fertile,  and  the  inhabitants 
make  a  large  quantity  of  excellent  cheese.  The 
chief  town  is  Cassandria. 

Caen,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados.  It  has  a  celebrated  university, 
and  a  castle  with  four  towers,  built  by  the  Eng- 
lish. The  abbey  of  St.  Stephen  was  founded  by 
William  the  Conqueror,  who  was  buried  in  it. 
The  river  Orne,  which  falls  into  the  English  chan- 
nel, runs  through  the  city,  to  which  the  tide 
brings  up  large  vessels.  It  exports  large  quanti- 
ties of  clover  seed  to  England.  It  is  05  miles  W. 
oy  S.  of  Rouen,  and  125  W.  by  N.  of  Paris. 
Long.  0.  22.  W.  lat.  49.  11.  N.  Pop.  about 
36,000. 

Caerleon,  a  town  of  Monmouthshire,  Eng. 
Many  Roman  antiquities  have  been  found  here, 
and  it  has  the  ruins  of  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Usk,  19  m.  S.  W.  of  Monmouth,  and  146  W. 
by  N.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821 ,  1,062. 

Caermarthenshire,  a  maritime  county  of  South 
Wales,  48  miles  long  and  25  broad.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  south  by  the  Bristol  channel,  on  the 
west  by  Pembrokeshire,  on  the  north  by  Cardi- 
ganshire ;  and  on  the  east  by  Brecknock  and 
Glamorganshire.  The  air  is  wholesome,  and  the 
soil  less  rocky  and  mountainous  than  in  most 
other  parts  of  Wales,  and  consequently  it  iS  pro- 
portionally more  fertile  both  in  corn  and  pasture. 
It  has  also  plenty  of  wood,  and  is  well  supplied 
with  coal  and  lime-stone.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Towy,  Cathy,  and  Tave  ;  of  which  the 
first  abounds  with  excellent  salmon.  It  abounds 
with  ancient  forts,  camps,  and  tumuli.  Near 
Caermarthen  towards  the  east,  may  be  seen  the 
ruins  of  Kastelk  Karry  and  several  vast  caverns 
supposed  to  have  been  copper  mines  of  the  Ro- 
mans.    Near  this  spot  is  a  fountain,  which  ebbs 


CAP 


145 


CAF 


W.  of  Flint,  and  212  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  952. 

Caffa,  or  Theodosia,  the  largest  town  of  the  Cri- 
mea, with  an  excellent  road  and  harbour.  It  was 
taken,  in  1266,  by  the  Genoeso,  who  made  it  one 
of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in  the  east  of  Eu- 
rope. It  was  taken  from  them  by  the  Venetians, 
in  1297,  but  soon  recovered  ;  however,  in  1474, 
the  Tartars,  assisted  by  the  Turks,  finally  expel- 
led them.  It  was  the  last  post  in  the  Crimea  of 
which  the  Genoese  retained  the  sovereignty. 
Caffa  was  the  Theodosia  of  the  ancients  ;  a  name 
which  has  been  restored  to  it  since  the  Russians 
became  possessed  of  the  Crimea,  in  1770.  It  con- 
tains about  20,000  inhabitants,  and  is  constantly 
well  garrisoned.  The  trade  consists  in  wax,  furs, 
Vimbskins,  leather,  horses,  and  female  slaves; 
most  of  the  latter  are  brought  from  Circassia,  and 
are  here  sold  at  from  400  to  £800  each,  in  propor- 
tion to  their  charms.  Caffa  is  seated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Black  Sea,  at  the  foot  of  some  high  mountains, 
65  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Sympheropol,  and  130  S.  E.  of 
Precop.     Long.  35.  20.  E.  lat.  40.  0.  N. 

Caffy,  Strait  of,  the  ancient  Cimmerian  Bos- 
phorus,  a  strait  that  forms  the  communication  be- 
tween the  Black  Sea  and  the  sea  of  Asoph,  and  a 
separation  between  Europe  and  Asia. 

Caffristin,  or  Kettore,  a  mountainous  country  of 
Asia,  lying  between  the  north-east  part  of  Persia 
and  Tartary.  The  valleys  are  ''nhabited  by  vari- 
ous independent  tribes  possessmg  manners,  and 
speaking  a  language  peculiar  to  themselves,  but 
of  which  very  little  is  known. 

Caffraria,  or  Kaffraria,  a  country  on  the  east 
coast  of  South  Africa,  extending  from  the  latitude 
of  about  30.  S.  to  the  Great  Fish  River,  in  the 
latitude  of  about  34.,  which  divides  it  from  the 
country  of  the  Hottentots,  its  western  boundaries 
are  not  ascertained.  The  Caffres  are  tall  and  well 
proportioned  ;  and,  in  general,  evince  great  cour- 
age in  attacking  lions  and  other  beasts  of  prey. 
Their  skin  is  a  jet  black,  their  teeth  white  as  ivo- 
ry, and  their  eyes  large.     The  clothing  of  both 


sexes  is  the  same,  consisting  entirely  of  the  hides 
of  oxen,  which  are  as  pliant  as  cloth.  The  men 
wear  tails  of  different  animals  tied  round  their 
thighs  ;  pieces  of  brass  in  their  hair,  and  large 
ivory  rings  on  their  arms  ;  they  are  adorned  also 
with  the  hair  of  lions,  and  feathers  fastened  on 
their  heads,  with  many  other  fantastical  orna- 
ments. They  are  fond  of  dogs ;  and  have  great 
pride  in  their  cattle,  which  pay  the  most  perfect 
obedience  to  their  voice.  Their  exercise  is  hunt- 
ing, fighting,  or  dancing.  They  are  expert  in 
throwing  lances,  and,  in  time  of  war,  use  shields 
made  of  the  hides  of  oxen.  They  sometimes  make 
incursions  into  the  English  territories  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  The  women  are  employed  in  the 
cultivation  of  their  gardens  and  corn.  They  raise 
several  vegetables,  which  are  not  indigenous  to 
19 


the  country,  as  tobacco,  water-melons,  kidney 
beans,  and  hemp.  Their  huts  are  higher  and 
more  commodious  than  those  of  the  Hottentots, 
and  their  lands  more  fertile,  but  their  oxen,  and 
almost  all  their  animals,  are  much  smaller.  In- 
dustry is  the  leading  trait  in  the  character  of  the 
Caffres,  who  are  distinguished  from  their  neigh- 
bours to  the  south  by  their  fondness  for  agriculture 
They  have  a  high  opinion  of  the  Supreme  Being, 
and  of  his  power;  they  believe  in  a  future  state 
of  rewards  and  punishments;  but  think  that  the 
world  had  no  beginning,  and  will  be  everlasting. 
They  have  no  sacred  ceremonies,  and  consequent- 
ly no  priests;  but  they  have  a  kind  of  conjurers 
whom  they  greatly  revere.  They  are  governed 
by  an  hereditary  king,  whose  power  is  very  limit- 
ed ;  but,  being  permitted  to  take  as  many  wives 
as  he  pleases,  he  has  a  larger  portion  of  lands  to 
cultivate,  and  a  greater  number  of  cattle  to  tend 
and  feed.  The  distance  of  the  different  hordes 
makes  it  necessary  that  they  should  have  inferior 
chiefs,  who  are  appointed  by  the  king. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  animals  of  this  re 
gion  is  the  spring-bok  a  species  of  antelope  about 
two  feet  and  a  half  in  height,  of  a  pale  yellowish 
colour,  with  a  stripe  of  white,  bordered  by  dark 
brown  extending  from  the  tail  half  way  up  the 
back  and  a  similar  stripe  on  each  side  from  the 
shoulders  to  the  haunches  ;  the  belly  is  of  a  snow- 
white.  The  name  of  spring-bok  was  given  it  by 
the  Dutch  settlers  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
from  the  prodigious  leaps  which  this  animal  takes 
when  startled.  When  thus  alarmed,  it  has  the 
power  of  extending  the  white  space  about  the  tail 
into  the  form  of  a  circle,  which  returns  to  its  lin- 
ear form  when  the  animal  is  tranquil.  When  pur- 
sued, it  is  pleasing  and  curious  to  see  the  whole 
herd  leaping  to  a  considerable  height  over  each 
other's  heads  ;  and  they  will  sometimes  take  three 
or  four  leaps  successively.  In  this  situation  they 
seem  suspended  in  the  air,  looking  over  their 
shoulders  at  their  pursuers,  and  forming  the  radi- 
us of  the  white  part  about  tlie  tail  in  a  most  beau- 
tiful manner.  They  are  extremely  swift,  and  it 
must  be  a  good  horse  that  can  overtake  them. 
They  migrate  annually  from  the  interior  of  the 
country  in  small  herds,  and  continue  near  the  Cape 
for  two  or  three  months,  and  then  retreat  towards 
the  north  in  herds  of  many  thousands,  covering 
the  great  plains  for  several  hours  in  their  passage. 

They  are  attended  in  these  migrations  by  num- 
bers of  lions,  hyajnas,  and  other  wild  beasts  of 
prey,  which  commit  great  devastation  among 
them.  They  also  make  periodical  migrations 
in  seven  or  eight  years,  in  herds  of  many  thous- 
ands, from  the  north, being  probably  compelled  to 
leave  their  haunts  in  the  Terra  de  Natal  by  the 
excessive  drought  of  that  region,  where  it  some- 
times happens  that  not  a  drop  of  rain  falls  for  two 
or  three  years.  In  these  migrations  they  spread 
over  the  whole  country  of  Caffraria,  which  they 
desolate ,  not  leaving  a  blade  of  grass.  Their  flesh 
is  excellent ;  an.d,  with  other  antelopes,  they  fur- 
nish the  venison  of  the  Cape. 

Thompson,  in  his  travels  in  Southern  Africa 
gives  the  following  account  of  these  animals. 
"  I  passed  through  prodigious  flocks  of  spring- 
boks, spread  over  the  plains  as  far  as  the  eye 
could  reach  :  the  number  it  is  impossible  to  esti- 
mate with  any  nicety,  but  I  suppose  I  saw  at 
least  100,000  in  the  course  of  fifty  miles.  They 
were  migrating  from  the  great  desert  towards  the 
Colony.  The  colonists,  as  I  came  along,  inquir- 
ed anxiously  if  I  had  seen  many  spring-boks,  and 


^9K 


CAG 


J  46 


CAT 


were  much  concerned  to  hear  that  they  were  ad- 
vancing upon  them  ;  for  these  beautiful  creatures, 
when  they  spread  over  the  inhabited  country  in 
such  migrations,  are  more  dreaded  than  even  tlie 
devouring  locust ;  they  eat  up  entirely  both  corn 
and  pasture,  and  frequently  oblige  the  farmers 
to  fly  with  their  flocks  to  other  districts.  The 
incredible  numbers  wnich  sometimes  pour  in  from 


the  north,  during  protracted  droughts,  distress 
ihe  farmer  inconceivably.  Any  attempt  at  nu- 
merical computation  would  be  vain  ;  and  by  try- 
ing to  come  near  the  truth,  the  writer  would 
subject  himself  in  the  eyes  of  those  who  have  no 
knowledge  of  the  country,  to  a  suspicion  that  he 
tvas  availing  himself  of  a  traveller's  assumed  priv- 
ilege. Yet  it  is  well  known  in  the  interior,  that 
on  their  approach  the  grazier  makes  up  his  mind 
to  look  for  pasturage  for  his  flocks  elsewhere,  and 
considers  Jnmself  entirely  dispossessed  of  his  lands 
until  heavy  rains  fall.  Every  attempt  to  save  the 
cultivated  fields,  if  they  be  not  enclosed  by  hiffh 
and  thick  hedges,  proves  abortive.  Heaps  of  dry 
manure  (the  fuel  of  the  Sneeuwbergen  and  other 
parts)  are  placed  close  to  each  other  round  the 
fields,  and  set  on  fire  in  the  evening,  so  as  to 
cause  a  dense  smoke,  by  which  it  is  hoped  the  an- 
telopes will  be  deterred  from  their  inroads ;  but 
the  dawn  of  day  exposes  the  inefiicacy  of  the 
precaution,  by  showing  the  lands,  which  appeared 
proud  of  their  promising  verdure  the  evening  be- 
fore, covered  with  thousands,  and  reaped  level 
with  the  ground.  Instances  have  been  known  of 
some  of  these  prodigious  droves  passing  through 
flocks  of  sheep,  and  numbers  of  the  latter,  carried 
along  with  the  torrent,  being  lost  to  their  owner, 
apd  becoming  a  prey  to  the  wild  beasts.  As  long 
as  these  droughts  last,  their  inroads  and  deprada- 
tions  continue  ;  and  the  havock  committed  upon 
them  is  of  course  great,  as  they  constitute  the 
food  of  all  classes ;  but  no  sooner  do  the  rains 
fall,  than  they  disappear,  and  in  a  few  days  be- 
come as  scarce  on  the  northern  borders  as  in  the 
more  protected  districts  of  Bruintjes-Hoogte  and 
Camdeboo." 

Cagaijan  Sooloo,  an  eastern  island  lying  off"  the 
north-east. point  of  Borneo,  in  the  lat.  of  7.  N. 
and  118.  36.  E.  long.  ]t  is  about  20  m.  in 
circumference,  and  governed  by  a  Rajah. 

Cagayan,  a  district,  the  most  northern  part  of 
Luconia,  the  chief  of  the  Philippine  islands.  It 
is  a  fertile  and  poi  alous  district,  in  the  lat  of  19 
N. 

Cagayan  Isles,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
Mindoro  Sea,between  Borneo  and  the  Philippines, 
ai  the  lat  of  9.  N.  ani  1:^1.  E.  long. 


Cagliari,  a  fortified  city  and  seaport  of  Sardinia, 
capital  of  the  island,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with 
a  university  and  a  castle.  Here  are  numerout 
churches,  besides  the  cathedral,  three  o^  which 
are  collegiate.  It  stands  on  the  south  part  of  the 
island,  at  the  bottom  of  a  gulf  of  its  name,  which 
forms  a  large  and  secure  harbour,  and  exports  con- 
siderable quantities  of  olive-oil  and  salt.  Long. 
9.  8.  E.  lat.  39.  20.  N.  Pop.  about  30,000. 

Cagnete,  Canete,  or  Guarco,  a  town  of  Peru,  cap- 
ital of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  extending 
about  24  leagues  along  the  seacoast.  It  is  situate 
near  the  sea,  80  m.  S.  E.  of  Lima.  Long.  7G.  16. 
W.  lat.  13.  10.  S. 

Cakatcba,  the  chief  town  of  Dallas  county, 
Alabama.  It  is  seated  at  the  junction  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name  with  the  Alabama  River,  Dlu 
m.  S.  W.  of  Washington,  and  about  180  north  of 
New  Orleans. 

Cahir,  a  town  and  parish  in  the  south  part  of 
the  county  of  Tipperary,  Ireland.  The  town  is 
seated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Suir,  about  six 
miles  south  of  Cashel,  and  85  S.  W.  of  Dublin, 
and  in  1820  contained  a  population  of  3,288,  and 
the  parish  4,310  more. 

Cahir,  is  also  the  name  of  a  small  island  off  the 
south-west  coast  of  the  county  of  Mayo,  in  the 
lat.  of  53.  44.  N.  and  9.  53.  W.  Long. 

Cakokia,  p.  v.  St. Clair  Co.  111.  on  the  Mississippi. 

Cahors,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  university. 
It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula,  made  by  the  river  Lot, 
and  built  partly  on  a  craggy  rock.  There  are 
three  bridges  over  the  river.  The  cathedral  is  a 
Gothic  structure,  and  has  a  large  square  steeple. 
The  town  has  a  manufacture  of  fine  cloths  and 
ratteens,  and  furnishes  excellent  wine,  of  the  kind 
called  vin  de  grave.  It  was  taken  by  assault,  in 
1580,  by  Henry  IV.  by  means  of  petards,  which 
were  first  employed  here.  In  one  of  the  suburbs 
are  the  remains  of  a  Roman  amphitheatre.  Ca 
hors  is  70  m.  N.  of  Toulouse,  and  315  S.  by  W 
of  Paris. 

Caicos,  or  Caycos,  the  southernmost  of  the  Ba 
hama  Isles.     See  Bahamas. 

Cai-fong,a.  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Ho-nan.  It  is  situate  on  a  plain,  six  miles 
from  the  river  Hoang-ho,  or  Great  Yellow  River 
about  300  in.  above  its  entrance  into  the  sea, 
which  is  higher  than  the  plain,  and  kept  in  by 
raised  dikes  that  extend  above  90  m.  When  the 
city  was  besieged  by  the  rebels,  in  1G42,  they  cut 
the  dikes  of  the  river,  which  drowned  300,000  of 
the  inhabitants.  Some  of  the  ruins  still  remain, 
which  shows  that  its  present  state  is  far  inferior 
to  its  former  magnificence.  Its  jurisdiction  com- 
prehends fourcifles  of  the  second  class,  €and  30  of 
the  third.  It  is  350  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin,  and 
about  850  N.  by  E.  of  Canton.  Long.  114.  28 
E.  lat.  34.  53.  N. 

Caifa,  or  Haifa,  a  seaport  of  Syria,  in  Palestine, 
defended  by  a  wall  and  a  citadel.  It  stands  on 
the  south  side  of  the.  bay  of  Acre,  8  m.  S. 
W.  of  Acre. 

Caivian,  or  Caymans,  three  small  islands  lyinw 
to  the  N.  W.  of  Jamaica,  between  it  and  the  south 
coast  of  Cuba.  The  north-east  point  of  Grand 
Caymans  is  in  lat.  19.  12.  N.and  81.26.  W.  long. 
The  inhabitants  of  Jamaica  come  hither  to  eaten 
tortoises. 

Cairngorm,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  at  the 
south-west  extremity  of  Banffshire,  on  the  border 
of  Inverness.  It  rises  in  a  conical  form  1 ,750  feet 
above   the   level  of  a  small  lake  near  its  base 


CAI 


147 


CAL 


which  19  tke  source  of  the  Aven,  and  4,050  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Its  sides  clothed  with 
firs,  and  its  top  generally  covered  with  snow.  It 
is  famous  for  beautiful  rock-crystals  .iuch  es- 
teemed by  lapidaries.  About  30  m.  £.  of  Fort 
Augustus . 

Cairo,  or  Grand  Cairo,  a  large  city,  capitiil  of 
Egypt.  It  consists  of  three  towns,  about  a  mile 
ap^rt ;  Old  Cairo,  New  Cairo,  and  the  port  term- 
ed B'lkc.  The  population  is  estimated  at  300,000. 
Old  Cairo  is  now  reduced  to  a  small  place.  New 
Cairo  is  a  mile  from  the  river,  and  seven  miles 
in  circumference.  The  streets  are  narrow ;  and 
the  finest  houses  are  built  round  a  court,  in  which 
they  make  the  best  appearance,  having  few 
or  no  windows  next  to  the  street.  The  castle 
stands  on  a  steep  rock,  and  is  surrounded  by 
thick  walls,  on  which  are  strong  towers.  Joseph's 
Well,  made  bv  a  vizier  of  that  name,  about  the 
year  1100,  is  the  most  curious  part  of  the  Castle  : 
it  is  sunk  in  the  rock  230  feet  deep  and  40  in  cir- 
cumference, with  a  staircase  carried  round  ;  and 
a  machine,  turned  bv  oxen,  raises  the  water 
(which  com^s  from  the  Nile)  into  a  reservoir, 
whence  it  is  again  raised  by  a  similar  machine. 
There  are  many  other  reservoirs  for  water ;  and 
numerous  bazaars,  where  each  trade  has  its  jillot- 
ted  quarter.  There  are  several  public  bagnios, 
very  handsome  within,  and  used  as  places  of 
refreshment  and  diversion,  especially  for  the 
women,  who  go  there  twice  a  week :  but  the 
wives  of  great  men  have  baths  at  home.  The 
women  have  greater  libertv  here  than  in  any  part 
of  the  Turkish  empire ;  and  on  Friday  a  mosque 
without  the  wall  is  frequented  by  them  as  a  pil- 
grimage of  pleasure.  The  Calish.a  canal  which 
conveys  the  waters  of  the  Nile  into  the  citv,  is  20 
feet  broad,  and  has  houses  on  each  side  of  it.  As 
soon  as  the  water  begins  to  rise,  they  close  the 
mouth  of  the  canal  with  earth,  and  place  a  mark, 
to  show  the  time  when  this  and  ail  other  canals 
in  the  kingdom  are  to  be  opened,  which  is  done 
with  great  solemnity.  There  are  not  less  than 
300  mosques  in  Cairo,  the  lofty  minarets  of  which 
present  a  very  picturesque  appearance.  It  was  a 
place  of  verv  great  trade  before  the  discovery  of 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  and  is  still  the  centre 
of  that  of  Eastern  Africa.  The  chief  manufac- 
tures are  sugar,  sal  ammoniac,  glass  lamps,  salt- 
petre, gunpowder,  red  and  yellow  leather,  and 
linen  made  of  the  fine  Esrvptian  flax.  This  city 
was  taken  by  the  French,  under  Bonaparte,  in 
(703,  and  retaken  by  the  British  in  1801.  It 
stands  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  about  120  m. 
S.  E.  Alexandria,  and  about  the  same  distance  from 
each  of  the  two  mouths  of  the  river  at  Rosetta 
and  Damietta.  Lat.  30.  2.  N.  and  31. 20.  of  E.  long. 

Cairo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  25  miles,  west  of 
Genoa.  It  was  the  scene  of  a  sanguinary  battle 
between  the  French  and  Austrians  in  1704,  and  in 
1796  was  taken  bv  the  French.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Cairo,  p.t.  Green  Co.  N.  Y.  ^5  m.  S.  W.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  2,919.     Also  2  towns  in  Ten.  and  Ohio. 

Cairoan,  or  Kairican,  an  interior  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Tunis,  a»d  next  to  the  city  of  Tunis 
for  trade  and  number  of  inhabitants.  It  is  situate 
near  a  sandy  desert,  where  are  found  many  ves- 
tiges of  former  magnificence,  and  on  the  river 
Magrida,  about  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Tunis,  and  a  few 
miles  west  of  Susa. 

Caistor,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  Near  it 
are  the  remains  of  a  monastery,  and  many  Roman 
vestiges.  It  is  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Grimsby,  and  156 
N.  of  London.    Pop  in  1831,  Ifm. 


*»*  There  are  2  other  towns  named  Caistor,  in 
the  county  of  Norfolk. 

Caithness-shire,  a. connty  at  the  S.  E.  extremity 
of  Scotland,  35  miles  long  and  20  broad  ;  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  Pentland  Frith,  which  divides 
it  from  the  Orkneys,  east  and  south-east  by  the 
German  Ocean,  and  west  by  Southerlandshire. 
Tlie  south  angle  is  occupied  by  mountains ;  and 
a  vast  ridge  of  hills  forms  the  south-west  bounda- 
ry,ending  in  a  promontory  called  the  Ord  of  Caith- 
ness, which  runs  out  into  the  sea,  in  the  lat.  of 
53.  10.  N.  The  rest  of  the  county  may  be  deem- 
ed an  immense  morass,  interspersed  with  some 
fruitful  spots,  producing  oats  and  barley,  and  others 
affording  pasture  for  sheep  and  black  cattle.  Its 
other  chief  products  are  butter,  cheese,  yarn, 
skins,  feathers  and  kelp.  It  sends  a  member  to 
parliament  alternately  with  Buteshire.  English 
is  chiefly  spoken  on  the  coast,  but  in  the  high- 
lands the  Gaelic  prevails.  Thurso  on  the  north, 
and  Wick  on  the  east  coast,  are  the  chief  towns. 

Cajana,  or  Kajana,  one  of  the  seven  principal 
towns  of  East  Bothinia,  ichich  see. 

Cajazzo.  a  town  ol"  Naples,  25  miles  north  of 
the  city  of  Naples. 

CaJahar,  Old  and.  J^ew,  a  territory  at  the  east- 
ern  extremity  of  the  coast  of  Guinea  on  the  west 
coast  of  North  Africa.  Since  the  restriction  of 
the  slave  trade  to  the  south  of  the  Equator,  this 
district  has  carried  on  a  more  extensive  trade  in 
palm  oil  and  bar  wood,  and  some  elephants'  teeth, 
than  any  other  part  of  the  coast.  "The  town  of 
New  Calabar  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of*he  same  name,  in  the  lat.  of  4.  10.  N.  and  6. 
42.  of  E.  long.  Dukes  Town,  the  chief  town  of 
Old  Calabar,  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  another 
river  of  the  same  name,  falling  into  a  bay,  about 
80  m.  E.  by  N.  of  New  Calabar. 

CalaJjazo,  or  Calabaco,  an  interior  town  of  Co- 
lombia about  150  miles  south  of  Caracas,  contam 
ing  about  5,000  inhabitants. 

Cafabria,  a  promontory  and  province  of  Naples, 
forming  the  foot  and  southern  extremity  of  Italy, 
extending  from  37.  53.  to  40.  5.  of  North  lat.  and 
being  about  40  m.  in  mean  breadth,  between  the 
long,  of  15.  40.  and  1 7.  30.  E.  A  ridge  of  mountains, 
the  Apennines,  intersects  the  whole  territory  from 
nortii  to  south,  and  numerous  streams  fall  into 
the  sea  on  both  coasts.  It  gives  the  title  of  Duke 
to  the  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  Naples.  It  is  di- 
vided into  two  parts  ;  Citra,  north,  bordering  on 
the  Basilicata,  contains  about  350,000  inhabitants, 
and  Ultra,  south,  containing  about  400,000.  This 
country  abounds  in  excellent  fruit,  corn,  wine, 
oil,  silk,  cotton,  and  wool.  In  1783,  a  great  part  of 
Calabria  Ultra,  as  well  as  of  Sicily,  was  destroys 
by  one  of  the  most  terrible  earthquakes  on  rec- 
ord :  besides  the  destruction  of  many  towns,  vil- 
lages, and  farms,  above  40,000  people  perished  by 
this  calamity.  The  principal  towns  are  Bova,  at 
the  south  extremity,  Reggio,  Rosarno,  St.  Eufe- 
mia,  Castifflione,  and  Paula,  on  the  we.st;  and 
Rossano,  Cariato,  Catanzaro,  and  Squillace  on  the 
east  coast,  and  in  the  interior,  Cossano.  Bisagna- 
no,  Cosenza,  (the  capital)  Policastro,  Mileto,  and 
Oppido. 

Catahorra,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  which  extends  to  the 
Ebro,  90  m.  E.  of  Burgos.  It  was  the  birth-place 
of  Quintilian.     Pop.  about  4,300. 

Ca/ais,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Pas  de  Calais,  with  a  citadel.  It  was  taken  by 
Edw.  III.  of  England,  in  1347,  after  a  siege  of 
man  tkan  11  raontlui,  whiok  has  given  risa  to  som* 


CAL 


148 


CAL 


historical  as  well  as  dramatic  fiction.  In  1557  it 
was  retaken  by  the  duke  of  Guise.  It  was  bom- 
barded by  tlie  English  in  1696,  without  receiving 
much  injury.  The  fortifications  are  good  ;  but 
its  greatest  strength  is  its  situation  among  the 
marshes,  which  may  be  overflowed  at  the  approach 
of  an  enemy.  In  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  spacious 
square,  surrounded  by  good  buihlings,  and  the 
church  is  a  stately  edifice ;  the  harbour,  wiiich  is 
formed  of  two  wooden  piers  run  into  tlie  sea,  only 
admits  small  vessels.  Calais  derives  all  its  im- 
portance from  its  contiguity  to  the  English  coast, 
being  only  20  miles  from  Dover,  with  which  a  daily 
intercourse  is  maintained  ;  several  hundred  per- 
sons passing  to  and  from  it  weekly.  It  is  25  m. 
W.  by  S.  ofDunkirk,  20  N.by  E.  of  Boulogne,  and 
145  due  north  of  Paris.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Calais,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Maine.  Pop.  1 ,686. 
Also  a  p.t.  in  Washington  Co.  Vermont.  iPop. 
1,539. 

Calais,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Sarte,  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Le  Mans. 

Calamas,  a  town  of  Persia,  on  tlie  coast  of  Mek- 
ran,  60  miles  east  of  Guadal,  and  290  west  of 
Tatta,  on  the  western  branch  of  the  Indus. 

Calamata,  a  town  of  Greece,  at  the  head  of  the 
gulf  of  Coron,  in  the  Morea,  on  the  river  Spinarza, 
36  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Misitra. 

Calamianes,  a  cluster  of  islands,  the  most  wes- 
terly of  the  Philippines,  and  to  the  north  of  Bor- 
neo. They  are  17  in  number,  and  mountainous, 
but  produce  great  quantities  of  wax,  honey  r  and 
edible  birdsnests.  The  principal  island  is  Para- 
goa,  in  thelat.  of  12.  N.  and  120.  of  E.  long. 

Calanore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  70  m.  E.  of 
Lahore,  distinguished  as  the  place  where  the  em- 
peror Akbar  ascended  the  throne  of  Indir  in  1556. 

Calataa-irone,  a  large  town  in  the  interior  of 
Sicily,  about  50  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Syracuse  ;  it  has 
manufactures  of  earthenware.     Pop.  15,000. 

Calatayud,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with  a 
castle  on  a  rock.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  hill, 
on  the  river  Xalon,  at  the  influx  of  the  Xiloca, 
42  m.  S.  W.  of  Saragossa.  It  has  manufactures 
of  soap.     Pop.  about  9,000. 

Calataniselta,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto, 
50  m.  N.  W.  ofLentini. 

Calatrava,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  the 
chief  place  of  the  military  order  of  the  knights  of 
Calatrava.  It  is  seated  near  the  Guadiana,  90  m. 
S.  of  Madrid.     Long.  3.  10.  W.  lat.  39.  4.  N. 

Calbe,  or  Kalhe,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Manrdeburg,  on  the  river  Saale,  16  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Magdeburg.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Calbc,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Old  Mark, 
with  a  castle,  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Stendel. 

Calberga,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Golconda, 
formerly  a  vast  city,  and  the  residence  of  the  sov- 
ereigns of  the  Deccan.  It  is  85  m.  W.  of  Hydra- 
bad,  and  110  E.  of  Visiapour.  Long.  77.  20.  E. 
lat.  17.  25.  N. 

CaJcar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Cleves ;  seated  near  the  Rhine,  8  m.  S.  E.  of 
Cleves. 

Calcasiu,  a  river  of  Louisiana,  which  rises  20  m. 
S.  of  Natchitoches  and  flows  through  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  30  m.  long  and  10  wide  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Calcinato,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  where 
a  victor/  was  gained  over  the  Austrians  by  the 
French,  in  1706.     It  is  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Brescia. 

Calcutta,  the  capital  of  Bengal,  and  the  seat  of 
the  governor-general  of  the  British  dominions  in 
the  Eaat  Indies,  is  situated  on  the  eastern  bank 


of  the  river  Hoogly,  (the  western  arm  of  the 
Ganges)  about  100  miles  from  the  sea.  Its  name 
is  derived  from  Cutta,  a  temple,  dedicated  by  the 
Hindoos  to  Caly,  the  Goddess  of  Time,  which 
was  situate  between  the  villages  of  Chuttanutty 
and  Gobindpore,  where  the  agents  of  tlie  English 
East  India  Company,  in  1690,  obtained  permis- 
sion of  Aurungzebe  to  establish  a  trading  fticto- 
ry,  which,  in  1696,  in  consequence  of  the  disturb- 
ed state  of  the  province  of  Bengal,  they  were 
allowed  to  fortify.  In  1698,  Prince  Azeen  Ooslian, 
grandson  of  Aurunarzebe,  granted  a  lease  to  the 
agents  of  the  English  Company,  of  the  villages 
above  mentioned  in  perpetuity,  upon  which,  they 
strengthened  the  fortification,  and  gave  it  tht 
nameofForf  William ,  \n  com\>\\meni  to  the  Eng 
lish  monarch  of  that  time.  From  this  period  Cal- 
cutta gradually  increased  in  population  and  im- 
portance up  to  1756,  when  it  was  attacked  by  tlie 
soubah  of  Bengal,  with  an  army  of  70,000  horse 
and  foot,  and  400  elepha-nts,  when  the  besieged 
were  forced  to  abandon  their  posts,  and  retreat  into 
the  fort ;  on  which  the  enemy's  troops  entered 
the  town,  and  plundered  it  for  24  hours.  An 
order  was  then  given  for  attacking  the  fort ;  the 
garrison  of  which  defended  themselves  bravely 
for  some  time;  but  many  of  them  being  killed 
and  wounded,  and  their  ammunition  almost  ex- 
hausted they  were  at  last  obliged  to  surrender 
and  were  all,  to  the  number  of  149,  crammed 
into  the  Black  Hole  prison,  a  dungeon  about  18 
feet  square  ,  from  v/hence  only  23  came  out  alive 
in  the  morning.  The  rest  were  all  suffocated 
from  want  of  air.  Calcutta,  however,  was 
retaken  the  next  year;  and,  after  the  victory  of 
Plassey,  the  inhuman  soubah  was  deposed,  and 
put  to  death  by  his  successor,  and  the  whole  of 
the  province  of  Bengal  transferred  to  the  Eng 
lish  East  India  Company.  Immediately  aftei- 
this  victory,  the  erection  of  a  new  fort,  about  a 
mile  below  the  old  one,  was  commenced,  which 
is  superior  in  extent  and  security  to  any  fortress 
in  India,  containing  commodious  accommodation 
for  4,000  men.  From  this  period  Calcutta  rapidly 
increased  in  extent  and  population.  In  1798  the 
number  of  houses  was  78,760,  exclusive  of  the 
forts,  since  which  time  they  have  increased  more 
than  one  half.  The  number  of  inhabitants,  com- 
posed of  people  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  amount- 
ing to  600,000  or  700,000.  The  part  inhabited 
by  the  English  is  elegantly  built ;  but  the  great- 
est part  is  built  after  the  general  fashion  of  the 
cities  of  India.  Their  streets  are  exceedingly 
confined,  narrow,  and  crooked,  with  a  vast  num- 
ber of  ponds,  reservoirs,  and  gardens,  interspers- 
ed. A  few  of  them  are  paved  with  Isrick.  The 
houses  are  built,  some  with  brick,  others  with 
mud,  and  a  still  greater  number  with  bamboos  and 
mats;  all  which  different  kinds  of  fabrics,  inter- 
mixed, form  a  very  uncouth  appcariince,  and  are 
very  readily  destroyed  by  fire.  The  brick  houses 
are  seldom  above  two  stories  high,  with  flat  and 
terraced  roofs  ;  these  of  mud  and  bamboos  are 
only  one  story,  and  are  covered  with  thatch. 
During  the  administration  of  the  Marquis  Welles- 
ley,  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century, 
a  magnificent  palace  was  erected  at  the  distance 
of  about  a  mile  from  the  fort.  The  line  of  houses 
that  surround  two  sides  of  the  esplanade  of  the 
fort  is  also  magnificent ;  they  are  all  on  a  large 
scale,  and  detached  from  one  another.  From  the 
necessity  of  having  a  free  circulation  of  air  in  a 
climate  so  extremely  hot,  the  approach  to  the  hou 
ses  is  generally  by  a  flight  of  steps,  with  great 


OAC. 


149 


CAL 


proiectinw  porticoes,  or  surrounded  by  colonnades 
and  arcades,  which  give  thera  much  tlie  appear- 
ance of  Grecian  temples.  Since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century,  Calcutta  has  been 
greatly  improved,  both  in  appearance  and  in  the 
salubrity  of  its  air;  the  streets  have  been  proper- 
ly drained,  and  the  ponds  filled ;  thereby  remov- 
ing a  vast  surface  of  stagnant  water,  the  exhala- 
tions of  which  were  particularly  hurtful.  Con- 
i  Tuous  to  the  old  fort  is  a  spacious  square,  on 
oni  side  of  which  is  the  college,  founded  also  un- 
der I  •*  administration  of  the  Marquis  Wellesley 
111  1801  ;  another  side  of  the  square  is  occupied 
by  building-s  appropriated  to  tlie  use  of  the  junior 
servants  ol^ie  company,  and  the  remainder  is 
occupied  by  some  of  the  principal  traders.  Cal- 
cutta is  the  residence  of  a  bishop,  who,  assisted 
by  three  archdeacons,  is  intrusted  with  the  eccle- 
siastical affairs  of  all  the  British  possessions  in 
Asia  ;  the  cathedral  is  a  spacious  edifice.  Here 
is  likewise  a  supreme  court  of  judicature,  in  which 
justice  is  dispensed  according  to  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land, by  a  chief  justice  and  Uiree  puisne  judges. 
The  natives  of  the  province  still  retain  their  Hin- 
doo laws,  as  well  as  religion,  and  courts  are  duly 
appointed  for  the  administration  of  justice  Eiccord- 
ingly.  The  southern  part  of  Calcutta  is  occupi- 
ed almost  entirely  by  Europeans,  who  have  adopt- 
ed a  style  of  building  at  once  magnificent  in  its 
appearance  and  well  adapted  to  the  climate.  Eve- 
ry house  is  detached,  inclosed  with  walls  and  front- 
ed with  an  elegant  veranda  shading  a  flight  of 
steps.  The  northern  part  is  chiefly  inhabited  by 
natives,  whose  dwellings  are  for  the  most  part 
mere  mud  or  bamboo  cottages.  The  mixture  of 
European  and  Asiatic  manners,  that  may  be  ob- 
served in  Calcutta,  is  curious  :  coaches,  phaetons, 
single-horse  chaises,  with  the  palanquins  and  hack- 
eries of  the  natives,  the  passing  ceremonies  of  the 
Hindoos,  and  the  different  appearance  of  the 
fakirs,  form  a  sight  more  novel  and  extraordinary, 
perhaps,  than  any  other  city  in  the  world  can 
present.  The  Hoogly  is  navigable  up  to  the  town 
for  ships  of  400  to  500  tons,  but  those  of  greater 
burden  lie  at  Diamond  Point,  about  50  miles  below, 
their  cargoes  being  conveyed  to  and  from  the 
town  by  lighters.  Independently  of  its  commer- 
cial intercourse  with  England,  Calcutta  main- 
tains an  extensive  intercourse  with  China  as  well 
as  with  almost  every  port  in  Asia,  and  islands 
in  the  eastern  seas,  with  which  an  interchange 
is  effected  in  every  possible  commodity  that  man- 
kind can  desire,  either  for  subsistence  and  com- 
fort, or  to  gratify  the  most  refined  and  luxurious 
taste.  Ship-building  is  also  carried  on  to  a  great  ex- 
tent ;  there  are  several  banking  establishments 
to  facilitate  the  operations  of  commerce,  and  in- 
surance establishments  for  its  protection.  The 
control  of  the  governor-general  and  council  of 
iJengal,  at  Calcutta,  extends  over  the  presidencies 
of  Madras,  Bombay,  and  Bencoolen ;  the  extent 
of  the  civil  establishments  attending  the  admin- 
istration of  so  extensive  an  empire,  in  addition  to 
the  military  and  commercial  affairs  of  tlie  place, 
necessarily  give  an  importance  to  Calcutta  beyond 
that  of  any  city  in  Asia,  except  those  of  China  and 
Japan.  The  new  fort  is  in  the  lat.  of  22.  35.  N., 
and  8.S.  28.  E.  long.,  1,030  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Madras, 
and  about  1,100  E.  N.  E.  of  Bombay. 

Caldas,  the  name  of  several  small  towns  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  which,  like 
the  Badens  of  Germany,  implies  their  contiguity 
to  hot  or  medicinal  springs  :  one  25  m.  N.  by  E. 
•f  Lisbon,  another  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Castel  Branco ; 


another  contiguous  to  Montalegre,  60  m.  N.  E.  of 
Oporto;  another  15  m.  N.  of  Barcelona;  another 
25  m.  N.  of  Vigo. 

Catdecot,  a  village  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng.  sea- 
ted in  a  plain,  five  miles  S.  W.  of  Chepstow  and 
noted  for  the  massy  remains  of  its  castle.  There 
are  six  other  villages  of  the  same  name  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  England. 

Colder,  a  river  of  England  which  rises  on  the 
west  border  of  Yorkshire,  flows  by  Halifax  to 
Wakefield,  and  eight  miles  below  joins  the  Aire. 
It  is  navigable  the  greater  part  of  its  course. 
There  are  three  or  four  rivers,  and  as  many  villa- 
ges, named  Calder,  in  different  parts  of  Scotland 

Caldolzburg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Anspach,  with  a  castle,  18  m.  N.  E. 
of  Anspach.  It  is  now  included  in  the  Bavarian 
circle  of  Rezat. 

Caldwell,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
George,  56  m.  N.  Albany.  Pop.  797.  Also  a 
town  in  Essex  Co.  N.  J. 

Caldwell,  an  interior  county  in  the  western  part 
of  Kentucky,  bounded  on  the  south-west  by  the 
great  Cumberland  River.  Pop.  8,332.  Eddy- 
ville,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river,  about  30 
miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio,  and  200 
S.  W.  of  Frankfort,  is  the  chief  town. 

Caiedon,  a  town  in  the  parish  of  Aughloe, 
(sometimes  called  Caiedon,)  south  part  of  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland.  Pop.  of  the  town  in 
1821,  856,  and  of  the  parish  7,148. 

Caledonia,  a  county  in  the  north  part  of  Ver- 
mont, the  south-east  part  of  which  is  bounded  by 
the  Connecticut  River,  which  divides  it  from  New 
Hampshire.  Pop.  20,967.  Danville,  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  county,  ab<jut  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Montpe- 
lier,  is  the  chief  town. 

Caledonia,  a  township  of  Livingston  county, 
N.  York,  lying  to  the  west  of  Gene.see  river,  and 
south  of  Erie  canal,  245  m.  W.  of  Albany.  Big 
Spring,  remarkable  for  the  abundance  of  its  water, 
is  in  this  township.     Pop.  1,618. 

Caledonia,  JV'eic,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
to  the  east  of  New  Holland,  discovered  by  Cook, 
in  1774.  It  is  26(t  miles  from  north-west  to  south- 
east, and  70  broad.  The  inhabitants  are  strong, 
active,  and  well  made  ;  their  hair  is  black  and 
much  frizzled,  but  not  woolly ;  their  beards  are 
crisp  and  thick ;  they  besmear  their  faces  with 
black  pigment,  and  tlieir  only  covering  is  a  wrap- 
per made  from  the  bark  of  a  tree,  or  of  leaves. 
Their  houses  are  circular,  like  a  bee-hive  ;  form- 
ed of  small  spars  and  reeds,  covered  with  long 
coarse  grass,  and  the  floor  laid  with  dry  grass. 
They  deposit  their  dead  in  the  ground,  and  deco- 
rate the  grave  of  their  chiefs  with  spears,  darts, 
paddles,  «Stc.  They  are  of  a  pacific  disposition, 
and  their  women  cliaster  tlian  those  of  the  more 
eastern  islands.  They  cultivate  the  soil  with 
some  art  and  industry,  but  subsist  chiefly  on  roots 
and  fish.  Plantains  and  sugar-canes  are  not  plen- 
tiful ;  bread-fruit  is  scarce,  and  cocoa-nut  trees 
axe  but  thinly  planted  ;  but  yams  and  taras  are  in 
great  abundance.  The  cape  at  the  south  end, 
called  Queen  Charlotte  Foreland,  is  in  long.  167. 
12.  E.  lat.  22.  15.  S. 

CaJeaburg,  a  principality  of  Lower  Saxony, 
which  constitutes  a  part  of  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick. It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  princi- 
pality of  Wolfenbuttel.  The  south  part  is  inter- 
sected from  east  to  west  by  the  Werra,  and  the 
chief  town  is  Gottingen.  The  Lena  has  its 
source  in  this  part,  near  the  banks  of  the  Werra, 
and  runs  north  through  the  principality  of  Wolf. 
n2 


CAL 


t50 


CAL 


enbuttel,  then  dividing  the  Bishopric  of  Hildes- 
heim  from  North  Calenberg  ou  the  east,  and  after- 
wards intersects  the  north  part  of  North  Calen- 
berg. The  Weser  also  intersects  the  south  part 
of  N.  Calenberg  from  south-east  to  north-west, 
the  chief  towns  being  Hanover,  Neustadt,  and 
Hameln.  The  aggregate  extent  of  the  surface 
may  be  estimated  ut  about  1,700  square  miles,  and 
the  population  at  220,000.  The  soil  is  generally 
fertile,  and  under  social  and  reciprocal  arrange- 
ments, Calenberg  might  be  made  to  yield  a  sur- 
plus produce  sutficicnt  to  command  an  abundance 
of  tropical  and  other  luxuries,  the  consumption  of 
which  has  hitherto  been  very  limited. 

Calhuco,  a  town  at  the  south  extremity  of 
Araucan,  opposite  the  north  end  of  the  Isle  of 
Chiloe,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  inhabited  by 
Spaniards,  Mestozos,  and  Indians,  180  m.  S.  of 
Valdivia.     Long.  73.  37.  W.  lat.  41.  40.  S. 

CaU,  a  city  of  Colombia,  in  the  valley  of  Popa- 
yau,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  Cauca.     The 

fovernor  of  the  province  generally  resides  here, 
t  is  90  m.  E.  of  3onaventura,  and  200  W.  by  S. 
of  St.  Fe.     Long.  77.  5.  W.  lat.  3. 15.  N. 

Calicut,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Malabar. 
It  was  the  first  Indian  port  visited  by  European 
shipping  ;  being  discovered  by  the  Portuguese,  in 
1496.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  plain  cotton 
goods;  and  much  salt  is  made  by  the  natural 
evaporation  of  the  sea  water.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  cocoa  and  betel  nuts,  black  pepper,  gin- 
ger, and  turmeric.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  110  m.  S.  W.  of  Seringapatam,  and  130  S. 
S.  E.  of  Mangalore.  Long.  75.  52.  E.  lat.  11. 12. 
N.  It  was  formerly  much  more  considerable, 
having  been  much  encroached  upon  by  the  sea. 

California,  a  nromontory,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
separated  from  the  west  coast  of  North  America 
by  the  Vermilion  sea,  or  Gulf  of  California ;  ex- 
tending N.  W.  from  Cape  St.  Lucar.  in  the  lat.  of 
22.  44.  to  lat.  3:3.  N.  being  about  50  miles  in  aver- 
age breadth.  It  was  discovered  by  Cortez,  in 
1536;  and  is  said  to  have  been  visited  by  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  in  1578.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  Jesuits  formed  several 
settlements  here,  and  endeavoured  to  govern  the 
natives  with  the  same  policy  and  authority  that 
they  exercised  in  iheir  missions  in  Paraguay. 
They  seem  studiously  to  have  depreciated  the 
climate  and  soil  of  the  country  ;  but  on  their  ex- 
pulsion from  the  Spanish  dominions,  the  court  ap- 
pointed Don  Joseph  Galvez  to  visit  this  peninsula. 
His  account  of  the  country  was  favourable ;  he 
found  the  pearl  fishery  on  its  coast  to  be  valuable, 
and  he  discoveredmina^^of  goldof  a  very  promis- 
ing appearance.  Divers  nations  or  tribes  inhabit 
the  country,  without  acknowledging  any  chief. 
Each  father  is  a  prince  over  his  own  family; 
but  his  power  ceases  when  the  children  are  able 
to  provide  for  themselves.  Each  tribe,  neverthe- 
less, has  persons  appointed,  who  call  assemblies 
to  divide  the  productions  ot  the  earth,  regulate 
the  fisheries,  and  march  at  their  head  when  en- 
gaged in  war.  Want  of  provision  obliges  them 
often  to  change  their  abodes ;  and  in  severe  win- 
ters they  retire  into  caves.  A  girdle  and  piece 
of  linen  round  the  body,  some  ornaments  for  the 
head,  and  a  chain  of  pearls,  serve  them  for  dress 
and  finery.  Those  who  live  toward  the  north, 
where  they  have  no  pearls,  dress  their  heads  with 
shells.  The  women  commonly  wear  a  kind  of 
.ong  robe,  made  of  leaves  of  palms;  though  some 
wear  nothing  but  a  girdle.     A  range  of  mountains 


runs  parallel  with  the  cojist,  its  whole  extent 
rising  in  some  places  to  the  height  of  about  4,700 
feet.  The  soil  in  many  places  is  excellent ;  and  it 
is  reported  that  vines  grow  naturally  in  the  moun- 
tains, and  that  the  Jesuits,  when  they  resided  here, 
made  abundance  of  wine,  in  taste  approacliing  to 
that  of  Maderia.  The  chief  town  is  St.  .loseph , 
about  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Cape  St.  Lucas.  The  por  i- 
lation  of  the  whole  territory  is  supposed  nr  ^  to 
exceed  10,000. 

California.  JVew,  is  an  extension  of  territory 
along  the  coast,  north  of  the  promontory  of  Cali- 
fornia to  the  lat.  of  about  40.  N.  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  the  coast  formerly  called  New  Al-  f^ 
bion.  The  same  mountain  ridge  which  intersects 
the  promontory  continues  to  run  nortn,  parallel 
with  the  coast,  at  a  distance  of  thirty  to  fifty  miles. 
The  Jesuits,  who  extended  themselves  in  this  di 
rection,  found  the  soil  somewhat  more  congenial 
for  the  genei'al  purposes  of  culture,  and  founded 
about  twenty  settlements  upon  and  between  the 
coast  and  the  mountain  ridge,  each  settlement 
dedicated  to  some  saint  of  their  holy  order.  The 
four  principal  settlements  on  the  coast  are  St.  Die- 
go, in  the  lat.  of  32.  42.;  La  Furissima,  in  34.  32.; 
St.  Carlos  de  Monterey,  in  36.  36.;  and  St.  Fran 
cisco,  in  37.  48.  N.  The  total  population  of  this 
district  is  estimated  at  about  16,000. 

Calix,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  West  Bothina,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  22  m.  W.  of  Tornea. 

Callah,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  which  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  the 
greatest  market  for  carpets  in  the  country.  It  is 
40  m.  E.of  Oran. 

Callan,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Kil 
kenny,  on  the  frontier  of  Tipperary,  7  m.  S.  W 
of  the  city  of  Kilkenny,  and  65  from  Dublin 
Pop.  in  1821,5,678. 

Callander,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  muslin  ;  seal- 
ed on  the  river  Teath,  30  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Perth. 
Pop.  2,030. 

Callao,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  with  the  best  harbour 
on  the  co«st,  and  a  large  and  safe  roadstead  de- 
fended by  the  islands  of  Callao  and  St.  Lawrence. 
In  the  port  every  commodity  is  to  be  procured 
that  vessels  may  be  in  need  of.  The  town  was 
almost  totally  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in 
1746.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
5  m.  W.  of  Lima,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Long. 
76.  58.  W.  lat.  12.  2.  S. 

Callaway,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  5,159. 
Wadesborough  in  the  chief  town. 

Calle,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  ol 
Constantina,  where  the  French  have  a  factory  es- 
tablished for  a  coral  fishery,  and  trade  for  grain, 
wool,  leather,  and  wax.  It  stands  on  a  rock,  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  sefl,,  36  m.  E.  of  Bona. 

Callinger,  a  fortified  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  province  of  Allahabad,  formerly  capital  of 
Bundelcund.  It  was  ceded  by  the  Mahrattas  to 
the  p:nglish  in  1793.  It  is  20  m.  N.  of  the  Dia- 
mond Mines  of  Punuah,  and  150  W.  by  S.  of 
Benares. 

Cullington,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  cloth ;  situate  on  the  Lynher, 
12  m.  S.  ©f  Launceston,  and  216  W.  by  S.  of 
London.  It  returns  two  members  to  parliament. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,3^51. 

Calloma.,  or  Caillomo,  a  town  of  Peru,  celebrat 
ed  for  its  silver  mines,  50  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Arequipa, 
and  170  S.  of  Cuzco.  \ 

Cahnar,  a  strong  seaport  of  Swedes,  capital  of 


CAM 


151 


CAM 


Sinaland,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  place  where  the  deputies  of  Sweden,  Den- 
mirk,  and  NDrway,  were  appointed  to  assemble 
»>r  the  election  of  a  king,  according  to  the  Union 
of.Calrnir.  On  an  eminence,  half  a  mile  from 
tho  town,  is  the  ancient  castle,  now  converted 
into  a  distillery.  The  cnief  exports  are  deals  and 
tar.  It  is  seated  near  the  Baltic,  190  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Stockholm.     Long.  16.  22.  E.  lat.  56.  41.  N. 

Ciihmii'.i,  or  Calimno,  an  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archioolago,  near  the  coast  of  Asia,  7  m.  N.  W. 
of  Sta'nchio.     Long.  26.  46.  E.  lat.  36.  56.  N. 

Cain,  East  and  West,  townships  in  Chester  Co. 
Pa. 

CiiJne,  a  bor  )Ugh  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  It  has 
ei<rht  or  ten  extensive  manufactories  of  woolen 
cloth,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many  fulling  and 
corn  mills.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  25  m.  E.  of  Bristol,  and  88  W.  of  London. 
It  returns  two  members  to  parliament.  Pop.  in 
1821,4,612. 

Caltiira,  a  town  on  the  west  coast  of  Ceylon, 
with  a  fort.  A  great  quantity  of  arrack  is  made 
here,  and  other  manufactories  carried  on.  It 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  large  branch  of  the  Mu- 
liwaddy,  2S  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Columbo.  Long.  79. 
56.  E.  lat.  6.  44.  N. 

Calvados,  a  maritime  aepartment  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  Normandy, 
bounded  north  by  the  English  channel.  It  is  so 
called  from  a  ridge  of  rocKs  of  the  same  name, 
near  the  coast  of  what  was  heretofore  called 
Normandy,  e.xtending  twelve  miles  in  length.  It 
contains  an  area  of  about  2,200  square  miles,  and 
upwards  of  500,000  inhabitants.  It  is  intersected 
from  the  south  to  the  sea  by  the  river  Orne.  It 
is  a  fertile  province,  and  exports  a  considerable 
quantity  of  clover  seed.  Caen,  on  the  banks  ol 
the  Orne  is  the  chief  town. 

Calrert,  a  county  of  Maryland,  lying  between 
the  Patuxent  River  and  Chesapeak  Bay.  Pop. 
8,899.  Prince  Frederick,  40  m.  S.  of  Annapolis 
and  St.  Leonard's,  in  the  south  part  of  the  county, 
on  the  shore  of  the  Chesapeak,  71  m.  S.  of  An- 
napolis, are  the  chief  towns. 

Calvi,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
eight  miles  north  of  Capua. 

Calvi,  'J.  town  of  Corsica,  on  a  craggy  moun- 
tain and  gulf  of  the  same  name,  with  a  strong 
fortress  and  a  good  harbour.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1794.  It  is  38  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Bastia. 

Calvisano,  a  town  of  Bresciano,  12  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Brescia.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Calw,  a  town  of  Suabia.  in  the  kingdom  of 
Wurtemburg,  with  a  porcelain  manufacture,  and 
a  great  trade  in  stuffs.  It  is  20  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Stuttgard.     Pop.  3,500. 

Cam,  a  river  which  rises  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng. 
flows  by  Cambridge  into  the  isle  of  Ely,  and 
there  joins  the  Ouse,  to  which  river  it  is  naviga- 
ble from  Cambridge. 

Camana,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  jurisdic- 
tion ;  situate  on  a  river  of  the  same  name  near 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  70  m.  W.  of  Arequipa,  in 
lat.  16.  10.  N.  and  73.  15.  W.  long. 

Camaran,  an  island  of  Arabia  on  the  Red  Sea, 
where  there  is  a  fishery  for  white  coral  and  pearl 
oysters.     Long.  42.  22.  E.  lat.  15.  6.  N. 

Camiiret,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Finisterre.  In  an  expedition  against  Brest,  in 
1694,  the  English  landed  here,  and  lost  a  great 
number  of  men.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  S  m.  S.  of  Brest. 


Camarines,  the  most  southern  province  of  tlie 
isle  of  Luzon,  of  which  Caceres  is  the  chief 
town. 

Camargue,  an  island,  or  cluster  of  islands,  of 
France,  in  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone,  separated 
by  canals  and  fortified.  The  whole  contiiins  80 
square  miles  ;  the  land  is  fertile,  but  the  air  is 
unwholesome. 

Cambat,  the  southernmost  province  of  Abyssi- 
nia, inhabited  by  a  people  called  Seb-a-adja,  who 
are  a  mixture  of  Pagans,  Christians,  and  Mahom- 
etans.    It  is  abundant  in  fruits. 

Cainhay,  a  considerable  city  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  province  of  Guzerat.  It  stands  on  a  gulf  of 
the  same  name,  and  was  the  Camanes  of  Ptol©» 
my.  Here  are  three  bazars,  and  four  publick  ci» 
terns,  capable  of  supplying  the  whole  town  witfc 
water  in  times  of  the  greatest  drought.  Its  pro 
ducts  and  manufactures  are  considerable  ;  for  th« 
country  abounds  in  corn,  cattle,  and  silk  :  and 
cornelian  and  agate  stones  are  found  in  its  rivers. 
The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  embroidery.  It  is 
100  ra.  N.  of  Snrat,  and  50  m.  S.  of  Amadabad, 
of  which  it  is  the  port.  It  belongs  to  the  Eng- 
lish, and  is  included  in  the  presidency  of  Bombay. 
Long.  72.  34.  E.  lat.  22.  17.  N. 

Camherg,  a  town  of  Germany,  on  the  south- 
west fronfier  of  the  electorate  of  Hesse,  situate  on 
a  hill,  17  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Nassau,  and  20  N.  W.of 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 

CamberweJl,  a  parish  in  Surrey,  contiguous  to 
London,  on  the  south  side  ;  and  to  which  it  forms 
an  appendage,  being  occupied  principally  by  the 
private  residences  of  the  merchants,  shopkeepers, 
and  clerks  emploj  ed  in  the  several  public  estab- 
lishments of  the  Bank,  East  India  House,  cus- 
toms. Sec.  &c.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1821  was  17,876  ;  since  when  they  have  consider- 
ably increased.  The  old  church  is  2  1-2  m.  S.  of 
London  Bridge  :  an  additional  church,  after  the 
model  of  one  in  Rome,  was  erected  in  1825. 

Cambodia,  Camboja,  or  Camhoya,  a  kingdom 
or  territory  of  Asia,  extending  from  Cape  Cam- 
bodia, in  the  China  sea,  south,  in  the  Lat.  of  8. 40. 
to  Laotchua  or  Laos,  in  the  lat.  of  about  17.  N.: 
bounded  on  the  east,  at  the  south  end,  by  Tsiom- 
pa,  and  further  north  by  the  country  of  the  Ke 
moys,  which  divides  it  from  Cochin-China,  and 
on  the  west  from  the  8th  to  the  14th  degree  of 
latitude  by  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  and  further  north 
by  the  territory  of  Siam  ;  being  of  an  average 
breadth  of  about  three  degrees  of  longitude  be- 
tween 101.  and  106.  E.  comprising  an  aggregate 
e.xtent  of  surface  of  about  100,000  square  miles. 
As  far  as  any  knowledge  of  this  country  has  been 
obtained,  it  appears  to  be  exceedingly  rich,  alike 
in  vegetable,  animal,  and  mineral  productions; 
whilst  the  unsocial  habits  of  the  people,  who  ap- 
pear to  be  a  mixture  of  Japanese,  Cochin-Chi- 
nese, Malays,  and  natives  of  the  Eastern  islands 
preclude  nearly  all  intercourse  with  Europeans. 
In  the  17th  century,  the  Portuguese,  Dutch,  and 
English,  each  unsuccessfully  endeavoured  to  es- 
tablish an  intercourse  in  this  country,  and  all  suc- 
ceeding attempts,  except  to  a  trifling  extent  sur- 
reptitiously, appear  to  have  met  with  disadvan- 
tageous results.  It  is  intersected  by  a  noble  river 
of  the  same  name,  which  rises  in  Chinese  Tarta- 
ry,  runs  through  Thibet  and  the  west  side  of 
Yunnan,  the  south-west  province  of  China,  xnd 
Laos,  and  through  the  Cambodian  territory  in  a 
south-east  direction,  falling  into  the  China  Sea, 
by  several  channels,  between  the  latitudes  of  9. 
and  11.  N.     In  Thibet,  this  river  is  called  tho 


CAM 


152 


CAM 


Matchott,  in  China  the  Kiou  Long,  and  througli  tlie 
Laos  the  May  Kung,  and  the  eastern  channel  into 
the  sea  is  sometimes  called  the  Japanese.  The 
chief  town  of  the  country,  called  also  Cambodia, 
is  situate  on  the  western  bank  of  the  river,  about 
240  miles  above  its  entrance  into  tiie  sea.  Cam- 
bodia appears  to  be  thinlj'  peopled,  but  of  tlie 
numlRT  of  its  inhabitants  no  estimate  has  been 
formed.  They  appear  to  manufacture  both  silk 
and  cotton,  and  tlie  country  prod ucinir  every  pos- 
sible article  necessary  fur  subsistence  and  com- 
fort, and  also  to  gratify  the  most  luxuriant  sense, 
cither  of  taste,  smell,  or  ornament,  tliere  is  hut 
little  inducement  on  tlie  part  of  the  Cambodians 
to  cultivate  an  intercourse  with  Europeans,  more 
especially  on  the  overbearing,  higgling,  and  self- 
ish principle  which  they  seem  to  have  exercised 
over  ail  Asia.  As  far  as  the  Cambodians  main- 
tain an  external  commerce,  sandal  wood,  ele- 
phants' teeth  of  the  finest  quality,  camphor,  and 
the  gum  called  cambogia,  or  gamboge,  from  the 
name  of  the  country,  constitute  the  chief  articles 
•f  export.     (See  Siam.) 

Cambray,  a  fortified  city  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Nord.  The  linen  manufacture 
is  extensively  carried  on  in  this  district,  and 
the  term  cambric  was  derived  from  the  finer 
qualities  of  linen,  which  were  distributed  from 
this  city.  It  has  since  been  applied  by  the  Eng- 
lish to  the  fine  fabric  of  cotton  as  well  as  of  linen. 
Cambray  has  also  some  manufactures  of  lace  and 
leather.  It  is  seated  near  the  source  of  the 
Scheldt,  which  runs  through  the  city,  18  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Valenciennes,  35  S.  by  E.  of  Lisle,  and  102 
N.  N.  E.  of  Paris.  The  fortification  was  one  of 
those  retained  by  the  allies  for  five  years  after  the 
peace  of  1815. 

Cambria,  a  county  in  the  W.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania, lying  west  of  the  main  ridge  of  the  Al- 
leghany mountains.  The  south-west  branch  of 
the  Susquehannah  River  rises  in  this  county,  and 
a  branch  of  the  Alleghany  intersects  its  south 
part.  It  is  about  33  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
south,  and  18  in  breadth.  Pop.  7,()7i).  Ebens- 
burg,  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  143  m.  W.  by 
N.  of  Harrisburg,  is  the  chief  town. 

CkiinJtria,  p.t.  Niagara  Co.  Now  York,  near  the 

freat  falls  of  Niagara,  290  m.  W.  Albany.  Pop. 
,712. 
Cambridge,  an  interior  county  towards  the  S.  E. 
part  of  England,  being  about  50  miles  in  extent 
from  north  to  south,  and  20  to  25  from  west  to 
east.  It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  a  range  of 
hills  which  divide  it  from  the  counties  of  Bedford 
and  Essex,  having  the  counties  of  Suffolk  and 
Norfolk  on  the  east,  and  Bedford,  Huntingdon, 
Northampton,  and  Lincoln  on  the  west,  the  north- 
ern extremity  jetting  upon  the  Boston  Wash. 
The  river  Ouse  intersects  it  from  west  to  east, 
whilst  the  Nen  forms  the  boundary  between  the 
counties  of  Northampton  and  Lincoln,  and  the 
Cam,  which  rises  at  the  foot  of  the  hills,  which 
form  the  southern  boundary,  falls  into  the  Ouse, 
about  the  middle  of  the  county.  After  descend- 
ing the  hills  from  the  south,  the  country  is  one 
entire  level,  and  that  part  was  formerly  little  bet- 
ter than  a  swamp,  which,  by  well-directed  efforts 
i«  draining  and  embanking,  since  the  middle  of 
tlie  last  century,  has  been  converted  into  rich  and 
verdant  pastures,  which  yield  a  vast  surplus  of 
butter,  and  cream-cheese,  for  the  London  market. 
It  has  no  surplus  of  manufactures  of  any  kind, 
but  in  addition  to  its  butter,  it  yields  a  surplus  of 
eaives,  cattle,  sheep,  and  wool,  and  large  quanti- 


ties of  wild  fowl.  Its  supply  however  of  foreign 
and  manufactured  productions  is  obtained  in  ex- 
change for  the  expenditure  of  the  students  at  the 
university  of  the  town  of  Cambridge,  and  rents 
abstracted  from  different  parts  of  the  country,  on 
account  of  the  endowments  of  the  several  colleges 
The  only  other  place  in  the  county  deserving  of 
notice,  besides  the  town  of  Cambridge,  is  the  city 
of  Ely.     (See  Brdford  Level.) 

Cambridge,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding 
county,  and  seat  of  one  of  the  two  universities  or 
England,  is  situate  in  the  south  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, 17  m.  south  of  Ely,  23  east  of  Bedford,  and  28 
west  of  Bury,  and  51  north  by  east  of  London. 
It  is  a  corporate  town,  governed  by  a  mayor  and 
13  aldermen  ;  but  its  importance  is  derived  from 
its  university,  which  dates  its  foundation  by  Sige- 
bert,  king  of  the  East  Angles,  in  G30.  It  acquir 
ed,  however,  but  little  celebrity  until  after  the 
period  of  the  collisions  between  the  barons  and 
the  court  had  subsided,  in  the  13th  century,  from 
which  period,  to  the  close  of  the  Kith  century,  12 
colleges  and  4  halls  were  founded,  by  the  names, 
and  in  the  order  of  date  as  follows,  viz. : 


COLLEGES. 

1  St.  Peter's  in 

1257 

7  St.  John's  in 

1509 

2  Gonville, 

1348 

8  Magdalen, 

1519 

3  Corpus  Christi, 

1350 

9  Trinity, 

1546 

4  King's, 

1441 

10  Jesus', 

1570 

5  Queen's, 

1448 

11  Emanuel, 

1584 

6  Christ's, 

1505 

12  Syd.  Sussex, 

1598 

HALLS. 

1  Clare, 

1326  1  3  Trinity, 

1350 

2  Pembroke, 

1343 

4  Catherine, 

1475 

These  institutions,  founded  in  ages  of  monastic 
influence,  and  when  architecture  was  the  ruling 
passion  of  those  who  possessed  the  means  of  in- 
dulging either  in  acts  of  benevolence  or  vanity, 
claim  the  attention  of  the  present  age,  some  for 
their  monastic  features,  some  for  the  history  of 
their  foundations,  and  others  for  their  architec- 
tural beauty.  Most  of  them  have  chapels  and 
libraries  attached,  some  of  them  extensive  and 
valuable,  and  the  chapel  of  King's  College  is 
justly  esteemed,  as  the  most  beautiful  Gothic  edi- 
fice in  the  world.  It  is  304  feet  in  length,  71 
broad,  and  91  in  height ;  the  effect  of  its  propor- 
tions, and  beauty  of  its  decorations,  must  be  seen 
to  be  understood.  In  1807  another  college  was 
founded,  pursuant  to  the  will  of  a  Sir  George 
Downing,  whose  name  it  bears;  and,  in  1810, 
viscount  Fitzwilliam  bequeathed  a  very  extensive 
and  valuable  cabinet  of  works  of  nature  and  art, 
and  ample  funds  for  the  foundation  of  an  observa- 
tory and  a  building  for  the  reception  of  his  colleo 
tion,  for  the  use  of  the  university  at  large.  Thi» 
munificent  donation  excited  a  general  spirit  of 
improvement,  both  in  the  town  and  university 
several  of  the  colleges  have  been  enlarged,  re- 
paired, and  beautified,  several  old  buildings  in  the 
town  taken  down  ;  judicious  sites  for  the  new 
buildings  selected,  and  those  edifices  more  par- 
ticularly deserving  of  attention  for  their  architec- 
ture, laid  more  open  to  the  view.  In  addition  to 
tlie  libraries  attached  to  the  several  colleges  and 
halls,  there  is  also  one  common  to  the  university ; 
a  senate  house,  and  scliools  for  public  examina- 
tions, which,  together  with  14  parish  churches,  a 
county  hospital,  and  other  public  buildings  for 
county  purposes,  afford  a  very  interesting  extent 
of  varied  architectural  display.  There  are  also 
six  bridges  of  stone,  over  the  river  Cam,  whichj 


CAM 


153 


CAM 


in  addition  to  their  convenience,  add  considerably 
to  the  general  picturesque  effect.  The  county, 
town,  and  university,  each  sends  two  members  to 
parliament.  About  two  miles  from  the  town,  one 
of  the  largest  fairs  in  England  is  held,  for  a  fort- 
night, commencing  on  the  7th  of  September. 
The  population  in  1801  was  10,087,  and  in  1821, 
14,142,  of  whom  about  1,000  maybe  considered 
members  of  the  university. 

Cambridge.,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  This 
town  is  separated  from  Boston  by  the  wide  bay 
which  nearly  surrounds  the  city.  Two  long 
bridges  open  a  communication  between  them. 
The  town  properly  consists  of  three  divisions, 
viz.  1.  EiiM  Cambridge,  or  Lechmere  Point,  which 
is  a  suburb  of  Boston  and  connected  with  the 
city  by  Craigie's  bridge.  This  is  a  flourishing 
place,  and  has  many  manufactories  of  glass,  iron 
«fcc.  2.  Cambridge-port,  which  comn\unicates  with 
the  city  by  West  Boston  bridge,  and  3.  Old  Cam.- 
bridge,  3  miles  from  Boston,  containing  Harvard 
University,  the  oldest  and  richest  literary  institu- 
tion in  the  United  States.  It  was  founded  in  1638. 
The  officers  are  a  president  and  23  professors 
and  tutors.  The  libraries  contain  40,000  volumes, 
and  the  philosophical  apparatus,  cabinets  and 
similar  materials  for  scientific  purposes  are  of  the 
first  excellence.  The  Botanical  Garden  and  green- 
house, are  handsomely  arranged  and  furnished 
with  the  choicest  plants.  The  college  buildings 
are  8 ;  one  of  these  is  elegantly  built  of  granite  ; 
the  others  are  brick.  They  are  beautifully  situa- 
ted upon  a  spacious  level  common.  The  number 
of  students  is  236.  There  are  3  vacations  in  April, 
August  and  December,  of  10  weeks.  Commence- 
ment is  in  August. 

A  short  distance  west  of  the  colleges  is  the  spot 
occupied  by  Washington  as  his  head  quarters  dur- 
ing the  siege  of  Boston,  in  1775  and  6.  Many 
parts  of  the  town  exhibit  the  remains  of  the  forti- 
fications thrown  up  by  the  Americans  at  that  pe- 
riod. In  the  western  part  of  the  town  and  bor- 
dering upon  Watertown,  is  Mount  Jiuburn,  a  spot 
lately  chosen  for  the  establish.-nent  of  a  Cemetery 
and  Horticultural  Garden.  This  place  is  charm- 
ingly variegated  with  hills  and  dells,  woods  and 
lawns,  and  when  the  design  is  fully  completed 
will  be  among  the  most  interesting  objects  in  the 
country. 

In  the  san,e  neighbourhood  is  Fresh  Pond,  a 
small  sheot  of  water  skirted  by  steep  and  woody 
hills  in  a  highly  picturesque  manner.  This  is  a 
favourite  resort  of  the  people  of  Boston  in  the 
summer.     Pop.  (./Cambridge,  6,071. 

Cambridge,  Went,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  ad- 
joining the  preceding  town.     Pop.  1,230. 

Cambridge,  p.t.   Franklin  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  1,613. 

Cambrida-e,  an  unsettled  township  in  Coos  Co. 
N.  H. 

Cambridge,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  Fop. 
2,319.     Also  towns  in  Maryland,  S.  C,  and  Ohio. 

CamhriU.a,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall,  and  seated  near  the  sea,  14  m. 
\V.  by  S.  of  Tarragona. 

Camburg,  a  town  of  Thuringia,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Saal,  18  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Jena,  and  32 
S   W.  of  Leipzig. 

Cambijna,  an  island  lying  between  the   S.   E. 

fromontory  of  Celebes,  and  the  Isle  of  Bouton. 
t  is  about  60  miles  in  circumference. 
Camden,  a  county  in  the   N.  E.  part  of  North 
Carolina,  about  25  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  four  in 
breadth ;    the    north    end    borders  on    Virginia, 
and  forms  part  of  the    Great    Dismal   Swamp, 
20 


and  the  south  end  jets  upon  Albermarle  Sound, 
between  Pasquetank  and  George  Rivers.  Pop. 
6,721.  New  Lebanon  is  the  chiettown. 

Camden,  a  maritime  county  of  the  state  of 
Georgia,  bounded  on  the  south  by  St.  Mary's  Riv- 
er, which  divides  it  from  East  Florida.  It  is 
about  20  miles  in  extent  each  way,  bounded  on 
the  west  by  the  Great  Swamp  of  Oke-fin-ocaw. 
The  Santilia  River  intersects  it  from  the  N.  W. 
corner,  running  to  the  centre  of  the  county,  falling 
into  the  sea,  at  the  N.  E.  corner.  It  is  very  pro- 
ductive in  rice  and  cotton.  Pop.  4,578.  Jeffer- 
son, is  the  chief  town. 

Camden,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,200. 

Camden,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,945. 

Camden,  p.t.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  opposite 
Philad.     Also  a  town  in  Kent  Co.  Del. 

Camden,  p.t.  Kershaw  District.  S.  C.  on  the 
Wateree,  35  m.  N.  E.  Columbia.  It  is  the  seat  of 
justice  for  the  district.  Here  the  Americans,  un- 
der Gen.  Gates,  were  defeated  by  Lord  Cornwallis 
in  1780,  and  another  battle  fought  between  Gen. 
Greene  and  Lord  Rawdon  in  1781. 

Camel,  a  river  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  which  rises 
two  miles  north  of  Camelford,  flows  south  almost 
to  Bodmin,  and  then  north-west  to  Padstow, 
where  it  enters  the  Bristol  channel.  Its  banks 
were  the  scenes  of  some  bloody  battles  between 
the  Britons  and  Saxons. 

Camelford,  a  borough  in  '  Cornwall,  Eng.  A 
great  quantity  of  yarn  is  spun  in  this  place  and 
its  neighbourhood.  Ft  is  seated  on  the  Camel,  14 
m.  W.  of  Launceston,  and  22S  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don. It  returns  two  members  to  parliament.  Pop. 
in  1821,  1,256. 

Camerino,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  oa 
a  mountain,  near  the  river  Chiento,  37  m.  S.  W 
of  Ancona. 

Cameron,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  924. 

Ca7niUus,p.i.  Onandaga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,518. 

Camin,  a  seaport  of  Further  Pomerania,  and 
once  a  bishop's  see,  which  was  secularized  at  the 
peace  of  Westphalia ;  but  it  still  has  a  fine  cathe- 
dral and  a  chapter.  Its  navigation  and  commerce 
were  formerly  extensive,  but  it  is  now  of  little 
note.  It  stands  on  the  Diwenow,  or  east  mouth 
of  the  Oder,  opposite  the  isle  of  Wollin,  25  m.  N. 
of  Stettin.     Long.  14.  52.  E.  lat.  53.  54.  N. 

Caminha,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre  Douro 
e  Minho,  with  a  fort ;  seated  at  tlie  mouth  of  the 
Minho,  12  m.  N.  of  Viana. 

Camalin,  a  village  in  the  county  of  Wexford, 
Ireland,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Bann,  4  m.  S. 
W.  of  Gorey.  Pop.  in  1820, 377.  It  was  possess- 
ed by  the  insurgents  in  1798. 

Camorta,  one  of  the  Nicobar  isles  off  the  west 
coast  of  Malaya,  in  the  lat.  of  8.  N. 

Campagna,  or  Campania,  a  town  of  Naples,  in 
Principato  Citeriore,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Naples. 

Campagna  di  Roma,  or  Territory  of  Rome,  the 
most  south-west  province  of  the  ecclesiastical 
states  of  Rome,  extending  from  the  river  Tiber, 
for  about  65  miles  along  the  shore  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean to  the  Neapolitan  province  of  Lavoro,  being 
about  50  miles  wide,  bounded  on  the  east  by  Abruz- 
zo.  This  extensive  district,  lying  between  the  41st 
and  42d  degree  of  north  latitude,  was  the  ancient 
Latium,  and  was  once  the  most  populous  and  fer- 
tile district  in  the  world,  but  now  presents  one 
general  scene  of  desolation.  The  Pontine  marsh- 
es, which  are  constantly  emrtting  the  most  noi- 
some vapours,  comprise  a  greai  portion  of  the 
Bouth-^a?*  part  of  the  province  ;  besides  the.  city 


CAM 


V54 


CAN 


©r  Home  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber,  at  the  north- 
ern extremity  of  the  province,  Albano,  Velletri 
and  Piperno,  all  on  the  western  side,  still  exhib- 
it marks  of  former  greatness,  whilst  the  ruins 
of  temples,  baths,  and  other  stately  edifices,  are 
seen  scattered  in  all  directions.     (See  Rome.) 

Campbell,  a  county  in  the  E.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia being  nearly  a  square,  about  14  miles  each 
way,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Roanoke  River, 
an^  north  by  James  River.  It  is  a  fertile  district. 
Pop.  15,704.     Lynchburg  is  the  chief  town. 

Campbell,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  3,323. 
Campbellton  is  the  capital. 

Campbell,  a  county  of  East  Tenessee,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Harlan  county,  Kentucky ;  in- 
tersected by  the  Cumberland  ridge  of  the  Allegha- 
ny mountains,  and  from  the  north-east  to  the 
south  by  Powell's  River,  a  branch  of  the  Tenessee. 
It  contains  an  area  of  about  230  square  miles, 
and  a  population  of  5,110.  Jacksonborough  is  the 
chief  town. 

CampMl,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  containing 
about  90  square  miles,  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Boone  county,  and  on  the  east  and  north  by  the 
Ohio  River,  and  intersected  from  south  to  north 
by  the  Licking.  Pop.  9,893.  Newport,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Licking,  at  its  entrance  into  the 
Ohio,  opposite  to  Cincinnati,  96  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Frankfort,  is  the  chief  town. 

Campbellsville,  p.v.  Green  Co.  Ken.  on  a  branch 
of  Green  River. 

Campbelltown,  3  villages  in  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y., 
Lebanon  Co.  Pa.  and  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Canipbelton,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  Scotland, 
in  Argyleshire,  situate  on  a  bay,  toward  the  south 
extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Cantyre.  It  has  a 
considerable  trade  in  the  distillation  of  whiskey, 
besides  being  the  general  rendezvous  of  the  fish- 
ing vessels  that  annually  visit  the  western  coast. 
It  IS  65  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Inverary.  Long.  5.  32.  W. 
lat.  55.  28.  N.     Pop.  in  1821, 6,445. 

Campden,  a  corporate  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
Eng.  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Gloucester,  and  90  W.  N.  W. 
of  London.     Pop.  1,249. 

Campeachy,  a  town  of  Yucatan,  on  the  west 
coast  of  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  defended  by  strong  forts.  The  port  is 
large  but  shallow,  and  has  a  good  dock.  It  is  no- 
ted for  logwood,  which,  however,  does  not  grow 
very  near  it.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1059, 
by  the  buccaneers  in  1678 ;  and  by  the  freeboot- 
ers of  St.  Domingo,  in  1685,  who  burnt  it,  and 
blew  up  the  citadel.  Long.  91.  30.  W.  lat.  19. 
35.  N. 

Campen,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Overyssel,  with 
a  citadel,  and  a  port  almost  choked  up.  It  is 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yssel,  on  the  Zuv- 
der  Zee,  8  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Zwoll.  Pop.  about 
6,009. 

Cam,perdoiDn,  a  seaport  of  Holland,  about  25 
miles  south  of  Texel  Island,  famous  for  the  signal 
victory  obtained  by  admiral  lord  viscount  Duncan, 
off  its  coast,  over  the  Dutch  fleet,  on  the  11th  Oc- 
tober, 1797. 

Campo  Basso,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise. 
In  1805,  it  suffered  greatly  by  an  earthquake,  and 
most  of  the  inhabitants  were  destroyed.  It  has  a 
considerable  trade  in  articles  of  cutlery,  and  is  12 
ra.  S.  of  Molise.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Campo  Formio,  a  village  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  with 
an  elegant  castle,  where  a  treaty  of  peace  was 
concluded  between  the  Austrians  and  French,  in 
1797.     It  is  2  m.  S.  W.  of  Udina. 

Campo  Mayor,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in 


Alemtejo,  on  the  frontier  of  Spain,  14  m.  N.  by  E. 
ofElvas.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Campo  St.  Pietro,  a  town  and  castle  of  Italy,  in 
the  Paduano,  on  the  river  Menson,  12  ra.  N.  of 
Padua,  and  about  the  same  distance  N.  W.  of 
Venice.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Campoli,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulter- 
iore,  23  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Aquila. 

Campredon,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  and  on  the  river  Ter,  45 
m.  N.  of  Barcelona. 

Campsie,  a  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  south 
confines  of  Stillingshire,  9  miles  north  of  Glas- 
gow. It  has  some  extensive  printfields,  and  oth- 
er manufactures. 

Campton,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  75  na.  fr.  Ports- 
mouth.    Pop.  1,313. 

Canaan,  p  t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.      Pop.  1,076. 

Canaan,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  373. 

Canaan,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  103  m.  fr.  Ports- 
mouth.    Pop.  1,428. 

Canaaji,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn,  on  the  Hous- 
atonic.  Pop.  2,301.  This  town  has  some  iron 
manufactures;  and  near  it  is  a  fall  upon  the 
river. 

Canaan,  p.t.  Columbia  county,  New  York,  on 
the  east  side  of  Hudson  River,  25  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Albany.     Pop.  2,064. 

Canaan.     See  Syria. 

Canaan,  JVew,  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn,  near  the 
the  shore  of  L.  I.  Sound.  Pop.  1,826.  There  are 
3  townships  called  Canaan  in  Pa.  and  Ohio. 

Canada,  a  vast  territory  of  North  America,  ly- 
ing between  the  42d  and  54th  degrees  of  north 
latitude,  and  the  05th  and  98th  of  west  longitude. 
This  country  appears  to  have  been  first  made 
known  to  Europe  in  1535  by  Cartier,  command 
ing  a  fleet  fitted  out  from  St.  Malo,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  French  government.  Three  or 
four  attempts  during  the  fifteen  years  from  1535 
to  1560  were  made  to  establish  a  colony  upon  it 
but  all  proved  unsuccessful.  In  1607  the  first 
permanent  establishment  was  foi-med  by  M.  De 
Champlain,  from  France,  who  founded  the  city 
of  Quebec  ;  but  for  more  than  fifty  years  it  remain- 
ed without  any  laws  or  social  arrangements,  the 
settlers  being  little  better  than  hordes  of  banditti, 
living  in  constant  collision  with  the  native  In- 
dians, with  whom  the  most  sanguinary  conflicts 
frequently  occurred  with  alternate  success. 

In  1663,  at  which  period  the  European  inhabit- 
ants did  not  exceed  7,000,  the  French  govern- 
ment affected  to  extend  its  paternal  regard  to  the 
colony,  and  appropriated  a  train  of  civil  officers 
to  organize  and  administer  a  code  of  laws  on  the 
principles  of  those  then  prevailing  in  France. 
This  arrangement  produced  some  excitement  and 
indications  of  improvement ;  but  both  were  of 
short  duration.  The  collisions  with  the  natives 
were  renewed,  and  their  frequent  incursions 
upon  the  lands  of  the  settlers  which  were  often 
stained  with  acts  of  cruelty,  operated  as  a  check 
to  all  social  enterprise  ;  so  that  at  the  end  of 
another  half  century,  the  number  of  settlers  did 
not  exceed  20,000.  During  the  earlier  part  of 
the  18th  century  the  colony  made  some  progress  to- 
wards improvement ;  but  the  object  of  the  French 
government  seemed  to  be  extension  of  territory 
rather  than  social  arrangement,  and  as  such,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  hostilities  in  which  it  was  so  frequent- 
ly involved  with  the  natives,  it  interfered  itself 
also  with  the  outposts  of  the  English,  who  then 
possessed  the  territory  now  forming  the  United 
States  of  N.  America,  and  on  war  being  declared 


CAN 


J55 


CAN 


between  France  and  England  in  1756,  the  Eng- 
lish prepared  to  expel  the  French  entirely  from 
the  North  American  continent,  in  which  they 
completely  succeeded  in  1759.  At  this  period, 
the  number  of  settlers  in  Canada  amounted  to 
about  70,000.  During  the  first  fifteen  years  af- 
ter its  surrender  to  the  English,  it  made  but  Httle 
progress  either  in  population  or  improvement,  the 
prejudices  of  some  of  the  older  settlers  being  in- 
imical to  the  English  laws  introduced  immediate- 
ly after  its  surrender,  led,  in  1775,  to  a  revision  of 
the  civil  code,  more  conformable  to  the  usage 
and  prejudices  of  the  inhabitants.  The  revolt 
of  the  American  States  taking  place  about  this 
time,  occasioned  a  considerable  accession  of  pop- 
ulation to  Canada,  which  progressively  increased 
up  to  the  periodof  1792,  when  a  further  import- 
ant arrangement  took  place  in  its  internal  admin- 
istration, the  territory  was  divided  into  two  parts, 
denominated  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  with 
separate  jurisdictions,  and  a  council,  and  As- 
sembly of  representatives  established  for  each, 
,  as  more  particularly  elucidated  under  each  of 
their  respective  heads,  viz. 

Canada,  Ixiwer,  although  the  least  favoured  in 
climate  of  the  two,  is  by  far  the  most  populous, 
owing  to  its  near  contiguity  to  the  sea,  and  earli- 
er settlement.  This  division  extends  from  the 
United  States  Territory,  in  the  lat.  of  45.  to  that 
of  52.  N. ;  and  W.  from  the  Goth  degree  of  long, 
to  an   undefined   boundary ;  the    part,    however, 

^  which  is  inhabited  and  under  cultivation,  lies 
within  much  narrower  limits,  comprising  a  tract 
of  territory  about  700  miles  in  length,  and  150  in 
mean  breadth,  lying  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  from 
the  lat.  of  45.  N.  and  74.  30.  of  W.  long. ;  the 
geographical  bearing  of  this  territory  has  been 
owing  to  the  noble  river  St.  Lawrence,  which  in- 
tersects it  in  that  direction  its  whole  extent,  fall- 
ing into  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  N.  E. 
The  settlements  extend  along  both  banks  of  the 
river,  and  are  intersected  on  bcth  sides  by 
innumerable  tributary  streams  and  rivers,  some 
of  them  of  great  magnitude  ;  the  most  consider- 
able of  those  on  the  south  side  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, taking  them  in  order  from  the  west,  are 
Ist  the  Chambly,  whicii  runs  out  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  falling  into  the  St.  Lawrence  about  GO 
miles  below  Montreal  ;  2nd  the  Tortue  ;  3rd  the 
St.  Francis  ;  4th  the  Nicolet ;  5th  the  Becancour ; 
6th  the  Beaurivage  ;  and  7th  the  Chaudiere, 
which  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  20  miles 
below  Quebec  ;  east  of  the  Chaudiere,  the  waters 
chiefly  flow  to  the  south,  or  east  into  the  gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  ;  the  north  bank  is  intersected  at 
the  distance  of  every  15  to  20  miles  by  rivers  of 
greater  or  less  magnitude,  the  most  considerable 
IS  the  Piekouagamis,  which,  after  passing  through 
a  lake  of  considerable  extent  is  called  the  Segu- 
enai  and  falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  about  150 
miles  below  Quebec.  At  the  new  organization  of 
'  the  government  in  17G2,  this  territory  was  divi- 
*ded  into  the  four  districts  of  Montreal,  Trois 
Rivieres,  Quebec,  and   Gaspe  ;  the  three  first  ex- 

''_  -tend  on  both  sides  of  the  river ;  the  latter,  which 
is  called  the  district  and   county  of  Gaspe,  com- 

'■  prises  all  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  territory,  south  of 

'..         the  St.    Lawrence,  bounded  on  the    east  by   the 

,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  south  by  the  Province 

of  New  Brunswick,  the  three  first  districts  were 

•  further  subdivided  into  20  counties,  11  on  the 
south,  and  nine  on  the  north  side  of  the  river, 
aa  follows,  beginning  at  the  S.  W.  viz. — 


o  < 


12  York 

13  Efiingham 

14  Leinster 

15  Warwick 

16  St.  Maurice 
g  -{  17  Hampshire 

18  Orleans 

19  Quebec 

20  Northumberland 


1  Huntingdon 

2  Bedford 

3  Montreal 

4  Richelieu 

5  Surrey 

6  Kent 

7  Buckingham 

8  Dorchester      -^ 

9  Hertford       *.  a 

10  Devon  '^ 

11  Comwallis 
Of  these,  the  first  eight,  which  all  lie  within  or 
soutli-west  of  the  river  Chaudiere,  are  the  most 
fertile,  Jind  affbrd  the  most  favourable  spots  for 
agricultural  and  commercial  enterprize.  The 
counties  of  Comwallis  and  Northumberland, 
each  extend  from  the  latitude  of  abont  47,  the 
former  to  the  district  of  Gaspe,  and  the  latter  bor- 
ders on  Labrador,  all  of  which  at  present  may 
be  looked  upon  as  one  great  wilderness.  With 
this  subdivision  of  territory  and  new  organization 
of  the  government  of  Canada  in  1792,  a  more 
stedfast  career  of  improvement  seems  to  have 
been  pursued  than  in  any  former  period. 

One  of  the  most  distinguishing  characteristics 
of  Lower  Canada  is  its  climate,  in  the  intensity 
of  cold  in  the  winter,  and  of  heat  in  summer, 
and  the  sudden  transition  from  one  to  the  other, 
without  producing  any  injurious  effect  upon  the 
constitutions  either  of  the  inhabitants  or  other 
parts  of  the  animal  creation.  The  frosts  bt^gin 
about  the  middle  of  October,  the  sun  continuing 
to  render  the  days  mild  and  agreeable  for  three 
or  four  weeks,  when  the  snow  storms  set  in, 
which  continue  for  about  a  month,  with  varia- 
ble winds  and  a  hazy  atmosphere,  until  about  the 
middle  or  end  of  December ;  by  which  time  the 
whole  country  is  covered  with  an  average  depth 
of  snow  of  three  to  five  feet.  An  invariable  season 
now  commences ;  an  uninterruptedly  clear  sky 
prevails  for  about  20  weeks,  the  thermometer  rang- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  time  from  20  to  25  be- 
low zero,  sometimes  descending  more  than  30 
below,  when  the  frost  suddenly  breaks,  and  in 
the  course  of  a  few  days,  about  the  end  of  April, 
or  middle  of  May,  the  snow  as  suddenly  disap- 
pears. All  the  energies  of  the  husbandman  are 
now  directed  to  prepare  the  earth  for  seed,  and 
in  the  short  space  of  a  month  the  most  luxuriant 
verdure  and  vegetation  are  spread  over  all  Ctanada  ; 
the  thermometer  sometimes,  in  June,  ranging  as 
high  as  95  or  100,  prevailing  through  the  summer 
from  about  75  to  80.  Although  the  severity  of 
the  winter  hinders  the  earth  from  yielding  any 
produce,  yet  it  essentially  facilitates  the  convey- 
ance to  market  of  its  summer  products ;  a  track 
once  beaten  upon  the  snow,  which  iseasih-  eflfect- 
ed  after  the  storms  have  ceased,  enables  a  horse 
to  drag,  on  a  sledge,  a  twofold  weight,  twice  or 
thrice  the  distance  in  a  day,  which  he  would  be 
able  to  draw  in  the  best  constructed  carriage  on 
the  best  possible  road.  In  any  country  this  facili- 
ty of  conveyance  would  be  a  great  advantage,  but 
in  Canada  especially,  where  the  rapidity  of  vegeta- 
tion, and  the  abundant  produce  of  the  summer, 
claims  all  the  attention  and  all  the  energy  of  the 
population  during  that  season,  it  more  than  coun- 
terbalances the  severe  and  long  duration  of  the 
winter,  inasmuch  as  it  supersedes  the  necessity 
of  cost  and  labour  in  the  construction  of  bridges 
and  roads,  and  renders  conveyance  easy  by  routes 
and  over  tracts  that  would  otherwise  be  impassa- 
ble ;  thus  so  far  from  being  deemed  severe  or  in- 
convenient, it  is  regarded  by  the  Canadians  as  ths 


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156 


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season  of  social  intercourse  and  festivity.  The 
basis  of  the  commerce  of  Canada  is  in  the  produce 
of  its  forests,  which,  since  1817,  have  supplied 
England  and  the  West  Indies  with  an  average 
of  about  300,000  loads  (of  50  cubic  feet  each)of 
timber  annually.  Its  next  source  of  supply  for 
export  is  the  skins  of  the  innumerable  wild  ani- 
mals which  inhabit  the  forests,  comprising  the 
bear,  stag,  elk,  deer,  fox,  marten,  wild  cat,  and 
various  others,  including  hare  and  rabbit,  as  well 
as  a  great  variety  of  the  weasel  species,  and  the 
banks  of  the  numerous  lakes  and  rivers  supply 
large  quantities  of  otter  and  beaver  skins.  The 
aggregate  value  of  this  branch  of  commerce  to 
Canada  may  be  estimated  at  from  £100,000  to 
JE150,000  annually,  varying,  in  some  measure, 
according  to  the  caprice  of  fashion.  Fox  and 
otter  skins,  which  atone  time  sold  in  London  for 
£10  to  £15  a  skin,  at  other  times  obtain  only  two 
or  three  to  five  pounds  each  ;  the  others  occasion- 
ally varying  in  nearly  like  proportion.  Another 
great  article  of  production  for  export  is  pot  and 
pearl  ash,  which,  with  a  few  other  articles  of  mi- 
nor importance,  constitute  tlie  whole  of  the  ex- 
ports;  amounting  in  the  aggregate,  including 
the  freight  of  a  portion  of  the  wood  in  Canadian 
built  vessels,  to  a  money  value  of  about  £800,000, 
which  might  and  would  be  considerably  augment- 
ed by  an  export  of  grain,  did  not  the  selfish  and 
blind  policy  of  the  British  legislature  prefer  con- 
fining the  manufacturing  population  of  England 
as  well  as  of  Ireland  to  a  potato  diet,  and  that  in 
the  most  sparing  supply,  lest  any  grain  of  foreign 
production  should  be  admitted  into  England,  and 
lower  the  money  price,  and  thereby  preclude  a 
high  money  rent  tax.  The  exclusion  of  a  market 
for  the  surplus  of  grain,  which  would  easily  be 
supplied,  is,  however,  more  than  counterbalanced 
to  Canada  by  a  large  military  force  and  civil  es- 
tablishment, which  is  maintained  in  that  country 
out  of  the  taxes  levied  on  the  people  of  England. 
These  maintenances,  in  addition  to  its  exports, 
whilst  the  system  subjects  the  people  of  England 
to  increasing  privation,  enables  the  Canadians  to 
draw  from  England  a  supply  of  manufactured  and 
Asiatic  productions  to  the  amount  in  money  value 
of  about  £1,400,000  annually,  whilst  the  direct 
intercourse  of  Canada  with  the  British  West  In- 
dia Islands  enables  it  to  obtain  a  liberal  supply  of 
the  products  of  those  luxuriant  climes.  From 
these  circumstances,  it  is  easy  to  conceive  that 
Canada  affords  great  advantage  to  agricultural 
enterprise,  and  well-directed  exertion. 

The  civil  government  consists  of  a  governor, 
who  is  uniformly  a  military  man  and  commander- 
in-chief  of  all  the  forces  in  British  America,  and 
an  executive  council  of  fourteen  other  members, 
who  are  all  appointed  by  the  governor  for  the 
approval  of  the  king.  The  House  of  Assembly 
consists  of  fifty-two  members,  elected  for  four 
years  in  due  proportions  from  each  district  of  the 
country  by  the  freeholders  of  forty  shillings  a 
year  and  upwards,  or  renters  of  £10  per  annum 
and  upwards.  There  is  also  a  legislative  council, 
consisting  of  not  less  than  fifteen  members.  The 
legal  establishment  consists  of  a  court  of  King's 
Bench,  Common  Pleas,  and  court  of  Appeal ;  and 
the  civil  and  criminal  law  is  administered  by  a 
chief  justice  and  two  puisne  judges :  the  chief 
justice  is  also  president  of  the  legislative  council. 
The  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  this  country  are  under 
the  superintendence  of  a  catholic  bishop  resident 
at  Quebec,  and  an  assistant  bishop,  nine  vicars- 
general,  and  about  200  cures,  who  are  supported 


chiefly  out  of  grants  of  land  made  under  the 
French  government,  and  an  assessment  of  one 
twenty-sixth  part  of  all  grain  produced  on  the 
lands  held  by  catholics.  The  protestant  estab- 
lishment consists  of  a  lord  bishop,  also  resident  at 
Quebec,  nine  rectors,  and  several  curates  or  cler- 
gymen supported  in  part  out  of  the  civil  list,  and 
an  appropriation  of  one-seventh  of  all  the  lands 
held  by  protestants.  The  protestant  bishop  has 
also  a  seat  in  the  legislative  council  by  virtue  of 
his  appointment :  no  distinction  is  otherwise  made 
on  account  of  religious  profession,  catholic  and 
protestant  being  alike  eligible  to  a  seat  in  the  ex 
ecutive  or  legislative  council  and  assembly,  as 
well  as  to  all  other  civil  or  military  appointments 
Numerous  tribes  of  native  Indians  still  inhabit  ill 


the  western  and  interior  parts  of  this  vast  coun- 
try, though  their  number  has  been  much  reduced 
since  1780,  about  which  period  the  small-pox 
raged  with  such  destructive  fury  as  to  entirely 
depopulate  several  hundred  thousand  square  miles 
of  territory.  Since  the  abatement  of  that  dreadful 
catastrophe,  and  the  conciliatory  measures  of  the 
Canadian  government  towards  them,  although 
they  still  withhold  themselves  as  much  as  ever 
from  the  society  of  the  settlers,  they  have  main- 
tained a  much  more  social  intercourse,  with  but 
few  attempts  at  open  hostility  ;  and  it  is  the  In- 
dian population  who  contribute  so  essentially  to 
the  traffic  in  furs.  The  principal  towns  in  Lower 
Canada  are  Quebec,  Montreal,  and  Trois  Rivieres. 
The  pine  forests  of  this  region  are  inhabited  by 
vast  numbers  of  martens,  who  live  in  the  lofljr 


tops  of  the  trees.  Their  fur  Is  higlily  esteemed, 
and  great  numbers  of  them  are  hunted  for  their 
skins.  This  aniiniil  destroys  great  quantities  of 
small  quadrupeds  and  birds.  He  frequently  mfikes 
his  nest  in  the  hollow  of  a  tree,  but  commonly 
seeks  for  a  squirrel's  nest,  drives  away  or  kills 
the  owner,  and  takes  possession. 

The  wolverene  inhabits  the  northern  parts  of 
Canada  and  America  generally,  quite  to  the  Arc- 
tic Sea,  and  it  is  probable  that  its  visits  extend 
beyond  the  continent  towards  the  Pole,  as  a  skull 
of  this  animal  was  found  on  Melville  Island  by 
Capt.  Parry.  It  is  an  inhabitant  alike  of  the 
woods  and  barren  grounds,  and  is  capable  of  en- 
during the  severest  cold.  The  motions  of  the 
wolverene    are    necessarily   slow,  and    its    gait 


CAN 


157 


CAN 


heavy,  but  the  acuteness  of  its  sight  and  power 
of  smcllingr  are  an  ample  compensation  ;  as  they 
are  seldom  or  never  killed  without  being  found 
fat,  there  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  they 
rarely  suffer  much  from  hunger.  This  animal  is 
surprisingly   strong,  and  an  overmatch    for  any 

.    quadruped  near  its   own   size.;— indeed  its  sharp 

;    claws  and  teeth  enable  it  to  offer  a  very  effectual 

'    resistance  even  to  the  bear. 

Among  the  birds  may  be  mentioned  the  wild 

''  pigeon,  spotted  grouse,  and  the  smallest  humming 
bird  known.  The  raven,  a  bird  found  in  every 
quarter  of  the  world,  is  also  very  common  here. 


■  He  seems  to  bear  the  cold  of  the  northern  regions 
with  as  much  indifference  as  the  heat  of  the  tor- 
rid zone.  It  is  remarkable,  that  wherever  these 
birds  abound,  the  common  crow  seldom  makes 
his  appearance. 

Canada,  Upper,  in  its  most  comprehensive 
Bense,  comprises  a  tract  of  country  extending  from 
the  Ottawa,  OT  Grand  River,  which  divides  it  from 
Lower  Canada  at  its  junction  with  the  St.  Law- 
rence, in  the  longitude  of  74.  30.  W.  and  45.  of 
N.  lat.  to  the  north-west  extremity  of  l^ake  Win- 
nipeg, in  the  latitude  of  59.  N.  and  the  98th  of 
W.  long,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  chain  of 
lakes  which  discharge  their  waters  into  the  sea 
by  the  great  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  on  the  north 
by  the  Ottawa  River,  in  a  north-west  direction  to 
the  longitude  of  about  82.,  when  it  borders  by  un- 
defined limits  on  the  Hudson's  bay  and  north- 
west territories.  However,  like  Lower  Canada, 
the  part  under  cultivation,  and  which  at  present 
more  particularly  merits  attention,  lies  within 
comparatively  narrow  limits,  in  a  south-west  di- 
rection, along  the  north  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  north  shores  of  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  from 
the  Ottawa  River  before-mentioned  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  straits  of  Erie 
and  St.  Clair  River,  between  the  Lakes  Erie  and 
Huron,  in  the  longitude  of  82.  30.  W.  It  is  about 
570  miles  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  and  40  to  50  in 
breadth,  including  about  10.000.000  of  acres  of  as 
fertile  land  as  any  in  all  North  Ameiica.  The 
south-west  extremity  extending  to  the  42d  degree 
of  latitude,  it  is  not  subject  to  such  severity  of 
winter  as  the  lower  province  ;  numerous  streams, 
affording  the  most  advantageous  site  for  the  erec- 
tion of  mills,  fall  into  the  lakes,  and  two  consid- 

.  erable  rivers  in  the  eastern  district  fall  into  the 
Ottawa,  and  two  others  run  in  a  south-west  di- 
rection, falling  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  between  the 
strait  of  Erie  and  the  St.  Clair  River.  The 
southernmost  of  these  rivers  is  called  the  Thames, 
with  a  London  on  its  banks,  destined  perhaps^  at 
some  future  time,  to  rival  in  population  and  im- 
portance its  namesake  in  Britain.  Upper  Canada 
is  divided,  for  judicial  and  local  purposes,  into 
eight  districts,  which  are  again  subdivided  into 
the  33  following  counties,  taking  them  in  order 
from  the  south-west :  viz 


1.  Essex,  13.  Hastings, 

2.  Kent,  14.  Lennox, 

3.  Suffolk,  15.  Addington, 

4.  Middlesex,  16.  Frontinac^ 

5.  Norfolk.  17.  Prescot, 

6.  Oxford,  18.  Russell, 

7.  Lincoln,  19.  Leeds, 

8.  York,  20.  Grenville, 

9.  Durham,     ^  21.  Dundas, 

10.  Carleton,  22.  Stormont, 

11.  Prince  Edward,  23.  Glengary 

12.  Northumberland, 

These  countie-s  are  further  subdivided  into  about 
160  townships.  Nearly  one-third  of  the  lands 
were  granted  in  free  and  common  soccage  prior 
to  182o,  about  500,001)  acres  of  which  are  already 
under  cultivation,  one-third  more  being  reserved 
for  the  ciown  and  clergy,  leaves  about  4,000,000 
of  acres  of  fertile  land,  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  settlements  already  formed,  for  future  grants  ; 
in  addition  to  which,  millions  of  acres  in  tiie  rear, 
northward,  covered  at  present  with  the  finest  tim- 
ber of  oak,  hickory,  beach,  walnut,  maple,  pine, 
SoC.  &c.  present  a  rich  field  for  exertion,  and  the 
supply  of  future  ages.  The  population  of  this 
province  has  increased,  and  continues  increasing 
in  a  greater  ratio  than  the  lower  one.  The  inhab- 
itants, which  in  1783  did  not  exceed  10,000,  in 
1814  amounted  to  95,000,  and  in  1825  to  double 
that  number.  Its  civil  and  religious  institutions 
are  similar  to  those  of  the  sister  province,  with 
the  exception  that  being  settled  since  the  expul- 
sion of  the  French,  there  are  no  feudal  tenures  or 
lands  held  in  seignorage,  which  is  the  case  with 
all  those  granted  to  the  original  French  settlers 
in  the  lower  province.  The  inhabitants  also  of 
Upper  Canada  being  emigrants  from  the  United 
States,  Scotland,  and  England,  are  principally 
protestants,  and  as  such  there  are  no  special 
enactments  or  reservations  for  the  catholics.  The 
executive  council  of  this  province  consists  of  six 
members,  the  legislature  of  not  less  than  seven, 
and  the  house  of  assembly  of  twenty-five.  Upper 
Canada  participates  in  common  in  the  commerce 
of  the  lower  province,  in  addition  to  which  it  has 
also  the  advantage  of  interchanging  its  surplus 
productions  with  the  United  States,  as  either  one 
direction  or  the  other  may  best  promote  its  inter- 
est. As  long,  however,  as  the  English  govern- 
ment are  enabled  to  afford  the  same  protection  to 
Upper  Canada,  and  under  the  same  circumstan- 
ces as  prevailed  in  182G,  and  more  especially 
should  the  English  government  qualify  tlieir 
present  policy  of  excluding  grain  of  foreign 
growth  importation  into  England,  the  interest  of 
the  Canadians  will  unquestionably  lie  on  the  side 
of  England,  and  the  Canadas  afford  the  fairest 
field  for  agricultural  exertion  of  any  country  in 
the  world  :  independent  of  its  abundant  supply  of 

train  and  animal  food,  the  forests  supply  abun- 
ance  of  every  variety  of  game  and  fowl,  and  the 
rivers  and  lakes  every  variety  of  fish  common  to 
inland  waters  ;  and,  by  due  attention  to  culture, 
the  gardens  may  be  made  to  yield  every  variety 
of  delicious  fruits. 

The  Canadas,  in  a  general  sense,  may  be  con 
sidered  a  level  country,  beautifully  undulated, 
but  no  where  attaining  an  elevation  exceeding 
300  to  500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  waters  of 
the  great  chain  of  lakes.  A  ridge  of  mountain 
skirts  the  northern  boundaries  of  both  provinces 
from  the  74  th  to  the  98th  deg.  of  west  longitude 
the  altitudes  have  not  been  correctly  ascertained 
but  they  seem  to  claim  the  character  only  of  A 

o 


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158 


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chain  of  broken  hills,  rather  than  mountains. 
But  little  discovery  of  minerals  has  as  yet  been 
made  :  coals,  copper,  and  iron,  have  been  found, 
and  as  population  extends  itself,  and  when  neces- 
sity requires  them,  the  mineral  substances  will 
most  probably  not  prove  deficient.  The  two  prin- 
cipal towns  are  York  and  King'ston. 

Cunajokarie,  p.t.  Montjjomery  Co.  N.  Y.  Its 
vicinity  abounds  with  apple-tjees,  from  which  it 
makes  cider  of  an  excellent  quality.  It  stands  on 
a  creek  of  the  same  name,  between  the  Mohawk 
River  and  the  Erie  Canal,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Coop- 
erstown,and  53  W.  N.  VV.  of  Albany.  Pop.  4,348. 

Canandaig-ua,  a  lake  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  v/hich  discliara^es  its  wnters 
into  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  20  miles  lon^,  and  from 
2  to  3  miles  wide.  The  banks  are  high  and  va- 
riegated, and  ornamented  with  many  beautiful 
villas 

Canandaig7ia,  p.t.  Ontario  Co.,  on  the  outlet  of 
the  above  lake.  It  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  towns 
in  the  country.  The  principal  street  runs  along 
the  ridge  of  a  hill  which  rises  from  the  north  end 
of  the  lake ;  it  is  handsomely  planted  with  trees, 
and  the  houses  have  an  uncommonly  neat  ap- 
pearance, being  generally  painted  white,  with 
green  blinds.  In  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  large 
square.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  many  beauti- 
ful gardens.  Canandaigua  has  a  very  flourishing 
trade,  and  a  steam-boat  plies  upon  the  lake.  It  is 
208  m.  V/.  of  Albany.     Pop.  5,162 

Cananore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malabar, 
defended  by  a  fortress,  with  other  works  after  the 
European  fashion;  It  is  the  hoad-quarters  of  the 
province.  This  town  was  taken  in  1700  by  the 
British,  in  whose  possession  it  remains.  It  has 
several  good  houses,  and  carries  on  a  good  trade 
with  other  parts  of  the  peninsula,  and  with  Ara- 
bia and  Sumatra.  The  country  furnishes  a  large 
quantity  of  pepper,  cardamoms,  sandal  wood,  coir, 
sharks'  fins,  &c. :  the  imports  are  horses,  benzoin, 
camphor,  almonds,  opium,  sugar,  and  piece  goods. 
It  is  governed  by  a  native  sovereign,  who  pays  an 
annual  tribute  of  14,000  rupees  to  the  English 
East  India  Company.  It  is  seated  on  a  small 
bay,  one  of  the  best  on  the  coast,  56  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Calicut.     Long.  75.  30.  E.  lat.  11.  53.  N 

Canari,  a  provmce  on  the  west  coast  of  Hin- 
doostan, lately  subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore,  on 
whose  defeat  and  death,  in  1799,  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  the  British.  It  is  ISO  miles  in  length, 
between  the  Concan  and  Malabar,  and  from  30  to 
80  in  breadth.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  it  produces 
abundance  of  rice,  betel-nuts,  and  wild  nutmegs. 
The  principal  port  is  Mangalore. 

Canaries,  or  Canary  Islands,  anciently  called 
the  Fortunate  Islands,  are  thirteen  in  number, 
lying  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean,  off  the  west 
coast  of  North  Africa,  between  the  latitudes  of 
28.  and  30.  N.  Seven  of  them  are  considerable, 
namely,  Palma,  Ferro,  Gomera,  Teneritfe,  Ca- 
nary, Fuerte-ventura,  and  Lanzerota,  each  of 
lohich  see  :  the  other  six  are  very  small,  Graciosa, 
Rocca,  Allegranza,  St.  Clare,  Inferno,  and  Lobos. 
They  were  formerly  inhabited  by  a  brave  and  in- 
dependent race  of  people  called  Gaunches.  Fuerte- 
ventura  and  Lanzerota,  being  the  least  populous, 
were  taken  possession  of  by  John  de  Betancourt, 
a  Norman,  about  the  commencement  of  the  15th 
century,  in  behalf  of  .John,  the  then  king  of  Cas- 
tile :  but  it  was  not  till  towards  the  close  of  that 
century  that  the  Spaniards,  under  whose  sove- 
reignty they  still  remain,  obtained  complete  pos- 
Bcssiou  of  the  whole  group,  after  the  moat  deter- 


mined resistance  of  the  natives;  the  whole  of 
whom,  during  the  16th  century,  fell  victims  to 
the  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards,  either  by  the  sword 
or  the  inquisition,  which  was  established  in  these 
islands  in  1532. 

Canary,  Grand,  one  of  the  principal  of  the  above 
islands,  lying  between  the  east  side  of  Teneritfe 
and  the  south  end  of  Fuerte-ventura.  Next  to 
Teneriffe,it  is  the  most  fertile  and  productive  of 
the  group .  The  surface  near  the  coast  is  beau- 
tifully diversified  with  hill  and  dale  and  well 
watered  with  streams  issuing  from  mountains 
which  lie  towards  the  centre  of  the  island.  The 
vine  in  all  its  varieties  flourishes  in  this  island  ir 
the  utmost  luxuriance.  It  is  here  that  the  most 
delicious  malmsey  wine  or  sack  is  made,  and  it 
was  from  hence  that  the  English  obtained  their 
sack,  so  celebrated  in  the  time  of  Shakspeare. 
Under  reciprocal  arrangements  and  due  excite- 
ment of  protection  and  reward,  this  island  would 
produce  nearly  all  the  fruits  and  vegetables  com- 
mon to  the  tropics ;  but  under  the  proscriptive 
and  bigoted  policy  of  Spain,  nothing  depending 
on  human  exertion  prospers,  and,  though  the  Ca- 
nary Islands  are  less  exposed  to  its  despotism  than 
any  other  part  of  the  Spanish  dominions,  every 
thing  languishes.  The  extent  of  this  island  is 
about  30  m.  from  north  to  south,  and  28  in  breadth. 
Palmas,  or  Canary,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the 
chief  town, is  situate  on  the  coast  towards  the  north- 
east end  of  the  island,  in  the  latitude  of  28.  43.  N. 
and  17.  A(S.  W.  long,  having  a  tolerable  harbour 
for  vessels  of  100  to  200  tons  burthen,  sheltered 
by  a  promontory  jetting  for  about  two  miles  into 
the  sea  from  the  north-east  extremity  of  the 
island.  Palmas  was  formerly  the  ca])ital  and  seat 
of  government,  both  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  of  the 
whole  group  of  islands,  but  the  governor  now  re- 
sides at  Santa  Cruz  on  Teneriffe  ;  the  bishop  con- 
tinuing at  Palmas,  the  population  of  which  is  es- 
timated at  about  25,000,  and  the  remainder  of  the 
island  at  about  the  same  number. 

Cancale,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
llle  and  Vilaine,  seated  on  a  bay  of  its  name,  and 
celebrated  for  oysters.  The  English  landed  here 
in  1758,  and  proceeded  by  land  to  burn  the  ships 
at  St.  Malo.  It  is  nine  miles  east  of  St.  Malo, 
and  40  N.  N.  W.  of  Rennes      Pop.  about  3,000. 

Caadahar,  or  Kandahar,  a  province  of  Afgha- 
nistan, lying  between  the  31st  and  .34th  degree 
of  north  latitude,  and  the  65th  and  70th  of  east 
long. ;  the  chief  city,  of  the  same  name,  is  situate 
on  the  frontier  of  the  Persian  province  of  Sigis- 
tan.  in  the  lat.  of  33.  N.  and  65.  30.  of  E.  long 
During  the  entirety  of  the  Persian  and  Mogul 
empires,  it  was  considered  the  most  important 
barrier  between  the  two  territories,  and  it  was  for- 
merly  the  capital  and  seat  of  government  of  ♦he 
whole  Afghan  territory,  which  is  now  at  Caoul. 
It  is  however  still  an  important  place,  both  as  a 
fortress  and  of  commercial  intercourse  See  .Af- 
ghanistan. 

Candeish.  a  province  of  the  Deccanof  Hindoos- 
tan,  subject  to  the  Poonah  Mahrattas  ;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Malwa,  E.  by  Berar,  south  by  Dowlata- 
bad  and  W.by  Baglana.  The  soil  is  fertile,  though 
mountainous,  and  produces  abundance  of  cotton 
Burhampour,  which  surrendered  to  the  British  in 
1803,  is  the  capital. 

Candcs.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Vienne 
with  the  Loire,  30  m.  W.  S.W.  of  Tours. 

Candia,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  for- 
merly Crete,  lying  to  the  south  of  the  Archipela 


CAN 


n» 


CAN 


go.  It  is  ISO  mil«s  long,  from  west  to  east,  and 
50  broad,  and  pervaded  by  a  chain  of  mountains. 
The  soil  is  fertile ;  and  it  abounds  in  fine  cattle, 
sheep,  swine,  poultry,  and  game.  The  chief  pro- 
ducts are  corn,  wine,  oil,  wool,  silk,  and  honey. 
'  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1669,  after  a  war  of 
25  years.  It  was  invaded  by  the  Venetians,  in 
1692,  without  effect.  Mount  Ida,  so  famous  in 
history,  is  in  the  middle  of  this  island  ;  beside  the 
capital  of  the  same  name,  the  other  principal 
towns  are  Canea,  Retimo,  Nuovo,  Legortino,  and 
Setia.  Tota.1  population  about  230,000,  in  nearly 
an  equal  proportion  of  Greeks  and  Turks. 

Candia,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  the  same 
name,  and  the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop.  Though 
populous  formerly,  little  of  it  remains  beside  the 
walls  and  the  market  place  ;  and  the  harbour  is 
now  fit  for  nothing  but  boats.  It  is  seated  on  the 
north  side  of  the  island,  about  240  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Smyrna.  Long.  25.  18.  E.  lat  35.  19.  N.  Pop. 
about  13,000. 

Candia,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.,  36  m.  fr. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,362. 

Candiemas  Isles,  two  islands  in  the  Southern 
Ocean,  near  Sandwich  Land.  Long.  27.  13.  W. 
lat.  57.  10.  S. 

Candor,  p.t.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  177  m.  W.  Alba- 
ny.    Pop.  2,653. 

Candy,  formerly  a  kingdom,  comprising  the 
greater  part  of  the  interior  of  the  island  of  Cey- 
lon ;  the  chief  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  situate 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  island,  on  the  banks  of 
a  river  called  the  Malivaganga,  which  falls  into 
the  sea  by  several  channels  on  the  east  side.  The 
town  consists  principally  of  one  street  about  two 
miles  in  length  ;  the  principal  buildings  being  the 
former  king's  palace  and  the  temple  of  Boodh. 
It  surrendered  to  a  British  force  in  March  1815, 
and  was  annexed  with  the  whole  of  the  Island 
Ceylon,  to  the  British  dominions.  Candy  is  about 
70  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Colombo,  and  85  S.  W.  of  Trin- 
comalee. 

Canea,  a  strong  town  in  the  island  of  Candia, 
with  a  good  harbour.  The  environs  are  adorned 
with  olive-trees,  vineyards,  gardens,  and  brooks, 
bordered  with  myrtle  and  laurel  roses.  It  was 
taken  from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks,  in  1645, 
after  a  defence  of  two  months,  in  which  the  vic- 
tors lost  25,000  men.  It  is  seated  on  the  north 
coast  of  the  island,  63  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Candia. 
Long.  24.  7.  E.  lat.  35.  27  N. 

Caneadea,  p.t.  Alleghany  Co.  N.  York.  Pop. 
782. 

Canelle,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  at  the  south  ex- 
tremity of  Asti,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  the  town  of 
Asti.      Pop.  about  3,000. 

Canete.     (See  Caifnete.) 

Caneto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  seve- 
ral times  taken  and  retaken  by  the  French  and 
Austrians.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oglio,  20  m.  W. 
ofMantua. 

Canfield,  p.t.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Camsa,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  on 
the  river  Zaire,  280  m.  N.  E.  of  St.  Salvador. 
Long.  17.  10.  E.  lat.  2.  10.  S. 

Cangiano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Cite- 
riore,  40  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Salerno. 

Cangoxima,  a  strong  seaport  of  Japan,  on  the 
most  southern  verge  of  the  isle  of  Ximo,  or  Kiusiu, 
with  a  commodious  harbour.  At  the  entrance  of 
the  haven  is  a  light-house,  on  a  lofty  rock  ;  and 
at  the  foot  of  the  rock  is  a  convenient  road  for 
shipping.  Here  are  large  and  sumptuous  maga- 
zines, belonging  to  the  emperor,  some  of  which 


are  proof  against  fire.     Long.  132.  15.  £.  lat.  32 
10.  N. 

Caniy.a,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba 
nia,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Gull  of  Venice,  8  m 
S.  E.  of  Avlona. 

Canischa,  a  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary.  It 
was  taken,  in  1600,  by  the  Turks,  who  held  it  till 
1690,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  after  a 
blockade  of  two  years,  and  ceded  to  the  empteror 
by  the  peace  of  Carlov/itz.  It  is  seated  on  the 
bank  of  a  small  lake,  12  m.  N.  of  the  Drave  River, 
and  85  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Raab.  Long.  17.  10.  E. 
lat.  46.  30.  N. 

Canisteo,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.,  260  m.  S.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  620. 

Ca.nna,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  S.  W 
of  the  Isle  of  Skye.  It  is  four  miles  long  and  one 
broad  ;  the  high  parts  producing  excellent  pasture 
for  cattle,  and  the  low  is  tolerably  fertile.  Here 
are  many  basaltic  columns.  On  the  S.  E.  side  , 
of  Canna  is  Sand  Island,  separated  by  a  narrow 
channel ;  and  between  them  is  a  well  frequented 
harbour.     Long.  6.  38.  W.  lat.  57.  13.  N. 

Cannes,  or  Cagnes,  a  small  seaport  at  the  S.  E. 
extremity  of  France,  distinguished  as  the  place 
of  debarkation  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  on  the  1st 
of  March,  1815.     It  is  about  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Nice. 

Canobia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  on 
the  lake  Maggiore,  35  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Milan. 

Canoge,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Agra.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  capital  of 
all  Hindoostan,  under  the  predecessor  of  Porus. 
who  fought  against  Alexander ;  and  that  in  the 
6th  century  it  contained  30,000  shops  in  which 
betel-nut  was  sold.  It  is  now  reduced  to  the  size 
of  a  middling  town,  and  seated  on  the  Calini,  near 
its  conflux  with  the  Ganges,  110  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
Agra.     Long.  80.  13.  E.  lat.  27.  3.  N. 

Canonshurg,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Pa.  18  m.  S. 
W.  Pittsburg.  Here  is  a  Seminary,  founded  in 
1802,  called  Jefferson  College.  It  has  7  instruct- 
ers,  120  students,  and  a  library  of  2,500  vols. 
There  are  2  vacations  in  May  and  October.  Com- 
mencement is  in  September.  The  town  has  an 
elevated  and  plea.sant  situation. 

Canosa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
which  stands  on  part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient 
Canusium,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  cities  of 
Italy.  Between  Canosa  and  the  river  Ofanto  are 
still  some  traces  of  the  ancient  town  of  Cannes, 
in  the  plain  of  which  was  fought  the  celebrated 
battle  between  Hannibal  and  the  Romans,  where- 
in the  latter  lost  45,000  men.  Canosa  is  4  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Trani. 

Canoul,  a   town   of  Hindoostan,  in   Golconda, 
capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same  name,  seated  on 
the  south  bank  of  the  Toombudra  River,  110  m. 
S.  S.    W.  of   Hydrabad.     Long.   78.  7.  E.   lat. 
15.  48.  N. 

Canourgue,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lozere,  with  a  trade  in  cattle  and  woolen 
stuffs,  seated  near  the  Lot,13  m.  S.  W.  of  Mende. 

Canco,  a  seaport  at  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Nova 
Scotia.  Near  the  town  is  a  fine  fishery  for  cod. 
Long.  60.  55.  W.  lat.  45.  20.  N. 

Canso,  Chit  of,  a  strait  about  25  m.  in  length 
and  from  a  half  to  a  mile  wide,  between  the  east 
end  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton,  leading 
from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  through  Chedabucto 
Bay  into  St.  George's  Bay,  in  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

Canstadt,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Wurtemburg,  with  a  manufacture  of  printed 
cottons.     In   the  neighbourhood  are  some   me 


CAN 


100 


CAN 


dicinal  spnngs.     It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  three 
m.  N.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Cantal,  an  interior  department  in  the  south  of 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Auvergne.  It  is  so  called  from  a  mountain,  near 
the  centre  of  the  department,  whose  summit  is 
always  covered  with  snow.  The  capital  is  St. 
Flour.     Pop.  about  2.')0,000. 

Cantazaro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite- 
riore,  near  the  sea,  26  m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Severino. 

Canterbury,  a  city  of  Kent,  Eng.  capital  of  the 
county,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  who  is  pri- 
mate of  all  England.  It  was  the  Durovernum 
of  the  Romans,  and  founded  before  the  Christian 
era.  The  cathedral,  a  large  structure,  was  once 
famous  for  the  shrine  of  Thomas  a  Becket,  a  tur- 
bulent priest,  who  was  murdered  here  in  1170, 
and  afterwards  made  a  saint.  In  this  cathedral 
are  interred  Henry  IV.  and  Edward  the  Black 
Prince.  The  city  has  likewise  14  parish  church- 
es ;  the  remains  of  many  Roman  antiquities ; 
and  an  ancient  castle,  with  walls  and  a  deep 
ditch ;  and  a  grammar-school  founded  by  Henry 
VIII.  It  is  a  county  of  itself,  p-overned  by  a  may- 
or ;  find  is  noted  for  excel liv I  hrawn.  The  adja- 
cent country  produces  aburdmce  of  hops.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Stour,  o-i  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Lon- 
don, on  the  high  road  to  Dover,  from  which  it  is 
distant  17  m.     Pop.  in  1821,  12,754. 

Canterbury,  p.t.  Merrimiick  Co.  N.  H.  9  m.  from 
Concord.  Pop.  1,663.  Il-ne  is  a  village  of  Sha- 
kers. 

Canteroury,  p.t.  Windl  i  i  Co.  Conn.  40  m.  E. 
Hartford.  Pop.  1,881.  PJcre  are  some  manufac- 
tories of  cotton  and  woolea.  Also  a  town  in  Kent 
Co.  Del. 

Canth,  a  town  of  Silesia,  on  the  river  Weistritz, 
15  m.  S.  W.  of  Breslau. 

Cantin,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  the  coast  of  Morocco.  Lonw.  9.  5.  W. 
lat.  32.  33.  N. 

Canton,  a  city,  seaport,  and  capital  of  Quang- 
tong,  the  most  southern  province  of  China,  and 
the  only  port  in  that  vast  empire  with  which  Eu- 
ropeans are  permitted  to  hold  any  intercourse  ;  it 
is  finely  situated  at  the  head  of  a  bay,  into  which 
flow  two  large  rivers,  one  from  the  westward, 
which  by  numerous  colla(eral  branches  intersects 
all  the  southern  part  of  the  empire,  and  the  otlier 
from  the  north,  which,  by  a  portage  of  only  one 
day's  journey,  communicates  with  the  great  chain 
of  inland  waters  that  intersects  every  other  pro- 
vince. These  rivers  afford  a  facility  of  conveyance 
by  water,  which  renders  Canton  peculiarly  well 
adapted  for  the  great  outp<.-rt  of  the  empire  The 
harbour  is  very  commodiC'Us.  and  being  sheltered 
by  several  small  islands,  it  affords  secure  moor- 
ings for  the  innumerable  barks  or  junks  which 
navigate  the  inland  wateis  ;  all  the  foreign  ships 
anchor  several  miles  distant  from  the  town,  not 
on  account  of  the  incapacity  of  the  harbour  to  ac 
commodate  them,  but  from  the  peculiarly  jealoui 
■policy  lyf  the  Chinese,  which  seems  to  dread  noth- 
mg  so  much  as  sociality  of  intercourse.  Canton 
consists  of  three  towns,  divided  by  high  walls,  but 
80  conjoined  as  to  form  almost  a  regular  square. 
The  streets  are  long  and  straight,  paved  with  flag- 
stones, and  adorned  with  trmmphal  arches.  The 
houses  in  general  have  only  one  floor,  built  of 
earth  or  brick,  some  of  them  fantastically  colour- 
ed, and  covered  with  tiles.  The  better  class  of 
people  are  carried  about  in  chairs  ;  but  the  com- 
mon sort  walk  barefooted  and  bareheaded.  At  the 
end  of  every  street  is  a  barrier,  which  is  shut  every 


evening,  as  well  as  the  gates  of  the  city.  The  Eu 
ropeans  and  Americans  occupy  a  range  of  build- 
ings termed  the  factories,  fronting  a  spacious  quay 
along  the  bank  of  the  harbour,  without  the  city; 
and  no  foreigner  is  permitted  to  enter  without 
the  special  permission  of  the  viceroy,  which  is  sel- 
dom obtained. 

There  are  40,000  sampans  or  boats  upon  the 
river,  which  contains  above  100,000  people  who 
live  constantly  upon  the  water.  The  wall  around 
the  city  is  4  or  5  miles  in  extent.  The  city  con- 
tains vast  numbers  of  triumphal  arches  and  tem- 
ples richly  adorned  with  statues.  The  streets 
are  crowded  with  passengers  to  such  a  degree  that 
it  is  difficult  to  get  along.  The  European  or  Amer- 
ican visiter  is  struck  with  the  variety  and  oddity 
of  the  different  articles  offered  for  sale  in  the 
streets  and  markets.  If  he  is  in  quest  of  a  dainty 
morsel  of  fresh  meat  he  may  here  purchase  a  fin© 
lot  of  rats,  cats  and   puppies,  which  the  Chinese 


esteem  particularly  nice  for  making  pies  !  The 
foreign  trade  of  Canton  resolves  itself  into  a  mo- 
nopoly more  peculiar  and  oppressive  than  any 
where  else  exists,  (except  the  Bank  of  England 
and  East  India  Company  in  London)  it  is  vested 
in  12  persons  precisely  on  the  same  principle  as 
the  12  Jews  are  permitted  to  act  as  brokers  in 
the  city  of  London,  each  paying  a  large  premium 
for  the  privilege  of  trading,  or  in  other  words,  as 
far  as  the  principle  applies  in  China,  for  the  priv- 
ilege of  extorting  from  and  oppressing  the  produ- 
cers of  the  commodities  in  which  they  trade. 
There  is,  however,  this  difference  in  China ;  whilst 
each  of  the  12  individuals  all  trade  on  separate 
account,  they  are  collectively  amenable,  as  well 
to  foreigners  as  the  government,  for  any  default 
or  mulct  imposed  upon  any  one  or  more  of  them 
individually  ;  whilst  each  of  the  Jew  brokers  of 
London  is  only  responsible  for  his  own  acts.  In 
addition  to  the  external  commerce  of  Canton,  it 
also  appears  to  be  the  seat  of  almost  every  branch 
of  manufacture,  more  especially  of  silks  and 
household  gods  ;  and  as  from  the  circumstance  of 
there  being  no  public  worsliip  in  China,  every 
house  has  its  own  collection  of  idols,  the  manu- 
facture of  these  forms  one  of  the  most  important 
branches  of  occupation.  The  main  article  of  ex- 
port from  Canton  is  tea,  which  since  1798,  to 
England  alone,  has  averaged  about  25  millions  of 
lbs.,  whilst  to  America  and  other  parts  (since 
1815  more  especially)  it  has  been  gradually  in- 
creasing, making  an  aggregate  average  quantity 
annually  exported  at  the  period  of  3826,  of  about 
40  milUons  of  lbs.  The  other  principal  articles 
exported  to  England  are  raw  silk  and  nankeens, 


CAN 


161 


CA? 


of  the  former  about  250,000  lbs.  weight,  and  of 
the  latter,  about  600,000  pieces  of  four  and  seven 
yards  each,  annually ;  a  few  manufactured  silks 
and  crapes,  fans,  ivory  chess  men,  fancy  ooxes, 
and  other  toys,  soy,  and  ink,  constitute  the  re- 
maining exports  to  England,  which  employs 
about  25  sail  of  ships  annually,  of  about  1 ,200  tons 
each.  The  reimbursement  by  the  English  for  the 
above  productions  is  made  in  cotton,  wool,  opium, 
and  some  other  articles  from  Bombay  and  Ben- 
gal, and  in  woolen  cloths,  lead,  &<5.  from  Eng- 
land, to  the  amount  of  about  £700,000  annually 
In  addition  to  the  trade  direct  to  England,  there 
is  also  an  extensive  traffic  on  English  account 
between  the  different  ports  of  India  and  Canton, 
which  consists  in  a  reciprocal  interchange  of  the 
productions  of  the  respective  countries,  and  in 
which  porcelain  forms  a  considerable  article  of 
export  from  Canton.  The  intercourse  of  America 
with  Canton  is  maintained  on  the  part  of  Ameri- 
ca with  furs  from  the  N.  W.  coast,  sandal  wood, 
and  the  edible  birdsnests  collected  among  the 
eastern  islands,  and  v/ith  dollars.  A  considerable 
portion  of  the  tea  exported  in  American  ships, 
being  on  account  and  risk  of  the  Chinese  mer- 
chants, more  especially  the  portion  brought  to 
Hamburg,  Antwerp,  and  other  European  ports,  is 
wholly  reimbursed  in  specie.  The  imposts  of 
the  government  on  its  external  commerce  are 
levied  on  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  shipping 
entering  and  leaving  the  port.  The  following 
statement  of  the  amount  of  duties  returned  to  the 
Chinese  treasury  for  the  year  1822,  will  best  show 
the  extent  and  proportion  of  the  three  great 
branches  into  which  the  external  commerce  of 
Canton  resolves  itself:  viz.  1st.  that  with  the 
English  East  India  Company  ;  2nd.  that  with  the 
different  ports  of  British  India;  3rd.  that  with 
America : — 

On  Import.  On  Export. 
English  East  Ind.  Com.        395,112        460,042 
Country  Trade,    ....   118,533  80,623 

America, 276,578        339,409 


Total  Tale,  .  .  790,224  880,076 
The  Tale  being  only  equal  to  6s.  8d.  of  English 
money,  the  whole  impost  will  be  seen  to  amount, 
according  to  the  above  statement,  to  only  £556,- 
800,  not  equal  to  the  amount  levied  on  the  single 
article  of  coals  alone,  at  the  port  of  London  ;  and 
yet  such  is  the  extent  and  insidious  nature  of  the 
intermediate  oppression  of  the  Chinese  Hong,  (or 
council,  which  is  the  term  by  which  the  12  privi- 
leged merchants  of  Canton  are  collectively  called) 
on  one  side ;  and  the  English  East  India  Compa- 
ny on  the  other,  that  whilst  the  25,000,000  lbs.  of 
tea  annually  consumed  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, costs  the  consumer,  on  an  average,  at  least 
78  per  lb.,  it  does  not  yield  to  the  producer,  inclu- 
ding the  inland  conveyance  to  Canton,  an  aver- 
age of  3  l-2d.  per  lb.  In  1823  several  thousand 
houses  in  Canton  were  destroyed  by  fire,  but  the 
ground  has  since  been  rebuilt  upon,  the  population 
is  estimated  at  about  2-50,000.  It  is  in  the  lat. 
of  23.  8.  N.  and  113.  2.  of  E.  long,  being  16.  deg. 
47.  or  about  1,190  British  statute^miles  S.  by  W. 
of  Pekin,  the  metropolis  of  the  empire. 

Canton,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  14  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,517.  It  has  some  manufactures. 
Also,  a  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Con.  Pop.  1 ,437.  Also 
a  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  Fop.  2,440.  Also 
5  other  towns  in  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ten.  and  Va. 

CarUyre,  or  Kintyre,  a  peninsula  of  the  west 
cowt  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleahire,  35  miles  lon^ 


and  7  broad,  connected  on  the  north  by  an  isthmus^ 
scarce  a  mile  broad,  to  the  mountainous  district 
of  Knapdale.  To  the  south  the  peninsula  termi- 
nates in  a  great  promontory,  surrounded  by  a 
group  of  dangerous  rocks,  called  the  Mull  of  Can- 
tyre,  on  which  is  a  light-house,  in  the  lat.  of  55. 
17.  N.  and  5.  41.  W.  long.  It  is  a  mountainous 
district,  with  some  fertile  spots.  The  chief  town 
is  Cambelton.  The  other  towns  are  Kirkmichael 
Ballachintea,  Killean,  Kilcahnonil,  and  Skipnes 
Total  pop.  in  1821,  20,66.3. 

Cany,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  situate  in  a  country  which  produces 
great  quantities  of  corn  and  flax,  26  miles  north- 
west of  Rouen. 

Caorlo,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on 
the  coast  of  Friuli.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Aquileia.  Long.  12. 36.  E 
lat.  45.  42.  N. 

Capacio.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeri- 
ore,  20  m.'S.  E.  of  Salerno. 

Cape  Breton,  an  island  forming  part  of  the  Brit- 
ish dominions  in  America,  lying  between  the 
north  end  tf  Nova  Scotia,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Gut  of  Canso ;  and  the  south-west 
point  of  Newfoundland,  from  which  it  is  separa- 
ted by  the  principal  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.  It  extends,  in  a  north  by  east  direction 
from  the  lat.  of  45.  30.  to  47.  6.  N.  and  from  the 
long,  of  59. 45.  to  61.  35.  W.  forming  a  barrier  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  gulf,  which 
it  completely  landlocks  and  forms  into  a  vast  in- 
land sea ;  the  passage  between  the  north-east  end 
and  Newfoundland  being  about  65  miles  wide, 
intercepted,  however,  by  the  island  of  St.  Paul, 
and  just  within  the  gulf  by  the  Magdalen  group 
of  isles.  Cape  Breton  is  indented  from  north  to 
south  by  spacious  bays,  dividing  it  into  two  isl- 
ands joined  together  by  a  very  narrow  isthmus. 
The  coast  on  all  sides  is  also  much  indented  by 
bays,  making  the  figure  of  the  land  very  irregu- 
lar. Its  area,  however,  amounts  to  about  40,000 
sq.  miles.  The  French  first  formed  a  settlement 
upon  this  island  in  1712,  which  surrendered  to  a 
British  force  from  New  England  in  1745,  and  was 
confirmed,  with  all  tlie  other  French  possessions 
in  North  America,  to  England,  by  the  treaty  of 
1763.  Its  most  distinguishing  property  is  it  rich 
strata  of  coal  of  superior  quality  ;  with  some  drea- 
ry surface  it  also  presents  some  very  fertile  spots, 
well  wooded,  and  containing  a  variety  of  wild 
animals,  the  skins  of  which  form  a  branch  of  its 
traffic ;  and  should  the  colonies  of  England  ever 
be  rendered  subservient  in  promoting  the  mutual 
interests  of  both  the  settlers  and  the  British  peo- 
ple. Cape  Breton,  at  present,  as  little  known  to 
the  people  at  large  as  though  it  had  no  existence, 
might  be  made  very  instrumental  in  promoting  a 
highly  beneficial  and  reciprocal  intercourse. 
Louisbourg,  the  chief  town,  is  situate  on  the  At- 
lantic coast,  in  the  lat.  of  45.  54.  N.  and  59.  55.  W. 
long.  The  chief  occupation  of  the  people  not 
only  of  Louisbourg  but  of  the  whole  island,  in 
addition  to  agriculture,  is  the  cod  fishery,  which 
they  pursue  to  some  extent  for  the  West  India  and 
other  markets.  Total  population  of  the  island 
about  4,000.  It  was  constituted  a  separate  gov- 
ernment in  1784,  under  a  lieutenant-governor  ap- 
pointed by  the  king ;  but  by  a  stretch  of  authority 
on  the  part  of  the  legislative  assembly  and  coun- 
cil of  Nova  Scotia,  it  has  reverted  as  a  province  to 
that  government,  to  which  it  was  originally  at- 
tached. 

Cape  Girardeau,  a  county  n£  Missouri,  lyin|; 
o3 


CAP 


162 


CAP 


between  the  St.  Francis  and  Mississippi  rivers, 
just  above  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi, in  the  lat.  of  37.  N.  It  is  40  miles  in 
length,  from  north  to  south,  and  about  20  in  mean 
breadth.  Pop.  7,430.  There  is  a  town  of  the 
same  name  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi; 
but  Jackson,  further  north  in  the  interior,  80  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  St.  Louis,  and  about  GOO  N.  N.  W.  of 
New  Orleans,  is  the  chief  town. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  territory  comprising  the 
whole  southern  extremity  of  Africa,  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese  navigator,  Bartholomew  Diaz, 
in  1493,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Cabo  Tormento- 
30,  from  the  boisterous  weather  which  he  met  with 
near  it;  but  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  on  the 
return. of  Diaz,  changed  its  name  to  that  of  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  from  the  hope  he  entertained  of 
finding  a  passage  beyond  it  to  India ;  and  in  this 
he  was  not  deceived,  for  Vasco  de  Gama,  having 
doubled  this  cape  on  the  20th  November,  1497, 
proceeded  to  India,  and  landed  at  Calicut,  on  the 
22d  of  May,  1498.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was 
was  first  touched  at  by  the  Dutch  in  1600,  and  in 
1650,  they  established  a  settlement  at  this  place 
of  which  they  held  undisturbed  possession  for 
nearly  150  years.  The  cape  or  promontory  which 
gives  name  to  the  territory  is  about  1 3  leagues 
W.  N.  W.  of  Cape  Agulhas,  which  it'  the  ex- 
treme S.  point  of  the  African  continent,  and 
the  territory  extends  northward  to  the  lat.  of 
about  30.  S.  and  eastward  from  the  shore  of  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  in  18.,  to  that  of  the  Indian  Ocean 
in  28.  of  E.  long,  being  about  560  miles  from  W. 
to  E.  with  a  mean  breadth  of  about  200  from  S.  to 
N.  giving  an  area  of  about  112,000  square  miles. 
This  extensive  territory  was  taken  from  the 
Dutch,  by  the  English  in  1795  ;  but  restored  to 
Holland  at  the  peace  of  Amiens  in  1802  ;  retaken 
in  1806,  and  confirmed  to  Great  Britain  by  the 
congress  at  Vienna  in  1816,  and  it  now  forms 
part  of  the  British  dominions.  From  the  southern 
extremity  to  the  latitude  of  about  30,  the  ground 
rises  by  three  successive  gradations  to  the  height 
of  5  or  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  quagga  or  wild  ass  of  South  Africa  is  found 
in  herds  in  this  quarter,  but  has  lately  grown 
scarce  in  the  territory  of  the  cape.  The  back 
mountain  ridge  in  some  places  rising  to  the  height 
of  9,000  to  10,000  feet.  This  variation  in  altitude 
is  subject  to  almost  every  variety  of  climate,  and 
the  surface  is  as  various  as  the  climate,  there  be- 
ing much  dreary  and  sterile  territory,  some  very 
fine  pastures,  and  some  exceedinjrly  fertile  arablo 
land.  The  capriciousness  of  the  seasons,  however, 
is  such  as  to  render  the  pursuit  of  tillage  exceed- 
ingly hazardous,  though,  when  the  seasons  are  fa- 
vourable, the  produce  is  superabundant.  The 
culture  of  the  vine  seems  attended  with  less  risk, 
and  is  likely  to  supersede  the  attention  to  agricul- 
ture beyond  what  is  necessary  for  the  subsistence 
of  the  colony.  The  surplus  produce  of  wine,  expor- 
ted during  the  eight  )'ears  18)7  to  1824,  averaged 
about  4,500  pij)es  per  annum.  In  1819,  an  attempt 
was  made  to  establish  a  settlement  at  Algoa  Bay, 
towards  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  southern 
coast,  in  the  long,  of  25.  42.  E.  about  450  miles 
east  of  the  settlement  at  the  Hope  Cape,  but  the 
seasons  in  succession  cutting  off  all  tiie  crops,  the 
settlers  were  all  subjected  to  the  extreme  of  priva- 
tion. By  due  attention,  however,  to  the  nature 
of  the  climate,  and  application  of  the  soil  to  pur- 
poses for  which  it  is  best  adapted,  the  Cape  terri- 
tory in  the  aggregate  is  doubtless  susceptible  of 
being  rtndered  subservient  to  the  highest  degree 


of  comfort  and  enjoyment  of  the  settlers,  and  re- 
ciprocally so  to  the  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain.  It 
is  divided  into  four  districts  ;  viz.  the  Cape,  Zwel- 
lendam,  Stellenbosch,  and  Graff  Reynet.  The 
Cape  district  com  prises  the  promontory  which  gives 
name  to  the  territory.  The  promontory  jets  into 
the  Southern  Ocean,  at  the  south-west  extremity. 
On  each  side  of  this  promontory  is  a  bay  frequent- 
ed alternately  as  the  winds  prevail ;  that  on  the 
east  side,  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  is  called  False 
Bay,  restored  to  during  the  prevalence  of  north  and 
north-west  winds,  and  that  on  the  west  side,  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  is  called  Table  Bay,  which 
affords  tolerable  shelter  during  the  prevalence  of 
south  and  south-east  winds.  They  are,  however, 
both  destitute  of  convenient  harbours.  There  are 
two  other  bays  north  ot  Table  Bay  ;  Saldanha,  in 
the  lat.  of  33.  7.  S.  and  St.  Helens  in  32.  40.  both 
of  which  have  more  convenient  harbours  than  eith- 
er of  the  other  two  ;  but,  being  deficient  in  fresh 
water,  they  are  not  much  frequented.  On  the 
shore  of  Table  Bay,  in  the  lat.  of  33.  56.  S.  and 
18.  28.  E.  long,  is  the  chief  town  of  the  colony, 
called  Cape-town,  rising  in  the  midst  of  a  desert, 
surrounded  by  black  and  dreary  mountains.  To 
the  south-east  of  the  town  are  some  vineyards, 
which  yield  the  famous  wine  called  Constantia. 
The  store-houses  built  by  the  Dutch  East  India 
Company  are  situate  next  the  water,  and  the  pri- 
vate buildings  lie  beyond  them,  on  a  gentle  ascent 
toward  the  mountains.  The  castle,  or  principal 
fort,  which  commands  the  road,  is  on  the  east  side  ; 
and  another  strong  fort,  called  Amsterdam  fort,  is 
on  the  west  side.  The  streets  are  broad  and  reg- 
ular ;  and  the  houses,  in  general,  are  built  of 
stone,  and  white-washed.  There  are  barracks 
for  2,000  men,  built  on  one  side  of  a  spacious  plain, 
which  serves  for  a  parade.  There  are  two  other 
large  squares,  in  one  of  which  the  market  is  held, 
and  the  other  serves  to  assemble  the  numerous 
waggons  and  vehicles  bringing  in  the  produce 
from  the  country.  There  is  another  large  building 
erected  by  the  Dutch  for  a  marine  hospital,  and  a 
house  for  the  accomodation  of  the  government 
slaves:  the  government  house,  a  town  hall,  and 
a  Calvinist  and  Lutheran  church,  constitute  the 
remainder  of  the  public  buildings.  The  popula- 
tion in  1826  amounted  to  about  20,000,  more  than 
one-half  of  whom  were  Hottentots,  Negro  and 
Malay  slaves,  and  people  of  colour.  The  Table 
Mountain,  so  called  from  the  flatness  of  its  main 
^  ummit,  rises  from  immediately  behind  the  town 
to  the  height  of  3,592  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  having  a  collateral  peak  on  the  east  3,315  feet 
in  height,  and  another  on  the  west  2,160  feet.  The 
profitable  productions  of  the  colony,  taken  as  a 
whole,  are  wine,  grain,  all  the  European  and  most 
of  the  tropical  fruits,  vegetables  of  every  descrip- 
tion, cattle,  and  sheep.  At  the  foot  of  the  Table 
Mountain  are  considerable  plantations  of  the  pro- 
tea  argentea,  or  silver  tree  (a  species  of  the  protea 
peculiar  to  this  spot,)  the  stone  pine,  and  the 
white  poplar.  Avenues  of  oak  adorn  the  country 
houses,  and  this  tree  grows  rapidly  throughout  the 
colony,  but  rarely  to  any  perfection  as  timber.  It 
is  constantly  cut  down, with  the  rest  of  the  few  for- 
est trees  of  the  Cape,  forfuel,  which  is  so  scarce  that 
most  families  in  decent  circumstances  keep  a 
slave  employed  entirely  in  collecting  it.  On  the 
eastern  side  of  the  mountains  that  run  northward 
from  the  Cape,  and  at  the  southern  foot  of  the 
Zwartzberg  or  Black  Mountains,  are  some  good 
pasture  farms,  and  whole  plains  of  the  common 
aloe,   which  forms  a  considerable  article  of  trade 


CAP 


1G3 


CAR 


In  these  parts  are  great  numbers  of  the  gazelle  or 
hart  beest,  as  the  Dutch  call  it.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  common  animals  of  the  territory.     The 


markets  are  well  supplied  with  fish  from  the  open 
sea,  and  from  the   numerous  inlets  of  the  coast. 

Cape  May,  a  maritime  county,  forming  a  prom- 
ontory at  the  south  extremity  of  the  state  of  New 
Jersey.  The  cape,  at  the  extreme  south  point,  is 
in  lat.  38.  57.  N.,  the  west  side  being  washed  by 
Delaware  Bay,  and  the  east  to  great  Egg  harbour, 
in  the  lat.  of  39.  18.  N.,  by  the  Atlan~tic  Ocean, 
this  side  in  its  whole  extent  being  flanked  by  a 
chain  of  islands.  Pop.  of  the  county,  4,945. 
The  court-house  of  the  county  is  102  m.  S.  of 
Trenton. 

*^*  For  numerous  other  capes  see  their  respec- 
tive names. 

Capelle,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Guiese. 

Capestan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Herault,  near  the  river  Aude  and  the  ca- 
nal of  Languedoc,  6  m.  west  of  Beziers. 

Capfion  Springrs,  p. v.  Frederic  Co.  Va.  At  this 
place  are  mineral  springs  resorted  to  by  invalids. 

Capitanata,  a  province  of  Naples,  east  of  the 
Apennines,  bounded  on  the  east  for  about  70  miles 
by  the  Adriatic,  varying  in  breadth  from  40  to  80 
miles,  containing  an  area  of  about  3,500  square 
miles,  and  270,000  inhabitants.  It  is  watered  by 
several  streams  falling  into  the  Adriatic.  The 
chief  town  upon  the  coast  is  Manfredonia ;  and 
Lucera,  35  m.  W.  of  Manfredonia,  and  90  E.  by 
N.  of  the  city  of  Naples,  is  the  chief  town. 

Capo  Fino,  a  barren  rock  in  the  territory  of 
Grenoa,  with  a  castle  on  its  eastern  peak.  Near  it  is 
a  port  of  the  same  name,  13  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Genoa. 
Long.  8.  5(5.  E.^t.  44.  20.  N. 

Capo  £  Istria,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Istria, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  stands  on  a  small  island 
in  the  gulf  of  Trieste,  connected  with  the  conti- 
nent by  acauseway,  which  is  defended  by  a  castle. 
The  principal  revenue  consists  in  wine  and  salt. 
It  is  8  m.  S.  of  Trieste.  Long.  14  0.  E.  lat. 
45.  40.  N.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Cappet,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of 
Sleswick,  on  the  east  coast,  16  m.  N.  E.  of  Sles- 
wick. 

Caprarla,  an  isle  in  the  Mediterranean,  to  the 
N.  E.  of  Corsica,  15  miles  in  circumference.  It 
has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good  har- 
bour defended  by  a  castle.  It  is  included  in  the 
Sardinian  States.  Pop.  about  2,000.  Long.  9.  5C. 
E.  lat.  43.  5.  N. 

Capri,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  at  the 
entranr^e  of  the  gulf  of  Naples,  nearly  opposite 
Sorrento.     It  is  nv«  miles  long  and  two   broad, 


with  steep  shores,  accessible  only  in  two  places ; 
and  was  the  retreat  of  the  emperor  Tiberius,  who 
here  spent  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  in  luxu- 
rious debauchery.  A  vast  quantity  of  quails  come 
here  every  year  ;  and  the  tenth  of  what  are  caught, 
forms  a  great  part  of  the  revenue  of  tlie  bishop, 
who  is  hence  called  the  Bishop  of  Quails.  Pop. 
about  3,600. 

Capri,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  the  same 
name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle.  It  was 
once  a  delightful  place,  embellished  with  magnifi- 
cent works,  which  were  demolished  after  the 
death  of  Tiberius.  It  is  27  miles  S.  S.  W  of 
Naples      Long.  14.  10.  E.  lat.  40.  32.  N. 

Caprycke,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  18  m.  E. 
of  Brushes,  on  tlie  road  to  Phillipina.  Pop.  abcut 
3,500. 

Capua,  a  strong  city  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  citadel. 
It  is  two  miles  from  the  ancient  Capua,  and  was 
built  out  of  its  ruins.  No  city  in  Italy,  except 
Rome,  contains  a  greater  number  of  ancient  in- 
scriptions. In  1803  it  suffered  much  by  an  earth- 
quake, and  a  number  of  cavalry  were  buried  un- 
der the  ruins  of  their  barracks.  It  stands  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  rivfr  Volturno,  20  m. 
N.  of  Naples.     Long.  14.  19.  E.  lat.  41.  7.  N. 

Cara,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  issues  from  the 
north  extremity  of  the  Ural  mountains,  and  flows 
into  the  gulf  of  Karskoi,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean; 
forming  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia, 
for  the  space  of  about  140  miles. 

Caracas,  a  territory  extending  along  the  north- 
ern coast  of  South  America,  between  the  64th 
and  70th  degree  of  W.  long.  It  was  first  discov- 
ered by  Columbus,  on  his  third  voyage,  in  1493. 
Several  attempts  were  immediately  after  made 
by  Spanish  adventurers  to  form  settlements, 
which  being  partially  effected,  it  was  sold  by 
Charles  V.  of  Spain  to  a  company  of  German 
trading  adventurers,  who,  by  their  intolerable  op- 
pressions, were  expelled  the  country  in  1550. 
It  was  then  formed  into  a  captain-generalship, 
under  the  command  of  a  supreme  governor  ap- 
pointed by  the  king  of  Spain,  under  whose 
sovereignty  it  remained  in  undisturbed  possession 
up  to  1806.  When  the  events  of  the  war,  which 
flesolated  Europe  from  1793  had  cut  off  all 
direct  intercourse  between  Spain  and  her  exter- 
nal possessions,  a  futile  attempt  was  made  by 
General  Miranda  to  revolutionize  this  part  of 
South  America.  In  1810,  however,  when  the 
French  had  obtained  the  entire  possession  of  Spain, 
and  proclaimed  the  sovereignty  of  all  its  external 
possessions,  a  congress  was  convened  of  deputies 
from  all  the  provinces  of  the  captain-generalship 
of  Caracas,  to  devise  measures  either  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  independent  government,  or 
for  effecting  some  modification  in  the  then  e.xist- 
ing  one.  This  led  to  internal  dissensions  and  in- 
veterate hostility  between  the  two  parties  ;  one,  ad- 
vocates for  maintaining  the  government  as  it  then 
existed,  which  were  supported  by  Spain  on  the 
restoration  of  Ferdinand  in  1812,  and  the  other, 
who  placed  General  Bolivar  in  the  command  of 
their  armed  forces,  resolved  upon  acceding  to 
nothing  short  of  unqualified  independence.  The 
contest  continued  with  alternate  success  up  to 
the  close  or  the  year  1819,  when  on  the  19th  of 
of  December  a  union  was  effected  between 
the  provinces  of  Caracas  and  those  of  New 
Granada,  and  on  the  24th  of  June,  1821  the 
last  battle  was  fought,  which  decided  the  fate 
of  the  pretensions  of  Spain  and  the  final  extinction 


CAR 


l&k 


CAR 


of  its  aiithority  over  all  this  part  of  South  Ameri- 
ca. This  territory  then  became  one  great  republic 
under  the  denomination  of  Coloml)ia. 

Caracas,  or  Leon  de  Caraats,  the  chief  town  of 
New  Venezuela,  a  province  of  the  republic  of  Co- 
lombia, is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  2,900  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  at  a  distance  of  about  8 
m.  from  tlie  shore,  in  the  lat.  of  10.  'M.  N.  and  67.  of 
W.  long.  Notwithstanding  its  altitude,  it  is  wa- 
tered by  two  or  three  streams,  whilst,  by  its  eleva- 
tion it  enjoys  a  comparatively  temperate  and  de- 
lightful climate.  The  town  is  regularly  laid  out 
and  has  two  or  three  squares,  a  cathedral,  college, 
and  several  churches,  but  none  remarkable  for 
architectural  beauty.  The  population  in  1802  was 
estimated  at  42,000,  but  an  eartliquake  in  March, 
1812,  destroyed  12,000  of  the  number,  as  well  as 
great  part  of  the  tov^rn.  Its  markets  are  well  sup- 
plied with  almost  every  luxury  as  well  as  neces- 
sary of  life.     (See  Lasuira.) 

Caraman,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Toulouse.  Pop. 
about  2,300. 

CaramatiiM,  a  province  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  to 
the  east  of  Natolia.  It  comprehends  the  ancient 
Pamphilia,  and  a  great  part  of  Cilicia,  Pisidia,  and 
Cappadocia.  It  contains  several  lakes,  which  a- 
bound  with  fish,  and  furnish  great  quantities  of 
salt,  and  the  Kisil  Jermak  river  intersects  the 
eastern  part  of  the  province,  running  north  into 
the  Black  Sea.  Cogni,  or  Konieh,  in  the  lat. of 38. 
10.  N.  and  32.  25.  of  E.  long,  is  the  capital. 

Caranuinta,  a  district  of  Colombia,  included  in 
the  south  part  of  the  province  of  Magdalena ; 
bounded  on  the  west  by  Ystmo,  south  by  Popayan 
and  east  by  Zulia.  It  is  a  valley  surrounded  by 
high  mountains,  and  there  are  waters  whence  the 
natives  get  salt.  The  capital,  of  the  same  njime, 
is  seated  on  the  Cauca,  240  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Popa- 
van.     Long.  T-'S.  15.  W.  lat.  5.  18.  N. 

Carangas,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  district 
which  contains  valuable  silver  mines,  and  feeds  a 
great  number  of  cattle.     It  is  45  m.  W.  of  Potosi 

Carara,  properly  Carrara,  a  town  of  Italy,  in 
the  principality  of  Massa,  celebrated  for  its  quar- 
ries of  marble  of  various  colours.  It  is  5  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Massa. 

Carasui,  a  lake  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, 55  miles  in  circumference,  containing  sev- 
eral islands.  It  is  formed  by  a  branch  of  the  Dan- 
ube, not  far  from  its  entrance  into  the  Black  Sea. 

Caravaya,a.  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  same  name.  It  is  100  miles  S.  E. 
of  Cuzco.     Long.  GD.  30.  W.  lat.  14.  40.  S. 

Carhonne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river 
Garonne,  25  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Toulouse.  Pop.  about 
2,000. 

Carragante,  a  town  of  Valencia,  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  river  Xucar,  25  m.  S.  of  the  city  of 
Valencia. 

Carcassone,  a  city  of  France,  capital  ot  the  de 
partment  of  Aude,  and  a  bishop's  see  It  is  situ- 
ate on  the  line  of  the  grand  canal  of  Languedoc, 
and  divided  into  the  upper  and  lower  town  by  the 
Aude,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge.  In  the  upper 
town,  called  the  city,  are  a  strong  castle  and  the 
cathedral.  The  lower  town  is  square,  regularly 
built,  and  kept  very  neat,  by  means  of  an  aque- 
duct which  brings  the  waters  of  the  Aude  to  dif- 
ferent fountains.  Here  are  manufactures  of  all 
sorts  of  cloth.  It  is  35  m.  W.  of  Narbonne,  and 
60  S.  E.  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  about  15,000. 

Carculla,  or  Cariad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 


Canara,  chiefly  inhabited  by  shopkeepers.  In  an 
open  temple  here  is  the  image  of  a  naked  man,  38 
feet  in  height  by  19  in  thickness,  made  of  one 
piece  of  granite.  Much  rice,  ginger,  turmeric, 
and  betel-nut,  is  raised  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  seat- 
ed between  two  lakes,  or  tanks,  which  give  source 
to  two  rivers,  20  m.  N.  bj'  E.  of  Manpalore. 

Cardiff,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  VVales,  capital 
of  Glamorganshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Taafe, 
over  which  there  is  a  handsome  bridge  of  five 
arches.  Its  castle  was  an  elegant  Gothic  struc- 
ture, but  has  lately  undergone  a  motley  repair. 
The  town  was  formerly  encompassed  by  a  wall, 
and  vestiges  of  its  four  gates  yet  remain.  The 
constable  of  the  castle  is  the  chief  magistrate,  who 
is  called  mayor ;  and  here  the  assizes  for  the 
county  are  held.  Near  the  town  are  some  iron 
works,  and  a  canal,  e.xtending  25  miles,  to  the 
gre.al  iron  works  at  Merthyr  Tidvil.  In  tiic  castle 
died  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  eldest  son  of 
Willianj  the  Conqueror,  after  having  been  blind- 
ed, and  confined  28  years,  by  his  brother  Henry 
I.  Cardiff  is  40  miles  west  of  Bristol,  47  east  of 
Swansea,  and  100  west  of  London.  Loner.  3.  12. 
W.  lat.  51.  28.  N.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,521. 

Cardigan,  a  maritime  county  of  South  Wales, 
extending  for  about  50  miles  along  the  shore  of 
St.  George's  Channel,  from  the  river  Ticvy,  which 
divides  it  from  Pembroke  and  Caermarthenshires 
on  the  south,  to  the  Dovey,  which  divides  it  from 
Merionethshire,  north ;  being  about  30  miles  in 
mean  breadth,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  coun- 
ties of  Montgomery,  Radnor,  and  Brecknock. 
The  Rheidal  and  one  or  two  other  rivers  intersec 
the  county  from  east  to  west.  Parts  of  this  coun 
ty  are  very  fertile,  both  in  tillage  and  pasture, 
which  enables  the  inhabitants  to  produce  a  consid- 
erable surplus  of  grain,  and  small  black  cattle, 
with  which,  and  some  few  sheep  and  wool,  they 
obtain  a  tolerable  supply  of  manufactured  and  co- 
lonial productions.  The  principal  towns  besides 
Cardigan  are  Aberystwith  and  Llanbeder. 

Cardigan,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding 
county,  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tievy,  over 
which  is  a  handsome  bridge  of  seven  arches,  at  the 
S.  W.  extremity  of  the  county.  It  had  formerly 
a  strong  and  an  extensive  castle,  of  which  but 
little  now  remains.  It  was  from  hence  that  the 
first  descent  upon  Ireland  was  made  by  the  Eng- 
lish. The  church  is  a  spacious  edifice ;  the 
county  gaol  and  hall  have  been  rebuilt  within 
the  present  century.  It  is  a  corporate  town,  gov- 
erned by  a  mayor,  12  aldermen,  &c.  and  unites 
with  Aberystwith  and  Llanbeder  in  returning 
one  member  to  Parliament.  Pop,  in  1821,  2.397. 
It  is  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  St.  David's  Head,  132  m. 
west  of  Gloucester,  and  about  the  same  distance 
due  east  of  Waterford,  in  Ireland.  Its  commerce 
by  sea  is  confined  to  the  coast. 

Cardigan  Bay,  is  formed  by  St.  David's  Head, 
the  western  point  of  Pembrokeshire,  south,  in  the 
lat.  of  51.  44.  N.  and  5.  17.  'W .  long,  and  Bardsey 
Island,  off  the  S.  W.  point  of  Caernarvonshire 
north,  in  the  laL  of  52.  44.  and  4.  39.  of  W.  long.; 
the  main  coast  of  Caernarvonshire  being  in  the 
long,  of  about  4.  it  gives  a  stretch  of  about  40 
miles  from  W.  to  E.  and  50  from  S.  to  N.  within 
the  bay. 

Cardona,tL  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a 
castle.  Near  it  is  a  mountain  of  solid  rock  salt, 
of  which  are  made  vases,  snuff  boxes,  and  trink- 
ets ;  and  there  are  vineyards  that  produce  excel- 
lent wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cardenero,  36  m. 
N.  W.  of  Barcelona.     Pop.  about  3,000. 


OAR 


165 


CAR 


Carclia,  or  Russian  Finland.     (See  Wihurg.) 

Carentan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ofManche,  with  an  ancient  castle,  8  miles  from 
the  sea,  and  21  W.  of  Bayeux.     Pop.  2,860. 

Cares,  or  Kareis,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Macedonia,  situate  on  Mount  Athos,  17  m.  S. 
E.  of  Salonica. 

Careio,  a  village  of  Wales,  4  miles  E.  by  N.  of 
Pembroke,  noted  for  the  noble  and  extensive  re- 
mains of  its  castle,  situate  on  a  gentle  swell  above 
an  arm  of  Milford  Haven.     Pop.  975. 

Ciirhaix,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Finisterre,  on  the  river  Yer,  19  m.  S.  of  Mor- 
laix. 

Carham,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng.  5 
miles  east  of  Kelso.  Near  it  a  battle  was  fought 
between  the  English  and  Danes,  in  which  11 
bishops  and  2  English  counts  were  slain,  beside  a 
great  number  of  soldiers.  Here  likewise  was  a 
battle  between  the  English  and  Scots,  in  1018,  in 
which  the  latter  were  victorious.  In  1370,  sir 
John  Lilburne  was  defeated  near  this  place,  and 
taken  prisoner  by  the  Scots.     Pop.  1,370. 

Cariaco,  a  city  in  the  Colombian  new  province 
of  Orinoco,  containing  a  population  of  about  6,000. 
It  is  about  50  m.  E.  of  Cumana. 

Cariaii,  a  town  of  Naples,  on  the  sea  coast,  in 
Calabria  Citeriore,  near  the  Gulf  of  Taranto,  25 
m.  N.  of  Severino. 

Caribbean  Sea,  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
lying  between  Cuba,  St.  Domingo,  and  Porto  Ri- 
co, on  the  north,  and  the  north  coast  of  the  new 
republic  of  Colombia  on  the  south,  and  extending 
west  from  the  62nd  to  the  84th  degree  of  W.  long. 

Caribbee  Islands,  the  most  eastern  islands  of 
the  West  Indies,  divided  into  Windward  and  Lee- 
ward Islands.     See  Indies  (Vest. 

Caribou,  a  considerable  island  in  Lake  Supe- 
rior, toward  the  east  end,  claimed  by  the  United 
States,  as  being  wholly  within  their  boundary 
line. 

Carical,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnar- 
tic,  where  the  French  had  a  settlement,  which 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1760.  It  stands  at 
the  mouth  of  a  branch  of  the  Cavery,  8  m.  S.  of 
Tranquebar. 

Cai  ignan,  or  Carnignano,  a  town  of  Piedmont, 
in  a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  south  part 
of  the  province  of  Turin,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  river  Po,  12  m.  S.  of  Turin.  Pop.  about 
7,000. 

Carimo,  an  island  in  the  straits  of  Malacca,  at 
the  entrance  into  the  China  Sea,  in  the  lat.  of  1. 
N.  and  104.  E.  long. 

Carimon  Java,  a  cluster  of  islands  to  the  north 
of  Java,  at  the  principal  of  which  ships  touch  for 
refresh.nent,  in  their  vovage  to  Borneo.  Long. 
110.  12.  E.  lat.  5.  56.  S. 

Carinacnu,  the  chief  of  the  Crenadilla  Islan  Is, 
in  the  West  Indies,  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Grenada. 
It  produces  much  cotton,  and  has  a  good  harbour. 
See  Grenada. 

Carini,,  a  town  of  Sicily,  seated  on  a  point  of 
land  near  the  sea,  about  16  m.  N.  W.  of  PalermD  ; 
it  was  the  birth-place  of  Lais. 

Carinola,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
seated  near  Mount  iVIassico,  about  8  m.  from  the 
sea,  and  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Naples. 

Carintlua,  Duchy  of,  an  interior  province  or  di- 
vision of  the  Austrian  empire,  lying  betwee  i  * 'o 
at.  of  46.  21.  and  47.  6.  N.  and  12.  30.  to  14.  50. 
of  E.  long  comprising  an  area  of  about  3,500  Eng- 
lish i?i  miles;  the  west  end  borders  on  the  Tyrol, 
and  it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  bishopric  of 


Saltzburg  and  Upper  Styria,  east  by  Lower  Styria 
and  south  by  Upper  Carniola,  and  the  Venetian 
territory.  The  river  Drave,  which  rises  in  the 
Tyrol  and  falls  into  the  Danube  at  Belgrade,  in- 
tersects Carinthia  its  whole  extent  from  W.  to  E. 
receiving  several  tributary  streams,  both  from  the 
north  and  south  ;  there  are  also  several  lakes.  It 
is  a  mountainous  and  woody  district,  the  moun- 
tains, yielding  abundance  of  iron,  lead,  and  cop- 
per, as  well  as  quicksilver,  bismuth,  and  zinc,  and 
also  the  purest  marbles,  and  a  variety  of  gems ; 
whilst  the  forests  abound  with  the  finest  timber, 
the  valleys  afford  some  excellent  pasturage,  as  well 
as  fertile  lands  for  tillage  ;  but  being  edged  in  by 
mountains  both  on  the  north  and  south,  whilst  the 
remoteness  of  the  course  of  the  Drave  precludes 
it  from  being  availed  of  as  a  channel  of  convey- 
ance, the  rich  store  of  natural  products  which  this 
district  contains  are  of  little  advantage  either  to 
the  inhabitants  or  to  the  world.  Could  a  water 
communication  be  obtained  with  the  Adriatic, 
which,  by  a  social  and  reciprocal  order  of  society, 
might  be  effected  from  the  west  end  of  the  pro- 
vince, either  by  the  Tajamento,  or  the  Piave ; 
Carinthia  might  then  rank  among' the  most  inter- 
esting and  important  districts  of  Europe  ;  but  un- 
der the  bigoted,  blind,  and  unsocializing  policy  of 
Austria,  the  inhabitants  pass  away  their  time  in 
indolence  and  apathy,  such  supply  of  foreign  pro- 
ductions as  they  get  being  obtained  chiefly  by 
means  of  cattle,  which  they  drive  to  the  markets 
of  the  towns  of  Italy.  It  is  divided  for  local  juris- 
diction  into  two  parts.  Upper,  West ;  and  Lower, 
East;  the  former  containing  about  175,000 inhab- 
itants, and  the  latter  about  105,000.  The  princi- 
[»al  towns  in  the  upper  part  are  Gmund  and  Vil- 
ach,  and  in  the  lower,  Clagenfurt,  (which  is  the 
capital  of  the  duchy)  Wolfsberg,  Wolfenmarck, 
Pleyburg,  &c.  The  inhabitants,  who  speak  chiefly 
the  Sclavonian  language,  are  bigoted  adherents  to 
the  mummeries  of  the  Romish  church,  and  con- 
tribute to  the  Austrian  government  an  impost  of 
about  £250,000  English  per  annum. 

Cari.sbrook,  a  village  contiguous  to  Newport,  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  Eng.  remarkable  for  its  castle 
and  church,  which  are  both  very  ancient.  The 
church  had  once  a  convent  of  monks  annexed, 
part  of  which  is  now  a  farm-house,  still  retaining 
the  name  of  the  priory.  The  castle  stands  on  an 
eminence,  and  was  the  prison  of  Charles  1.  in 
1647,  before  he  wiis  delivered  to  the  parliament 
forces.  It  is  now  nominally  the  seat  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

Caristo,  or  Castel  Rosso,  an  episcopal  town  of 
Greece,  at  the  south  extremity  of  the  island  of 
Negropont.     Long.  21.  35.  E.  lat.  38.  34.  N. 

Carlely,  Old  and  New,  two  towns  on  the  coast 
of  West  Bothnia,  about  50  m.  N.  of  Wasa. 

Carlentini.     See  Lentini. 

Carlingford,  a  populous  parish  and  town  in  (he 
county  of  Louth,  Ireland.  The  parish  comprises 
a  promontory  between  Dundalk  and  Carlingford 
Bays;  and  in  1821,  contained  a  population  of 
10,921.  The  town  is  situate  on  the  south  shore 
of  the  bay  of  Carlingford,  and  is  noted  for  its  oys- 
ter fishery ;  it  is  a  corporate  town,  and  returned 
two  members  to  the  Irish  Parliament.  It  is  8  m. 
S.  of  Newry,  and  52  N.  of  Dublin,  and  in  1821 
contained  1,275  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  parish. 

Carlinwark,  or  Castle  Douglas,  a  village  of  Scot- 
land, at  the  N.  corner  of  a  lake  of  its  name,  7  m. 
N.  E.  of  Kirkcudbright,  with  a  considerable  manu- 
facture of  cotton.     Pop.  750. 

Carlisle,  a  city,  bishop's  see,  and  capital  of  th» 


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isr 


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county  of  Cumberland,  Eng.  is  situate  at  the  junc- 
tion of  three  rivers,  the  Calder,  Pettorill,  and 
Eden,  about  (5  m.  above  tlie  entrance  of  the  united 
streams  into  tlie  Solway  Frith,  and  13  m.  from 
the  S.  W.  frontier  of  Scotland.  Carlisle  has  held 
a  distinguished  rank  among  the  cities  of  England, 
in  every  period  of  British  history,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  been  first  founded  by  Luil,  a  native  Briton, 
long  before  the  irruption  of  the  Romans  into  Eng- 
land. The  contiguity  of  Carlisle  to  Scotland,  dur- 
ing the  less  social  habits  and  distinctiveness  of  in- 
terest, of  the  people  of  that  country,  frequently  ex- 
posed it  to  their  depredations ;  to  avoid  which, 
the  Romans,  on  tlioir  possessing  themselves  of 
this  part  of  England,  erected  a  wall  from  Solway 
Frith  to  the  German  Ocean,  which  included  Car- 
lisle on  one  side,  and  Newcastle  on  the  other, 
within  its  southern  limits.  After  the  departure 
of  the  Romans  frorn  England,  Carlisle  was  sur- 
rounded with  a  wall,  by  Egfrid,  king  of  Northum- 
berland ;  and  after  the  Norman  conquest  it  was 
further  protected  by  a  citadel  and  castle,  having 
three  gates,  called  the  English,  Irish,  and  Scot- 
tish, with  reference  to  their  bearing  on  the  side 
of  each  respective  country,  built  by  William  Ru- 
fus.  These  defences,  however,  did  not  prevent  it 
from  falling  into  the  possession  of  the  Scots,  who 
held  it  alternately  with  the  English  from  the  peri- 
od of  William  Rufus,  to  that  of  Henry  VII.;  it 
was  constituted  a  bishop's  see  by  Henry  I.,  de- 
stroyed by  fire  by  the  Scots,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  and  experienced  the  same  disaster  twice  in 
the  following  reign.  In  1568  the  castle  was  made 
the  prison  house  of  the  unfortunate  Mary  of  Scot- 
land ;  in  1645  it  surrendered,  through  famine,  to 
the  parliamentary  forces,  and  in  1745  fell  into  the 
possession  of  the  partizans  of  the  Pretender,  but 
was  immediately  after  retaken  by  the  duke  of 
Cumberland,  who  demolished  the  gates  and  part 
of  the  wall ;  and  it  has  since  that  period  enjoyed 
an  uninterrupted  tranquillity.  Since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century,  it  has  under- 
gone great  improvement :  on  the  site  of  the  cita- 
del two  commodious  court-houses  have  been 
erected,  the  county  gaol  rebuilt,  a  handsome 
stone  bridge  built  over  the  Eden,  with  other  im- 
provements, have  contributed  to  render  it  one  of 
the  most  agreeable  and  interesting  cities  of  Eng- 
land. The  castle  is  still  kept  in  repair,  and  serves, 
with  other  purposes,  for  a  magazine,  and  an  ar- 
moury of  about  10,000  stand  of  arms.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  stately  and  venerable  edifice,  partly  of 
Saxon  and  partly  of  Gothic  architecture ;  there 
are  two  other  churches,  as  well  as  several  secta- 
rian meeting  houses.  The  population,  which  in 
1800  was  10,875,  in  1810  was  12,531,  and  1821, 
15,476,  exclusive  of  about  1,000  in  an  adjoining 
out-parish.  The  cotton  manufacture  has  long 
been  established  here  upon  an  extended  scale, 
whilst  the  architectural  and  external  appparances 
of  the  city  indicate  great  prosperity.  The  con- 
veyance of  its  commodities  of  commer  .e  has  been 
facilitated  by  a  canal  to  the  Solway  I'rith,  and  it 
is  a  point  of  union  and  interchange  for  the  mails 
to  all  parts  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland. 
its  corporation  consists  of  a  mayor.  12  aldermen, 
&c.  It  returns  two  members  to  parliament,  and 
is  101  m.  S.  E.  of  Glasgow,  91  S.  by  E.  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  303  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Carlisle,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.,  20  m.  N.  W, 
Boston.     Pop.  566. 

Carlisle,  p.t.  Scnoharie  Co.  N.  Y.,  40  m.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  1,748. 

Carlisle,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Pa.,  18  m.  S.  W. 


Harrisburg.  It  is  a  pleasant  town  regularly  built , 
the  houses  are  generally  of  brick  or  limestone. 
Here  is  a  seminary  called  Dickinson  College, 
which  was  founded  in  1783.  It  was  suspended 
for  some  years,  but  is  now  in  operation.  It  has  4 
instructers,  21  students,  and  libraries  containing 
7,000  volumes.  There  are  two  vacations  in  April 
and  September,  of  ten  weeks.  Commencement 
is  in  September. 

*^*  There  are  also  townships  called  Carlisle  in 
Ken.  and  Indiana. 

Carlisle  Bay,  on  the   south  coast  of  Jamaica 
west  coast  of  Barbadoes  ;  and  island  of  Antigua 

Carlo,  an  island  oflt"  the  coast  of  East  Bothnia, 
about  20  miles  in  circumference  ;  it  is  opposite  to 
the  harbour  of  Leaborg. 

Carlobago,  a  town  of  Morlachia,  at  the  'bot  of 
a  craggy  rock,  near  the  channel  that  separates  the 
island  of  Pago  from  the  continent.  The  commerce 
consists  chiefly  of  wood.  Pop.  about  12,000.  It 
is  46  m.  S.  E.  of  Buccari.  Long.  15.  13.  E.  lat. 
44.  55.  N. 

Carlo,  St.,  a  city  in  the  interior  of  the  new  Co- 
lombian province  of  Apure,  situate  on  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  Apure  River,  about  85  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Valencia.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  de- 
scendants of  settlers  from  the  Canary  Isles,  who 
are  more  industrious  and  social  than  those  from 
Spain.  Under  the  newly  formed  government  of 
Colombia,  St.  Carlo  promises  to  become  a  flour- 
ishing place,  being  situate  in  a  very  fertile 
country,  affording  great  inducements  to  agricul- 
tural enterprise.  Pop.  in  1826,  about  10,000;  but 
since  that  period  it  has  greatly  increased. 

*^*  There  are  several  other  towns  in  Old  Spain, 
and  her  late  dominions  in  America,  dedicated  to 
San  Carlo,  but  they  are  all  unimportant. 

Carlo  de  Monterey,  San,  the  principal  settlement 
of  New  California,  on  the  west  coast,  of  N.  Ame- 
rica, in  the  lat.  of  36.  36.  N.  and  121.  34.  of  W. 
long.  It  is  beautifully  situated  within  a  small 
bay  of  the  same  name,  first  discovered  by  Cabril- 
lo  in  1542.  It  was  afterwards  visited  by  the 
count  de  Monterey,  from  whom  it  received  iin 
present  name.  The  forests  and  mountains  pri 
elude  much  intercourse  with  the  interior ;  no 
does  it  appear  that  there  is  any  considerable  rivet 
either  north  or  south,  for  some  distance,  other 
wise  it  would  be  an  inviting  spot  for  colonizn. 
tion. 

Carlow,  or  Cathc.rlogh,  an  interior  county  in  ili6 
S  E.  part  of  Ireland;  u  is  bounded  on  the  west 
by  the  Barrow  River,  which  divides  it  from  the 
county  of  Kilkenny,  and  is  intersected  on  the 
east  by  the  Slany  River,  which  falls  into  Wex- 
ford Haven  ;  it  is  one  of  the  smallest  counties  of 
Ireland,  but  exceedingly  fertile  ;  its  butter,  out 
of  the  produce  of  which  the  absentee  rentals  and 
other  exactions  are  mainly  discharsrcd,  is  the  most 
esteemed  of  any  in  the  country.  The  only  towns 
besides  Carlow,  the  capital,  are  Tullow  and  Hack- 
etsown. 

Carloto,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding  couitt  ', 
is  situate  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Barrow  river, 
at  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  county,  bordering 
on  Queen's  county.  In  1821  it  contained  8,035 
inhabitants  ;  the  ruins  of  a  castle  overhanging  the 
river,  the  ruing  of  a  very  fine  abbey,  a  convent, 
and  Roman  Catholic  college,  are  the  principal 
objects  of  interest  in  the  town.  It  has  also  a  re- 
spectable market-house,  county  court-house,  gaol 
and  cavalry  barracks,  and  manufactures  some 
woolen  cloths.  It  is  one  of  the  31  places  in  Ire- 
land each  of  which  returns  one  member  to  the  par 


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liament  of  the  United  Kingdom.  It  is  18  m.  N.  E. 
of  the  city  of  Kilkenn^y^  and  39  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Carlowitz,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  where  a  peace 
was  concluded  between  the  Turks  and  Germans, 
in  IGGi).  It  is  seated  on  the  south  bank  of  tlie 
Danube,  just  below  Peterwaraden,  38  m.  N.  W.  of 
Belgrade.     Pop.  about  5,600. 

Curlshad,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  celebrated  for  its  hot  baths,  discovered  by 
the  emperor  Charles  IV.  as  he  was  hunting.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Topel.  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Egra,  24  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Eger,  and  70  S.  E.  of 
Dresden.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Carlshurg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Bremen,  on  the  river  Geeste,  at  the  mouth  of 
Ihe  Weser,  30  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Bremen  Long  8. 
45.  E.  lat.  53.  32.  N 

Car/stero-,  a  city  of  Transylvania.  (See  Weis- 
senhurg.) 

Cartscrona,  or  Carlscroon,  a  city  and  seaport  of 
Sweden,  in  Blekingen.  It  was  founded  in  1080 
by  Charles  XL,  who  removed  the  fleet  from 
Stockholm  to  this  place,  on  account  of  its  cen- 
tral situation,  and  the  superiority  of  its  harbour, 
the  entrance  of  which  is  defended  by  two  strong 
forts.  Tlie  greatest  part  of  the  town  is  built  of 
wood,  and  stands  upon  a  small  rocky  island,  which 
rises  gently  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  The  suburbs 
extend  over  another  small  rock,  and  along  the 
mole,  close  to  the  basin  where  the  fleet  is  moored; 
and  are  fortified,  towards  the  land,  by  a  stone 
wall.  Here  are  excellent  docks  for  tlie  repairing 
and  building  of  ships,  foundries  for  cannon,  and 
manufactures  of  gunpowder,  ropes,  sails,  &c.  The 
Admiralty  Board  was  transferred  buck  to  Stock- 
holm ni  1770.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
15,000.  It  is  220  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Stockholm. 
Long.  15.  2(5.  E.  lat.  50.  7.  N. 

Ca.Jshavcn,  or  Carlskamm,  a  town  of  Sweden, 
in  Blekingen,  with  a  woolen  manufacture,  a  forgo 
for  copper,  and  a  timber  yard,  22  m.  W.  of  Carls- 
crona. 

Carlsruhe,  a  town  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
territory  of  the  grand  duke  of  Baden,  and  recent- 
ly adopted  as  the  seal  of  government.  It  was 
first  founded  in  1715,  but  has  not  been  of 
much  importance  until  subsequent  to  tlie  peace 
of  1814  ;  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French 
in  17!)G  ;  the  streets  are  laid  out  in  regular  order ; 
the  ducal  palace  is  in  the  centre  of  tlie  town,  and 
has  a  lofty  spire,  and  being,  as  well  as  several 
other  public  buildings,  with  the  houses  generally, 
built  of  stone,  the  wliole  presents  rather  an  im- 
posing appearance.  The  population  in  1826, 
amounted  to  about  12,000.  It  is  about  40  m.  N. 
bv  E.  of  Strasburg,  and  about  the  same  distance 
W.  by  N.  of  Stuttgard. 

Carlstadt,  the  capital  of  Croatia,  with  a  for- 
tress; seated  on  the  Kulpa,  a  branch  of  the  Save, 
at  the  influx  of  the  Corona,  180  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
"Vienna,  and  45  E.  N.  E.  of  Fiume. 

Carlstadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Wer- 
meland,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  stands  on  the 
north  side  of  the  lake  Wener,  and  on  the  island 
of  Tingwalla,  which  is  formed  by  two  branches 
of  the  Clara,  The  houses  are  built  of  wood,  and 
painted ;  the  episcopal  palace  is  also  of  wood,  and 
has  an  extensive  front.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a  trade  in  copper,  iron,  and  wood  across  I  lie 
lake.  It  is  155  m.  west  of  Stockholm.  Pop. 
about  ]  ,500. 

Carlstadt,  a  town  of  Franoonia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Wurtzburg,  seated  on  the  Maine,  13  ra. 
K.  by  W.  of  Wurtzburjr.     It  is  now    included 


in  the  Bavarian  circle    of  Lower    Maine,     f  •  p. 
about  2,200. 

Carlton,  there  are  about  30  villages  of  this 
name  in  different  parts  of  England,  probably  de- 
rived from  the  Saxon  word  Carle,  implying  a 
small  or  mean  town. 

Carviagnola,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  with 
a  citadel,  seated  on  a  small  river,  which  runs  into 
the  Po,  14  m.  south  of  Turin.     Pep.  about  ]2,00C. 

Car.  For  some  places  that  begin  thus,  see  un- 
der Caer,  and  Kar. 

Carntel,  a  mountain  of  Syria,  in  Palestine, 
about  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  Bay  of  Acre  ;  noted  for  having 
been  the  retreat  of  the  prophet  Elias,  and  for  a 
monastery  of  Carmelites.  It  is  50  m.  N.  of 
Jerusalem. 

Carmel,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop.  237. 

Carmel,  p.t.  Putnam  Co.  New  York,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  88  m.  south  of  Albany. 
Pop.  2,379. 

Carmi,  p.t.  White  Co.  Illinois,  on  the  Little 
Wabash. 

Carmona,  a  town  of  Italy  in  Austrian  Fiiuli, 
on  a  mountain  near  the  river  Indri,  7  m.  N.  SV. 
of  Goritz. 

Carmona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with 
many  remains  of  ancient  walls,  inscriptions,  «SLc. 
The  gate  towards  Seville  is  one  of  the  most  ex- 
traordinary pieces  of  antiquity  in  all  Spain  ;  and 
its  castle,  now  in  ruins,  was  formerly  of  immense 
extent.  It  is  seated  on  a  high  hill,  24  m.  E.  N 
E.  of  Seville. 

Can-natie,  a  territory  of  Hindoostan  extending 
along  the  east  coast  from  Cape  Comorin,  the 
southern  extremity  of  Asia,  in  the  lat.  of  8.  4.  N. 
to  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kristna  in  the  lat.  of  16. 
N.  varying  in  breadth  from  50  to  100  miles, 
bounded  on  tne  west  by  the  Mysore,  and  on  the 
E.  for  about  two  degrees  of  lat.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Manara  and  Palks  Strait,  which  divides  it  from 
the  north  end  of  the  island  of  Ceylon,  the  re- 
mainder of  its  eastern  boundary  being  better 
known  by  the  name  of  the  coast  of  Coromandel. 
The  principal  towns  on  the  coast,  beginning 
from  the  south  are  Negapatam,  Pondicherry,  Ma- 
dras, Pullicat,  and  Gangapatara,  and  those  in  the 
interior,  beginning  also  from  the  south,  are 
Tinevelly,  Madura,  Tritchinopoly,  Tanjore,  Ar- 
cot,  Nellore,  and  Ongole.  Numerous  streams 
and  rivers  from  the  westward  intersect  this  terri- 
tory, the  principal  of  which  are  the  Cauverj ,  Cud- 
dalore,  Paliare,  and  Pennar.  The  soil  is  various  in 
quality,  being  in  some  places  exceedingly  fertile, 
and  in  others  sandy  and  barren  ;  the  inhabitants 
are  occasionally  exposed  to  great  privations  for 
want  of  water.  Since  1801,  it  has  been  uninter- 
ruptedly possessed  by  the  British,  and  included  in 
the  presidency  of  Madras,  which  see. 

Carnawl,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Dehli.  Here  in  1739,  Kouli  Khan  gain- 
ed a  victory  over  the  army  of  the  great  mogul ; 
and  in  1761,  the  Seiks,  under  Abdalla,  defeated 
the  Mahrattas.  It  is  seated  at  the  junction  of 
the  Hissar  canal  with  the  Jumna.  It  is  80  m. 
N.  W.  of  Dehli. 

Carnesville,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Geo.  114  m.  N 
Milletigeville. 

Carniola,  duchy  of,  a  territory  of  the  Austria.! 
empire,  lying  between  the  lat.  of  45.  30.  and  46 
30.  N.  and  13.  25.  and  15.  40.  of  E.  long,  com 
prising  an  area  of  about  4,600  square  miles,  anti 
containing  about  400,000  inhabitants.  It  il 
bounded  on   the  north  by  Low»y:  Carinthia  th# 


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Bouth-west  point  jetting  upon  the  gulf  of  Trieste. 
It  is  intersected  from  the  north-west  to  the  south- 
east by  the  Save  river,  which  receives  several 
tributary  streams,  both  from  the  north  and  south. 
In  feature,  character,  and  productions,  it  is  very 
similar  to  Carintliia,  somewhat  more  diversified 
and  fertile,  and  having  the  advantage  of  a  nearer 
proximity  to  the  sea,  the  inhabitants  are  some- 
what more  active  and  enterprising.  It  is  divided 
into  four  parts,  viz.  Upper,  north ;  Inner,  south- 
west; Middle  and  Lower,  south-east.  Laybach, 
in  the  middle  district.,  is  the  chief  town.  For 
commercial  purposes  it  has  the  advantage  of  the 
port  of  Fiume,  as  well  as  Trieste. 

Curolath,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  princi- 
pality of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Uder,  14 
ni.  N.  W.  of  Glogau. 

Carolitia,  a  to-va  of  Spain  in  Andalusia,  the 
#l«ef  of  a  new  colony  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
fcji>;rra  Morena.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  towering 
above  the  whole  settlement,  20  m.  ]\.  E.  of  An- 
duxar. 

Carolina,  See  Korth  and  South  Carolina. 
Caroline  a  county  of  Maryland,  bounded  on  the 
east  by  Kent  county,  state  of  Delaware,  and  on 
the  west  by  the  Tuckapo  and  Choptank  Rivers, 
which  fall  into  Chesapeak  Bay.  Pop.  9,070. 
Denton  is  the  chief  town. 

Caroline,  an  interior  county  in  the  District  of 
Virginia,  bounded  on  the  north-east  by  the  Rap- 
pahannock River,  and  south-west  by  the  North 
Anna  River.  Its  area  is  about  20  miles  each  way, 
or  400  square  miles,  and  is  tolerably  fertile.  Fop. 
17,774.  Above  one  half  of  tlie  population  are 
slaves.    Bowling  Green,  is  the  chief  town. 

Caroline,  p.t.  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y.  399  m.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  2,633. 

Caroline  Islands,  a  range  of  islands  in  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  in  ]()8(j,  by  the  Span- 
iards, in  the  reign  of  C'harles  II.  Tliey  lie  to  the 
east  of  the  Philippines,  between  138.  and  155,  E. 
long,  and  &.  and  11.  N.  lat.  They  are  aboui  6\i 
in  number,  and  populous;  the  natives  resembling 
those  of  the  Philippines.  The  most  considerable 
island  is  Ilogoleu,  about  90  m.  long  and  40 
broad :  the  next  is  Yap,  at  the  west  extremity 
of  this  chain,  but  not  above  a  third  part  of  that 
size.  They  have  been  little  visited  by  recent 
navigators. 

Caroon,  Lake  of.     See  Kairoun. 
Caroor.     See  Carvru. 

Carora,  a  city  of  Colombia,  in  the  province  of 
Venezuela,  situate  about  45  m.  from  the  strait 
that  separates  the  gulf  from  the  lake  of  Mara- 
caibo,  and  150  m.  west  of  Valencia.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  a  stream  called  the  Morera,  that  runs 
east  into  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The  inhabitants, 
about  6,000  in  number,  subsist  principally  by 
means  of  cattle  and  mules,  which  they  drive  to 
the  coast  for  transhipment  to  the  West  India 
islands.  The  surrounding  country  produces  a 
variety  of  odoriferous  balsams  and  aromatics, 
which  under  social  arrangements  might  be  made 
to  constitute  an  extensive  and  reciprocal  external 
commerce. 

Carpathian  Mountains,  a  crand  clyiin  which 
jJivides  Hungary  and  Tr.ansylvania  from  Poland 
on  tne  north  and  north-east,  and  from  Moravia  on 
the  north-west,  extending  about  500  m. 

Carpendolo,  a  town  of  the  Bresciano,  on  the 
Chiese,  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Brescia.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Carpentaria,  a  large  bay  on  the  north  coast  of 
,5f«»w  Ho"«»>»d    discovered,  in  J6)8  hf       Dutch 


captain,  named  Carpenter.  That  part  of  the 
country  which  borders  on  the  east  side  of  the  bay 
is  also  called  Carpentaria.  It  has  about  1 ,200  ra 
of  coast,  and  some  good  harbour-j.  It  is  frequent- 
ed by  Chinese  junks  to  fish  for  me  Beech-le  -mar, 
one  of  the  most  delicious  of  the  finny  tribe, 
which  supcrabound  at  the  entrance  of  this  bay. 

Carpentrus ,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vaucluse.  It  wj*"*  '....lerly  the  capital 
of  Venaissin,  and  a  tlouop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Auson,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  14  m.  N.  E. 
of  Avignon.  Pop.  about  9,000. 

Car-pi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese  with  a 
fortifiied  castle,  and  a  good  trade.  It  stands  on  a 
canal  to  the  Secchia  eight  miles  north  of  Modena. 

Carpi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese,  where 
a  victory  was  gained  by  the  Austrians  over  the 
French,  in  1701.  It  is  seated  on  the  Adige,  24 
m.  S.  E.  of  Verona. 

Car  rick  on  Shannon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital 
of  the  county  of  Leitrim.  It  is  a  small  place, 
seated  on  the  Shannon,  78  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Dub- 
lin.    Pop.  in  1821,1,673. 

Carrick  on  Suir,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tippera- 
ry,  famous  for  its  woolen  cloth,  called  ratteen. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Suir,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Cashel, 
and  10  W.  N.  W.  of  Waterford.  Pop.  in  1821. 
7,466. 

Carrickfergus,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  Ire- 
land, chief  town  of  the  county  of  Antrim,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  its  name,  in  tne 
Irish  channel,  88  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Dublin,  and  8 
from  Belfast.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1821,  3,711, 
and  of  the  parish  8,023. 

Carrickmacross ,  a  tovv'n  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Monaghan,  19  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Monaghan, 
and  44  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,641. 

Carrion  dc  los  Condes,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon 
on  the  frontiers  of  Old  Castile.  It  has  ten  parish 
churches,  ten  convents,  and  two  hospitals ;  and 
is  seated  on  the  river  Carrion,  18  m.  N.  of  Pla- 
centia,  and  40  W.  of  Burgos. 

Carroll,  a  county  at  the  western  extremity  of 
Tennessee,  bordering  on  Wood  Lake,  contiguoua 
to  the  Mississippi  River.  Pop.  9,378.  Hunting- 
don is  the  chief  town 

Carrolton,   p.t.    Green  Co.  Illinois,  48  m.W.^^- 
of  Vandalia.  ~ 

Carrolville,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Alab. 

Carron,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Stirlingshire  ^ 
which  rises  on  the  south  side  of  the  Campsey  hilla 
and  flows  into  the  frith  of  Forth,  below  Falkirk. 
Two  miles  from  its  source,  it  forms  a  fine  cascade, 
called  the  Fall  of  Auchinlilly  ;  and  near  its  mouth 
commences  the  Great  Canal  from  the  Forth  to 
the  Clyde. 

Carron,  a  village  of  ScotLind,  in  Stirlingshire, 
on  the  river  Carron,  two  miles  from  Falkirk,  cel- 
ebrated for  the  greatest  iron-works  in  Europe. 
These  works  employ  about  3,000  men  ;  and,  on  . 
an  average,  use  weekly  800  tons  of  coal,  400  tons 
of  ironstone,  and  100  tons  of  limestone.  All  sorts 
of  iron  goods  are  made  iiere,  from  the  most  trifling 
article  to  the  largest  cannon;  and  the  short  piece 
of  ordnance  called  a  carronade  hence  received  lia 
name.  The  trade  in  coke  and  lime  is  also  consid- 
erable. These  works  were  erected  in  1761,  and 
are  carried  on  by  a  chartered  company. 

Carru,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  province  of 
Mondoni,  8  ni.  S.  S.  of  Bene.  Pop.  about  4,000, 
Cart,  two  rivers  in  Scotland,  in  Renfrewshire, 
distinguished  by  the  appellation  of  Black  and 
White.  The  Black  Cart  issues  from  the  lake 
LochwinrfH-ii :  tlie  White  Cart  descends  from  the 


CAR 


1(» 


CAb 


north-east  angle  of  the  county  ;  and  they  both 
flow  into  the  Gryfe,afew  miles  before  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Clyde. 

Cartago,  a  city  and  capital  of  Costa  Rica,  and 

a  bishop's  see.     It  stands  on  a  river  of  the  same 

name,  50  ra.  from  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

and  about  the  same  from  Lake  Nicaragua.     Long. 

,   84.  10.  W.  lat.  10.  15.  N. 

Cartago,  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  Colom- 
bia, in  the  valley  of  Popayan,  about  100  m.  W.  of 
■'    Bogota.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Cartama,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Guadala  Medi- 
na, 8  m.  N.  W.  of  Malaga. 

Carter,  a  frontier  county  at  the  north-east  ex- 
tremity of  Tennessee,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the 
Iron,  Yellow,  and  Stone  mountains  which  divide 
it  from  North  Carolina.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Watonga,  a  branch  of  the  Tennessee  River.  Pop. 
6,418.  Elizabeth  Town,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
county  is  the  chief  town. 

Carteret,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  south  of  Pamlico  Sound. 
It  is  a  swampy  and  dreary  district.  Pop.  6,607. 
Beaufort,  is  the  chief  town. 

Carteret  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
Been  by  Captain  Carteret  in  1767.  It  is  six  leagues 
lonir  from  east  to  west.  Long.  159. 14.  E.  lat.  8. 
'-       26.  S. 

Cartersville,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Va.  on  James 
river,  40  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Richmond. 

Carthage,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  177  m.  N.  W. 
\  Albany.  Also  a  village  in  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  Genesee,  a  little  below  the  falls.  Also  towns 
in  N.  C,  Ten.,  and  Ohio. 

Carthage,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  ^he  east  coast 
of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  near  which  stood  the  fa- 
mous city  of  Carthage,  razed  by  the  Romans,  and 
.  some  of  the  ruins  are  to  be  seen  on  the  coast.  It 
is  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Tunis.  Long.  10.  20.  E.  lat.  36. 
60.  N. 

Carthagena,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  built 
by  Asdrubal,  a  Carthaginian  general,  and  named 
after  the  city  of  Carthage.  It  is  the  see  of  a  bish- 
op, and  a  great  mart  for  merchandise.  It  has  the 
best  harbour  in  Spain ;  also  the  most  considerable 
docks  and  magazines.  The  principal  crops  of  ba- 
rilla are  produced  in  its  vicinity ;  and  a  fine  red 
earth,  called  almagra,  used  in  polishing  mirrors, 
and  preparing  tobacco  for  snuff.  Carthagena  was 
taken  by  Sir  John  Leak  in  1706,  but  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick  retook  it.  It  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  27  m.  S.  of  Murcia.  Long.  1.  0.  W. 
lat.  37.  35.  N.  and 240.  S.  S.  E.  of  Madrid.  Pop. 
about  25,000. 

Carthagena,  a  city  of  South  A  merica,  in  the  New 
Colombian  province  of  Magdalena.  It  is  situate 
on  an  island  off  the  shore  of  the  Caribbean  Sea, 
in  the  lat.  of  10.25.  N.  and  75.  27.  of  W.  long, 
about  70  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Magda- 
lena, and  180  N.  N.  E.  of  the  Gulf  of  Darien.  It 
has  a  commodious  and  safe  harbour,  and  for  near- 
ly three  centuries  has  ranked  among  the  most  con- 
siderable cities  of  America.  It  was  the  port  first 
resorted  to  by  galleons  from  Spain  during  the  mo- 
nopoly of  the  commerce  of  America  with  that 
country.  It  has  experienced  various  alternations 
of  fortune,  having  been  several  times  captured, 
and  was  an  object  of  severe  contention  between 
the  royalist  and  republican  forces  from  1815  down 
to  the  pe.-iod  of  the  final  extinction  of  Spanish 
domination  in  America  in  1823.  The  island  is 
united  to  the  main  land  by  two  wooden  bridores. 
The  houses  are  chiefly  built  of  stone,  and  it  has 
22 


several  churches  and  convents,  some  of  whicn  ar* 
elegant  edifices.  Its  harbour  will  doubtless  con- 
tribute towards  its  retaining  a  high  rank  among 
the  cities  and  seaports  of  the  new  republic.  Pop. 
in  1826,  about  26,000. 

Cartmd,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  It  has 
a  spacious  old  church,  with  a  curious  tower, 
being  a  square  within  a  square,  the  upper  part 
set  diagonally  within  the  lower.  It  is  seated 
among  the  hills  called  Cartmel  Fells,  not  far 
from  the  sea,  14  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lancaster,  and  254 
N.  N.  W.  London.  Pop.  371,  and  of  the  parish 
4,923. 

Carura,  or  Caroor,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  ♦ 
the  province  of  Coimbetore,  with  a  neat  fort,  in 
which  is  a  large  temple.  Much  suwar-cane  is 
raised  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  seated  on  the  Amara- 
wati,  eight  miles  above  its  confluence  with  the 
Cavery,  and  37  N.  E.  of  Daraporam. 

Carver,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  40  m.  S. 
Boston.  Pop.  976.  This  town  furnishes  much 
bog  iron  ore,  and  several  furnaces  are  employed 
in  manufacturing  the  metal. 

Carwar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Canara,  and  a  British  settlement.  It  is  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Aliga,  50  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Goa.     Long.  74.  14.  E.  lat.  14.  52.  N. 

Casac,  or  Cazac,  a  country  in  the  dominion  of 
Persia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Armenia,  governed  by 
princes  of  its  own,  nominally  subject  to  Persia. 
The  inhabitants  are  descended  from  the  Cossacs, 
and  represented  as  a  rude  and  barbarous  people. 
Casac  or    Cazac  Lora,  is  the  name  of  the  capital. 

Casagiande.  a  town  of  New  Mexico,  in  the 
north  part  of  New  Navarre.  Here  is  an  immense 
edifice,  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  the  ancient 
Mexicans  for  a  fortress  :  it  consists  of  three 
floors,  with  a  terrace  above  them  ;  and  the  en- 
trance is  at  the  second  floor,  so  that  a  scaling-ladder 
was  necessary.     Long.  113.  23.  W.  lat.  33.  40.  N. 

Casale,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  lately  the  capital  of 
Lower  Montferrat,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Its  castle, 
citadel,  and  all  its  fortifications  have  been  demol- 
ished. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Po,  37  m.  N.  E. 
of  Turin.     Pop.  about  15,000. 

Casale  Maggiore,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy 
of  Milan,  on  the  river  Po,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cre- 
mona.    Pop.  about  4,900. 

Casale  Kuova,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore.  An  earthquake  happened  here  in 
1783,  by  which  upward  of  4,000  inhabitants  lost 
their  lives.  It  stands  near  the  sea,  11  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Oppido. 

\*  There  are  numerous  other  towns  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Italy  either  named  Carole,  or  to 
which  it  is  perfixed. 

Casbin,  or  Caswin,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac 
Agmei,  where  several  of  the  kings  of  Persia  have 
resided.  Nadir  Shah  built  a  palace  here,  inclosed 
by  a  wall  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference ; 
and  the  town  is  surrounded  by  another  four  miles 
in  circuit.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade,  and  is  sea- 
ted near  the  south  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  in  a 
sandy  plain,  280  m.  N.  W.  of  Ispahan.  Long. 
50. 10.  E.  lat.  36.  8.  N.     Pop.  estimated  at  60,000. 

Cascaes,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Tagus,  on  the  north  bank,  near 
the  rock,  17  m.  west  of  Lisbon.     Pop.  2,500. 

Casco  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  state  ofMaine,  between 
Cape  Elizabeth  and  Cape  Small  Point,  leading 
into  the  harbour  of  Portland.  It  is  25  m.  wide, 
and  interspersed  with  a  great  number  of  small 
islands.     Long.  69.  30.  W.  lat.  43.  40.  N. 

Caserta,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Laror*. 


C::ia 


no 


CAS 


H"re  .8  a  magnilicent  royal  palace  :  and  a  grand 
modern  aqueduct,  which  furnislies  a  great  part  of 
the  city  of  Naples  with  water.  Most  of  the  build- 
ings were  greatly  damaged  by  an  earthquake  in 
1303.  It  is  15  m.  N.  of  Naples.  Pop.  about  16,000. 
Casey,  an  interior  county  of  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky. Pop.  4,342.  Liberty  is  the  chief  town. 
Cashan.     See  Kasan. 

Cashel,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Tipperary,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It 
had  formerly  a  wall ;  and  part  of  two  gates  are 
still  remaining.  The  old  cathedral  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  first  stone  edifice  in  Ireland.  A 
synod  was  held  here  by  Henry  I.  in  1158,  by  which 
the  kingdom  of  Ireland  was  confirmed  to  him. 
The  new  cathedral  is  an  elegant  edifice  ;  it  has 
several  other  public  buildings,  and  barracks  for  in- 
^ntrv.  It  is  seated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Suir,  43 
m.  N".  N.  E.  of  Cork,  and  77.  S.  S.  W.  of  Dublia. 
Pop.   in  1821,  5,974. 

Cashgur,  or  Little  Bokharia,  a  country  of  Usbec 
Tartary,  which  commences  on  the  north  and  north- 
east of  Cashmere  in  llindoostan  (from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  Himmaleh  mountains)  and  ex- 
tends to  41.  N.  lat.  Great  part  of  it  is  a  sandy 
desert ;  the  other  parts  are  populous  and  fertile. 
Here  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  which  the  na- 
tives do  not  work,  because  they  are  employed 
wholly  in  feeding  cattle.  The  musk-animals  are 
found  in  this  country.  It  likewise  produces  dia- 
monds and  several  other  precious  stones.  Ireken 
is  the  capital. 

Cashgur,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  formerly  the 
capital  of  the  country  of  the  same  name.  It  has 
a  good  trade  with  the  neighbouring  countries, 
and  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  Himmaleh  Mountains, 
11m.  S  of  Ireken.   Long.  73.  25.  E.  lat.  41.  30.  N. 

Cashmere,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  subject  to 
the  king  of  Candahar,  or  sultan  of  the  Afghans, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Indus,  north  by  Mount 
Himmaleh,  and  east  and  south  by  Lahore.  It  is 
an  elevated  valley,  90  m.  long  and  •")0  broad,  lying 
between  the  34th  and  35th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  and  73. 
to  76.  of  E.  long,  surrounded  by  steep  mountains, 
which  tower  above  the  regions  of  snow.  The  pe- 
riodical rains,  which  almost  deluge  the  rest  of  In- 
dia, are  shut  out  of  Cashmere  by  the  height  of  the 
mountains,  so  that  only  light  showers  fall  here  : 
but  these  are  sufficiently  abundant  to  feed  some 
hundreds  of  cascades,  which  are  precipitated  into 
the  valley.  The  soil  is  the  richest  that  can  be 
conceived,  and  its  productions  those  of  the  tem- 
perate zone.  Numerous  streams,  from  all  quar- 
ters of  the  valley,  bring  their  tribute  to  the  Che- 
lum,  a  large  navigable  river,  running  from  east  to 
west,  falling  into  the  Indus.  It  contains  several 
small  lakes,  some  of  which  contain  floating  islands. 
But  the  country  is  subject  to  eartliquakes ;  and 
to  guard  acrainst  their  most  terrible  effects,  all  the 
houses  are  built  of  wood.  Among  other  curious 
manufactures  of  Cashmere  is  that  of  shawls  ;  and 
the  delicate  wool  of  which  the  finest  are  made  is 
the  product  of  a  species  of  goat  of  this  country, 
or  of  the  adjoining  Thibet.  Here  are  bred  a  spe- 
cies of  sheep,  called  Hundoo,  which  are  employed 
in  carry'no-  burdens.  The  Cashmereans  are  stout 
and  well  made,  but  their  features  often  coarse  and 
broad :  even  the  women  are  -^  \  deep  brown 
complexion  ;  but  they  are  gay  and  lively,  and  fond 
of  parties  of  pleasure  on  their  beautiful  lakes. 
They  have  a  language  of  their  own,  said  to 
be  an  interior  to  that  of  the  Sanscrit ;  and   a  reli- 

?ion  too,  it  is  thought,  different  fr"i  i  that  of  the 
Ilndoos.     The  superstition  of  the  mhabitants  has 


multiplied  the  places  of  worship  of  Mahadoe 
Beschan, and Brama.  All  Cashmere  is  holy  land, 
and  miraculous  fountains  abound.  In  addition  to 
their  shawls,  in  the  manufacture  of  which  about 
16,000  looms  are  supposed  to  be  employed,  saffron, 
otto  of  roses,  and  some  drugs,  form  the  chief  arti- 
cles of  commerce. 

Cashmere,  or  Serinaghur,  a  city  of  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  the  province  or  valley  of  Cashmere. 
Here  are  many  fountains,  reservoirs,  and  temples. 
The  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty.  The  houses, 
many  of  them  two  and  three  stories  high,  are 
slightly  built  of  brick  and  mortar,  with  a  large  in- 
termixture of  timber ;  and  on  the  roof  is  laid  a 
covering  of  fine  earth,  which  is  planted  with  a  va- 
riety of  flowers.  This  city  is  without  walls,  and 
seated  on  both  sides  of  the  Chelum,  285  m.  E. 
by  S.  of  Cabul.    Long.  73.  11.  E.  lat.  33.  49.  N. 

Cashna.     See  Cassina. 

Cashville,  p.v.  Spartanburg  Dis.  S.  C.  110  m. 
N.  Columbia. 

Caspe,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  where  Fer- 
dinand IV.  was  elected  king  of  Arragon.  It  stands 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Guadalupe  and  Ebro, 
35  m.  S.   of  Balbastro,  and  44  S.  E.  of  Saragossa. 

Caspian  Sea,  a  large  inland  sea  of  Western 
Asia,  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Persian  prov- 
ince of  Mazandran,  in  the  lat.  of  36.  40.  and  north 
by  the  Russian  government  of  Astracan,  in  the 
lat.  of  46.  50.,  thus  being  about  700  m.  in  length 
from  south  to  north ;  its  eastern  and  western 
boundaries  are  very  irregular,  extending  from  the 
long,  of  46.  30.  to  57.,  whilst  the  mean  breadth 
does  not  exceed  260  miles,  The  eastern  coast  is 
indented  by  several  bays,  the  more  prominent  of 
which  are  Calkan,  in  the  lat.  of  39.,  Alexander,  in 
43.,  and  Mertvoi,  or  Koultjouk,  in  45.  N.  The 
Persian  province  of  Khorassan  exterids  along  the 
east  coast  to  the  Bay  of  Balkan,  and  further 
north  the  east  coast  is  occupied  by  the  Turcomans, 
Kirgees,  and  other  Tartar  tribes;  and  the  west 
coast  by  the  governments  of  Ghilan,  Baku,  Dc-- 
bent,  and  the  Caucasus.  Numerous  rivers  flow 
into  this  sea  from  all  points,  the  most  important 
of  which  are  the  Oural,  the  Volga,  and  the  former 
at  its  north  extremity  and  the  latter  at  the  N.  W. 
It  contains  several  islands  near  both  the  eastern 
and  western  coasts,  and  the  depth  is  very  irregu- 
lar, being  in  some  places  unfathomable  with  a  hue 
of  450  fathoms,  whilst  in  other  places  the  naviga-  ^ 
tion  is  diflicult  with  vessels  drawing  only  10  feet  of 
water  ;  the  water  is  as  salt  as  that  of  the  ocean, 
with  a  bitter  taste,  which  taste  is  ascribed  to  the 
prevalence  of  the  naphtha  on  the  western  coast. 
(See  Baku.)  Its  waters  have  no  visible  outlet, 
their  equilibrium  must  therefore  be  maintained 
either  by  subterraneous  channels,  or  by  evapora- 
tion. Salmon,  sturgeon,  and  other  fish  abound  in 
all  parts  of  this  sea,  and  seals  are  extremely  nu- 
merous. Of  birds  properly  aquatic,  it  contains 
the  grebe,  the  crested  diver-  the  pelican,  the  cor- 
morant, and  several  species  o/luII,  while  geese, 
ducks,  storks,  herons,  crows,  &o.,  frequent  the 
shores.  The  Russiana  are  tl.  <  nly  people  who 
derive  much  benefit  from  this  great  natural  basin, 
althouo-h  so  well  calculated  to  facilitate  an  exten- 
sive and  reciprocal  intercour4e  between  all  its 
surrounding  nations  ;  and  were  a  communication 
to  be  effected  with  the  Black  Sea,  by  means  of  ca- 
nals, Europe  at  large  might  participate  in  the  ad 
vantages  of  an  extended  intercourse. 

Cassandria,  a  town  of  Holland,  on  the  S.  W. 
side  of  the  island  of  Cadsand,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Zwin,  three  miles  north  of  S'    -  s 


CAS 


171 


CAS 


'  Cassano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  with  a 
castle.  Here  prince  Eugene,  in  1705,  was  check- 
ed, attempting  to  force  the  passage  of  the  Adda  ; 
and  in  1799  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  Aus- 
trians.  It  is  seated  on  the  Adda,  15  m.  N.  E.  of 
Milan. 

Cassano.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Cite- 
riore,  24  m.  N.  W.  of  Rossano,  and  50  E.  S.  E.  of 
Policastro. 

Cassay,  or  Meekleij,  a  country  of  Asia,  bound- 
ed on  the  west  by  Bengal,  north  by  Assam,  east 
and  S.  E.  by  Birmah,  and  S.  W.  by  Aracan.  The 
inhabitants  are  called  Mugguloos,  a  tribe  of 
rude  mountaineers  little  known.  It  is  now 
subject  to  the  Birmans.  Munnypour  is  the 
capital. 

Cassel,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  Lower 
Hesse,  and  seat  of  the  court  and  government  of 
the  electorate  of  Hesse.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old 
Town,  Lower  New  Town,  and  Upper  New  Town ; 
the  former  towns  are  chiefly  built  in  the  ancient 
style,  but  the  last  is  very  regular  and  handsome 
The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  25,000,  and  they 
have  manufactures  of  linen,  cloth,  hats,  procelam, 
&c.  Here  is  a  college,  founded  by  the  landgrave 
in  1709.  The  castle,  or  palace,  the  gardens,  the  arse- 
nal, the  foundery,  and  the  cabinet  of  curiosities,  de- 
serve the  attention  of  travellers.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1760  and  restored  at  the  peace  in 
17G3.  It  is  seated  on  the  Fulda,  40  m.  S.  E.  of 
Paderborn.     Long.  9.  25.   E.   lat.  51.  19.  N. 

Cassel,  a  strong  town  in  Germany,  situate  on 
\  the  Rhine,  opposite  Mentz,  with  which  it  has  a 
communication  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  French  in  1792,  and  retaken  by  the 
Prussians  in  1793. 

Cassel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Nord,  with  a  fortified  castle.  Its  stands  on  a  moun- 
tain, rising  like  a  sugar  loaf,  from  the  centre  of  a 
vast  plain,  whence  may  be  seen  32  towns,  and 
the  German  Ocean,  though  50  miles  distant.  It 
is  10  m.  N.  E.  of  St.  Omer,  on  the  road  from  Lisle 
to  Dunkirk.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Casselle,  a  populous  town  of  Piedmont,  about 
six  miles  north  of  Turin,  having  a  variety  of  man- 
ufactures ;  number  of  inhabitants,  about  9,000. 

Cassimi,  or  K«s/i7ia,  an  extensive  empire,  in  the 
interior  of  North  Africa,  to  the  west  of  Bornou.  It 
resembles  Bornou  in  climate,  soil,  and  natural 
productions,  and  in  the  colour,  genius,  religion, 
and  government  of  the  people.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  south,  by  a  large  river  flowing  to  the  eastward, 
the  celebrated  Niger. 

Cassina,  or  Kashna,  the  capital  of  the  empire 
of  the  same  name.  The  chief  trade  is  in  senna, 
gold  dust,  slaves,  cotton  cloths,  goat  skins,  ox 
'  and  buffalo  hides,  and  civet.  It  is  750  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Bornou,  and  about  the  same  distance 
east  of  Tombuctoo  and  N.  by  E.  of  Old  Calabar, 
tin.  the  coast  of  Guinea.  Long.  11.  35.  E.  lat.  15. 
40.  N. 

Cassis,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  with  a  small  port  on  the 
Mediterranean,  9  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Marseilles.  Pop. 
2,3U0. 

Cassovia,  oT  Kaschau,  a.  strong  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  with  a  fine  arsenal,  seated  near  the  riv- 
ert  Herat,  85  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Schemnitz.  Long. 
20.  55.  E.  lat.  48.  40.  N.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Castagnol,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  river 
Po,  8  m.  south  of  Turin. 

Castamena  or  Castomoni,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, in  Natolia,  formerly  a  large  city,  but  now 
much  reduced  in  siz«  and  magnificence.     I*  is 


240  miies  cast  of  Constantinople.     Long.  34.  22 
E.  Ixt.  41.  32.  N. 

Castanowitz.     See  Costainitzo. 

CaMel  a  Mare,  a  town'of  Naples  in  Principato  Ci- 
teriore,  where  the  ships  of  the  royal  navy  are  built. 
It  stand  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Stabia,  at  the 
foot  of  a  woody  mountain,  on  the  Bay  of  Naples 
15  m.  S.  E.  of  Naples. 

Cartel  a  Mare,  a  town -of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Maz- 
ara,  on  a  bay  on  the  north  coast,  30  m.  W.  by  S 
of  Palermo. 

Castei  Arragoncsc,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Sardin- 
ia, and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  the  first  place  ta- 
ken in  this  island,  at  the  end  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  by  the  Arragonese,  whence  its  name; 
but  in  1767,  the  king  ordered  it  to  be  called  Castei 
Sardo.  It  stands  on  the  north  coast,  20  m.  N.  E 
of  Sassari.     Long.  9.  1.  E.  lat.  40.  56.  N. 

Castei  Baldo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan,  on 
the  river  Adige,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Padua. 

Casld  Branco,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
the  S.  E.  part  of  Beira,  with  a  castle  and  two 
churches.  In  1762,  it  was  taken  by  the  Span- 
iards. It  is  situate  between  the  rivers  Vereza  and 
Poncul,  about  15  m.  above  their  entrance  into  the 
Tagus,  62  m.  S.  E.  of  Coimbra.  Long.  7.  22. 
W.  lat.  39.  52.  N. 

Castei  de  Vide,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo 
8  m.  N.  E.  of  Portalegre.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Castei  Follit,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on 
an  eminence  near  the  river  Fulvia,  15  ra.  west  of 
Geiona. 

Cartel  Franco,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano, 
12  miles  west  of  Treviso. 

Castei  Gondolfo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  near  the  lake  Albano.  Near  this  place 
is  the  villa  Barbarini,  where  are  the  ruins  of  an 
immense  palace,  built  by  the  emperor  Domitian. 
It  is  10  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Rome. 

Castei  Jaloux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lot  and  Garonne,  with  a  considerable 
trade  in  wine,  honey,  and  cattle  ;  seated  on  the 
Avance,  20  m.  E.  by  south  of  Bazas,  and  32  W. 
by  N.  ofAgen. 

Castei  Leone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Cremonese, 
18  m.  north  of  Placenza.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Castei  JVuovo,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  on  the  gulf  of 
Cattaro,12  m.N.by  W.of  Cattaro.  Pop.about 2,000. 

Castei,  or  Castro  JVuova,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in 
Val  di  Mazara,  seated  on  a  hill,  18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Termina. 

Cartel  JVuovo  di  Carfagnana,  a  town  of  Italy  in 
the  Modense,  with  a  strong  fort;  seated  in  the 
valley  of  Carfagnana,  on  the  river  Serchio,  18  m. 
N.  of  Lucca,  and  37  S.  S.  W.  of  Modena. 

Castei  Rodrigo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
11  m.  N.  of  Pinhel. 

Castei  Rosso,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  the  coast  of  Caramania,  90  m.  E.  of  Rhodes. 
It  is  two  miles  long,  and  has  a  secure  road  and 
harbour.     Long.  29.  21.  E.  lat.  36.  7.  N. 

Castei  Sarasin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne,  30  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Toulouse.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Castei  Vetere,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  33  m.  S.  of  Squillace. 

Castei  Vetrano,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Mazara.  Here  is  a  palace,  in  which  is  a  consid- 
erable collection  of  old  armour.  It  is  eight  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Mazara. 

*^ Castei  is  prefixed  to  the  names  of  se^  eral 
otJier  towns  in  the  several  Italian  states. 

Casteiaun,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cou?  *' 
Spanheim,  23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Coblentz. 


C!AS 


178 


CAS 


Castellane,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Alps.  Near  it  is  a  salt  spring, 
from  which  the  water  issues  in  such  abundance 
as  to  turn  a  mill  at  the  very  source.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Verdon,  in  a  hilly  country,  20  m.  S.  E.  of 
Digne.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Castellazo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  7  m.  S.  of 
Alessandria.     Pop.   about  4,700. 

Castellanetla,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Ot- 
ranto,  J9  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Taranto. 

Castellara,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  6 
m.  N.  E.  of  Mantua. 

Castellon  de  jimpurias,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cat- 
alonia, at  the  mouth  of  a  river  in  the  Gulf  of 
Rosas,  8  m.    W.   by  S.  of  Rosas. 

Castellon  de  la  Plana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia, 28  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  the  city  of  Valencia. 
It  contains  many  vestiges  of  ancient  grandeur, 
and  is  still  populous,  having  upwards  of  10,000 
inhabitants. 

Castelnaudary,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aude,  on  an  eminence,  at  the  foot  of 
which  is  the  grand  basin  of  the  Canal  Royal.  It 
is  15  miles  west  of  Carcassonne.  Pop.  about 
.8,000. 

Caster,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Juliers,  seated  on  the  river  Erst,  9  m.  E.  of 
Juliers. 

Castigleno,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Sien- 
nese,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  which  commu- 
nicates with  the  sea,  and  produces  much  salt.  It 
is  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Massa. 

Castiglione,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Mantuan,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians,  in  1701 ;  and  the  French  defeated  them 
near  it,  in  1706,  and  again  in  1796.  It  is  20  m. 
N.  W.  of  Mantua.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Casri/c,  the  principal  and  most  opulent  of  the 
kingdoms  into  which  Spain  was  formerly  divided. 
It  now  forms  the  two  provinces  of  Old  and  New 
Castile ;  the  former  having  been  recovered  from 
the  Moors  some  time  before  the  latter. 

Castile,  Old,  a  province  of  Spain,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Asturias,  and  Biscay,  east  by  Na- 
varre and  Arragon,  south  by  New  Castile,  and 
west  by  Leon,  being  in  extreme  length  from  north 
to  south  about  240  miles,  and  100  in  mean  breadth. 
It  is  subdivided  into  four  inferior  provinces,  after 
the  name  of  the  four  chief  towns.  The  superficies 
and  population  of  each  province,  in  1810,  were  as 
follows :  viz. 

Sq.  leag.         Inhab. 
Burgos  -  -  N.    642  470,588 

Soria  -  -  -  E.    341  198,107 

Segovia-  -  S.     290  164,007 

Avilla  -  S.  W.    215  118,061 


Cuenca  -  - 
Toledo  -  S. 
La  Mancha    - 


E.     945 

W.    734 
S.    631 


294 ,29'J 
370,641 
205,548 


Old  Castile  -  -  1488  950,763 

The  Ebro  rises  on  the  north  part  of  Burgos,  and 
forms  the  boundary  of  Old  Castile,  on  the  side  of 
Biscay  and  Navarre.  Several  streams  fall  into 
the  Ebro,  but  the  waters  of  Old  Castile  run  chief- 
ly to  the  westward,  into  the  Douro.  The  chief 
productions  of  this  part  of  Spain  is  wood,  of  which 
commodity  about  6,000,000  lbs.  are  annually  ex- 
ported to  England.  King-craft  and  priestcraft 
preclude  all  social  exertion  in  this  as  well  as  every 
other  part  of  Spain. 

Castile,  JVeic,  lies  to  the  south  of  the  preceding 
province,  and  is  divided  into  five  inferior  provinces 
as  follows  :  viz. 

Sq.  leag.     Inhab. 
Guadalaxara    N.     163        121,115 
Madrid   -  N.  W.    110        228,528 


New  Castile  -  -  2583  1,220,114 
The  Tagus,  Guadiana,  and  Xucar,  all  aflTord  tr> 
New  Castile  the  advantage  of  a  facility  of  inter- 
course, which,  to  a  social  community,  would  be 
highly  appreciated,  but  to  a  besotted  and  priest- 
ridden  people  they  are  of  no  avail.  See  each  of 
the  inferior  provinces. 

Castillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  seated  on  the  Dordogne,  25  m.  E.  f»f 
Bordeaux.     Pop.  2,600. 

Castine,  a  seaport  of  the  state  of  Maine,  chief 
town  of  Hancock  county,  situate  on  Penobscot 
Bay,  65  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Machias.  It  has  an  ex- 
cellent harbour  and  commands  the  entrance  to  the 
Penobscot.  Pop.  1,155.  It  was  taken  by  the 
British  in  1814,  but  restored  at  the  peace  in  1815. 
Long.  69.  0.  W.  lat.  44.  26.  N. 

Castle  Cary,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  12 
m.  S.  E.  of  Wells,  and.113  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  1,627. 

Castle  Rising,  a  borough  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  The 
Market  is  now  disused,  its  harbour  choked  up, 
and  the  castle,  whence  it  has  its  name,  is  in  ruins. 
It,  however,  returns  two  members  to  parliament. 
Pop.  343.  It  is  seven  miles  N.  E.  of  Lynn,  and 
103  N.  N.  E.  of  London. 

*■,*  There  are  24  other  towns  and  villages  in 
England  to  the  names  of  which  Castle  is  pre- 
fixed. 

Castlehar,  a  parish  and  town  in  the  county  of 
Mayo,  Ireland.  The  parish,  exclusive  of  the  town 
in  1821  contained  a  population  of  4,109,  and  the 
town  5,404,  a  considerable  portion  of  whom  are 
employed  in  the  linen  manufacture.  The  town 
is  also  the  seat  of  assize,  and  a  chief  place  in  the 
county,  having  a  spacious  church,  a  handsome 
court-house,  gaol,  and  cavalry  barracks.  It  is 
situate  at  the  east  end  of  a  small  lake,  11  m.  E.  by 
N.   of  West-port  and  113  W.   by  N.  of  Dublin. 

*^*  There  are  about  20  other  parishes,  towns, 
and  villages,  in  different  parts  of  Ireland,  to  the 
names  of  which  Castle  is  prefixed,  but  none  of 
any  particular  importance. 

Castleton,  a  village  on  the  peak  of  Derbyshire, 
five  miles  north  of  Tideswell,  Eng.  It  is  situate 
at  the  foot  of  a  rock,  above  250  feet  high,  on 
which  are  the  remains  of  a  castle,  ascribed  to 
William  Peverel,  natural  son  of  the  conqueror. 
Three  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  peak  are  in  its 
neighbourhood ;  the  Devil's  Cave,  Mam  Tor,  and 
Elden  hole.  The  first  is  in  a  cavern  in  the  rock 
above  mentioned,  whose  arched  entrance  is  42 
feet  high  and  120  wide.  It  becomes  narrower 
as  it  proceeds,  and  ths  roof  descends  to  within  two 
feet  of  the  surface  of  a  brook  ;  this  being  passed 
over,  another  large  cavern  succeeds,  with  several 
high  openings  in  the  roof.  It  descends  again 
to  a  second  brook  ;  after  which  is  a  third  cavern, 
called  Roger  Rain's  House,  because  of  the  per- 
petual dropping  :  the  length  of  the  whole  '<javern 
is  617  yards.  Mam  Tor,  a  mile  west  of  the  vil- 
lage, is  a  mountain,  1,300  feet  above  the  level  of  ■ 
the  valley  on  the  top  and  sides  of  which  is  a 
camp,  supposed  to  be  Roman  :  it  overtops  the 
whole  Peak  country ;  and  the  vulgar  story  is, 
that  this  hill  is  continually  crumbling,  without 
being  diminished.  Elden  hole,  a  mile  south  of 
Mam  Tor,  is  a  perpendicular  gulf  or  chasm  in  a 
limestone  rock,  the  depth  of  which  is  unfamom- 
able   its  sides  being  so  very  shelving  and  irregu- 


CAS 


CAT 


lai,  it  has  been  plumbed  from  192  to  295  yards, 
70  of  which  seemed  to  be  in  water.  Pop.  of  the 
village  in  1821,  993. 

Casdeton,  a  township  in  the  parish  of  Roch- 
dale, Lancashire,  Eng.  Pop.  in  1821,  7,894. 
See  RochdaJ.e. 

Castletown,  the  capital  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  near 
the  south  coast,  with  a  rocky  and  shallow  har- 
bour, which  checks  its  commerce,  aid  renders 
it  inferior  to  Douglas  in  most  respects.  In  the 
centre  of  the  town,  on  a  high  rock,  is  Castle 
Rushen,  a  magnificent  nile,  built  of  free  stone,  in 
960,  by  Guttred,  a  prince  of  the  Danish  line,  who 
lies  buried  in  the  edifice.  It  is  occupied  by  the 
governor  of  me  island,  ana  on  one  side  of  it  are 
the  chancery  offices,  and  good  barracks.  Net.i 
the  town  is  a  fine  quarry  of  black  marble,  whence 
the  steps  to  St.  Paul's  church,  in  London,  were 
taken.  Long.  4.  38.  W.  lat.  55.  4.  N.  Pop.  in 
1821,2,036. 

Castletoicn,  a  town  of  Richmond  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
Staten  Island,  at  the  entrance  of  New  York  har- 
bour, where  is  the  quarantine  Ground  and  Marine 
Hospital  for  that  city.     Pop.  2,204. 

Castres,a.  city  of  F'rance,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Tard,  and  lately  an  episcopal  see.  In 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.  it  was  a  kind  of  pro- 
testant  republic ;  but  in  1629,  its  fortifications 
were  demolished.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Rapin 
Thoyras  and  M.  Dacier,  has  a  good  trade,  and 
contains  a  number  of  beautiful  edifices  and  about 
12,500  inhabitants.  In  the  vicinity  turquoise 
stones  have  been  found.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine 
valley,  on  the  Agout,  36  m.  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Castries,  Bay  of,  a  bay  on  the  north-east  coast 
of  Chinese  Tartary,  in  the  strait  of  Saghalen, 
visited  by  Peyrouse.  Long.  142.  1.  E.  lat.  51. 
29.  N. 

Castro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  capita!  of  a  duchy  of  its  name.  It  is 
56  m.  N.  W.  of  Rome. 

Castro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto, 
six  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Otranto. 

CBstro,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Chiloe,  with  a 
castle,  which  commands  the  harbour.  It  is  180 
m.  S.  of  Valdivia.  Long.  75.  5.  W.  lat.  42. 
4.  S. 

Castro,  the  ancient  Mytilene,  a  seaport  and 
capital  of  the  island  of  Metelin,  with  two  har- 
bours, one  of  which  will  admit  large  vessels. 
There  are  two  castles,  the  one  ancient,  the  other 
modern,  in  each  of  which  is  a  Turkish  gover- 
nor and  commander.  Considerable  vestiges  still 
remain  of  its  former  grandeur  and  magnificence. 
The  chief  trade  is  ship  building.  It  is  80  m.  W. 
of  Adramitti,  and  60  N.  W.  of  Smyrna.  Long. 
26.  39.  E.  lat.  39.  14.  N. 

Castro  de  Uriales,  a  tovn  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
with  a  castle  and  an  arsenal,  on  the  seacoast,  22 
m.  N.  W  of  Bilbao. 

Castro  Giovanni,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Demona.  It~was  the  ancient  Enna,  famous  for 
the  worship  of  Ceres  and  Proserpine.  It  is  40 
m.  \y.  of  Catano.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Castro  Marim,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Algarve,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Guadiana, 
15  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Tavira,  and  62  S.  by  E.  of  Beja. 
Long.  7.  20.  W.  lat.  37.  12.  N. 

Castro  Reale,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demo- 
na, 15  m.  W.  of  Messina.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Castro  Verde,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo, 
on  the  Corbes,  18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Beja. 

Castro  Vireyna,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  pro- 
•wice  of  Guamanga,  noted  for  good  tobacco  and 


fine  wool.  It  is  125  m.  S.  E.  of  Lima.  Long. ''4. 
45.  W.  lat.  13.  50.  S. 

"^  There  are  several  other  towns  in  lta;y. 
Spain,  and  Portugal,  tc  the  names  of  which  CrtS- 
tro  is  perfixed. 

Castria,  a  town  of  Austrian  Istria,  a  few  if  'ep 
W.  ofFiume. 

Castrop,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  corz1\ 
of  Mark,  7  m.  W.  of  Dortmund. 

Castropol,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturiaa,  14  o"? 
N.  E.  of  Mondonedo. 

Caswell,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  borderinjsr 
on  Pittsylvania  county,  Virginia.  It  is  a  square  o^ 
20  miles  each  way,  intersected  by  numerous 
streams  falling  into  the  Roanoke.  Pop.  15,499. 
The  principal  town  is  Pittsborough. 

Cat  Island,  the  name  at  present  given  to  Guan- 
ahani,  or  St.  Salvador,  one  of  the  Bahamas  and 
the  spot  when  the  first  discovery  of  America  was 
made.  Columbus  discovered  this  island  on  the 
12th  of  October  1492,  landed  upon  it  and  took  for- 


mal  possession  in  the  name  of  the  King  and  Queen 
of  Spain.     The  island  is  about  60  m.  long  anc'  \M 
wide,  but  is  not  a  place  of  any  commercial  or  pcOit 
ical  importance.     It  is  in  lat.  24.  30.  N.  long  75 
W. 

Cataiamha,  or  Cotobamha,  an  interior  town  ol 
Peru,  in  a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Htt' 
degree  of  south  latitude.  The  town  is  seated  on 
the  south-west  bank  of  the  Apurimac  River  abour 
60  m.  S.  of  Cuzco. 

Catahaw,  properly  Catawba,  a  river  of  the  Uni 
ted   States,  rising  from   numerous  sources  in  tJbe 
north-west  part  of  North   Carolina,  in  the  lat   of 
36.  N.  and  82.  of  W.  long,  running  in  a  S.  S   E 
direction  into  South  Carolina,  in  which  state  it  ii: 
called  the  Wateree  until  it  reaches  the  centro  or 
the  state,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Saluda  or  Con 
garee  and  numerous  other  streams  from  the  S.  W  . 
where  it  is  called  the  Santee,  falling  into  the  At 
lantic  Ocean,  in  the  lat.  of  33.  5.  N.  and  79.  15. 
of  W.  long,  about  40  m.  N.  of  Charleston,  with 
the  harbour  of  which  city  it  is  connected  bv  a 
canal  from  a  point  50  m.  above  its  entrance  into 
the  sea. 

Catabatc,  or  Catawba,  an  Indian  town  on  the 
banks  of  the  preceding  river  at  its  entrance  into 
South  Carolina.  The  native  inhabitants  amount 
to  about  450,  the  remains  of  a  once  powerful  j  h- 
tion,  who  have  degenerated  in  physical  enert  v . 
and  progressively  decreased  in  number,  sir-* 
their  association  with  Europeans. 

Catahtmla,  or  Ocatahool,  a  parish  in  the  western 
district  of  I.,ouisiana,  about  60  miles  in  extent  fr  >m 
north  to  south,  and  30  in  mean  breadth  ;  it  is  n- 
tersected  by  the  Washita  and  several  other  riv^-TS 
and  lakes.  Pop.  2,576.  A  town  of  the  sane 
name,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Washita,  is  260  f» 
p  2 


CAT 


174 


CAT 


N.  W.  of  New  Orleans,  by  the  course  of  the  Mis- 
eissippi,  and  about  160  in  a  meridional  line. 

Catalonia,  a  province  of  Spain,  lying  along  the 
shore  of  the  Mediterranean,  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direc- 
tion from  the  lat.  of  40.  30.  to  42.  30.  N.  separated 
from  France  on  the  north  by  the  Pyrenees,  and 
bounded  on  the  west  by  Arrtigon,  being  in  the 
shape  of  a  right  angled  triangle,  of  which  the 
Pyrenees  are  the  base,  and  the  seacoast  the  hy- 
pothenuse.  It  contains  1,003  square  leagues,  and 
in  1810,  a  population  of  858,818.  Barcelona  is  the 
chief  town  ;  the  other  towns  of  note  being  Torto- 
sa,  Lerida,  Tarragona,  Manresa,  Gerona,  and 
Rosas.  The  river  Ebro  intersects  the  south  end 
of  the  province,  and  the  united  streams  of  the 
Pallaresa  and  Segre  run  from  the  Pyrenees  into 
the  Ebro  near  the  frontier  of  Arragon.  The  Lobre- 
gat,  Ter,  and  several  other  streams  of  minor  note, 
fall  into  the  Mediterranean.  The  Catalonians  are 
the  bravest,  and  least  bigoted,  and  the  most  active 
and  enterprising  of  the  Spanish  people  ;  but  the 
subduing  tendency  of  tlie  national  policy  of  Spain 
precludes  all  advance  towards  social  improve- 
ment. The  chief  surplus  products  of  the  soil  of 
Catalonia  are  cork,  nuts  and  brandy ;  woolens, 
hardwares,  and  cutlery,  are  manufactured  for  dis- 
tribution over  the  other  parts  of  Spain,  and  par- 
tially for  exportation. 

Catamandoo,  a  city,  and  capital  of  Nepaul,  con- 
taining about  50,000  inhabitants,  200  m.  due  north 
of  Patna.     See  Nepaul. 

Catanduanes ,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
lying  off  the  S.  E.  coast  of  Luzon;  it  is  about  30 
m.  in  extent  from  north  to  south,  and  20  in 
breadth ;  the  inhabitants  are  much  employed  in 
building  of  boats  for  the  neighbouring  islanders. 

Catania,  a  celebrated  city  on  the  east  coast  of 
Sicily  ;  it  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  but  has  suf- 
fered greatly,  as  well  by  the  eruptions  of  Mount 
iEtna,  as  by  earthquakes ;  it  was  nearly  over- 
whelmed with  lava  from  the  former,  in  1669,  and 
in  1693  an  earthquake  destroyed  a  great  portion 
of  the  city,  and  buried  18,000  persons  in  its  ruins  ; 
it  appears,  however,  to  have  risen  from  each  suc- 
ceeding disaster  with  increasing  splendour,  and 
in  1825  ranked  among  the  finest  cities  in  Europe. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  seat  of  the  only  uni- 
versity in  Sicily.  The  principal  square,  formed 
by  the  cathedral,  college,  and  town-hall,  is  very 
grand  ;  it  has  about  30  convents  and  50  churches, 
some  of  them  fine  edifices,  a  museum  of  natural 
history  and  antiquities,  the  remains  of  a  Roman 
•amphitheatre,  and  other  vestiges  of  ancient  splen- 
dour, render  it  a  place  of  peculiar  interest  to  an 
intelligent  and  enquiring  traveller.  It  is  situate 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  .Stna,  on  the  south  side,  35 
m.  N.  of  Syracuse,  in  the  lat.  of  37.  26.  N.  and  15. 
15.  of  E.  long.     Pop.  about  50,000. 

Catanzaro,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Calabria 
Ulteriore,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop.  The  chief 
manufacture  is  silks  of  various  kinds,  and  these, 
with  corn  and  oil,  are  the  principal  articles  of 
trade.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  gulf 
of  Squillace,  42  m.  S.  E.  of  Cosenza.  Long.  15. 
48.  E.  lat.  39.  0.  N. 

Cataicissa,  or  Hugheshurg,  a  town  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  Northumberland  county,  situate  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Catawissa  Creek,  on  the  east  branch 
of  the  Susquehannah,  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Sunbury, 
and  100  N.  W    if  Philadelphia. 

Catharinburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  in  the  government  of 
Perm.  The  chief  gold  mines  of  Siberia  are  in  its 
vicinity,  and  above  100  founderies,  chiefly  for  cop- 


per and  iron.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  UraJ 
Mountains,  on  the  east  side,  near  the  sourcf  of 
the  Iset,'310  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Tobolsk.  Long  HI. 
25.  E.  lat.  56.  45.  N. 

Catharine,  p.t.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  210  m.  W.  Al 
bany.     Pop.  2,064, 

Catharinenslaf,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  divided  into  two  provinces,  namely,  Catlt 
rinenslaf,  which  includes  New  Russia ;  and  the 
late  government  of  Asoph,  and  Taurida,  which 
includes  the  Crimea. 

Catharinenslaf,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name.  It  was  built  by 
the  late  empress  Catharine,  and  is  seated  near  the 
confluence  of  the  Kiltzin  and  Samara,  with  the 
Dnieper,  178  m.  N.  E.  of  Cherson.  Long.  35. 15. 
£.  lat.  47.  23.  N. 

Catherine,  St.  the  principal  island  on  the  coast 
of  the  south  partjof  Brasil,  with  a  harbour  defen- 
ded by  several  forts.  It  is  27  miles  long,  but  not 
more  than  6  broad,  but  exceedingly  fertile,;  it 
forms  a  separate  government  of  the  Brazilian  em- 
pire. Pop.  about  30,000.  There  is  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  the  chief  place  on  the  island.  Long. 
49.  17.  W.  lat.  27.  35.  S. 

Cato,  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  179  m.  W.  Albany. 
Pop.  1,781. 

Catoche,  Eape,  the  N.  E.  promontory  of  Yuca- 
tan, where  the  English  adventurers  from  Jamaica 
first  attempted  to  cut  logwood.  Long.  87.  30. 
W.  lat.  21.25.  N. 

Catrine,  a  village  of  Scotland,  14  miles  east  of 
Ayre,  on  the  river  Ayr.  Here  is  a  flourishing 
cotton  manufacture. 

Catskill,  p.t.  Green  Co.  New  York,  situate  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  nearly  oppo- 
site to  the  town  of  Hudson,  and  31  m.  S.  of  Alba- 
ny.    Pop.  4,861. 

Catskill  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the  Shawan- 
gunk  ridge,  being  a  detached  portion  of  the  great 
Apalachian  chain  of  mountains  ;  forking  oft"  from 
the  ridge  toward  the  north  near  the  Hudson,  and 
afterwards  making  a  bend  towards  the  west.  The 
general  height  of  these  mountains  is  about  3,000 
feet,  and  they  abound  with  the  most  beautiful 
scenery.  The  quarter  most  visited  by  travellers 
is  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  ridge,  where  on  a 
spot  called  the  Pine  Orchard,  2,274  feet  above  the 
waters  of  the  Hudson,  has  lately  been  erected  an 
elegant  hotel  called  the  Catskill  Mountain  House. 

Few  places  of  fashionable  resort  present  stron- 
ger attriictions  to  the  tourist  than  this  spot.  A  few 
years  ago  this  delightful  retreat  was  almost  un- 
known and  rarely  visited,  but  by  the  hardy  hunter 
in  pursuit  of  the  deer,  the  bear,  and  the  wolf,  who 
had  hitherto  maintained  undisturbed  possession 
of  its  cliffs  and  caverns.  At  length  the  tale  of  the 
extent  and  beauty  of  the  prospect  and  the  grand- 
eur of  the  scenery,  drew  the  attention  of  individ- 
uals of  taste,  and  the  glowing  descriptions  they 
gave,  effectually  roused  the  attention  of  the  pub 
lie.  Each  successive  season  the  number  of  visit- 
ers increased  till  the  temporary  buildings,  at  first 
erected  for  their  accommodation,  gave  place  to  a 
splendid  Hotel,  140  feet  in  length  and  four  stories 
high.  This  establishment  was  erected  by  the 
Mountain  Association,  at  an  expense  of  about 
$22,000.  It  occupies  the  Eastern  verge  of  a  table 
of  rock  some  six  acres  in  extent.  An  excellent 
line  of  stages  is  established  to  this  place  from 
Catskill,  a  distance  of  twelve  miles.  The  ride  to 
the  foot  of  the  mountam  is  not  particularly  inter- 
esting— but  as  you  ascend,  every  moment  devel 
opes  something  magnificent  and  new.     The  sides 


CAT  175 

of  the  mountain,  steep  and  seemingly  inaccessible, 
tower  far  above  you,    clothed  in   tlie    rich,  deep 
foliage  peculiar  to  such  regions ;  while  below  your 
path  a  clear  stream  runs,  one  moment  bubbling 
1     over  its  rocky  bed,  and  the  next  leaping  down  in 
cascades  to  the  valley.     The  road  is  extremely 
circuitous,  and  so  completely  hemmed  in  by  the 
luxuriant  growth  of  forest  trees  that  the  traveller 
is  for  a  long  time  unable  to  judge  of  his  progress 
in  the  ascent  by  any  view  of  the  country  he  has 
left.     At  an  abrupt  angle  of  the  road,  however,  he 
oDtains  at  once  a  full  view  of  the  Mountain  House 
— perched  like  the  eyrie  of  an   eagle  among  the 
clouds — or  rather   like  the  enchanted  castle  in  a 
fairy  tale  ;  seemingly  inaccessible  to  mortal  foot, 
still  it  reminds  him  of  such  terrestrial  comforts  as 
are  sure  to  be  acceptable  after  exercise  in  the  pure 
air  of  the  mountains.     Another  turn  and  it  again 
disappears,  and  the  traveller  next  finds  himself  on 
the  level  rock  of  the  Pine  Orchard,  and  approach- 
ing the   Hotel  from   the   rear.     A  moment  more 
and  he  is  on  the  edge  of  the  precipice  in  front  of 
the  noble  building.     From  this  lofty  eminence  all 
inequalities  of  surface  are  nver-looked.     A  seem- 
ingly endless  succession  of  woods  and  waters — 
farms  and  villages,  towns  and  cities,  are   spread 
out  as   upon  a  boundless   map.     Far  beyond  rise 
the  Tagkannuc  Mountains,  and  the  highlands  of 
Connecticut  and  Massachusetts.     To  the  left,  and 
at  a  still  greater  distance,  the   Green  Mountains 
of  Vermont  stretch  away  to  the  north,  and  their 
blue   summits  and  the  blue  sky  mingle   together. 
The  beautiful  Hudson,  studded  with  islands,  ap- 
pears narrowed  in  the  distance,  with  steam-boats 
almost  constantly  in  sight ;  while  vessels  of  every 
description,  spreading  their  white  canvass  to  the 
breeze,  are    moving   rapidly  over  its  surface,  or 
idly  loitering  in  the  calm.     These  may  be  traced 
to  tlie  distance  of  nearly  seventy  miles  with  the 
naked  eye  ;    and  again  at  times  all  below  is  en- 
veloped in  dark    cloud  and   rolling   mist,  which, 
driven  about  by  the  wind,  is  continually  assuming 
new,  wild,  and  fantastic  forms. 

From  the  Pine  Orchard  a  ride  or  walk  of  a  mile 
or  two  brings  you  to  the  Kauterskill  Falls.  Here  the 
outlet  of  two  small  lakes,  leaps  down  a  perpen- 
dicular fill  of  180  feet — then  glides  away  through 
a  channel  worn  in  the  rock  to  a  second  fall  of  80 
feet.  Below  this  it  is  lost  in  the  dark  ravine 
through  which  it  finds  its  way  to  the  valley  of  the 
Catskill.  The  waterfall,  bold  as  it  is,  forms  how- 
ever, but  one  of  the  many  interesting  features  of 
this  scene.  Standing  on  the  edge  of  the  first  fall, 
you  look  down  into  a  dreary  chasm  whose  steep 
sides,  covered  with  the  dark  ivy  and  the  thick 
foliage  of  summer,  seem  like  a  green  bed  prepar- 
ed for  the  reception  of  the  waters.  Making  a 
circuit  from  this  spot,  and  descending  about  mid- 
way of  the  first  fall,  you  enter  a  footpath  which 
conducts  into  an  immense  natural  amphitheatre 
behind  the  waterfall.  The  effect  of  this  scene  is 
imposing  beyond  description.  Far  over  your  head 
projects  a  smooth  surface  of  rock,  forming  a  mag- 
nificent ceiling  to  this  amphitheatre.  In  front  is 
the  ever-falling  water,  and  beyond,  the  wild 
mountain  dell  with  the  clear  blue  sky  above. 

Cattaraugus,  a  county  toward  the  west  extrem- 
ity of  the  state  of  New  York,  bordering  on  Penn- 
sylvania ;  it  is  a  square  of  about  35  miles  each 
way.  The  Alleghany  River,  falling  into  the 
Ohio,  is,  however,  navigable  for  more  than  30 
miles  within  this  county,  which  will  doubtless 
tend  to  excite  industry,  and  thereby  increase  its 
population ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  north  bv  Catta- 


t:AU 


raugus  River,  or  creek,  which  falls  into  the  east 
end  of  I^ake  Erie.  Pop.  16,726.  EUioitsville  is 
the  chief  town. 

Cattaro,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed oij  a  gulf  of  its  name,  in  the  Adriatic,  which 
forms  two  extensive  and  secure  harbours.  The 
town  is  built  at  the  extremity  of  the  inner  basin, 
surrounded  by  rocks,  and  strongly  fortified.  It  is 
24  m.  S.  of  Scutari.  Long.  19?  15.  E.  lat.  42. 12. 
N. 

Cattegat,  a  gulf  of  the  German  Ocean,  between 
Sweden  and  Jutland,  extending  for  about  120  m. 
from  north  to  south,  and  70  from  E.  to  W., 
through  which  the  Baltic  Sea  is  entered  by  three 
straits,  called  the  Sound,  the  Great  Belt,  and  the 
Little  Belt. 

Cattaio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan,  5  m.  S 
of  Padua. 

Calterick,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire,  Eng, 
near  Richmond.  It  has  a  bridge  over  the  river 
Swale,  and  a  Roman  highway  crossed  the  river 
here,  on  the  banks  of  which  are  the  foundations 
of  great  walls,  and  a  mount  cast  up  to  a  vast 
height. 

Catwyck,  a  village  of  South  Holland,  on  the 
German  Ocean,  near  which  the  river  Rhine  is  lost 
in  the  sands.  It  is  six  miles  north  by  west  of 
Leyden. 

Catzenellenhos-en,  or  Kutzenellenbogen,  a  town 
and  castle  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of  Upper 
Rhine,  which  gives  name  to  a  county.  The  town 
has  an  iron  mine  near  it,  and  is  10  m  N.  E.  of  St. 
Goar. 

Caub,  a  town  of  Germany,  with  a  citadel ;  seat- 
ed on  the  Rhine,  2  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bacharach. 

Cauca,  a  river  of  Colombia,  rising  near  Popa- 
yan,  in  the  lat.  of  3.  N.  running  north  through  the 
valley  of  Popayan,  between  the  2d  and  3d  ridges 
of  the  Andes,  falling  into  the  Magdalena  about 
120  m.  above  the  entrance  of  that  river  into  the 
Caribbean  Sea  in  the  lat.  of  11.  N. 

Caucasia,  a  government  of  Asiatic  Russia,  di- 
vided into  the  two  provinces  of  Astracan  and 
Caucasia.  The  province  of  Caucasia  comprises 
the  Cuban,  and  all  that  aistrict  to  the  east  and 
south,  now  in  the  possession  of  Russia,  between 
the  rivers  Don  and  Cuban,  and  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian,  extending  as  far  as 
the  confines  of  Georgia. 

Caucasus,  a  chain  of  mountains  extending  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Cuban,  in  the  Black  Sea,  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Kur,  in  the  Caspian.  Their  tops 
are  always  covered  with  snow  :  and  the  lower 
paits  abound  in  honey,  corn,  wine,  fruits,  gum, 
hogs,  and  horned  cattle.  The  Caucasian  moun» 
tains  are  inhabited  by  seven  distinct  nations,  each 
speaking  a  different  language  :  namely,  the  Tur- 
comans, the  Abkahs,  the  Circassians,  the  Ossi, 
the  Kisti,the  Lesgius,  and  the  Georgians. 

Caudebec,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  18  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Rouen.  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Caudette,  a  town  of  Spain  on  the  frontiers  of 
Murcia  and  Valencia,  about  50  m.  W.  of  Denia. 
Pop.  about  6,000. 

Caudhully,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Coimbetore.  It  is  the  first  place  of  any 
note  above  the  Ghauts,  and  a  principal  thorough- 
fare between  the  country  below  and  that  above 
those  mountains.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
traders.     It  is  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Caughnaicaga,  p. v.  Montgomery  county.  New 
York,  situated  south  the  river  Mohawk,  42  m.  2^ 
W.  Albanv. 


C.'IAW 


176 


CEC 


Cauglinary,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
fying  Itetween  the  Ganges  and  Burrampooter,  30 
n    N.  W.  of  Dacca,  and  146  N.  E.  of  Calcutta. 

Caulabaugh,  a  town  of  the  Afghan  territory,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Indus,  110  m.  N.  of  Moul- 
tan. 

Caune,,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Tarn,  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Castres.     Pop.  2,500. 

Cauteres,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Pyrenees,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains, 
noted  for  its  mineral  water,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Bag- 
neres. 

Cmivery,  or  Cavvery,  a  considerable  river  of 
Hindoostan, which  rises amongthe  western  Ghauts, 
flows  by  Seringapatam,  Bhawanikudal,and  Tritch- 
inopoly,  and  enters  the  bay  of  Bengal,  by  a  wide 
delta  of  mouths,  which  embraces  the  province  of 
Tanjore,  in  the  lat.  of  11.  N. 

Cava,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citeriore, 
»t  the  foot  of  Mount  Matelian,  3  m.  W.  of 
Salerno. 

Cavaillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vaucluse  ;  seated  on  the  Durance,  20  m.  S.  E. 
of  Avignon.   Pop.  about  7,000. 

Ca.valeri,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  between 
the  S.  W.  point  of  the  island  of  Negropont  and 
the  continent  of  Greece.  Long.  24. 17.  E.  lat. 38. 
'/.  N. 

Cavalla,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  on  the 
coast  of  Ruiuelia,  about  90  m.  E.  of  Salonica. 
hop.  about  3,000. 

Caver ijpatam,a.town  of  Hindoof,tan,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  seated  on  the  Panaur,  80  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Arcot.  There  is  anotlier  town  of  the  same  name 
at  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Cxvery  River,  a  few 
miles  north  of  Tranquebar. 

Cavargere,  a  town  of  the  Venetian  territory, 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Adige,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Cavan,  an  interior  county  of  Ireland,  in  the 
south  part  of  the  province  of  Ulster.  It  has  sev- 
eral lakes  ;  two  on  the  south  side  discharge  their 
waters  eastward  by  the  Blackwater  River  into  the 
Boyne,  and  others  westward  into  Donegal  Bay 
tlirough  Lough  Earn,  which  jets  upon  the  north- 
ern boundary  of  the  county.  The  Lagan  River, 
which  falls  into  Dundalk  Bay,  also  intersects  its 
Btjuth-east  part ;  it  partakes  but  partially  of  the 
linen  manufacture.  The  chief  town,  of  the  same 
name,  is  situate  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  30 
miles  due  west  of  Dundalk,  the  same  distance 
S.  S.  E.  of  Armagh,  and  54  N.  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 
As  the  seat  of  assize  for  the  county,  it  has  a  court- 
house, jail,  and  that  indispensible  appendage  to 
an  Irish  town,  a  barrack.  The  population  in  1821 
amounted  to  only  2,322.  There  is  no  other  town 
«i)  the  county  containing  even  that  number.  See 
Irdand.- 

Cavendish,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.Vt.  on  Black  River. 
Pop.  1,498. 

Caviana,  an  island  of  South  America,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Amazon,  90  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  of  a  triangular  form,  with  its  base 
to  the  ocean.  It  lies  under  the  equinoctial  line, 
in  long.  50.  20.  W. 

Cavite,  a  seaport  on  the  west  coast  of  the  is- 
land of  Luconia.     See  Manilla. 

Cavor,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  province  of 
Pignerol.  8  m.  S  by  E.  of  the  town  of  Pignerol. 
Pop.  about  7,00^ 

Catorvpour.  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  wes- 
tern bank  of  the  middle  branch  of  the  Ganges, 
50  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Lucknow. 

Cawood,  a  village  in  E.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  on  the 


river  Ouse,  12  miles  south  of  Tork.  Here  are 
the  ruins  of  a  very  ancient  castle,  a  manufacture 
for  hop-bagging,  and  a  good  ferry  over  the  river. 
Pop.  1,127. 

Caxamarca,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  territo- 
ly  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of  Truxillo.  Here 
the  Spanish  general,  Pizarro,  in  1532,  prefidious- 
ly  seized  the  Inca,  Atahualpa,  and  the  next  year, 
after  a  mock  trial,  caused  him  to  be  publicly  exe- 
cuted. It  is  70  m.  N.  E.  of  the  city  of  Truxillo. 
Long.  78.  20.  W.  lat.  7.  S. 

Caxamarquilla,  another  considerable  city  of 
Peru,  also  in  the  province  of  Truxillo,  about  40 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Caxamarca. 

Caxtamho,  another  city  of  Peru,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Tarma,  about  200  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Cax- 
amarquilla, and  140  N.  by  E.  of  Lima. 

Caxton,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire,  Eng.  10  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Cajnbridge,  and  49  N.  of  London. 
It  was  the  birthplace  of  Caxton,  who  introduced 
the  art  of  printing  into  England ;  and  also  of 
Matthew  Paris,  the  historian.     Pop.   about  400. 

Cayamba,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  province  of 
Quito,  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Quito. 

Cayenne,  a  rich  town  and  island  on  the  coast  of 
Guiana,  capital  of  the  French  settlements  there, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Dutch  colony  of 
Surinam.  The  island  is  about  .50  miles  in  circum- 
ference, separated  from  the  continent  by  a  very 
narrow  channel.  The  surface  is  low  and  marsh}', 
and  covered  with  forests.  Cayenne  pepper,  su- 
gar, coffee,  cloves,  and  the  singularly  elastic  gum 
Ctalled  caoutchouc,  are  the  principal  commodi- 
ties. The  French  settled  here  in  1625,  but  left  it  in 
1654,  and  it  was  successively  in  the  possession  of 
the  English,  French,  and  Dutch  ;  but  the  latter 
were  expelled  by  the  French  in  1677.  It  surren- 
dered to  the  English  in  1809,  but  was  restored  to 
Fi-ance  at  the  peace  of  1814.  Long.  52.  15."  W. 
lat.  4.  56.  N     See  Guiana, 

Cayte,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  government  of 
Para,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cateypera,  15  miles 
N.   E.   of  Para.     Long.  46.  12.  VV'.   lat.  0.  56.  S. 

Cayuga,  a  county  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
the  nortn  end  of  which  borders  on  Lake  Ontario, 
extending  south  about  50  miles,  .and  being  about 
ten  miles  in  mean  breadth,  it  contains  about  .500 
square  miles.  Pop.  47,947.  Auburn  is  the 
chief  town. 

Cayuga  Lake,  bounds  the  west  side  of  the  above 
county  for  about  25  miles,  extending  about  10 
miles  further  south  into  Tompkins  county.  It  is 
three  to  four  miles  wide,  and  discharges  its  waters 
at  the  north  end  through  Seneca  River  into  Lake 
Ontario,  from  which  the  north  end  of  Cayuga  Lake 
is  distant  about  25  miles.  The  Erie  canal  runs 
past,  near  the  north  end  of  Cayuga.  There  is  a 
town  of  the  same  name  on  the  east  bank,  five 
miles  west  of  Auburn. 

Cayuta,  p.t.  Tioga  Co.  New  York,  173  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  642. 

Cazauborn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers,  on  the  banks  of  the  Adour,  80  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Bayonne. 

Cazenovia,  the  chief  town  of  Madison  county, 
state  of  New  York,  situate  on  the  bank  of  a 
small  lake,  a  few  miles  south  of  the  line  of  the 
Erie  canal,  130  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Albany.  Pop. 
4,344. 

Cazeres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  about  35  m.  S.  W.  of  Tou- 
louse. 

Cecil,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Maryland,  at 
the   head  of   Chesapeak    Bay,   being  about  25 


CEL 


177 


CEL 


miles    from    north  to    south,   and   15  in    mean 

breadth,  forming  the  north-east  extemity  of 
the  state ;  bounded  on  the  east  by  Newcastle 
county,  Delaware,  and  west  by  the  Susquehan- 
na River.  Pop.  15,432.  Elkton,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Cecil,  t.  Washington  Co.  Pa 
Cazhnir,  a  town  of  Little  Poland,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Lublin,  seated   on  the    Vistula,  80  m. 
E.  of  Zarnaw.     Long.  22.  3.   E.  lat.  51.  0.  N. 

Cedar  Creek,  a  water  of  James  River,  in  Vir- 
ginia, in  the  county  of  Rockbridge  ;  remarkable 
for  its  natural  bridge,  justly  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  natural  curiosities  in  the 
world.  It  is  a  huge  rock,  in  the  form  of  an  arch, 
90  feet  long,  60  wide,  and  from  40  to  60  deep, 
lying  over  the  river  more  than  200  feet  above 
tlie  surface  of  the  water,  supported  by  abutments 
as  light  and  graceful  as  though  the/  had  been  the 
work  of  Corinthian  art.  This  bridge  gives  name 
to  the  county,  and  affords  a  commodious  paosage 
over  a  valley ,wliich  cannot  be  crossed  elsewhere 
for  a  considerable  distance.  It  is  about  100  m. 
W.  of  Richmond,  and  160  S.  S.  W.  of  Washing- 
ton city. 

Cedar  Faint,  a  seaport  of  Maryland,  in  Charles 
county.  Tlie  exports  are  chiefly  tobacco  and 
maize.  It  is  seated  on  the  Potomac,  12  miles  be- 
low Port  Tobacco,  and  40  south  by  east  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Cedogna,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulte- 
riore,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  20  m.  N.  N.  Vt. 
ofConza. 

Cefalonia,  or  Cephalonia.  the  most  considerabls 
of  the  Ionian  Isles,  in  the  Mediterranean,  on  tha 
coast  of  Greece,  opposite  the  gulf  of  Lepanto 
It  is  40  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  20  broad,  fer- 
tile in  oil  and  muscadine  wine.  The  capital  is  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  south-east  coast.  Long. 
20.  56.  E.  lat.  38.  12.  N. 

Cefalu,  a  seaport  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  a 
promontory,  40  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Palermo.  Long. 
13.  5d.  E.  lat.  38.  15.  N.     Pop.  about  5,500. 

Celano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ulteriore, 
near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  30  miles  in  circum- 
ference.    It  is  15  m.  S.  of  Aquila. 

Celaya,  or  Silao,  a  town  of  Mexico,  situate  on  a 
spacious  plain  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  tiie 
sea,  a  few  miles  N.N.W.  of  tlie  city  of  Guana.xuato. 
Celhridge,  a  town  of  Irelani,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare,  10  miles  W.  of  DubUn.  Fop.  in  1820, 
1,2G0. 

Celebes,  or  Macassar,  a  very  irregular  and  sin- 
gularly shaped  island  in  the  Eastern  Sea,  lying  be- 
tween Borneo  anJ  the  iVioluccas.  I'lie  centre  of 
tlie  island  is  inte.'jecled  by  tiie  line  of  120.  of  E. 
long,  and  2.  of  S.  lat.  From  tliis  centre  four 
tongues  of  territory  project,  terminating  as  fol- 
lows    viz. 

Lat.  Long. 

1st,  at  Bontham,  5.  34.  S.     120.  32.  E. 

2d,  at  Cape  Lessen,       4.  .54.  S.     121.  28.  E. 
3d,  at  Cape  Talabo,        0.  48.  S.     123.  57.  E. 
4th,  at  Cape  Rivers,       1.  15.  N.     120.  34.  E. 
5th,  from  Cape  Rivers  another  tongue  projects 
eastward,  in   nearly  a  straight  line  wholly  north 
of  the  equator  to  the  long,   of  125.  5.  E.     The 
centre  from  whence  the  tongues  respectively  di- 
verge, comprises  an  extent  of  territory  of  about 
150  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  110  from  west 
to  east,  the  mean  breadth  of  the  projections,  each 
being  about  55  miles,  gives  an  aggregate  extent 
of  surface  of  about  67,000  square''  miles.     The 
23 


Portuguese,  who  first  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  into  the  eastern  seas  in  1493,  formed  a  set- 
tlement upon  the  south-west  point  of  Celebes  in 
1512.  The  Portuguese  were  expelled  by  the 
Dutch  in  1667, by  whom  the  possession  was  called 
Macassar.  They  held  it  undisturbed  till  after  the 
commencement  of  the  present  century,  about 
which  period  the  Eng'isli,  in  their  turn,  with  one 
or  two  unimportant  ex'-.eptions,  dispossessed  eve 
ry  European  state  of  their  Asiatic  possessions ; 
but  all  the  former  possessions  of  the  Dutch  in  the 
eastern  seas  were  restored  by  the  English  at  the 
pea«e  of  1815,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  treaty  in 
182.5.  Celebes  abounds  in  all  the  varieties  of  pro- 
ductions common  to  its  climate  and  geographic  al 
position.  Minerals,  gems,  animals,  vegetable*, 
esculent,  ambrosial,  and  medicinal  ;  as  well  as 
reptiles,  birds,  and  fishes,  all  abound  to  display 
the  varied,  liberal,  and  unsparing  hand  of  crea- 
tion, and  to  afford  to  man  all  the  means  of  the 
highest  possible  degree  of  human  enjoyment. 
Yet  these  advantages  are  balanced  by  some  dread- 
ful scourges.  The  great  boa  constrictor  is  an  in- 
habitant of  this  island.  He  is  25  or  30  feet  long, 
and  proportionably  thick.  He  is  the  most  glut- 
tonous and  rapacious,  as  well  as  the  most  for- 
midable of  the  serpent  tribe.    He  has  been  known 


to  kill  and  devour  a  buffalo.  His  strength  is' 
prodigious,  and  he  crushes  his  prey  within  the 
twinings  of  his  enormous  folds.  A  Malay  sailor 
in  1799  was  seized  by  a  boa  in  this  island,  and 
almost  instantaneously  crushed  to  death.  Before 
swallowing  his  prey,  the  serpent  licks  it  over  and 
covers  it  with  a  gelatinous  substance,  to  make  it 
slip  down  his  jaws  ;  in  this  condition  he  will 
swallow  a  mass  three  times  his  own  thickness 
When  gorged  in  this  manner  with  food,  they 
crawl  into  some  retreat,  and  fall  into  a  stupid 
heOiVy  sleep,  in  which  they  become  so  unwieldy 
and  helpless  that  they  may  be  easily  ki3ea. 
Whilst  the  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  brave,  ingen- 
ious, high-spirited,  daring  in  adventure,  enter- 
prising in  pursuit,  and  honest  in  dealing,  and  that 
to  a  degree  which  renders  their  martial  character 
celebrated  all  over  the  eastern  seas,  they  are,  on 
the  other  hand,  said  to  be  suspicious,  ciuel,  and 
ferocious.  An  acquaintance  with  the  natives  of 
those  islands  in  the  eastern  seas,  with  whom  Eu- 
ropeans appear  to  have  had  no  trading  inter- 
course, leads  to  infer  that  the  extension  of  the 
commerce  of  Europeans,  with  all  their  pretensions 
to  scientific  attainment  and  social  refinement,  hai» 
operated  as  a  curse  rather  than  a  blessing  ;  rapine 
and  cruelty,  subjugation  and  misery,  having 
marked  its  progress,  and  followed  in  its  train^ 
wherever  it  has  extended  itself.     Sa«h  cannot  b«. 


CER 


178 


CER 


V  necessary  consequence  of  commercial  inter- 
course ;  and  when  reciprocity  and  justice,  instead 
of  selfishness  and  chicane,  shall  constitute  the 
basis  of  its  pursuit,  Celebes,  in  common  with  the 
whole  eastern  Archipelago,  will  afford  an  un- 
bounded field  for  exertion  and  enterprise.  The 
total  population  of  Celebes  is  supposed  to  amount 
to  about  3,000.000,  under  the  surveillance  of  sev- 
eral separate  rajahs,  among  wliom  polygamy  and 
the  other  sensualities  of  Mahometanism  generally 
prevail.  The  following  are  the  principal  towns 
or  ports  in  each  of  the  five  projections  previously 
described : 

1st,  Bon  thin,  Macassar,  Maros,  and  Tannette. 

2nd,  Mountainous,  and  very  thinly  inhabited. 

3rd,  Ditto,  ditto,  Waya  and  Tayabo. 

4th,  Palos,  Dondo  ;  fine  and  fertile. 

5th,  Bool,  Castricom;  and  Manado, 
And  of  the  main  part  of  Me  island  are  Bonny, 
Sofin,  and  Mamoojoo.  The  principal  river  of 
the  island,  the  Chrinrana,  falls  into  the  Bay  of 
Bony  or  Bugges,  lohlcli  see;  and  see  also  Tobo 
Ift  *  Tominie,  Cambyna,  and  Bouton,  other  bays  and 
islands  connected  with  Celebes. 

Cell,  or  Maria  Zell,  a  town  of  Stiria,  with  a  cele- 
brated abbey,  seated  on  the  Saltza,  17  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Bruck. 

Cencda,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Trevisano,  18  m.  N. 
-\      ofTreviso. 

Cenis,  a  mountain  of  the  Maritime  Alps,  in 
Savoy,  which  is  a  noted  passage  from  the  north 
■■if.  of  France  to  Turin.  The  summit  of  the  pass, 
which  is  about  9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  is  35  m.  W.  J^'.  W.  of  Turin.  The  facility 
of  intercourse  by  this  route  was  much  improved 
by  Napoleon. 

Centre,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania, being  in  conformity  with  its  name,  in 
the  centre  of  the  state.  Its  shape  is  an  irregular 
square,  about  35  m.  each  way.  The  main  ridge 
of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  terminates  in  a  bluff 
towards  the  north  side  of  the  county,  near  to  which 
runs  the  vi'est  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  River, 
a  branch  of  which  bounds  all  the  west  side  of  the 
county.  Bald  Eagle  Creek  intersecting  it  from  S. 
J,  to    N.    eastward    of  the    mountain    ridge.     Pop. 

*  18,765.  Bellefonte,  is  the  chief  town. 

Centre  Harbour,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  110  m. 
from   Boston  :  70   from    Portsmoutli.     Pop.    577. 

*^*  There  are  8  towns  called  Centre,  and  17 
called  Centrevillc,  in  the  U.  States. 

Cephalonia.  See  Cefalonia  and  Ionia. 
Ceram.,  one  of  the  Molucca  Isles,  extending  rem 
128.  to  130.  51.  of  E.  long,  being  about  3  m.  in 
mean  breadth  between  the  lat.  of  2.  51.  and  3.55. 
S.  The  island  of  Amboyna,  on  which  the  Dutch 
have  their  principal  spice  plantations,  lies  off  the 
south-west  end  of  Ceram,  on  which  island,  they 
endeavoured  to  destroy  all  the  spice  trees,  and 
succeeded  to  a  very  great  extent.  Sago  is  now 
the  prominent  production  of  Ceram.     The  salan- 

fan,  whose  edible  nests  command  such  an  exor- 
itant  price  in  China   is   common  in  the   island. 

Ccrdagtia,  a  district  of  the  Pyrenees,  partly  in 
Spain,  in  the  province  of  Catalonia,  and  partly 
in  France,  in  the  department  of  Eastern  Pyren- 
ees. Puycerda  is  the  capital  of  the  Spanisli  part, 
and  Mont  Louis  of  the  French. 

Cere,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  north-east 
corner  of  the  department  of  Lot,  37  m.  N.  E.  of 
Cahors,and   280  south  of  Paris.    Pop.  about  4,000. 

Cerenza,  or  Gcrcenaz,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Cal- 
abria Citeriore,  seated  o-.i  a  rock,  10  m.  north 
by  west  of  Severino. 


Ccrci,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depiartment  of 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  with  a  magnificent  bridge 
of  one  arch  over  the  Tet.  Here  the  commission- 
ers of  France  and  Spain  met,  in  1G60,  to  settle  the 
limits  of  the  two  kingdoms.  la  1794,  the  French 
defeated  the  Spaniards  near  th:A  town.  It  is  14 
ra.  W.  S.  W.  of  Perpignan. 

Cerignola,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
celebratt'd  by  Horace  for  its  excellent  bread. 
Near  this  town  is  tiie  ancient  Salapia,  the  ruins 
of  which  are  still  called  Salpe.  It  is  20  m.  south 
of  Manfredonia.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Cerigo,  (the  ancient  Cythera.)  an  island  of  the 
Mediterranean,  lying  off  the  S.  E.  promontory 
of  the  Morea  ;  it  formerly  belonged  to  the  Vene- 
tians ;  the  French  took  possession  of  it  in  1797  ;  it 
surrendered  to  the  English  in  1809,  and  at  the 
peace  of  1815  was  included  in  the  Ionian  repub- 
lic, under  the  protection  of  England.  It  is  about 
17  m.  long  from  north  to  south,  and  10  in  breadth, 
mountainous,  and  but  little  cultivated.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  Greeks,  whose  chief 
occupation  is  in  attending  to  their  flocks  of  sheep 
and  herds  of  goats.  There  is  a  town  of  the  same 
name  near  the  south-end  of  the  island,  contain- 
ing about  1,200  inhabitants;  the  extreme  south 
pomt  of  the  island  is  in  lat.  36.  9.  and  22.  57.  E. 
long. 

Ccrigotto,  (the  ancient  W^gilia,)  a  small  island, 
lying  between  the  S.  E.  point  of  Ceriiro,  and  the 
N.  W.  point  of  Candia.  Lat.  35.  51  N.  and  23. 
44.  W.  long.  It  is  unproductive,  and  has  but  few 
inhabitants. 

Cerilly,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Allier,  25  m.  west  of  Moulins,  and  40  south 
by  east  of  Bourges. 

Cerina,  a  seaport,  (the  ancient  Ceryiiia,)  on 
the  north  coast  of  Cyprus,  and  a  Greek  bishop's 
see,  with  a  castle  on  an  immense  rock.  The 
chief  exports  are  barlej"^,  silk,  cotton,  oil,  and  carob 
beans.  It  is  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Nicosia.  Long.  32. 
55.  E.  lat.  25.  45.  N. 

Cerne  Abbey,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng. 
It  is  surrounded  by  high  chalk  hills,  and  on  the 
side  of  one  of  them  is  cut  the  figure  of  a  man,  180 
feet  in  height,  holding  a  club  in  his  rigiit  hand^ 
and  extending  tlie  other.  Here  was  formerly  a 
stately  abbey,  and  part  of  its  remains  is  now  con- 
verted into  a  house  and  barn.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Cerne,  7  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of  Dorchester,  and 
120  west  by  south  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,060. 

Cernetz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  cantf^n  of 
Orisons,  with  a  mineral  spring;  seated  on  the 
river  Inn,  24  ni.  S.  E.  of  Coirc. 

Cerrito,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
with  a  cathedral  and  collegiate  church,  5  m. 
N.  N.  E.  ofTelesa. 

Certosa,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  tlie  Milanese,  Mith 
a  celebrated  Carthusian  monastery,  five  miles 
north  of  Pavia. 

Cervcra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with 
a  university,  34  m.  north  by  west  of  Tarragona. 
Another  on  the  borders  of  France  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, eight  miles  north  of  Roses,  and  five  or 
six  o  iRus  in  liitierent  pnrts  of  Spain. 

C /ritf,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  seated 
near  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  whence  canals  are  cut 
to  ad  nit  sea  wnter.  from  which  much  salt  is  made. 
It  is  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Revenna 

Cervin,  Mont,  the  most  conical  point  of  the 
Alps,  in  Savoy,  contiguous  to  Mont  Blanc. 

Cerninara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Ulteriore,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Benevento. 


C».l 


CJil 


Cesen*,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Romaffna,  seated  on 
the  Savio,  18  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Ravenna. 

Ccsenatico,  a  sea-port  of  Italy  in  Romagna. 
In  1800,  the  inhabitants  having  arrested  a  messen- 
ger with  despatches,  the  English  set  fire  to  the 
moles  of  the  harbour,  and  destroyed  16  vessels. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  16  m.  S.  E.  of 
Ravenna,  and  8  E.  of  Cesena. 

Cessieaux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  l3ere,27  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Lyons. 

Cette,  a  sea-port  of  France,  situate  on  the  tongue 
of  land,  stretching  along  the  coast  of  the  depart- 
ment ofHerault,  on  the  Gulf  of  Lions.  A  con- 
siderable quantity  of  salt  is  made  from  the  water 
of  the  inlet.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  soap,  and 
sugar  refinery,  and  exports  a  considerable  quanti- 
ty of  brandy  ;  the  canal  of  Langaedoc  falling 
into  the  inlet,  occasions  Cette  to  be  the  medium 
of  an  extensive  intercourse  between  the  eastern 
and  southern  departments  of  France.  Pop.  about 
8,000.  The  lighthouse  is  in  lat.  43.  24.  N.  and  3. 
42.  W.  long,  and  about  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Montpe- 
lier. 

Ceva,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  fort.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French,  in  1796,  and  retaken  by  the 
Piedmontese  peasants  in  1799.  It  stands  on  tlie 
Tanaro,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Mondova.  Pop.  about 
5,500. 

Cevennes,  a  late  territory  of  France,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Languedoc.  It  is  a  mountainous  country, 
and  now  forms  the  department  of  Gard. 

Ceiita,  (the  ancient  Mylo,  a  town  of  Fez,  at 
the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Africa,  opposite  to  Gib- 
raltar, from  which  it  is  distant  only  14  m.  It 
was  taken  from  the  Moors,  by  the  Portuguese  in 
1409 ;  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards  in 
1640,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  treaty  of 
Lisbon  in  1668,  and  in  whose  possession  it  still 
continues.  The  Moors  besieged  it  in  1694,  and 
maintained  a  close  blockade  before  it  on  the  land 
side,  for  nearly  30  years,  when  they  ultimately 
retired  with  great  loss.  Its  fortress,  like  that  of 
Gibraltar,  to  which  it  is  considered  a  counterpart, 
maybe  regarded  as  impregnable;  and,  as  such, 
both  are  poetically  termed  the  Pillars  of  Hercules. 
It  has  a  tolerably  good  harbour  for  vessels  not  of 
very  large  burthen,  in  the  lat.  of  35.  54.  N.  and  5. 
17.  W.  long. 

Cetjlon,  an  island  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  lying 
cfF  the  south-west  coast  of  the  promontory  of  Hin- 
doostan,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Gulf 
of  Manara  and  Palk's  Strait,  about  90  miles  in 
breadth.  The  form  of  Ceylon  has  not  inaptly 
been  compared  to  that  of  a  pear,  the  north  part 
forming  the  stem.  It  is  270  m.  in  extreme 
length  from  Point  de  Galle,  in  the  lat.  of  6.  4.  to 
Point  Pedro,  in  9.  50.  N.  and  120  in  extreme 
breadth  between  the  long,  of  80.  and  81.  52.  E. 

The  early  histoiy  of  Ceylon  is  involved  in  ob- 
scurity, but  supposing  it  to  be  the  Tayrobuna  ad- 
verted to  by  Strabo,  Pomponius,  Mela,  and  Pliny, 
it  must  have  ranked  high  in  population  and  influ- 
ence among  the  nations  of  Asia,  for  ages  antece- 
dent to  the  Christian  era,  having  sent  an  embas- 
sy over  land  to  Rome,  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor 
Claudius.  It  appears  to  have  been  visited  by 
some  Nestorian  missionaries,  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tury. About  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
it  was  visited  by  Marco  Polo,  a  Venetian,  wlio 
travelled  over  a  great  part  of  Asia,  and  afterwards 
published  an  account  of  his  travels  The  informa- 
tion, however,  which  he  communicated  being  of 
a  general,  rather  than  of  a  circumstantial  nafure, 
but  little  was  known  of  Ceylon,  beyond  its  actual 


existence  as  an  island,  until  after  the  disco  e  f 
of  the  passage  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  and 
its  being  visited  by  the  Portuguese  in  1505,  who 
found  it  divided  into  several  petty  sovereignties 
which  subsequently  merged  into  one,  under  the 
title  of  the  kingdom  of  Candy.  The  Portuo-uese 
held  settle  ments  on  different  parts  of  the^coast 
for  upwards  of  150  years,  when  they  were  expel- 
led by  the  Dutch,  who  [wssessed  themselves  of 
the  entire  circuit  of  the  coast  for  10  to  20  miles 
from  the  sea,  and  the  whole  of  the  north  part  of  the 
islands;  confining  the  dominions  of  the  king  of 
Candy  entirely  to  the  interior.  The  Dutch  pos 
sessions  of  the  island  all  surrendered  to  the  Enor- 
lish  in  1796,  after  sustaining  a  siege  of  three 
weeks :  and  in  1815  a  British  force  marched  into 
the  interior,  took  the  king  of  Candy  prisoner,  de- 
posed him,  and  possessed  his  territory,  thereby 
rendering  the  whole  island  a  part  of  the  British 
dominion.  The  entire  revenues  yielded  by  the 
island  to  the  British  government  have  been  esti- 
mated at  £250,000.  The  general  character  of  the 
surface  of  the  island  of  Ceylon  is  mountainous 
and  woody,  with  an  ample  extent  of  soil ;  and 
sufficiently  intersected  by  streams  of  water,  to 
afford  the  most  abundant  means  of  subsistence 
and  comfort  to  a  population  more  than  tenfold  its 
present  extent.  The  most  lofty  range  of  moun- 
tains divide  the  island  nearly  into  two  parts,  and 
terminates  completely  the  effect  of  the  monsoons, 
which  set  in  periodically  from  opposite  sides  of 
them.  The  seasons  are  more  regulated  by  the 
monsoons  than  the  course  of  the  sun ;  for  the 
coolest  season  is  during  the  summer  solstice, 
while  the  western  monsoon  prevails.  Spring 
commences  in  October,  and  the  hottest  season  is 
from  January  to  the  beginning  of  April.  The 
climate  on  the  coast,  is  more  temperate  than  on 
the  continent  of  Hindoostan  ;  but  in  the  interior 
of  the  country  the  heat  is  many  degrees  greater, 
and  the  climate  often  extremely  sultry  and  un- 
healthy. The  finest  fruits  grow  in  vast  plenty, 
but  there  is  a  poisonous  fruit  called  Adam's  apple, 
which  in  shape  resembles  the  quarter  of  an  apple 
cut  out,  with  the  two  insides  a  little  convex,  and 
a  continued  ridge  along  the  outer  edges  ;  and  is 
of  a  beautiful  orange  colour.  Pep{)er,  ginger,  and 
cardamons  are  produced  in  Ceylon ;  with  five 
kinds  of  rice  which  ripen  one  aft*r  another.  One 
of  the  most  remarkable  trees  in  the  island  is  the 
talipot,  which  grows  straight  and  tall,  and  is  as 
big  as  the  mast  of  a  ship;  the  leaves  are  so  large 
as  to  cover  15  men  ;  when  dried,  they  are  round, 
and  fold  up  like  a  fan.  The  natives  wear  a 
piece  of  the  leaf  on  their  head  when  they  travel, 
to  shade  them  from  the  sun ;  and  they  are  so 
tough  that  they  are  not  easily  torn.  Every  sol- 
dier carries  one,  and  it  serves  for  his  tent :  other 
trees  and  shrubs,  some  valuable  for  their  timber, 
and  others  for  their  resin,  gums,  and  flowers,  are 
interspersed  over  every  part  of  the  island  ;  but 
the  most  important  of  all  its  vegetable  produc- 
tions is  the  cinnamon  tree,  the  bark  of  which 
is  distributed  over  every  part  of  the  habitable 
globe. 

Ceylon  also  abounds  with  topazes,  garnets,  ru 
hies,  and  other  gems  ;  besides  ores  of  copper, 
iron,  &c.  and  veins  of  black  crystal.  Common 
deer,  as  well  as  Guinea  deer,  are  numerous ;  but 
the  horned  cattle  are  both  very  small  and  scarce, 
six  of  them  weighing  altogether  only  714  lbs. 
and  one  of  these  only  70  lbs.  Yet  the  island  pro- 
duces the  largest  and  best  elephants  in  the  world, 
which  occasionallv  form  an  extensive   branch  of 


GET 


180 


CHA 


traffic  to  different  parts  of  Hindoostan.  The 
woods  are  infested  by  tigers.  They  abound  also 
ivith  snakes  of  a  monstrous  size,  amonfj  which  is 
the  boa  constrictor,  one  of  which  has  been  known 
to  destroy  a  tiger,  and  devour  him  at  one  meal. 
Spiders,  centipedes,  and  scorpions  also  grow  to 
an  enormous  size.  Here  the  mantis,  or  creeping 
leaf,  is  met  with;  which  is  supposed  to  be  a 
species  of  grasshopper,  having  every  member  of 
common  insects,  though  in  shape  and  appearance 
it  greatly  resembles  a  leaf:  it  is  of  a  green  colour. 
The  sea  coasts  abound  with  fish.  Alligators  and 
all  the  lizard  tribe  are  also  numerous. 

The  aborigines  of  Ceylon  consist  of  two  classes 
of  people,  the  Cingalese  and  the  Veddahs.  The 
latter  are  still  in  the  rudest  stage  of  social  life  ; 
they  live  embosomed  in  the  woods,  or  in  the  hol- 
lows of  the  mountains :  hunting  their  sole  employ- 
ment, and  providing  for  the  day  their  only  care. 
Some  of  them  acknowledged  the  authority  of  the 
king  of  Candy ;  and  exchanged  with  the  Cingal- 
ese elephants'  teeth  and  deer  flesh,  for  arrows, 
cloth,  &c.  but  this  practice  is  not  general,  for  two- 
thirds  of  them  hold  no  communication  with  the 
Cingalese,  and  have  an  utter  antipathy  to  strangers. 
They  worship  a  particular  god  ;  and  their  reli- 
gious doctrine  seems  to  consist  of  some  indistinct 
notions  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the 
Braminical  faith.  In  some  places  they  have  erect- 
ed temples  ;  but  for  the  most  part  they  perform 
worship  at  an  altar  constructed  of  bamboos,  un- 
der the  shade  of  a  banyan-tree.  The  Cingalese, 
subjects  of  the  kings  of  Candy,  during  the  ex- 
istence of  their  reign,  appear  to  have  been,  be- 
pond  time  of  memory,  a  race  of  Hindoos,  in- 
Vi'Qcted  in  all  the  arts  of  civil  life,  and  maintain- 
'lig,  if  not  an  ascendancy,  a  co-equality  of  influ- 
T  «  and  importance  with  their  continental 
aeigr.uours.  The  distinction  of  castes  into  19 
grades  prevails  among  them  as  scrupulously  as 
among  the  Hindoos.  In  their  devotion  they  are 
Pagans  ;  and  though  they  acknowledge  a  supreme 
God,  they  worship  only  the  inferior  deities, 
among  which  they  reckon  the  sun  and  moon. 
In  their  temples  are  images,  well  executed,  though 
their  figures  are"  monstrous;  some  are  of  silver, 
copper,  &c.  The  different  sorts  of  gods  have 
various  priests,  who  have  all  some  privileges. 
Their  houses  are  small  and  low,  with  walls  made 
of  hurdles,  smoothly  covered  with  clay,  and  the 
roofs  thatched.  They  hive  no  chimneys,  and 
their  furniture  is  only  a  few  earthen  vessels,  with 
two  copper  basins,  and  two  or  three  stools;  none 
but  their  king  having  been  allowed  to  sit  in  a 
chair.  Their  food  is  generally  rice,  and  their 
common  drink  is  water,  which  they  pour  into 
their  mouths  out  of  a  vessel  like  a  tea-pot,  through 
the  spout,  never  touching  it  with  their  lips. 
There  are  some  inscriptions  on  the  rocks,  which 
must  be  very  ancient,  for  they  are  not  understood 
b^  any  of  the  present  inhabitants.  The  subver- 
sion of  the  native  government  of  Ceylon,  and 
the  predilection  of  the  English  to  force  a  distribu- 
tion of  the  products  of  British  labour,  over  every 
part  of  the  globe,  are  calculated  to  effect  a  great 
change  in  the  tastes  and  habits  of  the  Cingalese, 
the  result  of  which  it  is  difHcult  to  foresee.  In 
addition  to  the  various  productions  of  Ceylon 
previovisly  enumerated,  connected  with  it  is  the 
pearl  fishery,  in  the  gulf  of  Manara,  which  is 
considered  the  richest  source  of  that  article  in  the 
world,  and  which,  with  cinnamon  to  the  amount 
of  300,000  to  400,000  lbs.  weight  annually,  consti- 
tutes the  basis  of  its  commerce,  in  exchange  for 


European  productions.  The  population  is  esti- 
mated at  about  1,500,000;  the  principal  towns  me 
Colombo,  Negombo,  and  Arrobo  on  the  west  coast, 
Trincomalee  and  Batacola  on  the  east  coast,  Ma- 
gane  and  Matura  at  the  south  end,  and  Candy 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  island. 

Chabeuil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Drome,  with  about  4,000  inhabitants,  8  m.  S. 
by  E.  of  Valhuce. 

Chablais,  a  fertile  province  of  Savoy,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  lake  of  Geneva,  east  by 
Valois,  south  by  Faucigny,  and  west  by  the 
Genevois.  Thonon,  22  ni.  E.  N.  E.  of  Geneva 
is  the  capital. 

Chahlis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  departmen. 
of  Yonne,  celebrated  for  its  excellent  white  wine. 
It  is  12  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Auxerre. 

Cfiacao,  a  seaport  at  the  N.  E.  end  of  the  island 
of  Chiloe,  on  the  strait  that  separates  it  from  the 
main  land,  in  the  lat.  of  41 .  53.  S 

Charhapoyas,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  province 
of  Truxillo,  capital  of  a  district  lying  east  of  the 
main  ridge  of  the  Andes.  It  is  seated  on  a  river, 
160  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Truxillo.  Long.  77.  30.  W 
lat.  6.  20.  S. 

Chaco,  or  Gran  Chaco,  an  interior  district  of 
South  America,  bordering  east  on  the  Paraguay 
River,  which,  under  the  influence  of  the  Incas, 
and  more  recently  of  the  domination  of  the 
Spaniards,  was  a  sort  of  country  of  refuge  for  the 
native  Indians.  Its  length  is  estimated  iit  750, 
and  its  breadth  450  miles.  It  is  well  watered, 
and  yields  most  of  the  productions  of  other  parts 
of  Peru  :  it  is  now  merged  into  the  United  pro- 
vinces of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Chaddeston,  a  township  of  Eng,  in  the  parish 
of  Oldham,  Lancashire,  with  5,124  inhabitants  in 
1821.     See  Oldham. 

Chafalia,  properly  Atchafalayn,  a  diverginor 
branch  of  the  Mississippi  river,  which  see. 

Chagang,  a  city  of  Birmah,  with  a  small  fort. 
It  is  the  principal  emporium  for  cotton,  which  is 
brought  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  em- 
barked here  in  boats  up  the  river  Irravvaddy  into 
the  province  of  Yunen.  Here  also  is  the  only 
manufecture  of  marble  idols,  whence  the  whole 
Birman  empire  is  supplied ;  none  being  allowed 
to  be  made  in  any  other  place.  It  is  situate  op- 
posite Ava,  the  present  capital,  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Irrawaddy,  which  here  turns  north  and 
parts  it  from  Ummerapoora,  the  present  capital. 

Chagre,  a  town  and  fort  on  the  isthmus,  connect- 
ing, the  two  great  divisions  of  the  western  hem- 
isphere, at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name,  to 
the  S.  W.  of  Porto  Bello,  forming  the  easiest 
channel  of  communication  between  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  Ocean.  The  fort  was  taken  by  Ad- 
miral Vernon  in  1740.  Long.  80.  17.  W.  lat.  9. 
10.  N. 

Chais  Dleu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Loire,  wHrh  a  celebrated  Benedic 
tine  abbey,  12  m.  E.  of  Brioude. 

Chaico,  a  town  of  Mexico,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  the 
city  of  Mexico. 

Chaleur,  Bay  of\,  a  spacious  bay  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  which  di- 
vides the  district  of  Gaspe,  Lower  Canada,  from 
the  province  of  New  Brunswick.  Miscou  Island, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  is  in  lat.  48.  4.  N.  and 
64.  14.  W.  long,  from  which  point  the  bay  runs 
about  80  miles  further  west,  being  about  20  miles 
in  breadth,  indented  on  the  north  by  Cascapedia, 
and  on  the  south  by  Nipesiguit  bay.  It  receives 
several  rivers,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  Risti 


CHA 


181 


'     CHA 


gouche,  at  its  head.  Along  the  coast  are  numer- 
ous inhabitants  whose  occupation  is  fishing  and 
ship-huilding. 

Cfialford,  or  Chafford,  a  village  in  Gloucester- 
shire, Eng.  2  m.  S.  E.  of  Stroud.  It  stands  on 
the  Stroud  canal,  and  has  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  broad  cloth.     See  Stroud. 

ChaUans,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vendee,  situate  aoout  12  m.  from  the  coast, 
and  21  m    N.  of  Sables  d'Oloone. 

Challone,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  situate  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Loire,  30  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Nantes.    Pop.  about  5,000. 

Chalons  sur  Marne,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Marne,  and  lately  an  episcopal 
gee.  It  contains  several  public  buildings  and 
12,000  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  shalloons  and  other  woolen  stuffs.  Here 
is  an  academy  of  the  sciences,  arts,  and  belles-let- 
tres. Chalons  is  seated  on  the  river  Marne,  over 
which  there  is  one  very  handsome,  and  two  other 
bridges.  It  is  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Rheims,  and  95  E.  of 
Paris. 

Chalons  sur  Sa-one,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Saone  and  Loire,  with  a  citadel,  and 
lately  an  episcopal  see.  It  is  the  staple  of  iron  for 
Lyon  and  St.  Etienne,  and  of  wines  for  exporta- 
tion. Here  are  various  indications  of  Roman 
magnificence,  particularly  the  ruins  of  an  amphi- 
theatre. The  city  contains  the  old  town,  the  new 
town,  and  the  suburb  of  St.  Lawrence.  In  the 
first  is  the  court  of  justice,  and  the  cathedral. 
Chalons  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  70  m.  N.  of  Ly- 
ons, and  170  S.  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  about  9,000. 

Chains,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  with  a  castle.  Richard  I.  of  Eng- 
land, while  preparing  to  besiege  this  place,  re- 
ceived a  wound  in  his  shoulder,  by  an  arrow, 
which  proved  mortal.  It  is  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Limoges. 

Cham,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  river 
Cham,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Regen,  27  m. 
N.  E.  of  Ratisbon.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Cham,  is  also  the  name  of  a  small  town  on  the 
N.  W.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Zug,  in  Switzerland, 
and  a  town  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river,  falling 
into  the  Gulf  of  Siam,  on  the  west  side  ;  it  is  also 
(or  Ciwrn)  the  name  of  a  district  in  Cochin  China. 

Chambersburg,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania,  Frank- 
lin county,  situate  in  a  hilly  country,  30  m.  S.  W. 
of  Carlisle.  It  is  a  flour isliing  place  and  has 
manufactories  of  excellent  cutlery. 

Chamberry,  the  capital  of  Savoy,  with  a  castle, 
and  a  ducal  palace.  It  is  fortified  by  walls  and 
ditches,  and  watered  by  manj'  streams,  which  run 
through  several  of  the  streets.  There  are  piazzas 
under  most  of  the  houses,  where  people  may  walk 
dry  in  tlie  worst  weather.  It  has  large  and  hand- 
some suburbs  ;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  some 
baths,  much  frequented  ix\  summer.  In  1742,  the 
Spaniards  made  themselves  masters  of  this  capi- 
tal, but  it  was  restored  by  the  peace  of  1748.  It 
was  taken  in  1792  by  the  French,  who  were  dis- 
possessed of  it  in  1799,  but  regained  it  in  1800.  It 
is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Lesse  and  D'Albon, 
27  ra.  N.  E.  of  Grenoble,  and  85  N.  W.  of  Turin. 
Pop.  about  12,000.  Loner.  5.  50.  E.  lat.  45. 
33.    N. 

Chambertin,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  celebrated  for  its  delicious 
wine.     It  lies  to  the  south  of  Dijon. 

Chambly,  a  fort  of  Lower  Canada,  on  the  river 
Chambly,  or  Sorel,  issuing  from  Lake  Champlain. 
It  was  talf  <^i  by  tlie  Americans  in  1775,  and  reta- 


ken by  the  English  in  1776.  It  is  15  m.  east  o. 
Montreal;  and  a  little  higher  on  the  same  river 
is  the  fort  of  St.  John,  which  is  a  frontier 
garrison. 

Chamneiskoi,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia  lying 
south  of  the  south  end  of  Lake  Baieal,  near  the 
frontiers  of  Chinese  Tartary. 

Chamouni,  one  of  the  elevated  valleys  of  the 
Alps,  about  3,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
It  is  at  the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc,  on  the  north  side, 
and  is  watered  by  the  Arve,  and  celebrated  for" its 
herds  of  goats.  There  is  a  village  of  the  same 
name  in  the  bosom  of  the  valley,  on  the  banks  of 
the  Arve,  42  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Chamberry,  and  35 
S.  E.  of  Geneva. 

diamond,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Rhone,  with  a  castle  on  the  river  Giez,  17 
m.  S.  of  Lyon. 

Champagne,  a  late  province  of  France,  162  m. 
long  and  112  broad;  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Hainault  and  Luxemburgh,  east  by  Lorrain  and 
Franche  Comte,  south  by  Burgundy,  and  west  by 
the  Isle  of  France  and  Soissonnois.  It  now  forms 
the  departments  of  Ardennes,  Aube,  Marne  and 
Upper  Marne. 

*^*  There  are  several  small  towns  and  vil- 
lages of  the  same  name  in  different  parts  of 
France . 

Champaign,  an  interior  county  of  the  State 
of  Ohio,  about  20  miles  in  length,  from  east  to 
west,  and  10  broad  ;  it  is  intersected  from  north 
to  south  by  Mad  River,  a  branch  of  the  Great 
Miami.  Pop.  12,130.  Urbana,50  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Columbus,  is  the  chief  town. 

Cfiampaneer,  a  city  and  capital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Malwa,  Hin- 
doostan  ;  it  was  formerly  the  capital  of  the  rajahs 
of  Guzerat ;  ruins  of  temples  and  mosques  renuain 
to  attest  its  former  consequence.  It  is  45  m.  f'ue 
east  of  Canibray. 

Champion,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,342 
Also  a  township  in  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Champlain,  a  lake  of  North  America,  which  di- 
vides the  north  part  of  the  state  of  New  York  from 
that  of  Vermont.  It  is  90  miles  long,  in  a  direc- 
tion due  north,  and  15  in  its  broadest  part ;  the 
mean  width  is  about  six  miles,  and  its  depth  is 
sufficient  for  the  largest  vessel.  It  contains  many 
islands,  the  principal  ol"  which,  called  North  He 
ro,  is  24  miles  long,  and  from  two  to  four  wide 
It  receives  the  waters  of  Lake  George  from  the 
S.  S.  W.  and  sends  its  own  waters  a  north  course, 
through  Chambly  River,  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 
The  land  on  its  borders,  and  on  the  banks  of  its 
rivers  is  good.  Although  this  lake  lies  between 
the  lat.  of  45.  and  47.  it  is  frequently  frozen  over 
so  as  afford  a  passage  on  the  ice  for  two  or  three 
months  in  the  year ;  it  is  united  with  Lake  Erie 
by  a  canal. 

Cliamplain,  a  town  of  New  York,  in  Clinton 
County,  situate  on  Lake  Champlain,  near  its 
north  extremity,  190  m.  N.  Albany.     Pop.  2,456. 

Champlemy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  near  the  source  of  the  Nievre, 
25  m.  N   N.  E.  of  Nevers. 

Chancay,  a  seaport  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  convenient  port,  45 
m.  north  by  west  of  Lima. 

Chanctford,  Upper  and  Lower,  towns  in  York 
Co.  Pa. 

Chanda,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Berar,  seated 
on  a  branch  of  the  Godavery,  78  m.  S.  of  Nag- 
pour.     Long.  79.  54.  E.  lat.  20.  2.  N. 

Chanderee,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 

Q 


i      • 


•^A 


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182 


CHA 


district  in  the  Malwa  country,  near  the  river  Bet- 
v/ha.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  rajah,  and  170  m. 
S.  of  Agra.     Long.  78.  43.  E.  Lit.  '24.  48.  N. 

Chandernagore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Ben- 
gal It  was  the  principa'  French  settlement  in 
the  Eaet  Indies,  and  had  f  ,tron<r  fort,  which  was 
destroyed  by  the  Englisl  in  1757;  anfl  in  1793 
they  again  dispossessed  t\ie  French  of  this  settle- 
ment. It  is  seated  on  tlie  west  side  of  the  Hoog- 
ly,  15  m.  north  of  Calcut  i. 

Chandor,  a  town  of  Hii  loostan,  in  the  country 
of  Baorlana,  taken  by  the  Knglish  in  1804.  It  is  90 
m.  W.N.  W.  of  Aurung.  bad.  Long.  74.  38.  E. 
lat.  20.  8.  N. 

Cliandraguti,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
with  a  fort  on  a  high  peaked  hill.  The  vicinity 
produces  sandal  wood  of  a  good  quality.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Varada,  on  the  confines  of  the 
country,  110  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Mangalore. 

Chan,  begins  the  name  of  numerous  other  towns 
in  different  parts  of  Hindoostan. 

Chandui,  a  seaport  of  Colombia,  near  the  north 
point  of  the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Lat.  2.  23.  S. ;    it  is  inconsiderable. 

Chang-hai,  a  town  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-nan.  In  this  town,  and  the  villages  de- 
dependent  on  it,  are  more  than  200,000  weavers 
of  cotton  cloth.  It  is  situate  near  the  sea  coast,  18 
m.  N.  E.  of  Songkiang. 

Chanmanning ,  a  city  of  Thibet,  which  has  been 
the  residence  of  the  grand  Ian  a.  It  is  130  in.  W. 
of  Lassa.     Long.  89.  4.5.  E.  1»).  31.  0.  N 

Chanonry.     See  Fortrose. 

Chan-si,  a  province  of  China,  the  north  end 
bordering  on  the  Great  Wall,  and  the  south  on 
the  Great  Yellow  River,  bound  ;d  on  the  east  by 
the  Metropolitian  province  of  I'etcheli,  and  west 
by  Chensi.     The  climate  is  salubrious  and  agree-. 


tjy  y 
ble, 


ble,  and  the  soil  generally  fertile,  though  the 
north  part  is  full  of  mountains.  Some  of  these 
are  rough,  wild,  and  uninhabited  ;  but  others  are 
cultivated  w  th  the  greatest  care  from  top  to  bot- 
tom. They  abound  with  coal,  wlii(  h  the  inhabi- 
tants pound,  and  make  into  cakes  w  th  water;  a 
kind  of  fuel  principally  used  for  fi  -ating  their 
stoves,  which  are  constructed  with  M  ck  ;  and  in 
the  form  of  small  beds,  so  that  the  people  sleep 
upon  them.  The  comitry  aboni'ds  with  musk, 
porphry,  marbie,  lapis  lazuli,  and  jaspt  r,  of  vari- 
mus  colours  >  and  iron  mines,  as  well  as  salt-pits 
nnd  crystal,  are  very  common.  Here  are  5  cities 
of  the  first  class  and  85  of  the  second  and  third, 
■fhe  capital  is  Taiyouen-fou. 

Chantilly,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Oise,  celebrated  for  a  great  pottery  ;  also  for  a 
fine  forest  and  maornificent  hunting-seat.  It  is  17 
m.  N.  byE.  of  Paris. 

Chan-tung,  a  maritime  province  of  the  noi  .h  of 
China.  It  contains  six  cities  of  the  first  clats,  and 
114  of  the  second  and  third ;  besides  which  there 
lire  along  the  coast  several  forts  and  villageu  of 
considerable  note  on  account  of  their  comni#<  v, 
and  a  number  of  small  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  l,ea- 
otong,  the  greater  part  of  which  have  very  «.on- 
venient  harbours.  T'-is  province  has  lary  i  man- 
ufactures of  silk,  and  a  kind  of  stuffs  peculior  to 
♦his  part  of  China.  It  is  traversed  by  the  impe- 
/lal  canal.     The  capital  is  Tsinan. 

Chao-hing,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Tche-kiang  which  hao  eight  cities  of  the  inird 
rank  under  its  jurisdiction.  It  is  situate  near  tne 
«ea  coast,  730  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Pekin.  Long.  120. 
«.  E.  lat.  30.  10.  N 

Chao-tcheo,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  j^rovince  of 


Quang-tong,  situate  between  two  navigable  riv* 
ers,  and  celebrated  for  a  monastery  of  the  bonzes 
in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  140  m.  north  of 
Canton.  * 

Chajmla,  a  lake  15  miles  in  breadth  and  55  in 
length,  in  the  province  of  Guadalaxara,  Mexico 
which  discharges  its  waters  by  the  Rio  Grande 
de  Santiago,  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  east  end 
of  the  lake  is  about  200  m.  N.  W.  of  the  city  ol 
Mexico. 

Chaparang,  or  Dsaprong,  a  city  of  Thibet, 
seated  on  the  southern  head  of  the  Ganges,  90 
miles  westward  from  the  Lake  Mansaroar  .vhence 
that  branch  is  supposed  to  take  its  rise.  It  ia  160 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Sirinagur.  Long.  79.  22.  E.  lat 
33.  10.  N. 

Chapel-en-lc-Frith,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng., 
seated  on  the  confines  of  the  Peak,  17  m.  S.  E.  of^ 
Manchester,  and  107  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  In 
1821  it  had  three  establishments  for  spinning  of 
cotton,  and  two  for  the  manufacture  of  nails,  and 
a  population  of  3,234. 

Chapel  Hill,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  N.  C,  24  m.  W. 
Raleigh.  It  is  seated  in  an  elev&ted  and  pleasant  / 
country,  and  contains  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  This  institution  was  founded  in  1791. 
It  has  9  instructers  and  69  students.  The  libra 
ries  iiave  about  5,000  volumes.  There  are  two 
vacations  in  June  and  December,  of  10  weeks. 

Chapel  Izod,  a  village  on  the  bank  of  the  Liffey, 
on  the  west  side  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1821,  597 
and  the  parish  G27  more. 

Cha.rasm,  or  Kharizm,  a  fertile  country  of  Usbec 
Tartary,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Turkestan,  east     * 
by  Bokharia,  south  by  Chorasan,  and  west  by  the      ^' 
Caspian  Sea.     It  is  divided  among  several  Tarta- 
rian princes,  of  Wtiom  one  takes  the  title  of  khan, 
with   a   degree    of  pre-eminence    over   the   rest. 
Khiva  is  the  capital,  and  the  usual  residence  of      » 
the   khan   in  winter ;  but  during  the  summer  he 
generally  encamps   on    the    banks   of  the    river 
Amu. 

Charhorough,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.,  6 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Blandfc-*.  In  the  grounds  of  a 
gentleman's  seat  here,  is  the  house  where  the 
plan  of  the  revolution  of  1688  wa-s  mnffirted. 

Charcns,  one  of  the  t/nitea  rrovinces  of  South 
America,  lying  between  the  lat.  of  18.  and  21.  S. 
and  the  Gist  and  70th  of  W.  long.  Chuquisaca, 
or  La  Plata,  is  the  chief  town,  near  to  which  the 
main  branch  of  the  Pilcomayo  has  its  source  ;  it 
is  bounded  on  the  west  and  south  by  the  province 
of  Potosi,  and  is  in  the  centre  of  the  chief  silver 
mining  district. 

Char,  a  Saxon  word  of  somewhat  uncertain  de 
rivation  ;  there  are  about  60  towns  and  villages 
in  different  parts  of  Englarj]  .^^Linnng  with 
Char,  probably  ori.'i.-atlng  in  their  having  been 
situated  in  a  woe  j*rt  of  the  country,  where 
the  operation  oi chairing,  or  burning  of  wood  for 
charcoal,  was  carried  on.  There  is.  a  river  call^^ 
the  Char  in  Dorsetshire,  /ailing  into  the  r...i»r 
Channel  at  Charmouth,  a  little  to  liie  west  of 
Lyme  Regis. 

Chard,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  It  stand*, 
on  an  eminence  above  all  the  country  between  the 
two  seas;  and  has  a  copious  stream,  w^^'ch  mig.'it  be 
easily  conducted  in  a  direction  opposit«  that 
which  it  now  takes.  It  is  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  ot 
Taunton,  and  1.39  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Pop.  of 
the  town  in  1821,  1,330,  and  of  the  parish  3,106. 

Charente,  a  department  of  France,  including  tb' 
late  province  of  Angoumois.  It  is  named  from  a 
river,  which  rises  m  Limosin,  and  runs  by  Au- 


^:i 


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gouleme,  Sayites,  and  Rociiefort,  into  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.     Anorouleme  is  the  capital.     Pop-,  about 
4  32o,060. 

•  Charente,    Lower,   a    maritime    department  of 

France,  consisting  of  the  two  late  provinces  of 
Aunis  and  Saintonge.  Rochefort,  Rochelle,  and 
Marennes  on  the  coasts,  and  Saintes  and  St.  Jean 
d'Ano-ely,  are  tlie  principal  towns  in  this  depart- 
ment, and  in  which  the  Isles  of  Re,  and  Oleron 
^  are  included.  It  is  a  fertile  district,  and  exports 
a  considerable  quantity  of  brandy.     Pop.  395,000. 

Chnrcnton.  a  town  of  France,  about  5  m.  S.  E. 
of  Paris,  celebrated  for  its  iron  works  There  is 
another  town  of  the  same  name  in  the  department 
of  Cher. 
.  Charite,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nievre,  with  manufactures  of  woolen  and  hard- 
ware. Here  is  a  priory  of  Benedictine  Clunistes, 
which  once,  in  a  season  of  scarcity,  maintained  the 
whole  town  by  its  bounty,  and  hence  it  derives 
«  its  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Loire,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Nevers.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Charkow.     See  KJiarkoff. 

Cliarlburrj,  a  village  five  miles  from  Woodstock, 
in  Oxfordshire,  England.  It  holds  four  large  cat- 
tle fairs  annually.  Pop.  in  1821,  ],;M8,  and  of 
the  parish,  2,877,  the  greater  part  of  whom  are 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  gloves,  and  other 
articles  of  leather. 

Charlemont,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Armagh,  seated  on  the  river  Blackwater,  6  m. 
S.  of  Duno-annan,  and  68  N.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in 
1821,628. 

Charlemont,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  on  the 
frontier  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  department  of 
Ardennes,  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain,  by  the 
river  Meuse,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Rocroy.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Charleroy,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
county  of  Namur.  It  has  been  often  taken.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Sambre,  18  m.  W.  of  Namur,  and 
32  S.  of  Brussels. 

Charles,  Cope,  a  promontory  of  Virginia,  form- 
ing the  north  point  to  the  entrance  of  Chesapeak 
Bay.     Long.  76.  14.  W.  lat.  37.  12.  N. 

Charles,  Cape,  the  north  point  of  an  island  in 
the  south  channel  of  Hudson's  Strait,  leading 
into  Hudson's  Bay.  Long.  74.  15.  W.  lat.  62. 
46.  N. 

Charles,  a  county  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  state 
of  Maryland,  lying  between  the  Patuxent  and 
Potomac  Rivers.  Pop.  in  1820,  17,666.  Port 
Tobacco,  at  the  head  of  an  inlet  of  the  Potomac, 
65  m.  S.  of  Baltimore,  is  the  chief  town. 
'  Charles  City,  a -county  of  the  E.  District  of 
Virginia,  extending  for  about  15  miles  along  the 
north  side  of  James  River,  being  about  6  miles  in 
mean  breadth,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Chick- 
ahoming  River.  The  court-house  of  the  county 
is  30  ra.  S.  E.  by  E.  of  Richmond.     Pop.  5,504. 

Charles  River,  a  small  river  of  Massachusetts, 
falling  into  Boston  haibour,  on  the  N.  W.  side  of 
the  city. 

Charles,  St.  a  parish  of  the  E.  District  of  Lou- 
isiana, lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  lakes  Maurepas  and 
Pontchartrain  ;  it  is  a  swampy  district,  contain- 
ing about  300  square  miles.  Pop.  5,107.  The 
court-house  of  the  district  is  4-5  miles  west  of 
New  Orleans.  Also  the  name  of  a  county  in  the 
state  of  Missouri,  being  a  nook  formed  by  the 
Missouri  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  opposite  to  the 
junction  of  the  Illinois  with  the  latter    Pop.  4.322. 


The  chief  town  of  the  same  name,  on  the  north 
bank  of  the  Missouri,  is  21  miles  N.  W.  of  St. 
Louis. 

Charleston,  a  maritime  district  of  the  state  of 
South  Carolina,  extending  for  about  70  miles 
along  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  a  north- 
eastern direction,  from  the  lat.  of  32.  30.  to  33.  5 
N.  and  inland  about  50  miles  ;  it  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  Santee  River,  and  intersected  by 
Ashley,  Cooper,  and  one  or  two  other  rivers  of 
inferior  note.  It  contains  a  good  deal  of  swampy 
land  ;  but  is  on  the  whole  very  productive  in 
maize,  rice,  and  cotton.  The  coast  is  broken  into 
numerous  islands,  which  yield  a  cotton  of  very 
superior  quality,  known  by  the  name  of  Sea  Isl 
and. 

Charleston,  the  chief  city  of  South  Carolina, 
stands  upon  a  point  of  land  at  tb*;  ^unction  of 
Ashley  and  Cooper  Rivers,  with  t  good  harbour, 
but  difficult  of  entrance.  It  is  regularly  built, 
with  many  fine  streets  and  elegant  buildings.  Its 
situation  is  low  and  flat,  but  the  mildness  of  the 
climate,  and  the  lively  verdure  of  the  country  in 
the  neighbourhood,  make  it  a  very  agreeable  resi- 
dence, except  during  the  heat  of  summer.  Most 
of  the  houses  are  furnished  with  a  piazza  extend- 
ing from  the  ground  to  the  top,  giving  each 
story  an  open  shaded  walk.  Except  in  the  com- 
mercial part  of  the  city,  the  houses  are  surround- 
ed with  gardens,  trees,  and  shrubbery,  and  their 
white  walls  gleaming  among  the  green  foliage  give 
the  whole  a  peculiarly  romantic  appearance.  The 
most  celebrated  edifices  of  the  city  are  the  orphan 
asylum  and  the  circular  church.  The  society  of 
the  place  is  refined,  intelligent,  and  affable. 
Charleston  has  considerable  commerce,principally 
in  the  exportation  of  cotton.  It  is  much  resorted 
to  in  winter  by  visiters  from  the  northern  states 
and  the  West  Indies.  The  shipping  of  this  dis- 
trict amounted  in  1828  to  32,445  tons.  Pop. 
30,280.  It  is  553  m.  from  Washington,  in  lat.  32. 
47.  N.  long.  70.  54.  W.  There  are  also  towns  of 
this  name  in  New  York  and  Indiana. 

Charlestoicn,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.,  adjoining 
Boston,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  three 
bridges.  The  compact  part  of  the  town  is  built 
on  a  peninsula  partly  along  the  foot  of  Bunker 
Hill.  The  main  street  is  a  mile  in  length,  and  at 
the  south  end  is  a  large  square.  The  town  is 
irregular,  but  has  many  handsome  situations. 
Here  is  the  U.  S.  JVavy  Yard,  containing  a  spa- 
cious dock.  The  Massachusetts  State  Prison  con 
sists  of  several  piles  of  stone  buildings,  surround 
ed  by  a  high  wall,  and  stands  in  the  western  part 
of  the  town.  The  Massachusetts  Insane  Hospital, 
and  the  Ursuline  Convent,  are  without  the  penin 
sula,  upon  elevated  and  beautiful  situations 
Charlestown  has  many  manufactures  of  leather 
cordage,  pottery,  &c.  The  Bunker  Hill  monu 
ment  overlooks  the  town.  (See  Bunker  Hill.) 
Pop.  8.787.  There  are  10  other  towns  of  this 
name  m  the  U.  States. 

Charlestown  is  also  the  name  of  the  principal 
town  m  the  island  of  Nevis,  and  of  a  town  of  the 
island  of  Barbadoes. 

Charlestoicn,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, much  frequented  by  invalids  for  the  bene- 
fit of  goat's  whey.  It  is  seated  near  the  Dee,  28 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Aberdeen. 

Charleville,  a  town  of  Ireland,  on  the  north 
boundary  of  the  county  of  Cork.  It  has  a  Roman 
Catholic  school,  which  in  1820  had  230  males  and 
177  female  pupils,  supported  by  voluntary  sub 
scriptions ;  it  has  11  other  schools     Total  popu 


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lation  in  1820,  3,887.  It  is  situate  on  the  high 
road  from  Limerick  to  Cork,  about  20  miles  dis- 
tant from  each,  and  108  W.  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

CharlevUle,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ardennes.  Here  is  a  magnificent  square, 
and  in  the  centre  a  handsome  fountain.  It  has 
extensive  manufactures  of  fire-arms,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Meuse,  opposite  Mezieres,  25  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Sedan.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Charlotte,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, extending  for  about  2.5  miles  along  the 
north  side  of  the  Roanoke  River,  being  about  12 
miles  in  breadth,  intersected  by  several  streams 
falling  into  the  Roanoke.  Pop.  15,254.  Marys- 
ville,  about  70  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Richmond,  is  the 
chief  town.  There  are  also  seven  towns  of  this 
name  in  the  U.  States. 

Charlottenburg,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
middle  mark,  with  a  royal  palace,  and  magnifi- 
cent gardens.  It  was  built  by  Sophia  Charlotte, 
the  first  queen  of  Prussia,  on  the  river  Spree,  four 
miles  west  of  Berlin. 

Ckarlotte-toicn,  the  capital  of  the  isle  of  St. 
John,  (now  Prince  Edward  Island.)  in  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence.  It  stands  on  a  point  of  land, 
on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  island,  which  forms  two 
bays.     Long.  G2.  50.  W.  lat.  46.  14.  N. 

Charlotte-town,  the  capital  of  Dominica,  for- 
merly called  Roseau.  In  1806,  it  was  nearly  de- 
stroyed by  a  hurricane.  It  is  21  m.  S.  E.  of 
Prince  Rupert  Bay.  Long  61.  23.  W.  lat.  15. 
18.  N. 

Charlotte  Hall,  p. v.  St.  Mary's  Co.  Maryland, 
56  m.  S.  E.  Washington.  It  has  a  large  acade- 
my, patronised  by  the  State. 

Charlottesville,  p.v.  Albemarle  Co.  Va.  86  m.  N. 
W.  Richmond,  The  University  of  Virginia  is 
established  at  this  place.  It  was  founded  in  1819. 
It  has  9  instructers,  130  students,  and  a  library 
of  8,000  volumes.  It  has  a  vacation  in  July  and 
August  of  about  6  weeks. 

Charlton,  there  are  upwards  of  20  villages  of  this 
name  in  England.     See  Clmr. 

Charlton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  52  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,173.  Also  a  p.t.  Saragota  Co. 
N.  Y.  31  m.  N.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  2,023. 

Charlton  Row,  a  township  in  the  parish  of  Man- 
chester, Eng.  containing  in  1820,  8,209  inhabi- 
tants.    See  Manchester. 

Charmes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vosges  seated  on  the  Moselle,  8  m.  E.  of  Mire- 
court. 

Charolles,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Saone  and  Loire,  with  a  ruinous  castle  ;  seated 
on  the  Reconce,  24  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Macon. 

Charost,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Indre,  seated  on  the  Arnon,  6  m.  N.  E.  of  Is- 
sondun. 

Charrouz,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vienne,  25  m.  S.  of  Poitiers. 

Cha.rtrins,  t.  Washington  Co.  Pa. 

Chartres,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Euro  and  Loire.  The  cathedral  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  France,  and  its  steeple  much  ad- 
mired. The  principal  trade  consists  in  corn.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Eure,  over  which  is  abridge,  the 
work  of  the  celebrated  Vauban,  45  m.  S.  W.  of 
Paris.     Pop.  about  13,000. 

Charybdis,  a  famous  whirlpool,  in  the  strait  of 
Messina,  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  opposite  the  cele- 
brated Scylla,  in  Italy.  According  to  the  theme 
of  ancient  poets,  it  was  very  formidable  to  mari- 
ners ;  but  it  is  said  to  have  been  entirely  removed 
Dy  the  great  earthquake  in  1783. 


Chatahoochec,  a  rapid  river  of  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, which  rises  in  the  Apalachian  mountains,  on 
the  frontier  of  Tennessee,  and  runs  south  for  300  ♦• 
miles  to  East  Florida,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  *<• 
Flint,  and  then  their  united  stream  takes  the  name 
of  Apalachicola.  It  separates  the  state  of  Alaba- 
ma from  that  of  Georgia  for  about  100  miles  be- 
fore it  enters  Florida. 

CAa<e«Mtriaw(i,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  north 
part  of  the  department  of  Lower  Loire,  35  m.  N.  ^ 
by  E.  of  Nantes.     Pop.  about  3,000.  ■> 

Chateau  Cambresis,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Nord,  with  a  palace  belonging  to  « 
the  bishop  of  Canibray.  A  treaty  was  concluded 
here  in  1559,  between  Henry  II.  of  France,  and 
Philip  II.  of  Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scille,  14 
m.  S.  E.  of  Cambray.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Chateau  Chinon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nievre,  with  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  cloth  ;  seated  near  the  source  of  the  Yonne, 
36  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Nevers.  % 

Cliateau  Dauphin,  a  strong  castle  of  Piedmont, 
near  the  source  of  the  Po,  16  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Sa- 
luzzo. 

Chateavdun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  Loire,  with  a  castle,  built  by 
the  famous  count  of  Dunois  ;  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence nenr  the  Loire,  30  m.  N.  of  Blois.  It  was 
entirely  burnt  dovi'n  in  1723,  but  was  speedily  re- 
built.    Pop.  about  6,000. 

Chateau  du  Loir,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Sarte,  famous  for  a  siege  of  seven 
years  against  the  count  of  Mans.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Loire,  22  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Mans. 

Chateaugay ,  a  town  of  Franklin  county,  state  of     * 
New  York,  situate  mid- way  between  Lake  Cham-    - 
plain  and  the    St.  Lawrence,  219  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Albany.     Pop.  2,016.     There  is  a  small  river  of 
the  same  name  falling  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Chateau  Gontier,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Mayenne,  with  a  castle,  a  mineral 
spring,  and  a  trade  in  linens.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mavenne,  22ra.  N.  W.  of  Angers.  Pop.  about 
5,500. 

Chateau  London,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine  and  Marne,  with  an  Augustine 
abbey,  seated  on  a  hill,  30  m.  south  of  Melun. 

Cha.tcavlin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  with  a  considerable  trade  in 
slates ;  seated  on  the  Auzon,  12  m.  North  of 
Quimper. 

Cha.teaurouo;,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  oflndre,  with  a  castle.  It  has  a  man- 
ufacture of  cl'th,  and  iron  mines  in  its  vicinity, 
and  is  seated  in  a  pleasant  plain,  on  the  Indre, 
35  m.  S.  W.  of  Bnurges,  and  148  S.  by  W.  of  ' 
Paris.     Pop.  about  8,500. 

Chateau  Sal  ins,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moiirthe,  with  extensive  saltworks, 
16  m.  N.  E.  of  Nancy. 

Chateau  Thierry,  a  town  of  France,  in  the   de- 

fartment  of  Aisne,  with  a  castle  on  an  eminence, 
t  is  the  birth-place  of  tiie  celebrated  Fontaine, 
and  famous  for  a  battle  fought  near  it,  in  February, 
1814,  when  a  part  of  marshal  Blucher's  army  Wias 
defeated  with  great  loss,  and  driven  through  the 
town,  by  the  French,  under  Bonaparte.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Marne,  57  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Paris. 
Pop.  about  4,000. 

\*  The  names  of  several  other  towns  in 
France  are  preceded  by  Chateau,  a  word  meaning 
Castle  ;  but  there  are  none  that  merit  any  partic- 
ular notice. 

Chatel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  denartment  of    , 


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185 


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Vo3ges    seated  on   the  Moselle,  8  m.   north    of 
Epinal. 

C/iatel  Chalon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Jara,  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Lons  le  Saunier 
CluUelleraidt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienna,  noted  for  its  cutlery,  watchmak- 
ing, and  the  cutting  of  false  diamonds  ;  seated 
on  the  Vienne,  over  which  there  is  one  of  the 
finest  bridges  in  France,  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Poitiers. 
Pop.  about  8,000. 

C/iatenoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  6  ra.  S.  E.  of  Neufchateau. 

Chaihwm,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Kent,  Eng- 
land, situate  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river  Med- 
Tray,  about  eight  miles  above  its  confluence  with 
the  Thames.  It  is  one  of  the  stations  for  building, 
fitting,  and  victualling  of  the  national  marine  ; 
and  the  apparatus  and  accommodation  for  this 
purpose,  in  conjunction  with  its  fortifications, 
and  marine  artillery  barracks,  render  it  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  establishments  of  the  kind 
in  the  world,  and  every  way  worthy  of  the  distin- 
guished character  of  the  British  nation.  The  lo- 
cal advantages  of  its  situation  are  very  great, 
whilst  the  lines  of  the  fortifications  command  the 
segment  of  a  circle  from  the  river  of  several  miles 
in  extent,  and  are  as  complete  and  efficient  as  art 
and  execution  can  make  them  ;  there  are  si.x  slips 
for  building  ships  of  the  first  rate,  and  four  docks 
for  repairing  ;  and  12  to  15  first-rate  ships  are  gen 
erally  lying  oiF  the  town.  The  dock-yard  was 
first  established  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth  ;  and  the 
Dutch,  in  the  hey-day  of  their  valour,  in  IG67, 
ascended  with  a  naval  force  up  the  river,  and  did 
considerable  damage.  In  15.53  the  fund  for  re- 
lieving the  wounded  in  the  naval  service  was  es- 
tablished at  Chatham  ;  but  the  chest  (the  term  by 
which  the  accounts  of  the  fund  were  called)  was 
transferred  to  Greenwich  in  18U2.  In  1592  a  hos- 
pital for  decayed  marines,  shipwrights,  and  their 
widows  was  founded  by  Sir  John  Hawkins. — 
This  hospital  has  been  rebuilt  during  the  present 
century,  on  a  commodious  and  extensive  scale. 
The  town  was  very  inconsiderable   till  after  the 

i)eace  with  Holland,  in  1G78.  It  increased  great- 
y  in  population  after  the  declaration  of  war  a- 
gainst  France  in  1793,  and  in  1821  contained  a 
population  of  14,754,  independent  of  Gillingham, 
which  forms  the  boundary  of  the  fortification  on 
the  east,  containing  a  further  population  of  G,363, 
and  the  city  of  Rochester  on  the  west,  with  a 
further  number  of  9,300,  to  which  it  is  immedi- 
ately contiguous.  Chatham  is  30  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
London  bridge,  on  the  road  from  London  to  Do- 
ver. It  has  a  weekly  market  on  Saturdays,  and 
two  or  three  public  breweries.  See  Gillingham, 
Rochester,  and  Sheerness. 

Chatham,  au  interior  county  of  North  Carolina, 
intersected  by  Cape  Fear  River.  Pop.  15,499. — 
Pittsborough,  is  the  chief  town. 

Chatham,  a  maritime  county  of  Georgia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  W.  by  the  Savannah  River,  which 
divides  it  from  South  Carolina.     Pop.  14.230. 

Chath-im.,  t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  White  Mountains      Pop.  419 

Chatham,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  on  Cape 
Cod.     Pop.  2,134. 

Chatham,  p.t.  Columbia  county,  New- York,  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson  River.  Pop.  3,538  ; 
26  m.  S.  E.  of  Albany. 

Chatham,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Conn,  opposite 
Middletown.  Pop.  3,646.  Also  towns  in  N.  J., 
Pa.  and  S.  C. 

Chalillon,  a  town  of  Pledmoat,  10  m.  S.  E.  of 
U 


Aoust.  There  are  several  towns  in  France  called 
Chatillon,  which  implies  a  town,  and  as  such  is 
generally  a  prefix,  as  Chatillon-sur  Seine,  sur 
Loire,  &c.  &c.  implying  Chatillon,  or  the  town, 
on  the  Seine,  Loire,  &c.  There  are  none  that 
merit  any  particular  notice. 

Chattonnatj,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Isere,  12  m.  east  of  Vienne  and  22  S.  E 
of  Lyons. 

Chatre,  La,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre,  with  a  woolen  manufacture,  seated  on 
the  Indre,  22  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Chateauroux.  Pop 
about  4,000. 

Chatuworth,  a  village  in  the  peak  of  Derby- 
shire, Eng.  near  the  river  Derwent,  6  m.  west  of 
Chesterfield.  Here  is  a  magnificent  seat  of  the 
dukes  of  Devonshire,  which,  for  its  fine  situation, 
park,  gardens,  fountains,  &.c.  is  justly  deemed 
one  of  the  wonders  of  the  peak.  In  its  first  age 
it  was  the  prison  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  for  17 
years,  and  afterwards  of  the  French  marshal  Tal- 
lard,  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Blenheim. 

Chatteris,  a  town  of  Cambridgeshire,  England, 
with  a  population  of  3,283,  in  1821.  It  is  75  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  London,  and  11  W.  of  the  city  of 
Ely. 

Chatterponr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  .\ilahabad,  capital  of  the  circar  of 
Bundelcund.  It  is  130  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Allaha- 
bad     Long  79.50.  E.  lat  25.  0.  N. 

Chaudiere,  a  river  of  Lower  Canada,  which 
falls  into  the  St.  Lawrence  about  six  miles  below 
Quebec ;  it  rises  on  the  frontier  of  the  state  of 
Maine  ;  it  might  perhaps  easily  be  united  with 
the  Kennebeck,  and  thereby  open  a  communica- 
tion between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

Chaumont,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  upper  Marne.  Here  is  a  manufac- 
ture of  woolen  cloth,  and  a  trade  in  deer  and 
goat  skins.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Marne,  55  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Troyes.  Pop. 
about  6,000.  It  is  also  the  name  of  another  town 
in  the  department  of  the  Loire,  about  5  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  St.  Etienne.  Pop.  about  5,000.  It  is  also 
the  name  of  several  other  towns  in  different  parts 
of  France. 

Chaumont,  a  town  of  Jefferson  county,  state  of 
New  York,  beautifully  seated  at  the  head  of  a 
small  bay,  at  the  east  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  187 
m.  N.  W.  of  Albany. 

ChMiintj,  a.  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  on  the  river  Oise,  20  m.  E.  of  Noyon. 
Pop. about  450. 

Chatauqufi,  a  county  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of 
the  state  of  New  York,  bordering  on  the  south  on 
Pennsylvania,  and  west  on  Lake  Erie.  Pop. 
34,687.  Mayville  is  the  chief  town.  There  is  a 
lake  of  the  same  name  about  10  miles  in  length 
and  two  broad,  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  which 
discharges  its  waters,  by  the  Alleghany  River,  in- 
to the  Ohio,  although  the  N.  W.  end  of  the  lake 
is  within  six  or  seven  miles  of  that  of  Erie. 

Cliaux  (le  Fonds,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  principality  of  Neufchatel.  The  inhabitants, 
about  3,000,  make  numerous  watches  and  clocks ; 
and  the  women  are  employed  in  the  lace  manu- 
facture. It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  valley,  9  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Neufchatel.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Chaves,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os  Montes, 
with  two  suburbs,  and  two  forts.  Between  the 
town  and  the  surburb  Magdalena  is  a  Roman  stone 
bridge.  It  stands  near  the  confines  of  Spain,  on 
the  river  Tamega,  26  m.  west  of  Braganza 
q3 


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Chazy,  a  small  river  in  Clinton  county,  state 
of  New  York,  which  falls  into  Lake  Champlain. 
A  town  of  the  same  name  in  Clinton  Co.  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  river,  is  171  m.  due  north  of 
Albany.     Pop.  3,097. 

Cheadle,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  Here 
is  a  large  tape  manufactory,  and  in  the  vicinity 
are  several  copper  and  brass  works,  and  rich 
coal  mines.  Four  miles  S.  E.  are  the  ruins  of 
Croxden  abbey.  It  is  seated  in  the  most  fertile 
part  of  the  Moorland,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Stafford, 
and  146  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,8(32. 

Cheadle,  a  parish  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  lying  on 
the  S.  W.  side  of  Stockport  {which  see.)  Pop.  m 
1821,  6,508. 

Chebucto  Bay,  Nova  Scotia.     See  Halifax. 

Chedabucto  Bay,  at  the  east  end  of  Nova  Scotia, 
opening  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Canso,  in  lat.  45.  20.  N.  and  61.  of 
W.  long.  Salmon  river,  which  abounds  in  the 
estimable  fish  of  that  name,  falls  into  this  Bay. 

Chcdder,  a  village  contiguous  to  Axminster,  in 
Somersetshire,  England.  It  is  situate  in  a  de- 
lightfully picturesque  part  of  the  county,  on  the  S. 
W.  side  of  the  Mendip  hills,  and  is  deservedly 
celebrated  for  the  excellence  of  its  cheese.  Pop. 
in  1821,  1,797. 

Cheduha,  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  on  the 
-•.oast  of  Birmah,  45  m.  long,  and  ten  broad.  It 
yields  abundance  of  rice,  and  the  most  western 
point  is  in  long.  93.  35.  E.  lat.  18.  56.  N. 

Chego  Miiddi,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  Cutch,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Caggar, 
23  m.  S.  W.  of  Boogebooge,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  eastern  branch  of  the  Indus. 

Chcitorc  or  Chitore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  territory  of  Oudipour.  It  was  the  capital 
of  the  ranna,  or  chief  prince,  of  the  Rajpoots,  in 
the  days  of  his  greatness  ;  and  was  a  fortress  and 
city  of  great  extent,  situate  on  a  mountain  :  but 
it  has  been  in  ruins  since  the  time  of  Aurungzebe, 
in  1681.  It  is  48  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Oudipour,  and 
88  S.  S.  W.  of  Agimere.  E.  loner.  74.  50.  and  24 
35.  N.  lat. 

Chelm,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Red^Russia,  cap- 
ital of  a  palatinate  of  its  name  and  a  bishop's  see. 
In  1794,  the  Poles  were  defeated  by  the  Prussians 
near  this  town.  It  is  100  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Warsaw. 
Long.  23.  29.  E.  lat.  51.  20.  N. 

Chclmer,  a  river,  in  Essex,  Eng.  which  rises 
near  Thaxted,  and  flows  by  Dunmow  and  Chelms- 
ford, to  Maiden,  where  it  joins  the   Blackwater. 

Chelmsford,  the  county  town  of  Essex,  Eng. 
Here  is  a  stately  church,  a  magnificent  shire- 
house,  theatre,  and  barracks,  an  excellent  conduit, 
and  a  free  school  founded  bv  Edward  VI.  It  is 
situate  at  the  confluence  of  the  Can  with  the 
Chelmer,  29  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1821,4,994. 

Chelmsford,  a  town  of  Massachusetts,  in  Mid- 
dlesex county,  situate  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Merrimac,  over  which  is  a  curious  bridije,  at  Paw- 
tucket  Falls,  connecting  this  town  with  Dracut. 
It  is  28  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Boston.  Middlesex  canal 
from  the  Merrimac  to  Boston  harbour,  commen- 
ces at  Chelmsford,  which  contributes  considera- 
bly to  its  importance  and  interest ;  there  is  an  ex- 
tensive quarry  of  very  fine  granite  in  this  vicinity. 
Pop.  1,387. 

Chelsea,  a  parish  lying  along  the  north  bank  of 
the  Thames,  to  the  S.  W.  of  London,  and  of 
which  it  forms  an  integral  part.  This  section  of 
the  metropolis  is  distinguished  for  its  hospital  for 
the  support  of  decayed  and  maimed  boI4  '^V8, 


founded  in  the  time  of  Charles  II. ;  its  chief  pro 
moter  was  Sir  Stephen  Fox,  who  contributed 
£13,000  towards  the  building.  It  was  finished  in 
the  time  of  William  and  Mary  ;  the  building  is  a 
quadrangle,  the  wings  extending  towards  the 
river  ,  tlic  base,  wiiich  is  nearly  800  feet  in  ex- 
tent, is  entered  from  the  centre  of  the  north  front 
into  a  noble  vestibule  ;  the  east  side  is  appropria- 
ted to  a  chapel,  and  the  west  to  a  hall,  in  which 
tlie  inmates  dine  ;  the  wings,  which  are  divided 
into  wards,  are  each  3G0  feet  in  length,  80  wide, 
and  three  stories  high  ;  the  infirmary,  other  out- 
buildings and  gardens  compose  an  area  of  nearly 
50  acres.  Sir  Oistophcr  Wren  was  the  architect, 
and  in  respect  to  prf)portion  and  convenience, 
the  edifice  is  worthy  of  his  Jiigh  reputation,  and 
the  whole  produces  an  imposing  effect;  but  be- 
mg  built  mostly  of  brick,  it  is  inferior  in  mag- 
nificence to  the  marine  hospital  at  Greenwich. 
Tiie  number  of  inmates  is  336,  exclusive  of  ofti- 
cers  and  the  necessary  attendants ;  there  are 
about  20,000  out-pensioners.  In  1801  a  milita- 
ry asylum,  contiguous  to  the  hospital,  was  estab- 
lished for  the  education  of  1,000  children  of  non- 
commissioned officers  and  soldiers,  towards  the 
support  of  which  the  whole  army  contributes  one 
day's  pay  per  annum  ;  the  building  which  is  prin- 
cipally of  brick,  cost  about  £150,000.  Chelsea 
is  also  distinguished  for  its  Botanic  garden,  form- 
ed by  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  and  presented  by  him  in 
1721,  to  the  Apothecaries'  Company  of  London, 
on  condition  of  paying  a  quit  rent  of  £5  per 
ann.  and  presenting  annually  to  the  Royal  Socie- 
ty 50  different  specimens  of  plants  grown  in  the 
garden,  until  th'^  number  of  new  specimens 
amounted  to  2,000.  This  section  of  the  metropo- 
lis, during  the  first  20  years  of  the  present  century 
exceeded  most  others  in  the  increase  of  its  pop- 
ulation, the  number  in  1821  having  been  26,860, 
and  in  1801  only  11,604.  It  is  surrounded  by 
extensive  nursery  grounds,  which  with  the  usual 
routine  of  shop-keeping,  constitutes  the  chief  oc- 
cupation of  the  inhabitants,  among  which  are 
numbers  of  retired  families  on  comparitively  small 
incomes.  A  handsome  new  church,  in  theGothic 
style,  was  completed  in  1825.  The  hospital  is 
about  two  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Westminster  Ab- 
bey, and  four  miles  in  the  same  direction  from 
the  Royal  Exchange. 

Chelsea,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,958. 

Chelsea,  p.t.  Suffolk  Co.  Mass.  separated  from 
the  city  of  Boston  by  the  harbour,  and  from 
Charlestown  by  Mystic  river,  over  which  is  a 
very  long  bridge.  Here  is  a  United  States  Marine 
Hospital.     Pop.  770. 

Chelsea  Ijanding,  a  village  in  Norwich,  Conn.  14 
m.  above  New  London,  on  the  Thames. 

Cheltenham.,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eug. 
situate  in  a  fertile  vale,  near  the  foot  of  Colds- 
wold  Hills,  94  m.  N.  W.  of  London,  on  the  road 
to  Gloucester.  Till  within  the  present  century 
it  was  an  inconsiderable  place,  participating  par- 
tially in  the  woolen  manufactures  of  the  neigh 
bouring  district.  It  acquired  some  distinction  by 
the  discovery  of  a  medicinal  spring  in  1740, 
and  being  visited  by  George  III.  in  1788,  it  be- 
came somewhat  celebrated  ;  the  population,  how- 
ever, in  1801  amounted  only  to  3,076,  since  which 
it  has  greatly  increased  in  numbers  and  import- 
ance, and  in  1826  it  was  one  of  the  chief  resorts 
of  gaiety  and  fashion  in  the  kingdom;  a  theatre 
was  erected  in  1803;  baths,  assembly  rooms,  li- 
braries, public  walks,  and  other  attractions,  have 
progressivelv  b«»e"  extended  for  the  accommoda 


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tnn  of  an  increasing  population,  which  in  1811 
amounted  to  8,325,  and  in  1821  to  13,396.  Its 
waters,  which  increase  in  quantity  in  proportion 
to  the  demand  for  them,  and  increase  of  visitors, 
operate  both  as  aperient  and  restorative,  being 
impregnated  with  salts,  st.  phur,  stee.,  and  calca- 
reous earth.  The  parish  church  is  an  ancient  and 
venerable  structure ;  there  are  several  sectarian 
places  of  worship  ;  its  market  on  Thursday,  is 
well  supplied  with  ever}'  necessary. 

Chelum,  or  Behut,  a  river  of  Asia,  the  western- 
most of  the  five  eastern  branches  of  the  Indus. 
It  rises  above  Cashmere,  flows  through  the  prov- 
ince of  that  name,  into  that  of  Lahore,  and  joins 
the  Chunaub,  16  miles  below  Kooshaub.  This 
river  is  the  Hydaspes  of  Alexander. 

Ckclva,  or  Chulilla,  a  town  of  Spain,  situate  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  Guadalaviar,  about  20  m. 
N.  W.  of  Valencia. 

Chemnitz,  OT  Kemnitz,  a  town  of  upper  Saxony, 
in  Misnia,  surrounded  by  walls  and  ditches.  It 
has  four  suburbs,  and  a  castle  about  a  mile  from 
the  town.  Great  quantities  of  cottons  and  other 
fine  stuffs  are  made  here ;  and  the  bleaching 
business  is  considerable.  It  is  situate  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  38  m.  S.  W.  of  Dresden,  and 
about  the  same  distance  S.  E.  of  Leipzig.  Pop. 
about  10,000. 

*^*  There  is  another  town  of  the  same  name  in 
the  north  part  of  the  circle  of  Leutmeritz  in  Bo- 
hemia, about  42  m.  S.  E. of  Dresden. 

Chemung^,  p.t.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  190  m.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  1,462. 

Chennngo,  an  interior  county  on  the  south  side 
of  the  state  of  New  York,  it  is  i«tersected  by  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  from  north 
to  south  into  the  Susquehanna ;  population 
37,406.  Norwich  is  the  chief  town;  there  is  also 
a  town  of  the  same  name  at  the  entrance  of  the 
river  into  the  Susquehanna,  in  the  adjoining 
county  of  Broome,  N.  Y .  near  the  frontier  of  Penn- 
sylvania, 127  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Albany.  Pop. 
3,716. 

Chanwpatam,  or  Chinnypatam,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Mysore,  near  which  is  a  handsome 
stone  fort.  It  has  manufactures  of  sugar,  glass, 
and  excellent  music-wire,  and  a  great  trade  in 
the  produce  of  the  palm-gardens  in  its  vicinity. 
It  is  40  m.  E.  N.   E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Chencour,  or  Chemkon,  a  town  of  Armenia, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Georgia,  with  a  beautiful  cas- 
tle, grand  caravanserais,  and  several  mosques, 
160  m.  N.  E.  of  Erivan. 

Chen-si,  or  Shen-si,  a  western  frontier  province 
of  China,  lying  between  the  lat.  of  32.  and  38.  N. 
and  103.  to  llO.  of  E.  long.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  south  by  the  province  of  Setchuen,  and  on 
the  east  partially  by  the  province  of  Honan,  but 
plainly  by  the  Ho'ang-ho,  or  Great  Yellow  river, 
which  divides  it  from  Chan-si,  on  the  north,  part- 
ly by  the  great  wall  which  divides  it  from  Chinese 
Tartary,  and  on  the  west  by  the  dreary  country  of 
the  Monguls,  containing  an  area  of  about  147,000 
square  miles.  The  Hoang-ho,in  the  eccentricity 
of  its  course,  skirts  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  prov- 
ince, running  in  a  northerly  direction ;  whilst 
on  the  east  side  it  runs  a  course  due  south. 
Numerous  streams  intersect  this  province  in  all 
directions,  some  falling  into  the  Hoang-ho  on  the 
west,  and  some  into  the  same  river  on  the  east, 
and  others  into  the  Kiang  Kien,  or  Great  River, 
which  intersects  the  province  of  Setchuen ;  a 
province  so  extensive,  as  may  be  expected,  com- 
prises much   diversity  of  soil  and  features.     It 


abounds  with  drugs,  rhubarb,  musk,  cinnabar" 
wax,  honey,  and  coals  ;  of  which  last  it  containn 
inexhaustible  veins.  It  has  also  rich  gold  mines, 
which,  for  political  reasons,  are  not  alfowed  to  h-a 
opened.  It  produces  little  rice,  but  plentiful 
crops  of  wheat  and  millet ;~  but  is  occasionally 
subject  to  long  droughts,  when  clouds  of  locusts, 
from  the  forests  of  Mongul  Tartary,  destroy  the 
entire  vegetation  of  extensive  districts ;  the  in- 
habitants, however,  make  a  food  of  the  locusts, 
and  esteem  them  as  a  delicacy.  The  population 
is  estimated  at  upwards  of  30,000,000. 

Chen-yang,  Chin-yan,  or  Mou-den,  a  city  ofeast- 
ern  Tartary,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  otherwise  called  Leatong.  It  is  situate  on 
the  bank  of  a  fine  river,  running  south  into  the 
Gulf  of  Leaotong.  The  walls  are  10  miles  in  cir- 
cumference ;  and  it  is  ornamented  with  several 
public  edifices,  and  provided  with  arsenals  and 
storehouses.  It  is  3o0  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Pekin. 
Long.  123.  5.  E.  lat.  41.  55.  N. 

Chepello,  an  island  in  the  Bay  of  Panama,  about 
20  m.  from  the  city  of  Panama,  which  it  supplies 
with  provisions  and  fruit. 

Chepstoid,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng.  It 
is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  Wye,  near 
its  confluence  with  the  Severn.  It  was  surround- 
ed by  a  wall,  traces  of  which  are  observable  ;  and 
on  a  perpendicular  rock  are  the  remains  of  a  large 
castle.  Here  was  also  a  priory,  part  of  which  is' 
converted  into  a  church,  and  comparatively  it  was 
in  former  times  of  much  greater  consequence  than 
at  present.  It  is  now  the  port  of  entry  for  all  the 
towns  on  the  rivers  Wye  and  Lug,  and  sends  a  few 
ships  annually  to  the  Baltic  and  British  America, 
for  timber,  deals,  &c. ;  ships  coast-way,  a  consid- 
erable quantity  of  timber,  bark,  Slc.  and  has  two 
ship-yards,  where  vessels  of  500  to  600  tons  are 
generally  in  a  course  of  building.  The  spring 
tides  rise  to  the  height  of  70  feet ;  the  neaps  are 
consequently  attended  with  great  inconvenience, 
and  preclude  it  from  materially  extending  its  com- 
merce. There  is  a  fine  bridge  of  iron  over  the 
Wye,  erected  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  counties 
of  Monmouth  and  Gloucester.  It  is  about  10  m. 
N.  of  Bristol,  and  130  W.  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop 
inl821,3,0p8. 

Cher,  an  interior  department  in  the  centre  •f 
France,  including  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Berry.  It  receives  its  name  from  a  river  which 
ri^es  in  Auver^ne,  and  flows  into  the  Loire,  be 
low  Tours.  Bourges,  126  m.  due  S.  of  Paris,  is 
the  capital.  It  contains  about  3,000  sq.  m.  and 
230,000  inhab. 

Chirasco,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a  fertile  territory  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong  citadel.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Stura  with  the  Tanaro,  24  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  about  11,000. 

Chcrhoury,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Manche,  with  an  Augustine  abbey. 
Here  was  a  sea-fight  between  the  English  and 
French,  in  1692,  when  the  latter  were  beat,  and 
upward  of  20  of  their  men  of  war  burnt,  near  Cape 
la  Hogue.  The  English  landed  here  in  1 758,  took 
the  town,  with  the  ships  in  the  basin,  demolished 
the  fortifications,  and  ruined  the  works  for  im- 
proving the  harbour.  These  works  were  resum- 
ed on  a  stupendous  scale,  by  Louis  XVI. ;  but 
their  progress  was  interrupted  by  the  revolution  ; 
resumed  again  under  Napoleon  in  1803;  and  the 
works  destroyed  by  the  fury  of  the  elementb  ia 
1808  ;  after  which  a  new  plan  of  operations  was 
resolved  upon,  by  excavating  a  basin  out  of  the  . 


CHE 


life 


CHE 


reach  of  the  violence  of  the  ocean,  which  in  1813 
was  so  far  acconiBlishod,  as  to  hold  50  sail  of  the 
line,  having  50  feet  depth  of  water.  Other  works  of 
corresponding  magnitude  have  since  been  carried 
on,  and  it  now  appears  destined  to  become  the  chief 
naval  station  of  France,  and  to  rival  in  extent  and 
magnificence  every  establishment  of  the  kind 
in  the  world.  Its  situation  is  very  advantageous, 
either  for  dispatching  a  fleet  to  any  part  of  the 
world,  west  or  south  ;  or  for  commanding  the  chan- 
nel between  France  and  England.  It  is  about  70 
m.  due  south  of  the  south  side  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
and  100  W.  N.  W.  of  Par  s,  in  N.  lat.  49.  39.  and 
1.  37.  W.  long. 

Cheribon,  a  seaport  on  the  north  coast  of  the 
Island  of  Java,  about  150  m.  N.  of  Batavia;  it  ex- 
ports large  quantities  of  coffee. 

Clierokecs,  an  Indian  tribe  occupying  an  exten- 
sive tract  of  country,  betweea  the  Chatahoochee 
and  Tennessee  rivers,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Apalachian  chain.  The  Cherokees  were  among  the 
bravest  and  noblest  of  the  American  race.  This  na- 
tion has  been  long  distinguished,  for  being  in  ad- 
vance of  the  other  Indian  tribes  in  the  arts  of 
civilization.  Some  of  their  chieflains  have  been 
really  great  men,  fully  sensible  of  the  disadvan- 
tages of  their  condition,  and  sagacious  in  devising 
means  to  remedy  them.  Among  these  chieftains, 
the  lat.e  Charles  Hicks,  and  John  Ross,  now  at 
the  head  of  the  nation,  were  pre-eminent.  Under 
their  directing  counsels,  and  aided  by  the  policy 
of  the  general  government,  they  have  outstrip- 
ped all  the  other  tribes  in  the  march  of  improve- 
ment. 

Advantageously  situated  in,  the  northwest  of 
Georgia,  and  extending  themselves  into  Alabama 
and  Tennessee,  they  occupy  a  well  watered  and 
healthy  country,  conveniently  divided  into  hill 
and  dale.  The  northern  part  is  quite  mountain- 
ous ;  but  the  southern  and  western  parts  are  com- 
posed of  extensive  and  fertile  plaln.s,  covered  with 
the  finest  timber,  and  furnishing  excellent  pas- 
turage. The  winters  are  mild,  and  the  climate 
healthy.  Large  herds  of  cattle  and  horses  are 
owned  by  the  natives,  and  they  are  used  for  culti- 
vating the  earth.  Numerous  flocks  of  goats, 
sheep,  and  swine,  cover  the  hills.  The  valleys 
and  plains  furnish  the  best  soil,  and  produce  In- 
dian corn,  cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  oats,  and  pota- 
toes. The  natives  carry  on  considerable  trade 
with  the  adjoining  states,  and  some  of  them  carry 
their  cotton  down  the  Tennessee,  and  even  down 
the  Mississippi,  to  New  Orleans.  Apple  and 
peach  orchards  are  very  common,  and  much  at- 
tention is  paid  to  gardens  in  the  nation.  There 
are  many  public  roads  in  the  nation,  and  houses 
of  entertainment  kept  by  the  natives. 

Numerous  and  flourishing  villages  are  to  be 
Been  in  every  section  of  the  country.  Cotton  and 
woolen  cloths,  and  blankets,  are  manufactured 
here.  Almost  every  family  raises  cotton  for  its 
own  consumption.  Industry  and  commercial  en- 
terprise are  extending  themselves  through  the 
nation.  Different  mechanical  trades  are  pursued 
The  population  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  the  fe- 
male character  is  much  respected.  The  religion 
of  the  nation  is  Christian — that  religion  which, 
wherever  it  reigns,  whether  in  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa,  or  America,  elevates  its  professors  above 
those  of  other  religions. 

Another  proof  is  given  by  this  people  of  their 
capacity  of  self  improvement,  in  the  alphabet  in- 
vented by  <me  of  their  native  chieflains,  called 
Guess.     I  %e  Cadmus,  he  has  given  to  his  people 


the  alphah  of  their  language.  It  is  composed  oi 
eighty-six  characters,  so  well  adapted  to  the  pecu- 
liar sounds  of  the  Indian  tongue,  that  Cherokees, 
who  had  despaired  of  acquiring  the  requisite 
knowledge  by  means  of  the  schools,  are  soon  en- 
abled to  read,  and  correspond  with  each  other. 
This  invention  is  one  of  the  great  triumphs  of  tlie 
aboriginal  intellect.  Like  the  Greeks  and  the 
Latins,  the  Indians  have  now  found  a  means  of 
perpetuating  the  productions  of  mind.  They  have 
erected  a  barrier  against  the  inroads  of  oblivion. 
Henceforth  their  peculiar  forms  of  expression, 
their  combinations  of  thought,  and  the  sugges- 
tions of  their  imaginations,  will  be  preserved.  An 
empire  of  intellect  is  founded  on  a  stable  founda- 
tion ;  and  when  did  such  an  empire  experience  a 
decline,  till  it  had  first  attained  the  climax  of  hu- 
man grandeur  .^  A  printing  press  establislied  in 
the  nation  issues  a  newspaper,  periodically  im- 
parting information,  both  of  domestic  and  foreign 
origin,  throughout  the  tribe. 

Their  political  constitution  affords  another 
proof  of  their  capacity  of  self  government.  Re- 
publican in  its  character,  its  provisions  are  better 
calculated,  as  expressed  in  the  preamble,  "to  es- 
tablish justice,  insure  tranquillity,  promote  the 
common  welfare,  and  secure  to  ourselves  and  pos- 
terity the  blessings  of  liberty,"  than  many  of  the 
more  elaborate  contrivances  of  their  European 
brethren.  The  government  is  representative  in 
its  form,  and  is  divided  into  executive,  legislative, 
and  judicial  departments.  The  trial  by  jury  is 
established  ;  and  the  particular  provisions  of  the 
constitution,  while  they  are  calculated  to  accustom 
the  Cherokees  to  the  principles  of  our  system  of 
jurisprudence,  are  peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the 
anomalous  condition,  in  which  the  nation  is  placed. 
The  whole  is  well  suited  to  secure  to  the  tribe  the 
improvements  already  made,  and  to  stimulate 
them  to  further  advances  in  civilization. 

The  sympathies  of  the  public  have  within  a 
short  time  been  strongly  excited  in  their  behalf 
in  consequence  of  a  determination  manifested  by 
the  government  of  Georgia  to  expel  them  from 
their  territory.  The  Cherokees  refuse  to  depart. 
They  avow  themselves  to  be  independent  of  the 
state  of  Georgia  and  under  the  protection  of  the 
United  States. 

Their  numbers  amount  to  about  14,000.  Their 
capital  is  New  Echota,  on  the  Coosa  river,  within 
the  limits  of  the  territory  claimed  by  Georgia. 

Cheroniso,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  on  the 
N.  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Negropont,  25  m.  E. 
of  Negropont. 

Chcroy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  10  m.  W.  of  Sens. 

Cherrijfield,  t.  Washington  Co.  Me.     Pop.  533. 

Cherrifton,  t.  Northampton  Co.  Va.  on  the  east' 
ern  shore. 

Chcrryvalley,  p.t.  a  flourishing  town  of  New 
York,  in  Otsego  County,  at  the  head  of  a  creek 
of  its  name,  18  m.  S.  of  Canajoharie,  and  55  W. 
by  N.  of  Albany.     Pop.  4.098. 

Cherryville,  villages  in  Pa.,  and  Louisiana. 

Cherso,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  be- 
tween the  coasts  of  Istria  and  Croatia.  On  the 
south  it  is  separated  from  Osero  by  a  very  narrow 
channel,  and  the  two  islands  are  united  by  a 
bridge.  The  soil  is  stony  ;  but  it  abounds  in  cat- 
tle, wine,  oil,  and  honey.  It  hiis  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  good  harbour.  Long.  14.  45. 
E.  lat.  45.  10.  N.  The  two  islands  contain  to- 
gether a  population  of  about  10,000,  and  wer« 
ceded  to  Austria  by  the  treaty  of  Campo  Fornio, 


chjt. 


i&^ 


Cii 


in  1796,  after  having  for  nearly  eight  centuries 
formed  a  part  of  the  Venet«an  republic. 
•»»  Clicrson,  the  capital  of  New  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Catharineslaf,  founded  by  Catharine 
II.  on  the  north  bank  of  tlie  Dnieper,  10  miles  be- 
low tlie  influx  of  the  Ingulec.  The  church  and 
many  of  the  houses  are  built  of  stone.  Here  is  a 
dock  from  which  several  men  of  war  and  mer- 
chant ships  have  been  launched ;  but  owing  to 
some  sand  banks  in  the  river,  the  naval  establish- 
ment has  been  Ir.insferred  hence  to  Nicolayef,  and 
its  commerce  to  Odessa;  the  population,  which 
at  one  time  amounted  to  sibout  50,000,  has  pro- 
gressively decreased  to  below  10,000.  In  1787, 
the  empress  made  a  triumphant  journey  to  this 
capital,  and  here  met  emperor  Joseph  II.  At 
..  this  place,  in  1790,  the  philanthropic  Howard  fell 
a  victim  to  liis  indefatigable  humanity  ;  and  a  mon- 
ument was  erected  to  his  memory  by  tlie  Russian 
admiral.  Cherson  is  50  m.  E.  of  Oczakow.  Long. 
32.  5G.  E.  lat.  45.  38.  N. 

Chertsey,  a  town  in  Surry,  Eng.  Here  was  for- 
merly an  abbey,  of  which  only  a  part  of  the  walls 
now  remain  ;  it  was  the  first  burial  place  of  Hen- 
ry VI.  who  was  afterward  removed  to  Windsor. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a 
handsome  brido-e,  20  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,  4,279. 

Chcsapcak,  the  largest  and  safest  bay  in  the 
United  States.  Its  entrance  is  between  Cape 
Ciiarles  in  Maryland,  and  Cape  Henry  in  Virgin- 
ia, 12  m.  wide.  It  extends  270  m.  to  the  north; 
is  from  10  to  40  miles  broad,  and  generally  nine 
fathoms  deep ;  containing  several  islands  and 
many  commodious  harbours.  It  receives  the  Sus- 
quehannah,  Potomac,  Rappahannoc,  York,  and 
James  rivers,  which  are  all  large  and  navigable. 

Chcsapeak,  a  village  in  Cecil  Co.  Maryland. 

Chesapeak  and  Delaware  canal,  unites  tlie  two 
bays  of  that  name.  It  begins  at  Delaware  city  on 
the  Delaware,  and  proceeds  nearly  west  through 
Delaware  and  Maryland  to  Back  Creek,  a  brancli 
c^  Elk  river.  It  is  14  miles  long,  GO  feet  wide, 
and  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  10  feet.  At 
every  half  mile  are  recesses  where  the  canal  is 
widened  for  the  passage  of  vessels.  Four  miles 
of  the  canal  pass  through  a  hill  in  some  places  90 
feet  high,  being  the  deepest  cut  upon  any  canal  in 
tlie  world.  Here  a  bridge  of  a  single  arch  is 
thrown  across  it.  This  canal  was  finished  in  1829, 
and  cost  150,000  dollars  per  mile.  It  has  a  great 
navigation. 

Cheskam,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng. 
with  manufacturesof  lace  and  wooden  ware,  such 
us  malt-shovels,  butchers'  trays,  &c.  It  stands 
in  a  vale,  27  m.  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
0,032. 

Cheshire,  a  county  palatine  of  England,  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  river  Mersey,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Lancashire,  N.  E.  by  Yorkshire,  E. 
by  Derbyshire,  S.  E.  by  Staffordshire,  S.  by  Shrop- 
shire, VV.  by  the  river  Dee,  which  divides  it  from 
Denbigshire  and  Flintshire,  and  N.  W.  by  the 
Irish  Sea,  into  which  projects  a  peninsula,  13  m. 
long  and  six  broad,  formed  by  the  mouths  of  the 
Mersey  and  the  Dee.  This  county  extends  33 
miles  from  north  to  south,  and  42  from  east  to 
west,  without  including  the  peninsula  just  men- 
tioned on  tlie  west,  and  narrow  tract  of  land, 
which  stretches  between  Lancashire  and  Derby- 
shire, to  Yorkshire  on  the  N.  E.  Antecedent  to 
the  invasion  of  Britain  by  the  Romans,  this  part 
of  the  country  was  occupied  by  a  tribe  called  the 
Comavii;  ajid  Cheshire  was  constituted  a  coun- 


ty palatine  by  William  the  Norman,  who  confer 
red  it  upon  his  nephew,  Hugh  Lupus ;  but  the 
succeeding  palatines,  exercising  an  authority  in- 
compatible with  justice  to  other  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, such  as  affording  sanctuary,  &c.,  Henry  VIII. 
who,  whatever  faults  he  might  possess,  is  entitled 
to  the  gratitude  of  the  present  age  for  having  been 
instrumental  in  breaking  up  the  strong  holds 
of  priest-craft,  and  numerous  other  kinds  of  local 
t}-ranny,  abrogated  most  of  the  privileges  of  this 
palatinate,  tlie  forms  of  which,  however,  it  still 
retains.  Its  principal  towns  besides  the  city  of 
Chester,  are  Stockport,  Macclesfield,  Congleton, 
and  Nantwich  :  Stockport,  at  the  N.  E.  extremi- 
ty of  the  county,  and  the  surrounding  country, 
participates  largely  in  the  cotton  manufacture ; 
Macclesfield  and  Congleton  are  extensively  enga- 
ged in  the  silk  manufacture ;  and  Nantwich  is 
celebrated  for  its  salt  springs  ;  and  ship-building 
is  extensively  carried  on  at  the  city  of  Chester. 

In  addition  to  the  rivers  Mersey  and  Dee,  the 
county  of  Cheshire  is  intersected  by  the  rivers 
Wever  and  Bollin,  and  contains  several  small 
lakes  well  stored  with  fish  ;  it  is  also  intersected 
by  several  canals,  affording  it  a  facility  of  com- 
munication with  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The 
river  Dee  is  united  by  a  canal  of  one  entire  level, 
about  14  miles  in  length,  from  the  city  of  Chester 
to  the  Mersey,  about  12  miles  above  Liverpool; 
other  canals  diverge  from  the  city  of  Chester  to 
Northwich,  and  into  Wales.  The  Trent  and  Mer- 
sey Canal  {see  Runcorii  and  Preston)  intersect  the 
heart  of  the  county,  whilst  the  Duke  of  Bridge- 
water's  is  carried  nearly  parallel  with  the  Mersey 
to  Manchester,  and  the  Peak  Forest  Canal  inter- 
sects the  N.  E.  end  of  the  county.  The  E.  and 
N.  E.  parts  of  the  county  supply  abundance  of 
coal  and  various  minerals ;  but  the  distinguishing 
characteristics  of  the  county  are  its  salt  and 
cheese  ;  the  supply  of  the  first  is  inexhaustible, 
and  celebrated  for  its  purity  ;  whilst  the  cheese 
stands  unrivalled  for  the  excellence  of  its  quality. 
The  salt  is  produced  both  in  a  rock  or  solid  state, 
and  by  evaporation  of  the  water  from  the  numer- 
ous springs.  The  quantity  consumed  in  Great 
Britain  since  1779  has  averaged  about  55,000  tons 
per  annum,  produced  chiefly  by  evaporation ;  and 
the  quantity  exported  since  that  time  has  averaged 
about  250,000  tons  per  annum,  in  the  proportion 
of  about  35,000  tons  of  rock,  and  the  remainder 
produced  by  evaporation,  constituting  in  the  ag- 
gregate an  exchangeable  money  value  of  about 
£300,000  per  annum,  exclusive  of  the  tax  of  £30 
per  ton  levied  on  that  consumed  in  Great  Britain 
during  the  period  1806-1822,  (in  which  latter 
year  the  tax  was  repealed,)  yielding  in  the  aggre- 
gate about  £1,500,000  per  annum.  The  £300,- 
000  produce  of  the  salt  is  principally  distributed, 
in  the  first  instance,  for  labour,  and  for  reparation 
of  machinery,  buildings,  and  pans,  used  in  the  pro- 
cess of  evaporation  and  stoving.  The  total  ex- 
changeable money  value  of  the  cheese  annually 
produced  in  this  county  may  be  estimated  at  about 
£750,000  per  annum,  and  the  aggregate  exchan- 
geable money  value  of  all  its  other  agricultural 
productions,  may  be  estimated  at  from  double  to 
treble  that  amount,  out  of  which  a  land  rent  lax 
of  about  £700,000  per  annum  is  exacted.  For  the 
relative  proportion  of  this  amount  to  that  exacted 
in  other  counties,  as  well  as  for  territorial  extent, 
population,  &c.  &c.  see  England.  The  south 
and  west  part  of  the  county  it  is,  that  is  th»  mo**, 
productive  in  cheese,  and  in  which  the  sa.^,  springs 
abound.     This  part  of  th«  county  is  rather  level 


CHE 


iw 


CUE 


than  hilly,  and  subdivided  by  hedge  rows,  well 
stocked  with  timber,  into  comparatively  very 
email  enclosures,  intersected  by  numerous  paved 
roads,  which  imply  either  a  Roman  origin,  or  per- 
haps found  necessary  on  account  of  the  sandy 
prevalence  of  the  surface.  On  the  north  and  east 
side  of  the  county  about  100,000  persons  are  em- 
ployed in  the  silk  and  cotton  manufacture.  See 
Conglcton,  Macclesfield,  and  Stockport.  The  250,- 
000  tons  of  salt  per  annum  exported,  are  convey- 
ed by  the  river  Wever,  into  the  Mersey,  about  20 
m.  above  Liverpool,  at  which  port  it  is  principally 
shipped. 

Cheshire,  a  county  of  New  Hampshire,  bound- 
ed on  the  west  by  the  Connecticut  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Vermont ;  it  is  about  20  miles  in 
mean  breadth,  and  is,  upon  the  whole,  a  tolerably 
fertile  district ;  the  south-end  borders  on  Massa- 
chusetts. Pop.  27,016.  Keene,  in  the  interior 
of  the  county,  60  m.  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Concord,  is 
the  chief  town. 

Cheshire,  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  Berk- 
shire County,  Massachusetts.  Pop.  1,049.  And 
of  another  in  New  Haven  County,  Connecticut. 
Pop.  1,764. 

Cheshunt,  a  parish  in  Hertfordshire,  England. 
Pop.  in  1821,  4,376.  Waltham  Cross,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  parish  from  London,  is  11  m.  from 
Shoreditch  church,  on  the  line  of  the  great  north 
road. 

Chester,  a  city  of  England,  an  ecclesiastical  see, 
and  capital  of  the  county  of  Cheshire,  is  situate 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Dee,  at  the  western 
extremity  of  the  county,  183  miles  N.  N.  W.  of 
London,  and  24  due  south  of  Liverpool.  Chester 
is  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  interesting  cities 
of  England  ;  it  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  nearly 
two  miles  in  circumference,  still  kept  in  a  good 
state  of  repair,  the  top  affording,  in  its  entire 
circuit,  a  delightful  promenade.  It  has  four 
gates,  in  the  position  of  the  four  cardinal  points, 
two  of  them  very  ornamental,  and  the  whole  in- 
teresting for  their  antiquity.  Within  the  present 
century,  the  city  has  undergone  vast  improve- 
ments. Formerly,  the  houses  in  the  principal 
streets  projected  over  the  foot-path,  forming  a 
covered  way  five  or  six  feet  wide  ;  which  although 
agreeable  enough  in  wet  weather,  rendered  the 
shops  and  rooms  on  the  ground  floor  dark  and 
disagreeable,  and  gave  an  uncouth  feature  to  the 
city.  This  defect  is  now  wholly,  or  nearly  so, 
removed,  whilst  several  public  edifices,  unequalled 
in  the  British  dominions  for  tiieir  architectural 
taste  and  grandeur,  ornament  different  parts  of 
the  city;  the  most  distinguished  of  these,  are  the 
county  gaol,  on  the  site  of  tlie  old  castle,  and 
the  county  hall  contiguous  thereto  ;  the  porticoes  of 
these  two  edifices,  in  their  appropriateness  of  de- 
sign, exactness  of  proportion,  and  grandeur  of 
etfect,  have  no  parallel  in  Britain,  and  cannot  be 
surpassed  in  any  part  of  the  world.  Here  are  a 
public  lib'ary.  an  exchange,  &c.  The  cathedral 
IS  a  venerable  structure  of  reddish  sand  stone, 
built  in  the  8th  century;  there  are  eight  other 
churches,  and  several  dissenting  places  of  wor- 
ship, a  county  infirmary,  and  several  schools.  Two 
annual  fairs,  in  July  and  October,  each  of  which 
continues  several  days,  are  very  numerously  at- 
tended, giving  rise  to  great  traffic  in  linens  from 
Ireland,  and  woolen  clotiis  and  stuffs  from  York- 
shire, and  for  the  accommodation  of  which,  a 
commodious  hall  was  erected  in  1809,  and  an- 
other in  1815.  Chester,  in  1825,  had  nine  public 
breweries,  seven  establisbmenta  for  the  euttin^;  of 


corks,  five  iron  founderies,  two  paper  and  four 
extensive  flour  mills,  six  manufactories  of  pipes, 
and  nine  of  tobacco,  and  several  other  manufac- 
torie  of  minor  importance.  The  river  Dee  is 
navigable  up  to  the  city  for  vessels  of  considera- 
ble burthen  ;  and  ships  of  300  to  400  tons  are 
always  in  a  course  of  building,  and  occasionally 
eight  or  ten  at  a  time  ;  on  the  whole,  however, 
Chester  has  more  the  character  of  a  provincial, 
than  of  a  seaport  town.  The  contiguity  of  Liv- 
erpool having  superseded  it  in  its  latter  character. 
Its  local  jurisdiction  is  vested  in  a  mayor  and  24 
aldermen  ;  it  returns  two  members  to  Parliament 
by  about  1,400  electors.  The  population,  which 
in  1801  was  15,052,  in  1821  amounted  to  19,940. 
exclusive  of  about  1,500  in  two  adjoining  oul 
parishes. 

Chester,  a  county  at  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  E.  District,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  E.  by  the  Schuylkill  River,  and  in- 
tersected by  the  Brandywine.  The  county  is 
about  35  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  15  in 
mean  breadth.  Pop.  50,908.  West  Chester,  on 
the  east  border  of  the  county,  18  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  on  the  great  western  road  to  Pitts- 
burg, is  the  chief  town. 

Chester  District,  a  county  or  district  in  the 
north  part  of'the  state  of  South  Carolina,  bound- 
ed on  the  east  by  the  Catawba  River,  and  west 
by  Broad  River,  distant  from  each  other  about 
25  miles.  The  district  is  about  20  north  to 
south.   Pop.  19,182. 

Chester,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  43  m.  from 
Boston  ;  30  from  Portsmouth.  Pop.  2,039.  The 
town  is  about  12  miles  in  extent,  and  the  village 
consists  of  a  single  street  a  mile  long.  Most  of 
the  trade  of  the  county  centres  here.  Plumbago 
of  a  good  quality  is  found  in  this  town.  Here 
are  two  remarkable  caves,  one  of  which  exhibits 
columns  of  stalactites. 

Chester,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,320. 

Chester,  p.t.    Hampden  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  1,406 

Chester,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  There  are  13 
other  towns  and  villages  called  Chester  in  the 
U.  States. 

Chesterfield,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  England. 
It  has  three  establishments  for  the  manufacture 
of  baskets  or  skips,  much  used  in  the  conveyance 
of  cotton  yarn  from  the  mills  to  the  dealers,  five 
tanneries,  two  iron  founderies,  nine  potteries 
chiefly  coarse  ware,  some  trifling  manufactures 
of  hosiery,  &c.  and  next  to  Derby  it  is  the 
most  import.int  trading  town  in  the  county.  It  has 
mines  of  coal,  lead,  and  iron  in  its  vicinity,  and 
a  canal,  communicating  with  the  Trent  below 
Gainsborough  ;  a  prison  for  debtors,  a  market- 
house,  town- hall  and  sessions- room  are  all  com- 
bined under  one  roof.  In  1821  the  town  con- 
tained 5,077  inhabitants,  and  the  parish,  which 
incljUdes  eight  contiguous  townships  and  hamlets, 
4,113  inhabitants  more.  It  is  155  miles  N.  by  W 
of  London,  on  the  direct  road  from  thence 
through  Nottingham  to  ShofKeld,  from  which  it 
is  distant  13  miles,  and  26  from  Nottingham. 

Chesterfield,  a  county  of  Virginia  bounded  on 
the  east  and  north  by  James  River,  and  soutli  by 
the  Appomattox  Iliver.  Pop.  18,637.  The 
court  house  of  the  county  is  15  miles  S.  by 
W.  of  Richmond.  The  county  contains  about 
300  square  miles. 

Chesterfield  District,  a  frontier  district  of  South 
Carolina,  bordering  on  North  Carolina,  bounded 
on  the  east  by  the  Great  Pedee  River^  and  west 
by  Lynche's  Creek ;  it  contains  450  square  miles, 


CHI 


191 


cm 


and  a  population  of  8,472.  The  chief  town  is  of 
the  same  name. 

Chesterfield,  p.t.  Clieshire  Co.  N.  H.  100  m.  from 
Portsmouth  ;  90  m.  from  Boston. 

CIcesterfield,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop. 
1,417. 

Chesterfield,  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,671.  Al- 
so a  town  in  Burlington  Co.  N.  J. 

Chesterfield  Inlet,  an  inlet  extending  about  200 
miles  westward  from  the  north  end  of  Hudson's 
Bay  ;  the  entrance  to  the  inlet  is  in  lat.  63.  30. 
N.  lonor.  90.  40.  W. ;  its  mean  breadth  is  about  15 
miles. 

Chester-le-Street,  a  parish  in  the  county  of 
Durham.  Eng.  containing  18  townships.  The  to- 
tal population  of  which  in  1821  was  13,936  ;  the 
parish  abounds  in  coal,  and  is  intersected  by  the 
river  Wear;  the  township  of  Chester-le-Street  is 
situate  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Wear,  six  miles 
lorth  of  Duram,  and  18  south  of  Newcastle,  and 
in  1821   contained  1,892  of  the  population. 

Chestertoicn,  port  of  entry  and  capital  of  Kent 
Co.  Maryland,  on  Chester  river,  flowing  into  the 
upper  part  of  Chesapeak  Bay  from  the  East.  An 
academy  which  was  originally  incorporated  as  a 
college,  is  established  here  and  receives  an  annui- 
ty from  the  state. 

Chesternille,  Kennebec  Co.  Me.     Pop.  923. 

Chesterville,  p.  v.  Kent  Co.  Maryland. 

Chestnut  Hill,  a  township  inNorthamptonCo.Pa. 

Cheviot  Hills,  a  ridge  of  mountains  in  Eng- 
land, which  run  from  north  to  south  through 
Northumberland  and  Cumberland,  famous  for  its 
free  chase,  formerly  much  used  by  the  English 
and  Scotch  gentry. "  These  hills  are  now  chiefly 
wild  and  open  sheep-walks  ;  goats  also  are  fed 
among  them,  and  some  of  the  finest  cattle  in 
the  ki'ngdom,  in  parts  of  the  Scotch  border.  Near 
these  many  an  obstinate  battle  has  been  fought 
between  the  English  and  Scotch,  before  the  two 
kingdoms  were  united ;  among  which  niay  be 
numbered  the  encounter  between  the  earls  Percy 
and  Douglas,  celebrated  in  the  ancient  ballad  call- 
ed Chevy  Chace.  The  altitude  of  the  peak  called 
Cheviot  Pill,  which  is  about  20  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Alnwick,  is  2,658  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
other  peaks  of  the  range  rise  3Clt)  to  400  feet 
higher. 

Chiapa,  a  province  of  America,  uniting  the 
two  grand  divisions  of  the  western  hemisphere. 
This  province  extends  from  the  lat.  of  14.  50.  to 
17.  30.  of  north  lat.  and  lies  between  the  long,  of 
90.  20.  and  92.  50.  W.  being  about  180  miles  in 
extreme  length  but  the  mean  breadth  not  exceed- 
ing more  than  about  100  miles,  its  area  may  be 
stated  at  18,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  province  of  Tabasco,  which  en- 
closes it  on  the  side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
on  the  south  by  part  of  the  province  of  Gua- 
temala, which  encloses  it  on  the  side  of  the  Paci- 
fic Ocean;  on  the  east  by  Vera  Paz>  and  west  by 
Guaxaca,  the  extreme  southern  province  of  Mex- 
ico. The  Andes  run  into  this  province  in  broken 
ridges  at  its  S.  E.  extremity  ;  but  towards  its  more 
western  boundary,  the  grand  mountain  chain 
may  be  said  to  be  completely  divided.  The 
Tabasco  River  rises  at  the  foot  of  the  termination 
of  the  mountain  chain,  runs  first  in  a  W.  N.  W. 
direction,  and  afterwards  takes  a  northerly  course 
through  the  province  of  Tabasco,  into  the  Bay 
of  Campeachy,  thereby  affording  an  advantageous 
opening  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Four  or  five 
other  streams  of  inferior  importance  intersect  the 
central  and  eastern  side  of  the  province,  all  uni- 


ting into  one,  near  its  northern  frontier ;  after 
wards  running  through  the  province  of  Tabasco, 
also  into  the  Bay  of  Campeachy,  there  being  no 
river  of  any  note  running  out  of  Chiapa  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  With  the  exception  of  the  S.  E. 
part,  Chiapa  may  be  considered  a  level  rather 
than  a  mountainous  country,  and  exceedingly 
fertile;  and  having  hitherto  been  uncursed  with 
the  discovery  of  any  gold  or  silver  mine,  the 
native  inhabitants  are  proportionably~  more  nume- 
rous, more  social,  and  exhibit  more  primitive 
characteristics  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
western  hemisphere.  Nearly  all  the  animated 
creatures  and  vegetable  productions  common  to 
the  tropical  section  of  this  division  of  the  globe, 
are  common  in  Chiapa.  The  most  prominent  of 
the  animal  race  is  the  horse,  the  breed  of  which, 
first  introduced  from  Europe,  is  deservedly  cele- 
brated, and  cherished  with  great  care  by  the  in- 
habitants, with  whom  the  horse  constitutes  their 
most  important  branch  of  traffic,  great  numbers 
being  constantly  sent  into  Mexico.  When,  in- 
stead of  chicane  and  oppressive  exactions,  integ- 
rity and  mutual  reciprocity  shall  constitute  the 
basis  of  commercial  intercourse,  no  part  of  the 
world  will  aiford  a  fairer  field  for  enterprize  than 
the  province  of  Chiapa.  Its  forests  will  supply 
abundance  of  cypress,  cedar,  pine,  walnut,  and 
other  timber,  whilst  the  cultivated  parts  will 
yield  abundance  of  cotton,  cocoa,  coffee,  sugar, 
and  cochineal,  with  a  boundless  variety  of  aro- 
matic resins,  gums,  and  dyes,  to  constitute  fit 
and  ample  equivalents  to  exchange  for  the  varied 
useful  productions  of  European  art.  Most  of 
the  domestic  animals  and  fowls  common  to  Eu- 
rope, as  well  as  the  horse,  have  become  natural- 
ized in  Chiapa,  and  in  greater  plenty  and  excel- 
lence than  in  almost  any  other  part  of  America 
south  of  the  United  States ;  and  its  climate,  in 
reference  to  its  geographical  position,  being  of  a 
genial  and  moderate,  rather  than  of  an  extreme 
temperature,  it  affords  as  favourable  a  domicile 
for  a  portion  of  the  population  of  the  denser  in- 
habited parts  of  Europe  as  any  part  of  the  world. 
This  territory  is  comprised  within  the  republic 
ot  Guatemala,  or  Central  America,  as  it  is  some- 
times called. 

Chiapa,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding  prov- 
ince, is  situate  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  Tabas- 
co, near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  province,  in 
the  lat.  of  17.  5.  N.  and  92.  40.  of  W.  long.  The 
number  of  inhabitants  is  estimated  at  20,000, 
chiefly  Indians,  hence  it  is  called  Chiapa  de  los 
Jndios,  in  contradistinction  to  another  town  about 
20  miles  west,  called  Chiapa  de  los  Espanoles,  in 
consequence  of  being  inhabited  chiefly  by  persons 
of  Spanish  descent:  the  latter  jfe  sometimes  called 
Ciudad  Real,  and  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  having  a 
stately  cathedral,  and  several  monastic  establish- 
ments ;  its  population  is,  however,  inconsiderable, 
not  exceeding  more  than  2,000. 

Chiarenza,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  the 
Morea,  on  the  river  Sillus,  situate  near  the  sea, 
opposite  the  east  end  of  the  island  of  Cefalonia. 
Long.  21.  28.  lat.  37.  46.  N. 

Chiari,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  where 
the  Austrians  defeated  the  French  in  1701.  It  is 
situate  between  two  rivers  which  fall  into  the 
Oglio,  on  the  east  side,  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Crema. 
Pop.  about  7,000. 

Chuiromonte,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto, 
seated  on  a  mountain  25  miles  west  of  Syracuse  ; 
it  gave  the  surname  to  the  family  of  the  virtuoiw 
and  amiable  pope  Pius  VII. 


CHI 


192 


CHI 


Chiavari,  a  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
situate  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  falling  into  the 
gulf,  about  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Geioa.  It  has  seve- 
ral manufactures.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Chiavenna,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
country  of  its  name,  subject  to  the  Grisons.  It 
is  a  trading  place,  especially  in  wine  and  delicate 
fruits,  being  the  principal  communication  be- 
tween the  Milanese  and  Germany.  The  govern- 
or's palace  and  the  churches  are  magnificent ;  and 
the  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics.  Here  are 
the  ruins  of  a  once  celebrated  fortress,  on  the 
summit  of  a  rock ;  and  close  to  the  town  is  a  rock 
of  asbestos.  It  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Maira,  which  falls  into  the  north  end  of  the  Lake 
of  Como.  Pop.  about  3,000.  The  district,  which 
is  mountainous,  contains  a  population  of  about 
18,000. 

Chicago,  a  town  with  a  military  post  called  Fort 
Dearborn,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake 
Michigan  in  the  state  of  Illinois.  A  river  of  the 
same  name  here  flows  into  the  lake. 

Chickasaws,  a  nation  of  American  Indians,  set- 
tled on  the  head  branches  of  the  Tombeckbe  and 
Yazoo  rivers,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  state  of 
Mississippi;  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  their  territo- 
ry jets  upon  the  river  of  that  name;  they  have 
seven  towns,  the  central  one  of  which  is  in  long. 
89.  43.  W.  lat.  34.  23.  N.  Their  numbers  have 
lately  been  on  the  increase  and  they  are  now 
about  4.000.  They  have  many  mills  and  work- 
6hops,and  pay  considerable  attention  to  agriculture. 

Cldchacotta,  a  fortified  town  of  Bootan,  on  the 
south  frontier,  frequently  taken  and  relinquished 
by  the  British  India  troops,  in  the  war  with  the 
Booteeas  in  1772.  It  is  48  m.  S.  by  E.  of 'Tas- 
easudon.     Long.  89.  35.  E.  lat.  26.  35.  N. 

Chichester,  a  city,  the  capital  of  Sussex,  Eng. 
and  a  county  of  itself.  It  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  has  seven  churches,  beside  the  cathedral,  a 
spacious  edifice,  410  ft.  in  length,  with  a  tower, 
surmounted  by  a  spire  rising  to  the  height  of  297 
feet.  The  city  is  walled  round,  and  had  formerly 
four  gates.  It  exports  corn,  malt,  &c.  has  some 
foreign  commerce,  and  a  manufacture  of  nee- 
dles. The  haven  affords  fine  lobsters.  It  is 
seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Levant,  near  its 
entrance  into  an  arm  of  the  English  Channel, 
12  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Portsmouth,  and  61  S.  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  7,362. 

Chichester,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  45  m.  N. 
W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,084. 

Chielefa,  a  town  of  Independent  Greece,  in  the 
Morea,  near  the  Gulf  of  Coron.  14  m.  W.  of 
Colocythia. 

Chiem-Sce,  a  lake  of  Bavaria  35  miles  in  circum- 
ference. In  the  midst  of  it  are  two  islands  ;  on 
one  of  them  is  a  convent  of  Benedictine  nuns, 
and  on  the  other  an  Augustine  monastery.  It 
lies  22  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Salzburg,  and  discharges 
its  waters  by  the  river  Alza,  in  a^  northerly  direc- 
tion into  the  Inn. 

Chicri,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  surrounded  by  an 
ancient  wall,  in  which  are  six  gates.  It  has  four 
grand  .squares,  many  churches  and  religious  hou- 
ses, and  considerable  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
silk.  It  is  7  miles  east  of  Turin.  Pop.  about 
11,000. 

Chieti.     See  Civita  di  Chicti. 

Chigioell,  a  village  in  Essex,  Eng.  10  m.  N.  E. 
of  London.  It  is  noted  for  a  free-school,  founded 
by  archbishop  Harsnelt,  who  had  been  vicar  of 
this  place,  and  lies  buried  in  the  church.  Pop.  in 
18?'    1,696. 


Chihtiahtia,  a  city  in  the  province  of  DurangO, 
situate  in  the  lat.  of  28.  50.  N.  on  the  high  roaa 
from  the  city  of  xVIexico  to  Santa  Fe,  about  700  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Mexico.  Chihuahua  is  a  considera- 
ble place,  having  several  public  buildings,  and 
about  11,000  inhabitants.  "The  principal  church 
is  a  beautiful  edifice  ;  the  surrounding  country  is 
productive  in  silver. 

Chilca,  a  small  seaport  of  Peru,  about  30  m.  S. 
of  Lima. 

Chile,  a  territory  of  the  southern  division  of 
the  western  hemisphere,  extending-  from  the  lat.  - 
of  24.  20.  to  43.  50.  S.  and  from  65.  50.  to  74.  20. 
W.  long,  bounded  on  the  w^-'t  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  on  the  east  by  t{  ■*  Andes,  which  di- 
vides it  from  the  United  Provinces  of  Buenos 
Ayres,  being  about  1 ,350  miles  in  length,  from 
north  to  south,  and  130  in  mean  breadth,  in  a  po- 
sition from  the  south,  of  N.  N.  E.  Antecedent 
to  the  irruption  of  the  Spaniards  into  this  part  of 
the  world,  Chile  was  divided  into  several  inde- 
pendent states,  of  whom  the  earliest  information 
hitherto  obtained  respecting  them,  is,  that  in 
1450  Upanqui,  the  then  Inca  of  Peru,  made  in- 
roads upon  the  Chilian  territory,  and  subdued  the 
four  northern  provinces,  at  the  southern  boundary 
of  which  their  progress  was  stayed  by  the  brjivery 
of  a  tribe  called  the  Promancians.  The  Peru- 
vians, however  remained  roasters  of  the  four 
provinces,  up  to  the  period  of  },535,  when  it  was 
first  visited  by  the  Spaniards,  who  invaded  it 
from  Peru  with  a  force  of  ','70  Europeans  and 
15,000  Peruvians,  under  the  .ommand  of  Alma- 
giso,  the  companion  of  Vin.rxo.  Two-thirds  of 
the  number  of  this  expediJon  perished  with  fa- 
tigue on  the  march,  the  remainder,  however,  suc- 
ceeded in  reaching  the  northern  province  of 
Chile,  and  the  Spaniards  were  received  by  the 
inhabitants  with  cordiality  and  respect ;  but  the 
perfidy  and  baseness  of  Almagro  indulged  in  the 
wanton  massacre  of  some  of  the  chief  men  of  the 
country,  and  thereby  raised  the  indignation  of  the 
whole  population  against  him  :  and  having  in  a 
general  engagement  with  the  Promancians,  sus- 
tained a  complete  defeat,  and  dissatisfaction  pre- 
vailing amono-  >  'b  troops,  he  returned  to  Peru  in 
1538.  In  1540  nowever,  Pizarro  dispatched  an- 
other expediti  m,  under  the  command  of  Val* 
divia,  who,  ?1er  much  resistance,  succeeded  in 
extending  '  «  arms  as  far  as  Mapocho,  and  from 
that  peri'  the  Spaniards  maintained  possession 
of  the  CO  ntry,  though  not  without  repeated  con- 
flicts with  the  natives,  and  occasional  reverse  of 
fortune.  Such  has  been  the  bravery  of  the  Arau- 
cans,  a  tribe  of  Indians,  occupying  the  southern 
part  of  the  territory,  from  the  lat.  of  37.  to  42.  S. 
that  up  to  the  present  time  they  have  never  been 
subdued.  The  last  conflict  in  which  they  were 
engaged  with  the  Spaniards  was  in  1773,  in  which 
great  slaughter  ensued,  without  a  decided  triumph 
to  either  party.  From  that  period,  however,  tran 
quillity  has  generally  prevailed,  the  Araucans 
having  since  then  had  a  resident  at  Santiago, 
more  m  the  character  of  representative  of  an  m- 
deprndent  nation,  than  a  conquered  or  dependent 
province. 

In  1742,  Don  Josef  Manto,  the  then  Spanish 
governor,  under  whose  administration  peace  and 
order  generally  prevailed,  founded  several  new 
towns,  and  divided  the  country  iato  the  22  fol- 
lowing provinces,  commencing  at  the  north,  viz 


1.  Copiapo 

2.  Huasco 

3.  Coquimbo 


4.  Cuscos 

5.  Pectorca 

6.  Quillota 


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193 


CHI 


7.  Melipilla 

8.  Rancagua 

9.  Colchagua 

10.  Curico 

11.  Maule 

12.  Canquenes 

13.  ItaU 

14.  Puchacay 


15.  Concepcion 

16.  Aconcagua 
71.  Santa  Rosa 

18.  Mapocho 

19.  Isla  de  Maale 

20.  Chilian 

21.  Rere 

22.  Isla  de  la  Laxa. 


The  Chilians  are  gay  and  hospitable,  and  am 
highly  fond  of  bull  fights,  music,  and  dancing. 
They  sleep  from  noon  till  sunset,  after  which  the 
shops  and  streets  are  lighted  up,  and  all  the  pub 
lie  places  are  thronged  till  midnight. 


Of  these,  the  first  five  divisions  extend  from  the 
Pacific  Ocean  to  the  Andes;  Nos.  6  to  15  are 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  seven  remaining 
provinces,  which  with  Concepcion,  are  bounded 
on  the  south  by  the  Biobo  River,  in  the  lat.  of  3C. 
50.  S.;  the  more  southern  portion  of  the  territory 
to  the  lat.  of  42.  S.,  being  occupied  by  the  Arau- 
cans,  and  the  island  of  Chiloe  projecting  into  the 
Pacific  Ocean  forms  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  territory,  which  is  separated  from  Peru  on  the 
north,  by  the  dreary  Desert  of  Atacama.  The 
Andes,  which  flank  the  whole  eastern  boundary, 
rises  to  an  average  altitude  of  12,000  to  14,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  having  in  the 
course  of  this  range  14  volcanoes  in  a  state  of 
constant  eruption,  and  several  others  which  emit 
occasionally.  All  of  them  are,  however,  too  re- 
mote from  the  inhabited  parts  of  the  territory, 
either  to  occasion  inconvenience,  or  inspire  ter- 
ror, by  the  violence  of  their  eruption.  The  sev- 
eral provinces  are  mostly  divided  from  each  other 
by  ranges  of  hills,  each  intervening  valley  being 
intersected  by  one  or  more  streams  of  water,  con- 
tributing alike  to  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the 
country,  which,  as  a  whole,  for  diversity,  beauty, 
and  grandeur  of  feature,  is  unequalled  in  the 
world.  Although  the  soil  and  cHmate  of  Chile 
are  alike  favourable  to  the  culture  and  breed  of  all 
the  fruits,  grain,  and  animals  conducive  to  the 
well-being,  comfort,  and  enjoyment  of  society,  its 
more  distmguishing  feature  is  the  abundance  of 
its  mineral  productions,  in  gold,  silver,  copper, 
tin,  and  iron.  Such,  however,  for  nearly  three 
centuries,  was  the  subduing  and  perverse  policy 
of  the  Spaniards,  that  with  means  to  command 
every  comfort,  the  inhabitants  of  this  fine  and 
fertile  territory  were  kept  in  a  state  of  barbarism, 
and  on  the  verge  of  want.  The  ties  of  Spanish 
bondage,  however,  now  appear  broken,  never  to 
be  united.  The  first  movement  of  resistance  to 
Spanish  authority,  which  took  place  in  1809,  for 
some  time,  appeared  likely  to  succeed  without  in- 
terruption ;  but  in  1814,  a  Spanish  force  from 
Peru  subdued  nearly  the  whole  country,  and  held 
it  again  in  subjection  until  1817,  when  a  force,  in 
the  cause  of  independence,  under  the  command 
of  general  San  Martin,  entered  Chile  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  and  turned  again  the  tide  of  victory 
against  Spanish  domination.  On  the  12th  of 
February,  1819,  the  Chilians  formally  renounced 
all  obligation  to  Spanish  authority,  and  declared 
themselves  independent ;  which  the  battle  of 
Maypu,  in  the  following  April,  not  only  confirm- 
ed to  them,  but  enabled  them  to  extend  their 
arms,  in  pursuit  of  their  oppressors,  into  Peru. 
Tlie  new  government  is,  however,  for  the  pres- 
ent, too  unstable  to  justify  any  positive  conclusion 
as  to  the  future  destiny  of  the  country.  The 
population,  according  to  a  census  taken  in  1812, 
amounted  to  about  1 ,230,000,  exclusive  of  some 
scattered  tribes  of  Indians.  Santiago,  or  St.  Jago 
de  Chile,  (as  it  is  sometimes  written)  in  the 
province  of  Mapocho,  in  the  lat.  of  33.  20.  is  the 
chief  city,  to  which  Valparaiso,  distant  100 
miles  west,  is  the  seaport.  The  other  seaports  are 
Copiapo,  Coquimbo,  Concepcion,  and  Valdivia. 
25 


A  traveller  in  Chile  in  1820,  has  furnished  ns 
with  the  following  remarks  : 

The  merchants  and  other  principal  Inhabitants 
reside  in  the  houses  built  along  the  base  of  the 
cliffs  in  Valparaiso,  and  along  the  streets  of  the 
Almendral.  But  the  poorer  people  live  chiefly  in 
the  Quebradas,  or  ravines.  This  class  of  society 
have  been  the  least  affected  by  the  changes  in  the 
political  state  of  the  country,  and  retain,  as  we 
were  informed,  nearly  the  same  manners  and 
habits  as  before  ;  a  circumstance  which  gave  them 
a  higher  interest  to  us;  and  induced  us  frequent- 
ly to  rove  about,  in  the  cool  hours  of  the  evening, 
amongst  their  ranchos,  or  cottages.  We  were 
every  where  received  with  the  utmost  frankness, 
and,  as  far  as  the  simple  means  of  the  inhabitants 
went,  with  hospitality.  They  were  chiefly  brick- 
makers,  day-labourers,  and  washerwomen,  who 
were  always  gratified  by  the  interest  we  took  in 
their  affairs,  replying  readily  and  cheerfully  to 
our  inquiries.  Their  first  anxiety  was  that  we 
should  be  seated,  in  order,  to  use  their  phrase, 
that  we  might  "  feel  ourselves  in  our  own  house." 
Their  next  wish  was  that  we  should  taste  some- 
thing, no  matter  how  little ;  some  offering  us 
spirits,  or  milk  and  bread ;  others,  who  could 
afford  nothing  else,  presenting  a  cup  of  water. 
Yet,  however  wretched  the  cottage,  or  poor  the 
fare,  the  deficiency  was  never  made  more  appa- 
rent by  apologies  :  with  untaught  politeness,  the 
best  they  had  was  placed  before  us,  graced  with 
a  hearty  welcome. 

These  ranchos,  as  well  as  the  houses  in  the 
town,  are  built  of  large  flat  bricks  dried  in  the 
sun  ;  and  thatched  with  broad  palm  leaves,  the 
ends  of  which,  by  overhanging  the  walls,  afford 
shade  from  the  scorching  sun,  as  well  as  shelter 
from  the  rain.  Each  cottage  is  divided  into  two 
rooms ;  one  for  the  beds,  and  the  otlier  as  a  dining 
room ;  a  portion  of  the  mud  floor  in  this  apart- 
ment is  always  raised  seven  or  eight  inches  above 
the  level  of  the  other  parts,  and  being  covered 
with  mats,  serves  as  a  couch  for  the  siesta  sleep- 
ers after  dinner. 

In  one  cottage  we  found  a  young  woman  grind- 
ing corn  in  a  very  primitive  mill,  which  consisted 
of  two  stones,  one  a  large  grooved  block  placed 
on  the  ground,  the  other  polished,  and  about 
twice  the  size  of  her  hand.  The  unground  com 
appeared   to  be   baked   till  it  could  be  crunibled 

R 


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194 


CHI 


into  powder  between  the  finger  and  thumb  ;  this 
coarse  flour,  when  mixed  with  water,  made  an 
agreeable  drink  called  Ulpa. 

In  some  of  the  Quebradas,  we  occasionally  dis- 
covered houses  of  a  better  class,  generally  occu- 
pied by  elderly  ladies  of  small  incomes,  who  had 
relinquished  the  fashionable  and  expensive  parts 
of  the  town,  for  more  remote,  though  not  less  com- 
fortable  dwellings.  Nothing  could  exceed  the 
neatness  and  regularity  which  prevailed  in  these 
houses,  where  we  were  often  received  by  the 
inmates  with  a  politeness  of  manners,  indicating 
that  they  had  known  better  days.  These  good 
ladies  generally  entertained  us  with  the  celebrated 
Paraguay  tea,  called  mattee,  a  beverage  of  which 
the  inhabitants  are  passionately  fond.  Before  infu- 
sion, the  Yerba,  as  it  is  called,  has  a  yellow  colour, 
and  appears  partly  ground,  and  partly  chopped  ;  the 
flavour  resembles  that  of  fine  teaj  to  which,  in- 
deed, many  people  prefer  it.  The  mattee  is  made 
in  an  oval-shaped  metal  pot,  about  twice  as  large 
as  an  egg-cup,  placed  nearly  full  of  water,  on  the 
hot  embers  of  the  brazier,  which  always  stands 
in  the  middle  of  the  parlour;  when  the  water 
begins  to  boil,  a  lump  of  sugar  burnt  on  the  out- 
side is  added.  The  pot  is  next  removed  to  a 
filagree  silver  stand,  on  which  it  is  handed  to  the 
guest,  who  draws  the  mattee  into  his  mouth 
through  a  silver  pipe  seven  or  eight  inches  in 
length,  furnished  at  the  lower  extremity  with  a 
bulb  pierced  with  small  holes.  The  natives  drink 
it  almost  boiling  hot,  and  it  costs  the  stranger 
many  a  tear  before  he  can  imitate  them  in  this 
practice.  There  is  one  custom  in  these  mattee 
drinkings,  to  which,  though  not  easily  reconcile- 
able  to  our  habits,  a  stranger  must  not  venture  to 
object.  However  numerous  the  companj'  be,  or 
however  often  the  mattee  pot  be  replenished,  the 
tube  is  never  changed  ;  and  to  decline  taking 
mattee,  because  the  tube  had  been  previously 
used,  would  be  thought  the  hciglit  of  rudeness. 
A  gentleman  of  my  acquaintance,  becoming  very 
fond  of  this  beverage,  bought  a  tube  for  himself, 
and  carried  it  constantly  in  his  pocket ;  but  this 
gave  so  much  offence,  that  he  was  eventually 
obliged  to  throw  away  his  private  bombilla,  as 
it  is  called,  and  follow  the  customs  of  the  coun- 
try. 

The  people  in  general,  and  particularly  the 
peasantry,  and  the  lower  orders  in  the  outskirts 
of  the  town,  appeared  to  us  much  better  bred 
than  the  corresponding  ranks  in  other  countries. 
In  their  domestic  circle,  they  were  at  all  times 
remarkably  polite  to  one  another;  the  children 
being  respectful  and  attentive,  and  the  parents 
considerate  and  indulgent.  But  this  was  con- 
spicuous only  at  home  ;  for,  when  abroad ,  the 
men  were  very  negligent  of  good  manners  ;  and, 
although  actual  rudeness  was  contrary  to  their 
nature,  they  were,  in  general,  careless  of  the 
wishes  of  the  women,  and  never  sought  opportu- 
nities of  obliging  them,  nor  seemed  to  take  any 
pleasure  in  being  useful  on  trivial  occasions. 
This  habitual  inattention  on  the  part  of  the  young 
men,  rendered  the  women,  in  some  degree,  dis- 
trustful of  the  civility  with  which  strangers,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  treated  them;  and,  at  first,  we 
often  observed  a  look  of  embarrassment  and 
doubt,  when  we  paid  them  the  most  ordinary  at- 
tention. 

atdi,  p.t  Munroe  Co.  N.  Y.  241  m.  W.  Alba- 
ny.    Pop.  2/)10. 

Cliilha,  a  lake  in  the  Doccan  of  Hindoostan, 
which  bounds  the  five  Circars  on  the  north.     It 


lies  on  the  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and  seema 
the  effect  of  the  breach  of  the  sea  over  a  flat  san- 
dy surface,  whose  elevation  was  something  above 
the  level  of  the  country  within.  It  communicates 
with  the  sea  by  a  very  narrow  but  deep  opening, 
and  is  shallow  within.  It  is  40  miles  long  and 
14  broad,  with  a  narrow  slip  of  ground  between 
it  and  the  sea.  It  contains  many  inhabited 
islands.  On  the  N.  W.  it  is  bounded  by  a  ridge 
of  mountains,  a  continuation  of  that  which  ex- 
tends from  the  Mahanuddy  to  the  Godavery  River 
and  shuts  up  the  Circars  towards  the  continent. 

Chilian,  one  of  the  seven  inland  provinces  of 
Chile  ;  it  is  inconsiderable,  and  the  least  impor- 
tant of  them  all.  The  chief  town,  of  the  same 
name,  is  about  105  miles  N.  W.  of  Concepcion. 
A  river  of  the  same  name  intersects  the  province 
from  east  to  west,  falling  ink)  the  Itata  in  the 
maritime  province  of  Puchacay. 

ChiUicothe,  the  chief  town  of  Ross  County, 
Ohio,  and  second  in  rank  in  the  state  ;  seated  on 
a  point  of  land  formed  by  Paint  Creek,  and  the 
west  bank  of  the  Scioto  River,  70  miles  by  the 
water-course,  above  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio, 
it  has  several  mills  and  manufactures  in  its  vicin- 
ity. It  is  45  miles  south  of  Columbus,  the  capital  ^ 
of  the  state,  and  90  E.  by  N.  of  Cincinnati.  Pop. 
2,846. 

Chilian,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Berne,  at  the  end  of  the  lake  of  Geneva  or 
Leman.  On  a  rock  in  the  lake  is  an  ancient 
castle,  which  has  lately  been  used  as  a  state  pris- 
on, and  is  imortalized  in  the  verse  of  Byron. 
It  is  5  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Vevay. 

Chiloe,  Island  and  Archipelago  of;  the  Island  of 
Chiloe  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
territory  of  Chile,  separated  from  the  province 
of  Araucan  on  the  north  by  a  channel  four  to 
five  miles  wide.  It  is  140  miles  in  length  and 
about  50  in  mean  breadth,  separated  on  the  east 
from  the  main  land  by  a  gulf  about  50  miles  wide, 
containing  40  small  islands,  15  uninhabited,  form- 
ing the  Archipelago  of  Chiloe.  The  total  popu- 
lation is  about  30,000.  Castro,  seated  at  the  head 
of  a  bay,  opening  into  the  Archipelago,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Chllpanzingo,  a  considerable  town,  2,500  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  G5  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Aca- 
pulco,  on  the  road  to  Mexico. 

Chilques  y  Masques,  a  district  of  the  province 
of  Cuzco,  Peru,  lying  east  of  the  Apurimac  Riv- 
er, having  a  ridge  of  the  Andes  for  its  east  bound- 
ary. It  is  a  fertile  district,  containing  about  lO.OOO 
inhab.  Parino,  in  the  lat.  of  12.  45.  S.  and  71. 
35.  of  W.  long,  is  the  chief  town. 

Chiltern,  a  cliam  of  chalky  hills  in  England, 
passing  from  east  to  west,  out  of  Hertfordshire, 
through  the  middle  of  Buckinghamshire,  to  the 
Thames  at  Henley.  This  district  formerly  be-  t 
longed  to  the  crown,  which,  for  time  immemorial 
has  had  the  nominal  office  of  steward  of  the  Chil 
tern  Hundreds,  by  the  acceptance  of  which  a 
commoner  vacates  his  seat  in  parliament. 

Chilvers  Coion,  a  village  in  Warwickshire,  Enir,     '^ 
land,  contiguous  to  Nuneaton,  (which  see.)     Pop. 
in  1821,2,169. 

Chimay,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  for- 
est of  Thierarche.  Near  it  are  mines  of  iron,  with 
founderies  and  forges.  It  is  seated  near  the 
French  frontier,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Ilocroy. 

Chimhorazo,  commonly  esteemed  the  highest 
peak  of  the  Andes, is  in  the  province  of  Quito,  Col- 
ombia ;  lat.  1.  50.  S.  On  the  23d  of  June,  1797, 
this  mountain  was  ascended,  by  the  Prussian  trav- 


CttI 


196 


CHI 


eller,  Humboldt,  to  the  height  of  19,300  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  when  a  chasm  several  hun- 
dred feet  wide  prevented  tlie  summit  being  attain- 
ed ;  the, extreme  altitude  of  which  is  21,440  feet. 
At  the  height  attained,  the  cold  was  intense,  and 
respiration  rendered  difficult  by  the  extreme  te- 
nuity of  the  air.  The  peak  <s  about  100  m  N.  N. 
E.  of  Guayaquil,  and  presents  a  most  magnificent 
spectacle  for  many  leagues  out  at  sea  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean. 

Chimera,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Al- 
bania, with  a  fort,  seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Adriatic,  24  miles  S.  of  Avlona. 

Ckirui,  an  empire  of  Asia,  extending  from  the 
lat.  of  21.  30.  to  41.  N.  and  from  98.  to  122.  of 
E.  long,  giving  an  extreme  length  of  about  1,400 
miles,  and  about  the  same  number  in  an  extreme 
breadth ;  but  its  boundaries  being  somewhat  ir- 
regular if  resolved  into  a  square,  it  would  comprise 
about  15  1-2  degrees  of  lat.  between  22.  30.  and  38. 
N.and  18  degrees  of  long,  between  102.  and  120.  E. 
thereby  giving  a  superficial  area  of  about  1,200,000 
square  miles,  or  more  than  20  times  the  extent  of 
England  and  Wales,  exclusive  of  the  eastern 
provinces  of  Leaotong  and  tlie  Corea,  and  the 
vast  territory  of  Tartary  on  the  north,  (each  of 
which  see,  under  their  respective  heads).  The 
above  limits,  comprise  what  may  be  considered 
as  constituting  China  Proper,  which  has  about 
1,700  miles  of  sea  coast,  on  the  S.  S.  E.  and  E. 
from  the  long,  of  108.  E.  in  the  lat.  of  21.  30.  N. 
to  the  long,  of  120.  E.  in  the  lat.  of  40.  N.  or 
from  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin  to  the  Gulf  of  Leao- 
tong. The  P^.  and  N.  E.part  of  China  Proper  is 
bounded  by  a  waD,  which  divides  it.  from  Mongul 
Tartary,  and  the  west  by  Kokonor  and  Sifan, 
provinces  of  Thibet,  at  present  but  little  known  ; 
and  the  S.  W.  province  of  Yun  nen,  borders  on 
the  Briman  Empire,  and  the  territory  of  Tonquin 
or  Tonkin.  Every  part  of  this  extensive  territo- 
ry appears  to  be  intersected  by  streams  of  water, 
falling  into  two  grand  rivers,  both  rising  in  Thi- 
bet, and  falling  into  the  sea,  one  in  tlie  lat.  of  31.30. 
and  the  other  in  lat.  34.  N.  the  most  northerly 
of  these  is  called  the  Hoang-ho  or  Great  Yellow 
River,  and  the  other  the  Kiang-keou,  or  the 
Great  River,  (each  of  which  see,  under  their  res- 
pective heads).  There  are  also  several  lakes  in 
the  interior ;  two,  south  of  the  Kiang-keou,  called 
Tong-tong  and  Foyang  ;  each  contains  about  300 
square  miles  of  surface,  and  in  the  latter  are  sev- 
eral islands.  The  coast  also,  from  the  Gulf  of 
Tonkin  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  River,  is 
flanked  by  a  chain  of  small  islands ;  and,  as  for- 
ming an  integral  part  of  China  Proper,  are  the 
the  islands  of  Hainan  Formosa ;  the  former  at 
ihe  south  extremity  of  the  empire,  intersected  by 
the  lines  of  19.  N.  lat.  and  113.  of  E.  long.,  and 
the  other,  intersected  by  the  line  of  the  Tropic 
t>f  Cancer,  and  the  121st  of  E.  long. ;  and  the  de- 
pendent islands,  are  the  Loo  Choo  Group,  the 
principal  of  which  is  about  150  miles  in  length, 
from  north  to  south,  and  .30  to  40  in  breadth,  in 
the  long,  of  129.  E.  and  the  lat.  of  26.  N.  Be- 
tween these  and  Formosa  is  another  group  30  or 
40  in  number,  nearly  all  of  which  are  inhabited. 
Mountain  ridges,  run  in  various  directions  ovr 
nearly  every  part  of  China  Proper :  but  the-.e 
are  none  remarkable  for  their  altitude  ;  and,  in 
and  aggregate  sense,  it  may  l>e  considered  a  lev- 
el, rather  than  a  mountainous  country. 

Of  all  the  communities  at  present  existing, 
that  of  China  is  unquestionably  the  most  ancient, 
and,  from  a  very  early  period  it  had  obviously 


made  great  progress  in  the  arts  of  socid'  life  , 
but  of  the  origin  of  the  community,  nt-tliinar 
satisfactory  is  at  present  known  ;  for  although 
their  records  appear  to  have  been  preserved  with 
great  care,  the  peculiarity,  and  formerly  supposed 
difficulty  of  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  the  written 
characters  of  their  language  (being  svmbolic) 
together  with  the  peculiarly  jealous  character  of 
the  people,  had  antecedent  to  the  close  of  the 
18th  century,  precluded  Eufopeans  from  obtain- 
ing any  correct  knowledge  either  of  the  past  or 
present  extent  and  condition  of  the  people.  In 
the  absence  of  all  authentic,  and  correct  data 
on  the  subject,  numerous,  vague,  and  exagger 
ated  statements,  relating  alike  to  their  antiquity 
and  extent  of  numbers,  obtained  current  belief 
in  Europe  ;  but  since  the  commencement  of  the 
I9th  century,  the  supposed  difficulty  of  acquiring 
a  knowledge  of  tlieir  language  has  proved  er- 
roneous, and  the  details  of  the  several  local  di- 
visions and  institutions  of  the  county  are  be- 
coming every  year  more  extensively  and  accu- 
rately known. 

Of  their  origin,  the  most  rational  supposition, 
is,  that  about  4,000  years  before  the  Christian  era, 
the  Chinese  were  among  the  first  portion  of  the 
wanderinor  tribes  spread  over  the  northern  hem- 
isphere, dispersed  from  some  of  the  populous  dis- 
tricts of  that  time,  who  formed  themselves  into 
a  social  community  ;  whilst  an  examination  of 
the  localities  and  natural  advantajjes  of  the  ter- 
ritory of  China  Proper,  as  well  with  reference  to 
the  natural  fertility  of  its  soil,  as  the  variety  and 
adaptation  to  the  wants  of  a  social  community, 
of  its  indigenous  productions,  will  sufficiently  ac- 
count for  the  numerical  extent  and  peculiarity 
of  manners  of  its  population.  By  the  writings  of 
Confucius  (the  only  Chinese  that  appears  to  have 
obtained  immortalitj'  among  them)  who  flourish- 
ed 520  years  before  our  era,  China  had  then  at- 
tained nearly,  if  not  quite  as  iiigh  a  degree  of 
sociality  and  refinement  as  prevails  there  at  the 
present  time.  In  the  15th  century,  China  Proper 
may  be  considered  as  having  been  subjected  to 
the  arms  of  the  Mongul  Tartar  chief  Genghis 
Khan,  who  subverted  the  ruling  power,  and  es- 
tablished a  Tartar  dynasty  in  the  government  of 
China  ;  but  notwithstanding  this  change  in  the 
government  instead  of  the  territory  of  China  yield- 
ing itself  up  as  a  dependent  province  of  Tartary, 
the  superior  fertility  of  China  brought  Tartary 
into  its  subservience  ;  thereby  reversing  the  usual 
result  of  conquest,  and  the  conquerors  became  the 
dependents.  The  dynasty  of  Genghis  <rradually  de- 
clined in  influence,  until  it  became  entirely  sup- 
planted again  by  one  of  Chinese  origin,  which 
ruled  undisturbed  until  the  commencement  of  the 
17th  century,  when  a  host  of  Manchoo  Tartars 
from  the  N.  E.  part  of  Asia  poured  down  their 
arms  and  the  ruling  power  in  China  was  again  sub- 
verted, but  with  the  same  result  to  the  country 
as  in  the  former  instance,  the  revolution  having 
only  extended  itself  to  the  central  government, 
and  the  substitution  of  a  Tartarian,  for  a  Chi- 
nese sovereign.  Manchoo  like  Mongul  became 
a  dependent  province  on  China ;  and  amid  the 
various  changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the 
ruling  power,  no  material  alteration  appears  to 
have  been  effected  in  the  character,  habits,  or 
manners  of  the  people. 

According  to  an  account  furnished  by  an  intel* 
ligent  native  of  China  to  the  agents  of  the  English 
East  India  Comp'my,  in  Canton,  in  1823,  the  terri- 
tory of  China  Pr.  x»er  was  then  divided  into  19  Biyil 


CHI 


106 


CHI 


&nd  military  jurisdictions.  Notwithstanding  all 
the  magnified  impressions  which  have  heretofore 
prevailed,  in  reference  to  the  supposed  populous- 
ness  of  China,  relatively  to  the  extent  of  territory 
in  the  two  countries,  its  population  is  but  little 
more  than  half  tliat  of  England  and  Wales  ;  and, 
althougli  the  numerical  military  force  of  China  is 
lepresented  as  exceeding  1 ,200,000  men,  the  state 
revenues  will  be  seen  relatively  not  to  amount 
to  lOOth  part  of  those  of  England.  Yet,  notwith- 
standing the  abject  and  servile  condition  to  which 
centuries  of  severe  rules  have  subjected  them,  the 
Chinese  are,  in  general,  a  cheerful  people;  in- 
deed, every  thing  relating  to  and  connected  with 
China,  in  comparison  with  the  communities  and 
institutions  of  Europe,  seems  anomalous.  With 
a  soil  of  more  than  ordinary  fertility,  in  which  all 
the  fruits  and  vegetable  productions  common  to 
Europe  flourish,  and  which  abounds  in  a  variety 
inestimably  valuable  peculiar  to  itself,  and  a  peo- 
ple proverbially  and  really  industrious,  famine  fre- 
quently prevails  extensively.  To  unfold,  howev- 
er, these  mysteries  belongs  more  to  the  philoso- 
pher than  to  the  geographer. 

In  some  of  the  provinces  of  China,  part  of  the 
exactions  for  the  support  of  the  government  are 
levied  in  kind,  in  grain  and  rice.  This  fact,  whilst 
it  serves  to  show  somewhat  tlie  nature  of  the  soil 
in  the  respective  provinces,  leads  to  the  consider- 
ation of  a  feature  in  the  policy  of  China  peculiar 
at  this  time  to  itself  but  which  appears  in  past 
times  to  have  been  acted  upon  in  Egypt  and  in 
Rome;  viz.  that  of  storing  up  grain  to  meet  the 
exigences  of  occasional  dearth.  The  average  stock 
maintained  in  China  for  this  purpose  is  about 
30,000.000  of  Ski,  equal  to  about  2,000,000  of  En- 
glish tons,  in  the  proportion  of  one-sixth  rice,  and 
the  remainder  in  grain,  chiefly  maize  and  wheat; 
and  although  this  quantity  is  not  more  than  equal 
to  two  month's  subsistence  for  the  aggregate  pop- 
ulation, yet,  when  it  is  considered  that  China 
Proper  extends  through  20  degrees  of  latitude, 
partly  within  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  and  25  degrees 
of  longitude,  in  which  extensive  range  it  is  not 
likely  that  a  scarcity  would  at  most  pervade  more 
than  one-fifth  part,  if  so  much,  at  one  time,  it  is 
probable  tliat  the  quantity  in  question  has  proved, 
by  the  experience  of  centuries,  adequate  to  its 
proposed  object ;  and  it  is  unquestionably  a  mea- 
sure, if  duly  regulated,  worthy  the  adoption  of 
every  social  community. 

As  there  is  scarcely  a  town  or  even  a  village 
in  China  which  has  not  the  advantage  either  of 
an  arm  of  the  sea  or  a  canal,  navigation  is  so  com- 
mon that  almost  as  many  people  live  on  the  wa- 
ter as  on  land.  The  great  canal  runs  from  north 
to  south,  from  the  city  of  Canton  to  the  extremi- 
ty of  the  empire;  and  by  it  all  kinds  of  foreign 
merchandize  entered  at  that  city  are  conveyed 
directly  to  Pekin,  a  distance  of  825  miles.  This 
canal  is  about  50  feet  wide,  passes  through  or 
near  41  large  cities,  and  has  75  large  sluices  to 
keep  up  the  water,  besides  several  thousand 
bridges.  Chinii  owes  a  great  part  of  her  riches 
to  these  numerous  canals,  which  are  cut  through 
any  kind  of  private  property,  not  even  excepting 
the  gardens  of  the  emperor. 

Among  the  birds  maybe  mentioned  th«  cormo- 
rant, which  the  Chinese  train  up  for  the  purpose 
of  fishing.  They  tie  a  leather  thong  round  the 
lower  part  of  their  necks  that  they  may  not 
swallow  the  fish  they  catch,  and  then  throw  the 
cormorants  into  the  river.  The  birds  dive  under 
water  and  pursue  the  fish,  and  when   they  have 


caught  them,  riise  to  the   top  and    swallow   their 
prey  as  far  as  possible.     After  each  bird   has  in 


this  manner  swallowed  five  or  six  fish,  the  keer)erg 
call  them  and  oblige  them  to  vomit  up  all  they 
have  taken. 

Among  the  fruits  peculiar  to  China,  and  in  ad 
dition  to  the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  citron,  pome 
granate,  and  the  vine  in  great  variety,  are  the 
tse-tse,  a  kind  of  fig;  the  li-tchi,  of  the  size  of  a 
date,  its  stone  covered  with  a  soft  juicy  pulp,  of 
an  exquisite  taste,  but  dangerous  when  eaten  to 
excess  ;  the  long  yen,  or  dragonseye,  its  pulp 
white,  tart,  and  juicy,  not  so  agreeable  to  the 
taste,  but  more  v/holesome  than  the  li-tchi.  Of 
esculent  plants  they  have  an  infinity  unknown  to 
Europe.  They  cultivate  also  the  bottom  of  their 
waters  ;  the  beds  of  their  lakes,  ponds,  and  rivu- 
lets, producing  crops  unknown  to  us,  particularly 
of  the  pitsi,  or  water  chestnut,  the  fruit  of  which 
(found  in  a  cover  formed  by  its  root)  is  exceed- 
ingly wholesome,  and  of  a  very  delicate  taste. — 
Among  the  trees  peculiar  to  China  are  the  tallow- 
tree,  the  fruit  of  which  is  white,  of  the  size  of  a 
small  walnut,  and  the  jiulp  has  the  properties  ol 
tallow  ;  the  wax-tree  producing  a  kind  of  white 
wax,  almost  equal  to  that  made  by  bees  ;  the  tsi- 
chu,  or  varnish  tree,  which  produces  the  admira- 
ble Chinese  varnish  ;  the  tie-ly-mou,  or  iron  wood, 
the  wood  of  which  is  so  hard  and  heavy  that  it 
sinks  in  the  water,  and  the  anchors  of  the  Chi- 
nese ships  are  made  of  it ;  the  camphire-tree ; 
the  bamboo  reeds,  wiiich  grow  to  the  height  and 
size  of  a  large  tree  ;  and,  besides  being  used  as  na- 
tural pipes  to  convey  water,  are  employed  for 
numberless  other  purposes ;  the  tea-plant,  whose 
leaves  and  flowers  are  of  the  following  shape 


also  cotton,  betel,  and  tobacco ;  the  flowering 
shrubs,  flowers,  herbs,  and  medicinal  plants,  are 
exceedingly  numerous.  The  tea  plant  grows 
best  in  valleys  and  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  or  tlie 


CHt 


19t 


CHI 


slopes  of  mountains  facing  the  South.  In  7  years 
it  grows  to  the  height  of  a  man's  head,  when  it  is 
cut  down  and  a  new  crop  of  shoots  spring  forth. 
The  leaves  are  picked  one  by  one.  They  are 
steamed  over  boiling  water  and  then  dried  by  the 
fire. 

In  the  mountains  and  forests  are  wild  animals 
of  every  species;  but  that  valuable  quadruped, 
the  muskdeer,  is  peculiar  to  this  country.  Gold 
and  silver  are  said  to  be  common  in  several  parts 
of  the  empire ;  but  the  working  of  the  mines  is 
interdicted,  to  prevent,  as  is  pretended,  the  pro- 
duce leading  to  a  derangement  of  their  general 
system  of  policy.  The  mountains,  also,  chiefly 
in  the  north  and  west  parts  of  the  empire,  contain 
mines  of  iron,  tutenag,  copper,  and  quicksilver,  as 
well  as  quarries  of  marble,  coal,  lapis  lazuli,  jas- 
per, rock  crystals,  granite,  and  a  kind  of  sonorous 
stones,  of  which  musical  instruments  are  com- 
posed ;  and  here  is  potters'  earth,  of  such  vari- 
ous and  superior  kinds  that  the  fine  porcelain  of 
China  is  unrivalled.  The  number  of  domestic 
animals  appears  to  be  very  limited,  and  animal 
food,  though  not  interdicted  either  from  state  or 
religious  scruples,  as  is  the  case  over  a  great  part 
of  Hindoostan,  is  very  uncommon. 

The  manufactures  of  China  embrace  every  pos- 
sible commodity  to  gratify  artificial  wants  ;  and 
their  fabrics  in  porcelain,  silk,  and  paper  more  es- 
pecially, cannot  be  surpassed;  nor  is  their  carv- 
ing in  ivory,  and  other  works  of  fancy,  equalled 
in  any  other  part  of  the  world ;  but  in  all  that  re- 
quires skill,  combined  with  superior  physical  pow- 
er, they  are  inferior  to  the  least  settled  parts  of 
Europe.  Iffnorant  of  the  laws  of  geometry,  as 
well  as  of  the  laws  of  nature,  their  fortifications 
for  defence,  their  habitations,  public  edifices,  and 
monuments,  in  which  a  display  of  taste  has  been 
aimed  at,  are  ridiculously  fantastic ;  and  when 
solidity  has  been  the  object,  exceedingly  clumsy  ; 
hence  the  water  communication  between  the 
northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  empire,  which 
Gazetteers  have  adorned  with  the  designation  of 
Grand,  and  as  surpassing  any  thing  of  the  kind 
in  the  world,  is  a  mere  connection  of  natural 
streams  displaying  no  evidence  of  genius  or  skill 
beyond  that  of  finding  the  nearest  level  whereby 
to  effect  the  union.  The  only  work  of  art  con- 
nected with  China  having  the  least  claim  to  ad- 
miration is  the  Great  Wall,  which  separates  the 
N.  and  the  N.  W.  parts  of  China  Proper  from 
Mongul  Tartary,  which  was  probably  not  the 
work  of  the  Chinese,  but  of  the  Tartars  them- 
selves, soon  afler  the  conquest  of  Genghis  Khan; 
but  the  accounts  hitherto  obtained  of  the  period  of 
Its  erection  are  too  imperfect  to  justify  any  posi- 
iive  conclusion  on  the  subject. 

The  most  singular  characteristic  in  the  civil 
policy  of  China  is  the  total  absence  of  all  state 
religion  and  priest-crafl,  which  are  supposed  to 
have  been  subverted  for  the  two-fold  purpose  of 
preventing  a  priesthood  from  sharing  in  the  influ- 
ence of  the  government,  and  the  people  from  con- 
gregating in  too  large  numbers  ;  and  the  latter 
notion  seems  also  to  haye  precluded  the  toleration 
of  public  theatres.  Both  religious  worship  and 
dramatic  represenations  are,  however,  universal 
throughout  the  empire ;  of  the  former,  every 
house  has  its  own  altar  and  collection  of  gods  ; 
the  form  and  number  of  which  are  generally  in 
proportion  to  the  taste  of  the  head  of  the  fam- 
ily to  select,  and  of  his  ability  to  purchase  ;  hence 
their  religious  worship  may  be  said  to  resolve  it- 
geif  into  one  of  their  most  extensive  branches  of 


manufacture.  In  like  manner,  the  dramatic  re 
presentations  are  all  of  a  family  nature.  The 
performers  consisting  of  strolling  companies,  sv\io 
engage  themselves  for  an  evening  to  any  one  who 
can  afford  to  pay  them.  Connected  with  the  ques- 
tion or  religion,  (according  to  the  notions  of  the 
English)  the  civil  policy  of  China  tolerates  polyga- 
my. It  appears,  however  not  to  be  so  extensively 
indulged  in,  as  in  other  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa. 
Burials  are  not  permitted  in  cities  or  towns,  and 
their  sepulchres  are  commonly  on  barren  hills  and 
mountains.  They  pretend  to  have  a  gseat  vene- 
ration for  their  ancestors  ;  and  some  keep  images 
of  them  in  their  houses,  to  which  they  pay  a  sort 
of  adoration.  They  have  laws  which  regulate  the 
civilities  and  ceremonious  salutations  they  pay  to 
each  other,  for  which  reason  they  always  appejir 
to  be  extremely  good-natured,  whilst  low  cun- 
ning and  deceit  are  their  ruling  passions ;  and  yet, 
while  infanticide  is  not  unfrequent  among  them, 
they  are  not  destitute  of  social  affections  in  their 
families. 

In  person,  the  complexion  of  the  Chinese  is  a 
sort  of  tawny  ;  they  have  large  foreheads,  small 
eyes,  short  noses,  large  ears,  long  beards,  and 
black  hair ;  and  those  are  thought  to  be  the  most 
handsome  who  are  the  most  bulky.  The  women 
affect  a  great  deal  of  modesty,  and  are  remarkable 
for  their  little  feet.  The  men  endeavour  to  make 
a  pompous  appearance  when  they  go  abroad  ;  and 
yet  their  houses  are  mean  and  low,  consisting 
only  of  a  ground  floor.  For  a  more  ample  eluci- 
dation of  the  nature  and  character  of  the  general 
government,  language,  literature,  &c.  of  China, 
see  Pekin;  for  further  particulars  respecting  the 
Great  Wall,  see  Petche-li ;  of  the  Grand  Canal, 
see  Ho-an^-ho  ;  of  the  public  monuments,  and  in- 
ternal traffic  of  China,  see  JS'ankin  ;  of  the  nature 
and  extent  of  its  external  commerce,  see  Canton 
and  Kiachta.  In  conclusion  here, it  maybe  said, 
in  point  of  aggregate  efficiency,  or  in  affording 
general  examples  of  social  policy  worthy  of  imita- 
tion, China  is  inferior  to  the  least  important  state 
of  Europe;  whilst  the  extent  and  grandeur  of  its 
natural  features,  the  diversity,  beauty,  and  inter- 
est of  its  productions,  both  natural  and  artificial, 
and  the  superlative  excellence  of  many  of  its 
fabrics,  both  of  utility  and  ornament,  render 
research  and  development  in  the  details  of  all 
these  characteristics,  an  object  in  the  highest  de- 
gree desirable,  which  it  is  sincerely  hoped  will 
now  very  soon  be  attained. 

China,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,234. 
Also  a  p.t  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,387. 

Chl.nabakeer,  a  town  of  Pegu,  situate  in  the 
marshes  of  the  Irrawaddy,  south  of  Rangoon. 

ChinnpaJabram,  a  town  of  the  Mysore,  55  m.  N. 
of  Bangalore. 

Chinapatam,OT  Ckinypatam,  another  town  of  the 
Mysore,  about  40  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Cldnchilla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  37  m. 
west  of  Almanza,  and  67  N.  N.  W.  of  Murcia. 
Pop.  about  5,000. 

Chin-chi.     See  Quin-nonff. 

Chingleput,  a  town  of  the  Carnatic,  near  the 
sea-coast,  about  40  m.  S.  of  Madrais. 

Ckinachin,  or  Cheenychin,  the  chief  town  of  the 
district  of  Jenilah,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Nepaul, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Himmaleh  Mountains. 

Chin  India,  a  general  name  comprising  that 
part  of  southern  Asia  situated  between  Hindoos- 
tan  and  China.  It  contains  the  Birman  Empire, 
Tonquin,  Cochin  China,  Cambodia,  Laos,  Siam 
and  the  peninsula  of  Malacca.  It  is  often  called 
r2 


CHI 


198 


CHM 


the  Peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges.  The  name 
of  Chin  India  was  first  applied  to  this  region  by 
Malte  Brun.  See  the  several  divisions  under  the 
head  above  named. 

Cliinon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  with  a  stronff  castle, in  which  Hen- 
ry II.  of  England  expired.  Clunon  is  the  birth-place 
of  Rabelais  and  of  Quillet.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Vienne,  10  m.  N.  of  Riclielieu,  and  150  S.  W.  of 
Paris.  It  has  some  manufactures,  and  contains 
about  5,500  inhabitants. 

CIdnsura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
with  a  fortress,  seated  on  the  Hoogly,  17  m.  N. 
of  Calcutta.  It  was  formerly  the  principal  settle- 
ment of  the  Dutch  in  Bengal. 

Chtny,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, on  the  river  Semoy,  40  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Luxemburg. 

Chiourlic,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ro- 
mania, the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop,  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  47  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Constantinople. 

Chiozza,  a  town  and  island  of  Italy,  in  the  Gulf 
of  Venice.  Much  salt  is  made  here.  The  town 
is  built  on  piles,  and  has  a  harbour,  defended  by  a 
fort,  18  m.  S.  of  Venice.  This  island  contains 
about  20,000  inhabitants. 

C'Ay»iowa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  situ- 
ate on  a  rock,  near  the  sea,  5  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  St. 
Lucar  de  Barrameda. 

Chippenham,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  It 
has  three  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of 
fine  woolen  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lower 
Avon,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  21  m.  E.  of 
Bristol,  and  93  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,200. 

Chippewa,  townships  in  Beaver  Co.  Pa.  and 
Mayne  Co.  Ohio. 

Chippeway,  a  river  falling  into  the  Mississippi, 
from  the  N.  E.  about  70  m.  below  the  falls  of  St. 
Anthony.  It  has  its  source  near  one  ot  the  rivers 
falling  into  the  west  end  of  Lake  Superior.  Also 
a  creek  of  Upper  Canada  falling  into  Niagara 
river  above  the  cataract.  A  village  of  the  same 
name  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  and  here 
was  fought  a  battle  between  the  Americans  and 
British,  July  5, 1814. 

Chipping,  a  Saxon  word,  signifying  market  or 
fair,  precedes,  in  all  formal  proceeding,  the  name 
of  several  towns  in  England,  such  as  those  of 
Barnet,  Norton,  Ongar,  fee.  &c. ;  but  the  prefix 
is  now  fallen  into  disuse,  in  common  parlance, 
except  in  the  case  of  Chipping  JVorton,  which  is  a 
neat  town  in  Oxfordshire.  The  church  is  an 
elegant  structure  of  gothic  architecture.  It  is  73 
m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London,  on  the  road  to  Wor- 
cester. 

Chirequi,  a  town  of  Veragua,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  12  miles  north  of  its  mouth,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  Long.  83.  28.  W.  lat.  8.  30. 
N.  , 

Chirk,  a  village  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire,  on 
the  top  of  a  hill,  near  Wrexham.  It  had  formerly 
two  castles,  one  of  which  seems  to  have  been  a 
magnificent  structure.  In  the  vicinity,  the  Elles- 
mere  Canal  is  carried  over  the  vale  and  river 
Ceiriogby  a  magnificent  aqueduct.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,458. 

Chisme,a.  seaportof  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
•n  the  strait  that  parts  the  continent  from  the 
Isle  of  Scio.  It  was  anciently  called  Cysus,  was 
celebrated  for  the  great  victory  whieii  the  Romans 
gained  here  over  the  fleet  of  Antiochus,  in  191 
B.  C,  and  has  been  distinguished  by  the  destruc- 


tion of  the  Turkish  fleet  by  the  Russians  in  1770. 
It  exports  lar<re  quantities  of  raisins,  and  is  40  m. 
W.  of  Smvrna.  Long.  26.  IG.  E.  lat.  38.  24.  N. 
CliisioicK,  a  villao-e  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  on  the 
Thames,  7  m.  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Paul's,  London. 
Here  is  a  celebrated  villa  of  the  duke  of  Devon 
shire  ;  and  in  the  church-yard  is  a  monument  of 
Hogarth.     Pop.  in  1821,  4,236. 

Chilore,  the  chief  town  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  province  of  Ajimere,  about  100  m 
S.  by  W.  of  the  city  of  Ajimere. 

Chilpoor,  a  considerable  town  of  Guzerat,  about 
30  m.  N.  E.  Mangalore,  on  the  shore  of  the  Ara- 
bian sea.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
chintzes. 

Chitro,  or  Kitro,  a  town  of  European  Turkey^ 
in  Macedonia,  on  the  west  shore,  near  the  head  of 
the  Bay  of  Salonichi.  Here  the  mother,  wife,  and 
son  of  Alexander  were  murdered  by  Cassander 
It  is  .36  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Edessa. 

Chittagong,  a  province  of  Asia,  lying  between 
the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  Arracan.  It  was  conquered 
from  Arracan  by  Aurungzebe,  in  1666,  and  now 
belongs  to  the  English  East  India  Company.  Isla- 
mabad is  the  chief  town,  which  sec. 

Chitteldroog,  or  Chaltrakal,  a  strong  fort  and 
town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  theN.  E.  district 
of  Mysore.  The  plain  of  Chitteldroog  is  10  miles 
long  and  four  broad,  surrounded  by  rocky  hills, 
on  one  of  which  stands  the  fort.  The  town  form- 
erly occupied  a  great  portion  of  the  plain,  and  is 
still  a  considerable  place  but  now  confined  entirely 
within  the  walls,  which  are  near  the  foot  of  the 
rock.  Hyder,  who  obtained  possession  of  this 
^lace  by  treachery,  strengthened  the  walls  ;  and 
other  works  have  been  since  added,  so  as  to  render 
it  totally  impregnable  against  any  neighbouring 
power.  Since  the  final  defeat  of  Tippoo,  in  17!i9, 
it  belongs  to  the  rajah  of  the  Mysore  ;  and  the 
English  keep  a  garrison  here.  It  is  48  m.  N.  W. 
of  bera,  and  117  N.  by  W.  of  Seringapatam. 

Chittenden,  a  county  of  Vermont,  bounded  on 
the  W.  for  about  38  m.  by  Lake  Champlain, 
between  the  lat.  of  44.  and  45.  N.  It  is  about  18 
m.  in  mean  breadth,  and  is  divided  into  24  town- 
ships. Pop.  21,775.  Burlington,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Chittenden,  t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  610. 
Chittenham,  t.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 
Chitteningo  Creek,  a  stream  in  Onondaga  Coun- 
ty, New  York,   having  in  the  course  of  about  10 
miles,  a  fall  of  80  feet,  into  Oneida  Lake. 

Chittle,  or  Chitterdroog ,  a  fortress,  and  consid- 
erable town  of  the  Mysore,  about  120  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Seringapatam. 

Chittore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
28  m.  N.  W.  of  Arcot,  and  70  west  of  Madras. 

Chivas,  or  Chivazzo,  a  fortified  town  of  Pied- 
mont, on  the  river  Po,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Turiii. 
Pop.  about  5,500. 

Chiusa,  a  st'ong  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veron- 
ese, on  the  eaai  bank  of  the  Adige,  in  a  narrow 
pass,  14  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Verona.  Also  of  anoth- 
er town  in  Piedmont,  about  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Coni. 
Pop.  about  6,000. 

Chiusi,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese, 
on  the  river  Chiano,  35  m.  S.  E.  of  Sienna. 

Chiutaja,  or  Kutaieh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, capital  of  Natolia  Proper.  Here  are  several 
mosques,  and  three  Armenian  churches ;  and  in 
the  vicinity  are  some  warm  baths.  It  stands  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Pursak,  75  m. 
S.  E  of  Bursa.  Long.  30.  47.  E.  lat.  39.  16.  N. 
Chmielmik,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  on  an 


CHO 


199 


CHR 


island  formed  by  the  river  Bog,  80  m.  N.  E.  of 
Kaminieck.     Long.  27.  50.  E.  lat.  49.  44.  N. 

Ckoco,  a  bay  of  Colombia,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
There  is  a  town  named  Buenaventura,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  falling  into  this  bay,  in  the  lat. 
of  3.  50.  N. 

Ckoco,  is  also  the  name  of  a  district  in  Colom- 
bia, lying  between  the  two  first  western  ridges  of 
the  Andes,  between^the  Cth  and  8th  degrees  of 
N.  lat.  The  river  Atrato  intersects  this  district 
from  south  to  north,  falling  into  the  Gulf  of 
Darien  ;  the  head  waters  of  this  river  were  uni- 
ted in  1733  by  the  Canal  de  Raspadura,  with  the 
river  St.  Juan,  falling  into  the  Pacific  Ocean 
about  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Buenaventura. 

ChoconiU,  t.  Susquehanna,  Co.  Pa. 

Choctaws.  or  FUU  Heads,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in 
liie  State  of  Mississippi  and  Alabama.  They  are 
about  20,000  in  number,  and  possess  a  fertile  soil 
producing  cotton  which  they  manufacture  into 
cloth  for  their  own  use.  Within  a  few  years 
their  condition  has  been  much  improved,  and  the 
state  of  agriculture  among  them  is  quite  respect- 
able. They  have  missionary'  stations  in  their  terri- 
tory at  Elliot,  Enimaus,  (roshen,  Hebron,  May- 
hew  and  other  places. 

Choczim,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Moldavia, 
situate  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Dneister,  110  ra. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Jassy,  and  15  S.  W.  of  Kamienic, 
in  Podolia.  Choczim  was  the  scene  of  repeated 
conflicts  between  the  Turks  and  Poles,  during 
the  integrity  of  Poland,  and  since  its  dissolution 
between  the  Turks  and  Russians,  till  it  was  finally 
ceded  to  the  latter  power  in  1812  and  it  is  now 
included  in  the  government  of  Podolia. 

Choiseul,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Marne,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Langres. 

Chollet,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  with  a  castle,  27  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Angers.     Pop.  about  4,800. 

Cholm,  or  Kolm,  a  town  of  Rus&ia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pskov,  on  the  river  Lovat,  180  m.  S. 
of  Petersburg. 

Cholviogor,  or  Kolmogor,  a  town  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Archangel,  situate  on  an  island  in  the 
river  Dwina,  30  m.  S.  of  the  city  of  Archangel. 

Cholula,  a  city  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendancyof 
Puebla,  and  about  seven  miles  west  of  the  city  of 
Puebla.  Previous  to  the  irruption  of  the  Span- 
iards into  Mexico,  Cholula  was  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  an  independent  state,  which,  in  con- 
junction with  three  other  adjoining  republics, 
had  resisted  the  authority  of  the  Mexicans  for 
several  centuries.  Cortes  halted  at  Cholula,  on 
his  way  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  in  1519,  at  which 
time  it  contained  about  200,000  inhabitants,  who 
carried  on  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton 
cloths,  jewelry,  and  earthenware.  It  was  also 
the  chief  place  of  religious  resort  in  all  Mexico, 
having  a  temple  in  the  shape  of  a  pyramid,  of 
great  extent  and  magnificence  ;  it  had  also,  at 
that  time,  not  less  than  400  other  places  of  wor- 
ship. Cholula  is  now,  comparatively,  an  incon- 
siderable place,  having  only  about  15,000  inhab- 
itants, being  eclipsed  in  splendour  and  importance 
by  Puebla. 

Chonad,  or  Csonad,  an  episcopal  town  of  Hun- 

fary,  and  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
t  is  seated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  north  branch 
of  the  Marosch  River,  25  miles  above  its  entrance 
into  the  Theiss,  at  Zegedin. 

Choptank,  a  river  of  Delaware  and  Maryland, 
flowing  into  the  Chesapeak  Bay. 

Clurrassan,  or  Khorassan,  a  province  of  Persia, 


extending  from  the  lat.  of  32.  to  39.  N.  and  froKi 
54.  30.  to  93.  of  E.  long,  containing  an  area  of 
about  147,000  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
west  by  the  Great  Salt  Desert,  Mazenderan,  and 
the  Caspian  Sea;  norlh  by  the  Bay  of  Balkan, 
and  the  Desert  of  Kaiakum ;  N.  E.  by  the  main 
branch  of  the  Gihon  Amn,  or  Oxus  River,  which 
divides  it  from  Great  Bucharia,  east  by  the  terri- 
tory of  Balk ;  S.  E.  by  the  Lake  Zeresh,  or  Dur- 
ra,  which  divides  it  from  Segistan,  and  the  ex- 
treme south,  projects  upon  the  Desert  of  Kernian 
A  ridge  of  the  Gaur  Mountains  intersects  the 
east  side  of  the  province,  from  south  to  north  ; 
and  east  of  this  ridge  is  the  Magrab  River,  which 
falls  into  the  Oxus  at  Amol.  Another  river,  with 
several  tributary  streams,  rises  near  Herat,  in  the 
S.  E.  corner  of  "the  province,  and  runs  in  a  N.  W. 
direction  into  the  Bay  of  Balkan.  Meshid,  in  the 
latitude  of  37.  35.  N.  and  57.  15.  E.  long,  is  the 
capital  of  the  province  ;  the  other  chief  towns  are 
Herat,  Badkis,  Zenzau,  Abiverd,  Sec. 

Chorley,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  It  is  seat 
ed  on  the  line  of  the  Liverpool,  Lancaster,  and 
Leeds  canal,  22  m.  i^.  W.  of  Manchester,  on  the 
road  to  Preston,  from  which  it  is  distant  9  miles. 
Chorley  participates  largel)'  in  that  great  business 
for  which  Lancashire  is  so  celebrated,  viz.  the  cot- 
ton manufacture.  In  1825,  there  were  four  large 
establishments  for  spinning,  upwards  of  twenty 
for  weaving  (chiefly  muslins.)  six  for  printing  of 
calicoes,  with  a  proport::.iia<;e  number  for  dyeing, 
bleaching,  reed-n)akir:g,  I'cc.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood are  quarries  of  ashlar,  flag,  and  millstone  ; 
and  mines  of  coal,  lead,  and  alum,  and  also  car- 
bonate of  barytes.  It  holds  four  fairs  annually. 
The  population  in  1801 ,  4,516  ;  and  in  1821 , 7,315 
*^*  There  are  six  villages  in  difl'erent  parts  of 
England  named  Charlton,  all  inconsiderable. 

Choule,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Concan,  with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  which 
is  fortified.     It  is  24  m.  S.  of  Bombay. 

Chowan,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  contain- 
ing about  100  square  miles,  bounded  on  the  east 
by°the  Chowan  River,  at  its  influx  into  Albemarle 
Sound.  Pop.  C,C88.  Edenton  is  the  chief  town. 
Chiistburg,  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  with  a 
castle  on  a  hill,  situate  on  the  Sorge,  15  m.  S.  E. 
of  Marienburg. 

Christchurrh,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng. 
with  considerable  trade  in  knit  silk  stockings  and 
watch-strings.  It  returns  two  members  to  par- 
liament. Here  are  the  remains  of  a  castle  and  a 
priory  ;  and  the  church  is  a  large  and  interesting 
structure.  It  is  seated  on  the  Little  Avon,  oppo- 
site the  influx  of  the  Stour,  about  half  a  mile 
above  the  entrance  of  the  united  stream  into  the 
British  Channel,  25  m.  S.  of  Salisbury,  and  100 
S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  4,644. 

Christian,  a  western  county  of  Kentucky,  the 
south  end  of  which  borders  on  Tennessee.  It  is 
watered  by  several  streams,  which,  after  being 
united  into  one,  run  west  into  Cumberland  River. 
Pop.  12,694.  Hopkinsville,  in  the  centre  of  the 
county,  is  the  chief  town. 

Christian,  a  township  of  Lawrence  Co.  Arkan- 
saw. 

Christiana,  a  town  of  Delaware,  in  Newcastle 
county.  It  stands  on  a  navigable  creek  of  its 
name,  4  m.  S.  W.  of  Newcsistle. 

Christiansburg,  a  town  of  Virginia,  chief  of 
Montgomery  county,  situate  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  near  a  branch  of  th« 
Kanahwa,  170  m  W.  S.  W.  of  Richmond.  Long. 
80.  50.  W.  lat.  37.  5.  N. 


CHR 


800 


CHU 


Chrlstianhurg,  a  fort  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  subject  to  the  Danes.     Long.  1.  55.  E.  lat. 

4.  10.  N. 

Christiansville,  p.t.  Mecklenburg  Co.  Va. 

Christianfcld,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Slcswick,  built  by  a  society  of  Moravians,  un- 
der the  protection  of  Christian  VII.  All  articles 
manufactured  here  are  of  excellent  quality.  It  is 
8  m.  N.  of  riadersleben. 

Christlania,  the  capital  of  Norway,  and  an  epis- 
copal see.  in  the  government  of  Aggerhuys,  situ- 
ate at  the  extremity  of  a  fertile  valley,  forming  a 
semicircular  bend  along  the  shore  of  the  Bay  of 
Biorning,  which  forms  the  north  extremity  of 
the  Gulf  of  Christiania.  It  is  divided  into  the 
city,  the  suburbs  of  Waterlandt,  Peterwigen,  and 
Fierdingen,  the  fortress  of  Aggerhu)'s,  and  the 
old  town  of  Opsloe.  The  city  was  rebuilt  in  its 
present  situation  by  Christian  IV.  after  a  plan 
designed  by  himself.  The  streets  are  carried  at 
right  angles  to  each  other,  end  uniformly  40  feet 
broad.  It  covers  a  considerable  extent  of  ground, 
but  has  not  more  than  10,000  inhabitants.  The 
castVe  of  Aggerhuys  is  built  on  a  rocky  eminence 
on  the  west  side  of  the  bay,  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  city.  Opsloe  was  the  site  of  the  old 
city,  burnt  in  1624 ;  it  contains  the  episcopal 
palace.  Christiania  has  an  excellent  harbour, 
and  its  principal  exports  are  tar,  soap,  iron,  cop- 
der,  deals  and  alum.  It  is  30  railes  from  the 
open  sea,  and  290  N.  by  W.  of  Copenhagen. 
Long.  10.  50.  E.  lat.  59.  50.  N. 

Christianopel,  a  strong  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
Blekingen,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  13  m.  N.  E.  of 
Carlscrona.     Long.  15.  47.  E.  lat.  50.  26.  N. 

Chrisliansand,  a  seaport  of  Norway,  capital  of 
a  province  of  the  same  name,  which  is  famous  for 
iron  mines.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Torrisdals,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Scagerack 
opposite  the  isle  of  Fleckeren,  110  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Stavangcr,  and  120  S.  S.  W.  of  Christiania. 
Long.  8.  40.  E.  lat.  58.  25.  N. 

Christianstadt,  a  fortified  town  of  Sweden,  in 
Blekingen,  built  by  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark, 
when  the  country  was  in  the  power  of  that 
crown.  The  chief  trade  is  in  alum,  pitch,  and 
tar;  and  it  has  manufactures  of  cloth  and  silken 
stuffs.  The  town  is  seated  in  a  marshy  plain,  on 
the  river  Helge-a,  which  is  navigable  only  for 
small  craft,  57  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Carlscrona.  Long. 
14.  lO.E.  lat.  50.  25.  N. 

Christianstadt,  a  seaport  of  Russian  Finland,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 
155  m  N.  by  W.  of  Abo.  Long.  21.  28.  E.  lat. 
62.  40.  N. 

Christiansund,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  island 
of  Fossen,  with  a  commodious  harbour  and  wharf. 
The  chief  trade  is  in  limber.  It  is  36  m.  W.  S. 
W^  ofDrontheim. 

Christineliam,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Werme- 
land,  at  the  east  end  of  the  lake  Wenner,  30  m. 

5.  E.  of  Carlstadt. 

Christini,  St.  the  principal  of  the  islands  called 
Marquesas.     See  Marquesas. 

Christmas  Island,,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
so  named  by  Cook,  who  first  landed  here  on 
Christmas  day,  1777.  It  is  45  miles  in  circum- 
ference, uninhabited,  and  destitute  of  fresh  wa- 
ter ;  but  has  abundance  of  fine  turtle.  Long.  157. 
30.  W.  lat.  1.59.  N. 

Christmas  Sound,  a  bay  on  the  south  coast  of 
Terra  del  Fuego,  so  named  by  Cook,  who  passed 
here  the  25th  December,  1774.  The  country  is 
barren,  and  the  refreshments  to  be  got  here  are 


chiefly  wild  fowl.     Long.  70.  3.  W.  lat.  55.  22.  S 

Christophe  de  Laguna,,  St.  the  capital  of  the  isl 
and  of  Teneriffe.  Here  the  courts  of  justice  are 
held,  and  the  governor  has  a  palace  ;  but  he  com- 
monly resides  at  St.  Cruz.  It  stands  on  an  em- 
inence, in  an  extensive  fertile  plain,  and  has 
several  fountains  supplied  with  water  from  the 
neighbouring  heights  by  an  aqueduct.  The  lake, 
from  which  it  has  been  supposed  to  take  its  name, 
is  now  a  very  inconsiderable  piece  of  water. 
Long.  16.  11.  W.  lat.  29.  29.  N. 

CliHstophcr,  St.  or  St.  Kitts,  one  of  the  Leeward 
Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  00  m.  W.  of  Anti- 
gua, the  N.  W.  end  being  divided  by  a  narrow 
strait  from  the  small  island  of  Nevis.  It  was  for- 
merly inhabited  by  the  French  and  English  ;  but, 
in  1713,  it  was  ceded  to  the  latter;  taken  by  the 
French  in  1782,  but  restored  to  the  English  again 
in  the  following  year.  It  is  15  miles  long  and  4 
broad,  with  high  mountains  in  the  middle,  whence 
rivulets  flow.  Between  the  mountains  are  dread- 
ful rocks,  horrid  precipices,  and  thick  woods ; 
and  in  the  S.  W.  parts,  hot  sulphurous  springs  at 
the  foot  of  them.     Basseterre  is  the  capital. 

Christorf,  a  tov/n  of  Bohemia,  in  the  north  part 
of  the  circle  of  Bunslau,  6  m.  S.  S.  E.  from 
Krottau. 

Chroberg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Sandomirz,  52  m.  W.  of  Sandomirz. 

Chrudim,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name,  which  is  remarkable  for  a 
great  number  of  fish  ponds,  and  an  excellent 
breed  of  horses.  It  stands  on  the  river  Chru- 
dinka,  10  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Elbe, 
46  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Prague. 

Ckucutto,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  diocese  of 
Paz.  on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Titicaca.  called  also 
the  Lake  of  Chucuito,  130  m.  N.  W.  of  Paz. 
Long.  70.  26.  W.  lat.  16.  20.  S. 

Chudlcigh,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  The 
neighbourhood  is  famous  tor  its  cider,  and  for  a 
stupendous  rock  of  bluish  limestone,  called  Chud- 
leigh  marble,  in  which  is  a  large  cavern.  This 
town  was  almost  destroj'ed  by  fire  in  1807.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Teign,  9  m.  S.  W.  of  Exeter,  and 
185  W.  by  S.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,059. 

Chuganseriai,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Cabul,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
80  m.  E.  of  Cabul.    Long.  70.  8.  E.  lat.  34.  55.  N. 

Chukotshija,  or  Tchonkchi,  a  province  of  Siberia, 
and  the  most  easterly  of  the  dominions  of  Russia. 
It  extends  from  156.  to  197.  E.  long,  and  from  63. 
to  73.  N.  lat.  and  is  separated  from  America  bj 
Behring's  Straits. 

Chidmleigh,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  on  the 
river  Taw,  flowing  into  the  Bristol  channel,  21 
m.  N.  W.  of  Exeter,  and  194  W.  by.  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,500. 

Chumbul,  a  consideriible  river  of  Hindoostan, 
rising  near  Ougein,  in  Malwa,  and  after  a  wind- 
ing course  of  about  400  miles,  falls  into  the  Jum- 
nan,  about  90  m.  below  Agra. 

Chunar,  a  fortress  of  Hindoostan  in  Allahabad, 
built  on  a  rock,  fortified  all  around  by  a  wall  and 
towers.  It  was  unsuccessfully  attempted  by  the 
English  in  1704;  but  in  1772,  it  was  ceded  to 
them  by  the  Nabob  of  Oude.  It  is  seated  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Ganges,  15  m.  S.  of  Benars, 
and  HOW.  by  S.  ofPatna. 

Chunauh,  a  river  of  Asia,  the  chief  of  the  five 
eastern  branches  of  the  Indus.  It  rises  in  the 
Thilietian  Mountains,  runs  through  Cashmere  ana 
joins  the  Indus  20  miles  below  Moultan.  This 
river  is  the  Acesines  of  Alexander 


CIN 


20] 


CIN 


Chung-king,  a  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Setchuen ;  it  is  beautifully  sit- 
uated on  a  mountain,  in  the  fork  of  a  river  which 
runs  from  north  to  south,  into  the  Kiang-kou 

Chun-ning,  another  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Yun-nen.  Chun-ning 
may  be  considered  the  frontier  city  of  China  on 
the  side  of  the  Birman  empire  ;  it  is  seated  on  a 
stream,  which  falls  into  the  Kiou-long,  or  Great 
River  of  Cambodia,  and  is  only  a  few  miles  distant 
from  another  stream,  which  falls  into  the  Mavgue, 
or  Great  River  of  Siam.  It  is  in  lat.  34.  47.  N. 
and  100.  15.  of  E.  long. 

Chun-te,  a  city  of  Cliina,  in  Pe-tcheli,  with 
nine  cities  of  the  third  rank  under  its  jurisdiction. 
Itis210m.  S.  S.  W.  ofPekin. 

Chuprah.  a  large  town  of  Hindoostan,in  Bahar, 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ganges,  28  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Patna. 

Chuquisaca.     See  Plata. 

Churbar,  a  seaport  of  Persia,  on  the  coast  of 
Mekran  ;  it  is  seated  on  the  east  shore,  near  the 
entrance  of  a  bav,  of  the  same  name  in  the  lat.  of 
25.  16.  N.  and  GO.  24.  of  E.  long. 

Church,  there  are  30  towns  atid  villages  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  England,  the  names  of  which 
are  preceded  by  Church,  but  none  that  claim  any 
particular  notice ;  the  most  considerable  are 
Church  Staunton,  in  Devonshire,  and  Stretton, 
in  Shropshire. 

Church  Hill,  ftllages  in  Queen  Anne's,  Co.  Ma- 
ryland and  Abbeville  Dis.  S.  C. 

ChurchlowH,  p. v.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

ChuTchcUle,  p.v.  Middlesex  Co.  Va. 

Chusan,  an  island  on  tlie  east  coast  of  China, 
with  a  town  called  Ting-hai,  and  a  much  frequent- 
ed harbour.     Long.  122.  30.  E.  30.  0.  N. 

Chu^istan.    See  Cusistan. 

Chiampa,  or  Tsiompa,  a  small  kingdom  of  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Cochin-China,  S.  E.  by 
the  China  Sea,  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Cambodia.  It 
is  more  elevated  than  Cambodia,  but  not  so  fer- 
tile ;  having  tracts  of  sand  intersected  with  rocks. 
The  productions  are  cotton,  indigo,  and  silk.  The 
inhabitants  are  much  employed  in  fishing.  Cape 
St.  James,  at  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  territo- 
ry is  in  lat.  10.  13.  N.and  107.  10.'  E.  long. ;  from 
this  point  the  coast  lies  in  a  direction  E.  N.  E. 
for  about  200  miles.  There  are  two  or  three  small 
harbours  along  the  coast,  of  %vbich  Ceeir  Bay, 
about  140  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Cape  St.  James,  is  the 
most  considerable. 

Ciacole,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  one  of 
the  northern  Circars.  It  is  150  miles  N.  E.  of  Baj- 
amundry,  and  308  E..  N.  E.  of  Hydrabad.  Long. 
84.8.  E.  lat.  18.  16.  N. 

Cicero,  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,808. 

Ciclut,  a  frontier  town  of  Dalmatia,  on  a  rocky 
hill,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Narenta.  It  was 
taken  from  the  Turks,  by  the  Venetians,  in  1694, 
and  is  6  nj.  S.  VV.  of  Narenta.  Long.  18.  22.  E. 
lat.  43.  29.  N. 

CUle.ij,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Stiria,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade  in  merchandize  going  to  and  from  Vienna  and 
Trieste  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Saan,  where  it  re- 
ceives the  Koding,  and  becomes  navicrable,  58  m. 
S.  by  W.  of  Gratz.  Long.  15.  19.  E.  lat.  46.  21. 
N. 

Ciinhrlsham ,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen. 
24  m.  S.  of  Christianstadt.  Lono'.  14.  21.  E.  lat. 
55.  33.  N. 

CinaJoa,  or  SUonia,  a  province  and  town  of  Mex- 
ico, in  the   intendency  of  Sonora,  on  the  gulf  of 
26  Q^ 


California.  The  Aborigines  in  this  province 
are  robust  and  warlike,  and  were  with  difficulty 
brought  to  submit  to  the  Spaniards,  about  the  year 
1771 .  This  province  produces  abundance  of 
maize,  legumes,  fruits,  and  cotton,  and  abounds  in 
the  richest  gold  mines.  The  town  is  seated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  and  contains  about  9,500 
inhabitants.     Long.  109.  35.  W.  lat.  26.  15.  N. 

Cincinnati,  the  largest  town  of  the  state  of  Ohio, 
and  the  capital  of  Hamilton  County.  It  is  seated 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  about  two 
miles  below  the  entrance  of  the  Licking,  from 
the  state  of  Kentucky,  and  20  above  the  entrance 
of  the  Great  Miami,  and  about  600  above  the  en 
trance  of  the  Ohio  into  the  Mississippi,  in  the 
lat.  of  39.  7.  N.  and  7.  30.  W.  long,  of  Washing- 
ton  city.  Cincinnati  has  increased  in  population 
and  importance  more  rapidly  than  any  other  town 
in  the  Union.  The  population  which  in  1805  did 
not  exceed  500,  in  1830  amounted  to  26,515  with 
indications  of  still  greater  increase.  It  has  exten- 
sive flour  and  saw-mills,  worked  by  steam,  and  va- 
rious manufactures.  It  carries  on  a  very  extensive 
traffic  with  New  Orleans,  in  exchanging  tlie  agri- 
cultural productions  of  the  state  of  Ohio  for  tropical 
and  other  foreign  articles ;  and  is  the  most  import- 
ant city  of  all  tlie  territory  of  America  west  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains.  It  is  regularly  built  in 
squares  and  many  of  the  structures  are  handsome. 
It  has  a  college  and  a  medical  institution. 

Cinefi,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  which  excellent  manna  is  col- 
lec^f^d.     It  is  20  m.  west  of  Palermo. 

Ciney,a.  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Liege,  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Namur,  and  37  S.  W.  of 
Liege. 

Cinque  Ports,  certain  ports  on  the  south  coast 
of  England,  opposite  France,  so  called  on  account 
of  their  being  five  in  number,  when  their  first 
charter  was  granted  by  William  I.  in  1077.  These 
were  Dover,  Hastings,  Hythe,  Ronmey  and 
Sandwich  ;  to  which  were  aflierwards  added  Win- 
chelsea.  Seaford,  and  Rye.  The  king  appointed 
a  constable  of  Dover  castle  (who  is  now  called 
Lord  Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports)  and  invested 
him  with  the  command  of  these  ports,  whose  in- 
habitants had  considerable  privileges  and  immu- 
nities, for  which  they  were  to  supply  the  gov- 
ernment with  57  ships,  at  40  days  notice  and  to 
pay  th?ir  crews  during  15  days.  At  that  period, 
the  opulent  traders  of  London  were  styled  barons ; 
a  privilege  that  was  enjoyed  likewise  by  the 
merchants  of  these  ports  ;  each  of  which  at  pres- 
ent returns  two  members  to  parliament,  the  rep- 
resentatives being  styled  barons  of  the  Cinque 
Ports.  Their  other  privileges  are  now  become 
nominal.  See  each  place  under  its  respective 
head. 

Cinque  Villas,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beria,  6 
m.  N.  E.  of  Almeida. 

Cintegabelle,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne,on  the  frontier  of  Arriege, 
17  miles  south  of  Toulouse.     Pop.  about   3,000. 

Cinlra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  situ- 
ate between  the  mountains  of  Cintra,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  entrance  of  the  Tagus.  Here  was  a  pal- 
ace built  by  the  Moors,  which  was  destroyed  by 
an  earthquake,  in  16-55,  and  rebuilt  by  king  Jo- 
seph. It  is  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Lisbon,  by  the  inhab- 
itants of  which  place  it  is  much  frequented  as  an 
occasional  retreat;  and  is  distinguished  for  the 
convention  concluded  at  it,  on  the  22nd  August, 
1803,  between  the  English  general  Dalrympleaad 
the  French  general  Junot. 


cm 


CIR 


Ciotat  La,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  defended  by  a 
strong  fort.  It  is  famous  for  muscadine  wine, 
and  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Laquee,  14  m.  S.  E.  of 
Marseilles. 

CeVcars,  five  provinces  of  the  Deccan  of  Ilindoo- 
stan,  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  They  were  original- 
ly denominated  Northern,  from  their  position  in 
respect  to  the  Carnalic. — Under  the  Mogul  dy- 
nasty the  government  of  these  provinces  wasvest- 
ed  in  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan,  and  were  assign- 
ed to  the  French  in  1753,  for  arrears  of  pay  claim- 
ed by  them  for  auxiliary  troops,  with  which  they 
had  supplied  the  nizam.  In  1759  they  were  con- 
quered from  the  French  bv  the  English  ;  and  in 
1765  were  formally  ceded  by  the  Great  Mogul, 
Shah  Alum,  to  the  English  East  India  Company, 
during  the  governorship  of  lord  Clive.  Four  of 
these  provinces,  viz.  Guntoor,  Codapilly,  Ellore, 
and  Rajamundry,  comprise  about  7,000  square  miles 
of  territory,  between  the  Mouths  of  the  Kristna 
and  Godavery  rivers,  and  the  line  of  16.  to  17.  of 
north  latiude,  and  the  fifth,  Ciacole,  extends  in  a 
N.E.  direction  along  the  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, from  the  Godavery  River,  in  the  latitude  of  17. 
N.  for  about  230  miles,  to  the  lake  Chilka,  and  is 
about  60  miles  in  mean  bre'adth.  This  is  the  dis- 
trict from  whence  500,000  to  600,000  pieces  of 
cotton  manufactured  goods  were  formerly  import- 
ed into  England,  under  the  name  of  long  cloths, 
Sallampores,  and  calicoes  ;  and  handkerchiefs  un- 
der the  name  of  Mazulipatams,  &c.  ;  it  is  also 
fertile  in  maize.  Ciacole  is  now  divided  into  two 
districts,  viz.  Ganjam  and  Vizigipatam,  and  the 
other  four  circars  resolved  into  three  districts,  viz. 
Rajamundry,  Mazulipatam,  and  Guntoor. 

Circassia,  a  country  of  Asia,  lying  between  the 
44th  and  45th  degrees  of  north  lat.  and  longitudi- 
nally between  the  Black  Sea,  the  Sea  of  Azof 
and  the  Caspian ;  its  precise  boundaries  are  very 
undefined  ;  the  Caucasian  Mountains  dividing  it 
from  the  territories  of  the  Abklias,  may  be  consid- 
ered as  forming  its  boundary  on  the  south  ;  but 
the  habits  of  the  people  being  completely  preda- 
tory, they  acknowledge  no  boundar}'  but  that  pre- 
scribed by  the  force  of  arms.  It  was  formerly 
governe^d  by  several  princes  ;  but  is  now  almost 
wholly  subject  to  Russia,  and  included  in  the 
government  of  Caucasus.  It  contains  the  dis- 
tricts of  Great  Cabarda,  Little  Cabarda,  Beslen, 
Temirgoi,  Abasech.  Bseduch,  Hatukai,  and  Bsha- 
ni.  From  the  peculiarly  advantageous  local  cir- 
cumstances of  this  country,  and  the  extraordina- 
ry courage,  and  military  genius  of  its  inhabitants, 
it  might  become  independent  and  very  formida- 
ble were  they  united  under  one  chief;  but 'they 
are  entirely  a  predatory  people,  divided  into  many 
different  and  hostile  tribes  ;  and  want  thitt  spirit 
of  unity  necessary  to  make  their  power  effectual. 
The  Cabardians  are  the  most  powerful  race,  and 
their  superiority  has  introduced  a  general  imita- 
tion of  their  manners  among  their  neighbours,  so 
that  from  a  description  of  these,  an  idea  may  be 
formed  of  all  the  rest.  They  are  divided  into 
three  classes,  the  princes,  the  usdens,  or  nobles 
and  the  vassals,  or  people.  The  people  are  divi- 
ded into  certain  portions,  who  are  each  governed  by 
p  princely  family;  the  oldest  of  whom  is  considered 
as  chief,  and  the  judge,  protector,  and  father  of 
the  vassals.  His  person  is  sacred  ;  but  he  cannot 
be  a  landholder.  His  property  is  nothing  more 
than  his  arms,  horser ,  slaves,  and  what  tribute 
lie  Cttri  iccusiomii-.y  itact  from  foreign  powers, 
t    jaw   *'  3**>3  Je'y    are  with  difficulty  distin- 


guished from  their  subjects,  their  dress  and  food 
being  the  same,  and  their  houses  little  better.  The 
usdens  are  chosen  by  the  princes  from  among  the 
the  people  ;  and  are  their  officers,  the  executors 
of  the  law,  the  ministers  of  the  legislature.  Both 
the  usdens  and  the  people  are  proprietors  of  land. 
There  does  not  appear  to  be  any  written  law  : 
the  people  are  governed  by  a  kind  of  common  law, 
founded  on  a  collection  of  ancient  usages.  They 
have  a  few  manufactures ;  and  their  tillage  pro- 
duces scarcely  sufficient  for  their  own  subsistence. 
The  principal  articles  of  commerce  are  sheep  and 
horses,  particularly  the  latter,  which  sell  at  a  high 
price,  being  much  esteemed.  The  balance  of 
trade  would,  however,  be  considerably  against 
them,  were  it  not  for  the  slaves  they  make  in 
their  predatory  excursions.  They  have  no  mo- 
ney, and  all  their  commerce  is  carried  on  by  ex 
change.  They  almost  universally  subsist  by  rob- 
bery ,being  trained  to  itfrom  their  very  cradle.  This 
disposition  naturally  produces  a  bold  adventurous 
spirit :  they  are  expert  horsemen,  and  able  war- 
riors,   being   in   general    stout   and  well    made. 


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PT'^-r'"-- 

Their  woman  are  famed  for  their  beauty  ;  and 
chiefly  supply  the  seraglios  of  Persia  and  Turkey. 
Those  that  are  thus  sold  are,  however,  chiefly 
slaves,  or  their  descendants.  They  sell  from  20^ 
to  100/.  according  to  their  beauty.  The  women 
participate  in  the  general  character  of  the  nation, 
taking  pride  in  the  courage  of  their  husbands,  and 
loading  them  with  reproaches  when  defeated. 
They  are  kept  extremely  close  ;  and  the  greatest 
reserve  subsists  between  the  married  pairs.  Their 
habitations  are  usually  two  huts,  one  for  the  hus- 
band, and  the  reception  of  strangers  ;  and  the  other 
for  the  wife  and  family.  The  Circassians  were 
formerly  Christians  ;  but,  for  want  of  instruction 
and  written  laws,  they  confent  themselves  with  a 
bare  profession  of  being  Christians  or  Mahome- 
tans. They  have  no  letters  of  their  own  ;  and 
those  who  wish  to  write  their  language  are  obliged 
to  make  use  of  Arabian  characters. 

Cirdevillf.,  p.t.  Pickaway  Co.  Ohio  on  the  Scioto 
An  ancient  Indian  fortress  of  a  circular  shape 
at  this  spot  gave  name  to  the  town.     Pop.  1,136. 

Cirencester,  cominonXy  called  Ciciter,  a  borough 
in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  The  ruins  of  the  walls 
are  ;yet  visible  ;  it  had  also  a  castle  and  an  abbey, 
and  here  three  Roman  roads,  the  Foss,Irvnn,  a.nd 
/cnfwz'W,  crossed  each  other.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest 
marts  in  the  country  for  wool ;  and  has  a  manufac- 
ture of  curriers  knives,  highly  valued,  and  two  pub- 
lic breweries  ;  the  church  is  a  very  stately  edi- 
fice. It  is  seated  on  the  b,*nks  of  the  little  river 
Churn,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Gloucester,  and  b9  W.  of 


crv 


203 


CLA 


London.  It  communicates  both  with  the  Severn 
and  the  Thames,  by  a  canal.  Pop.  in  1821, 
4,987. 

Cirie,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  seated  on  the  Do- 
na, near  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  8  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Turin.     Pop.  3,500. 

Cirtknitz.     See  Czirnitz. 

Cismar,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Holstein, 
seated  near  the  Baltic,  17  m.  north  of  Trave- 
munde. 

Citaddla,  or  Ciudella,  a  seaport  and  the  capital 
of  Minorca,  surrounded  by  walls  and  bastions,  with 
d  good  harbour  at  the  N.  W.  point  of  the  island. 
Long.  3.  11.  E.  lat.  39.  58.  N. 

Citladdla,  an  inland  town  of  the  Venetian  terri- 
tory, 25  m.  N.  W.  of  Venice.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Citta  di  Castello,  a  city  of  Italy,  with  a  castle, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  west  of 
the  Apennines,  seated  on  th«  Tiber,  27  m.  S.  W. 
of  Urbino. 

Citta  Kuova,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate 
of  Ancona,  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  10  m.  S.  of 
Loretto. 

Citta  JVuova,  a  seaport  of  Istria,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  seated  on  an  isthmus,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Que- 
to,  which  forms  a  good  harbour,  26  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Capo  d'Istria.  Long.  13.  47.  E.  lat.  45.  32. 
N. 

Citta  Vecchia,  a  fortified  city  of  Malta,  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  island,  and  still  the  seat  of  the  bish- 
opric. The  most  remarkable  edifices  are  the  pal- 
ace of  the  grand  master,  and  the  cathedral.  Here 
are  extensive  catacombs,  about  15  feet  below  the 
surface  of  the  rock  in  which  they  are  cut ;  they 
contain  streets  formed  with  such  regularity,  that 
the  title  of  Subterranean  City  has  been  given  to 
this  place.  Near  the  city  is  the  Grotto  of  St. 
Paul,  divided  into  three  parts  by  iron  grates ; 
in  the  furthest  part  is  an  altar,  and  a  statue  of  the 
saint,  in  white  marble.  This  old  city  was  consid- 
erably larger  than  at  present ;  for  the  new  city, 
Valetta,  being  more  conveniently  seated,  has 
drawn  away  the  greater  number  of  its  inhabitants. 
It  stands  on  a  hill,  in  the  interior  of  the  island,  6 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Valetta. 

City  Point,  p. v.  Prince  George  Co.  Va.  on  James 
River  at  the  mouth  of  the  Appomattox. 

Ciudad Real ,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Mancha. 
The  inhabitants  are  noted  for  dressing  leather  for 
gloves.  It  is  two  miles  from  the  Guadiana,  and 
98  S.  of  Madrid. 

Ciudad  Real,  a  city  of  Chiapa.  See  Chiapa 
dos  Espaa-noles. 

Ciudad  Rodrigo,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Leon,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  river  Aguada,  on  the 
frontier  of  Portugal.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1310,  and  retaken  by  the  English  in  1811 ;  50 
m.  S.  W.  of  Salamanca. 

Civita  Castdlana,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  seated  on  a  high  rock,  at  the 
foot  of  which  is  a  river  that  flows  into  the  Tiber, 
25  m.  N.  of  Rome. 

Civita  Cliieti,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Abruz- 
zo  Citeriore,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  contains 
four  churches  and  nine  convents,  and  is  situate 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Pescara,  a  few  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Adriatic,  23  m.  E.  of 
Aquila,  and  i)6  N.  of  Naples. 

Civita  di  Friuli  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  seat- 
ed on  the  Natisona,  10  m.  E.  of  Udina. 

Civita  di  Penna,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore,  near  the  river  Salino,  25  m.  N,  E.  of 
Aquila. 

Civita  Ducale,  a  town  of  Naples,  in   Abruzzo 


Ulteriore,  on  the  River  Velino,  10  m.  W.  of 
Aquila. 

Civita  Mandonia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Citeriore,  near  which  are  the  ruins  of  the  famous 
city  of  Sybaris.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Tar- 
ento,  at  the  influx  of  the  Crati,  3  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Cosenza. 

Civita  Vecchia,  a  strong  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the 
patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  with  an  arsenal.  The 
chief  exports  are  puzzolana,  and  a  superior  kind 
of  alum,  prepared  at  Tolfa.  Here  the  pope's  gal- 
lies  are  stationed,  and  it  is  a  free  port.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  French  in  1798,  and  retaken  by  the 
Austrians  and  Russians  in  1799.  It  is  35  m.  N. 
W.  of  Rome.     Long.  11.  46.  E.  lat.  42.  5.  N. 

Civitella,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Otranto,  5  m.  N. 
of  Tar  an  to. 

Civra.y.     See  Sivray. 

Clackmannanshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  bonnd- 
ed  on  the  S.  and  S.  W.  by  the  Forth,  and  on  all 
other  sides  by  Perthshire.  It  is  nine  miles  long 
and  six  broad  ;  produces  good  com  and  pasture, 
and  plenty  of  coal  and  salt.  It  has  also  veins  of 
lead,  cobalt,  and  antimony.  Alloa  is  the  princi- 
pal town.  It  has  a  population  of  12,000,  one  third 
of  whom  are  engaged  in  trade  and  manufactures. 

Clakmannan,  a  parish  and  town  of  the  above 
county.  The  parish  comprises  nearly  four-fifths 
of  the  county,  and  contains  about  800  acres  of 
woodland.  The  town  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
and  has  a  harbour  formed  by  the  Devon,  at  its  in- 
flux with  the  Forth.  On  the  top  of  a  hill,  190 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  Forth,  is  a  square  tow- 
er, which  derives  its  name  from  the  illustrious 
Robert  Bruce,  whose  great  sword  and  casque  are 
here  preserved.  It  is  27  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Edin- 
burgh. In  1821  the  parish  contained  4,056  inhab- 
itants, about  a  fourth  of  which  inhabited  the 
town. 

Clagenfurt,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  empire,  cap- 
ital of  Lower  Carinthia.  It  has  a  strong  wall,  and 
contains  six  churches  and  three  convents.  Here 
is  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and  a  considerable  one 
of  white  lead.  This  town  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  1797,  and  again  in  1809,  when  they  de- 
molished the  fortifications.  It, stands  on  the  riv- 
er Glan,  which  falls  into  the  Drave,  148  m.  S.  W. 
of  Vienna.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

Clair,  St.n  lake  of  North  America,  between  the 
lakes  Huron  and  Erie,  90  miles  in  circumference. 
It  receives  the  waters  of  the  lakes  Superior.  Michi- 
gan, and  Huron,  and  also  of  the  River  Thames, 
from  Upper  Canada,  in  the  lat.  of  42.  32.  N.  and 
discharges  them,  through  the  strait  called  Detroit, 
into  the  lake  Erie. 

Clair,  St.  a  county  in  the  state  of  Illinois,  the 
west  side  of  which  borders  on  the  Mississippi  Riv- 
er in  the  lat.  of  38.  30.  N.  Pop.  7,092  Belleville 
is  the  chief  town.  St.  Clair  is  also  the  name  of  a 
township  in  Alleghany  County,  and  of  another 
in  Bedford  County,  both  in  Pennsylvania. 

Clairac,  or  Clavrac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Lot  and  Garonne.  Corn  and  to- 
bacco are  cultivated,  and  a  great  deal  of  wine  and 
brandy  made  here.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley,  on 
the  river  Dort,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Agen.  Pop.  about 
6,000. 

Claiborne,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
bounded  on  the  south  by  the  Big  Black,  and  north 
by  the  Yazoo  Rivers,  and  on  the  west  for  about 
^  miles  by  the  Mississippi  River,  between  the 
lat.  of  32.  and  33.  north.  It  is  about  8  miles  oa.'y 
in  mean  breadth.  Pop.  9,818.  Port  Giwc  .16 
ra.  N.  W.  by  W.  of  Monticello,  is  the  ch*'   *»« 


CLA 


804 


CLA 


Claiborne,  is  also  the  name  of  another  county, 
on  the  north  frontier  of  East  Tennessee,  intersect- 
ed in  a  N.  E.  direction  by  Clinch,  a  ridge  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  south 
by  Clinch  River,  and  intersected  on  the  N.  W.  by 
Powell's  River,  whose  united  streams,  with  the 
Holston,  form  the  Tennessee  River.  Pop  8,470. 
Tazewell,  north  of  the  Mountain  Ridge,  and  222 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Murfreesborough,  is  the  chief 
town. 

Clamicy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nievre.  Before  the  late  revolution,  the  chapel 
of  an  hospital  in  the  suburb  was  the  provision  for 
the  bishop  of  Bethlehem,  who  was  fixed  here  in 
1180,  after  the  Christians  had  been  driven  from 
the  Holy  Land.  Clamecy  is  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Beuvron  with  the  Yonne,  35  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Nevers.     Pop.  about  5,300. 

Clapfiam,  a  village  in  Surrey,  an  appendage  to 
the  British  metropolis,  4  m.  S.  of  London  Bridge. 
It  is  composed  of  a  number  of  very  neat  houses, 
built  round  an  extensive  common,  presenting  a 
very  rural,  picturesque,  and  interesting  scene. 
The  houses  are  occupied  chiefly  as  the  private 
residences  of  the  upper  class  of  shopkeepers,  in- 
cumbents of  public  offices,  and  merchants  of  the 
metropolis.  In  proof  of  the  agreeableness  of  its 
situation,  the  population,  which  in  1801  was  3,8G4, 
in  1821  was  7,151. 

Clapton,  Upper  and  Lower.     See  Hackney. 

Clara,  St.  a  small  island  of  Peru,  in  the  Bay  of 
(Gruavaquil,  70  m.  S.  W.  of  Guayaquil.  Long.  82. 
20.  W.  lat.  2.  20.  S. 

Clare,  a  town  in  SuflTolk,  Eng.  It  is  famous 
for  the  great  men  who  have  borne  the  title  of  earl 
and  duke  of  it.  Lionel,  third  son  of  Edward  III. 
becoming  possessed  of  the  honour  of  Clare,  by 
marriage,  was  created  duke  of  Clarence  ;  and  that 
title  has  ever  since  belonged  to  a  branch  of  the 
royal  family.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle  ;  also 
of  a  priory,  the  house  of  which  is  now  occupied 
by  a  farmer,  and  the  chapel  is  a  barn.  Clare  hiis 
a  manufacture  of  baize,  and  is  seated  near  the 
Stour,  15  m.  S.  of  Bury  St.  Edmund,  and  56  N. 
E.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,487. 

Clare,  a  maritime  county  in  the  province  of 
Munster,  on  the  west  coast  of  Ireland,  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Galway  Bay,  and  south  by  the 
Shannon.  It  contains  a  good  deal  of  mountainous 
surface  ;  the  valleys  however  are  very  fertile  ;  and 
it  breeds  more  horses  than  any  other  county  in 
Ireland,  beside  a  great  number  of  cattle  and  sheep. 
Ennis,  113  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Dublin,  is  the  capital. 
Although  it  has  70  m.  of  sea-coast,  it  has  no  fre- 
quented harbour,  its  principal  outport  being  Lim- 
erick. For  subdivision,  population,  &c.  see  Ire- 
land. 

Clare,  a  parish  and  town  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Shannon,  in  the  preceding  county.  The  par- 
ish in  1821  contained  3,010  inhabitants.  The  town, 
at  the  head  of  a  bay,  in  the  Shannon,  3  m.  S.  of 
Ennis,  contained  505  of  the  above  inhabitants. 
There  is  also  another  parish  of  the  same  name  in 
the  county  of  Galway,  intersected  by  the  river 
Clare,  which  falls  into  Lake  Corrib,  about  5  miles 
north  of  the  town  of  Galway.  Population  of  this 
parish  3,146. 

Claremont,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  97  m.  from 
Portsmouth ;  100  from  Boston.  The  principal 
village  is  situated  on  Sugar  River,  a  branch  of  the 
Connecticut.  It  is  a  flourishing  town,  with  man- 
ufactures of  woolen  and  paper.     Pop.  2,526. 

Claredon,  a  village  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  near 
Salisbury.     Here    was   once    a  royal    palace,   in 


which  the  parliament  was  several  times  conven- 
ed ;  the  first  time  by  Henry  II.  in  1164,  who  en 
acted  the  laws  called  the  constitutions  of  Claren- 
don, by  which  the   power  of  the  clergy  was  re 
strained. 

Claritza,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Janna, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Fenco,  in  the  Gulf  of  Saloni 
ca,  26  m.  E.  of  Larissa. 

Clark,  or  Clarke,  the  name  of  seven  counties 
in  different  parts  of  the  United  States,  as  follows, 
viz.  with  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  each,  and 
the  chief  town  : — 

In  Georgia  10,176     Watkinsville 

Alabama  7,584     Clarkesville 

Kentucky         13,052    Winchester 
Ohio  13,074     Springfield 

Indiana  10,719     Charlestown 

Illinois  3,940     Clark 

Arkansas  1,369     Clarke 

Clarkesville,  or  Clarksville,  the  name  of  9  towns 
in  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Va.,  Geo.,  Alab.,  Missouri,  Ten., 
Ohio  and  Indiana. 

Clarkesborough,  p.t.  Jackson  Co.  Geo. 

Clarksburg,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  315. 
Also  towns  in  Maryland,  Va.,  Geo.,  Ken.,  and 
Ohio. 

Clarkson,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  3,251. 

Clarkstown,  p.t.  Rockland  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,298. 

Clatsops  Fort,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oregon 
River,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  named  after  a  tribe 
of  Indians  inhabiting  the  banks  of  that  river. 

Claude,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Jura.  It  owes  its  origin  to  a  celebrated  abbey, 
which  was  secularized  in  1742.  The  cathedral 
is  extremely  elegant ;  and  here  are  many  public 
fountains  with  large  basins.  It  is  seated  between 
three  high  mountains,  on  the  river  Lison,  35  m. 
N.  W.  of  Geneva.  Pop.  about  3,700.  There  is 
another  town  of  the  same  name  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente  ;  it  is  inconsiderable. 

Claverack,  a  town  of  New  York,  in  Columbia 
county,  seated  in  a  large  plain,  near  a  creek  of 
its  name,  2  m.  E.  of  Hudson.     Pop.  3,038. 

Clavo,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Corsica,  8  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Ajaccio. 

Clausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol,  with  a 
castle.  The  adjacent  country  produces  a  fine  red 
wine.  It  stands  on  the  river  Eisack,  8  m.  S.  W. 
of  Brixen. 

Clnascn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Treves,  5  ra.  S.  of  Wittlick. 

Clausenburg,  or  Coloswar,  a  town  of  Tran. 
sylvania,  where  the  states  of  the  province  genei- 
ally  assemble.  On  one  of  the  gates  is  an  inscrip- 
tion in  honour  of  Trajan.  It  suffered  greatly  bt 
fire  in  1798,  at  which  period  it  contained  abou* 
13,000  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on  the  Samos,60 
m.  N  N.  W.  of  Hermanstadt,  and  225  E.  S.  E 
of  Vienna.     Long.  23.  20.  E.  lat.  46. 55.  N. 

Clausthal,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Grubenhagen,  and  immediately 
contiguous  to  Zellerfeld.  Here  is  a  mint  foi 
coining  money  ;  and  near  it  are  some  rich  silver 
mines.  It  stands  in  the  Hartz  Mountains,  14  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Goslar,  and  48  S.  E.  of  Hanover. 
Pop.  about  8,000. 

Clausz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Traun 
quarter  of  Upper  Austria,  17  m.  S.  W.  of 
Steyn. 

Clay,  or  Cley,  a  village  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  seated 
on  an  arm  of  the  sea,  four  miles  N.  N!  W.  of 
Holt.  It  has  some  large  salt-works,  and  is  fre- 
quented for  sea-bathing.     Pop.  in  1821,  742. 

Clay,  an  interior  county   in  the  S.  E.  part  of 


CLE 


205 


CLI 


Kentucky,  containing  about  1,000  square  miles  of 
surface,  thinly  inhabited.  Pop.  3,549.  The  south 
fork  of  the  Kentucky  River  has  its  source  in  this 
county.     Manchester  is  the  chief  town. 

Claydon,  there  are  five  villages  of  this  name  in 
different  parts  of  England,  all  inconsiderable. 

Clayton,  there  are  eight  townships  and  villages 
of  this  name  in  different  parts  of  England,  all 
inconsiderable. 

Clayton,  there  are  eiffht  townships  and  villa- 
ges of  this  name  in  difftrent  parts  of  England, 
the  most  important  of  which  is  a  township,  con- 
taining 3,60!)  inhabitants,  in  the  parish  of  Brad- 
ford, Yorkshire,  which  see.  The  others  are  unim- 
portant. 

ClaysviUe ,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Pa.  and  Har- 
rison Co.  Ken. 

Clayton,  t.  Perry  Co.  Ohio. 

ClaytonviUe,  p.v.  Rodin  Co.  Geo. 

%*  There  are  eight  other  villages  in  different 
parts  of  England  beginning  with  Clay. 

Clear,  Cape,  the  south  point  of  a  small  island 
off  the  south  extremity  of  Ireland,  in  the  lat. 
of  51.  20.  N.  and  9.  37.  W.  long.  It  generally 
forms  the  point  of  departure,  or  commencement 
of  the  reckoning  of  vessels  sailing  out  of  St. 
George's  Channel  to  the  westward. 

Clearfield,  an  interior  county,  in  the  west 
part  of  Pennsylvania,  in  which  the  western  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  and  several  creeks  have 
their  source.  Pop.  4,803.  The  chief  town  of 
the  same  name  is  about  200  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Philadelphia. 

Clearfield,  t.  Butler  Co.  Pa. 

Clear  Stream,  r.  N.  H.  a  branch  of  the  Andros- 
coggin. 

Cleguerec,  a  town  of  France,  near  the  north 
frontier  of  the  department  of  Morbihan,  11m. 
N.  W.  of  Pontivi.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Cleohury,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  river  Rea,  28  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  137  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,602. 

Clerkemcell,  one  of  the  out-parishes,  forming 
an  integral  part  of  the  British  metropolis,  lying 
on  the  north  side.  The  inhabitants,  in  1801, 
amounted  to  23,396,  and  in  1821,  to  32,105, 
about  5,000  of  whom  were  employed  as  lapida- 
ries, working  jewellers,  and  in  all  the  various 
branches  of  the  manufacture  of  clocks,  watches, 
and  time-keepers,  which  are  here  made  in  greater 
perfection  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 
In  this  district  are  two  or  three  extensive  dis- 
tilleries, serveral  iron  foundries,  and  various  other 
manufactures,  as  also  the  works  of  the  New  Riv- 
er Company,  which  supply  a  great  portion  of 
the  metropolis  with  water,  conveyed  by  pipes  into 
ihe  several  houses.  Clerkenwell  contains  also 
d  very  elegant  and  spacious  edifice,  in  which  the 
sessions  for  the  county  of  Middlesex  are  held  ; 
two  extensive  prisons,  one  appropriated  as  a 
house  of  correction  for  juvenile  offenders,  and 
the  other,  which  has  recently  been  much  enlar- 
ged, to  general  purposes.  It  has  a  theatre 
for  pantomime  and  aquatic  exhibitions,  called 
Sadler's  Wells,  and  was  formerly  distinguished 
for  an  extensive  establishment  of  the  Knights 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  This  was  destroyed 
by  the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler,  in  1381,  except 
the  principal  gate  tower,  which  still  remains  en- 
tire, and  forms  one  of  the  most  interesting  fea- 
tures of  antiquity  connected  with  tlie  metropolis. 
It  has  two  churches,  but  neither  of  them  remark- 
able for  their  architecture  ;  nor  is  the  general 
asoect  of  this  division  of  the  metropolis  in   any 


way  imposing  to  the  eye ;  but  in  the  extent  and 
value  of  its  productions,  it  is  entitled  to  rank 
among  the  most  important. 

Clerke,  or  Sinde  Isles,  two  islands  near  the 
entrance  of  Behring's  Strait,  between  the  coasts 
of  Kamtschatka  and  North  America.  They 
were  seen  by  Cook  in  1778,  and  so  named  in  hon- 
our of  captain  Clerke,  his  second  in  command. 
They  were  both  inhabited,  and  not  unknown  to 
the  Russians.  Long.  169.  30.  W.,  lat.  63. 
15.  N. 

Clermont,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Puy  de  Dome,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  and  sometimes  call- 
ed Clermont  Ferrand,  since  the  town  Montfer 
rand,  about  a  mile  dist-,ntto  the  N.  E.,  was  uni- 
ted under  the  name  of  a  suburb  ;  the  cathedral, 
public  squares,  and  walks,  are  very  fine,  but  the 
streets  are  narrow,  and  the  houses  built  of  stone 
of  a  gloomy  hue.  In  the  neighbourhood  are 
some  mineral  springs  :  and  that  of  the  sub- 
urb St.  Allyre,  has  formed  a  natural  bridge  over 
the  brook  into  which  it  falls,  so  that  carriages  can 
pass  over.  Clermont  is  the  birthplace  of  the 
celebrated  Pascal,  and  has  manufactures  of  rat- 
teens, druggets,  serges,  and  leather.  It  is  215 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Paris,  and  10  W.  of  Lyons.  Pop. 
about  16,000. 

Clermont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Meuse,  on  an  eminence  by  the  river  Ayr,  12 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Verdun. 

Clermont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Oise,  on  an  eminence  near  the  Bresche,  37 
m.  N.  of  Paris.  Clermont  is  also  the  name  of 
several  other  inconsiderable  towns  in  different 
parts  of  France. 

Clermont,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Ohio,  the 
south  end  of  which  is  bounded  by  the  Ohio  Riv- 
er. It  is  about  30  miles  from  north  to  south,  and 
fi-om  east  to  west.  Pop.  20,466.  Batavia  is  the 
chief  town. 

Clermont,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1503. 

Clermont  de  Lodeve,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Herault,  with  manufactures  of  cloth 
and  hats  ;  seated  on  an  eminence  near  the  Lo- 
arnere,  80  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lodeve,  and  24  W.  of 
Montpelier.     Pop.  about  5,500. 

CZery,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Loiret,  once  famous  for  the  pilgrimages  to  our 
lady  of  Clery.  Here  is  the  tomb  of  Louis  XL, 
who  appears  in  white  marble  as  the  saint  and 
the  patriot  king.  It  is  9  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Orleans. 

Cleveland,  p.t.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio,  on  Lake 
Erie,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  canal  with  the 
waters  of  the  lake.     Pop.  1,076. 

Cleves,  a  duchy  of  Westphalia,  bordering  on 
the  S.  E.  part  of  Holland,  divided  into  two 
parts  by  the  Rhine.  It  is  a  fine  country,  varie- 
gated with  hills,  woods,  fields,  towns,  and  villa- 
ges, and  the  chief  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Lippe, 
and  Roer.     The  capital  is  Wesel. 

Cleves,  a  city  of  Germany,  and  the  capital  of 
the  duchy  of  Cleves.  It  is  seated  on  the  eas- 
tern side  of  three  hills,  two  miles  west  of  the 
Rhine  ;  and  has  a  castle,  built  in  the  time  of  Ju- 
lius CiEsar.  It  is  70  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cologne, 
and  about  the  same  distance  E.  by  S.  of  Rotter- 
dam.    Pop.  about  5,000. 

Cleves,  p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 

Cliff,  a  Saxon    word   implying  a  rock  or  high 
ground.     There  are  six  villages  in  different  parts 
of  England  so  named,  probably  from  theii   situa- 
tion (in  a  relative  sense)  on  high  ground.     There 
S 


CLO 


206 


CLU 


are  three  others  named  Clifford,  in  reference  to 
their  contiguity  to  a  fordable  stream  ;  and  22  na- 
med Clifton,  implying  towns  on  a  cliff,  or  high 
ground.  None  of  these  demand  any  particular 
notice,  except  Clifton  contiguous  to  Bristol,  to 
which  city  it  forms  a  beautiful  and  interesting  ap- 
pendage ;  as  its  name  implies,  it  is  built  on  an  em- 
inence, at  the  foot  of  which,  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Lower  Avon,  is  a  hot  well,  that  contrib- 
utes greatly  to  its  advantage,  by  the  numerous 
visitors  who  seek  to  avail  themselves  of  the  ben- 
efits of  its  restorative  properties.  The  buildings 
of  Clifton  are  in  general  elegant  and  commodious, 
and  from  their  elevated  site  command  extensive 
and  beautiful  prospects.  The  population,  which 
in  1801  was  only  4,457,  in  1821  amounted  to  8,811. 
See  Bristol. 

Clifford,  t.  Susquehanna  Co.  Pa. 
Clinch,  a  river  of  Tennessee^  flowing  into  the 
Tennessee  river. 

Clinton,  a  county  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  the 
state  of  New  York.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  for 
about  35  m.  by  Lake  Champlain,  which  divides 
it  from  Vermont,  and  on  the  north,  for  about  32 
miles,  by  the  conventional  line  that  separates 
the  United  States  from  Lower  Canada.  Pop. 
19,344.     Pl'ttsburg  is  the  chief  town. 

Clinton,  an  interior  county  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  the  state  of  Ohio,  in  which  one  of  the  branch- 
es of  the  Little  Miami  River  has  its  source. 
Pop.  11,292.  Wilmington,  in  the  centre  of  the 
county,  is  the  chief  town. 

Clinton,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,125. 
Clinton,  a  village  in  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  9  m.  S. 
W  of  Utica.  Hamilton  College  at  this  place 
was  founded  in  1812.  It  has  7  instructers  and 
77  students.  The  libraries  have  6,000  volumes. 
There  .are  3  vacations  in  January,  May  and 
August  of  13  weeks.  Commencement  is  in  Au- 
gu.st.  Clinton,  is  also  the  name  of  7  other  towns 
in  N.  C,  Geo.,  Ten.,  Oliio  and  Indiana. 

Cluhero,  a  borough  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng. 
seated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  Ribble,  at 
the  foot  of  Pendle  Hill,  on  the  confines  of  York- 
shire. It  is  a  place  of  some  antiquity,  having 
the  ruins  of  a  castle  built  by  the  Lacys,  in  1178; 
but  was  comparatively  insignificant,  until  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century,  at  which 
period  the  cotton  manufacture  was  introduced. 
The  population  which  in  1801  was  only  1,368, 
and  in  1811,  1,767,  in  1821  had  increased  to 
3,213.  At  the  latter  period  it  had  two  extensive 
works  for  spinning  of  cotton  yarn,  three  for  man- 
ufacturing of  ditto,  and  one  for  printing  of  ditto. 
At  the  same  period  a  neat  edifice  was  erected  for 
a  town-hall ;  the  church  is  also  a  neat  edifice  and 
it  has  a  free  grammar  school.  It  communicates 
by  a  collateral  cut  with  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool 
canal,  which  facilitates  the  conveyance  of  large 
quantities  of  lime,  dug  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
town.  It  has  a  spring  of  water  impregnated 
with  sulphur.  It  holds  a  market  on  Saturday, 
and  four  fairs  annually,  and  returns  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  30  miles  due  north  of  Man- 
chester, and  20  E.  N.  E.  of  Preston. 

Cloglicr,  a  parish  in  the  county  of  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  which  in  1821  contained  15,856  inhab- 
itants, including  a  decayed  city  of  the  same  name 
with  524  of  the  number.  The  city,  which  is  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  is  20  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Armagh, 
and  76  N.  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Clan,  there  are  about  100  parishes  and  towns 
in  Ireland,  beginning  with  Clon,  among  which 
the  following  are  the  most  important,  viz. : — 


Clonakilty,  a  town  of  the  county  of  Cork,  Ire« 
land,  seated  at  the  head  of  a  bay  on  St.  George's 
Channel.  The  principal  part  of  the  town  is 
formed  of  a  spacious  square.  Pop.  in  1821,  4,033. 
It  is  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cork. 

Clones,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Monaghan,  61  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in 
1821,2,240.  The  parish  of  Clones  extends  into 
Fermanagh  county,  and  contains  an  aggregate 
population  of  15,362,  including  two  other  towns, 
viz.  Royslea  and  Smilhsborough,  containing 
about  250  persons  each. 

Clonfert,  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  eastern  confines 
of  the  county  of  Galway,  Ireland.  It  is  a  miser- 
able place,  containing  only  31  houses,  36  miles 
east  of  Galway,  and  70  west  of  Dublin.  There 
is  a  parish  of  the  same  name,  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  containing  12,324  inhab. 

Clonmell,  a  town  partly  in  the  county  of  Tip-  ■ 

ferary  and  partly  in  that  of  Waterford,  Ireland. .' 
t  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Suir,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  of  20  arches,  22  m.  W.  N.  W, 
of  the  city  of  Waterford  and  82  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 
It  is  the  assize  town  for  the  county  of  Tipperary, 
and  returns  one  member  to  the  parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdom ;  and  has  considerable  manu- 
factures of  woolens,  a  lunatic  and  orphan  asy- 
lum, several  schools,  and  other  publick  buildings, 
It  was  the  birth  place  of  Sterne.  Pop.  in  1821, 
15,890. 

Clonmines,  a  small  village  at  the  head  of  Ban- 
now  Bay,  16  m.  W.  N.  W  of  Wexford. 

Clojitarf,  a  town  on  the  north  shore  of  Dublin 
Bay,  two  miles  east  pf  the  city  of  Dublin.  It 
has  several  neat  residences  in  its  vicinity,  and 
is  memorable  in  Irish  history,  for  the  last  battle 
fought  between  the  native  Irish  and  the  Danes, 
in  1015,  which  led  to  the  expulsion  of  the  latter 
from  Ireland.     Pop.  1,439. 

Cloy-penhurg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
principality  of  Munster,  32  m.  N.  E.  of  Lingen 

Closter  Keuburg,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  an 
Augustine  convent  of  regular  canons.  It  has  a 
yard  for  ship-building,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Danube,  7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Vienna. 

Closter  Seven,  or  Kloster  Zevcn,  a  town  of  the 
duchy  of  Bremen,  memorable  for  a  convention 
entered  into  between  the  duke  of  Cumberland, 
and  the  duke  of  Richelieu,  commander  of  the 
French  armies,  in  1758,  by  which  38,000  Han- 
overians laid  down  their  arms  and  were  dispersed. 
It  is  19  m.  S.  of  Stade. 

Clond,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Paris  celebrated  for  its  palace,  which  was  the 
favourite  residence  of  Napoleon. 

Clovally,  a  village  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  three 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Hartland.  It  is  built  on  the  side 
of  a  steep  rock,  to  which  the  houses  seem  fixed 
like  pigeon-huts ;  and  it  has  a  good  pier  on  thfc 
west  shore  of  Biirnstable  Bay.     Pop.  941. 

Cloye,  or  Clois,  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure  and  Loire,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Chateau- 
dun. 

Clown,  a.  town  of  Ireland,  on  the  east  shore  of 
Cork  harbour,  in  the  County  of  Cork,  and  a  bish- 
op's see,  16  m.  E.  of  Cork.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,847. 

Clundert,  a  town  and  fortress  of  South  Hol- 
land, near  an  arm  of  the  sea,  called  Hollands 
Diep.  In  1793,  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  who 
were  obliged  to  evacuate  it  sooa  after ;  but  it 
surrendered  to  them  in  1795.  It  is  9  m.  S.  E.  of 
Williamstadt. 

Clunij,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Saone  and  Loire,  with  a  late  famous  Benedictine 


COB 


907 


COC 


abbey,  seated  on  the  Crosne,   13  m.  N.  W.   of 
Macon. 

Cluses,  a  town  of  Savoy,  in  Faucigny,  seated  on 
the  Arve,  22  ra.  S.  E.  of  Geneva. 

Clwyd,  a  river  of  Wales,  which  rises  in  the 
middle  of  Denbighshire,  runs  N.  through  a  fertile 
valley  of  the  same  name,  and  having  entered 
Flintshire  flows  into  the  Irish  Sea,  6  miles  below 
St.  Asaph. 

Clyde,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
south  part  of  Lanarkshire,  passes  by  Lanark, 
Hamilton,  Glasgow,  Renfrew,  Dunbarton,  and 
Port  Glasgow  to  Greenock,  where  it  enters  an 
arm  of  the  sea,  called  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  This 
river  runs,  for  several  miles,  between  high  rocks, 
and  in  its  course  forms  several  cataracts  :  is  de- 
servedlj'  celebrated  for  its  romantic  and  diversified 
scenery,  and  has  several  extensive  cotton,  and 
other  works  on  its  banks.  At  Glasgow  it  becomes 
navigable  ;  and  6  miles  below  that  city  it  is  joined 
by  the  Great  Canal  from  the  Forth. 

Clyde,  Fritfi  of,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  between  the 
coast  of  Ayrshire,  and  the  Isle  of  Arran,  which 
opens  into  the  north  channel,  between  the  N.  E. 
end  of  Ireland  and   Scotlj^nd. 

Clythness,  a  cape  of  Scotland,  on  the  S.  E. 
coast  of  the  county  of  Caithness.  Long.  0.  33. 
E.  lat.  58.  16.  N. 

Coango,  a  tributary  stream  of  the  great  river 
Congo,  in  South  Africa.  It  rises  in  Matamba, 
and  runs  a  course  nearly  due  north,  falling  into 
the  Congo,  about  100  m.  above  the  Cataracts.  It 
is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  main  branch  of  the 
Congo. 

Coanzo,  a  river  of  Africa,  which  rises  in  the 
interior  parts,  crosses  the  kingdoms  of  Matamba 
and  Angola,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  9.20. S. 
Coast  Castle,  Cape,  the  principal  settlement 
of  the  English  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  with  a 
strong  citadel.  The  Portuguese  first  formed  an 
establishment  here  in  1610  ;  but  were  soon  after 
dislodged  by  the  Dutch,  who,  in  their  turn,  sur- 
rendered it  to  the  English,  in  1661.  At  the  pre- 
sent period  it  appears  increasing  in  commercial 
importance.  It  is  in  the  lat.  of  57.  N.  and  152. 
of  W.  long. 

Cohhc,  the  capital  of  the  territory  of  Darfur,  in 
Zahara,  North  Africa,  situate  on  the  borders  of 
Mubia,  150  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Sennar,  and  500  S. 
E.  of  Mathan.  Long.  28.  8.  E.  lat.  14.  11.  N. 
Cohbesseconte,  r.  a  branch  of  the  Kennebec, 
which  runs  into  that  river  at  Gardiner,  Me. 

Cobhatn,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  on  the  river 
Mole,  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Kingston,  ft  has  several 
handsome  villas,  two  medicinal  springs,  and  a 
manufacture  of  iron  and  copper.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,340. 

Cobi,  called  by  the  Chinese  Sliamo,  a  \ast  des- 
ert of  Asia,  extending  from  the  75th  to  the  110th 
degree  of  E.  long,  and  lying  between  the  35lh 
and  25th  of  N.  lat.  The  western  part  of  this 
vast  district  borders  on  Bochara,  and  the  S.  W. 
on  Thibet.  The  Chinese  province  of  Kan-suh 
(lohich  see)  projects  into  this  desert,  and  the  N. 
E.  part  stretches  toward  the  frontiers  of  Asiatic 
Russia;  but  its  limits  are  on  every  side  too  imper- 
fectly defined  to  admit  of  any  precise  description. 
See,  however,  as  well  as  Kan-suh,  Kara-Kum 
and  Shing-King. 

Cobija,  a  town  of  Peru,  on  the  coast  of  the  des- 
ert of  Atacama  with  a  good  harbour  for  vessels 
carrying  the  metals  from  the  neighbouring  mines. 
It  is  250  miles  south  of  Arica.  Lons.  34.  44.  W. 
lat.  22. 20.  S. 


jCoblentz,  a  strong  city  of  Germany,  in  the  cir 
cle  of  Lower  Rhine,  situate  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Rhine  and  the  Moselle ;  with  a  bridge  of  boats  over 
the  former,  and  a  stone-bridge  over  the  latter.  In 
the  time  of  the  Romans  it  was  the  station  of  the 
first  legion  by  whom  it  was  called  Confluentes ; 
and  after  them,  the  residence  of  the  successors  of 
Charlemagne  ;  and  at  a  later  period,  it  was  the 
capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Treves.  It  contains 
three  large  churches  two  of  which  are  collegiate, 
a  college,  eight  convents,  &xi.  It  is  memorable  for 
having  been  the  chief  rendezvous  of  the  French 
emigrant  princes  at  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794, 
who  retained  it  until  the  peace  of  1814,  when  it 
was  assigned  to  Prussia.  It  transmits  large  quan- 
tities of  excellent  wine,  timber,  and  iron,  by  the 
Rhine,  into  Holland.  It  is285m.VV.  S.  W.of  Ber- 
lin, 420  W.  N.  W.  of  Vienna,  and  260  E.  S.  E.  of 
Paris.  Long.  7.  32.  £.  lat.  50. 24.  N.  Pop.  about 
11,000. 

Coblentz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  district 
of  Bayden,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Aar  and  the 
Rhine.     It  is  10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Baden. 

Cobleskill,  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,988. 
Cohre,  El,  a  town   of  the   island  of  Cuba,   10 
m.  W.  of  St.  Jago. 

Coburg,  Saxe,  a  principality,  at  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  circle  of  Upper  Saxony,  projecting 
into  the  circle  of  Franconia.  It  is  one  of  the  petty 
states  of  the  Germanic  confederacy.  Its  area  ia 
about  400  square  miles  ;  the  population  in  1824 
was  80,012  ;  its  quota  of  soldiery  for  support  of 
the  confederacy  being  800  men,  and  its  total  rev- 
enue equal  to  about  £.50,000.  It  emerged  some- 
what from  obscurity  in  1816,  by  the  alliance  of 
its  prince,  to  the  Princess  Charlotte  of  England. 
It  is  a  tolerably  fertile  district,  intersected  by  the 
river  Itsch,  which  runs  from  north  to  south  into 
the  Mayne,  and  contains,  besides  several  villages, 
the  towns  of  Hilburghausen,  Eisfeld,  Sonneberg, 
Schalkaw,  Ncustadt,  Heldburg,  Umerstadt,  and 
Coburg ;  and  Koiiigsberg,  with  several  villages 
insulated  in  the  bishopric  of  Wurzburg. 

Coburg,  the  capital  of  the  preceding  principali- 
ty, is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Itsch,  95  m.  S.  S 
W.  of  Leipzig,  and  has  a  college,  a  fort,  and  a 
castle.  Here  are  manufactures  of  porcelain,  and 
of  petrified  wood,  with  which  the  country  abounds, 
and  it  carries  on  some  trade  in  wool.  The  govern- 
ment offices  and  town  house  form  part  of  the  sides 
of  a  spacious  square.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Coca,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with  a 
strong  castle  for  state  prisoners ;  seated  among 
mountains,  on  the  river  Eresma,  22  m.  N.  W.  of 
Segovia. 

Cochtibamba,  a  district  of  South  America,  lying 
between  the  62nd  and  68th  degrees  of  W.  long, 
and  the  16th  and  19th  of  S.  lat.  and  forming  a  part 
of  the  Republic  of  Bolivia.  It  is  watered  by 
several  streams,  all  running  from  south  to  north, 
uniting  on  the  northern  frontier,  to  form  the  river 
Mainore,  running  through  the  government  of 
Moxos  and  Brazil,  where  after  the  union  of  the 
Guapare,  it  is  called  the  Madeira,  falling  into  me 
Amazon.  Cochabamba  is  an  exceedingly  fertile 
district ;  and  the  inhabitants,  about  70,000  in  num- 
ber, seem  to  perfer  the  pursuits  of  agriculture, 
rather  than  of  mining.  The  chief  town  of  the 
same  name  is  situate  on  the  western  confines  of 
the  province,  in  the  lat.  of  18.  S.  and  about  200 
miles  east  of  Arica. 

Cocheco,  r.  N.  H.  a  branch  of  the  SalmoQ  Fall 
river. 


coc 


908 


COG 


Cocheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  seated  on   the 
Moselle,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Cochecton,  t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  438. 
Cockerel,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Eure  ;  noted  for  a  victory  gained   by  Gues- 
clin  over   the  king  of  Navarre,  in  15G4.     It  is 
7  m.  E.  of  Evreux. 

Cochin,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast 
of  Malabar,  towards  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Peninsula;  a  chain  of  islands  flanks  the  whole 
extent  of  the  coast.  It  is  a  very  fertile  district, 
and  yields  abundance  of  rice,  pepper,  and  cocoa 
nuts,  and  exoellent  timber  for  ship-building.  It 
was  the  first  j-art  of  India  where  the  Portuguese, 
after  passing  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  formed  a 
settlement;  but  their  intrigues  and  extortions 
soon  caused  them  to  be  repulsed  from  the  main 
land  ;  but  they  were  allowed,  in  1503,  to  erect  a 
fortification  on  one  of  the  islands,  in  the  lat.  of  9. 
57.  N.  The  fort  surrendered  to  the  Dutch  in 
1C63,  who,  by  their  toleration  of  all  religious  pre- 
tensions, occasioned  it  to  increase  greatly  in  popu- 
lation. The  natives  of  the  province  successfully 
resisted  the  Mahometan  arms  up  to  the  period  of 
1776,  when  Hyder  Alii,  rendered  them  tributary ; 
and  the  exaction  being  enforced  with  increased 
vigour  under  Tippoo  Saib,  in  1791,  the  rajah 
sought  tne  protection  of  the  English ;  to  whom 
the  Dutch  fort  surrendered  in  1795  and  thereby 
the  whole  territory  became  subservient  to  the 
English.     The  fort  is  120  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Calicut. 

Cochin  China,  a  maritime  kingdom  of  Asia,  ex- 
tending from  Cape  Varela-falsa,  in  the  lat.  of  12. 
55.  N.  to  Sinboo  Bay,  in  the  lat.  of  16.  N. ;  it  is 
bounded  on  the  west  by  a  high  mountain  ridge, 
running  parallel  with  the  coast  its  whole  extent, 
at  the  distance  of  GO  to  70  miles;  this  mountain 
ridge  divides  Cochin  China  from  a  vast  desert, 
lying  between  the  mountains  and  the  great  river 
Cambodia.  The  aborigines  of  Cochin  China  are 
called  Moys,  and  reside  chiefly  on  the  western 
declivities  of  the  mountains.  To  these  strong 
holds  they  were  driven,  about  the  beginning  of 
the  15th  century,  by  the  present  possessors  of  the 
country.  The  aborigines  are  a  savage  people, 
and  in  features  resemble  the  CafFres.  The  present 
inhabitants  bear  evident  marks  of  being  derived 
from  the  same  stock  as  the  Chinese  ;  their  re- 
ligion is  also  the  same,  and  most  of  their  manners 
and  customs.  They  are  a  courteous,  affable,  in- 
offensive race,  rather  inclined  to  indolence.  The 
women  are  by  far  the  most  active  sex,  and  mer- 
chants often  employ  them  as  their  factors  and 
brokers.  The  cities  and  towns  have  gates  at  the 
end  of  each  street,  which  are  shut  every  night. 
The  houses  are  mostly  of  bamboo,  covered  with 
rushes  or  the  straw  of  rice,  and  stand  in  groves  of 
oranges,  limes,  plantains,  and  cocoa  trees.  Here 
is  plenty  of  sugar,  pepper,  rice,  yams,  sweet  po- 
tatoes, pumpkins,  and  melons;  also  ivory,  musk, 
honey,  and  silk,  and  the  edible  birds'-nests.  The 
climate  is  healthy,  the  summer  heat  being  tem- 
pered by  regular  breezes  from  the  sea.  In  Septem- 
ber, October,  and  November  is  the  rainy  season, 
when  the  low  lands  are  suddenly  overflowed  by 
torrents  of  water  from  the  mountains  ;  the  inun- 
dations happen  generally  once  a  fortnight,  and 
continue  three  or  four  days.  In  the  three  follow- 
ing months  there  are  frequent  rains,  brought  by 
cold  northerly  winds,  which  distinguish  this 
country  with  a  winter  different  from  any  other  in 
the  east.  The  inundations  render  the  land  fruit- 
ful, many  parts  producing  three  crops  of  grain  in 
the  year.     Gold  is  taken  almost  pure  from  the 


mines,  and  there  are  rich  silver  mines.  The 
country  is  intersected  by  rivers,  which  are  well 
calculated  for  promoting  inland  commerce,  yet  not 
large  enough  to  admit  vessels  of  great  burden  ; 
but  there  are  commodious  harbours  on  the  coast, 
particularly  that  of  Turon,  in  the  lat.  of  16.  5.  N. 
The  vanity  of  tl»e  Chinese  induces  them  to  con- 
sider Cochin  as  a  tributary  province  of  their  em- 
pire ;  but  if  any  acknowledgment  is  made,  it  is 
merely  nominal.  The  Cochin  Chinese  are  the 
most  brave  and  efficient  of  the  eastern  nations ; 
they  have  iiitherto  held  very  little  intercourse 
with  Europeans,  but  carry  on  an  extensive  traffic 
with  China  and  various  parts  of  the  eastern  seas. 
CochransviUe,  p. v.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 
Cocke,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee,  bounded  on 
the  S.  E.  by  a  ridge  of  the  Apalachian  Mountains, 
called  the  Smoky  Mountains,  which  divide  it 
from  North  Carolina.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
Big  Pigeon  and  French  Broad  Rivers,  which  unite 
their  streams  towards  the  N.  W.  boundary  of  the 
county.  Pop.  6,048.  Newport  is  the  chief  town. 
Cocker,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  south  of  Cum- 
berland, Eng.  flows  through  the  lakes  of  Butter- 
mere,  Cromack- water,  and  Lowes- water,  and  joins 
the  Derwent,  below  Cockermouth. 

Cochermouth,  a  borough  in  Cumberland,  Eng. 
It  stands  on  the  Cocker,  at  its  conflux  with  the 
Derwent,  and  between  two  hills,  on  one  of  which 
is  a  handsome  church,  and  on  the  other  the  re- 
mains of  a  stately  castle.  It  has  manufactures  of 
shalloons,  coarse  linen  and  woolen  cloths,  leather, 
and  hats.  It  returns  two  members  to  parliament, 
and  is  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Carlisle,  and  305  N.  N.  W. 
of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,770. 

Cocoiiato,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  the  birth  place 
of  Columbus,  as  some  affirm,  20  m.  east  of  Turin. 
Cod,  Cape,  is  the  northern  extremity  of  a  penin- 
sula, more  than  120  miles  in  extent,  and  10  to  15 
in  mean  breadth,  forming  part  of  the  state  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. Cape  Cod  and  the  main  land  form  a 
very  spacious  bay,  about  50  miles  each  way  ;  and 
Cape  Cod  and  Cape  Ann  are  the  south  and  west 
points  which  form  the  open  bay  called  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  leading  to  the  harbour  of  Boston :  the 
outer  side  of  the  peninsula  forming  Cape  Cod  is 
flanked  by  shoals,  which  render  the  navigation 
thereabouts  dangerous.  A  light-house,  on  the 
Cape  Point,  is  in  lat.  42.  3.  N.  and  70.  6.  VV.  long. 
Codogno,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Lodesan, 
duchy  of  Milan,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Adda 
with  "the  Po,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lodi. 

Codomvdi,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Coimbe 
tore,  seated  near  the  Cavery,  a  little  above  the  in 
flux  of  the  Noyelar,  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Bhawaniku 
dal. 

Codortis,  a  township  in  York  Co.  Pa. 
Coesfeld,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in   the    princi- 
pality of  Munster,  near  the  source  of  the    Burkel, 
18  m.  west  of  Munster. 

Coerorrfcw,  a  fortified  town  of  Holland,  on  th«» 
confines  of  Drenthe,  Westphalia,  and  Overyssel, 
and  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  the  whole  coun- 
try. It  stands  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Aa,  33 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Groningen.  It  is  the  capital  of 
Drenthe. 

Coeymans,  a.  town  in  Albany  County,  New  York, 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  River,  14  m.  S 
of  Albany.     Pop.  2,723. 

Coffiesville,  p. v.  Clark  Co.  Alab. 

CojrircshaJl,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  with  a  man 

ufacture  of  baize  ;  seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the 

river  Blackwater,  seven  miles  west  of  Colchester, 

and  44  E.  N.  E.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,2,896; 


/\ 


C501 


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COL 


and  a  tillage  of  the  same  name,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  river,  contains  362   inhabitants    more. 

Cognac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Charente,  with  a  castle,  where  Francis  I.  was  born. 
It  is  celebrated  for  excellent  brandy,  and  seated 
on  the  Charente,  17  m.  west  of  Angouleme,  and 
40  east  by  south  of  Rochefort. 

Cosne,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  a  valley,  and  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name.  The  mountains  which 
surround  it  are  rich  in  mines  of  iron  and  copper. 
It  is  six  miles  south  of  Aosta. 

Cogni,  or  Konieh,  a  city  of  Turkey,  capital  of 
Caramania,  and  the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop. 
The  walls  have  108  square  towers  at  40  paces  dis- 
tance from  each  other;  and  it  has  two  large  suburbs, 
into  one  of  which  the  caravans  and  strangers  re- 
tire. It  has  upwards  of  100  mosques,  and  though 
much  declined  of  late  years,  it  is  still  a  place  of 
great  trade,  and  seated  on  the  east  side  of  a  ridge 
of  lofty  mountains,  in  a  country  abounding  in 
corn,  fruit,  pulse,  and  cattle,  280  m.  S.  E.  of  Con- 
stantinople, and  about  the  same  distance  due  east 
of  Smyrna. 

Cofiasset,  a  town  on  the  south  coast  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  just  without  the  entrance  to  Boston 
harbour,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Boston.  Cohasset  has  a 
tolerably  good  harbour ;  but  a  ledge  of  rocks  at 
its  entrance  renders  its  approach  dangerous.  Pop. 
1,227. 

Cohoes  Falls,  a  village  eight  miles  due  north  of 
Albany,  in  New  York  ;  it  is  seated  on  the  banks 
of  the  Mohawk  River,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  above  its  entrance  into  the 
Hudson  :  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  higher  up, 
the  Mohawk,  being  about  350  yards  wide,  pours 
down  its  waters  over  a  precipice  in  an  unbroken 
sheet,  a  height  of  70  feet  perpendicular  and  next 
to  Niagara,  forms  the  grandest  cascade  in  the  state 
of  New  York. 

Coimhetorc,  a  province  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan,  lying  south  of  Mysore,  to  which  it  was 
lately  subject,  but  ceded  to  the  English  on  the 
final  defeat  ofTippoo  in  1799.  It  is  110  miles 
long  and  70  broad  ;  and  is  divided  by  the  river 
Noyelar  into  two  districts.  North  and  South,  of 
which  Bhawanikudal  and  Daraporam  are  the  chief 
towns. 

Coimbetore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  the  ancient 
capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name.  It  was 
taken  by  general  Meadows  in  1790,  and  retaken 
in  1791  by  Tippoo,  who  soon  after  destroyed  the 
fort.  It  contains  2,000  houses,  an  extensive  mud 
palace,  and  a  tolerable  mosque,  built  by  Tippoo, 
who  sometimes  resided  here  ;  but  it  has  no  large 
temple.  The  palace  now  serves  as  a  barrack  for 
a  reffiment  of  British  cavalry.  The  chief  manu- 
factures are  muslins,  and  cotton  cloths  ;  and  these, 
with  cotton  wool  and  thread,  tobacco,  sugar,  and 
betel  leaf  are  the  principal  articles  of  trade.  It  is 
100  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Seringapatam.  Long.  77.  6. 
E.  lat.  11.0.  N. 

Coimfcrffi,  a  city  of  Portugal,  capital  of  Beira, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  celebrated  university, 
the  only  one  in  Portugal,  transferred  hither  from 
Lisbon  in  1306,  where  it  was  originally  founded 
in  1290.  The  cathedral  is  magnificent,  beside 
which  there  are  nine  churches,  and  eight  con- 
vents. It  stands  on  a  mountain,  on  the  river 
Mondego,  over  which  is  an  elegant  bridge  about 
25  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  sea,  100  m.  N. 
E.  of  Lisbon.  It  suffered  considerably  by  the 
great  earthquake  in  1755.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Coirt,  or  Chur,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  the  canton  of  the  Grisons.  and  a  bishop's   see 
27 


It  is  surrounded  by  ancient  brick  walls,  with 
square  and  round  towers,  and  divided  into  two 
parts,  the  least  of  which  is  of  the  catholic  religion 
and  the  greatest  of  the  protestant.  The  French 
surprised  and  defeated  the  Austrian  army  at  this 
place  in  1799.  It  is  seated  between  two  moun- 
tains, on  the  river  Plessur,  near  the  Rhine,  65  m. 
S.  by  W.  of  Constance,  and  contributes  to  render 
Coire  a  place  of  considerable  traffic.  It  was  the 
birthplace  of  Angelica  Kauffman,  the  female  pain- 
ter. 

Coitsville,  a  township  in  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Coikincr,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  N.  W.  part  of  the  province  Yu-nan,  1,160 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin. 

Colalico,  t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

Colapoor,  a  small  independent  state  of  Hindoos- 
tan  on  the  coast  of  the  Concan,  bounded  on  the 
south  by  the  Portuguese  territory  of  Goa.  The  ra- 
jah of  this  district  pretends  to  be  descended  from 
the  founder  of  the  Mahratta  empire.  The  na- 
tives were  formerly  celebrated  for  their  piracies ; 
Vingorla,  the  principal  town,  is  in  lat.  16.  N. 

Colar,  or  Colorant,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysore,  with  a  large  mud  fort,  and  the  remains 
of  a  hill-fort.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Hyder  Aly, 
who  erected  here  a  handsome  mausoleum  for  his 
father ;  and  near  it  is  a  mosque,  and  a  college  of 
of  Mussulman  priests.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  cotton  cloths  and  muslins.  It  is  40.  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Bangalore,  and  140  W.  of  Madras. 
Long.  78.  9.  E.  lat.  13.  9.  N. 

Colbene,  a  town  of  Tripoli,  on  the  S.  W.  part 
of  the  Gulf  of  Sidra,  90  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Messurata. 

Colherg,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Further  Pomera- 
nia.  It  has  a  collegiate  church,  good  linen  man- 
ufactures, and  considerable  saltworks.  The  Rus- 
sians laid  siege  to  this  town  in  1758  and  1769, 
without  success  ;  but  it  surrendered  to  them  after 
a  long  siege  in  1761 ,  and  was  restored  at  the  sub- 
sequent peace.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Persant  on  the  Baltic,  60  m.  N.  E.  of  Stettin. 
Long.  15.  36.  E.  lat.  54.  9.  N. 

Colchagua,  the  ninth  in  order  of  the  provinces 
of  Chile  extending  from  the  Pacific  Ocean  to  the 
Andes,  in  the  lat.  of  34.  30.  S.  It  is  intersected 
by  two  or  three  rivers,  falling  into  the  Pacific ; 
but  it  has  no  port  or  harbour  of  note.  Pop.  about 
15,000.  San  Fernando,  about  50  miles  from  the 
sea,  and  100  south  of  St.  Jago,  is  the  chief  town. 

Colchester,  a  borough  and  market  town  in  the 
county  of  Essex,  Eng.  pleasantly  situate  on  a 
gentle  eminence,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river 
Colne,  about  eight  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
the  English  Channel.  It  is  a  place  of  antiquity, 
supposed  to  have  been  a  Roman  station  ;  and  was 
formerly  surrounded  by  a  wall,  some  vestiges  of 
which  still  remain,  and  contained  a  castle  of 
great  strength,  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  a 
son  of  Alfred  the  Great,  the  remains  of  which 
now  serve  for  a  house  of  correction  for  petty  of- 
fenders. Prior  to  the  civil  war,  in  the  time  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,  the  wall,  castle,  and  fortifica- 
tions were  entire,  and  held  out  with  great  obsti- 
nacy against  the  parliamentary  forces,  until  after 
Charles  I.  was  beheaded  in  1648,  in  which  year 
it  surrendered.  The  town  sustained  great  dam- 
age during  the  siege.  It  is  now  by  far  the  larg- 
est and  most  important  town  in  the  county,  and 
has  undergone  great  improvement  within  tho 
present  century ;  a  spacious  quay  has  been  con- 
structed, and  the  river  made  navigable  up  to  tho 
town  for  vessels  of  90  to  100  tons  ourthen.  It  is 
a  port  of  entry  for  vessels  from  foreign  parts,  and 
83 


COL 


no 


COL 


has  a  custom  house  a  little  below  the  town ;  but 
its  external  commerce  is  very  inconsiderable.  Its 
chief  traffic  in  export  is  in  oysters  and  grain, 
which  it  sends  to  the  London  market  in  great 
quantities,  and  receives  in  return  every  descrip- 
tion of  shop  goods  for  the  supply  of  the  town,  and 
distribution  over  the  surrounding  country.  It 
had  formerly  extensive  manufactures  of  woolen 
stuff's,  but  the  manufacture  at  Colchester  is  now 
trifling ,  no  small  share  of  its  present  importance 
is  derived  from  the  extensive  intercourse  of  which 
it  is  a  centre  point  between  London,  Harwich,  Ip- 
swich, Yarmouth  and  Norwich.  It  is  divided  into 
16  parishes,  and  has  as  many  churches  ;  but  four 
of  them  are  not  used,  and  only  three  are  entitled 
to  notice  for  their  architecture.  It  has  three 
bridges  over  the  Colne,  a  spacious  market  place, 
town  hall,  corn  exchange  and  a  theatre.  It  has 
also  an  hospital,  free  grammar  schools,  water 
works,  two  public  libraries,  a  botanical  and  phi- 
losophical institution,  and  several  dissenting  meet- 
ing houses.  The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
recorder,  town  clerk,  12  aldermen,  18  assistants, 
and  18  common-councilmen ;  and  returns  two 
members  to  parliament,  the  right  of  election  being 
vested  in  the  corporation  and  free  burgesses  not 
receiving  alms.  Its  markets  are  on  Wednesdays 
and  Saturdays.  Pop.  in  1821,  14,016.  It  is  51 
m.  E.  N.  E.  from  London,  21  W.  by  S.  of  Har- 
wich, and  the  same  distance  S.  S.  W.  of  Ipswich. 

Colchester,  a  town  of  Vermont,  in  Chittenden 
County,  on  a  Bay  of  Lake  Champlain,  at  the  in- 
flux of  the  Onion,  6  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Burlington. 
Pop.  1,489. 

Colchester,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  in  New  Lon- 
don County,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  New  London.  Pop. 
2,083. 

Colchester,  a  township  in  Delaware  County, 
New  York,  91  m.  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  1,424. 

Colchester,  a  town  of  Virginia,  in  Fairfax, 
County,  on  Ocquoquam  Creek,  three  miles  from 
its  confltix  with  the  Potomac,  and  16  S.  W.  of 
Alexandria. 

Colding,  or  Kolding,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in 
Jutland,  formerly  the  residence  of  many  Danish 
kings,  who  adorned  it  with  several  edifices.  The 
harbour  is  choked  up,  and  its  commerce  nearly 
annihilated.  It  is  seated  on  the  Thueths,  near  its 
entrance  into  a  bay  of  the  Little  Belt,  30  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Ripen. 

Coldinghavi,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Berwick,  anciently  noted  for  a  nunnery,  re- 
built by  Edgar,  king  of  Scotland,  in  1098,  Ebba, 
one  of  the  abbesses,  renowned  in  tradition  for  her 
charity,  gave  name  to  the  neighbouring  promon- 
tory called  St.  Abb's  Head.  It  is  9  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Berwick.     Pop.  about  1,000. 

Cold  Rioer,  r.  N.  H.  joins  the  Connecticut  at 
Walpole. 

Colditz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
with  manufactures  of  linen  and  stuffs,  seated  on 
the  Mulda,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Leipzig. 

Coldstream,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Berwick.  Here  general  Monk  first  raised 
the  Coldstream  regiment  of  guards,  with 
which  he  marched  into  England  to  restore 
Charles  II.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tweed,  over 
which  is  a  handsome  bridge,  13  m.  S.  W.  of 
Berwick. 

Coleagara,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Coimbetore.  It  has  two  large  temples, 
and  is  a  considerable  mart  for  the  traders  between 
Seringapatam  and  the  country  below  the  eastern 
Ghauts.     It  is  34  m.  S.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 


Colebrook,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Con- 
necticut.    Pop.  542. 

Colebrook  Dale,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  Eng. 
on  the  banks  of  the  Severn,  2  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Broseley,  tchirh  see. 

Colebrookdule,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 

Coleraine,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Londonderry,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Bann,  about  four  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  In  1821  the  town  and  sub- 
urbs of  Coleraine  contained  a  population  of  4,851, 
and  the  remainder  of  the  parish  1,630  more.  It 
participates  largely  in  the  linen  manufactures, 
and  its  fabrics  and  bleach  are  in  the  highest  es 
teem.  The  fall  of  the  river  Bann  precludes  it 
from  affording  much  commercial  advantage  to 
Coleraine ;  but  this  defect  is  in  some  measure 
compensated  for  by  its  salmon  fishery,  which  is 
the  most  valuable  in  Ireland.  Coleraine  sends 
one  member  to  the  parliament  of  the  United 
Kingdom;  and  is  25.  E.  by  N.  of  Londonderry, 
and  108.  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin. 

Coleraine,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  Pop.    1,877. 

Colerain,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  in 
Camden  County.  A  treaty  was  concluded  here, 
in  1796,  between  the  United  States  and  the 
Creek  Indians.  It  is  seated  on  St.  Mary  River, 
35  miles  W.  by  N.  of  the  port  of  St.  Mary,  and 
14  S.  by  E.  of  Louisville. 

Coleraine  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  Hamil- 
ton County,  Ohio,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Miami 
River,  about  15  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the 
Ohio,  and  10  north  of  Cincinnati. 

^^  There  are  6  other  towns  of  this  name  in 
the  United  States ;  namely  in  Pa.,  N.  C.  and  Ohio. 

ColeshiU,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Cole,  10  m.  E.  of  Birming- 
ham, and  105  N.  W.  of  London,  on  the  mail 
line  of  road  to  Liverpool.  The  church  is  an  el- 
egant structure.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,760. 

ColesviUe,  p.t.  Broome  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,387. 
Also  towns  in  Maryland  and  Va. 

Calford,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  five 
miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Monmouth,  and  124  W.  by  N. 
of  London.  It  has  several  iron  forges  in  its 
vicinity. 

Colin.     See  Kolin. 

Colima,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendencia 
of  Guadalaxara,  on  the  frontiers  of  Valladolid ; 
it  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  volcanic  mountain, 
about  300  miles  due  west  of  Ihe  city  of  Mexico, 
under  the  banks  of  a  small  river,  about  30  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the 
lat.  of  18.  40.  N.  The  intervening  country  be- 
tween the  town  and  the  sea  is  very  fertile.  Pop. 
of  the  town  about  2,500. 

Coll,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  He- 
brides, to  the  W.  N.  W.  of  Mull,  13  miles  long 
and  three  broad.  The  greatest  part  is  covered 
with  heath,  and  abounds  with  rabbits ;  and  many 
black  cattle  are  fed  here.  The  castle  of  Coll  is  a 
strong  square-built  structure,  and  still  in  tolera- 
ble repair.     Total  pop.  in  182],  1,264. 

Collakuas,  a  district  of  Peru,  lying  between 
Lake  Titicaca,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  a  very 
mountainous  district ;  the  Andes  here  diverging 
into  several  ridges,  among  which  the  Apuriniac 
and  other  streams,  forming  the  head  waters  of  the 
noble  river  Amazon,  have  their  source.  Caillo- 
ma,  in  the  lat.  of  15.  40.  S.  is  the  capital. 

Colle,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  on  a  hill  near  the 
river  Elza,  10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Sienna.  There 
are  five  other  towns  of  the  same  name  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Italy  all  inconsiderable. 


COL 


Colledfi,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
gia,  on  the  Unstrut,  19  in.  N.  by  W.  of  Weimar. 

Colleton,  a  maritime  district  of  South  Carolina, 
south  of  Charleston ;  it  is  intersected  by  the 
Edisto  River,  and  is  fertile  in  rice  and  cotton. 
Pop.  27,256. 

Collioiire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  with  a  castle.  It  was  talcen 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1793,  but  retaken  the  next 
year.  It  has  a  small  port  on  the  Mediterranean, 
IG  ra.  S.  S.  E.  of  Perpi'gnan. 

ColUnsville,  p.v.  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 

CoUon,  a  well-built  town  of  Ireland,  in  Louth 
County,  with  a  stocking  manufactory,  and  an  ex- 
tensive bleach  field,  2i}  m.  from  Dublin.  Pop. 
in  1821,  1,347. 

Collumpton,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  with 
a  considerable  trade  in  woolen  cloth.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Culm,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Exeter, 
and  160  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,410. 

Colmar,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  surrounded  by 
a  wall,  flanked  with  towers,  near  the  river  111 ; 
and  has  various  manufactures,  42  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Strasburg.     Pop.  about  15,000. 

Colmar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Holstein,  5  m.  S  .  E.  of  Gluckstadt. 

Colmars.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Alps,  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Digne. 

Colmitz,  a  town  of  Austria,  4  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Drossendorf 

Coin,  a  river  of  England  which  rises  near 
Clare,  in  Suffolk,  passes  by  Halstead  and  Col- 
chester in  Essex,  and  after  a  course  of  about  40 
miles  enters  the  German  Ocean,  at  the  east  end 
of  Mersey  Island.  In  the  inlets  and  pools  at  the 
mouth  of  this  river  are  bred  the  famous  Colches- 
ter oysters.  There  are  several  small  rivers  of  the 
same  name  in  England. 

Colnbrook,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng. 
seated  on  the  river  Coin,  which  falls  into  the 
Thames,  17  m.  W.  of  London,  on  the  road  to 
Bath.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,817. 

Colne,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  antiquity,  having  been  selected  for 
a  Roman  station,  by  Agricola.  It  is  situate  near 
the  border  of  Yorkshire,  within  about  a  mile  of 
the  Liverpool  and  Leeds  Canal.  It  formerly  par- 
ticipated in  the  woolen  manufacture,  which,  with- 
in the  present  century  has  given  way  to  the  more 
profitable  pursuit  of  the  cotton  manufacture,  in 
which  branch,  in  1821,  there  were  seven  large 
establishments  for  spinning  and  weaving,  and 
twelve  others  for  weaving  only.  The  vicinity 
abounds  in  coals  and  slate.  The  population, 
which  in  1800  was  only  3,636,  in  1821  had  in- 
creased to  7,274.  It  is  21  miles  N.  by  E.  of 
Mancliester. 

Colocijthia,  a  town  of  Independent  Greece,in  the 
Morea,  on  the  west  side  of  a  bay  to  which  it  gives 
name,  36  miles  S.  of  Misitra.  Long.  22. 24.  E.,  lat. 
36.  38.  N. 

Colocza,  or  Kalotsha,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Danube,  and  an  arch-bishop's 
see,  57  m.  S.  of  Buda. 

Cologna,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Paduan,  26  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Padua.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Cologne,  a  late  archbishopric  and  electorate  of 
Germany,  in  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine ; 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  duchy  of  Cleves  and 
G«lderland  ;  on  the  south  by  the  archbishopric  of 
Treves,  and  from  the  south,  in  a  N.  N.  W.  direc- 
tion, for  about  90  miles,  by  the  Rhine,  which 
divides   it  on  the  east  from  the  duchy  of  Beror 


211  COL 

and  on  the  west  it  is  divided  by  a  very  irregular 
boundary  from  the  duchy  of  Juliers.  It  is  not 
more  than  about  15  miles  in  mean  breadth,  and 
contains  a  good  deal  of  forest,  some  mines  of 
coal  and  iron,  and  parts  of  it  are  fertile  in  com, 
wine,  and  flax.  Pop.  about  220,000:  it  held  a 
distinguished  rank  in  the  Germanic  confederacy 
as  early  as  the  fourth  century,  and  at  the  general 
partition  in  1814,  it  was  transferred  to  Prussia. 
Besides  the  city  of  Cologne,  the  other  principal 
towns  are  Kemper,  Lunne,  Nuys,  Brul,  Mecken- 
heim,  Bonn,  «Src. 

Cologne,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding  ter- 
ritory, and  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  celebrated 
cities  of  Europe,  is  seated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  in  the  lat.  of  50.  55.  N.  and  6.  55.  of  W. 
long.  295  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Berlin,  and  105  E.  of 
Brussels.  Antecedent  to  the  ascendancy  of  the 
Romans  over  western  Europe,  the  site  of  Cologne 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  capital  of  a  tribe 
called  the  Ubii ;  and  at  a  subsequent  period,  to 
have  given  birth  to  Agrippina,  the  mother  of  Nero ; 
in  reference  to  whom  the  Romans  named  it 
Colonia  ^grippinia.  It  joined  the  Hanseatic 
League  at  an  early  period  of  its  formation ;  and  in 
the  13th  century  ranked  high  as  a  commercial 
city.  After  that  period  its  commercial  activity 
yielded  to  the  influence  of  priestcraft  and  in 
dolence — persecution  followed ;  in  1485  the  Jews, 
and  in  1618  the  Protestants,  were  expelled  the 
city ;  so  that  in  1794,  when  the  French  took  pos- 
session of  it,  the  ecclesiastics  amounted  to  about 
2,000  ;  and  besides  the  university,  founded  in  1388, 
nine  collegiate  churches,  two  abbeys,  and  an 
archiepiscopal  seminary,  it  contained  no  less  than 
126  other  monastic  and  religious  establishments. 
The  walls  of  the  city  are  about  seven  miles  in 
circumference  ;  but  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
area  is  now  converted  into  gardens  and  vineyards  ; 
and  although  the  perspective  of  the  city  on  all 
sides  is  very  imposing,  on  inspection  it  proves  to 
be  low  and  ill  built.  The  town-hall,  cathedral, 
and  some  of  the  churches  are,  however,  stately 
and  fine  edifices.  Cologne  is  connected  with 
Duytz,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river,  by  a 
bridge  of  boats  ;  and  contains  within  itself  almost 
every  branch  of  manufacture  for  domestic  use  ; 
it  still  carries  on  some  traffic  up  and  down  the 
Rhine,  from  the  waters  of  which  it  is  liable  to  in- 
undation. The  city  was  transferred  with  the  ter- 
ritory of  Cologne,  to  Prussia  in  1814.  Pop.  about 
40,000.     It  was  the  birth-place  of  Rubens. 

Colombe,  St.,  the  name  of  about  20  towns  in 
diflTerent  parts  of  France,  all  inconsiderable. 

Colombey  aux  Belles  Femmes,  a  townof  France, 
in  the  department  of  the  Meurthe,  and  chief  place 
of  a  canton  in  the  district  of  Veselize,  15  m.  S.  W. 
of  Nancy. 

Colombia,  Republic  of,  an  extensive  territory, 
forming  the  whole  northern  part  of  the  southern 
division  of  the  western  hemisphere  commonly 
called  South  America,  and  includes  what,  pre- 
vious to  1811,  constituted  the  vice-royalty  of  JVew 
Granada.,  and  the  captain-generalship  of  Caracas 
or  Venezuela.  In  its  extreme  length  from  N.  to  S. 
Colombia  extends  from  the  shores  of  the  Carribean 
Sea,  in  the  lat.  of  12.  30.  N.  to  the  Tunguragua, 
the  main  western  branch  of  the  great  river  Ama- 
zon, in  the  lat.  of  5.  S.  and  longitudinally  from 
59.  to  83.  W.  From  the  59th  to  the  68th  of  W. 
long,  however,  it  extends  only  to  3.  of  N.  la^.  and 
its  mean  long,  on  the  western  side,  or  side  jf  tJi3 
Pacific  Ocean,  will  not  exceed  the  line  of  71.  W.; 
these  limits  will  give  an  aggregate  extent  of  aur 


COL 


Ifcis 


COL 


face  of  about  1,200,000  square  miles,  or  an  area  14 
times  the  extent  of  Great  Britain  ;  but  over  this 
wide  domain  the  human  inhabitants  are  supposed 
not  to  exceed  3,000,000.  In  its  north-western  ex- 
tremity, it  includes  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  with 
several  spacious  and  commodious  harbours.  On 
its  eastern  extremity  it  is  bounded  by  the  Esse- 
quibo  River,  which  divides  it  from  French  Guyana 
and  the  English  and  Dutch  settlements  of  Deme- 
rara,  Berbice,  and  Surinam ;  from  the  59th  to  the 
6oth  deg.  of  W.  long.,  it  is  bounded  on  the  south 
by  a  mountain  ridge,  which  divides  it  from  Por- 
tuguese Guyana,  the  most  nortliern  part  of  Brazil ; 
whilst  the  Tunguragua,  or,  as  it  is  afterwards 
called,  the  Maranon  River,  divides  it  from  Peru ; 
the  whole  of  its  western  boundaries  being  washed 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  its  northern  by  the 
C5arribean  Sea,  and  the  N.  E.  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  The  earlier  history  of  this  territory  will 
be  found  more  particularly  adverted  to  under  the 
heads  of  New  Granada  and  Venezuela.  A  futile 
attempt  was  made  by  General  Miranda  to  revolu- 
tionize Venezuela  in  180(i;  but  it  was  not  till 
1811  that  the  people  generally  exerted  themselves 
in  favour  of  independence  :  from  which  period 
up  to  1819,  various  sanguinary  conflicts  ensued  be- 
tween the  European  Spaniards  and  the  natives, 
with  alternate  success.  It  was  on  the  17th  of 
Dec.  1819,  that  the  two  territories  of  New  Grana- 
da and  Venezuela  became  united  under  the  title  of 
the  Republic  of  Colombia,  and  a  popular  repre- 
sentative government  divided  into  legislative, 
executive,  and  judicial.  On  the  6th  of  May,  1821, 
in  conformity  with  the  fundamental  law,  the  in- 
stallation of  the  general  congress  took  place  in  the 
city  of  Rosario  de  Cucuta,  but  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment has  since  been  established  at  Bogota. 
It  was  at  Carabobo,  on  the  24th  of  June  of  the 
same  year,  that  the  last  battle  was  fought  which 
decided  the  downfall  of  Spanish  domination,  and 
independence  of  the  Colombian  Republic.  The 
territory  was  at  first  divided  into  four  parts  ;  viz. 
Quito,  Cundinamarca,  Venezuela  and  Spanish 
Guyana  ;  but  it  was  afterwards  divided  into  twelve 
provinces.  The  local  circumstances  of  each  pro- 
vince will  be  found  under  their  respective  heads. 

The  aggregate  features  of  the  Colombian  ter- 
ritory are,  in  the  highest  degree,  grand  and  im- 
posing. The  Andes,  in  a  parallel  ridge  of  about 
200  miles  in  extent,  between  which  is  a  valley 
twenty  or  thirty  miles  wide,  at  an  elevation  of 
about  9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  enter 
at  the  S.  W.  extremity,  in  which  direction  the 
peaks  of  Chimborazo,  Cotopaxi,  and  Antisana, 
rear  their  majestic  heads,  all  south  of  the  equa- 
tor ;  and  in  the  lat.  of  2.  N.  the  chain  diverges 
into  three  ridges,  the  most  easterly  of  which 
takes  an  E.  N.  E.  direction  towards  the  shore 
of  the  Carribean  Sea,  with  which  it  runs  parallel 
through  seven  deg.  of  long,  to  near  the  Delta  of 
the  Orinoco,  opposite  to  the  island  of  Trinidad. 
It  is  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  this  ridffe,  which 
is  called  the  Venezuelan  elinin,  at  an  altitude  of 
1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  the  lat. 
of  4.  45.  N.  that  Bogota  is  situate.  Between  this 
and  the  central  ridge,  which  is  called  the  Chain 
of  Santa  Martha,  runs  for  a  course  of  (550  m.  the 
fine  River  Magdalena ;  and  between  the  Chain 
of  Santa  Martha  and  the  main  ridge,  runs  the 
River  Cauca,  which  unites  with  the  Magdalena 
at  the  foot  of  the  Santa  Martha  Chain,  about  150 
miles  above  the  entrance  of  the  Magdalena  into 
the  Carribean  Sea.  From  the  lat.  of  6.  N.  the 
main  ndge  of  the  Andes  takes  a  N.  by  W.  direc- 


tion into  the  isthmus  that  unites  the  two  grand 
divisions  of  the  western  hemisphere,  whilst  anoth- 
er collateral  ridge  runs  nearly  due  north  towards 
Carthagena.  Between  these  two  ridges  runs  the 
river  Atrato  N.  into  the  Gulf  of  Darien,  the  head 
waters  of  which  river  are  contiguous  to  those  of 
the  St.  Juan,  which  runs  S.  into  the  Bay  of  Cho- 
co  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  which  rivers  seem  to 
form  the  most  favourable  means  for  effecting  a 
water  communication  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Oceans.  East  of  the  Andes,  the  country 
is  intersected  by  innumerable  streams,  those  in  the 
south  part  running  into  the  Maranon,  or  Amazon, 
and  those  in  the  north  part  into  the  Orinoco. 
From  the  extreme  north  the  country  is  indented 
by  a  spacious  bay  called  the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo, 
which  leads  by  a  narrow  strait  into  a  spacious 
lake  of  the  same  name.  This  lake,  which  is 
about  180  miles  in  length  and  70  in  width,  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Venezuelan  chain  of 
the  Andes,  and  on  the  W.  by  a  ridge  which  di- 
verges from  it  in  the  lat.  of  8.  N.  ;  and  with  the 
lake  forms  a  very  distinguishing  feature  of  the 
country.  Numerous  islands  flank  the  coast  of 
the  Carribean  Sea,  from  the  long,  of  61.  to  the 
Gulf  of  Maracaibo  in  the  long,  of  70. :  the  most 
easterly  and  important  of  these  is  Trinidad,  in 
possession  of  the  English,  and  near  the  entrance 
of  the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo  is  Curayao  in  possession 
of  the  Dutch.  The  rest  may  be  considered  as 
forming  part  of  the  Colombian  territory,  the  most 
important  being  Margarita.  The  principal  sea- 
ports on  the  side  of  the  Atlantic  and  coast  of  the 
Carribean  Sea,  are  Cumana,  Laguira  (the  out- 
port  of  Leon  de  Caracas),  Maracaibo,  Carthagena, 
and  Portobello ;  and  on  the  side  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  Panama,  Bay  of  Choco,  and,  Guayaquil. 
The  most  important  towns  in  the  interior,  be- 
sides Bogota,  are  Lojan,  Juan  de  Bracomoros, 
Cuenca,  Riobamba,  Quito,  Popayan,  Merida,  and 
Angostura. 

Colombia  is  not  remarkable  for  any  peculiar 
productions  either  animal  or  vegetable.  Its  ca- 
pabilities for  supplying  all  that  can  contribute 
to  the  comfort  and  enjoyment  of  man,  are  liow- 
ever  of  the  first  order;  while  the  elevated  plains 
on  the  western  side  of  the  territory,  afford  the 
most  agreeable  temperature  of  climate.  The  S. 
W.  section  of  the  territory  is  rich  in  minerals, 
including  both  gold  and  silver  ;  but  the  most  dis- 
tinguishing feature  of  surplus  production,  hith- 
erto, has  been  horses,  mules,  and  horned  cattle, 
which  have  been  exported  in  large  quantities  to 
Jamaica,  and  all  the  other  West  India  islands  ; 
these,  with  an  inconsiderable  supply  of  cotton, 
wool,  cocoa,  (the  best  in  the  world),  coffee,  tobacco, 
and  indigo,  and  some  dye-woods,  with  silver  to 
the  amount  of  about  2  to  3,000,000  of  dollars, 
making  an  aggregate  return  of  about  6,000,000 
dollars,  constituted  the  aggregate  extent  of  its  ex- 
ternal commerce,  at  the  period  of  1826.  It  af 
fords,  however,  under  social  institutions,  an  un- 
bounded field  for  human  exertion  and  enterprize  ;• 
but  although  the  integrity  and  independence  of 
the  Colombian  Republic  have  been  recognized 
by  the  United  States  of  America,  and  provision- 
ally by  England  and  other  European  States, 
its  continued  integrity  is  at  present  too  equivo- 
cal, many  of  its  measures  too  speculative,  and 
some  of  its  institutions,  too  incompatible  with 
social  welfare,  to  justify  any  very  sanguine  ex- 
pectations, as  to  its  future  prosperity. 

Colomhier,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Upper  Saone,  and  chief  place  of  a  canton 


COL 


913 


COL 


in  the  district  of  Vesoul,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Vesoul, 
and  10  west  of  Lure. 

Cofomiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Seine  and  Marne,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Meaux,  and 
40  E.  of  Paris. 

Colonna,  Cape,  the  S.  E.  pointof  Livadia,  30  m. 
S.  E.  of  Athens.  The  name  also  of  another  cape 
on  the  east  coast  of  Calabria,  near  the  entrance  to 
the  Gulf  of  Tarento,  in  lat.  39.  6.  N. 

Colonsa,  a  fertile  island  off  the  west  coast  of 
Scotland,  to  the  west  of  Jura.  It  is  separated  on 
the  south  from  that  of  Oronsa,  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel, which  being  dry  at  low  water,  they  may  be 
considered  as  one  island,  about  12  miles  long  and 
abroad.     Pop.  in  1821,904. 

Coloor,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  circar  of 
Guntoor,  near  which  is  a  diamond  mine.  It  is 
situate  on  the  south  side  of  the  Kistnah,  13  m.  N. 
W.  of  Condavir. 

Colorado,  a  river  of  Mexico,  which  falls  into 
the  Gulf  of  California,  at  its  head,  in  the  lat.  of  33. 
N.  The  main  branch,  which  is  called  the  St.  Ra- 
fael, has  its  source  in  the  lat.  of  about  40.  N.  not 
far  distant  from  those  of  the  del  Norte,  the  Arkan- 
sas and  the  Platte, all  of  which  flow,  south  and  west, 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  There  are  six  other 
branches,  all  of  which  have  their  source  north  of 
the  3f5th  deg.  ofN.  lat.  which  fall  into  the  St. 
Rafael,  whose  united  stream  may  be  considered 
the  main  branch  of  the  Colorado  ;  about  50  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  California  it  is 
united  by  another  stream,  from  the  eastward  call- 
ed the  Gila.  These  rivers  are  said  to  afford  sev- 
eral hundred  miles  of  navigation  for  vessels  of 
considerable  burthen. 

Co'orado,  or  Red  River,  is  also  the  name  of 
another  river,  rising  east  of  the  Andes  in  the  lat.  of 
32.  S.  running  in  a  S.  S.  E.  direction,  through  the 
red  loamy  plains  of  Pampas  and  Buenos  Ayres  in- 
to the  S.  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  tlie  lat.  of  40.  S. 

Colouri,  an  island  of  Greece,  formerly  called 
Salam's,  near  the  coast  of  Livadia,  seven  miles 
long  and  two  broad.  The  principal  town  is  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  south  side,  with  an  excellent 
harbour,  17  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Athens.  It  was  in 
the  strait  between  this  island  and  the  main  land 
that  Themistocles  defeated  the  Persian  fleet. 

Colosxoar.     See  Clausenhurg. 

Colst.prworth,  a  village  in  Lincolnshire,  Enor.  on 
the  Witham,  8  m.  S.  of  Grantham,  celebrated  for 
being  the  birth-place  of  the  famous  Sir  Isaac 
Newton. 

Columh,  St.  a  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  seated 
on  a  hill  26  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Penrvn.  and  249  W. 
S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,493. 

Columhia,  District,  a  territory  ten  miles  sqjiare 
upon  both  sides  of  the  Potomac  between  Viro-inia 
and  Maryland.  It  is  under  the  immediate  juris- 
diction of  tlie  United  States,  and  contains  the  seat 
of  the  Federal  Government.  It  comprises  the 
cities  of  Washington,  Alexandria  and  George- 
town. It  is  divided  into  2  countries,  Washing- 
ton and  Alexandria,  and  contains  a  population  of 
39,8,^>S. 

Columbia,  a  county  of  the  sta-te  of  New  York, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson  River,  bounded  on 
the  east  by  Berkshire  County.  Massachusetts. 
It  is  about  3.0  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  20  from  W.  to 
E.  Pop.  .3!),9.")2.  It  is  divided  into  14  townships. 
It  yields  some  iron  at  Ancram  in  the  S.  E.  part 
of  the  county.  Tlie  city  of  Hudson  (which  see)  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  noble  river  of  that  name,  is  the 
chief  place  in  the  county. 

Columbia,  a  town  of  the  district  of  Maine,  in 


Washington  County,  situate  on  Pleasant  River, 
near  the  Atlantic,  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  MachiaB. 
Pop.  603. 

Columbia,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Connecti- 
cut.   Pop.  442. 

Columbia,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Georgia, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Savannah  Riirer,  which 
divides  it  from  Edgefield  County,  South  Carolina, 
It  is  nearly  a  square  of  about  25  m.  each  way  ;  be- 
ing on  the  verge  of  the  upland  district.  It  is  a 
healthy,  agreeable,  and  fruitful  county.  Pop. 
12,606. 

Columbia,  a  city  of  South  Carolina,  capital  of 
Kershaw  County,  and  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  state  ;  is  situate  on  the  Congaree,  just  below 
the  conflux  of  the  Saluda  and  Broad  rivers,  110 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Charleston,  170  S.  W.  of  Raleigh, 
and  507  S.  W.  by  S.  of  Washington.  Long.  81. 
10.  W.,  lat.  33.  58.  N.  The  College  of  South  Car- 
olina at  this  place  was  founded  in  1801.  It  has  9 
instructors  and  HI  students,  with  a  library  of  7,000 
vols.  It  has  one  vacation  in  July,  August,  and 
September. 

Columella,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Lancjis- 
ter  County,  situate  on  the  Susquehannah,  at 
Wright's  Ferry,  12  m.  W.  of  Lancaster,  and  70 
W.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

Columbia,  is  also  the  name  of  a  township  in 
Herkimer  County,  New  York,  and  of  a  town  in 
St.  Lawrence  County,  in  the  same  state,  227  m. 
N.  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2,181. 

*^*  There  are  7  other  towns  called  Columbia 
in  the  U.  S. 

Columbia  River.     See  Oregon. 

Columbiana,  a  county  of  the  State  of  Ohio.  It 
is  a  square  of  about  35  m.  each  way  ;  the  S.  E. 
corner  jets  upon  the  Ohio  River  at  the  point 
where  it  divides  the  state  of  Ohio  from  that 
of  Virginia,  the  east  side  being  bounded  by  Bea- 
ver County,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is 
intersected  from  the  N.  W.  by  Little  Beaver  Iliv- 
er,  which  falls  into  the  Ohio  at  the  point  of  union 
with  Beaver  County.  The  fertility  and  local  ad- 
vantages of  this  county  may  be  inferred  from  the 
increase  of  population  since  1810,  when  it  was 
10,870,  and  in  1830,  35,508.  There  is  a  town  of 
the  same  name  in  the  north  part  of  the  county ; 
but  the  chief  town  is  New  Lisbon,  on  the  north 
bank  of  Little  Beaver  River,  in  the  centre  of  the 
county,  185  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Columbus. 

ColumbiaviUe,  a  village  of  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  the  Kinderhook  Creek  on  the  East  bank  of  the 
Hudson  just  above  the  city  of  Hudson.  Here  are 
11  manufactures,  producing  yearly  16,240,000 
yards  of  calico,  besides  carpeting  and  flannels. 

Columbo,  the  maritime  capital  of  Ceylon.  In 
1805,  its  site  was  the  residence  of  a  powerful  na- 
tive chief,  on  whose  territory  the  Portuguese 
first  settled  in  1517,  and  founded  the  present  town 
in  16.38;  the  Portuguese  in  J  658,  were  expelled 
by  the  Dutch,  and  they  surrendered  it  to  the  Eng- 
lish in  1796.  The  fort,  upwards  of  a  mile  in  cir- 
cumference, stands  on  the  extremity  of  a  peninsu- 
la, and  is  strong  both  by  nature  and  art.  The 
town  is  built  more  in  the  European  style  than  any 
other  garrison  in  India,  and  nearly  divided  into 
four  equal  quarters  by  two  principal  streets,  to 
which  smaller  ones  run  parallel,  with  connecting 
lanes  between  them.  The  natives,  who  are  very 
numerous,  live  in  the  old  town,  without  the  walla 
of  the  new,  as  in  most  of  the  maritime  cities  of  the 
east.  Its  inhabitants  comprise  some  of  all  nations, 
and  the  aggregate  population  is  very  considerable 
Here  is  a^'school  for  the  propagation  of  the  Chris- 


COM 


S)4 


COM 


ti&n  reliorion,  and  a  botanical  garden.  Columbo 
18  the  chief  place  for  the  staple  trade  of  the  island. 
The  articles  exported  are  cinnamon,  pepper,  ar- 
rack, and  coya  rope,  or  cordage;  also  cocoa-nuts 
and  oil,  wax,  honey,  cardatnons,  coral,  ivory,  fruit, 
*;c.  Columbo  is  situate  in  a  rich  district  on  the 
west  coast,  towards  the  south  part  of  the  island. 
Long.  79.  49.  E.  lat.  7.  4.  N. 

Colwnhus,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,744. 

Columbus,  a  small  county  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
North  Carolina,  in  the  swampy  district,  through 
which  runs  the  line  dividing  'North  from  South 
Carolina.    Pop.  4,141.     AVhitesville  is  the  capital. 

Columbus,  the  chief  to  An  of  Franklin  County, 
Ohio,  and  seat  of  government  of  the  state.  It  is 
pleasantly  situate  on  a  gentle  eminence,  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Scioto  River,  just  below  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Whetstone,  45  miles  above,  or  N.  of 
Chillicothe,  and  418  W.  by  N.  of  Washington. 
A  lateral  canal  extends  from  this  place  to  the 
grand  canal  of  Ohio.     Pop.  2,437. 

*,*  There  are  6  other  towns  called  Columbus 
in  the  U.S. 

Columna,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Moscow,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  situate  on  the 
S.  E.  frontier  ot  the  province,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Moskwa  with  the  Oka  River,  50  m.  S.  E. 
of  Moscow. 

Colyton,  a  town  of  Devonshire,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Cole,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Ax,  17  m.  E. 
of  Exeter,  and  171  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1825,  1,945. 

Com,  or  Kom,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi, 
with  several  beautiful  mosques,  and  some  grand 
sepulchres,  especially  those  of  Seli  I.  and  Abbas 
n.  The  trade  is  considerable;  and  the  chief  articles 
are  fruit,  both  fresh  and  dry,  the  best  soap  in  Per- 
sia, excellent  sword  blades,  white  porcelain,  silks, 
and  velvets.  It  is  seated  near  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, and  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  in  a  fine  plain, 
110  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ispahan. 

Comaehio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Ferrarese, 
seated  in  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  lying  between 
two  mouths  of  the  river  Po,  27  miles  E.  S.  E.  of 
Ferrara. 

Comana.     See  Cumana. 

Combe  Martin,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  It 
is  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  sur- 
rounded by  mines  of  iron  and  lead,  the  produce 
from  which  is  shipped  for  Wales  and  Bristol. 
It  is  six  miles  E.  of  Ilfracomb,  and  202  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,023. 

Combourg-,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ille  and  Vilaine,  25  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  St  Malo  :  it 
was  the  birth  place  of  Chateaubriand. 

Combiconum,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  situate  on 
the  banks  of  the  Cavery  River,  about  20  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  sea.  It  was  the  cap- 
ital of  the  most  ancient  of  tlie  Hindoo  dynasties  ; 
it  is  now  inconsiderable,  but  several  ruins  still 
remain  to  attest  its  former  greatness.  It  is  about 
15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Tanjore. 

ComercoUy,  a  town  of  Bengal,  near  the  south 
bank  of  the  main  branch  of  the  Ganges,  and  about 
100  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Calcutta;  it  is  one  of  the  sta- 
.tions  or  factories  of  the  English  East  India  Com- 
pany, for  collecting  of  silk  and  cotton  manufac- 
tures. 

ComUla,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  and 
chief  place  of  the  country  ofTibera.  It  is  seated 
on  a  river  that  flows  west  into  the  Burampooter, 
58  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dacca,  and  185  E.  N.  E.  of 
Calcutta. 

Commetido,  or  Comnumi,  a  kingdom  of  Gxiinea, 


on  the  Gold  coast,  formerly  a  part  of  the  kinafdom 
of  Fetu.  The  natives  are  of  a  warlike  disposition, 
and  so  numerous,  that  the  king  is  said  to  be  able 
to  raise  an  army  of  20,000  men.  The  capital, 
where  the  king  resides,  is  called  Grand  Comiiien- 
do,  or  Guffb;  four  miles  to  the  south  of  which, 
on  the  sea  coast,  is  Little  Commendo,  where  the 
English  and  Dutch  have  forts.  It  lies  to  the  west 
of  Cape  Coast  castle,  in  the  lat.  of  4.  54.  N.  and  3. 
34.  W.  long. 

Commercy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Meuse,  with  a  castle  seated  on  the  Meuse, 
16  m.  E.  of  Bar  le  Due.     Pop.  about  3,(500. 

Com,matau,  or  Cliomvtou,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
in  the  circle  of  Saatz.  Its  alum  pits,  and  the 
great  quantities  of  fruit  and  vegetables  raised 
here,  are  the  principal  part  of  its  trade.  It  is  58 
m.  N.  W.  of  Prague,  on  the  road  to  Chemnitz. 

Como,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  backed 
by  a  conical  eminence,  on  which  are  the  ruins  of 
a  castle.  The  cathedral  is  a  handsome  edifice  of 
white  marble,  hewn  from  the  neighbouring  quar- 
ries. The  inhabitants  have  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton and  silk,  and  carry  on  some  trade  with  the  Gri- 
sons.  Pliny  was  born  here  ;  and,  in  his  Letters, 
speaks  of  the  delightful  scenery  of  its  environs 
It  stands  at  the  S.  W.  end  of  the  Lake  of  Como, 
18  m.  N.  of  Milan,  and  80  N.  E.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
about  15,000. 

Como,  Lake  of,  a  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
extending  from  the  city  of  Como  in  a  N.  N.  E.  di- 
rection for  about  35  miles  :  it  varies  in  breadth  from 
one  to  six  miles,  and  receives  from  the  north  the 
river  Maira,  and  from  the  east  the  Adda,  both  of 
which  rivers  fall  into  the  lake  at  its  N.  E.  end, 
and  discharge  their  waters  by  an  arm  from  near 
the  centre,  on  the  S.  E.  side ;  this  arm  extends 
for  about  twenty  miles  from  one  to  two  miles 
wide  and  is  called  Lake  Lecco,  when  it  again 
narrows,  and  resumes  the  name  of  the  Adda,  till 
it  falls  into  the  Po,  after  a  further  course  of  aliout 
GO  miles,  a  few  miles  above  Cremona. 

Comorin,  Cape,  the  most  southern  point  of 
Hindoostan,  in  the  lat.  of  8.  4.  N.  and  77.  45.  of 
E.  long. 

Comorn,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  territory  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  an 
island  called  Schut,  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
the  Wag  with  the  Danube,  70  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Vienna.  The  castle  is  deemed  one  of  the  strong- 
est in  Europe  ;  and  has  never  surrendered  to  any 
besieging  force.  The  town  was  taken  by  the 
sultan  Solyman  in  1543  ;  and  has  since  then  been 
exposed  to  various  conflicts  and  ravages ;  alike 
from  war,  fire,  and  earthquake.  It  contains  about 
9,000  inhabitants,  who  carry  on  a  considerable 
traffic  with  the  surrounding  country. 

Com,oro  Islands,  five  islands  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  between  the  coast  of  Zanguebar,  and  the 
north  end  of  the  island  of  Madagascar.  They 
are  called  Hinzeuan,  Mahota,  Mohilla,  Anorezeia, 
and  Comora.  See  Hinzuan.  Grand  Comoro 
rises  to  the  height  of  nearly  8,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea. 

Compieirne,  a  town  of  France,  m  the  depart- 
ment of  Oise.  Here  is  a  palace,  in  which  the 
kings  of  France  often  resided.  The  maid  of  Or- 
leans was  taken  prisoner  here  by  the  English  in 
14:50.  It  is  seated  near  an  extensive  forest,  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  River  Oise,  over  which  is  an 
elegant  bridge,  a  little  below  the  confluence  of 
the  Aisne,and  45  m.  N.  E.  of  Paris. 

CornposicUa,  or  St.  Jago  de   ComposUlUi,  a  city 


CON 


215 


CON 


of  Spain,  capital  of  Galicia,  and  an  archbishop's 
Bee,  with  a  university.  The  public  squares  and 
chur<!hes  are  magnificent ;  and  it  has  a  great 
number  of  convents  for  both  sexes.  It  is  pre- 
tended that  the  body  of  St.  James,  the  patron  of 
Spain  was  buried  here  ;  and  pilgrims  visit  his 
wooden  image,  which  stands  on  the  great  altar 
of  the  cathedral.  From  this  city  the  military 
order  of  St.  Jago  had  its  origin.  It  is  seated  in 
a  beautiful  plain  between  the  rivers  Tambra  and 
Ulla,  35  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Corunna,  and  300  N.  N. 
W.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Compostella,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guadalajara, 
capital  of  the  district  of  Xalisco.  There  are  sev- 
eral mines  of  silver  in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is 
110  m.  W.  of  Guadalajara,  and  about  50  from  the 
shore  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the  long,  of  105. 
42.  W.  lat.  21.  15.  N. 

Compton,  t.  Bergen  Co.  N.  J. 

Conanicut,  or  Canonicut,  an  island  in  Narragan- 
set  Bay  forming  part  of  the  state  of  Rhode  Is- 
land. It  lies  parallel  to  Rhode  Island  on  the  west, 
and  is  8  miles  long  and  one  mile  broad.  It  con- 
tains the  town  of  Jamestown,  and  has  a  produc- 
tive soil. 

Concan,  a  low  tract  of  country,  on  the  west 
coast  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan.  From  this 
tract  rises  abruptly  that  stupendous  wall  of 
mountains,  called  the  Ghauts.  It  lies  between  the 
Portuguese  settlement  of  Goa  and  Bombay,  in 
the  lat.  of  16.  and  19.  N.,  and  was  formerly  desig- 
nated the  Pirate  Coast,  in  consequence  of  the 
frequent  piracies  committed  upon  it  during  the 
17th  and  18th  centuries.  The  pirates  were  ex- 
tirpated by  a  united  British  and  Mahratta  force 
in  1756,  and  the  territory  guaranteed  to  the 
Peishwa  of  the  Mahnittas,  in  whose  sovereignty 
it  still  continues.  It  is  about  40  miles  wide,  and 
intersected  by  several  small  rivers ;  and  the  coast 
is  indented  by  numerous  bays  and  harbours,  the 
principal  of  which  are  as  follows,  beginning  at 
the  north,  viz.  Choul,  Bancjote,  or  Fort  Victoria, 
Dabul,  Zigar,  Gheria,  and  Raj  poor :  off  Dabul, 
lies  the  small  island  of  Severndroog,  which  was 
the  main  point  of  rendezvous  for  the  pirates. 

Concarneau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  with  a  castle  seated  on  a 
small  inlet  of  the  sea,  16  m.  S.  E.  of  Quimper. 

Concepcion,  Bay  and  town  of,  in  Chile.  The 
Bay  of  Concepcion  is  one  of  the  most  commo- 
dious on  the  whole  western  coast  of  South 
America.  It  is  about  ten  miles  each  way,  open 
to  the  N.  W.,  the  entrance  being  divided  into  two 
channels  by  the  small  island  of  Quinquina. 
Both  channels  have  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
the  largest  vessels ;  the  eastern  is  about  two 
miles  wide,  and  the  western  about  one  mile  and  a 
half  The  south  side  of  the  island  of  Quiriquina 
affords  very  good  anchorage ;  but  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  bay  is  more  convenient.  On  the 
shore  of  this  part  of  the  bay  is  the  town  of  Tal- 
cahuana,  nearly  on  the  site  of  which  the  town  of 
Concepcion  was  originally  founded  by  Valdivia  in 
1550 ;  and  it  was,  for  a  considerable  time,  the 
capital  of  all  Chile  ;  but  having  repeatedly  suffer- 
ed from  the  attacks  of  the  Araucanians,  the  seat 
of  government  was  transferred  to  St.  Jago,  and 
having  also  been  injured  by  an  earthquake  in  1730, 
and  totally  destroyed  in  1751,  the  town  was  re- 
built on  the  north  bank  of  the  Biobio  River,  at  a 
distance  of  about  six  miles  S.  E.  of  the  site  of 
the  former  town.  Nfxt  to  St.  Jago,  it  is  the 
most  populous  town  in  Chile,  and  in  1826  contain- 
ed about  13,000  inhabitants.  It  is  situate  in  the 
3g 


province  of  Puchacay,  in  the  lat.  of  36.  48.  N, 
and  73.  8.  of  W.  long. 

Concepcion,  a  sea-port  of  the  province  of  Vera- 
gua;  seated  near  the  shore  of  the  Caribbean  sea, 
on  the  river  Veragua,  9.5  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Porto- 
bello.     Long.  81.  40.  W.,  lat.  8.  48.  N. 

Concepcion  del  Pao,  an  interior  town  of  Colom- 
bia, in  the  province  of  Venezuela,  situate  on  the 
border  of  the  great  plain  of  the  Orinoco,  about 
140  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cumana.  The  inhabitants 
drive  considerable  herds  of  cattle  to  Barcelona 
and  Cumana,  for  exportation  to  the  West  Indies. 

Conception,  one  of  the  large  bays  of  the  Isl- 
and of  Newfoundland,  at  the  S.  E.  end,  in  th« 
lat.  of  47.  30.  to  48.  N.,  and  52.  30.  of  W.  long. 

Conchas,  a  river  of  Mexico,  in  the  Intendency 
of  Durango,  which  has  its  source  near  St.  Cruz, 
in  the  lat.  of  48.  40.  N. ;  runs  south  for  about  70 
m.  then  in  a  W.  N.  W.  direction  for  about  the 
same  distance,  and  then  due  north  for  about  160 
m.   into  the  Rio  del  Norte. 

Concize,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  on  the  west 
bank,  near  the  south  end  of  the  Lake  of  Neuf- 
chatel.     Pop.  about  2,500. 

Concobello,  a  town  in  the  interior  of  South 
Africa,  in    Anziko,   the   residence  of  a  prince ; 


seated  on  the  River  Zaire,  and  borders  on  Congo, 
___  _  -    lat. 

2.  5.  S. 


150  m.  S.  W.  of  Monsol.     Long.  15.  54.  E.  lat. 


Concord,  p.t..  Merrimack  Co.  is  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment of  N.  Hampshire.  It  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  both  sides  of' the  Merrimack,  along  which 
spread  some  rich  intervals.  The  chief  village  is  on 
the  west  side,  and  forms  a  strait  2  miles  in  length. 
It  contains  a  State  House  and  State  Prison,  both 
of  stone.  Concord  has  a  considerable  trade  and 
a  boat  navigation  to  Boston  by  the  river  and  Mid- 
dlesex canal.  Distance  from  Boston  62  m.  from 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  3,727. 

Concord,  p.v.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  16  m.  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,017.  The  first  provincial  congress 
met  here  in  1774,  and  the  first  opposition  to  the 
British  arms  in  the  conflict  usually  termed  the 
battle  of  Lexington,  was  made  at  this  place.  See 
Lexington. 

*»*  There  are  17  other  towns  named  Concord 
in  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Concordia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese, 
on  the  river  Sechia,  5  miles  west  of  Mirandola. 

Concordia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  28  m. 
S.  S.  W.  ofUdina. 

Concordia,  a  parish  of  Louisiana,  extending 
north  from  the  entrance  of  Red  River  about  140 
miles  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi, 
being  about  15  miles  in  mean  breadth.  Pop. 
4,662.  The  seat  of  justice  has  the  same  name 
and  is  seated  on  the  Mississippi  opposite  Natchez. 

Condunore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Golconda, 
24  m.  E.  of  Adoni. 

Condapilly,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
one  of  the  five  Circars.  It  is  situate  near  the  bay 
of  Bengal,  north  of  the  Kistnah,  80  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Rajamundry.  Long.  80.  30.  E.  lat.  16.  37. 
N. 

Condapour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Golconda, 
20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Hydrabad. 

Condatchy,  a  town  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Isl- 
and of  Ceylon,  off  which  is  the  principal  pearl 
fishery.  It  is  south  of  the  Island  of  Manar,  in 
the  lat.  of  8.  45.  N. 

Condavir,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  and  the  piin- 
cipal  post  of  Guntoor,  one  of  the  five  Circars.  It 
is  strongly  situate  on  a  mountain,  30  m.  S.  W 
of  Condapilly,  and  65   N.  N.  W.  of  Ongole 


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CON 


Conde,  a  strong  town  of  Fiance,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  with  a  fortress.  It  surrendered  to 
the  allies,  after  enduring  the  rigours  of  famine 
in  1793 ;  but  was  retaken  in  1794.  Conde 
is  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  at  the  indux  of  tlie 
Haisne,  7  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Valenciennes,  and  26 
S.  E.  of  Lisle.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Conde,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  seated  on  the  Noireau,  28  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Caen. 

Condecedo,  or  Lm  Desconocida,  a  cape  of  Yuca- 
tan, on  the  east  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Campeche, 
100  m.  W.  of  Merida.  Long.  91.  27.  W.  lat.  20. 
50.  N. 

■Condesuyas ,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict, in  which  is  gathered  a  species  of  wild  cochi- 
neal, that  forms  a  great  article  of  trade.  It  is  85 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Arequipa. 

Condom,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  seated  on  the  Baise,  26  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Auch,  and  28  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

Condore,  or  Pido  Condore,  a  fertile  island  in 
the  China  Sea,  near  the  Coast  of  Cambodia,  9 
miles  long,  and  two  where  broadest ;  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  several  islets.  Buffaloes,  hogs,  veg- 
etables and  water  are  to  be  had  here.  The  Eng- 
lish had  a  settlement  here  in  1702 ;  but  the  fac- 
tors falling  out  with  the  natives,  most  of  them 
were  murdered,  and  the  rest  driven  thence  in 
1795.  It  has  a  spacious  bay  on  the  east  side. 
Long.  107.  20.  E.  lat.  8.  40.  N. 

Condrieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Rhone,  celebrated  for  excellent  wine,  seated 
near  the  Rhone,  18  m.  S.  of  Lyons.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Conemaugh,  there  are  3  towns  of  this  na  me  in 
Pa.  There  is  also  a  creek  of  this  name  in  the 
same  state,  on  the  banks  of  which,  about  30  miles 
East  of  Pittsburg  are  saline  springs  from  which 
salt  is  manufactured. 

Conestogo,  a  stream  falling  into  the  Susque- 
hanna in  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  Also  a  town  in 
the  same  county. 

Conewago,  the  name  of  two  streams  running 
from  opposite  directions  into  the  Susquehanna  in 
Pa.     Also  a  town  in  York  Co.  Pa. 

Coneicango,  the  name  of  a  town  and  a  branch 
of  the  Alleghany  river  in  Warren  Co.  Pa. 

Conflans,  a  town  of  Savoy,  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Isere  and  Doron,  18  m.  east  of  Cham- 
berry. 

Conflans,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Saone,  12  miles  north  of  Vesoul. 

Confolens,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Charente,  on  the  River  Vienne,  30  m.  N.  E. 
of  Angouleme. 

Cong,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Mayo,  24  miles  south  of  Castlebar.  It  is  seated 
on  the  north  bank  of  Lake  Corr,  and  was  former- 
ly the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Connaught. 
The  ruins  of  several  churches  and  religious 
houses  are  yet  visible.  Pop.  in  1821 ,  508.  The 
parish  extends  into  the  County  of  Galway  ;  and 
contained  in  1821,  an  aggregate  population  of 
7,568. 

Congaree,  a  river  of  South  Carolina ;  it  is  form- 
ed of  the  united  waters  of  the  Broad  and  Saluda 
Rivers,  which  after  a  course  of  about  40  miles, 
unite  with  the  Wateree,  in  nearly  the  cen- 
tre of  the  state  ;  the  united  streams  then  take 
the  name  of  the  Santee. 

Congleton,  a  town  of  England  in  the  county  of 
Cheshire.  It  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  River 
Dean,  161  m.  N.  W.  of  London,  on  the  mail-coach 


road  to  Liverpool.  In  1754  an  extensive  silk  mill 
was  erected  here  ;  and  in  1825  the  number  of  mills 
for  the  like  purpose  exceeded  thirty,  with  four  or 
five  for  spinning  of  cotton  :  the  weaving,  also  both 
of  cotton  and  suk,  has  been  partially  established 
in  the  tdwn  and  neighbourhood.  It  has  two  tan- 
yards  and  various  other  manufactures  dependent 
on  the  process  of  spinning.  The  pon.  which  in 
1801  was  3,801,  in  1821  had  increased  to  6,404. 
itis7m.  S.    S.W.  of  Macclesfield. 

Coneatt,  t.  Crawford  Co.  Pa. 

Congo,  a  country  on  the  west  coast  of  South 
Africa,  between  4.  and  15.  deg.  of  S.  lat.  contain- 
ing the  kingdoms  of  Loango,  Congo,  Angola, 
Matamba,  and  Benguela.  It  was  discovered  by 
the  Portuguese  in  1481 ;  and  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Guinea,  east  by  parts  unknown,  south 
by  Bemba,  and  west  by  the  Atlantic.  It  is  some- 
times called  Lower  Guinea  ;  and  the  Portuguese 
have  many  settlements  on  the  coast,  as  well  as  in 
the  inland  country.  There  are  many  desert  pla- 
ces within  land,  in  which  are  elephants,  leo- 
pards, monkeys,  and  monstrous  serpents ;  but 
near  the  coast  the  soil  is  more  fertile,  and  there 
are  fruits  of  many  kmds,  beside  palm-trees,  from 
which  wine  and  oil  are  made.  The  greatest  part 
of  the  inhabitants  go  almost  naked ;  they  wor- 
ship the  sun,  moon,  and  stars,  and  animals  of 
different  kinds ;  but  the  Portuguese  have  made 
many  converts.  They  are  skilml  in  weaving  cot- 
ton cloth,  and  trade  in  slaves,  ivory,  cassia,  and 
tamarinds.  Congo,  properly  so  called,  is  only 
150  m.  broad  along  the  coast,  but  is  370  inland. 
From  March  to  September  is  called  the  winter 
season,  when  it  rains  almost  every  day  ;  and  the 
summer  is  from  October  to  March,  when  the 
weather  is  very  hot.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Zaire  and  Coanza.  The  capital  is  St.  Salvador. 
See  Zaire. 

Congo,  a  town  of  Persia  in  Laristan.  It  is  a 
market  for  pearls,  brought  from  Bahrin,  and  is 
seated  on  a  river,  which  flows  into  the  Persian 
Gulf,  90  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Ormus.  Long.  54.  30. 
E.,lat.  20.  36.  N.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Congress,  t.  Wayne  Co.  Ohio. 

Coni,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a 
territory  of  its  name,  with  a  strong  citadel.  Its 
trade  is  considerable,  being  the  repository  for  all 
the  merchandize  from  Turin  and  Nice,  which  is 
intended  for  Lombardy,  Switzerland,  and  Ger- 
many. It  is  so  strong  by  nature  and  art,  that 
though  frequently  besieged  by  the  French,  they 
never  could  take  it.  In  1796  it  was  delivered  up 
to  the  French,  after  their  victory  at  Mondovi,  as 
a  hostage  for  the  performance  of  a  treaty  ;  and  it 
surrendered  to  the  Austrians  in  1799.  It  fell  again 
into  the  hands  of  the  French  in  1810,  and  was  ce- 
ded to  Sardinia  at  the  general  peace  of  1814.  It 
is  seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Gez- 
zo  and  Stura,  35  m.  south  of  Turin.  Pop.  about 
10,000. 

Conjeveram,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car 
natic.  The  streets  are  tolerably  wid?  ;  and  on 
each  side  is  a  row  of  cocoa-nut  trees.  The  inhab- 
itants are  most  of  them  Bramins  belonging  to  two 
large  temples  ;  there  is  also  a  small  mosque  of 
very  neat  workmanship.  It  is  seated  near  the  Pa- 
lear,24  m.  E.  of  Arcot,  and  44  W.  S.  W.  of  Mad- 
ras. 

Conil,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  a  bay 
to  which  it  gives  name.  The  inhabitants  are 
much  engaged  in  fishing,  especially  for  tunnies; 
and  beautiful  crystalized  sulphur  is  found  here 
It  is  18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cadiz. 


CON 


8 


Conisberg.     See  Konigsher^. 

Conisbroiigh,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
5  m.  S.  W.  of  Doncaster.  It  was  formerly  a 
place  of  note,  and  has  large  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,142. 

Coniston-mei  e,  a  lake  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  6  m. 
long  and  nearly  one  broad.  It  is  in  some  places 
40  fathoms  deep,  and  abounds  in  excellent  char. 
Near  the  head  of  it,  on  the  N.  W.  side,  is  the 
village  of  Coniston,  3  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Hawks- 
head  ,  and  north  of  the  village  rises  the  peak  of 
Coniston  Fell,  to  the  height  of  2,577  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

Connanght,  one  of  the  four  provinces  of  Ireland, 
bounded  on  the  south  by  Munster,  east  by  the 
River  Shannon,  which  divides  it  from  Leinsler, 
north  by  Donegal  and  Sligo  Bays,  and  west  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  indents  it  with  nu- 
merous bays,  giving  it  from  three  to  four  hun- 
dred miles  of  sea-coast,  flanked  by  numerous 
islands.  It  contains  a  good  deal  of  mountainous 
territory,  and  several  lakes.  For  extent  of  sur- 
face, divisions,  population,  «fec.     See  IreJand. 

Connecticut,  one  of  the  united  states  of  America, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Massachusetts,  E.  by  Rhode 
Island,  S.  by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  W.  by  New 
York.  It  lies  between  41.  and  42.  2.  N.  lat.  and 
71.  20.  and  73.  15.  W.  long.  It  is  88  miles  in 
length,  and  53  in  mean  breadth,  ?rd  contains  4,664 
sq.  miles.  The  surface  of  Connecticut  is  agreeably 
diversified  by  gently  swelling  hills  and  valleys, 
presenting  to  the  eye  of  the  traveller  a  constantly 
varying  prospect ;  and  in  some  parts  he  hills  rise 
to  a  height  to  claiming  the  denomination  of  moun- 
tains. The  Housatonic  mountains  enter  the  state 
in  the  N.  W.  part,  and  continue  southerly  along 
the  Housatonic  river  to  the  coast;  this  is  but  a 
■  succession  of  eminences,  spurs  and  branches,  some 
of  which  are  considerably  elevated.  The  next, 
proceeding  easterly,  is  the  Greenwoods  Range, 
which  is  not  very  high  ;  the  summits  in  the  north- 
ern parts  are  covered  with  evergreens  ;  the  south- 
ern division  is  more  rugged  and  less  lofty  than  the 
northern. 

The  third  is  broken  and  precipitous  on  its  west- 
ern face,  with  gentle  declivities  on  the  eastern, 
this  range  divides  into  branches  towards  the  S., 
which  end  in  East  Rock  and  West  Rock,  near 
New  Haven.  The  fourth  range  extends  from 
Hartford  to  New  Haven,  and  is  of  the  same 
geological  character  with  the  preceding,  but  is 
not  continuous.  It  is  of  only  a  moderate  height, 
but  has  a  few  bold  elevations.  This  range  is 
called  the  Middletown  Mountains,  though  its 
separate  parts  have  several  distinct  appellations. 
Passing  W.  of  the  Connecticut  river,  we  come 
to  the  5th,  called  the  Lyme  Range,  being  the 
height  of  land  which  separates  the  waters  of  the 
Connecticut  from  those  of  the  Thames ;  this 
range  has  also  two  branches  toward  the  S.,  but 
in  the  N.  is  a  distinct  and  continuous  ridge,  high- 
est in  the  northern  part. 

The  chief  rivers  are  the  Connecticut,  the  Hous- 
atonic and  the  Thames.  The  first  mentioned  is 
the  only  one  that  affords  extensive  navigation. 
New  London  harbour  is  the  best  in  the  state,  yet 
it  is  but  little  frequented.  Hartford  and  New 
Haven  are  the  chief  trading  places. 

The  climate  of  Connecticut  is  somewhat  mild- 
er than  in  Massachusetts.  The  soil  and  agricul- 
tural pursuits  are  about  the  same.  There  are 
mines  of  iron  in  the  state  but  they  are  little 
wrought.  Copper  and  lead  are  also  found  here, 
and  quarries  of  marble  are  wrought  extensively. 
28 


CON 

Manufactures  are  in  a  flourishing  state  here.  One 
of  the  largest  manufacturing  places  is  Middletown, 
where  are  made  cotton  and  woolen  cloths,  paper, 
soap,  combs,  rifles,  pistols,  swords,  also  coffee- 
mills  to  the  number  of  200,000  annually,  and  band 
boxes  30,000.  At  Tarifville  are  manufactories  of 
cotton  and  carpeting.  At  Norwich,  are  manufac- 
tories of  flannel,  cotton,  leather,  paper,  iron,  &c. 
At  Manchester  there  are  extensive  cotton  manu- 
factories. Vast  quantities  of  tin  ware  are  made 
in  various  parts  of  the  state,  and  sent  to  every 
town  in  the  Union  for  sale.  At  Canton  is  a  man- 
ufactory of  axes,  which  have  acquired  a  reputa 
tion  above  all  others  in  the  United  States.  Near 
New  Haven,  at  the  foot  of  East  Rock,  is  a  gun 
factory,  for  several  years  occupied  in  manufactur 
ing  muskets  for  the  United  States.  It  is  re- 
markable for  the  excellence  of  its  internal  ar 
rangements,  and  the  perfection  of  its  various  " 
mechanical  processes.  Wooden  clocks  also  form 
a  very  thriving  branch  of  manufacturing  industry. 
In  the  single  town  of  Bristol  above  30,000  clocks 
are  made  annually,  and  whole  ship  loads  are  ex- 
ported at  a  time.  Some  of  the  clocks  are  of  met- 
al, and  the  whole  bring  an  average  price  of  8  dol- 
lars each. 

There  are  also  in  different  parts  of  the  state,  ex 
tensive  manufactories  of  hats,  block-tin  ware,  and 
other  things  ;  there  are  a  multitude  of  small  estab- 
lishments m  different  places  devoted  to  the  mak- 
ing of  articles  of  various  kinds. 

Most  of  the  commerce  of  this  state  consists  in 
the  coasting  trade,  although  New  London  has  a 
considerable  share  in  the  whale  fishery.  The 
shipping  enrolled  and  licensed  in  1827,  amounted 
to  56,708  tons.  The  domestic  produce  exported 
in  1828,  amounted  in  value  to  493,925  dollars. 
The  imports  for  the  year  were  estimated  at 
485,174  dollars.  The  internal  trade  is  somewhat 
assisted  by  the  Farmington  Canal,  which  see. 

The  state  is  divided  into  8  counties.  New  Lon 
don,  Middlesex,  New  Haven,  Fairfield,  Litchfield, 
Hartford,  Tolland  and  Windham.  The  first  four 
border  on  Long  Island  Sound.  The  number  of 
towns  and  cities  is  120.  The  pop.  297,711.  Hart- 
ford, and  New  Haven  are  the  capitals,  and  the  le- 
gislature meet  alternately  at  these  places.  The 
present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1818;  before 
this  time,  the  state  was  governed  according  to  the 
colonial  cliarter.  The  legislature  is  called  the 
General  Assembly,  and  consists  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.  The  representatives 
arc  chosen  in  towns,  according  to  numbers,  and 
the  senators  by  a  general  ticket.  All  elections  are 
annual,  and  the  qualifications  for  voting,  amount 
to  universal  suffrage.  The  executive  branch 
consists  of  a  Governor,  and  Lt.  Governor,  cho- 
sen by  the  people.  There  is  no  religious  test  in 
office.  The  Congregationalists  have  236  minis- 
ters ;  the  Baptists  78 ;  the  Methodists  40 ;  the 
Episcopalians  58.  There  are  some  Unitarians, 
Universalists,  Catholics  and  Shakers. 

There  are  colleges  at  New  Haven  and  Hartford 
and  many  academies  in  different  parts  of  the 
state.  Tlie  Connecticut  School  fund,  arising  from 
the  sale  of  western  lands  belonging  to  the  state, 
amounts  nearly  to  2,000,000  dollars.  The  income 
of  this  fund  is  appropriated  by  the  constitution  of 
the  state,  to  the  support  of  primary  schools,  and  is 
divided  among  the  different  counties,  in  propor- 
tion to  the  number  of  children.  The  population, 
next  to  that  of  Massachusetts,  is  more  dense  than 
in  any  other  part  of  the  United  States,  notwith 
standing    which  great  numbers  axe   constantlr 


CON 


218 


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emigrating  to  Ohio  and  other  parts  of  the  western 

territory. 

This  State  was  settled  in  163G  by  emigrants 
from  Massachusetts.  See  Hartford.  The  peo- 
ple are  remarkable  for  thrift,  ingenuity  and  enter- 
prise, and  display  with  peculiar  strength  many 
prominent  traits  of  the  New  England  character. 
See  JVeiD  England. 

Connecticut,  the  largest  river  in  New  England, 
rising  at  the  northern  extremity  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, on  tlie  boundary  between  that  state  and 
Canada.  It  runs  southerly,  dividing  the  states 
of  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  after  which  it 
passes  through  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut 
to  the  sea  at  Long  Island  Sound.  Its  whole 
course  is  above  400  miles.  It  is  navigated  by 
sloops  to  Hartford  50  miles,  by  steamboats  to 
Springfield  in  Vermont  and  by  the   help  of  im- 


provements in  canals,  it  will  soon  have  a  steam- 
boat navigation  of  200  miles. 

The  valley  of  this  river  is  from  5  to  4-5  miles 
in  width,  and  its  .surface  is  composed  of  a  suc- 
cession of  hills,  vallies  and  plains.  The  interval 
lands  begin  about  12  or  14  miles  from  its  mouth. 
These  lands  are  formed  by  a  long  and  continued 
alluvion  of  the  river.  The  tributary  streams  of 
the  Connecticut  run  every  wiiere  through  a  soft 
and  rich  soil,  considerable  quantities  of  which,  par- 
ticularly the  lighter  and  finer  particles,  are  from 
time  to  time  washed  into  their  channels,  by  occa- 
sional currents,  springing  from  rains,  and  melted 
snows.  Wherever  the  stream  moves  with  an 
uniform  current,  these  particles  are  carried  along 
with  it ;  but  where  the  current  is  materially 
checked,  they  are  in  greater  or  less  quantities 
deposited.  In  this  mnnner,  the  interval  borders 
of  the  river  are  formed.  The  form  of  most  of 
them  is  elegant;  a  river,  passing  through  them 
becomes  almost  of  course,  winding;  the  earth  of 
which  they  are  composed  is  of  a  uniform  texture, 
the   impressions  made  by   the    stream  upon  the 


margin  entirely  neat,  and  very  comm  >nly  orna- 
mented with  a  fringe  of  shrubs  and  trees.  Nor 
is  the  surface  of  these  grounds  less  pleasing  j 
their  terraced  form  and  undulations  are  eminent- 
ly handsome,  and  their  universal  fertility  makes  a 
cheerful  impression  on  every  eye.  A  great  part 
of  them  is  formed  into  meadows,  which  are  here 
more  profitable,  and  everywhere  more  beautiful 
than  lands  devoted  to  any  other  culture ;  here 
they  are  extended  from  5  to  500  acres,  and  are 
everywhere  covered  with  a  verdure,  peculiarly 
rich  and  vivid.  The  finest  and  most  abundant 
crops  of  hay  are  raised  upon  these  intervals. 

There  are  many  falls  and  rapids  upon  the  Con- 
necticut, the  lamest  of  which  is  a  violent  rapid 
called  Bellows  Falls,  at  a  village  of  that  name  in 
Vermont.  A  canal  passes  round  this  obstruction 
on  the  western  side.  Most  of  the  other  rapids 
are  also  avoided  by  locks  and  canals.  The  scenery 
along  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut  is  exceeding- 
ly varied  and  picturesque,  and  though  many  other 
streams  surpass  it  in  grandeur  of  features,  yet  for 
the  variety,  elegance  and  cheerfulness  of  the 
landscape  which  its  borders  everywhere  exhibit, 
it  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
rivers  in  the  world.  Its  waters  afford  vast  num- 
bers of  the  finest  shad,  and  the  taking  (ff  these  fish 
furnishes  occupation  to  many  of  the  inhabitants 
along  the  river. 


iiorder  are  also  nearly  uniform;  hence  this  border 
is  almost  universally  a  handsome    arch,  with  a 


Connecticut,  lake,  N.  H.  the  source  of  one  of 
the  branches  of  that  river. 

Conecuh,  a  south  frontier  county  of  the  state  of 
Alabama,  bordering  on  West  Florida.  Pop.  7,444. 
A  river  of  the  same  name  intersects  the  county, 
running  south  through  West  Florida  into  the  Bay 
ofPensacola.     Sparta  is  the  chief  town. 

Connor,  a  parish  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  Ire 
land,  which,  in  1821,  contained  a  population  of 
7,123.  There  is  a  decayed  town  in  the  parish,  for- 
merly a  bishop's  see.  now  united  to  Down.  It  it 
G    m.  north  of  Antrim.     Pop.  in  1820,239. 

Connorsmlle,  p. v.  Fayette  Co.  Ind. 

Conquest,  ip.i.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.    1,50~ 

Conquct,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  witha  good  harbour  and  road.  It  is 
12  m.  W.  of  Brest. 

Conscite,  a  town  of  Italy,  12  m.  S.  of  Padua. 
Pop.  about  0,000. 

Consiglione,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
19  m.  S.  of  Palermo. 

Constable.,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  G93. 

CoH.s^///i,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Oels,  23  m.  E.  of  Brieg. 

Constance,  a  fortified  city  Qf  Suabia,  seated  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Rhine^  bttween  the  upper 
and  lower  lakes  of  Constance,  or  the  lakes  of 
Constance  and  Zell.  Though  once  flourishing  in 
commerce,  and  celebrated  in  history,  it  now 
scarcely  contains  4,0C0  inhabitants.     Constance  ia 


CON 


219 


CON 


famous  for  a  council  in  1514,  which  caused  John 
Huss  and  Jerome  of  Prague  to  be  burnt :  and 
likewise  condemned  the  doctrine  of  Wickliffe, 
ordered  his  bones  to  be  burnt  forty  years  after  he 
was  dead.  It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a  secu- 
larized bi-shopric,  extending  on  both  sides  of  the 
Rhine  ;  that  on  the  south  is  now  included  in  the 
Swiss  Canton  of  Thurgau  ;  and  that  on  tiie  north, 
with  the  city  itself,  now  forms  part  of  the  circle 
of  the  lake  in  the  territory  of  the  Grand  Duke  of 
of  Baden,  100  miles  S.  S.  E.  of  Carlsrube,  80  E. 
of  Basle,  and  42  N.  N.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Constance,  Lake  of,  the  most  considerable 
lake  of  Switzerland,  which  it  separates  from 
Suabia,  that  part  excepted  where  the  city  of  Con- 
stance is  seated  on  its  south  side.  It  is  divided 
into  three  parts.  The  upper  and  largest  part  is 
called  Boden  See ;  the  middle  part  is  named 
Bodmer  See  ;  and  the  lower  part  Unter  See,  Zeller 
See,  or  the  lake  of  Zell.  The  upper  lake,  from  Bre- 
gentz,  at  its  eastern  extremity  to  Constance,  is  37 
m.  long,  and  l.^in  its  greatest  breadth.  Through 
this  lake  the  Rhine  flows,  and  enters  tlie  Zeller  See, 
which  IS  IG  m.  long  and  10  in  its  greatest  breadth, 
[t  is  in  some  places  350  fathoms  deep,  and  100 
generally;  and  like  all  the  lakes  in  Switzerland  is 
deeper  in  summer  than  in  winter  ;  which  is  owing 
to  the  first  melting  of  the  snow  from  the  adjacent 
mountains.  It  abounds  with  fish,  and  its  trout  are 
much  esteemed;  and  besides  the  city  of  Constance, 
has  many  agreeable  towns  and  villages  on  its  banks. 
Constantia,  p.t.  Oswego  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Oneida 
Lake.     Pop.  1,193. 

Constantina,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain, 40  m.  N.  E.  of  Seville. 
Constnntina,  the  eastern  province  of  the  king- 
dom ot  Algiers,  and  the  largest  and  richest  of 
the  four.  The  greatest  part  along  the  coast  is 
mountainous.  In  the  mountains  dwell  free  Ara- 
bian and  Moorish  tribes,  of  whom  the  Cabyles  are 
deemed  the  most  turbulent  and  cruel.  As  these 
free  mountaineers  possessed  a  superfluity  of  oil, 
soap,  dried  figs,  and  timber,  the  government  of 
Algiers,  which  stood  in  need  of  these  articles 
were  formerly  obliged  in  many  things  to  show  in- 
dulgence to  these  tribes.     See  Zaah. 

Constantina,  a  city  of  the  kingdom  Algiers, 
capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
seated  at  the  top  of  a  steep  rock,  and  there  is  no 
way  to  it  but  by  steps  cut  out  of  the  rock. 
The  usual  way  of  punishing  criminals  here  is  to 
throw  them  down  the  cliff.  Here  are  many  Ro- 
man antiquities,  particularly  a  triumphal  arch. 
Next  to  Algiers,  this  city  is  the  most  populous  in 
the  kingdom.  It  is  100  miles  E.  by  S.  of  Aloriers. 
Long.  6.  24.  E.,  lat.  36.  24.  N. 

Constantinople,  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Eu- 
rope, and  the  capital  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  It 
is  of  a  triangular  form  :  and  seated  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  on  a  neck  of 
land  that  advances  toward  Natolia  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  a  strait  a  mile  in  breadth.  The 
Sea  of  Marmora  washes  its  walls  on  the  south, 
and  a  gulf  of  the  strait  of  Constantinople  does 
the  same  on  the  N.  E.  It  was  anciently  called 
Byzantium,  but  the  name  was  changed  in  the 
vear  330  by  Constantine  the  Great,  who  made  it 
the  seat  of  the  Roman  empire  in  the  east.  It  was 
taken  in  1453  by  the  Turks,  who  have  kept  pos- 
session of  it  ever  since.  The  grand  signior's 
palace,  called  the  seraglio,  is  on  the  sea  side,  sur- 
rounded by  walls  flanked  with  towers,  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  city  by  canals.  It  stands  on  the 
site  of  ancient  Byzantium,  the  east  point  of  the 


present  city,  and  is  three  miles  in  circumference, 
consisting  of  an  assemblage  of  palaces  and  apart- 
ments placed  by  the  side  of  one  another,  without 
symmetry  and  without  order.  The  principal  en- 
trance of  this  palace  is  of  marble,  and  is  called 
Capi,  that  is  the  Porte  (or  gate),  a  name  used 
frequently  to  express  the  court,  or  the  empire. 
The  castle  of  Seven  Towers  is  a  state  prison, 
and  stands  near  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  at  the 
west  point  of  the  city  from  the  seraglio ;  and  at 
the  north-west  point,  without  the  walls,  is  the 
imperial  palace  of  Aijub,  or  Atmcjdan,  the  (an- 
cient Hippodi-ome)  witii  a  village  of  the  same 
name.  The  number  of  houses  in  Constantinople 
is  prodigious  ;  but  in  general,  they  are  mean,  and 
all  of  them  constructed  of  wood,  and  the  roofs 
covered  with  hollow  tiles.  The  public  edifices 
alone  are  built  by  masonrj'  in  a  very  solid  manner. 
The  streets  are  narrow,  badly  paved,  and  dirty  ; 
and  the  people  are  infested  with  the  plague  al- 
most every  year.  __The  inhabitants,  who  are  va- 
riously said  to  amount  to  from  3  to  400,000,  are  half 
Turks,  two  thirds  of  the  other  half,  Greeks  or 
Armenians,  and  the  rest  Jews.  Here  are  a  great 
number  of  ancient  monuiueuts  still  remaining; 
particularly  the  snperb  temple  of  St.  Sophia  built 
in  the  sixth  century,  which  is  converted  into  a 
mosque,  and  will  contain  100,000  persons  conven- 
iently. Between  the  two  mosques  of  sultan  Sol- 
yman  and  Bajazet  is  the  old  seraglio,  in  which  are 
shut  up  the  wives  of  the  deceased  sultans,  and 
also  such  women  as  have  displeased  the  grand 
seignior.  The  bazaars,  or  bey.esteins,  are  large 
square  buildings,  covered  with  domes  supported 
by  arcades,  and  contain  all  sorts  of  goods, 
which  are  there  exposed  to  sale.  There  is  a 
market  for  slaves, the  Jews  are  the  principal  mer- 
chants, wlio  bring  them  here  to  be  sold  ;  great 
numbers  of  girlsare  brought  from  Hungary, Greece, 
Candia,  Circassia,  Mingrelia,  and  Georgia,  for 
the  service  of  the  Turks,  who  generally  buy  tliem 
for  their  seraglios.  The  great  square  near  the 
mosque  of  sultan  Bajazet,  is  the  place  for  public 
diversions.  The  gulf  on  the  north-east  of  the 
city  is  the  harbour,  which  runs  up  from  the  point 
of  the  seraglio  to  the  village  of  Aijub,  about 
four  miles  in  length  and  half  a  mile  wide  where 
broadest.  Aijub  may  be  reckoned  one  of  the 
suburbs,  and  has  a  mosque,  in  which  is  the  tomb 
of  sultan  Othman.  the  founder  of  the  empire. 
The  suburbs  of  Galata  and  Pera,  are  on  the  other 
side  of  the  harbour.  The  former  extends  alonor 
the  entrance  of  the  harbour,  and  is  chiefly  occu- 
pied by  merchants  ;  and  adjoining  it  on  the  east, 
is  a  cannon  founder}',  called  Tophana.  Pera 
stands  behind  these  on  an  eminence,  and  is  the 
place  where  the  foreign  ambassadors  reside.  In 
this  part  there  are  several  houses  where  Euro- 
pean sailors,  Greeks,  and  even  Turks,  go  to  drink 
and  intoxicate  themselves,  notwithstanding  the 
severity  of  the  government  in  this  respect.  The 
circumference  of  this  city  is  14  miles,  and  24  with 
the  suburbs  included  ;  and  as  they  are  built  on 
ground  which  rises  gradually,  there  is  a  view  of 
the  whole  town  from  the  sea.  The  city  is  sur- 
rounded by  walls  of  freestone,  here  and  there 
mixed  with  bricks,  and  flanked  v\'ith  250  towers. 
There  are  22  gates ;  six  on  the  land  side,  and  the 
rest  towards  the  harbour  and  sea.  The  palaces, 
mosques,  bagnios,  and  caravanserais,  are  many  of 
them  magnificent.  Constantinople  is  780  miles 
in  a  meridional  line  S.  E.  of  Vienna.  Long.  28. 
35.  E.,  lat.  41.  1.  N. 

Constantinople,  Strait  of,  anciently  the  Thracian 


coo 


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Bosphorus,  and  forming  the  communication  be- 
tween the  Propontis,  or  sea  of  Marmora,  and  the 
Euxine  or  Black  Sea.  It  is  20  miles  long  and  lit- 
tle more  than  a  mile  wide ;  and  forms  the  sepa- 
ration here  between  Europe  and  Asia.  At  its  en- 
trance on  the  west  side  is  situate  Constantinople, 
and  on  the  other  Scutari.  Both  its  banks  are 
lined  with  villages,  where  are  seen  some  very 
handsome  houses,  almost  entirely  built  of  wood, 
and  variously  painted ;  those  belonging  to  the 
Turks  are  in  white  or  red  ;  those  of  the  Greeks, 
Armenians,  and  Jews,  are  of  a  blackish  brown, 
for  they  are  not  allowed  to  employ  the  colours  of 
the  Mussulmen.  At  its  termination  in  the  Black 
Sea,  are  two  forts  opposite  each  other,  to  defend 
the  passage. 

Constantinaw,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Podolia,  on 
the  river  Bog,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Chmielnik,  and  72 
N.  E.  of  Kaminifeck. 

ConstantinoiD,  another  town  of  Poland,  in  Vol- 
hina,  on  the  River  Sulucza,  30  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
the  former. 

Contessa,  a  seaport  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Macedonia,  advantageously  located  at  the  head 
of  agulf  of  its  name,  at  the  influx  of  the  Strimoon, 
60  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Salonichi,  and  24G  W.  of  Con- 
stantinople.    Long.  24.  8.  E.,  and  lat.  40.  52.  N. 

Contoocook,  r.  N.  H.  flows  into  the  Merrimack 
near  Concord. 

Contres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Loire  and  Cher,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Blois. 

Conty,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  seated  on  the  Seille,  14  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Amiens. 

Conversano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Bari. 

Conway,  a  river  of  Wales,  which  flows  through  . 
a  fertile  vale  of  the  same  name,  along  the  whole 
eastern  border  of  Caernarvonshire,  and  enters  the 
Irish  sea  at  Aberconway. 

Comoay,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  on  Saco  river, 
118  m.  fr.  Boston  ;  7-5  fr.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  1,601. 

Conway,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  100  m.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,563. 

Conynghum,  p. v.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 

Coma,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ulte- 
riore,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  suffered  so 
much  by  an  earthquake  in  1694,  that  the  place 
where  the  cathedral  stood  is  hardly  known.  Its 
principal  commerce  is  in  marble.  It  is  seated 
near  the  head  waters  of  the  Ofanti  River,  52  m.  E. 
of  Naples. 

Cooch  Beyliar,  a  district  of  Bengal  on  the  fron- 
tier of  Bootan,  which  exhibits  a  melancholy  proof 
of  two  facts  frequently  united  ;  the  great  facility 
of  obtaining  food,  and  the  wretched  indigence  of 
the  lower  order  of  inhabitants.  It  became  tribu- 
tary to  the  English  in  1772.  Beyhar,  the  chief 
town,  is  260  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Calcutta. 

Cook's  Inlet,  an  extensive  arm  of  the  sea,  on 
the  N.  W.  coast  of  America,  discovered  in  1778, 
by  Captain  Cook,  who  traced  it  70  leag.  from  its 
entrance,  in  long.  152.  W.  and  supposed  it  to  be 
the  mouth  of  a  large  river,  but  it  was  further  ex- 
plored in  1794  by  captain  Vancouver,  who  found 
its  termination  to  be  in  long.  148.  43.  W.,  lat.  61. 
29.  N. 

Cookstown,  p.v.  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Cooksville,  p.v    Anne  Arundel  Co.  Maryland. 

Cook's  Strait,  a  strait  dividing  the  two  islands 
of  which  New  Zealand  is  composed :  it  is  about 
four  or  five  leagues  broad. 

Coolspring,  t.  Mercer  Co.  Pa. 

Coolville,  p.v.  Athens  Co .  Ohio. 


Cooper,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Missouri,  and  on 
the  western  frontier  of  the  United  States  territory. 
It  lies  south  of  the  Missouri  River,  and  is  bound- 
ed on  the  east  by  a  mountain  ridge,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Wayne  County,  and  is  intersected 
from  west  to  east  by  Orange  River.  Pop.  6,019. 
Booneville  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Missouri,  in 
the  lat.  of  39.  S.  is  the  chief  town. 

Cooper,  a  river  of  S.  Carolina,  falling  into  the 
harbour  of  Charleston. 

Cooperstoicn,  a  town  of  New  York,  chief  of  Ot 
sego  County,  situate   at  the  S.  W.  end,  and  the  . 
outlet  of  lake  Otsego,  12  m.  N.  W  of  Cherry  Val- 
ley, and  64  W.  by  N.  of  Albany. 

Coos,  an  island  in  the  Archipelago,  56  m.  N.  W. 
of  Rhodes,  subject  to  the  Turks.  Long.  27.44. 
E.,  lat.  37.1.  N. 

Coos,  a  county  forming  the  whole  of  the  north 
part  of  the  state  of  New  Hampshire.  It  is  about 
90  miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  and  28  in 
mean  breadth  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the 
state  of  Maine,  and  west  by  the  Connecticut  River, 
which  divides  it  from  Vermont,  and  north  by  the 
ridge  of  mountains  which  divides  the  United 
States  territory  from  Lower  Canada.  On  the 
southern  confines  of  the  county  are  the  White 
Mountains,  through  which  is  a  pass  in  one  place 
not  more  than  22  feet  wide,  and  appears  cloven 
down  to  its  very  base,  in  a  perpendicular  line  on 
one  side,  and  on  the  other  in  an  angle  of  about 
45  deg. ;  through  this  JVotch  or  Gap,  as  it  is  term- 
ed, a  turnpike  road  has  been  constructed  from  the 
banks  of  the  Connecticut  River  to  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  at  Portland,  a  route  much  used  for  the  con- 
veyance of  heavy  produce  on  sledges  in  the  wintei 
season  ;  and  thus,  whilst  it  forms  one  of  the  grand- 
est natural  features  of  the  world,  it  is  rendered  sub- 
servient to  the  medium  of  an  extensive  and  an 
advantageous  intercourse.  Coos  County  is  at 
present  but  thinly  inhabited.  The  population, 
however,  which  in  1810,  was  only  3,991,  in  1830 
had  increased  to  8,390.  Lancaster,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  is  the  chief  town. 

Coosawatchie,  a  town  of  South  Carolina,  in 
Beaufort  district.  The  courts  formerly  held  at 
Beaufort  are  held  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Coo- 
saw,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Beau- 
fort, and  60  W.  S.  W.  of  Charleston. 

Copenhagen,  the  capital  of  Denmark,  built  on 
a  morass,  and  surrounded  with  several  s«iall  lakes. 
It  was  founded  by  some  wandering  fishermen,  in 
the  11th  century,  and  is  now  accounted  the  best 
built  city  of  the  north  of  Europe.  It  became  the 
seat  of  the  court  and  government  of  Denmark  in 
1443.  The  streets  are  well  paved  with  a  foot-way 
on  each  side.  The  greatest  part  of  the  buildings 
are  of  brick,  and  a  few  of  free-stone  ;  the  houses 
of  the  nobility  are  in  jreneral  splended,  and  built 
in  the  Italian  style.  The  harbour  is  capable  of 
containing  500  ships  ;  and  the  streets  are  intersect 
ed  by  broad  canals,  which  bring  the  merchandize 
close  to  the  warehouses  on  the  quays.  Copenha- 
gen contains  four  royal  palaces,  19  churches,  a 
great  number  of  public  buildings,  and  a  universi- 
ty ;  and,  in  1826.  about  90,000  inhabitants.  The 
palace  called  Christiansburg,  built  by  Christian 
VI.,  but  burnt  down  in  1794,  was  an  immense  pile 
of  building,  of  hewn  stone,  the  wings  and  stables 
of  brick,  stuccoed.  The  hospital  of  Warlow  is 
large  and  convenient,  containing  330  beds,  occu- 
pied by  as  many  poor.  The  church  is  so  placed, 
that  service  may  be  heard  by  those  who  are  con- 
fined to  their  bed.  The  exchange  is  a  large 
Gothic  building  ;  vessels  are  brought  very  near  it 


COP 


Til 


COR  ♦ 


by  moans  of  canals;  and  here  the  merchants  assem- 
ble. The  new  royal  market  is  the  largest  square 
in  the  city,  and  almost  entirely  composed  of 
stately  buildings  ;  as  the  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture,  the  theatre,  the  great  hotel,  the  artil- 
lery house,  «fec.  and  in  the  centre  is  a  marble 
equestrian  statue  of  Christian  V.  In  the  north 
suburbs  is  an  obelisk  of  reddish  stone,  erected  in 
1793,  by  the  city,  to  the  honour  of  Christian  VI. 
on  his  abolishing  vassalage  ;  and  around  its  pedes- 
tal are  four  female  figures  of  white  marble.  The 
citadel  is  a  regular  fortification,  with  five  bas- 
tions, a  double  ditch  full  of  water,  and  several  ad- 
vanced woiks.  This  city  owes  its  present  beauty 
to  the  fire  of  1723,  which  destroyed  five  churches 
and  67  streets,  having  been  rebuilt  in  a  better 
style.  It  suffered  greatly  by  fire  in  1794  ;  and 
again  in  the  following  year.  The  new  part  of  the 
town,  raised  by  Frederic  V.,  is  extremely  beauti- 
ful. It  consists  of  an  octagon  containing  four 
uniform  and  elegant  buildings  of  hewn  stone,  and 
of  four  broad  streets  leading  to  it,  in  opposite  direc- 
tions. In  the  middle  of  the  area  stands  an  eques- 
trian statue  of  Fred.  V.  in  bronze,  as  large  as  life, 
which  is  justly  admired.  The  round  tower  built  by 
Christian  IV.  and  designed  for  an  observatory, 
is  a  singular  structure,  not  having  a  single  step 
in  it,  though  very  lofly :  its  ascent  is  by  a  spiral 
road  nearly  fourteen  feet  wide,  and  one  of  their 
kings  has  driven  in  his  carriage  up  and  down  it. 
On  the  interruption  to  the  commerce  of  Holland, 
by  the  events  of  the  French  revolution  in  1793-4, 
Copenhagen  became  the  principal  entrepot  for  the 
commerce  of  the  north  of  Europe;  and  for  this, 
no  place  can  be  more  advantageously  situated ; 
but  Denmark  becoming  involved  in  the  conten- 
tions of  that  period,  and  joining  in  a  confederacy 
with  Russia  and  Sweden  against  the  naval  as- 
cendancy of  England,  an  English  fleet,  in  March, 
1801,  was  despatched  to  bombard  Copenhagen, 
when,  after  considerable  damage  being  done  to 
the  town,  and  28  ships  of  war  taken  or  destroyed, 
an  armistice  was  entered  upon,  which  led  to  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  all  the  northern  powers,  but 
not  without  operating  as  a  severe  check  to  the 
commercial  enterprise  of  Copenhagen.  In  1807, 
the  British  government,  although  at  peace  with 
Denmark,  sent  a  fleet  of  17  ships  of  the  line,  with 
frigates,  which  bombarded  the  city  for  three  days, 
when  300  houses,  the  cathedral,  and  part  of  the 
university  were  destroyed,  and  as  many  more 
buildings  greatly  damaged.  Eighteen  Danish 
ships  of  the  line,  fifteen  frigates,  six  brigs,  and 
twenty-five  gun-boats,  with  all  the  naval  stores  in 
the  arsenal  of  Copenhagen,  wore  carried  off  by 
the  British.  This  infamous  act  of  treachery  was 
committed  under  the  pretence  that  the  French 
"vould  otherwise  become  masters  of  the  Danish 
fleet.  The  city  is  five  miles  in  circumference, 
seated  on  the  east  shore  of  the  is^e  of  Zealand,  at 
the  entrance  into  the  Baltic  Sea,  about  25  m. 
within  the  strait  called  the  Sound,  'MO  m.  S.  W. 
of  Stockholm,  and  500  N.  E.  of  London.  Long. 
12.  35.  E.,  lat.  55.  41.  N.     See  £mak. 

Copiapo,  the  most  northern  province  of  Chile, 
*.mnded  on  the  north  by  the  great  desert  of  Ata- 
cama,  east  by  the  Andes,  and  west  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  being  about  260  m.  from  N.  to  S.  from  24. 
20.  to  28.  of  S.  lat.,  and  about  90  in  mean  breadth, 
abounding  in  mines  of  gold,  iron,  copper,  sulphur, 
tin,  and  lead.  The  chief  town,  of  the  same  name, 
stands  on  the  south  side  of  a  river,  also  of  the 
same  name,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
490  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Valparaiso.     Long.  70.  50.  W. 


lat.  27.  20.  S.  On  the  Andes,  in  a  parallel  lino 
with  the  town  of  Copiapo  is  a  volcano,  called  the 
Volcano  of  Copiapo. 

Coppcnhruire,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Collenberg,  10  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Hamelen. 

Cupper-Mine  River,  a  river  of  North  America, 
which  runs  from  south  to  north  into  the  Icy  Sea, 
in  the  long,  of  111.  5.  W.,  and  69.  7.  of  N.  lat. 

Coppet,  or  Copet,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  with  a 
castle,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  lake  of  Geneva, 
10  m.  N.  of  Geneva.  The  castle  and  barony  be- 
came the  property  of  M.  Neckar,  celebrated  for 
his  pretensions  as  a  financier  in  the  time  of  the 
French  Revolution  :  both  he  and  his  daughter. 
Madam  de  Stael,  lie  interred  here  in  a  fine  mau- 
soleum in  the  castle-garden. 

Coquet,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises  on  the 
borders  of  Scotland,  crosses  the  centre  of  North- 
umberland, and  enters  the  German  Ocean,  at 
Warkworth.  Opposite  its  mouth  is  a  small  island 
of  the  same  name. 

Coquimbo,  or  Serena,  a  seaport  of  Chile  near 
the  mouth  ofa  river  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
capital  of  a  province  also  of  the  same  name,  rich 
in  corn,  and  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  The 
streets  are  shaded  with  fig-trees,  palms,  oranges, 
olives,  &<;.  always  green.  It  is  260  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Valparaiso.     Long.  71.  19.  W.,  lat.  29.  52.  S. 

Corachie,  Korachee,  or  Crotchey,  a  seaport  of 
Asia,  at  the  mouth  of  a  creek  which  communi- 
cates, in  the  rainy  season,  with  the  Indus,  on  the 
western  side.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  Sangada 
of  Arrian,  or  Port  of  Alexander,  and  is  now  the 
principal  out-port  of  the  Afghans.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  of  an  enterprising  disposition,  and  it  ap- 
pears to  afford  a  favourable  opening  for  commer- 
cial adventure.  It  is  about  100  m.  W.  of  Tatta, 
in  the  lat.  of  24.  30.  N.  and  67.  15.  of  E.  long. 

Corah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  lying  between  the  Jumna 
and  the  main  branch  of  the  Ganges,  which  came 
wholly  into  the  possession  of  the  English  in  1801. 
It  is  a  very  fertile  and  productive  district;  the 
town  is  98  m.  N.  W.  of  Allahabad. 

Corhach,  a  town  in  the  Electorate  of  Hesse,  cap- 
ital of  the  county  of  Waldeck.  It  is  divided  into 
the  old  and  new  town,  and  near  it,  on  a  mountain, 
is  the  castle  of  Eisenberg.  The  Hanoverians  were 
defeated  here  by  the  French  in  1760.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  [tter,  22  m.  W.  of  Cassel.  Long.  9. 1. 
E.,  lat.  51.  16.  N. 

Corbeclt,a.  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
3  m.  S.  of  Louvain. 

Corbeil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  seated  on  the  Se^e  at  the  con- 
flux of  the  Juine,  17  m.  S.  of  Pans. 

Corbie,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Somme,  with  a  celebrated  Benedictine  abbey, 
seated  on  the  Somme,  10  m.  E.  of  Amiens. 

Corbieres,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
ofFriburg,  10  m.  S.  of  Friburg. 

Corby,  a  town  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  13  m.  N. 
of  Stamford,  and  102  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Cordilleras.     See  Andes. 

Cordova,  an  interior  province  of  Andalusia,  in 
the  south  of  Spain,  comprising  an  area  of  about 
5,500  square  miles,  and  in  1810  contained  a  popu- 
lation of  252,028. '  It  is  divided  into  nearly  two 
equal  parts,  by  the  Gaudalquivir  river,  which  in- 
tersects it  from  east  to  west :  the  N.  W.  part  is 
mountainous,  but  the  more  southern  part  is  ex 
ceedingly  fertile  in  corn,  fruit,  wme,  and  olives 
It  was  formed  into  an  independent  kingdom  by 
Abderame,  a  Moorish  General,  about  the  vear  695 
t2 


♦    COR 


COR 


besides  the  city  of  Cordova,  the  other  principal 
towns  are  Bujalance  and  Montilla. 

Cordova,  City  of,  the  capital  of  the  preceding 
province,  is  seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Gua- 
dalquivir, over  which  is  a  bridge  of  sixteen  arch- 
es, built  by  the  Moors.  It  was  a  considerable 
place  in  the  time  of  the  Romans  ,  who  surrender- 
ed it  to  the  Goths,  in  572.  In  G92  it  was  taken 
by  Abderame,  a  Moorish  general,  who  soon  af- 
ter renounced  the  authority  of  the  Grand  Ca- 
liph of  Damascus,  and  made  the  city  of  Cordova, 
the  capital  of  a  kingdom.  It  is  now  a  bishop's 
see,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities  of  Spain.  The 
circumference  is  large,  but  there  are  many  or- 
chards and  gardens  within  the  walls.  Tiie  pal- 
aces, church,  and  religious  houses  are  superb, 
J)articularly  the  cathedral,  which  is  534  feet  In 
ength,  and  387  wide,  built  by  Abderame  for  a 
mosque,  and  it  still  retains  the  name  of  Mezquita. 
The  square  called  the  Plaza  Magor,  is  surrounded 
by  fine  houses,  under  which  are  piazzas.  The 
trade  consists  in  wine,  silk,  and  leather  ;  but  is 
not  so  considerable  as  formerly.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood are  a  vast  number  of  orange  and  lemon 
trees  ;  and  here  are  the  best  horses  in  Spain.  It 
was  from  hence  that  the  leather  called  cordovan 
derived  its  name,  the  mode  of  manufacture  being 
first  introduced  here  by  the  Moors.  Cordova  is 
130  m.  N.  E.  of  Cadiz,  and  190  S.  by  W.  of 
Madrid. 

Cordova,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  intendency 
of  Vera  Cruz,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are  up- 
wards of  thirty  sugar  mills.  It  is  seated  on  a  riv- 
er which  flows  into  the  G^ulf  of  Mexico,  80  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Puebla  de  los  Angelos,  and  55  W.  by  S. 
of  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Cordi)va, one  of  the  eight  intendencies  of  the  Uni- 
ted Provincesof  South  America,extending  through 
9  deg.  of  lat.  from  29.  to  38.  S.  and  10  deg.  of  long. 
between  60.  and  70.  W.  it  comprises  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  vast  plain  lying  between  the  great 
river  La  Plata  and  the  Andes.  The  principal 
towns  are  St.  Louis  and  Mendoza,  both  on  the 
route  from  Buenos  Ayres  to  Santiago  in  Chile. 
There  is  also  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  the  N. 
C.  part  of  the  province,  in  the  vicinity  of  some 
salt  lakes,  and  on  the  line  of  road  from  Buenos  Ay- 
res  to  Potosi.  Some  scattered  tribes  of  Indians 
roam  over  parts  of  this  extensive  district,  but  the 
aggregate  population  is  very  limited. 

Corea,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Chinese  Tartary,  on  the  east  by  the  sea  of  Ja- 
pan, on  the  south  by  a  narrow  sea,  which  separ- 
ates it  from  the  Japanese  islands,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  Yellow  Sea,  which  separates  it  from  China. 
The  west  coast  is  flanked  by  innumerable  islands. 
It  is  a  peninsula,  being  surrounded  on  every  side 
by  the  sea,  except  towards  the  north.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  king,  tributary  to  the  emperor  of  Chi- 
na, and  is  divided  into  eight  provinces,  Hien-king, 
Ping-ngan,  Hoang-hai,  Kiang-yuen,  King-ki, 
Tchu-sm,  King-chan,  and  Tchuen-so,  which  con- 
tain 33  cities  of  the  first,  53  of  the  second,  and  70 
of  the  third,  rank.  The  towns  are  exceedingly 
populous,  and  the  inhabitants  follow  nearly  the 
same  customs,  and  are  of  the  same  religion  with 
the  Chinese.  The  country  abounds  in  corn  and 
rice,  of  which  last  they  have  two  kinds,  one  of 
which  delights  in  water,  and  the  other  which 
is  the  better  sort,  is  cultivated  on  dry  ground, 
like  corn.  There  are  mines  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver in  the  mountains,  and  good  pearl  fisheries 
on  the  coast.  The  Coreans  are  well  made,  in- 
genious,  brave  and  tractable.     Thev  are  fond  of 


dancing  and  music,  and  show  great  aptness  for 
acquiring  the  sciences,  which  they  cullivate  with 
ardour.  They  are  less  fastidious  and  less  cer- 
emonious than  the  Chinese,  but  equally  jealous 
of  admitting  strangers  into  the  country.  Men  of 
learning  are  distinguished  from  other  people  by  two 
plumes  of  feathers,  which  they  wear  in  their  caps. 
Their  women  are  less  confined  than  those  in  Chi- 
na, and  have  the  liberty  of  appearing  in  company 
with  the  other  sex.  In  China,  parents  often  marry 
children  without  their  consent,  but  in  Corea  they 
choose  for  themselves.  They  never  bury  their 
dead  till  three  years  after  their  decease,  but  keep 
them  in  cofiins  for  that  time.  Corea  extends  from 
north  to  south  from  the  lat.  of  34.  30.  to  42.  30.  N. 
and  from  east  to  west  from  125.  to  129.  of  E.  long 
King-ki-tao,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  kingdom, 
is  the  capital. 

Corfe  Castle,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng. 
It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula  in  the  British  Channel, 
called  the  Isle  of  Purbeck,  on  a  river,  between 
two  hills.  On  one  of  these  stands  the  castle, 
formerly  a  place  of  great  importance,  and  where 
king  Edward  the  Martyr  was  stabbed  at  the  insti- 
gation of  his  mother-in-law.  It  has  a  large  church 
which  is  a  royal  peculiar,  not  liable  to  any  episco- 
pal jurisdiction.  Great  quantities  of  fine  clay  and 
stone  are  shipped  here  for  the  Staffordshire  pot- 
teries. The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor ;  and 
every  alderman  that  has  served  the  office  has  the 
title  of  baron.  It  returns  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment, is  21  m.  E.  of  Dorchester,  and  116  W.  by 
S.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821, 1 ,465. 

Corfu,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  near  the 
coast  of  Albania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Adriatic. 
Here  is  made  a  great  quantity  of  salt ;  and  it 
abounds  with  vineyards,  lemons,  and  olives.  It 
was  anciently  known  under  the  several  names  of 
Scheria,  Phacia,  and  Corcyria.  The  Corey rians 
were  an  independent  people,  coeval  with  the 
proudest  epoch  of  the  Greeks.  In  the  14th  cen- 
tury the  island  became  subjected  to  the  Venetians, 
in  whose  possession  it  continued  until  1797,  when 
it  was  ceded  to  the  French,  by  the  treaty  of 
Campo-Formio.  It  capitulated  to  the  Turks  and 
Russians  in  1799,  and  with  six  other  islands,  was 
constituted  independent,  under  the  title  of  Ionian 
Republic  (which  see.) 

Corfu,  (the  ancient  Corcyra,)  the  chief  town  of 
the  preceding  island,  is  situate  on  the  east  side,  on 
the  shore  of  a  spacious  and  secure  harbour,  for 
vessels  of  easy  draught  of  water.  The  fortifica- 
tions are  very  strong.  It  is  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment  of  the  whole  of  the  Seven  Islands,  or  Ionian 
Bepublic,  and  contains  about  15,000  inhabitants. 
Lat.  39.  36.  N.,  long.  19.  50.  E. 

Coria,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  seated  on  the  Alagon,  120  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Madrid. 

Coringa,  a  town  at  the  north  extremity  of  the 
coast  of  Coromandel,  having  a  commodious  har- 
bour a  few  miles  north  of  the  main  channel  of  the 
Godavery  River,  in  the  lat.  of  17.  N. 

Corinna,  t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,077. 

Corinth,  Isthmus  of,  a  neck  of  land  which  joins 
the  Morea  to  Livadia,  and  reaches  from  the  Gulf 
of  Le panto  west,  to  that  of  Egina  east.  The  nar- 
rowest part  of  it  is  six  miles  over;  and  on  a  mount 
here,  called  Oneius,  were  formerly  celebrated  the 
Isthmian  games.  There  are  still  the  ruins  of  a 
town  upon  it.  and  of  the  temples  dedicated  to  the 
Sun,  Pluto,  Diana,  Neptune,  Ceres,  and  Bacchus. 
It  is  said  Julius  Cassar,  Caligula,  and  Nero,  at- 
tempted to  cut  a  <;hannel  through  the  isthmus ; 


con 


9Si3 


COR 


they  therefore  built  a  wall  across  it.  called  Hexa- 
milia,  because  it  was  six  miles  in  length.  This 
was  demolished  by  Amurath  II.,  rebuilt  by  the 
Venetians,  and  levelled  a  second  time  by  Ma- 
homet II. 

Corinth,  a  town  of  the  Morea,  situate  on  the 
northern  declivity  of  a  mountain,  sloping  towards 
the  Gulf  of  I^epanto  and  the  preceding  isthmus, 
to  which  it  gives  name.  During  the  zenith  of 
Grecian  glory,  Corinth  justly  ranked  among  the 
most  important  and  magnificent  cities  of  Greece  : 
its  temples,  theatres,  and  fountains,  were  the 
admiration  of  every  beholder.  In  the  propor? 
tions  and  richness  of  their  columns  and  porticos, 
architecture  was  perfected,  leaving  nothing  for 
after  ages  to  perform  in  that  noble  art,  but  to 
copy :  and  the  Corinthian  pillar  or  column  now, 
more  or  less  adorns  every  city  of  the  civilized  world. 
Corinth  fell  a  prey  to  the  fury  of  the  Roman  arms 
under  Mummius  in  the  year  146  B.  C. ;  and  al- 
though Julius  Cassar  endeavoured  to  restore  it  to 
its  farmer  grandeur,  in  whose  time  it  was  visited 
by  St.  Paul,  it  has  progressively  sunk  into  a  place 
of  insignificance.  It  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Venetians  during  the  ephemeral  career  of  their 
ascendency ;  the  Turks  became  masters  of  it  in 
1715,  and  it  now  forms  a  part  of  Independent 
Greece.  It  had  formerly  a  port  on  the  Gulf  of 
Egina,  called  Cenchrea,  as  well  as  on  that  of  Le- 
panto  ;  but  the  former  is  now  little  used.  The 
ancient  citadel,  Jlcro- Cor intkus,  still  rem?Lms  en- 
tire, and  to  a  well-disciplined  garrison,  maybe  con- 
sidered impregnable.  Corinth  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek 
metropolitan  and  bishop.  Pop.  about  1 ,500.  It  is 
65  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Patras,  and  48  W.  by  S.  of  Athens. 

Corinth,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop.  712. 
Also  a  p. t.  in  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,953.  Also 
a  p.t.  in  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,412. 

Cork,  a  maritime  county  forming  the  southwest 
extremity  of  Ireland,  having  upwards  of  100 
miles  of  sea-coast,  indented  with  several  very 
spacious  and  safe  bays  and  harbours,  openincrinto 
the  .\tlantic  Ocean.  It  is  about  35  miles  in  mean 
breadth  from  south  to  north,  and  is  intersected 
from  east  to  west  by  two  fine  rivers,  the  Black- 
water  and  the  Lee,  with  five  or  six  others  of  in- 
ferior note.  The  following  are  the  principal  bays 
and  harbours,  beginning  at  the  west:  viz.  Bantry, 
Dunmanney,  Baltimore.  Glandore,  Ross,Clonakil- 
ty,  Kinsale,  Cork,  and  Youghal.  Besides  the  city 
of  Cork,  the  principal  towns  in  the  interior  are 
Charleville,  Mallew,  Daneraile,  Michelstown, 
Bandon,  Cloyne,  &c.  Bandon,  Mallow,  and 
Youghal,  each  return  one,  and  the  city  of  Cork 
and  the  county  each  two  members  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  agriculture 
of  this  county,  both  in  tillage  and  pasture,  has 
been  much  improved  since  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  in  conjunction  with  the 
adjoining  interior  county  of  Tipperary,  supplies  a 
great  portion  of  the  Enrrlish  marine  with  salt-beef 
and  pork,  more  especially  the  former,  and  exports 
vast  quantities  of  butter ;  and  since  1800,  it  has 
also  exported  a  considerable  quantity  of  grain. 
Some  woolen  manufactures  are  carried  on  for  in- 
ternal consumption  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
county,  and  during  the  present  century,  several 
efforts  have  been  made  to  establish  the  cotton 
manufacture  over  the  county  generally'.  For  terri- 
torial extent, divisions,  population, &c.  see  Ireland. 

Cork,  City  of,  and  capital  of  the  preceding 
countv,  supposed  to  have  been  first  founded  by 
the  Danes  in  the  6th  century,  is  beautifully  and 
advantageously  situate  on  the  banks  of  the  River 


Lee,  about  fiVe  miles  above  its  entrance  into  Cork 
Harbour.  Cork,  in  conjunction  with  Ross,  is  a 
bishop's  see.  The  city  is  divided  into  twenty-two 
parishes,  which  in  1821,  contained  a  population  of 
100,058,  being  an  increase  of  upwards  of  35,000 
since  1813,  exclusive  of  8,998  in  eight  of  the  pa 
rishes  which  extend  beyond  the  stations  of  the 
city.  Next  to  Dublin,  Cork  is  the  largest  and 
most  important  place  in  all  Ireland.  During  the 
twenty-four  years'  war,  from  1793  to  1815,  Cork 
Harbour  was  one  of  the  chief  rendezvous  of  the 
British  navy ;  and  the  extensive  demand  which 
that  war  created  for  salt  provisions,  enabled  Cork 
to  become  the  largest  and  most  celebrated  market 
in  Europe  for  that  article.  The  Cork  beef  contin- 
ues to  be  the  chief  source  of  supply ,  not  only  of  the 
national,  but  of  the  commercial  navy  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  for  long  voyages  and  tropical 
climates,  is  preferred  by  the  ships  of  all  nations. 
As  the  cliief  commercial  town  in  the  south-west 
of  Ireland,  Cork  receives  the  surplus  production, 
not  only  of  the  whole  county,  but  of  the  greater 
part  of  those  of  Kerry  and  Tipperary,  which  it 
also  supplies  with  such  British  and  foreign  pro- 
ductions as  are  received  in  exchange.  Since  the 
commencement  of  the  war  in  1793,  the  city  has 
undergone  great  improvement,  both  in  regard  to 
public  and  private  buildings.  There  are  five 
bridges  over  the  Lee  ;  that  of  St.  Patrick  is  a  fine 
structure.  The  exchange,  custom-house,  and 
town-hall,  are  all  fine  edifices.  It  has  two  thea- 
tres, several  hospitals,  and  other  public  buildings. 
The  cathedral,  erected  between  172-5  and  1735,  is 
a  stately  edifice,  and  some  of  the  parish  churches 
are  of  the  like  character.  The  barracks  on  the 
north  side  of  the  city,  situate  on  an  eminence, 
present  a  very  imposing  aspect.  Cork  has  a  pub- 
lic brewery  on  a  very  extensive  scale,  and  which 
makes  also  its  own  malt.  The  city  is  125  miles 
southwest  of  Dublin,  in  the  lat.  of  51.  54.  N.,  and 
8.28.  of  W.  long. 

Cork,  Cove  of,  is  that  part  of  the  harbour  ot 
Cork  usually  occupied  as  the  anchorage  ground. 
The  harbour,  which  is  entered  by  a  deep  and  nar- 
row channel,  and  defended  by  a  strong  fort  on 
each  side,  is  about  nine  miles  from  the  mouth  ot 
the  River  Lee,  and  about  the  same  extent  in 
breadth.  At  the  upper  end  is  an  island  called 
Great  Island,  from  four  to  five  miles  long  from 
west  to  east,  and  from  two  to  three  miles  wide. 
At  the  west  end  of  this  island  is  a  town  called 
Cove,  which,  in  1821,  contained  6,508  inhabitants, 
and  the  rest  of  the  island  2,897  more  ;  and  at  the 
entrance  of  the  channel  between  Great  Island  and 
the  main  land,  are  two  small  islands  called  Haul- 
bowline  and  Rocky  Islands,  strongly  fortified,  and 
inhabited  by  950  persons ;  and  thus,  whilst  the 
natural  positions  of  Cork  Harbour  are  such  as  to 
afford  accommodation  for  the  whole  British  ma- 
rine, secure  from  the  efi'ects  of  the  elements,  the 
fortifications  render  the  shipping  and  the  town 
equally  secure  from  the  irruptions  of  an  enemy  j 
and  the  surrounding  shore  being  studded  with 
neat  and  commodious  residences  render  the  whole 
as  picturesque  and  agreeable  as  it  is  important  in 
point  of  security  and  defence. 

Corleone,  a  large  and  well-built  town  of  Sicily, 
in  the  Val  di  Mazzara.  [t  is  24  miles  S.  S.  W.  of 
Palermo.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Corlin,  a  town  of  Further  Pomerania,  with  a 
castle.  It  has  considerable  woolen  manufactures, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Persant,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Colberg. 

Cormanlin,  a  town  of  Guinea,  on  the  Gold 
Coast,  large  and  populous.     Here  the  Dutch  have 


COR 


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COR 


a  fort,  which  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1665. 
Long.  0.  15.  W.,  lat.  5.  30.  N. 

Comcrw,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  departmentof 
Indre  and  Loire,  with  a  Benedictine  Abbey;  seat- 
ed on  the  Indre,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Tours. 

Coma,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Irak  Arabi, 
seated  on  the  Tigris,  near  its  conflux  with  the 
Euplirates,  35rnil<?s  W.  N.  W.  of  Bassora. 

Corneto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
Saint  Peter,  seated  ou  the  Marta,  three  miles 
east  of  the  sea,  and  ten  north  of  Civita  Vecchia. 

CornJiill,  a  town  of  the  county  of  Durham,  Eng. 
seated  near  the  Tweed,  over  which  it  has  a  large 
bridoe  to  Coldstream,  in  Scotland.  It  is  12  m. 
S.  W.  of  Berwick,  and  333  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  688. 

Comigliano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Milanese, 
15  m.  E.  of  Milan. 

Cornish,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  108  m.  from 
Boston.  Pop.  1,087.  Also  a  p.t.  York  Co.  Me. 
Pop.  ],2S4. 

CornvUle,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,104. 

Cornwall,  a  county  forming  the  S.  W.  extrem- 
ity of  England,  projecting  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  N.  E.  by  the 
river  Tamar,  which  divides  it  from  Devonshire, 
being  washed  on  all  its  other  sides  by  the  sea. 
The  south  coast  for  about  70  miles,  borders  on 
the  entrance  to  the  English,  and  the  north,  for 
about  90  miles,  on  the  entrance  to  the  Bristol 
Channel.  At  its  eastern,  or  E.  N.  E.  extremity 
it  is  about  42  miles  wide,  but  gradually  narrows 
towards  the  west  to  about  15  miles,  when  it  di- 
verges at  a  distance  of  about  60  miles  into  two 
points,  the  most  southerly  called  the  Lizard,  in 
the  lat.  of  49.  58.  N.,  and  5.  11.  of  W.  long.,  and 
the  other  the  Land's  End,  in  the  lat  of  50.  4.  N., 
and  5.  42.  of  W.  long ;  the  intermediate  space 
being  known  by  the  name  of  Mount's  Bay.  The 
distinguishing  characteristics  of  this  county  are 
its  minerals,  semi-metals,  and  clays,  which  are 
found  here  in  greater  variety  than  in  almost  any 
other  part  of  the  world.  Gold,  silver,  cobalt,  an- 
timony, manganese,  and  lapis  calaminaris,  are  all 
found  to  a  certain  extent,  and  some  in  abun- 
dance ;  but  the  predominating  productions  are 
copper  and  tin,  with  which  are  mixed  mundic 
and  arsenic  ;  in  the  supply  of  which,  upwards  of 
100  mines  are  in  constant  work.  Some  of  the 
mines  are  worked  to  a  vast  depth ;  but  the  per- 
fection of  the  means  applied,  as  well  in  bringing 
the  ores  to  the  surface  as  in  smelting,  &c.,  ren- 
ders the  operations  comparatively  easv,  and  the 
proceeds  a  source  of  great  wealth  to  the  parties 
engaged  in  them,  and  of  general  advantage  to 
the  county.  The  mining  business  is  entirely  reg- 
ulated by  a  code  called  the  Stannary  Laws,  enac- 
ted by  a  court  of  stannaters,  or  proprietors. 
These  laws  divide  the  tinmen  into  ten  divisions, 
under  the  superintendance  of  one  warden.  A 
vice-warden  is  appointed  every  month  ;  and  there 
is  a  steward  for  each  precinct,  who  holds  his 
court  every  three  weeks,  where  a  jury  of  six  per- 
sons decides  disputes,  with  a  progressive  appeal 
however  to  the  vice-warden,  lord-warden,  and 
lords  of  the  duke  of  Cornwall's  council.  The 
mines  are  under  no  other  jurisdiction  excepting 
in  such  cases  as  affect  land  or  life.  In  addition  to 
its  minerals,  a  vein  of  soapy  earth  and  of  potter's 
clay,  estimable  in  the  manufacture  of  porcelain, 
add  considerably  to  the  resources  of  the  county. 
The  shaping  of  granite  for  building,  and  moor- 
Btone  for  grinding  of  corn,  giv,  employment  to 
great  numbers.     And,  in  addition  to  these  resour- 


ces, the  coast  of  Cornwall  is  annually  visited  by 
shoals  of  pilchards,  which,  in  fish  and  oil,  yield 
an  average  produce  of  £50,000  per  annum.  The 
occupations  of  mining  and  fishing,  up  to  the 
middle  of  the  18th  century,  prevailed  to  such  an 
extent  in  this  county  as  to  render  agriculture  al- 
most entirely  neglected,  and  to  give  it  a  rudeness 
and  wildness  of  character  distinct  from  that  of 
every  other  part  of  the  kingdom  ;  but  since  that 
period  agriculture  has  been  progressively  improv- 
ing, and  potatoes  and  grain  are  now  included 
among  its  surplus  productions,  which  in  the  ag- 
gregate may  be  considered  as  exceeding  £500,000 
per  annum  in  amount.  What  are  denominated 
the  duchy  lands  are  very  extensive,  and  the  in- 
come derived  from  them  together  with  the  duty 
on  tin  ore,  form  the  only  remaining  parts  of  those 
immense  hereditary  revenues  which  were  an- 
ciently appropriated  as  a  provision  for  the  heir 
apparent  to  the  crown.  Previously  to  the  inva- 
sion of  Britain  by  the  Romans,  Cornwall  was  in- 
habited by  a  tribe  called  the  Dumnonei  with  whom 
the  Phoenicians  are  supposed  to  have  traded 
largely  for  tin.  The  descendants  of  that  tribe, 
and  the  succeeding  inhabitants,  continued  longer 
to  retain  the  language,  manners,  and  customs  of 
antiquity,  than  in  any  other  part  of  England,  and 
which  up  to  this  time  can  hardly  be  said  to  be 
extinct.  The  coast  is,  in  many  parts,  extremely 
rugged,  and  ridges  of  granite  intersect  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  county,  whilst  the  valleys  are 
beautifully  diversified  with  verdure,  shrubs,  and 
plants,  among  which  the  myrtle  is  common,  with 
several  peculiar  to  the  district.  The  coast 
abounds  with  marine  vegetables,  which  are  much 
used  for  manure.  The  blocks  of  broken  granite 
appear  in  remote  ages,  according  to  the  supposi- 
tion of  some  persons,  to  have  been  much  used  in 
the  construction  of  rude  temples  for  religious 
worship.  Near  the  Land's  End  is  a  block,  from 
90  to  100  tons  in  weight,  so  nicely  poised  as  to 
be  moveable  with  tlie  hand ;  there  are  several 
others  of  less  magnitude  similarly  poised ;  these 
are  termed  loggin  stones,  dM.6.  are  ridiculously  sup- 
posed by  some  to  have  been  contrivances  of  art, 
and  objects  of  religious  adoration  ;  whilst  they  are 
doubtless  only  the  natural  results  of  repeated 
submersions  of  our  planet,  during  which  the  lay 
ers  of  earth  or  clay  have  been  washed  away. 
Similar  evidences  of  the  operations  of  nature  are 
to  be  seen  in  the  western  hemisphere,  a  few  miles 
east  of  Boston,  in  Massachusetts,  on  the  road  to 
Salem  ;  and  it  is  probable  that  the  supposed  cairns, 
CTomleclis,  rockbasins,  &c.,  of  the  Druids,  are 
nothing  more  than  the  simple  results  of  the  pro- 
gressive operations  of  nature.  The  principal  ports 
on  the  north  coast,  are  Padstow  and  St.  Ives ;  on 
Mount's  Bay.  Penzance  and  Helstone ;  on  the 
south  coast,  Falmouth,  Truro,  Fowey,  and  Looe  , 
Plymouth  Sound  bounding  the  south-east  extrem- 
ity of  the  county.  The  principal  towns  in  the 
interior  are  Redruth,  St.  Auske,  Penryn,  Bod- 
win,  Launceston,  &c.  The  assizes,  &C.,  for  the 
county,  are  held  alternately  at  Bodmin  and 
Launceston.  Streams  of  water  intersect  the 
county,  in  all  directions,  and  add  considerably  to 
its  diversity  and  picturesque  beauty.  Some 
woolen,  and  a  few  other  manufactures,  are  car- 
ried on  in  different  parts  of  the  county,  but  they 
are  inconsiderable. 

Cormnall  Cape,  is  about  5  m.  N.  by  E.  of  the 
Land's  End. 

CornioaJl,  a  township  in  Orange  County,  New 
York,  situate  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson 


COR 


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COR 


River,  105  m.  S.  of  Albany.  Pop.  3,486.  Also 
the  name  of  a  township  in  Addison  county,  Ver- 
mont. Pop.  1,264  ;  and  of  a  town  in  Litchfield 
County,  Connecticut.     Pop.  1,712. 

Cormcall,  a  town  of  Stormont  County,  Upper 
Canada,  situate  on  the  north  bank  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, about  50  m.  above  Montreal. 

Cornwall,  JYew,  a  county  in  the  western  part  of 
N.  America,  extending  from  Gardner's  channel, 
in  lat.  53.  15.,  to  Frederick's  Sound,  lat.  57.  6.  N. 

CornwaUis,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  seated  on 
the  south  shore  of  the  basin  of  mines  at  the  head 
of  the  Bav  of  Fundy,  about  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Windsor  and  45  N.  W .  of  Halifax. 

Cormcal.lis.  a  county  of  Lower  Canada,  extend- 
inor  for  about  160  miles  along  the  S.  E.  bank  of 
the  great  River  St.  Lawrence,  bounded  on  the 
N  E.  by  the  district  of  Gaspe.  It  is  at  present 
but  thinly  inhabited. 

Coro,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  the  province  of 
Venezuela.  It  is  advantageously  situate  at  the  en- 
trance of  an  isthmus,  at  about  an  equal  distance 
from  the  Carribean  Sea,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mara- 
caiho.  It  contains  about  10,000  inhabitants,  who 
carry  on  a  considerable  trade  in  mules,  cattle,  &c. 
with  Curagao  and  other  islands,  in  the  Cariibean 
Sea.     See  Venezuela. 

Coroviandel,  Coast  of,  the  eastern  coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan,  extending  from  Point 
Calymere  in  the  lat.  of  10.  18.  N.  to  the  Kistnah 
River,  in  the  lat.  of  16.  N.  There  is  not  a  port 
for  large  ships  on  the  whole  coast,  which  is  an 
even,  low,  sandy  country.  Madras  is  the  prin- 
cipal town,  and  the  other  places  of  note  are 
Negapatani,  Pondicherry,  Pullicate,  «&,c. 

Coron,  a  seaport  of  Independent  Creeec,  in  the 
Morea,  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  a  bay  to  which 
it  ffives  name,  15  m.  E.  of  Modon.  Long.  21.  46. 
E.,  lat.  36.  55.  N. 

Coronation,  Cape,  a  cape  of  the  island  of  New 
Caledonia,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Long.  167.  8. 
E.,  lat.  22.  5.  S. 

Correggio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modonese, 
with  a  castle,  9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Reggio. 

Correze,  an  interior  department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  late  province  of  Limousin.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  river  which  runs  into  the  Vezere, 
after  having  watered  Tulles  and  Brives.  Tulles 
is  the  capital. 

Corricntes,  Cape,  on  the  E.  coast  of  South 
Africa,  opposite  the  S.  end  of  the  island  of  Mad- 
agascar.— Also  the  name  of  another  cape  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Mexico,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the 
lat.  of  20.  N. 

Corrientes,  a  town  of  Paraguay,  with  a  fort, 
seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Parana,  at  the  influx 
of  the  river  Paranruav,  490  m.  N.  of  Buenos 
Ayres.     Long.  59.  0.  W.  lat.  27.  30.  S. 

Corryvrekan,  a  dangerous  whirlpool  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  Isle  of  Scarba  and 
the  N.  point  of  that  of  Jura.  It  is  so  named 
from  a  young  Danish  prince,  who  perished  in 
this  place.  Its  vortex  extends  above  a  mile  in 
circuit. 

Corsham,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  and  a  con- 
siderable woolen  manufacture.  It  is  nine  miles 
E.  N.  E.  of  Bath,  and  97  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,2,727. 

Corsica,  or  Corse,  an  island  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, sepirated  from  that  of  Sardinia,  on  the  south,  by 
the  Strait  of  Bonifacio.  It  is  150  miles  from 
north  to  south,  and  from  40  to  50  in  breadth.  It 
was  known  to  the  ancient  Greeks,  by  the  names 
of  Callista  and  Cyrnus,  and  to  the  Romans  by  its 
29 


present  appellation.  On  the  coast  are  many  ex 
cellent  harbours.  It  is  mountainous,  but  fruitfu, 
valleys  are  interspersed ;  and  it  has  some  fine 
lakes  and  rivers.  In  the  earliest  time  it  has  been 
famous  for  its  swarms  of  bees,  and  produces  vast 
quantities  of  honey,  which,  however,  is  reckoned 
bitter,  on  account  of  the  box  and  yew  with  which 
the  country  abounds.  The  mountains  are  rich 
in  lead,  iron,  copper,  and  silver  ;  and  there  are 
also  mines  of  alum  and  saltpetre.  The  granito 
of  Corsica  is  nearly  equal  to  the  oriental;  por 
phyries,  jasper,  talc,  amianthus,  emeralds,  and 
other  precious  stones,  are  found  scattered  in  the 
mountains,  and  the  south  coast  abounds  with 
beautiful  coral.  This  island  was,  for  some  cen 
turies,  under  the  dominion  of  the  Genoese,  whose 
tyranny  was  such,  that  the  Corsicans  were  almost 
in  a  perpetual  state  of  insurrection.  In  1736  a 
German  adventurer,  Theodore  Baron  NewhofF, 
brought  some  assistance  to  them  ;  and,  on  his  as- 
surance of  more  powerful  aid,  they  elected  him 
king  ;  but  as  he  could  not  substantiate  his  prom- 
ises he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  island.  He  went 
into  England,  was  thrown  into  the  Fleet  prison, 
released  by  an  act  of  insolvency,  (after  having 
registered  his  kingdom  of  Corsica  for  the  benefit 
of  his  creditors,)  and  suffered  to  die  in  extreme 
indigence.  The  Genoese,  tired  of  the  contest, 
sold  the  sovereignty  to  France,  in  1767;  and 
Paoli,  who  had  been  elected  to  the  chief  com 
mand,  in  1755,  was  obliged  to  abandon  the  island 
in  1769.  After  the  French  revolution  in  1789 
Corsica  was  admitted  as  an  eighty-third  depart- 
ment of  France  at  the  particular  reqiiest  of  a  de- 
putation, of  which  Paoli  was  at  the  head.  In 
consequence  of  some  events  which  followed  the 
revolution  of  1792,  Paoli  revolted  ;  the  French, 
by  the  assistance  of  the  English,  were  expelled 
from  the  island  ;  and  Corsica,  in  1794,  was  de- 
clared annexed  to  tlie  crown  of  Great  Britian. 
In  1796,  however,  the  English  found  it  expedient 
to  evacuate  the  island,  of  which  the  French  im- 
mediately took  possession,  and  again  united  it  to 
France,  of  which  country  it  now  forms  the  eighty 
sixth  department.  It  is  divided  into  four  prefec- 
tures, viz.  Bastia,  Calvi,  Corte,  and  Sartenne 
Ajaccio,  on  the  wes  coast,  is  the  principal  sea-port 
Pop.  about  1S0,000. 

Corsoer,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle  of 
Zealand,  on  a  peninsula,  in  the  Great  Belt,  with 
a  good  harbour  for  light  vessels.  It  is  defended 
by  a  citadel,  which  serves  also  as  a  magazine  for 
corn ;  and  is  54  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Copenhagen. 
Long  11.  12.  E.  lat.  55.  12.  N. 

Corte,  a  town  of  Corsica,  situate  in  the  centre 
of  the  island,  on  the  side  and  foot  of  a  rock,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Tayignano  and  Restonica.  On 
the  point  of  a  rock,  rising  above  the  rest,  is  the  C£is- 
tle,  to  which  there  is  but  one  winding  passage, 
that  will  admit  only  two  persons  abreast.  While 
the  island  was  in  the  possession  of  the  English, 
Corte  was  made  the  seat  of  the  viceroy ;  and  it  has 
been  enlarged  and  fortified  by  the  French.  It  is 
27  miles  N.  E.  of  Ajaccio,  and  40  S.  W.  of  Bastia 
Pop.  in  1326,  2,735. 

CortcmigJia,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  Montferrat, 
situate  on  the  Bormida,  16  miles  E.  of  Cherasco. 

Cortona,  a  fortified  town  of  Tuscany,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  famous  academy.  It  stands 
on  a  mountain,  on  the  frontiers  of  the  Ecclesias- 
tical States,  32  m.  E.  of  Sienna. 

Corunna,  a  seaport  at  the  N.  W.  of  Spam,  in 
Galicia,  with  a  large  and  safe  harbour,  called  the 
Groyne,  defended  by  two  castles.      The  town  in 


COS 


s» 


COT 


nf  a  circjilar  form :  but  the  poverty  of  the  sur- 
roatidinff  country  affords  few  resources  for  trade. 
A  British  army  of  13,000  were,  on  the  16th  Jan. 
1809,  near  being  driven  into  the  sea,  by  a  French 
force  of  30,000  men.  It  is  20  miles  S.  W.  of 
Ferrol,  and  35  N.  by  E.  of  Compostella.  Long. 
a.  19.W.  and  lat.  43.  33.  N. 

Corvey,  a  town  and  small  principality  of  West- 
phalia, with  a  celebrated  abbey  ;  situated  on  the 
Weser,  27  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Paderborn.  Long.  9. 
35.  E.  lat.  51.  46.  N. 

Corvo,  the  smallest  and  most  northerly  island  of 
the  Azores,  so  called  from  the  abundance  of 
crows  found  upon  it.  The  inhabitants  cultivate 
wheat  and  feed  hogs.  Long.  31.  6.  W.,  lat.  39. 
4-2.  N. 

Corydon,  a  flourishing-  town  of  Harrison  coun- 
ty, Indiana,  situate  on  the  base  line  of  a  bend 
of  the  Ohio  River,  from  which  it  is  distant  about 
15  m.  both  E.,  W.  and  S. 

Casenza,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Calabria 
Citeriore,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  strong 
castle.  The  environs  produce  abundance  of  corn, 
fruit,  oil,  wine,  and  silk.  It  is  situate  on  several 
small  hills,  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines  on  the 
east  side,  and  by  the  River  Crati,  155  m.  S.  E.  of 
Naples.     Pop.   about  16,000. 

Coshocton,  an  interior  county  of  the  state  of 
Ohio.  Several  streams  of  considerable  magnitude 
unite  within  this  county  to  form  the  Muskingum 
River,  which  river  it  is  in  contemplation  to  unite 
with  the  Cuyahoga,  and  thereby  open  a  direct 
water  communication  between  the  Ohio  and  Lake 
Erie.  The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  situ- 
ate on  the  east  bank  of  the  Muskingum,  65  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Columbia,  the  capita!  of  the  state.  Pop. 
11,162. 

Coslin,  or  Koeslin,a,  town  of  Further  Pomerania, 
which  has  good  woolen  manufactures,  excellent 
fisheries,  and  fine  cattle.  It  is  seated 'on  the 
Neslbach,  18  m.  E.  of  Colberg. 

Cosne,  a  town  of  France  in  the  north-west  part 
of  the  department  of  Nievre.  Anchors  for  ships 
are  forged  here  ;  and  its  cutlery  and  gloves,  are 
much  esteemed.  It  is  seated  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Loire,  at  the  influx  of  the  Noain,  34  m.  N. 
by  W.  of  Nevers,  and  110  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.     Pop.  in  182G,  5,823. 

Cospour,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Assam,  276 


miles  east  of  Patna. 
56.  N. 


Long.  92.  57.  E.    lat.  24. 


^ 

\/m 

» 

^^^^ 

m 

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^^^w 

^f 

-  ".'-^ -  -  -    '^•'^■fifl*;??^ 

Cossaes,  a  people  inhabiting  the  confin  ^s  o  Po- 
land, Russia,  Tar'.3ry,  and  Turkey.  They  are 
tlivided  into  the  K  )sakki-sa-Parovi,  the  Kosakki- 


Donski,  and  the  Uralian  Cossaes.  The  men  arc 
large  and  well  made,  have  blue  eyes,  brown  hair, 
and  aquiline  noses ;  the  women  are  handsome,  well 
shaped,  and  complaisant  to  strangers.  Tlie  Ura 
lian  Cossaes  dwell  in  villages  along  the  banks  of 
the  Ural  and  their  chief  town  is  Uralsk.  The 
country  which  the  Kosakki-sa-Parovi  inhabit  is 
called  tlie  Ulkraine,  and  their  towns  are  b<iilt  of 
wood  after  the  manner  of  the  Russians.  The 
Kosakki-Donski  dwell  on  both  sides  of  the  Don, 
are  under  the  protection  of  Russia,  and  profess  the 
same  religion.  See  Ukraine,  and  Uralian  Cos 
sacs. 

.  Cosseir,  a  town  of  Egypt  on  the  Red  Sea,  an't 
the  chief  place  of  trade  across  that  sea,  between 
Egypt  and  Arabia.  It  is  280  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Sue/ 
Long.  33.50.  E.  lat.  26.  8.  N.  ' 

Cossimbazar,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
the  most  western  arm  of  the  Ganges,  from  which 
it  separates  3-5  miles  below  Rajemal.  It  i)asses 
by  Moorshedabad,  Cossimbazar,  &c.  to  Nuddea, 
where  it  is  joined  by  the  Jellingy,  another  arm 
of  the  Ganges,  and  their  united  streams  form  the 
Hoogly. 

Cossimbazar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal. 
It  has  been  at  all  times  the  residence  of  the  dif- 
ferent European  factors,  this  being  the  centre  of 
their  trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  7  miles  south 
of  Moorshedabad,  and  105  north  of  Calcutta. 

Cossimcotta,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  cir- 
car  of  Circacole,  on  a  river  that  flows  into  the  Bay 
of  Bengal.  74  m.  S.  W.  of  Circacole.  Long.  83. 
7.  E.  lat.  17.  42.  N. 

Cossipour,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Dehli,  on  the  north-east  border  of  the  prov- 
ince, 100  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Dehli.  Long.  79.  18.  E. 
lat.  29.  14.  N. 

Costa  Rica,  a  province  of  the  chain  of  territory 
that  unites  the  two  grand  divisions  of  the  western 
hemisphere,  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lake  Nicara- 
gua, and  on  the  south-east  by  Veragua.  It  has 
rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver  but  in  other  respects 
is  mountainous  and  barren.  Cartago  is  the 
capital. 

Costainitza,  a  town  of  Croatia,  on  the  river 
Udda,  and  borders  of  Bosnia,  57  m.  E.  S.  of  Carl- 
stadt.     Long.  17.  8.  E.,  lat.  45.  20.  N. 

Coswick,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Anhalt,  with  a  castle,  situate  on  the 
Elbe,  10  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Whittenburg. 

Cotubavtba,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Cuzco, 
Peru,  seated  on  tlie  west  bank  of  the  Apurimac 
River,  75  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Cuzco. 

Cotbvs,  a  town  and  district  of  Lower  Lusatia. 
The  castle  stands  on  an  eminence  on  the  east  side 
of  the  town.  Here  are  a  great  number  of  French 
protestants,  who  have  introduced  their  iDanufac 
tures ;  and  it  is  noted  for  excellent  beer,  pitcn, 
and  flax.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Spree,  60  m. 
E.  by  S.  of  Wittenburg.  Long.  14.  24.  E.,  lat. 
51.  46.  N. 

Cote  d'Or,  an  interior  department  in  the  east 
part  of  France,  which  has  its  name  from  a  moun- 
tain, situate  at  the  south  of  Dijon.  It  contains 
part  of  the  late  province  of  Burgundy.  Dijon  is 
the  capital.     Population  estimated  at  400,000. 

Cotes  du  J\'ord,  a  department  of  France,  so  nam- 
ed from  its  northern  rr.aritime  position.  It  con- 
tains part  of  the  late  province  of  Bretagne.  St. 
Brieux  is  the  capital. 

Cotesioold  Hills,  a  long  tract  of  high  ground  in 
the  east  part  of  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  It  affords 
in  many  places  a  fine  short  grass  for  the  feed  of 


COT 


227 


GOV 


sheep  ;  and  others  are  de^voted  to  tht  ^owth  of 
corn.  The  sides  of  this  long  range  are  beautiful 
as  they  sink  into  the  vale,  from  tlie  hills  of  Stinch- 
comb  and  Nibley  in  the  south,  to  that  of  Bredon 
in  the  north,  which  has  been  celebrated  in  ancient 
rhyme. 

Cot/ien,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of  the 
principality  of  Anhalt-Cothen.  with  a  castle.  It 
IS  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Dessau.  Long.  12.  9.  E.,  lat. 
51.  48.  N. 

Cotignac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Var,  on  the  River  Argens,  33  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Toulon. 

Cotignola,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy  in  the  Fer- 
rarese,  25  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ferrara. 

Cotopaxi,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  An- 
des, remarkable  for  the  frequency  and  violence 
of  its  volcanic  eruptions.  It  is  about  25  m.  S.  E. 
of  the  city  of  Quito. 


This  mountain  is  the  most  elevated  of  those 
volcanoes  of  the  Andes,  from  which,  at  recent 
periods,  there  have  been  eruptions.  Its  absolute 
height  is  12,392  English  feet :  it  would  conse- 
tjuently  exceed  by  more  than  2,.550  feet  the  height 
fif  mount  Vesuvius,  even  supposing  that  it  were 
piled  on  the  summit  of  the  Peak  of  TenerifFe. 
Cotopaxi  is  likewise  the  most  formidable  of  all 
the  volcanoes  of  the  kingdom  of  Quito;  and  it 
is  also  from  it  that  explosions  have  been  the  most 
frequent  and  the  most  destructive.  The  cinders 
and  fragments  of  rocks  that  have  been  ejected 
by  this  volcano,  cover  the  neighbouring  valleys 
to  an  extent  of  several  square  leagues.  In  1753, 
the  flames  of  Cotopaxi  shot  up  to  a  height  of 
2,700  feet  above  the  edge  of  the  crater.  In  1744, 
the  roaring  of  this  volcano  was  heard  as  far  as 
Honda,  a  town  situated  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Magdalena,  a  distance  of  two  hundred  leagues. 
On  the  4th  April,  1763,  the  quantity  of  cinders 
vomited  up  from  the  mouth  of  Cotopaxi  was  so 
great  that  the  sky  continued  as  dark  as  night  until 
the  third  hour  after  mid-day.  The  explosion 
which  took  place  in  the  month  of  January,  1803, 
v.-as  preceded  by  a  frightful  phenomenon — the  sud- 
den melting  of  the  snows  that  covered  the  moun- 
tain. For  more  than  twenty  years,  neither  smoke 
nor  any  distinguishable  vapour  had  issued  from 
the  crater,  and  yet,  in  one  single  night,  the 
subterranean  fire  had  become  so  active  that  at 
sun-rise,  the  external  walls  of  the  cone,  strong- 
ly heated,  had  become  naked,  and  had  acquired 
the  black  colour  which  is  peculiar  to  vitrified 
scoria.  At  the  port  of  Guayaquil,  fillv-two 
leagues  in  a  straight  line  from  the  edge  of  the 
crater.  M.  de  Humboldt  heard  day  and  night  the 
roaring  of  this  volcano,  like  repeated  discharges 
•jf  artillery. 

Were  it  an  established  fact  that  the  proximity 


of  the  ocean  contributes  to  feed  volcanic  fire,  we 
should  be  astonished  to  see  that  the  most  active 
volcanoes  of  the  kingdom  of  Quito,  Cotopaxi, 
Tungurahua,  and  Sangay,  appertain  to  the  eastern 
chain  of  the  Andes,  and,  consequently,  to  that 
which  is  farthest  removed  from  the  coast.  Coto- 
paxi is  more  than  fifty  leagues  from  the  nearest 
shore. 

Coulan,  a  seaport  of  Hindoostan,  in  Travancore 
with  a  good  harbour,  and  a  navigable  river.  It 
stands  on  a  peninsula  60  m.  N.  W.  of  Travancore. 
Long.  76.24.  E.,  lat.  8.51.  N. 
Coupee  Point.  See  Point  Coupee. 
Courland,  a  duchy  of  Europe,  bounded  on  the' 
west  and  north  by  the  Baltic,  east  by  Livonia, 
and  south  by  Poland.  It  is  divided  into  Courland 
Proper  and  Semigallia,  and  is  250  miles  long  and 
40  broad.  The  country  swells  into  gentle  hills, 
and  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and  flax.  It  is  most- 
ly open,  but  in  some  parts  there  are  forests  of  pine 
and  fir,  and  groves  of  oak.  It  was  formerly  a 
feudatory  province  of  Poland,  but  was  annexed 
to  the  dominions  of  Russia  in  171)5  by  an  act  of  the 
states.  Mittau  is  the  capital.  Population  about 
500,000. 

Courtray,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders, celebrated  for  its  trade  and  manufactures  of 
table  linen  and  woolen  cloths.  It  is  seated  on 
both  sides  the  River  Lis,  12  m.  east  of  Ypres. 
Coutances,  a  seaport  of  Erance,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Manche,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a 
finecfithedral.  It  is  37  m.  S.  W.  of  Bayeux,  and 
185  W.  of  Paris.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.  Pop. 
in  1826,  9,015. 

Coutras,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Ille  and  Dronne, 
25  m.  N.  E.  of  Bourdeaux. 
Cove.     See  Cork,  Cove  of, 

Coventry,  City  and  County  of  ,  is  insulated  with- 
in the  County  of  Warwick.  The  city,  in  1821, 
contained  a  population  of  21,242,  and  the  remain- 
der of  the  county,  which  comprises  nine  adjoin- 
ing parishes  and  hamlets,  8,138.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  antiquity,  and  was  formerly  sur- 
rounded with  strong  walls  which  were  3  miles 
in  circumference,  having  26  towers  and  12  gates, 
but  few  vestiges  of  which  now  remain  ;  having 
been  demolished  by  order  of  King  Cliarlcs  if. 
in  1602,  in  revenge  for  the  resistance  made  to  the 
troops  of  his  predecessor.  A  parliament  was  held 
here  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  caWeA  Pari  lament- 
um  Indoctnm,  or  the  unlearned  parliament,  because 
the  lawyers  were  excluded.  Leofric,  Earl  of 
Mercia,  who  was  lord  of  the  place  about  1040,  is 
said  to  have  loaded  the  inhabitants  with  heavy 
ta.xes,  on  account  of  some  provocation  he  had 
received  from  them ;  and  beinng  importuned 
by  his  lady,  Godivia,  to  remit  them,  he  consented 
upon  condition  that  she  would  ride  naked  through 
the  town,  which  condition  she  accepted  and  per- 
formed ;  for,  being  possessed  of  a  long  flowing 
head  of  hair,  she  contrived  to  dispose  oi  her  tres- 
ses so  as  preserve  her  decency ;  and  at  the  same 
time  enjoined  the  citizens  on  pain  of  deatli,  not 
to  look  out  as  she  passed.  The  curiosity  of  a 
poor  tailor,  however,  prevailed  over  his  fi>ars,  and 
he  ventured  to  take  a  single  peep,  but  was  struck 
blind,  and  was  ever  after  called  Peeping  Tom 
This  improbable  story  is  annually  commemorated 
by  the  citizens  of  Coventry  with  great  splendour, 
and  a  female,  closely  habited  in  fine  linen  of  flesh 
colour,  rides  through  the  town,  attended  by  a 
very  numerous  and  elegant  procession  The 
window  through   which  the  tailor  is  said  l(»  '  «ive 


GOV 


VUi 


CRA 


gratified  his  curiosity  is  still  shown,  with  his  effigy 
always  newly  dressed  for  the  procession  which  is 
on  the  Friday  preceding  Trinity  Sunday. 

It  had  formerly  extensive  manufactures  of 
woolens  and  worsted  stuffs,  now  quite  discontin- 
ued in  this  part  of  the  country,  they  having  been 
supplanted  by  the  manufacture  of  ribbons,of  which 
it  IS  the  focus  for  the  produce  of  from  17  to  18,000 
looms.  It  has  also,  two  tolerably  extensive  es- 
tablishments for  the  manufacture  of  watches,  and 
four  or  five  others  of  inferior  importance.  It  has 
a  canal  communicating  with  the  grand  line  of  ca- 
nal navigation  between  London,  Liverpool,  and 
Manchester.  It  is  situate  on  the  verge  of  the  great 
coal  strata,  running  through  all  the  northern  part 
of  the  country.  The  vein  is  worked  in  abun- 
dance within  five  miles  of  the  city  of  Coventry. 
The  city  is  divided  into  two  parishes,  and  the 
churches,  contigious  to  each  other,  are  both  fine 
structures,  mi)re  particularly  so  that  dedicated  to 
St.  Michael,  which  was  twenty-two  years  in 
building,  and  finished  in  1394.  The  spire  is  303 
feet  high,  and  deservedly  ranks  among  the  most 
beautiful  specimens  of  architecture  in  the  king- 
dom. There  is  a  third  spire,  the  church  to  which, 
has  long  since  been  demolished ;  but  there  is  a 
third  church  with  a  stately  tower,  which  serves 
as  a  chapel  of  ease  to  St.  Michael.  The  three 
spires  form  beautiful  and  interesting  objects  in 
the  perspective  from  the  surrounding  country  for 
many  miles,  on  all  side^.  The  corporation  con- 
sists of  a  mayor  and  nine  other  aldermen.  St. 
Mary's  Hall,  in  which  the  archives  of  the  city 
are  kept,  and  its  business  transacted,  is  an  ancient 
and  venerable  edifice  :  the  county  hall  is  a  neat 
Doric  structure.  It  has  a  free-school  and  two 
hospitals,  and  had  formerly  a  very  extensive  en 
tablishment  of  Carmelites,  or  Whitefriars,  whosi; 
house,  after  lying  in  ruins  many  years,  was  con 
verted  into  a  workhouse  in  1806,  at  which  period 
the  two  parishes  were  united  for  parochial  purpo- 
ses. Coventry  is  united  with  Litchfield,  as  a  bislj- 
op's  see,  but  Coventry  does  not  exhibit  any  eccle- 
siastical parade.  It  returns  two  members  to  parlia- 
ment. Its  market  on  Friday  is  well  supplied, 
and  it  has  three  fairs  annually  ;  one  on  the  Friday 
preceding  Trinity  Sunday,  on  the  occasion  of 
the  procession  of  Lady  Godivia,  is  numerously 
attended,  and  continues  till  the  Friday  following. 
Since  1820  the  city  has  undergone  considerable 
improvements  in  the  widening,  cleaning,  and  light- 
ing the  streets,  and  several  new  buildinsrs  have 
been  erected.  It  is  10  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Warwick, 
18  E.  S.  E.  of  Birmingham,  and  91  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don, on  the  mail-coach  road  to  Liverpool. 

Coventry,  t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  100  m.  fr.  Ports- 
mo-ath.  Pop.  441.  Also  a  p.t.  in  Orleans  Co. 
Vt.  Pop.  728.  Also  a  p.t.  in  Tolland  Co.  Conn. 
Pop.  2,119.  Also  a  p.t.  in  Kent  Co.  R.  I.  Pop. 
3,851.  Also  a  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1 ,576.  Also  townships  in  Chester  Co.  Pa.  and 
Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Coveripnrum,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  Mysore,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Cavery, 
60  m.  S.  E.  of  Mysore.  Long.  77.  38.  E.,  lat.  11. 
51 .  N. 

Covert,  p.t.  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,791 
Covilham,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Bcira.    It  has 
a  manufacture  of  woolen  cloth,  and  is  18  m.  S.  W. 
of  Gua^da. 

Covington,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Mississippi, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  territory  of  the  Choc- 
taw Indians,  and  intersected  by  the  line  of  road 
from  the  Tennessee  River  to  Lake  Portchartrain, 


Pop  2,549.  Williamsburgh  is  the  chief  town 
Also  the  name  of  a  newly-formed  county,  in  the 
state  of  Alabama,  bordering  on  West  Florida. 
Pop.  1,522.  Montezuma  is  the  chief  town. 

Covington,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,716 
Also  the  name  of  8  other  towns  and  villages  in 
Pa.,  Va.,  Geo.,  Ken.,  Illinois,  Mississippi,  and 
Louisiana. 

Cowbridge,  a  corporate  kown  of  Wales,  in  Gla- 
morganshire. It  is  called  by  the  Welsh,  Port- 
saen,  from  the  stone  bridge  over  the  river,  which  . 
soon  after  enters  the  Bristol  Channel.  Near  it 
are  the  remains  of  Llanbithian  Castle,  of  which  * 
a  massive  gateway  is  now  converted  into  a  barn  ; 
and  about  a  mile  distant,  on  a  lofty  hill,  are  the 
ruins  of  Penline  Castle.  Cowbridge  is  12  m.  W. 
of  Cardiff,  and  173  of  London.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,107. 

Cowes,  a  seaport  on  the  west  side  of  the  Isle  of 
Wight  at  the  mouth  of  the  Medina,  or  Cowes. 
On  the  opposite  side  is  the  village  of  East  Cowes, 
and  at  each  place  is  a  fort  built  by  Henry  VIII 
for  the  security  of  the  island  and  road.  Cowes 
has  an  excellent  harbour,  which  is  m-uch  frequent- 
ed l)y  ships  to  repair  damages  sustained  at  sea,  ,, 
and  to  water ;  and  also  a  good  trade  in  provisions 
&c.  for  the  use  of  shipping.  During  the  summer 
it  is  much  frequented  for  the  purpose  of  sea-bath- 
ing ;  and  here  are  a  number  of  genteel  lodging- 
houses,  and  an  assembly  room.  It  is  12  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Southampton,  12  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  86  S.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,579. 

Coiclduraga,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
with  a  strong  hill  fort.  It  is  surrounded  by  hilh 
and  forests,  and  stands  12  m.  S.  of  Niagara. 

Cowpens,  in  Union  District  S.  C.  at  the  north 
em  extremity  of  the  state,  is  a  spot  remarkable  in 
the  revolutionary  history  for  one  of  the  most 
decisive  pitched  battles  in  the  whole  contest.  The 
Americans  under  Gen.  Morgan  here  totally  de- 
feated the  British  under  Col.  Tarelton,  Jan.  11.  * 
1781. 

Cmcper skill,  v.  Robertson  Co.  N.  C. 
Cozumel,  an  island  on  the  east  coast  of  Yucatan, 
where  Cortes  landed  and  refreshed  his  troops,  be- 
fore he  attempted  the  conquest  of  Mexico.  It 
abounds  with  fruit,  pulse,  cattle  and  fowls,  and  is 
inhabited  principally  b,v  native  Indians.  Long 
87.19.  W.,lat.  19.  40.T^. 

Cracaloa,  the  southernmost  of  a  cluster  of  isl- 
ands in  the  entrance  of  the  strait  of  Sunda.  It 
consists  of  elevated  land,  gradually  rising  on  all 
sides  from  the  sea,  and  is  covered  with  trees  ex- 
cept a  few  spots,  which  have  been  cleared  by  the 
natives  for  the  purpose  of  forming  rice  fields , 
and  its  coral  reefs  afford  small  turtle  in  abun- 
dance. The  inhabitants  are  not  considerable 
and  their  chief,  like  those  of  the  other  islands  iu 
the  strait,  is  subject  to  the  king  of  Bantam. 

Cracoic,  a  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  palatinate 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  an  uni- 
versity. It  was  formerly  the  capital  of  Poland, 
where  the  kings  were  elected  and  crowned, 
but  since  the  partition  of  Poland,  it  has  become 
a  republic  under  the  protection  of  Austria,  Rus- 
sia and  Prussia.  On  a  rock  near  the  Vistula 
is  the  ancient  royal  palace,  surrounded  by  brick 
walls  and  old  towers,  which  form  a  kind  of 
citadel.  Adjoining  is  the  cathedral,  within 
the  walls  of  the  citadel,  in  which  most  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Poland  are  interred.  Though  tho 
city  and  suburbs  occupy  a  vast  tract  of  ground, 
they  scarcely  contain   24,000   inhabitants.     The 


CRA 


229 


CRE 


great  square  is  spacious  and  well  built,  and  many 
of  the  streets  are  broad  and  handsome  ;  but  almost 
every  building  bears  the  mark  of  ruined  grandeur. 
This  devastation  was  begun  by  the  Swedes  in 
170'2,  when  it  was  taken  by  Charles  XII. ;  but  it 
has  since  experienced  greater  calamities,  having 
been  taken  and  retaken  by  the  Russians  and  the 
confederates.  When  the  general  insurrection 
broke  out  in  1794,  against  the  Prussian  and  Rus- 
sian usurpers  of  the  Polish  territory,  Kosciusko, 
the  cliief  of  the  patriotic  insurgents,  expelled  the 
Russian  garrison  from  this  city,  on  the  24  th  of 
March,  1794  ;  but  having  marched  in  the  sequel 
to  the  protection  of  Warsaw,  Cracow  surrendered 
■  to  the  Prussians,  on  the  15th  of  June.  It  is  seat- 
.  .'>n  the  Vistula,  130  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Warsaw. 
*  41  Long.  9.  50.  E.,  lat.  40.  50.  N. 

••  .    Craftshurg,  p.t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  982. 
•  Crail,   a  borough   of   Scotland,    in   Fifeshire, 

seated  on  the  frith  of  Forth,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  St. 
Andrew. 

Crainburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carniola, 
with  a  castle,  on  the  River  Save,  18  m.  N.  W.  of 
Laybach. 

Cramond,  a  village  of  Scotland,  three  miles 
north-west  of  Edinburg,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Amond,  in  the  frith  of  Forth.  It  has  a  commodi- 
ous harbour,  and  considerable  iron  works. 

Cranberry,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J. 

Cranbourn,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  It  stands 
near  a  fine  chase,  which  extends  almost  to  Salis- 
bury, 38  m.  N.  E.  of  Dorchester,  and  93  W.  of 
London. 

Cranhrook,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  Here  is  a 
free-grammar  school  and  a  free-writing  school  for 
poor  children,  the  former  endowed  by  Queen  Eli- 
zabeth. It  is  13  m.  S.  of  Maidstone,  and  49  S.  E.  of 
London. 

Cranganore,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan, 
on  the  coast  of  Cochin.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Portuguese  in  1GC2,  by  the  Dutch,  who  sold  it  in 
1789  to  the  rajah  of  Travancore.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  30  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Cochin. 
Long.  75.  58.  E.,  lat.  10.  23.  N. 

Cransac,  a  village  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Aveiron,  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters,  15 
m.  N.  W.  ofRhodez. 

Cranston,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  Pop.  2,651. 

Craon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  near  the  River  Oudon,  17  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Laval. 

Crato,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  witii  a 
priory  belonging  to  the  order  of  Malta,  14  m.  W. 
of  Portalegre. 

Craren.  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  the  east 
end  of  which  borders  on  Pamlico  Sound.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  Neuse  River.  Pop.  14,325. 
Newbern,  on  tlie  west  bank  of  the  Neuse,  is  the 
chief  town. 

Crawford.  There  are  five  counties  of  this  name 
in  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 

1.  At  the  north-west  extremity  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, bordering  on  the  state  of  Ohio,  intersected  by 
French  Creek,  falling  into  the  Alleghany  River. 
Pop.  10,005,  Meadville  is  the  chief  town. 

2.  In  the  state  of  Indiana,  bounded  on  the  east 
by  Bi^  Blue  River,  the  south  end  jetting  upon 
the  Ohio.  Pop.  3,184.  Fredonia  is  the  chief 
town. 

3.  In  the  state  of  Illinois,  extending  westward 
from  the  Wabash  River  for  about  80  m.  being 
about  35  m.  in  breadth.  Pop.  3,113.  Pales- 
tine, on  the  west  bank  of  the  Wabash,  is  the  chief 
town. 


4.  In  theMichigan  Territorj.     Prairie  du  Chien 

is  the  chief  town.     Pop.  692. 

5  In  the  interior  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Sandusky  River,  which  falls  into  Lake  Erie  :  the 
Scioto  falling  into  the  Ohio,  rises  in  the  adjoining 
county.     Pop.  4.778.  Bucvrus  is  the  chief  town. 

Crawford,  p.t.   Orange  "Co.   N.  Y.   Pop.  2,019. 

Crawfordsville,  p. v.  INIontgomery  Co.  Ind. 

Crawford,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  on  the  River 
Cray,  two  miles  west  by  north  of  Dartford.  Here 
are  some  calico-printing  grounds,  and  a  manufac- 
ture of  iron  hoops.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,860. 

Credilon,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  with  a 
considerable  manufacture  of  serges.  The  church 
is  a  noble  structure,  and  was  formerly  a  cathe- 
dral. The  town  was  almost  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1769.  It  is  seated  between  two  hills,  8  m.  N. 
W.  of  Exeter,  and  180  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  5,515. 

Cree,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  counties  of  Wigton  and 
Kirkcudbright,  forms  the  boundary  between  them 
and  enters  the  head  of  Wigton  Bay. 

Creek,  or  Muskogee  Indians,  one  of  the  most  nu- 
merous tribes  of  Indians  of  any  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States  of  North  America.  They 
inhabit  an  extensive  tract  of  country  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Alabama,  and  till  within  a  few  years 
possessed  territories  in  Georgia,  but  this  portion 
ot  their  lands  they  have  relinquished  by  treaty. 
They  are  about  20,000  in  number,  and  are  ac- 
counted among  the  most  warlike  of  the  Aborigines. 
They  have  several  pretty  large  towns  containing 
from  one  to  two  hundred  houses,  and  pay  consid- 
erable attention  to  the  cultivation  of  their  lands. 
They  raise  cattle  and  live  stock  of  various  kinds 
as  well  as  corn,  rice,  and  tobacco. 

Creetown  or  FerryUncn,  a^  imall  port  of  Scot- 
land, in  Kirkcudbrightshire.  Here  several  sloops 
are  constantly  employed  in  the  coasting  trade. 
It  stands  on  Wigton  Bay,  near  the  influx  of  the 
Cree,  12  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Kirkcudbright. 

Creglingen,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Anspach,  on  the  Tauber,  22  m.  S. 
of  Wurtzburg,  and  30  N.  W.  of  Anspach,  now 
included  in  the  Bavarian  circle  of  the  Lower 
Mayne. 

Creil,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Oise,  on  the  River  Oise,  five  miles  east  of  Senlis. 

Creilsheim,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Anspach,  on  the  River  Jaxt,  22  m.  S.  W. 
of  Anspach,  now  included  in  the  Bavarian  circle 
of  the  Rezat. 

Crema,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Cre- 
masco,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  well  built  and  pop- 
ulous, and  seated  on  the  Serio,  30  m.  S.  of  Ber- 
gamo. 

Cremasco,  a  small  territory  of  Italy,  in  the  south 
part  of  the  province  of  Bergamasco.  It  is  near- 
ly surrounded  by  the  Duchy  of  Milan,  and  fertile 
in  corn,  wine,  flax,  and  hemp.  Crema  is  the 
capital. 

Crcmieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Isere,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  near  the  Rhone, 
20  m.  N.  E.of  Vienne. 

Cremnitz,  a  town  in  the  north  part  of  Lower 
Hungary,  noted  for  its  gold  mines,  17  m.  N.  of 
Schemnitz.  Pop.  about  10,000. 

Crcmond,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Cre- 
monese,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle  and  a 
university.  The  streets  are  broad  and  strait^ 
adorned  with  some  small  squares,  a  few  palaces^ 
40  parish  churches,  and  43  convents  of  both  sex- 
es.    It  stands  in  a   deliglitful  plain,  wateied  b» 

u 


CRl 


230 


CRO 


the  Oglio,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  Po, 
over  which  is  a  bridge  of  boats,  defended  by  a 
fort.  A  canal  passes  through  the  town,  and  forms 
a  communication  between  the  tvvo  rivers.  Cre- 
mona has  been  several  times  taken.  It  has  con- 
siderable manufactures  of  silk,  and  is  peculiarly 
celebrated  for  the  manufactures  of  violins.  A 
tower,  372  feet  in  height,  forms  a  prominent  ob- 
ject over  all  the  surrounding  country.  The  Ro- 
mans established  themselves  here'  in  291.  B.  C. 
It  is  48  m.  S.  of  Milan,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance S.  by  W.  of  Mantua.    Pop.  about  30,000. 

Cremonese  Territory,  extends  from  the  south  in 
a  W.  N.  W.  direction,  for  about  45  miles,  be- 
tween the  River  Po  on  the  south,  which  divides 
it  from  the  Duchy  of  Parma,  and  the  Oglio  on 
the  north,  which  divides  it  from  Bresciano ;  the 
east  end  borders  on  the  Duchy  of  Mantua,  and  the 
west  on  the  small  district  of  Cremasco.  It  is  a 
very  fertile  country. 

Cremsier,  a  town  of  Moravia,  with  a  fine  castle 
and  a  convent,  seated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
River  Marsch,  18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Olmutz. 

Crepy,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Oise,  17  m.  S.  of  Compiegne. 

Cresapsburg,  p. v.  Alleghany  Co.  Maryland. 

Crescentino,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  on 
the  north  bank  of  the  River  Po,  20  m.  N.  E.  of 
Turin. 

Cressy  or  Crecy,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Somme,  celebrated  for  the  victory- 
over  the  French,  gained  by  Edward  III.  in  1346. 
It  is  32  m.  N.  W.  of  Amiens. 

Crest,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  on  the  River  Drome,  16  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Valence. 

Crevddt,  a  town  of  Germany,  at  the  north  ex- 
tremity of  the  territory  of  Cologne.  Near  this 
nlace  the  French  were  defeated  by  the  Hano- 
verians in  1758.  It  has  considerable  manufac- 
tures of  linen.  It  is  32  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cologne, 
and  7  from  Dusseldorf.     Pop.  about  700. 

Creuse,  an  interior  department  nearly  in 
the  centre  of  France,  so  named  from  a  river, 
which  crossed  from  south  to  north,  and  flows  in- 
to the  Vienne.  It  contains  the  late  province  of 
Marche.     Gueret  is  the  capital. 

Creusen,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Bayreuth,  seven  miles  east  of  Bay- 
reuth. 

Creutzbury,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Brieg,  with  a  castle.  It  has  a  great  trade 
in  honey,  wax,  leather,  and  flax  ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Brinnitz,  35  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Brieg. 

Creutznack,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Upper  Rhine.  It  has  a  trade  in  wine,  salt, 
corn,  wool,  and  tobacco.  On  Dec.  2, 171)5,  this 
town  was  taken  three  times  ;  first,  by  the  French, 
then  by  the  Austrians,  and  again  by  the  former. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Nahe,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Mentz. 

Crewkerne,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  In 
1825  it  had  six  considerable  establishments  for 
the  manufacture  of  sail-cloth.  It  is  seated  near  a 
branch  of  the  Parret,  25  m.  S.  of  Wells,  and  132 
W.  S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,021. 

Crewsville,  p.t.  Goochland  Co.  Va. 

Crichdth,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caernarvon- 
shire, 18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Caernarvon,  and  244  IN. 
W.  of  I^ndon. 

Crickkoicell,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Brecknock- 
shire. Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Usk,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Brecknock, 
and  153  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
1,008. 


Cricklade,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  seated 
near  the  Thames,  and  the  Stroud  Canal,  25  ni 
W.  by  S.  of  Oxford,  and  84  W.  by  N.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,1,506. 

C'rief,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire,  with 
manufactures  of  paper  and  thin  linen,  seated  on 
the  Erne,  18  m.  W.  of  Perth. 

Crim,  a  town  of  the  Crimea,  supposed  to  be  on 
the  site  of  an  ancient  city  that  once  gave  Us 
name  of  Crim  Tartary,  or  Crimea,  to  the  whole 
peninsula  of  the  Taurida ;  after  having,  under  '^ 
the  name  of  Crimmerium,  been  the  capital  of  a 
famous  people,  who  gave  laws  to  the  greatest 
part  of  Europe.  The  modern  town  called  Eski 
Krim  (Old  Crim)  by  the  Tartars,  is  seated  at 
the  foot  of  an  insulated  mountain,  10  m.  W.  of 
Caffa. 

Crimea,  or  Taurida,  the  ancient  Taurica  Cher-  ' 
sonesus,  a  peninsula  of  Europe,  bounded  on  the  • 
south  and  west  by  the  Black  Sea,  north  by  the 
province  of  Catharlnenslaf,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  the  isthmus  of  Prekop,  and  east  by 
the  Sea  of  Asoph  and  the  Strait  of  Caffa.  To- 
wards the  end  of  the  11th  century  the  Genoese 
settled  in  this  country,  but  they  were  expelled 
by  the  Crim  Tartars  in  1474.  See  Caffa.  These 
Tartars  had  been  settled  in  the  Crimea  above 
two  centuries  before  the  expulsion  of  the  Gen- 
oese. They  were  subjects  of  Batu  Khan,  grand- 
son of  Zingis  ;  and  their  conquest  was  annexed 
to  the  kingdom  of  Kasan,  ti41  the  death  of  Tamer- 
lane in  1400,  when  Edegai  Khan,  an  officer  of 
that  prince,  took  possession  of  it,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Duelet  Cherai,  in  whose  family  the  sov- 
ereignity continued  till  the  18th  century.  The 
Khans  however,  were  vassals,  or  tributary  to 
the  Turks,  till  the  year  1774,  when  their  inde- 
pendence was  stipulated  in  the  treaty  of  Cainargi. 
In  1783  the  Russians  took  possession  of  the  coun 
try  with  an  army  ;  the  following  year  it  was  ced- 
ed to  them  by  the  Turks  ;  and  the  peaceable  pos- 
session of  the  whole  was  secured  to  them  in  1791 
by  the  cession  of  the  fortress  of  Oczakow.  The 
Crimea  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river 
Salgir,  whicJi  runs  from  west  to  east.  The  north 
division  is  flat,  poor,  and  fit  for  pasturage  only. 
It  has  neither  tree  nor  hillock ;  salt  lakes  and 
flocks  of  sheep  are  its  greatest  riches.  This  dis- 
trict is  bleak  and  cold  in  winter,  and  sultry  and 
scorching  in  summer.  The  south  part  is  moun- 
tainous ;  but  the  valleys  are  astonishingly  pro 
ductive.  and  the  climate  extremely  mild,  from 
the  exclusion  of  those  violent  winds  by  which 
the  north  division  is  frequently  incommoded. 
The  lower  hills,  extending  from  Caffa  to  the  east 
extremity  of  the  country,  are  principally  used  in 
gardening,  and  produce  excellent  fruit.  Beside.-i 
the  port  of  Kertch,  the  road  of  Caffa,  and  the 
harbour  of  Balaclava,  there  is,  near  Sebastopol, 
one  of  the -finest  harbours  in  the  world  The 
principal  articles  of  export  are  corn,  salt,  hon- 
ey, wax,  butter,  horses,  female  slaves,  hides,  and 
furs,  especially  the  Taviric  lamb- skins,  which  are 
in  high  esteem.  The  Crimea  now  forms  one  of 
the  two  provinces  of  the  government  of  Catha- 
rlnenslaf, under  the  name  of  Taurida.  Symphe 
rodo]  is  the  capital.     See  Russia. 

Croatia,  a  province  of  the  Austrian  Empire, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  river  Drave,  which  se- 
parates it  from  Lower  Hungary,  extending  south 
for  about  100  miles  to  the  Adriatic  :  tlie  Save 
intersects  it  from  the  west  in  an  E.  S.  E.  direc- 
tion, parallel  with  the  Drave,  at  a  distance  ol 
about  forty-five  miles  j  the  part  north  of  tlie  Save 


CRO 


2ni 


CRO 


IS  bv">unded  on  the  east  by  Sclavonia,  and  on  the 
west  by  Lower  Stiria;  and  the  part  so\ith  of  the 
Save  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Turkish  pro- 
vince of  Bosnia,  and  on  the  west  by  Lower  Car- 
aiola :  this  part  was  ceded  to  France  at  the  peace 
of  Vienna  in  1809,  but  restored  to  Austria  at  the 
general  peace  of  1815.  Tlie  mean  breadth  of 
Croatia  is  about  sixty  miles,  and  it^  superficial 
area  9,420  square  miles,  containing  a  population 
of  about  800,000.  It  was  called  by  the  Romans 
Liliurnla,  and  subsequently  formed  part  of  Illyria 
and  Sclavonia,  and  at  a  somewhat  later  period  be- 
came an  independent  kingdom  under  the  proti^c- 
tion  of  the  eastern  emperors.  In  1087  it  was 
conquered  by  Ladislaus,  king  of  Hungary,  and 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Austria  by  its  being 
made  an  integral  part  of  Hungary  in  1102.  It 
is  now  divided  into  six  counties,  and  the  south- 
east part  into  six  districts.  It  is  in  general  a  moun- 
tainous country  ;  containing  some  mines  of  iron 
and  copper,  and  the  best  timber  in  Europe. 
The  valleys  are  tolerably  fertile,  and  the  mulber- 
ry, prune,  vine,  and  olive  are  interspersed  over 
most  parts  of  the  country,  and  in  parts  flourish 
luxuriantly.  Honey  is  collected  in  great  quanti- 
ties on  the  banks  of  the  Drave.  The  Port  of 
Fiume,  at  the  south-west  extremity  of  the  pro- 
vince, supplies  the  interior  with  such  foreign  pro- 
ductions as  the  inhabitants  can  command,  in  ex- 
change for  their  surplus  produce,  which  is  limit- 
ed both  in  value  and  extent.  The  capital  of  the 
country  is  Carlstadt,  and  the  other  principal 
towns  are  Warasden,  Agrara,  Petrinia,  OgUiia, 
Zettin,  &c.  «fec.     See  Morlackia. 

Croghansville,  v.  Sandusky  Co.  Ohio, 
Croja,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania, 
seated  near  the   Gulf  of  Venice,   13  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Durazzo,     It  was  once    tlie   residence  of  the 
kings  of  Albania. 

Croisic,  or  Croisil,a.  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
toartment  of  Lower  Loire,  seated  on  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Loire  and 
Vilaine,  35  m.  W.  of  Nantes. 

Croix,  St.,  a  river  of  North  America,  which 
forms  the  north-east  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  and  runs  into  the  Bav  of  Fassamaquoddy, 
in  the  lat.  of  45.  0.  N.,  and  67.  0.  of  W.  long. 

Croix,  St.,  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  in  the  Car- 
ribean  Sea,  thirty  miles  long  and  eight  where 
broadest ;  lyinor  forty  miles  east  by  south  of  St, 
Thomas,  and  about  the  same  distance  E.  S.  E.  of 
Crab  Island,  off  the  S.  E.  end  of  Porto  Rico, 
Columbus  landed  upon  this  island  in  one  of  his 
early  voyages.  It  was  successively  held  by  the 
Spaniards,  English,  and  Dutch.  In  1651  it  was 
bought  for  the  knights  of  Malta,  who  sold  it  in 
1664  to  the  French  West  India  Company,  by 
whom  it  was  sold  to  the  Danes  in  1696  ;  these  held 
it  till  1801,  when  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  and 
restored  after  the  naval  action  off  Copenhagen  in 
the  same  year  ;  retaken  in  1807,  and  restored  again 
at  the  general  peace  of  1815.  It  is  divided  into 
about  3o0  plantations,  yielding  about  25,000  hogs- 
heads, or  16,000  tons,  of  sugar  annually.  The 
population  in  1813  amounted  to  31,387,  of  whom 
23,000  were  slaves.  The  chief  town  is  Chris- 
tianstadt,  on  the  north  coast,  with  a  fine  harbour, 
defended  by  a  fortress.  Long,  65.  28,  W,,  lat.  17. 
45.  N. 

Croce,  St.,  Croix,  St.,  or  Cruz,  Santa.  There 
are  several  towns,  villages,  and  rivers  of  this 
name  both  in  Europe  and  America,  but  all  incon- 
siderable, 

Cromack-water,  a  lake  in  Cumberland  between 


Buttermere- water  and  Lows-water,  receiving  the 
former  at  its  south  end  by  the  river  Cocker,  and 
the  latter  at  its  north  end.  It  is  4  m.  long,  and  half 
a  mile  over  ;  with  throe  small  isles,  one  of  them  a 
rock,  and  the  other  covered  with  wood.  Half  a 
mile  from  the  south-west  end  is  a  waterfall,  called 
Scale  Force,  between  the  mountains  of  Mell 
brake  and  Bleacragg.  At  the  north-east  corner 
is  a  stone  bridge  over  its  outlet,  the  Cocker.  It 
abounds  with  char  and  red  trout. 

Cromarty,  a  county  of  Scotland,  16  miles  long 
and  six  broad,  comprehending  part  of  a  peninsu- 
la on  the  south  side  of  a  frith  to  which  it  gives 
name.  On  the  south  and  west  it  is  bounded  by 
Ross-shire,  It  is  divided  into  five  parishes, 
and  contains  about  6,000  inhabitants.  The  high- 
lands are  healthy,  and  on  the  coast  it  is  fertile  and 
well  cultivated.  It  sends  one  member  to  parlia 
ment  alternately  with'  Nairnshire,  The  towns 
are  Cromarty,  Kirkraichael.  Resolis,  and  Urqu- 
hart. 

Cromarty,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  and  capital  of 
the  preceding  county.  The  harbour  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  Great  Britain,  and  has  a  commodious 
quay.  Here  is  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
hempen  cloth,  and  a  coasting  trade  in  corn,  thread, 
yarn,  fish,  and  skins  of  various  sorts.  It  stands  at 
the  mouth  of  the  frith  of  Cromarty,  16  m,  N,  N. 
E.  of  Inverness.  Long.  3.  50.  W.,  lat.  57,  38,  N. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,993. 

Cromer,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng,  It  formerly 
had  two  churches,  one  of  which,  with  several 
houses,  was  swallowed  up  by  the  sea.  The  in- 
habitants are  chiefly  fishermen;  and  the  best  lob- 
sters on  this  part  of  the  coast  are  taken  here.  It 
is  seated  on  the  German  Ocean,  22  m,  north  of 
Norwich,  and  129  north- east  of  London,  and  is 
frequented  in  the  summer  seaiion  for  sea  bathing. 
Fop,  in  1821, 1,023. 

Cromford,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  Eng,  on  the 
river  Derwent,  2  miles  north  of  Wirks worth.  The 
Arkwrights  have  erected  an  extensive  cotton  mill 
at  this  place,  and  connected  it  by  a  canal  with  the 
Erwash  and  Nottingham  canals,  aqd  thereby  -with 
the  river  Trent,     Fop.  in  1821,  \jKl. 

Crompton,  a  township  in  the  parish  of  Oldham, 
Lancashire,  Eng,  Pop.  in  1821,  6,482.  See 
Oldham. 

Cronach,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principality 
of  Bamburg,  near  which  is  a  mountain-fortress 
called  Rosenberg.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Cro- 
nach, 11  m.  N.  of  Culmbach, 

Cronhorg,  a  strong  fortress  of  Denmark,  on  the 
Isle  of  Zealand,  near  Elsinore,  which  guards  the 
passage  of  the  sound.  It  is  situate  on  the  point  of 
a  peninsular  promontory,  opposite  Helsingburg  in 
Sweden,  little  more  than  two  miles  distant.  In 
1658  it  was  taken  by  the  king  of  Sweden,  and  re- 
stored in  1660.  In  this  fortress  is  a  palace  where 
queen  Matilda  was  imprisoned  till  she  was  per- 
mitted to  retire  to  Zell.  Not  far  from  this  is  Ham- 
let's Garden,  said  to  be  the  spot  where  the  murder 
of  his  father  was  perpetrated. 

Cronenherg,  or  Kronberg,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  late  electorate  of  Mentz,  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, nine  miles  north-west  of  Frankfort. 

Cronstadt,  a  seaport  and  fortress  of  Russia,  on 
the  island  of  Retusari,  in  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
The  harbour  is  the  chief  station  of  the  Russian 
fleet.  Here  are  great  magazines  of  naval  stores, 
docks,  and  yards  for  building  of  ships,  a  foundry 
for  casting  cannon  balls,  and  an  extensive  marine 
hospital.  The  Man  of  War's  Mole  is  enclosed 
by  a  strong  rampart,  built  of  granite,  in  the  sea, 


CRO 


CUB 


and  Peter's  Canal,  lined  with  masonry,  is  1,050 
fathoms  long,  60  broad  at  the  bottom,  and  100  at 
the  top  ;  it  is  24  fathoms  deep,  and  in  this  man- 
ner stretches  358  fathoms  into  the  sea.  At  the  end 
of  the  canal  are  two  pyramidal  columns,  with  in- 
scriptions relative  to  this  great  work.  The  town 
occupies  the  east  part  of  the  island,  and  the  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  40,000.  It  is  22  m.  W. 
of  Petersburg,  of  which  it  is  the  outport.  Long. 
29.  26.  E.,  lat.  59.  56.  N. 

Cronstadt,  a  town  of  Transylvania.  See  Brassau. 
Crooked  Island.     See  Bahamas. 
Cropani,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ulteri- 
ore,  9ni.  K.  N.  E.  of  St.  Severino. 

Crosby,  a  village  in  Hancock  Co.  Me.  Also  a 
township  in  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 

Cross  Creek,  a  township  in  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio. 
Crosne,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  the  pa- 
latinate ofLemberg,   80  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lem- 
berg. 

Crossen,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  capital  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  with 
a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  frontiers  of 
Silesia,  near  the  conflux  of  the  Bober  with  the 
Oder,  in  a  country  abounding  with  wine  and  fruit, 
23  m.  S.  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Cross-fell,  a  mountain  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  8 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Kirkoswold.  Its  extreme  altitude 
IS  2,802  feet.  At  different  elevations  there  are 
two  extensive  plains;  and  a  third  on  the  summit 
contains  several  hundred  acres  covered  with  moss 
and  other  vegetable  prodHctions.  The  view  from 
this  height  comprehends  a  great  part  of  six  coun- 
ties. A  few  yards  below  the  summit  is  a  spring 
called  the  Gentleman's   Well. 

Cross  Plains,  p. v.  Fayette  Co.  Ken.  _ 
Cross  River,  p. v.  West  Chester  Co.  N.  Y. 
Cross  Roads,  villages  in  Chester  Co.  Pa.  and 
Kent  Co.  Maryland. 

Crosswick,  p.  v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J. 
Crotona,  or  Croton,  a  seaport  of  Naples,  on  the 
east  coast  of  Calabria  Ulteriore,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  citadel.  It  has  a  trade  in  grain,  cheese, 
oil,  and  silk,  and  is  15  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Severine. 
Long.  17.  27.  E.  lat.  39.  9.  N. 

Crotoy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ofSomme,on  the  east  side  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Somme,  35  m.  north-west  of  ahucjis. 

Crouch,  a  river  in  Essex,  Eng.  which  rises  near 
Horndon,  and  enters  the  German  Ocean  between 
Burnham  and  Foulness  Island.  The  Walfleet 
and  Burnham  oysters  are  the  product  of  its  creeks 
and  pits. 

Crowland,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  Here 
was  formerly  an  abbey  of  great  note,  and  some 
stately  ruins  yet  remain.  The  town  consists  of 
four  streets,  which  jire  separated  by  watercourses, 
and  connected  by  a  curious  triangular  bridge  for 
foot  passengers.  The  chief  trade  is  in  fish  and 
wild  ducks,  which  are  plentiful  in  the  adjacent 
pools  and  marshes.  It  is  11  miles  north  of  Pe- 
terborough, and  93  north  by  west  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,  2,113. 

Crowle,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Isle  of  Axholm,  near  the  river  Dun,  18  m. 
N.  of  Gainsborough,  and  167  N.  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. Pop.  in  1821,  1,961. 

Crown  Point,  a  fort  and  town  of  New  York, 
in  Essex  county.  The  fort  was  erected  by  the 
French  in  1731 ,  on  a  point  that  runs  north  into 
Lake  Champlain.  It  was  reduced  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1759,  taken  by  the  Americans  in  1775 
and  retaken  by  the  English  the  year  after.  It  is 
123  m.  N.  of  Albany.  Pop.  2,041. 


Croydon,  t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  80  m.  fr.  Ports 
mouth.     Pop.  1,057. 

Croydon,  a  town  in  Surrey,  Eng.  It  has  an 
hospital  and  free-school,  founded  'oy  archbishop 
Whitgift ;  and  in  the  church  are  some  monu- 
ments of  the  arch-bishops  of  Canterbury,  who  had 
here  an  ancient  palace;  which  was  alienated  from 
the  see  in  1780  :  the  building  and  adjoining  pre- 
mises are  now  occupied  by  some  cotton  manufac- 
tures. Croyden,  is  seated  near  the  source  of  the 
Wandle,  10  miles  south  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821 ,  % 
9,254. 

Crowsville,  p.v.  Spartanburg  Dis.  S.  C. 
Crozen,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Finisterre,  situate  on  the  promontory  which  forms 
the  south  boundary  of  Brest  Harbour,  16  m.  N. 
W.  of  Chateaulin.  Pop.  about  8,000,  mostly  sail- 
ors and  fishermen. 

Cruachan,  Ben,  a  mountain  of  Scotland,  be- 
tween Loch  Etive  and  the  north  end  of  Loch 
Awe,  in  Argyleshire.  It  has  two  conical  peaks, 
one  of  which  is  3,962,  and  the  other  3,390  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Cruces,  a  small  seaport  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
about  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Porto  Bello. 

Crumlau,  or    Crumau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in         * 
the  circle  of  Bechin,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Muldau,  12  m.  south  by  west  of  Budwois. 

Crumlaw,  or  Cromau,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in 
the  circle  of  Znaim,  with  a  castle,  10  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Znaim. 

Cruz,  St.  a  sea-port  of  Morocco.  The  Portu- 
guese had  a  fortress  here,  which  was  taken  from 
them  by  the  Moors  in  1536,  and  the  emperor 
caused  it  to  be  destroyed  in  1773.  The  harbour 
is  safe  and  commodious.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Atlantic,  130  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Morocco, 
and  65  S.  of  Mogadore.  Long.  9.  30.  W.  lat.  30 
28.  N. 

Cruz,  St.  a  seaport  on  the  south-east  side  of 
Teneriffe,  and  the  general  residence  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  all  the  Canary  Islands.  It  has  a  well- 
built  pier  and  quay,  and  is  defended  by  several 
forts  and  batteries.  Long.  16. 16.  W.,  and  lat.  28. 
27.  N.  ..." 

Cmz,  St.  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  jurisdic- 
tion, in  the  audience  of  Charcas,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  The  country  is  woody  and  mountainous  ; 
but  the  town  stands  in  a  fertile  valley,  near  the 
River  Guapaix,  160  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Plata.  Long. 
65.  15.  W.,  lat.  17.  26.  S. 

Cr2iz,  St.  a  town  on  the  north  side  of  the  Island 
of  Cuba,  50  m.  E.  of  Havana. 

Cruz,  St.  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  See 
Croce,  St. 

Cuba,  an  ishnd  of  the  West  Indies  lying  be 
tween  the  lat.  of  19.  42.  and  23.  20.  N.,  and  ex- 
tending from  74.  to  85.  of  W.  long.  The  east 
end  is  bounded  by  a  strait  called  the  Windward 
Passage,  about  65  m.  wide,  which  dividee  it  from 
the  north-west  end  of  Hispaniola ;  and  the  west 
end  projects  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  being  about 
100  miles  from  the  promontory  of  Yucatan  on  the 
south,  and  the  same  distance  from  the  promonto- 
ry of  East  Florida  on  the  north.  Its  mean  breadth, 
however,  does  not  exceed  75  miles,  comprising 
an  area  of  about  52,000  square  miles  or  a  super- 
ficies, nearly  equal  to  that  of  England  and  Wales. 
The  island  was  first  made  known  to  Europeans 
by  Columbus  in  1492;  and  from  the  great  extent 
of  its  coast  from  east  to  west,  was  at  first  supposed 
to  form  part  of  the  western  continent.  It  was, 
however,  ascertiiined  to  be  an  island  in  1508,  by 
Nicholas   Ovando,  who  sailed  round  it  in   that 


CUB 


833 


CUL 


year,  and  in  about  three  years  after  it  was  taken 
jpossession  of  by  a  Spanish  force  from  Hispaniola, 
under  the  command  of  Don  Diego  de  Velasquez, 
who  extirpated  the  natives ;  after  which  the  is- 
land remained,  with  but  little  interruption,  in 
possession  of  the  Spaniards,  until  1741,  when  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  upon  it  by  the 
Enorlish,  to  whom  however  it  surrendered  on  the 
13th  of  August,  17')2,  after  a  desperate  resistance 
of  the  Si)aniards,  for  about  two  months.  It  was 
restored  to  Spain  in  the  following  year,  and  has 
remained  in  their  quiet  possession  up  to  1826,  hav- 
ing been  but  little  affected  by  the  events  which 
ii  .'>  the  entire  subversion  of  Spanish  domi- 
nation over  every  part  of  their  continental  pos- 
sessions in  the  western  hemisphere.  Since  the 
period  of  1791,  when  the  mania  of  the  French 
revolution  extended  to  the  neighbouring  island  of 
Hispaniola,  numerous  planters  of  that  island  fled 
to  Cuba,  which  has  ever  since  continued  to  im- 
prove in  cultivation  and  increase  in  population, 
and  its  produce  in  sugar,  coffee,  and  tobacco, 
since  the  commencement  of  the  present  century, 
has  been  very  great  and  progressively  increasing. 
The  tobacco  is  unequalled  in  quality,  and  is  chief- 
ly made  into  cigars. 

Mountain  ridges  pervade  the  whole  island,  ren- 
dering the  face  of  the  country  exceedingly  pic- 
turesque. It  is  tolerably  well  watered  ;  and,  by 
social  arrangements  and  well-directed  exertion, 
it  is  capable  of  maintaining  twenty  millions  of 
people  in  the  highest  degree  of  earthly  enjoyment. 
In  the  woods  are  some  valuable  trees,  particularly 
cedars  of  a  large  size  ;  and  birds  abound  here, 
both  in  variety  and  number,  more  than  in  any 
of  the  other  islands.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  cattle, 
sheep,  and  hogs  are  numerous.  There  are  copper 
mines  in  the  mountains,  and  the  forests  are  full 
of  game.  The  principal  ports  are  Havana, 
and  Matanzas,  on  the  north  coast,  near  the  west 
end  ;  and  St.  Jago  de  Cuba  and  St.  Salvador,  on 
the  south  coast,  near  the  east  end.  In  addition 
to  its  staple  productions,  of  sugar,  coffee,  and 
tobacco  ;  ginger,  long  pepper,  cassia,  tamarinds 
wild  cinnamon,  mastic,  aloes,  honey,  &c.  Sec.  are 
abundant. 

The  lime  grows  plentifully  in  this  island.  It 
is   produced    by   a  small   tree   or  rather  shrub. 


Its  fruit  is  a  great  favourite  in  the  West  Indies 
and  its  acid  is  sharper  as  well  as  more  cooling 
than  that  of  the  lemon . 

Cuba,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  36   m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Evora. 

Cubagua,  a  small  island  off  the  north  coast  of 
Colombia,  between  that  of  Margaretta  and  Cuma- 
na.  Here  the  Spaniards,  in  1509,  established  a 
fishery  of  pearl  ;  but  the  banks  disappeared  in 
in  1 524.  The  island  is  barren  and  nitrous.  Long. 
yi.  10.  W  ht.  10.  5<).  N. 
30 


Cuban,  a  river,  which  issues  from  the  north 
side  of  the  Caucasian  Mountains,  divides  Cir- 
cassia  from  part  of  Taurica,  and  flows  into  the 
north  extremity  of  the  Black  Sea,  near  the  en- 
trance to  the  Sea  of  Asoph;  it  receives  several 
tributary  streams  from  the  south. 

Cuban,  or  Cuban  Tartary,  a  county  in  the  Rus- 
sian province  of  Taurica  ;  bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  sea  of  Taurica,  north  by  the  river  Don,  which 
separates  it  from  Europe,  east  by  the  desert  of 
Astracan,  and  south  by  the  river  Cuban,  which 
divides  it  from  Circassia. 

Cuckfield,  a  town  in  Sussex,  Eng.  13  m.  N.  W. 
of  Lewes,  and  39  S.  by  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1821,2,385. 

Cuddalore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coetst 
of  Carnatic,  near  the  place  where  Fort  St.  David 
once  stood.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1758, 
and  again  in  1783.  It  is  20  miles  S.  S.  W.  of 
Pondicherry.     Long.  79.  55.  E.,  lat.  11.41.  N. 

Cuddapn,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
circar  of  the  same  name,  ceded  by  Tippoo  in 
1792,  to  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan.  It  is  133  m. 
N.  W.  of  Madras.  Long.  78.  57.  E.,  lat.  14. 
23.  N. 

Cudrefin,  a  town  and  bailiwick  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  canton  of  Bern,  21  miles  west  of  Bern. 

Cuenza,  a  province  of  Spain,  on  the  east  side 
of  New  Castile,  intersected  by  the  River  Xucar. 
Sq.  miles,  11,884.     Pop.  294,290. 

Cuenza,  a  city,  bishop's  see,  capital  of  the 
preceding  province :  is  seated  on  a  high  and 
craggy  hill,  on  the  banks  of  the  Xucar,  over  which 
is  an  elegant  stone  bridge  of  five  arches.  The 
cathedral  is  a  stately  edifice,  besides  which  there 
are  several  churches  and  six  monasteiies.  It  is 
90  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Madrid.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Cuenca,  a  town  of  Colombia  and  capital  of  a 
jurisdiction  of  the  same  name  in  the  province  of 
Quito,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  shore  of  the 
Bay  of  Guayaquil,  and  east  by  the  Andes.  The 
town  is  situate  in  a  valley,  about  midway  from 
the  foot  of  the  Andes  and  the  shore  of  the  bay 
and  176  miles  south  by  west  of  the  city  of  Quito, 
Pop.  about  14,000 

Cuernavaca,  a  town  of  Mexico,  40  miles  south 
by  west  of  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  road  to 
Acapulco.  In  the  time  of  Cortes  it  was  the  capital 
of  an  independent  state.  It  is  situate  on  the 
southern  declivity  of  the  Cordilleras  5,400  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  climate  is  delight- 
ful.  ^ 

Cuiaha,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of 
Matto  Grosso,  seated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
river  Cuiaba,  which  falls  into  the  Paraguay,  in  the 
long,  of  56.  W.,and  lat.  of  15.  a5.  S.  The  popu- 
lation is  estimated  at  30,000.  There  is  a  tolerably 
productive  gold  mine  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town. 

Cuilly,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  Lake  of  Gene- 
va, eight  miles  E.  S.  E.  of  Lausanne. 

Ctdenburg,  or  Karleribourg,  a  town  of  Holland, 
in  Gelderland,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river 
Leok,  16  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Utrecht. 

Culiacan,  a  town  of  Mexico,  seated  near  the 
source  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which,  after  a 
course  of  about  50  miles,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
California,  in  the  lat.  of  24.  20.  N.  It  is  cele- 
brated in  the  Mexican  history  undei  the  name  of 
HueicoUinacan,  and  as  the  capital  of  a  popuKms 
and  fertile  district. 

Cullcn,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Banffshire,  at 
the    mouth    of    the    Culan    or    Cullen.       It    has 
manufactures  of  linen  and  damask,  and  a  trade  in 
U  2 


CtJM 


SS4 


CUM 


fresh  and  dried  fish.  Near  it  are  seen  three  lofty 
spiring  rocks,  formed  of  flinty  masses,  called  the 
Three  Kings  of  Cullen.  It  is  13  m.  west  by  north 
of  Banff.     Pop.  in  1821 , 1,452. 

Cullera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Xucar,  21  m.  south  of  Valencia. 
Pop.  about  4,000. 

Ctilm,  a  city  of  Prussia,  capital  of  a  palatinate  of 
the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  Catho- 
lic university.  It  is  seated  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Vistula.  85  m.  south  of  Dantzic.  Long.  18.  30. 
E.,  lat.  53.  24.  N. 

Culm  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  Bohemia, 
in  the  west  part  of  the  circle  of  Saaz.  It  was 
near  this  place  where  the  French  gen'jral  Van- 
damme  was  defeated  by  a  corps  of  Austrians  and 
Prussians,  in  August  1813. 

Culrnbach,  a  town  of  Franconia,  formerly  the 
capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name.  Near 
it,  on  a  mountain,  stands  the  fortress  of  Plassen- 
burg,  where  the  archives  of  the  principality  were 
preserved,  but  they  were  removed  to  Bayreuth  in 
1783.  Culrnbach  is  seated  near  the  Weiss  branch 
of  the  Maine,  13  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bayreuth.  Pop. 
about  3,800. 

Culmore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Londonderry,  on  the  coast  of  Lough  Foyle,  five 
m.  north  by  east  of  Londonderry.  It  is  stated  in 
a  return  made  to  parliament  in  1821,  to  be  extra- 
parochial,  and  exempt  from  tithe,  and  parish,  and 
county  rate.     Pop.  in  1821,  6C1. 

Culpeper,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, bounded  on  the  north-west  by  the  blue  ridge 
of  the  Apalachian  Mountains,  and  on  the  east  by 
the  Rappahannock  River.  Fairfax,  is  the  chief 
town.     Population  of  the  county  24,026. 

Culross,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
in  a  district  almost  surrounded  by  Clack manan- 
shire.  Here  is  a  princely  abbey,  built  in  1217. 
It  is  situate  on  the  frith  of  Forth,  20  m.  south  of 
Perth,  and  21  W.  N.  W  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  in 
1821,  1,611. 

Currmna,  a  sea-port  of  Colombia,  and  capital 
of  the  province  of  Orinoco.  It  is  seated  on  an 
arid  sandy  plain  at  the  entrance  of  a  spacious 
inlet  of  the  Carribcan  sea,  in  the  lat.  of  16. 12.  N. 
and  64.  24.  W.  long.  Cumana  has  suffered  much 
both  by  inundations  and  by  earthquakes.  On  the 
14th  of  Dec.  1707  about  four-fifths  of  the  town  was 
destroyed.  It  is  other  ways  advantageously  situate 
for  external  commerce,  which  it  carries  on  to 
some  extent  in  cotton,  cocoa,  mules,  cattle,  &c.  in 
exchange  for  the  manufactures  of  Europe  gene- 
rally.    Pop.  in  1826,  about  20,000. 

Cumber,  or  Comber,  a  parish  and  town  in  the 
county  of  Down,  Ireland.  The  town  is  pleasant- 
ly seated  at  the  head  of  a  small  bay  of  Strangford 
Lough.  Population  of  the  town  in  1821,  1,283, 
and  of  the  parish  6,918  more. 

Cumberland,  a  maritime  and  mountainous  coun- 
ty of  the  north  of  England,  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  river  Liddel,  which  separates  it  from  Scot- 
land, and  on  the  east  by  the  counties  of  Northum- 
berland and  Durham ;  south  by  those  of  West- 
moreland and  part  of  Lancashire,  and  east  by  the 
Irish  sea.  This  county  contains  a  good  deal  of 
dreary  moor,  but  some  of  the  valleys  intersected 
by  streams  of  water  and  interspersed  with  lakes 
are  exceedingly  picturesque,  and  very  fertile. 
The  two  principal  rivers  are  the  Eden  and  Der- 
went,  which  abound  with  salmon  and  char.  The 
mountains  and  moors  are  rich  in  minerals,  espe- 
cially coals  and  lead.  It  has  also  a  very  valuable 
bed   of  plumbago,   or  blacklead.     Sea  Fell,  the 


highest  peak  of  the  mountains,  rises  to  a  height  of 
3,1 66  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Skcddau  and 
Helvellyn  also  each  rise  to  heights  exceeding 
3,000  feet,  and  five  or  six  others  approximate  to 
3,000  feet.  Carlisle  is  the  capital,  where  some 
considerable  manufactures  of  cotton  are  carried 
on.  The  county  also  yields  a  surplus  of  cattle 
and  about  200,000  chaldron  of  coals  annually. 
The  sea-ports  are  Whitehaven,  Workington  and 
Maryport ;  and  the  principal  towns  in  the  interioi, 
Aldbton,  Cockermouth,  Penrith,  and  Wigton. 

Cumberland,  is  also  the  name  of  six  counties  in 
different  parts  of  the  United  States  of  North  Amer 
ica:  viz. 

1st.  In  the  state  of  Maine,  of  which  Portland  is 
the  chief  town,  .and  formerly  was  the  seat  of  gov 
ernment  of  the  state.  It  is  a  maritime  county,  its 
area  not  exceeding  700  square  miles,  comprising  a 
considerable  suriace  of  lakes.  The  north-east 
corner  of  the  county  is  bounded  by  the  Kenebec 
River.     Pop.  60,113. 

2nd.  At  the  S.  extremity  of  New  Jersey,  bor- 
dering on  Delaware  Bay,  in  the  lat.  of  39.  15. 
to  39.  30.  N.  Pop.  14,091.  Bridgetown  is  the 
capital. 

3rd.  In  the  E.  District  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  Blue  Ridge  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  and  on  the  east  by  the  Susquehanna 
River.  It  is  about  35  miles  in  extent  from  east  to 
west,  and  15  in  mean  breadth.  Pop.  29,218.  Car- 
lisle, is  the  chief  town. 

4th.  In  the  E.  District  of  Virginia,  extending 
south  from  James  River  for  28  miles,  to  the  Ap- 
pomattax  River.  The  mean  breadth  of  this  county 
does  not  exceed  eight  miles.  Carterville  is  the 
chief  town.     Pop.  11,689. 

5th.  In  the  interior  of  North  Carolina,  intersect- 
ed by  Cape  Fear  River.  Pop.  14,824.  Fayette- 
ville  is  the  chief  town. 

6th.  In  Kentucky,  bordering  on  Tennessee,  in 
tersected  by  the  Cumberland  River.  Pop.  8,636 
Burkesville  is  the  chief  town. 

Cumberland,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  Pop. 
3,675.     Also  towns  in  Pa.  and  Va. 

Cuviberland  River,  which  gives  name  to  three  of 
the  above  counties,  rises  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Cumberland  Ridge  of  mountains,  which  divide 
the  south-east  end  of  the  state  of  Kentucky  from 
that  of  Virffinia,  in  the  lat.  of  37.  N.,  runs  west 
for  about  1§0  miles,  when  it  leaves  the  state  of 
Kentucky  in  a  southerly  direction,  at  the  south- 
west corner  of  Cumberland  County,  into  the  state 
of  Tennessee,  through  which  it  runs  a  course  of 
about  150  m.,  when  it  re-enters  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky in  a  north-west  direction,  and,  after  a  fur- 
ther course  of  about  60  miles,  falls  into  the  Ohio 
about  50  miles  above  the  entrance  of  that  river 
into  the  Mississippi.  From  the  source  of  the 
Cumberland  River  to  its  conflux  with  the  Ohio, 
the  distance  in  a  direct  line  is  300  miles,  being  0 
deg.  of  long,  between  82.  15.  and  88.  15.  in  the 
lat.  of  37.  N.  but  the  distance  by  the  course  and 
windings  of  the  stream  is  near  600  miles,  500  of 
which  it  is  navigable  for  batteaux  of  14  or  15  tons 
burthen. 

Cumherland  Ridge,  is  the  most  westerly  of  tne 
Apalachian  chain  of  mountains,  and  extends  from 
the  frontier  of  Georgia  in  the  lat.  of  35.  N.  in  a 
E.  N.  E.  direction,  through  the  state  of  Tennessee, 
flanking  the  south-east  end  of  the  state  of  Ken- 
tucky, into  Tazeville  County,  in  the  state  of  Vir- 
ginia, in  the  lat.  of  37.  20.  N.  where  it  terminates 
in  several  knolls,  which  give  rise  to  the  streams 
that  form  the  Big  Sandy  River. 


CUR 


S3b 


cus 


Cumberland,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Georgia ; 
the  most  southern  territory  of  the  United  States 
on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  previous  to  their  posses- 
sion of  the  Floridas  in  July  1821.  It  is  15  miles 
long  and  two  broad.  Opposite  its  south  extremity 
is  the  island  of  Amilla,  and  between  them  is  the 
entrance  to  St.  Mary's  River,  n  the  lat.  of  30. 
39.  N. 

Cumberland,  a  town  and  fort  of  British  Ameri- 
ca, in  a  county  of  the  same  name,  forming  the 
isthmus  which  unites  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Bruns- 
wick. The  fort  is  situate  at  the  head  of  the  bay  of 
Fundy,  on  the  east  side  of  its  northern  branch, 
called  Chignecto  Bay.  The  isthmus  is  here  about 
15  miles  across,  easily  admitting  a  canal  to  unite 
the  Bay  of  Fundy  with  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Long.  G4.  10.  W.,  lat  45.  45.  N. 

Cumberland  House,  a  station  of  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company,  in  the  country  of  the  Knisteneaux 
Indians,  on  the  south-west  side  of  Pine  Island 
Lake,  in  the  lat.  of  54.  N.  and  102.  of  W.  long. 

Cumbo,  or  Combo,  a  kingdom  on  the  west  coast 
of  Africa,  south  of  the  river  Gambia.  The  Por- 
tuguese have  a  settlement  at  Cacheo. 

Cumbray,  Great  and  Little,  two  islands  of  Scot- 
land, at  the  entrance  of  the  frith  of  Clyde,  to  the 
south-east  of  the  isle  of  Bute.  The  former  is  six 
miles  in  circumference,  has  excellent  freestone 
quarries,  and  the  ruins  of  a  cathedral  dedicated  to 
St.  Columba.  The  latter  lies  a  little  to  the  south 
of  the  other,  and  on  it  is  a  lighthouse.  Long.  4. 
47.  W.,  lat.  55  45.  N.  They  are  included  in  the 
county  of  Bute.     Pop.  in  1821,  657. 

Cumirna,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  12  miles  south- 
west of  Turin.     Pop.  about  4,500. 

Cumly,  a  fort  and  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Ca- 
nara,  seated  between  two  rivers,  at  their  entrance 
into  a  salt  water  lake,  which  is  separated  from  the 
sea  by  a  spit  of  sand.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
south  river  is  the  town  of  Kanyapura,  to  which  it 
was  formerly  joined  by  a  bridge.  It  is  15  m.  S  by 
E.  of  iVIangalore. 

Cummington,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  102  m. 
W.    Boston.  Pop.   1,260. 

Cumree,  t.  Berks  Co.  Pa. 

Cundinamarca,  one  of  the  four  great  divisions 
into  which  the  new  republican  territory  of  Colom- 
bia was  first  divided ;  but  since  the  division  of 
1823,  when  the  country  was  divided  into  twelve 
provinces,  it  forms  the  central  and  metropolitan 
province  of  the  republic.     See  Bogota. 

Cupar,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Fife- 
shire.  Here  are  manufactures  of  coarse  linens, 
and  a  considerable  tannery.  It  is  seated  in  a  rich 
valley,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Eden,  eight  miles 
west  by  south  of  St.  Andrew,  and  30  N.  N.  E.  of 
Edinburg.     Pop.  of  the  parish  in  1821,  5,892 

Cupar,  in  Angus,  a  town  of  Scotland,  partly  in 
Forfar,  but  chiefly  in  Perthshire,  with  a  consider- 
able linen  manufactory  and  tannery.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Isla,  12  miles  north-west  of  Dundee,  and 
13  N.  N.  E.  of  Perth.     Pop.  1821,  2,622. 

Curasao,  an  island  in  the  Carribean  Sea,  lying 
off  the  coast  of  Colombia,  near  the  entrance  to  the 
Gulf  and  Lake  Maracaibo,  35  miles  long  and  12 
broad,  subject  to  the  Dutch.  It  produces  sugar, 
tobacco,  and  salt ;  has  numerous  warehouses, 
which  used  formerly  to  supply  the  adjacent  coast 
with  the  productions  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and 
which  still  continue  to  do  so  to  some  extent.  In 
1800  some  French  having  settled  on  part  of  the  is- 
land, and  becoming  at  variance  with  the  Dutch, 
the  latter  surrendered  the  island  to  a  single  British 
frigate.      It  was  restored   to  the  Dutch,  by  the 


peace  of  1802,  and  taken  from  them  by  a  British 
squadron  in  1807,  and  again  restored  by  the  peace 
of  1814.  The  principal  town  is  St.  Peter,  at  the 
north-east  extremity  of  the  island.  Long.  69.  15. 
W.,  lat.  12.  52.  N. 

Curico,  the  tenth  in  order  to  the  provinces  of 
Chile,  the  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  about 
100  m.  from  the  sea,  in  the  lat.  of  35.  S.,  on  the 
road  from  Concepcion  to  Santiago. 

Curia  Muria,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Arabia 
Felix,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  river  Prim.  Long. 
55.  25.  E.,  lat.  17.  0.  N. 

Curisch  Huff,  a  lake  or  bay  of  Prussia,  separa- 
ted from  the  Baltic  3ea  by  a  tongue  of  land,  70 
miles  in  extent,  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direction  but  not 
more  than  from  two  to  three  miles  wide  ;  the  HaflT 
is  about  30  miles  wvde  at  the  south  end,  pro- 
gressively narrowing  to  about  a  mile  only  at  its 
outlet  into  its  sea  at  Mennel. 

Cvrrah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Allahabad, 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ganges,  36  m.  north 
west  of  Allahabad. 

Current,  a  township  in  Lawrence  Co.  Arkan- 
sas. 

Currinsville,  p. v.  Clearfield  Co.  Pa. 

Currituck,  a  maritime  country  at  the  north-east 
extremity  of  North  Carolina,  the  north  end  border- 
ing on  the  Great  Dismal  Swampof  Virginia,  and 
the  south  end  on  Albemarle  Sound.  This  was 
formerly  a  very  dreary  district,  but  some  of  the 
land  within  the  present  century  has  been  render- 
ed very  productive  in  rice.  Pop.  7,654.  The 
county  gives  name  to  one  of  the  inlets  into  Albe- 
marle Sound. 

Curupa,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  government  of 
Para,  seated  on  the  south  bank  of  the  main  chan- 
nel of  the  Amazon,  250  miles  west  of  Para.  Long 
53.  10.  W.,  lat.  1.  50.  S. 

Curzola,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  on 
the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  about  26  miles  long.  It 
abounds  in  wood  proper  for  building  ships,  and 
produces  good  wine .  At  the  east  end  is  a  forti- 
fied town  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good  harbour, 
Long.  17.  10.  E.,  lat.  43.  6.  N. 

Cusco,  or  Cuzco,  a  city  of  Peru,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  Incas,  supposed  to 
have  been  first  founded  by  Manco  Capac,  in  1043. 
The  Spaniards,  under  Pizarro,  took  possession  of 
it  in  1534.  On  a  mountain  contiguous  to  the 
north  part  of  the  city  are  the  ruins  of  a  fort  and 
palace  of  the  Incas,  the  stones  of  which  are  of  an 
enormous  magnitude.  Cuzco  is  built  in  a  square 
form,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  the  best  market 
in  all  America :  four  large  streets,  which  are 
perfectly  straight,  terminate  in  the  square.  It 
contains  nine  churches  besides  the  cathedral, 
which  is  a  noble  structure.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants is  about  30,000,  of  which  one-half  are 
original  Americans.  Streams  of  water  run  through 
the  town,  which  are  a  great  conveniency  in  a 
country  where  it  seldom  rains.  It  is  seated  near 
the  source  of  a  river  falling  into  the  Pilcomayo, 
on  the  east  side  of  the  first  collateral  ridge  of  the 
Andes,  350  miles  east  by  south  of  Lima.  Long. 
71.47.  W.,  lat.  1.3.  20.  S. 

Cusldng,  t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  681. 

Citssnt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  departmenfdf 
Allier,  37  miles  south  by  east  of  Moulins.  Pop. 
about  4,000. 

Cuslee,  a  town  of  Bengal,  on  the  south  bank 
of  the  main  branch  of  the  Ganges,  100  miles 
north  by  east  of  Calcutta.  It  has  considerable 
manufactures  of  silk. 

Cuslrin,  a  fortified  town  of  Brandenburg,  capi- 


cyp 


936 


CZE 


^ 


Uil  of  the  New  Mark,  with  a  castle.  In  17C0  it 
was  bombarded  and  almost  destroyed  by  the 
Russians,  and  in  1806  it  was  taken  by  the  French. 
It  is  seated  amid  morasses,  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Warta  with  the  Oder,  46  m.  east  by  north  of 
Berlin. 

Cutais,  the  chief  town  of  Imeritia.  The  re- 
mains of  the  cathedral  seem  to  prove  that  it  was 
once  a  considerable  place.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Riona,  120  miles  west  by  north  of  Teflis.  Long. 
43.  0.  E.,  lat.  42.  ^'>.  N. 

Cutch,  a  country  of  Ilindoostan,  governed  by  a 
rajah,  and  situate  on  the  south-east  of  Sind  ;  the 
east  branch  of  the  Indus  separated  the  two  coun- 
tries. It  extends  along  the  north  coast  of  the 
Gulf  of  Cutch,  and  is  separated  from  Guzerat  by 
the  river  Ban.  It  abounds  witii  hills,  woods,  and 
sandy  wilds.  The  capital  is  Booge-booge,  in  the 
lat.  of  23.  16.  N.,  and  69.  2.  of  E.  long. 

Cuttack,  a  maritime  district  of  Hindoostan,  ex- 
tending from  Lake  Chilca  in  the  lat.  of  19.  30.  N. 
to  the  Subunreeka  River  which  separates  it  from 
Bengal  in  the  lat.  of  21.  30.  N.,  being  bounded  on 
the  west  by  the  province  of  Orissa.  The  rivers 
Coyle,  Nuddy  and  Mahanuddy  intersect  it  from 
west  to  east.  It  is  a  very  fertile  district,  and  has 
numerous  and  extensive  manufactures  of  cotton  ; 
but  is  more  particularly  celebrated  as  the  chief 
district  of  Hindoo  devotees,  and  containing  the 
temple  of  Jagarnaut.  The  chief  town  of  the 
same  name,  sometimes  called 

Cuttack  Benares  is  seated  on  an  island  formed 
by  the  Mahanuddy  River,  about  fifty  miles  from 
the  sea,  in  the  lat  of  20.  30.  N.  and  86.  10.  of  E. 
long.  Besides  Jagernaut  the  other  places  of  note 
are  Balasore,  Masulipatam  and  Jagepoor.  This 
district  was  familiar  to  the  Mahomedans  as  early 
as  the  commencement  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
but  continued  in  possession  of  the  Hindoos  till 
1569,  when  it  surrendered  to  Solyman  Kerang, 
who  annexed  it  to  Bengal.  In  1757  it  was  ceded 
to  the  Nagpore  Mahrattas,  and  fell  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  English  in  1803.  Population  about 
1,200,000. 

Cutterah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the  province 
of  Oude,  2o  miles  south  by  eiist  of  Bereilly,  cele- 
brated for  a  decisive  battle  fought  in  its  vicinity 
on  the  I8th  of  April,  1774,  between  the  Rohillas 
and  the  British. 

Cuxhaven,  a  sea-port  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
Duchy  of  Bremen,  situate  near  the  point  of  the 
promontory  formed  by  the  mouths  of  the  rivers 
Weser  and  Elbe.  It  is  an  insignificant  place,  but 
rendered  of  some  importance  as  the  station  of  the 
post  office  packets  between  England  and  the  north 
of  Europe.  It  is  60  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Hamburg. 
Lat.  53.  50.  N.,  and  8.  40.  of  E.  long. 

Cuyahoga,  a  stream  of  Ohio  falling  into  Lake 
Erie  at  Cleaveland.  The  great  Ohio  Canal ,  passes 
along  this  river  and  joins  the  Lake  at  its  mouth. 
See  Ohio  Canal. 

Cuyahoga,  a  county  of  Ohio  bordering  upon 
Lake  Erie  at  the  outlet  of  the  above  stream.  Pop. 
10,360.    Cleaveland  is  the  capital. 

Cycladcs,  the  ancient  name  of  ten  islands  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  between 
36.  and  38.  of  N.  lat. 

Cynthiana,  p.t.  Harrison  Co.  Ken.  Also  a 
township  in  Posey  Co.  Ind. 

Cyprus,  an  island  at  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  lying  off"  the  coast  of 
Syria,  from  which  the  eastern  extremity  of  the 
island  is  distant  70  miles.  It  is  165  miles  in  ex- 
treme length,  and  50  wide  in  its  broadest  part. 


but  its  mean  breadth  does  not  exceed  30  miles, 
giving  an  area  of  about  5,000  square  miles,  inter- 
sected by  mountains  and  streams  of  water.  The 
mountains  are  of  considerable  elevation,  and  the 
tops  of  some  of  them  are  covered  with  snow  a 
great  part  of  the  year.  The  principal  river  runs 
from  west  to  east,  and  is  called  the  Pedia.  Dur- 
ing the  national  career  of  Egypt,  Persia,  Greece, 
and  Rome,  Cyprus  was  the  resort  of  the  learned, 
gay,  refined,  and  vicious,  of  those  nations.  Its 
preeminence  declined  with  the  fall  of  the  Roman 
Empire,  and  from  its  being  the  abode  of  all  that 
was  refined  in  art,  and  voluptuous  in  every  spe- 
cies of  indulgence,  yielding  to  a  numerous  pop- 
ulation abundance  of  every  thing  necessary  to 
subsistence  and  a  variety  of  the  most  delicious 
fruits ;  it  rapidly  became  a  wilderness  in  compar- 
ison with  its  previous  fertility,  overrun  by  tribes 
of  Arabs,  who  were  driven  from  the  island  during 
the  crusades,  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century 
by  Richard  I.  of  England,  who  assumed  the  title 
of  king  of  Cyprus.  In  1480  it  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Venetians,  at  which  period  it  is  made  the 
place  and  scene  of  a  drama  by  the  English  dra- 
matic poet,  Shakspeare.  The  Venetians  surren- 
dered it  to  the  Turks  in  1570,  in  whose  possession 
up  to  1826  it  still  continued.  Its  present  popula- 
tion is  supposed  not  to  exceed  60,000,  about  one- 
third  of  whom  are  Turks,  and  the  remainder 
Greeks,  who  have  three  bishops  and  one  arch- 
bishop. The  principal  towns  are  Pafo,  or  Bafa, 
at  the  west  end ;  Massarea,  and  Mancorta,  or  Fam- 
agousta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pedea  towards  the 
east  end  ;  and  Cerina,  on  the  north  coast  of  the 
island,  and  Lesscossia,  or  Viconia,  the  capital  in 
the  interior.  Cyprus  is  still  rich  by  nature,  in 
mineral,  animal  and  vegetable  productions  :  the 
vine  and  olive,  with  a  variety  of  other  plants  and 
flowers,  esculent,  ambrosial  and  medicinal,  lux- 
uriate in  a  perfection  equal  to  any  part  of  the 
world,  and  superior  to  most  parts.  The  wines 
possess  a  strong  aperient  quality,  and  require  for- 
ty years  to  duly  qualify  them  for  the  palate.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  various  manufactures  in  silk, 
cotton,  and  wool,  and  their  carpets  are  deservedly 
esteemed  for  the  variety,  richness,  and  beauty  of 
their  colour. 

Cyr,  St.  a  village  of  France,  two  miles  from 
Versailles,  celebrated  for  an  abbey  founded  by 
Madame  de  Maintenon,  who  was  the  abbess  till 
her  death  in  1719. 

*^*  There  are  a  number  of  towns  and  villages 
of  this  name  in  different  parts  of  France,  but  all 
inconsiderable. 

Cz.  For  places  sometimes  written  with  Cz,  see 
Cs  and  Tsch. 

Czaslav,  or  Tohaslau,  a  circle  of  Bohemia,  bor- 
dering on  Moravia,  the  N.  end  jetting  upon  th«» 
Elbe  ;  containing  about  800  square  miles  of  terri 
tory.  It  is  intersected  from  east  to  west  by  the 
Yasawa,  which  river  falls  into  the  Moldau,  and 
from  north  to  south  by  another  river  which  falls 
into  the  Elbe.  Pop.  about  180,000,  chiefly  agri- 
cultural. The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is 
seated  in  the  north  part  of  the  circle,  8  miles  S. 
of  the  Elbe,  and  45  E.  N.  E.  of  Prague.  The 
church  has  the  highest  tower  of  Bohemia.  Near 
this  place  the  king  of  Prussia  gained  a  victory 
over  the  Austrians  in  1742. 

CzenMochotc,  or  Czestochow,  a  town  of  Prus- 
sian Poland,  near  the  frontier  of  Silicia  and  the 
source  of  the  Warta ;  near  which  there  is  a  cele- 
brated convent,  fortified  and  garrisoned.  It  sus- 
tained a  seige  against  the   Swedes   in  1657,  and 


DAG 


837 


'it!* 


DAH 


near  it  a  battle  was  fou£rht  in  1665.  between  the 
royal  army  of  Poland  and  Lnbomirski,  to  the  dis- 
advantacre  of  the  former.  It  was  srarrisoned  by 
the  French  in  1812.  It  is  50  m.  "N.  N.  W.  of 
Cracow. 

Czcrcossi,  or  St.  Czyrkossy,  a  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  Ukraine,  with  a  castle,  seated  near  the 
Dneiper,  85  m.  S.  E.  of  Kiow.  Long.  32.  5.  E., 
lat.  49.  20.  N. 

Czernetz,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Walachia,  near  the  Danube,  140  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Bucharest. 

Czcrnstz,  or  Kasckau,  a  town  of  Carniola,  re- 
markable for  its  lake,  which  produces  grass  and 
corn  every  year.  The  lake  is  surrounded  by 
mountains,  and  in  dry  seasons  is  from  20  to  26 
miles  in  circumference  ;  but  when  full  it  is  40 
miles  round,  and  contains  several  islands,  on  the 
laro'est  of  which  is  a  village.  When  the  water 
subsides,  buck-wheat  is  sown  on  the  dry  parts, 
and  becomes  ready  for  the  sickle  in  six  weeks, 
and  the  pasturage  is  not  hurt  by   the  water  if  it 


does  not  stay  too  long.  The  town  is  sitnatc  at 
the  north  part  of  the  lake,  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Lay bach. 

Czcrnigov,  or  Tckemigov,  a  government  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Dnies- 
ter. The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  seated 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Desna,  which  falls  into 
the  Dniester,  450  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Moscow,  and 
75  N.  by  E.  of  Kiev.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Czersko,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Masovia,  seated  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Vistula,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Warsaw. 

Czertceniza,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  famous 
for  mines  of  opal,  a  noble  gem  not  yet  discovered 
in  any  other  region  of  the  globe.  It  is  15  m.  N. 
of  Cassovia. 

Czongrodt,  or  .IJt-Czonsrrad,  a  town  of  Hun- 
gary, at  the  influx  of  the  Theiss  and  Korosh,  13 
m.  N.  of  Zegedin. 

Cz  begins  the  names  of  several  other  towns  in 
Poland,  Russia  and  Austria. 


D 


DABER,  a  town  of  Hither  Pomerania,  in  a 
circle  of  its  name,  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Stargard. 

Dahul,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast  of 
Concan,  with  a  trade  in  pepper  and  salt,  seated  at 
the  snoiith  of  a  river,  75  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Bombay. 
Long.  72.  54.  E.,  lat.  17.  50.  N. 

Dacca,  a  district  of  Bengal,  lying  between  the 
main  branch  of  the  Ganges  and  the  Burrampooter 
rivers.  The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  seat- 
ed on  the  banks  of  a  small  river,  which  commu- 
nicates with  the  Burrampooter.  It  was  once  the 
capital  of  Bengal,  and  defended  by  a  strong  fort- 
ress, the  remains  of  which  appear.  It  has  a  vast 
trade  in  muslins  and  other  cotton  manufactures 
of  the  most  delicate  texture,  manufactured  from 
the  cotton  produced  in  the  province.  The  coun- 
try round  Dacca  lies  low,  and  is  always  covered 
with  verdure  during  the  dry  months.  It  is  150 
miles  north-east  of  Calcutta.  Long.  90.  32.  E., 
lat.  23.  42.  N. 

Darhdu,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  where  the  king  has 
a  palace  seated  on  a  hill  near  the  river  Ammer, 
10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Munich. 

Dag-elet's  Island,  an  island  about  nine  miles  in 
circumference,  in  the  Japanese  Sea,  at  about  an 
equal  distance  from  the  tsle  of  Niphon  and  the 
Coast  of  the  Corea,  in  the  lat.  of  37.  25.  N.  It 
was  visited  by  La  Perouse.  It  abounds  with  tim- 
ber, which  the  Coreans  are  supposed  to  use  in 
buil  ding  of  boats. 

Daa-cnharn,  a  village  of  Essex,  England,  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Thames,  from  the  tide-water  of 
which  it  is  secured  by  an  embankment.  In  170.3 
the  embankment  gave  way,  and  inundated  .5,000 
acres  of  ground,  which  were  reclaimed  in  1715. 

lkiirhestan,?L  province  of  Georgia,  lying  between 
the  west  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Cau- 
casian mountains.  It  is  intersected  by  several 
small  rivers  falling  into  the  Caspian.  The  inhab- 
itants are  a  brave  and  hardy  race,  and  successful- 
ly resisted  the  arms  of  Nadir  Shah  in  1743.  Its 
sovereignty  is  claimed  by  Russia,  but  the  resolute- 
ness of  the  inhabitants  renders  it  nominal  rather 
than  real.  It  has  two  considerable  towns,  Tasker 
and  Derbent,  on  the  shores  of  the  Caspian.  It  is 
a  fertile   district,  and   under  social  institutions 


might  be  made  an  agreeable  country.     It  is  inter 
sected  by  the  line  of  42.  of  N.  lat. 

Dago,  or  Dagao,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  on  the 
coast  of  Livonia,  seven  miles  north  of  the  Isle  of 
Oesel,  near  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Finland. 
It  is  20  miles  in  circumference,  and  has  two  cas- 
tles, called  Dagerwort  and  Paden.  Long.  22.  56. 
E.,  lat.  58.44.  N. 

Dagon.     See  Ragoon. 

Dagsborough,  p.t.  Sussex  Co.  Del. 

Dahl,  the  finest  river  of  Sweden  ,  which  flows 
through  Dalecarlia,  or  Dalarne,  and  on  the  south 
confines  of  Gastricia,  and  enters  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
south  of  Gefle.  Near  Escarleby,  not  far  from  its 
mouth,  it  forms  a  celebrated  cataract,  little  inferi 
or  to  that  of  the  Rhine  atLauffen. 

Dahlak,  an  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  near  the  north 
end  of  the  coast  of  Abyssina,  40  miles  long  and 
six  broad.  It  is  fertile,  populous,  and  renmrkable 
for  a  pearl  fishery.  The  inhabitants  are  blacks, 
and  great  enemies  to  the  Mahometans.  Long.  40, 
10.  E.,  lat.  15.  44.  N. 

Dalme,  a  town  of  Prussia,  at  the  south  extremi 
tv  of  the  middle  mark,  45  m.  S.  of  Berlin.  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Da/iomey,  a  kingdom  of  Guinea,  supposed  to 
reach  180  miles  inland.  The  country  is  fertile, 
yielding  a  plentiful  supply  of  farinaceous  vegeta- 
bles and  tropical  fruits  ;  also  indigo,  cotton,  su- 
gar-cane, tobacco,  palm-oil  and  a  variety  of  spi- 
ces. The  religion  of  Dahomey  consists  of  a  jum- 
ble of  superstitious  ceremonies,  of  which  it  is  im- 
possible to  convey  any  satisfactory  idea.  The 
king  of  Dahomey  is  under  a  partial  subjection  to 
the  king  of  the  Eyeos.  The  government  is  per- 
haps the  most  perfect  despotism  in  the  world ;  for 
the  policy  admits  of  no  intermediate  degree  of 
subordination  between  king  and  slave,  at  least  in 
the  royal  presence,  where  the  prime  minister 
prostrates  himself  with  as  much  abject  submission 
as  the  meanest  subject.  The  king  maintains  & 
considerable  standing  army,  commanded  by  an 
agaow,  or  general,  and  their  subordinate  ofiicers, 
who  must  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  take 
the  field  at  the  command  of  the  sovereign.  On 
extraordinary  occasions,  all  the  males  able  to  bear 


DAL 


238 


DAM 


arms  are  obliged  to  repair  tx)  the  general's  stan- 
dard ;  every  caboceer  marching  at  tlie  head  of 
his  own  people.  Sometimes  the  Iting  takes  the  field 
at  the  head  of  his  troops ;  and  on  very  great  em- 
ergencies at  the  head  of  liis  women.  In  the  differ- 
ent royal  palaces,  in  Dahomey,  are  immured  not 
less  than  3,000  women  ;  several  iiundreds  of  whom 
are  trained  to  arms,  under  a  female  general  and 
other  officers.  The  general  character  of  the  Da- 
homans  is  marked  by  a  mixture  of  ferocity  and  po- 
liteness; the  former  appears  in  the  treatment  of 
their  enemies ;  the  latter  they  possess  far  above 
the  African  nations  witli  whom  Europeans  have 
hitherto  had  any  intercourse.  The  leopard  and 
hysena  are  common  in  tliis  part  of  Africa,  and 
commit  great  ravages,  as  sometimes  do  also  a  spe- 
cies of  white  ant.  Grewlio,  or  Grivvhce,in  the  lat. 
ofG.  17.  N.,  and  3.  G.  of  E.  long,  is  the  principal  sea 
port.  Pop.  about  6,500.  Abomey,  about  90  m. 
inlan  I  is  the  capital. 

Dufhcattie,  a  village  of  Scotland,  12  miles  east 
by  north  of  Kirkcudbright.  It  stands  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Urr,in  Solway  Frith,  and  has  a  con- 
venient harbour  for  small  vessels. 

Dahlia,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Dalia,  sit- 
uate on  the  south-west  side  of  Lake  Wener,  GO 
m.  north  by  east  of  Gotheburg. 

Dalecarlia,  or  DaJarne,  an  interior  province  of 
Sweden,  in  the  division  of  Sweden  Proper,  be- 
tween Nordland  and  the  mountains  of  Norway. 
It  is  270  m.  long,  and  from  40  to  120  broad.  The 
principal  productions  are  wood,  corn,  and  hemp  ; 
and  it  contains  many  mountains,  in  which  are 
mines  of  silver,  copper,  and  iron.  The  capital  is 
Fahlun.  The  manners  of  the  people  are  distinct 
from  tnose  of  other  parts  of  Sweden. 

Daletoinn,  p.v.  Wilcox  Co.  Alab. 

Dalheiro,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
duchy  of  Limberg,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the 
same  name,  seated  near  the  Meuse,  15  m.  N.  W. 
of  Limburg. 

Dalen,  a  town  of  German)',  in  the  duchy  of  Ju- 
liers,  situate  on  the  Bervine,  which  falls  into  the 
Meuse,  15  m.  N.  N.  ^\ .  of  Juliers.  Pop,  about 
3,700. 

Dalia,  Daland,  or  Dalsfand,  a  province  of  Swe- 
den, in  Gothland,  to  the  west  of  W'ermeland 
and  Lake  Wener.  It  is  eighty-five  miles  long 
and  forty  broad.  The  north  part  is  full  of  moun- 
tains, forests,  and  lakes ;  but  to  the  south  it 
produces  corn  sufficient  for  the  inhabitants.  Cat- 
tle, fish,  butter,  and  cheese  are  the  chief  articles. 
The  capital  is  Daleburg,  or  Amal,  on  the  shore  of 
the  lake. 

Dalkeith,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Edinburgshire, 
■with  a  great  market,  for  corn  and  oatmeal.  Here 
is  Dalkeith  house,  the  magnificent  seat  of  the 
duke  of  Buc«  leugh.  It  is  seated  on  a  strip  of 
land  between  the  north  and  south  Esk,  six  miles 
south-east  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  in  1821,  5,1(;9. 

Dalia,  or  DellM,,  a  district  of  lowland  at  tlie  Del- 
ta of  the  Irrawaddy  River;  a  town  of  the  same 
name  on  the  east  bank  of  the  main  branch  of  the 
river,  about  40  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Rangoon, 
manufactures  a  great  quantity  of  salt.  The  soil 
is  capable  of  being  rendered  very  productive.  It 
is  at  present  much  infested  with  wild  animals. 

Dallas,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  14,017. 
Cahawba  is  the  chief  town.  Also  a  township  in 
Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 

DalnuUia,  a  country  of  Europe  stretching  in  a 
north-west  direction,  from  the  lat.  of  42.  to  44. 
N.,  along  the  east  shore  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  It  is 
a  i»ountry  of  great  antiquity,  and  formerly  extend- 


ed inland  to  the  lat.  of  45.  39.  N.  and  included 
parts  jf  Croatia,  Bosnia,  and  Albania:  the  whole 
was  incorporated  with  Hungary  in  the  twelfth 
century.  The  Venetians  afterwards  made  inroads 
upon  the  sea-coast,  and  in  the  15th  century  the 
whole  country,  now  commonly  called  Dalmatia, 
became  subject  to  that  republic.  It  was  ceded  to 
Austria  by  the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio  in  1797; 
Austria  ceded  it  to  France  in  1805.  It  fell  again 
into  the  possession  of  Austria  at  the  general  par- 
titioning of  1814.  This  portion  of  Dalmatia, 
which  IS  all  now  understood  by  that  name,  has 
about  200  miles  of  sea  coast,  within  the  latitude 
above  mentioned,  being  about  40  miles  in  meafi 
breadth,  which  gives  an  area  of  about  8  000 
square  miles,  and  is  supposed  to  contain  350,(!0tf 
inhabitants.  It  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Bo- 
cana  River,  which  separates  it  from  Albania,  and 
on  the  north  by  Bosnia  and  Croat'a  ;  west  by  Mor- 
lachia.  It  has  several  islaiids  lying  oft"  the  coast, 
the  principal  of  which  are  Brazza,  Lessena,  Car- 
zola,  Sabonelio  and  Meleda.  It  has  some  moun- 
tainous territory,  containing  marble,  gypsum,  iron 
and  other  minerals  ;  but  parts  are  very  fertile,  and 
the  mulberry,  vine,  and  olive,  flourish  in  consid- 
erable luxuriance.  The  principal  river  is  the 
Narenta,  which  ris-js  in  Bosnia,  and  either  this  or 
the  Bocana  might  easily  be  united  with  collateral 
branches  of  the  Save,  near  its  union  with  the 
Danube,  and  thereby  open  a  water  communica- 
tion by  means  of  the  latter,  with  the  Black  Sea  , 
on  one  side,  and  the  interior  of  Germany  on  the 
other,  but  military  despotism  and  catholic  subju- 
gation are  incompatible  with  social  improvements. 
The  principal  towns  on  the  coast  are  Cattaro,  Ra- 
gusa,  and  Spalatro,  and  in  the  interior  Krin  and 
Mostar.  '■ 

Dairy,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  7  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Irvine.  It  has  a  cotton  manufac- 
ture, and  near  it  are  valuable  coal  mines,  and 
a  strong  sulphureous  spring.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,313. 

Dalsland.     See  Dalia. 

Dalton,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  near  it  are 
the  magnificent  ruins  of  Furness  abbey.  It  is 
seated  in  a  champaign  country,  not  far  from  the 
sea,  six  miles  S.  W.  of  Ulverston,  and  2G5  N.  N. 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  714. 

Dalton,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Connect! 
cut,  at  the  15  mile  falls.     Pop.  532. 

Dalton,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  791. 

Damanhar,  a  town  of  Egypt,  near  the  canal  ot 
Alexandria,  .32  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Alexandria. 

Daviar,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  in  Yemen, 
with  a  university,  00  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Sana. 

Damariscutta,  a  river  of  Maine  flowing  into  the 
sea  between  Penobscot  and  Casco  Bays. 

Damascus,  or  (as  it  is  called  by  the  Arabs) 
Sham,  a  city  of  Syria,  capital  of  a  Turkish  pacha- 
lic,  and  the  see  of^  a  Greek  archbi«hop.  The  form 
is  an  exact  square,  each  side  being  a  mile  and  a 
half  long,  and  is  supposed  to  contain  from  180, 
000  to  200,000  inhabitants,  among  whom  are  great 
numbers  of  Christians  and  Jews.  It  has  three 
walls,  now  almost  entirely  ruined  ;  and  of  the 
several  suburbs  which  it  formerly  had,  there  re 
mains  only  one,  which  extends  three  miles  in 
length.  Several  streams  flow  across  the  fertile 
plains  of  Damascus,  which  water  all  the  gardens, 
supply  the  public  fountains,  and  are  carried  into 
every  house.  The  houses  are  built  of  wood,  with 
their  fronts  inward,  where  there  is  a  court ;  in- 
the  streets  there  are  only  walls  to  be  seen,  but  the  ' 
insides  are  richly  adorned.     The  most  remarkubla 


•    « 


DAM 


239 


DA» 


buildings  are  the  caravanserais,  which  consist  of 
long  galleries  supported  by  marble  pillars,  and 
surrounding  a  large  square  court.  The  castle  is 
like  a  little  town,  having  its  own  streets  and  hous- 
es :  and  the  famous  Damascus  steel  was  kept  here 
in  a  magazine.  The  mosques,  of  which  there 
are  about  200,  are  extremely  handsome  edifi- 
cies,  the  most  stately  of  which  was  a  christian 
church.  One  street  runs  across  the  city  and  sub- 
urbs in  a  direct  line,  on  each  side  of  which  are 
shops,  where  all  sorts  of  rich  merchandise  are 
sold.  Several  manufactures  are  carried  on  here, 
among  which  that  of  sabres  and  knives  has  been 
the  most  famous.  Damascus  is  one  of  the  most 
ancient  places  existing ;  it  is  mentioned  by  Abra- 
ham 1917  years  before  the  christian  era,  as  the 
place  near  which  he  encountered  the  forces  of 
Chedorlaomer  king  of  Elam,  (Persia,)  and  res- 
cued his  nephew  Lot  with  considerable  treasure, 
which  the  Elamites  had  taken  from  the  cities  of 
the  plain.  It  afterwards  became  the  capital  of 
an  independent  kingdom,  and  at  a  later  period 
became  subject  to  the  Jews.  It  was  conquered 
by  the  Romans  ;  and  after  the  fall  of  the  Roman 
empire,  Damascus  became  the  seat  of  the  grand 
caliph  of  tlie  Sarticens,  who  surrendered  it  to  the 
Turkish  emperor  Selim,  the  third  of  the  Otto- 
man dynasty  about  1515.  It  has  continued  sub- 
ject to  the  Turks  since  that  time.  The  pachalic 
which  extends  from  the  desert  of  Arabia,  through 
five  degrees  of  latitude  to  Aleppo,  is  considered 
the  most  valuable  and  important  of  all  the  Turk- 
ish possessions.  The  pacha  makes  an  annual 
journey  to  Mecca,  as  the  representative  of  the 
grand  seignior.  (See  Si/ria.)  Damascus  is  seated 
sixty  miles  from  the  sea,  at  Berut,  in  the  lat.  of 
33.  30.  N.,  130  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Jerusalem,  and 
170  S.  by  W.  of  Aleppo. 

Damascus,  towns  in  Wayne  Co.  Pa.,  Frederick 
Co.  Md.,  and  Logan  Co.  Ohio. 

Damaun,  a  sea-port  of  Ilindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  Baglana,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf 
of  Cambay.  Aurungzebe  besieged  it  about  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  with  an  army 
of  40,000  men ;  but  the  garrison  sallying  out  on 
a  part  of  his  camp,  guarded  by  200  elephants,  so 
terrified  those  animals  by  their  fire-arms,  that  they 
turned  on  their  masters,  and  trampled  to  death 
half  his  army.  The  Persees  (see  BarJni)  have  a 
celebrated  temple  here.  It  is  subject  to  the  Por- 
tuo-uese,  and  is  sixty  miles  south  of  Surat.  Long. 
72.  47.  E.,  lat.  20.  18.  N. 

Damegan,  or  Damgan,  a  town  of  Persia,  seated 
near  the  south  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  in  the 
district  of  Mazenderan.  It  is  supposed  once  to 
have  been  the  seat  of  government  of  the  Parthian 
empire.  It  is  90  m.  east  by  south  of  Ferrabad, 
and  300  north  by  east  of  Ispahan. 

Damgartin,  or  Damqard,  a  town  of  Hither 
Pomerania,  with  a  castle-seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Recknitz,  18  m.  W.  of  Stralsund. 

Damietta,  a  town  of  Egypt,  and  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop's see,  with  a  good  harbour,  atone  of  the 
eastern  mouths  of  the  Nile.  It  has  several 
squares,  various  grand  mosques,  and  public  baths 
faced  with  marble.  The  rice  mezelaoui,  the 
finest  in  Egypt,  is  cultivated  in  the  neighbouring 
plains.  Here  are  likewise  Indian  stuffs,  silk,  sal 
ammoniac,  wheat,  &c.  The  Christians  of  Aleppo 
and  Damascus  carry  on  the  principal  trade,  the 
Turks  being  indolent,  and  contenting  themselves 
with  occasional  extortions.  During  the  crusades, 
Damietta  was  frequently  an  object  of  contention. 
It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  1798,  since  which 


period  it  has  been  on  the  decline.  It  is  about 
ninety  miles  east  of  Alexandria,  the  same 
distance  north  by  east  of  Cairo,  in  the  lat.  of  31. 
26.  N.,  and  31.  50.  of  E.  long.  Pop.  about  30,000. 

Damvi,  a  town  of  Further  Pomerania,  which 
has  a  considerable  trade  in  steel  manufactures.  It 
is  seated  at  the  south  end  of  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Oder,  8  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Stettin.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Damme,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders, seated  on  the  canal  between  Sluys  and 
Bruges,  5  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bruges. 

Damme,  or  Jlppingedam,  a  town  of  Holland,  in 
Groningen,  seated  on  the  Damster,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Ems,  14  miles  N.  E.  of  Groningen. 

Dampier's  Land,  in  the  lat.  of  19.  S.,  on  the 
west  coast  of  New  Holland,  so  called  from  a  nav- 
igator of  that  name,  who  visited  it  in  1688,  and 
who  reported  having  discovered  a  large  river  or 
deep  inlet  of  the  sea  in  that  part,  but  the  assertion 
yet  remains  to  be  confirmed. 

Dan,  a  river  of  North  Carolina,  rising  in  Vir- 
ninia  and  falling  into  the  Roanoke  near  Mecklen- 
burg. 

Dana,  t. Worcester  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  623. 

Danhury,  a  village  in  Essex,  England,  5  m.  E. 
of  Chelmsford,  and  16  W.  of  the  sea.  It  stands 
on  the  highest  ground  in  the  county,  and  the 
spire  of  the  church  serves  as  a  sea-mark.  Pop.  in 
1821,  1,005. 

Danhury,  t.  Graflon  Co.  N.  H.  93  m.  from  Bos- 
ton.   Pop.  786. 

Danhury,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  in  Fairfield 
County.  This  town,  with  a  large  quantity  of 
military  stores,  was  burnt  by  the  British  in  1777. 
It  is  20  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Fairfield,  and  65  N.  N. 
E.  of  New  York.     Pop.  4,325. 

Danby,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  1,362. 

Dancali,  a  country  in  the  east  part  of  Abyssinia, 
at  the  entrance  to  the  Red  Sea.  The  soil  is  un- 
productive ;  and  its  chief  riches  consist  in  fossil 
salt  and  honey.  It  is  governed  by  a  prince  nomi- 
nally tributary  to  the  negus,  or  emperor  of  Abys- 
sinia.    Bailor  is  the  principal  town. 

Dandridge,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Ten. 

Danielsville,  p. v.  Spotsylvania  Co.  Va.  and  Mad- 
ison Co.  Geo. 

Danger,  Isles  of,  three  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  seen  by  Byron  in  1765,  but  so  surrounded 
by  rocks  and  breakers,  that  it  was  unsafe  to  land. 
The  commodore  supposed  them  to  be  the  islands 
seen  by  Quiros,  in  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  named  Solomon's  Islands. 
Long.  169.  28.  W.,  lat.  10.  15.  S. 

Dannemora,  or  Dammora,  the  most  celebrated 
iron  mine  in  Sweden.  It  produces  from  four  to 
five  thousand  tons  of  iron  of  the  very  best  quality 
annually.     It  is  about  thirty  miles  N.  of  Upsal. 

Dannenhurg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Luneburg,  capital  of  a  district  of  the 
same  name ;  seated  on  the  Jetze,  near  the  Elbe, 
30  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Luneburg. 

Dansville,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,728. 

Dantzic,  a  city  of  Europe,  very  advantageously 
located  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Vistula,  about  five 
miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Baltic  Sea,  in 
the  lat  of  54.  21.  N.,  and  18.  38.  of  E.  long.  It 
is  supposed  to  have  been  first  founded  by  the 
Danes  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  for  some  time 
continued  afiee  and  independent  city.  In  1454 
it  became  subject  to  Poland,  retaining,  however, 
all  its  municipal  institutions,  and  long  continued 
to  rank  as  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  north 
of  Europe,  included  in  the  Hanseatic  league.    At 


DAN 


240 


DAR 


the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century  it 
contained  upwards  of  100,000  inhabitants,  more 
than  20,000  of  whom  were  carried  off  by  a  pest  in 
1701).  In  1734  it  offered  protection  to  Stanislaus, 
king  of  Poland,  when  it  was  besieged  by  the  Rus- 
sians and  Saxons,  to  whom  it  was  forced  to  sur- 
render. In  1793  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  a 
Prussian  force,  who  held  it  till  1807,  when,  after 
a  long  siege,  it  surrendered  to  the  French,  who, 
in  their  turn,  were  forced  to  surrender  it  to  a  uni- 
ted Russian  and  Prussian  force,  after  the  disaster- 
ous  campaign  of  1812-13,  and  in  the  following 
year  (1814)  it  was  confirmed  in  full  sovereignty  to 
rrussia.  The  easy  navigation  of  the  Vistula,  and 
three  or  four  considerable  collateral  rivers  which 
intersect  an  extensive  and  fertile  country,  affords 
to  Dantzic  great  commercial  advantages.  The 
chief  product  of  the  interior  country  is  grain,  of 
which  article  Dantzic  has  occasionally  exported 
500,000  quarters  per  annum,  and  the  vicinity  of  the 
city  contains  some  extensive  granaries.  It  is  al- 
so capable  of  affording  very  large  supplies,  of' 
timber,  pearl-ash,  flax,  and  hemp.  It  has  several 
yards  for  ship  building,  but  its  commercial  activi- 
ty has  of  late  years  very  much  declined.  It  has 
upwards  of  twenty  churches,  chiefly  Lutheran, 
and  several  other  public  buildings.  It  is  nearly 
surrounded  by  water,  and  two  streams  intersect 
the  city,  dividing  it  into  three  parts.  The  fortifi- 
cations are  very  strong  by  nature,  and  rendered 
formidable  by  art.  Il  is  90  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Kon- 
isburg,  2.50  N.  E.  of  Berlin,  and  190  N.  by  W.  of 
Warsaw.     Pop.  iu  1825,  52,820. 

Danube,  or  Donau,  (the  lower  part  called  Ister 
by  Strabo,)  the  noblest  river  of  Europe ;  has  its 
source  in  the  territory  of  the  grand  duke  of  Baden 
on  the  eastern  confines  of  the  Black  Forest,  in  the 
lat.  of48.  N  ,  and  8.  15.  of  E.  long.  It  pursues 
a  winding  course  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direction  to  Ulm, 
where  it  receives  the  Iller  from  the  south,  and  be- 
comes navigable.  From  Ulm  it  bears  north  into 
Bavaria,  to  the  lat.  of  49.  at  Ratisbon,  previously 
receiving  the  united  waters  of  the  Wartascl*  and 
Loch  from  the  south,  and  before  passing  Ratisbon 
it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Altmucht  and  of  the 
Nab  from  the  north.  From  Ratisbon  it  bears  to 
the  south,  past  Ilstadt  into  Austria,  previously  re- 
ceiving the  Iser,  Inn,  and  Salza,  all  from  the 
south. 

Its  course  through  the  archduchy  of  Austria, 
past  Vienna  to  Prcsburg,  is  rather  circuitous; 
from  Presburg  it  runs  E.  by  N.  for  about  100  m. 
receiving  several  streams  from  the  Carpathian 
mountain,  when  it  takes  a  course  due  south 
through  the  heart  of  Lower  Hungary,  past  Buda, 
for  IGO  miles  to  the  lat.  of  45.  25.  Here  it  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  the  Drave  from  the  west, 
and  again  bears  to  the  east,  receiving  the  Theiss, 
which  divides  Upper  and  Lower  Hungary  from 
the  north,  and  the  Save  from  the  west  at  Bel- 
grade. From  Belgrade  it  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Hungary  and  Servia,  then  bears  S.  sepa- 
rating Bulgaria  from  Walachia,  receiving  nume- 
rous streams,  both  from  the  north  and  south.  It 
again  bears  north  to  Galatz,  near  wh^ch  it  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  the  numerous  rivers  of  Mol- 
davia and  Bessarabia,  falling  into  the  Black  Sea 
on  the  east,  by  several  channels  between  the  lat. 
of  44.  40.  and  45.  30.  N.  in  29.  20.  of  E.  long. 
The  meridional  distance  from  the  source  to  the 
mouth  of  this  river  is  21  degrees  of  long.,  be- 
tween the  lat.  of  45.  and  49.,  equal  to  about  1,000 
English  miles,  but  the  course  of  the  stream,  by 
its  continued  windings,  may  be  estimated  at  from 


1,500  to  1,600  miles.  It  is  navigable  to  Ulm, 
within  150  miles  of  its  source,  but  political  per- 
versions preclude  the  countries  through  which 
this  noble  river  flows,  from  deriving  much  exter- 
nal advantage  from  its  navigation.  In  the  arch- 
duchy of  Austria  it  forms  several  islands.  Un- 
der the  head  of  Dalmatia  it  is  shown  that  it  might 
easily  be  made  to  communicate  with  the  Adriatic. 
It  contains  a  great  variety  of  fish,  and  is  celebra- 
ted for  its  sturgeon,  which  ascend  the  river  seve- 
ral hundred  milei. 

Danube,  Upper,  Circle  of,  forms  the  south-west 
part  of  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  lying  between  48 
and  49.  of  N.  lat.  and  10.  and  11.  of  E.  long 
it  comprises  the  S.  part  of  the  circle  of  Su- 
abia,  the  county  of  Pappenheim,  and  the  principal- 
ity of  Neuberb.  It  is  watered  by  the  Iller,  Min- 
del,  W^ertach,  and  the  Lech,  all  running  from 
south  to  north  into  the  Danube,  which  gives  name 
to  the  circle.  The  Iller  might  readily  be  united 
with  the  lake  of  Constance,  and  thereby  open  a  wa- 
ter communication  between  the  Danube  and  the 
Rhine.  It  is  a  district  of  capability,  and  of  re- 
source, under  a  well-directed  exertion  of  agricul 
tural  pursuit.  The  principal  towns  are  Gunsburg, 
Dillengen,  Hochstadt,  Donauwert,  Pappenheim, 
Neuberg,  Eichstadt,  Nordlingen,  &c. 

Danube,  Lower,  Circle  of,  another  circle  of  the 
kingdom  of  Bavaria,  comprises  the  east  part  of 
Lower  Bavaria,  and  the  bishopric  of  Passau. 
It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Danube,  between  the 
lat.  of  12.  30.  and  13.  40.  E.  in  the  same  parallel  of 
lat.  as  the  Upper  Circle.  The  Iser  and  the  Inn 
intersects  the  south  part,  which  is  considered  the 
most  fertile  district  of  all  Bavaria.  Passau  is  the 
capital ;  and  the  other  principal  towns  are  Strau- 
bing,  Landau,  Deckendorf,  Osterhofen,  &c.  Pop 
about  400,000. 

Danube,  Circle  of.  The  source  of  the  Danube 
also  gives  name  to  a  circle  in  the  territory  of  the 
grand  duke  of  Baden,  comprising  part  of  the 
Black  Forest.  Willengen,  20  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Fri- 
burg,  is  the  capital.     Pop.  about  75,000. 

Danube,  District  of,  one  of  the  four  great  divi- 
sions of  the  kingdom  of  Wurtemberg,  according 
to  the  distribution  of  1818. 

Danvers,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  adjoining  Salem. 
Pop.  4,283.  It  has  many  flourishing  manufactures 
of  cotton. 

Darby,  the  name  of  4  townships,  viz.  in  Dela- 
ware Co.  Pa.,  Union,  Madison,  and  Pickaway  Cos, 
Ohio. 

Danville,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,128. 
Also  a  p.t.  in  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  3,G31.  Al- 
so a  p.t.  in  Columbia  Co.  Pa.  Also  villages  in 
Pittsylvania  Co.  Va.,  Mercer  Co.  Ken.,  Knox 
Co.  Ohio  and  Hendricks  Co.  Indiana. 

Darabghcrd,a.  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  said 
to  have  been  founded  by  Darius.  It  is  large  but 
not  populous  ;  and  surrounded  by  luxuriant  groves 
of  orange  and  lemon  trees.  Near  it  salt  is  found 
of  various  colours,  white,  black,  red  and  green. 
A  considerable  manufacture  of  glass  is  carried  on 
here.  It  stands  140  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Shiraz,  on  the 
road  to  Ormus.     Long.  54.  56.  E.,  lat.  28.  56.  N. 

Darah,  or  Drnss,  a  country  of  Barbary,  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  Sus,  east  by  Tafilet,  south  by 
Zahara,  and  west  by  the  Atlantic.  A  river  of  the 
same  name  flows  through  it,  which  enters  the  At- 
lantic on  the  south  side  of  Cape  Non.  The  prin- 
cipal produce  is  indigo  and  dates.  The  rnhabi- 
itants  are  Arabs  and  Mahometans ;  a.'*.d  some  of 
the  districts  are  dependant  on  Morocco. 

Daraporam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 


DAR 


241 


DAR 


the  south  part  of  Coimbetore.  It  has  a  large  mud 
fort,  and  straight  and  wide  streets.  Much  cotton 
and  tobacco  are  cultivated  in  the  vicinity,  and  the 
garden  and  rice  grounds  are  considerable.  It  is 
seated  at  about  an  equal  distance  from  the  Mala- 
bar and  Coromandel  Coasts  ;  42  miles  E.  S.  E.  of 
Coimbetore,  and  106  W.  ofTanjore.  Long.  77. 
40.  E.,  lat.  10.  47.  N. 

DansvUle,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,728. 

Darda,  a  town  and  fort  of  Lower  Hungary 
built  bv  the  Turks  in  1(536,  and  taken  by  the  Aus- 
trians  the  next  year.  It  is  seated  near  the  Drave, 
at  the  end  of  the  bridge  of  Esseck,  8  m.  S.  of 
Barrany. 

Dardanelles,  two  castles  of  Turkey,  the  one  call- 
ed Sestos.  seated  in  Rumelia,  the  other  called  My- 
dos,  in  Natolia.  They  command  the  south-west 
entrance  of  the  strait  of  Gallipoli,  leading  from  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  into  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
which  separates  Europe  from  Asia. 

Dardenne,  p.t.  Charles  Co.  Missouri. 

Darfoor,  a  kingdom  of  North  Africa,  on  the 
borders  of  Nubia  and  Negroland,  governed  by  a 
chief  who  calls  himself  sultan,  and  assumes  the 
most  extravagant  titles.  The  wild  animals  are 
the  lion,  leopard,  hyaena,  wolf  and  bulFalo.  The 
domestic  animals  are  camels,  goats,  sheep  and 
horned  cattle.  Considerable  quantities  of  grain 
of  different  sorts  are  raised,  and  after  the  tropical 
rains  the  fertility  is  sudden  and  great.  The  peo- 
ple are  very  barbarous ;  consisting  of  native  tribes, 
of  a  deep  black  complexion,  and  woolly  hair, 
though  with  features  different  from  those  of  the 
Negroes,  and  of  Arabs  of  various  tribes.  Polyga- 
my is  not  only  established,  but  the  intercourse  of 
the  sexes  is  totally  destitute  of  decency.  The 
most  severe  labours  of  the  field  are  left  to  the  wo- 
men'; and  the  houses,  which  are  of  clay  covered 
with  thin  boards,  are  chiefly  built  by  them.  Salt 
is  the  general  medium  of  commerce  here,  as  gold 
dust  is  in  other  parts  of  Africa.  Caravans  travel 
between  this  country  and  Egypt.  Cobbe  is  the 
capital,  in  the  lat.  of  13.  40.  N.,  and  28.  30.  of  E. 
long. 

Darien,  Gulf  of  ,  at  the  north-west  extremity 
of  the  territory  of  Colombia,  opening  into  the 
Carribean  Sea.  It  runs  inland  about  80  miles, 
and  is  from  20  to  30  miles  wide;  under  the  do- 
mination of  Spain,  in  South  America,  this  gulf 
gave  name  to  a  province  on  the  east  side  in  the 
vice-royalty  of  New  Granada,  now  comprised  in 
the  Colombian  province  of  the  Ysthmo,  or  Isth- 
mus. On  the  west  shore  of  the  gulf,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Atrata,  are  the  remains  of  a 
town  founded  by  a  company  of  Scotch  adventurers 
in  1699,  and  although  the  most  favourable  spot 
in  all  South  America,  on  the  Atlantic  side,  for 
opening  a  water  communication  with  the  Pacific 
(see  Choco)  the  project  for  forming  a  permanent 
establishment  completely  failed.  It  has  been  usual 
to  confound  the  narrowest  part  of  the  cham  of 
territory  which  unites  the  two  grand  divisions  of 
the  western  hemisphere  under  the  name  of  the 
Isthmus  of  Darien,  but  this  is  200  m.  west  of 
the  Gulf  of  Darien ;  and  the  isthmus  more  proper- 
ly comes  under  the  head  of  Panama  (wkic/i  see) 
and  between  the  province  of  Darien  and  Panama 
lies  the  province  of  Terra- Fiiina,  which,  as  well 
as  South  America,  see  also. 

Darien,  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,201. 

Darien,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  in 
Liberty  County,  seated  on  the  Alatamaha,  not 
far  from  its  mouth,  and  47  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Savan- 
nah.   Long.  81.  14.  W.,  lat  31.  23.  N. 


Darke,  a  frontier  county  of  the  state  of  Ohio, 
bordering  on  Indiana.  It  is  about  33  miles  from 
north  to  south,  and  22  wide.  Chief  town,  Gren- 
ville.  Pop.  6,203. 

Darlaston,  a  parish  of  Staffordshire,  England, 
contiguous  t<r  the  great  coal  district  of  Wednesbury 
(which  see).     Pop.  in  1821,  5,585. 

Darlington,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
Eng.  Here  are  manufactures  of  huckabacks, 
camlets,  small  wares  of  the  Manchestei  kind,  and 
leather ;  also  a  curious  water  machine  for  grind- 
ing optical  glasses,  the  invention  of  a  native,  and 
another  for  spinning  linen  yarn.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Skerne,  19  miles  south  of  Durham,  and  241 
N.  by  W.  of  London.     Pop.    in  1821,  6,551. 

Darlington,  a  district  of  S.  Carolina;  the  seal 
of  justice  has  the  same  name,  and  stands  a  little 
to  the  west  of  the  Great  Pedee  River. 

Darmstadt,  the  capital  and  seat  of  government 
of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  It  is  seated  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  Darm,  contains  several  public 
buildings,  and  a  population  of  about  13,000.  It 
is  about  18  miles  south  of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine, 
and  the  same  distance  S.  E.  of  Mentz. 

Darnestown,  p. v.  Montgomery    Co.  Maryland. 

Darney,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  21  m.  W.  S.W.  of  Epinal. 

Daroca,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Arragon,  with  sev 
en  parish  churches  one  of  which  is  collegiate. 
It  stands  between  two  hills,  on  the  Xiloca,  57  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Saragossa. 

Darraway,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Tatta,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  a  branch  of  the  Indus,  75  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Tatta.     Long.  67.  31.  E.  lat.  24.  32.  N. 

Dart,  a  river  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  which  rises 
at  the  foot  of  Dartmoor  hills,  crosses  Dartmoor  to 
Ashburton  and  Totness,  where  it  is  navigable 
for  small  vessels,  and  enters  the  English  Channel 
at  Dartmouth. 

Dartford,  a  town  of  Kent,  Eng.  seated  on  the 
river  Darent.  Here  was  a  celebrated  nunnery, 
which  Henry  the  Eighth  converted  into  a  royal 
palace,  and  is  now  become  a  gentleman's  seat. 
The  first  paper  mill  in  England  was  erected  here 
by  Sir  John  Spilman,  to  whom  king  Charles  I. 
granted  a  patent  with  200i.  a  year,  to  encourage 
the  manufacture.  On  this  river  was  also  the  first 
mill  for  slitting  iron  bars  to  make  wire.  Dart- 
ford  is  distinguished  in  English  history  as  the 
place  where,  in  1391,  the  insolence  of  a  taxgath- 
erer  to  the  daughter  of  Wat  Tyler  provoked  the 
father's  resentment  to  such  a  degree,  as  led  to 
his  exciting  100,000  men  to  arms,  who  threaten- 
ed tlie  subversion  of  the  government  of  Richard 
II.  Tyler  was  killed  by  the  treachery  of  the  lord- 
mayor  of  London.  It  is  15  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Lon- 
don, on  the  great  road  to  Dover.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,595,  being  1,190  more  than  in  1801. 

Dartmovlh,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in  Devon- 
shire, Eng.  It  stands  on  the  side  of  a  craggy  hill, 
by  the  river  Dart,  near  its  entrance  into  the  sea,  and 
has  a  spacious  bay,  defended  by  a  castle  and  strong 
battery.  The  dock  yards  and  quay  project  into 
the  river,  and  the  rocks  on  each  side  are  compos- 
ed of  a  purple  coloured  slate.  The  town  contains 
three  churches,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  to 
the  south  of  Europe  and  to  Newfoundland,  as 
well  as  a  share  in  the  coasting  traflSc.  It  was 
burnt  in  the  reigns  of  Richard  I.  and  Henry  IV. 
by  the  French  ;  but  they  were  repulsed  in  a  third 
attempt  afterwards,  chiefly  by  the  valour  of  the 
women,  who  fought  so  bravely,  that  after  a  great 


DAV 


242 


DEA 


•laughter,  they  took  M.Castel.tlic  French  gener- 
al, three  lords,  and  twenty-three  knights,  prison- 
ers. It  is  31  miles  south  of  Exeter,  204  W.  S. 
W.  of  London,  and  returns  two  members  to  par- 
liament.    Pop.  in  1821,  4,485. 

Dartmouth  College.     See  Hanover,  N.  H. 

Dartmouth,  a  sea-port  in  Massachusetts,  in 
Bristol  county,  adjoining  New  Bedford.  Pop. 
3,867, 62  m.  S.  of  Boston.  Long.  70.  52.  W.,  lat 
4L  37.  N. 

Dartown,  p.v.  Butler  Co.  Ohio. 

Darwar,  a  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Sanore,  taken  from  Tippoo  by  the  British  in 
1791,  and  afterward  restored  to  the  Mahrattas.  It 
IS  45  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Sanore,  and  90  E.  of  Goa. 

Darioen,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  townships  in 
the  parish  of,  and  contiguous  to,  Blackburn,  Lan- 
cashire.    Pop.  in  1821,  8,949.     See  BInc/ihurn. 

Dartmoor,  an  extensive  forest  in  Devonshire, 
Eng.  bounded  on  the  north  by  bleak  hills  com- 
prising about  80,000  acres,  and  is  watered  by  the 
river  Dart.  Many  sheep  are  bred  here,  but  of 
a  small  kind,  and  black  cattle,  which  thrive  well 
on  the  coarse  herbage. 

Dasscl,  a  town  in  Germany,  in  the  principality 
of  South  Calenburg,  48  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Hanover. 

Dauphin,  a  county  in  the  E.  District  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, bounded  on  the  west  for  about  40  miles  by 
the  Susquehanna  River,  being  about  20  miles  in 
mean  breadth.  The  Blue  Mountain  Ridge  inter- 
sects this  county  from  W.  to  N.  by  E.  Pop.  25,- 
303.  Harrisburg  is  the  chief  town,  and  seat  of 
government  of  the  state. 

Dauphiny,  a  late  province  of  France,  extend- 
ing 40  leagues  from  north  to  south,  and  36  from 
east  to  west ;.  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Rhone, 
north  by  the  Rhone  and  Savoy,  south  by  Pro- 
vence, and  east  by  the  Alps.  The  heir  apparent 
of  the  kings  of  France  derive  the  title  of  dauphin 
from  this  province.  Two-thirds  of  Dauphiny  are 
intersected  by  mountains,  which  afford  good  pas- 
turage ;  plenty  of  timber,  fir-trees  in  particular, 
for  the  building  of  ships  :  and  very  scarce  simples. 
In  these  mountains,  wliich  are  branches  of  the 
Alps,  are  bears,  chamois,  marmots,  eagles,  hawks, 
&c.  and  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  lead.  The 
valleys  afford  wheat,  and  the  hills  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Rhone,  excellent  wines,  olives  and  silks. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Riione,  Durance, 
Isere,  and  Drome.  It  now  forms  the  departments 
of  Drome,  Isere,  and  Upper  Alps  (each  of  which 
see.) 

Davenport,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,780. 

/JaDCftfri/,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  whips.  It  stands  on  the  Roman 
highway  called  Watling-street,  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  16  miles  west  of  Northampton,  and  72  N.  W. 
of  London,  on  the  mail-coach  road  to  Birmingham 
and  Liverpool.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  cheese 
fairs,  in  April  and  October.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,826. 

David,  St.  a  town  of  South  Wales,  in  Pem- 
brokeshire. It  was  formerly  an  archbishop's  see, 
and  in  king  Arthur's  days  the  metropolitan  of  the 
British  church,  and  continued  so  tiH  king  Henry 
I.  at  which  time  Bernard,  who  was  the  forty- 
seventh  archbishop  of  St.  David's,  became  suffra- 
gan to  the  see  of  Canterbury.  The  situation  of 
the  town  being  very  unhealthful,  and  the  soil  of 
the  adjacent  country  very  barren,  it  has  nothing 
now  to  boast  of  but  its  catjiedral,  wiiich  is  300 
feet  long,  and  about  127  higli,  and  supposed  to  be 
the  higliest  in  Britain  ;  though  the  east  end  is  in 
ruins,  the  western  part  and  choir  are  in  good  re- 


pair. St.  David's  is  at  present  a  bishop's  see,  yet 
only  a  single  street  of  miserable  cottages.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Illen,  near  the  coast,  24  miles  N.  W 
of  Pembroke,  and  255  west  by  north  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,816. 

David,  St  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  the  parish  of 
Dalgety,  Fifeshire,  with  a  harbour  in  Inverkei- 
thing  bay.  It  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
salt,  and  exports  an  immense  quantity  of  coal. 

David,  Fort  St.  an  English  fort  on  the  coast  of 
Coromandel.  which  was  taken  and  destroyed  by 
the  French  in  1758,  and  has  not  yet  been  rebuilt. 
It  is  80  miles  south  of  Fort  St.  George. 

Davidson,  a.  coanty  of  West  Tennessee,  about  30 
miles  square.  It  is  intersected  from  east  to  west 
by  Cumberland  River.  Pop.  22,523.  Nashville, 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  river,  is  the  chief  town. 

Davidsonville,  p.t.  Lawrence  Co.  Arkansas,  on 
Current  River. 

Davidstoicn,  village,  Huntindon  Co.  N.  J. 

Davies,   an    interior  county  of  the  state  of  In- 
diana, 25  m.  from  south    to    north,  and   15  wide,, 
intersected  by  White  River,  which  falls  into  the 
Wabash.     Pop.  4,512.     Washington  is  the  chief 
town. 

Davies,  another  county  in  the  western  part  of 
Kentucky,  bounded  on  the  south  and  west  by 
Green  River,  and  on  the  north  by  the  Ohio,  which 
separates  this  county  from  the  state  of  Indiana. 
Owenboro',  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Ohio,  is  the 
chief  town.  Another  town  called  Vienna,  is  seat- 
ed on  the  north  bank  of  Green  River.  The  ex- 
tent of  this  county  is  about  25  miles  each  way. 
Pop.  5,218. 

Davis's  Straits, &n  arm  of  the  sea  between  Green 
land  and  North  America,  discovered  by  captain 
Davis  in  1585,  when  he  attempted  to  find  a  north- 
west passage.  This  sea  comprises  a  space  be 
twcen  the  lat.  of  58.  and  68.  N.,  and  from  50.  to 
70.  of  W.  long.,  to  which  from  fifty  to  sixty  sail  of 
ships  are  annually  fitted  out  from  England  to  fish 
for  whales. 

Davishurg,  v.  Christian  Co.  Ken. 

Dayton,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Great  Miami  river. 

Drtro5,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  capital  of  a  district  in  which  are  mines 
of  copper,  lead,  and  silver.  It  is  14  miles  east  of 
Coire. 

Dawley,  Great  and  Little,  two  villages  contigu- 
ous to  Shiffnal  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  abounding  in 
coal  and  iron ;  the  working  of  which  gives  em- 
ployment to  from  2,000  to  3,000  persons.  Total 
population  in  1821,5,147. 

Dawlish,  a  village  pleasantly  situate  near  Teign- 
mouth,  on  the  shore  of  the  English  Channel,  in 
Devonshire.  It  is  a  good  deal  frequented  in  the 
summer  season  for  sea  bathing.  Pop.  in  182J , 
2,709. 

Dax,  or  Dacqs,  a  town  in  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes,and  lately  a  bishop's  see.  Here 
are  some  famous  hot  baths,  the  spring  of  which 
discharges  thirty-six  cubic  feet  of  water  in  a 
minute.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  flanked  with 
towers,  and  seated  on  the  Adour,  24  m.  N.  E.  of 
Bayonne.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  and  in  1826 
contained  4,849  inhabitants. 

Dead,  r.  Coos  Co.  N.  II.  falls  into  the  Margalla- 
way. 

Dead  Sea,  a  lake  or  inland  sea  of  Palestine  into 
which  the  river  Jordan  runs.  It  is  sixty  miles 
long  and  fifteen  broad,  enclosed  on  the  east  and 
west  by  high  mountains.  There  is  no  verdure  on 
its  banks,  or  fish  in   its    waters  owing  to  the  ex- 


DEA 


24H 


DED 


treme  saltness  and  otlier  qualities  of  its  water. 
Mines  of  fossil  salt  are  found  in  the  sides  of  the 
mountains,  which  supply  the  neighbouring  Arabs, 
and  the  city  of  Jerusalem  ;  also  fragments  of  sul- 
phur and  bitumen,  which  the  Arabs  convert  into 
trifling  articles  of  commerce.  This  lake,  called 
also  Lake  Asphaltites,  and  by  the  Turks  and 
Arabs  Almotana,  has  no  outlet ;  and  it  has  been 
demonstrated,  that  evaporation  is  more  than  suffi- 
cient to  carry  off  the  water  brought  in  by  the 
rivers.  It  was  on  the  site  of  this  lake  that  Sodom 
and  Gomorrah,  and  three  other  cities  were  situate, 
which  were  destroyed  by  a  miraculous  conflagra- 
tion about  1 ,900  years  antecedent  to  the  Christian 
vera. 

Deadman's  Head,  a  cape  on  the  south  coast  of 
England,  in  Cornwall,  between  St.  Mawes  and 
Fowey. 

Deaf,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween the  North  and  South  Foreland,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  cinque  port  of  Sandwich,  governed 
_by  a  mayor.  It  has  no  harbour,  but  the  sea  be- 
tween the  shore  and  the  Godwin  Sands,  called  the 
Downs,  is  generally  a  secure  road  for  ships,  where 
they  usually  ride  at  their  leaving  or  entering  the 
river  Thames.  The  port  is  defended  by  two 
castles,  Deal  or  Walmer  Castle  to  the  south,  and 
Sandown  Castle  to  the  north  ;  and  also  by  several 
batteries.  The  mariners  of  Deal  are  considered 
most  intrepid  seamen,  but  there  being  no  port 
regulations,  strangers  embarking  or  disembarking 
in  the  Downs,  are  exposed  to  the  most  wanton 
and  unjustifiable  impositions,  whilst  the  induce- 
ments to  smuggling,  which  the  unparalleled  rates 
of  taxation  in  England  excite  among  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  part  of  the  coast,  on  account  of  its 
proximity  to  the  continent,  makes  the  seamen  as 
desperate  and  vicious  as  they  are  crafty  and  im- 
posino-.  The  town  of  Deal  is  9  m.  N.  of  Dover, 
and  7l  E.  by  S.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  6,811. 

Dean,  a  celebrated  forest  in  Gloucestershire, 
Eng.  which  originally  included  all  that  part  of  the 
county  which  lies  between  the  Severn  and  the 
shires  of  Monmouth  and  Hereford,  and  contained 
four  market  towns  and  twenty-three  parishes.  It 
is  fertile  in  pasture  and  tillage,  bears  very  fine 
oaks,  and  has  rich  mines  of  iron  and  coal.  It  was 
once  reckoned  the  chief  support  of  the  English 
navy ;  but  having  been  much  thinned  by  fre- 
quency of  felling,  and  narrowed  by  increase  of 
cultivation,  it  was  near  losing  all  features  of  its 
former  character,  until  within  the  present  century, 
when  a  still  extensive  tract,  containing  a  popula- 
tion exceeding  5,.^>00,  has  been  replanted  and  re- 
plenished with  deer,  and  divided  into  six  walks, 
extra  parochial,  over  which  proper  rangers  have 
b^en  appointed.  There  is  a  village  without  the 
b.iundary  of  the  present  forest,  one  mile  north  of 
Newnham,  caWed  Little  Dean,  containing,  in  1821, 
807  inhabitants  ;  and  contiguous  is  Mitcliel  Dean, 
at  which  a  market  was  formerly  held  on  Mon- 
days.    Pop.  in  1821,  550. 

**  There  are  ten  other  villages  in  different 
parts  of  England  named  Dean,  all  inconsider- 
able. 

Dearborn,  a  frontier  county  at  the  south-east 
extremity  of  the  state  of  Indiana.  Lawrenceburg, 
the  principal  town,  is  seated  on  a  point  of  land 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Miami  with  the 
Ohio  River.  The  county  is  about  30  m.  from 
south  to  north,  and  15  in  mean  breadth.  The 
N.  E.  part  borders  on  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  the 
S.  E.  on  that  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  14,578.  Law- 
renceburg is  the  chief  town 


Dearborn,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.     Pop.  616. 

Dehalpoor,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  m  the  country  of  Moultan.  It  is  situate 
on  the  great  road  from  Delhi  to  Moultan,  near  the 
river  Setlege.  80  miles  south  of  Lahore,  and  170 
east  by  north  of  Moultan.  L<png.  73.  32.  E.,  lat. 
30.  5.  N. 

Delien,  a  river  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  which  rises  near 
Debenham,  and  flows  to  Woodbridge,  wb^re  it 
expands  into  a  long  narrow  arm  of  the  German 
Ocean,  a  little  to  the  north  of  Harwich. 

Denbenham,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  source  of  the  Deben  24 
m.  east  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  83  N.  E.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821 ,  l,v535. 

Dcbretzin,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  and  one  of  the  most 
populous  and  important  trading  towns  in  all  Hun- 
gary. It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1684,  and  the 
Austrians  retook  it  the  same  year.  It  is  107  m, 
E.  of  Buda.     Lon^.  21 .  33.  E.,  lat.  47.  34.  N. 

Dccamr,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,110.  Also 
towns  in  Mifflin  Co.  Pa.,  Morgan  Co.  Alab., 
Adams  and  Brown  Cos.  Ohio. 

Dficcan,  an  extensive  tract  in  Hindoostan,  which 
from  the  signification  of  its  name,  the  South,  has 
been  supposed  to  include  the  whole  region  south 
of  Hindoostan  Proper.  But,  in  its  more  accepted 
sense,  it  contains  only  the  countries  situate  be- 
tween Hindoostan  Proper,  and  what  is  termed  the 
Peninsula;  namely,  the  provinces  of  Candeish, 
Dowlatabad,  Visiapour,  the  north  part  of  Golcon- 
da,  Berar,  Orissa,  and  the  Circars.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  river  Nerbudda,  by  Bengal, 
and  by  Bahar ;  and  the  river  Kistna  forms  its 
separation  on  the  south  from  what  is  called  the 
peninsula  of  Hindoostan.  All  this  Vast  country 
was  once  the  southern  province  of  the  Moguls, 
who  did  not  pass  the  Kistna  till  a  recent  period. 
Candeish,  Visiapour,  and  a  part  of  Dowlatabad, 
Berar,  and  Orissa  are  subject  to  the  Mahrattas. 
The  English  have  part  of  Orissa  and  of  the  Cir- 
cars. The  dominionsof  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan 
comprising  Golconda,  the  principal  part  of  Dow 
latabad,  and  the  western  part  of  Berar.  His  ter- 
ritories are  bounded  on  the  north-west  by  the 
Poonah  Mahrattas,  north  by  the  Berar  Mahrattas, 
east  by  the  Circars,  and  south  by  the  Carnatic  and 
Mysore.  By  a  family  succession  in  1780  the 
Nizam  became  possessed  of  the  districts  of  Adoni 
and  Tachore,  and  of  the  Gunto  or  Circar ;  and 
by  the  peace  of  1 792  and  partition  of  1 799  he  had 
a  share  of  the  countries  belonging  to  Tippoo  Sul- 
tan, including  Kopaul,  Cuddapa,  Gangecoha, 
Gooty,  and  Gurrumconda.  His  dominions  (with- 
out including  the  cessions)  are  supposed  to  be 
430  miles  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.  by  300  wide.  The 
capital  is  Hydrabad. 

Decize,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  seated  on  an  island,  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Airon  with  the  Loire,  16  miles  S.  E.  of  Nevers. 

Deckendorf,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  seated 
on  the  Danube,  27  miles  N.  W.  of  Passau. 

Deckerstown,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

Deddington,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  16  m. 
north  of  Oxford,  and  69  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,847. 

Dedhum,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  baize.  It  has  an  ancient  large  church, 
with  a  curious  steeple,  and  a  free  grammar- 
school  endowed  by  queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Stour,  8  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Colchester, 
and  58  N.  E.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,651. 

Dedham,   a  town   of  Massachusetts    chief  of 


DEH 


244 


DEL 


Norfolk  connty,  seated  on  Charles  river,  11m.  S. 
W.  of  Boston.  Pop.  3,117. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Wales,  held  in  great  veneration 
by  the  ancient  Britons,  and  the  theme  of  many 
a  poet  since.  It  issues  from  the  lake  of  Bala,  in 
Merionethshire,  whence  it  flows  through  a  fine 
vale  across  the  soutli  part  of  Denbigshire  to  the 
nortii- west  part  of  Shropshire,  visits  the  west  bor- 
der of  Cheshire,  passes  on  to  Chester,  and  flows 
thence  to  the  Irish  sea,  making  a  broad  estuary, 
which  separates  Cheshire  from  Flintshire.  The 
Dee  is  navigable  from  near  Ellesmere,  in  Shrop- 
shire, to  Chester,  where  the  continuity  of  the  nav- 
igable is  broken  by  a  ledge  of  rocks,  running 
across  the  river  ;  but  by  embankments  made  here, 
much  land  has  been  gained  from  the  tide  ;  and  a 
narrow  channel,  fitter  for  navigation,  has  been 
formed  from  Chester  half  way  to  the  sea.  See 
Chester. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  on  the 
west  border  of  Aberdeenshire,  amid  the  moun- 
tains of  Mar  Forest,  and  flows  east  throuffh  a 
wild  country  till  it  reaches  the  fertile  vale  of  Brae- 
mar,  whence  it  proceeds  to  Aberdeen,  below 
which  it  enters  the  German  ocean. 

Dee,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
west  part  of  Kirkcudbrightshire,  receives  the  Ken 
below  New  Galloway,  and  runs  into  the  Irish 
eea,  five  miles  below  Kirkcudbright. 

Deeping,  or  Market  Deeping,  a  town  in  Lin- 
colnshire, Eng.  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Welland,  in  a  fenny  country,  six  miles  east  of 
Stamford,and  90  N.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821 ,1 ,016. 

Deeping,  St.  James's,  contiguous,  contains  about 
the  same  number  of  inhabitants. 

Deer,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
on  a  river  of  its  name,  10  miles  west  of  Peter- 
head. It  has  a  trade  in  fine  yarn,  and  near  it  are 
the  remains  of  the  abbey  of  Deer. 

Deer  Creek,  a  township  of  Madison  Co.  Ohio. 

Deerjield,  p.t.  Rockinaham  Co.  N.  H.  55  m.  N. 
W.Portsmouth.  Pop.  2,08G. 

Deerjield,  a  town  of  Massachusetts,  in  Hamp- 
shire county,  seated  on  the  Connecticut,  near  the 
influx  of  the  river  Deerfield.  15  m.  N.  of  North- 
ampton, and  80  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.  Pop.  2,003. 

Deerjield,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Mohawk, 
opposite  Utica.  Pop.  4,182.  Also  a  p.t.  in  Cum- 
berland Co.  N.  Y.,  4  townships  in  Ohio,  and  a 
village  in  Augusta  Co.  Va. 

Deerhust,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
three  miles  south  of  Tewkesbury,  subject  to  fre- 
quent inundations  from  the  Severn.  Here  was  a 
celebrated  monastery,  which  was  afterwards  made 
a  cell  to  Tewkesbury  abbey. 

Deering,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N  H.  (iQ  m.  fr. 
Boston.  Pop  1,227. 

Deer  Island,  in  Penobscot  Bay,  state  of  Maine, 
containing  2,217  inhabitants. 

Dehli,  commonly  mis-spelt  Delhi,  a  province  of 
Hindoostan (bounded  on  the  N.  W.  by  Lahore ,N.  E. 
by  Serinagur,  east  by  the  Rohilla  country,  south  by 
Agra,and  westby  Moultan.  Having  been  the  seat  of 
continual  wars  above  sixty  years,  previous  to  1806, 
when  it  fell  under  the  influence  of  the  English, 
it  had  become  almost  depopulated;  and  a  tract  of 
country  that  possessed  every  advantage  that  could 
be  derived  from  nature,  contained  the  most  mis- 
erable of  inhabitants.  It  is  now  all  that  remains 
to  the  Great  Mogul  of  his  once  extensive  empire, 
but  since  his  alliance  with  the  English,  the  country 
has  been  progressively  improving. 

Dehli,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same 
name.     It  is  the  nominal  capital  of  all  Hindoos- 


tan,  and  was  actually  so  during  the  greatest  part 
of  the  time  since  the  Mahometan  conquest  in 
1193.  In  1738,  when  Nadir  Shah  invaded  Hin- 
doostan,  he  entered  Dehli,  and  dreadful  were  the 
massacres  and  famine  that  followed  :  100,000 
of  the  inhabitants  perished  by  the  sword ;  and 
plunder  to  the  amount  of  62,000,000/,  sterling 
was  said  to  be  collected.  The  same  calamities 
were  endured  in  1761,  on  the  invasion  of  Abdalla, 
king  of  Candahar.  In  1803  the  Mahrattas,  aided 
by  the  French,  got  possession  of  this  place  ;  but 
they  were  afterwards  defeated  here  by  Gen.  Lake, 
and  the  aged  Shah  Aulum,  emperor  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  was  restored  to  his  throne.  Dehli  may  be 
said  to  be  now  in  ruins ;  but  there  are  many 
splendid  remains  of  palaces  with  baths  of  marble. 
The  grand  mosque  is  a  magnificent  edifice  of 
marble  and  red  freestone,  with  high  minarets, 
and  domes  richly  gilt.  At  Cuttab  Minor,  15  m.  S. 
W.  of  the  city,  is  a  noble  monument,  242  feet 
high,  built  by  the  Khan  Cuttabaddcen  in  1)94,  to 
commemorate  his  conquest  of  Dehli,  which  is 
seated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Jumna,  350  miles 
N.  W.  of  Allahabad,  and  1.500  N.  W.  of  Calcutta 
Long.  77.  40.  E.,  lat.  28.  27.  N. 

Deizahad,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac  Agemi,  90 
ni.  N.  of  Ispahan. 

De  Kalb,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop 
1,061. 

Delagoa,  a  bay  on  the  east  coast  of  South  Af- 
rica, at  the  north  end  of  the  country  of  Natal. 
The  adjacent  country  abounds  in  cattle  and 
poultry,  which  may  be  purchased  for  a  trifle  ;  and 
it  is  frequently  visited  by  vessels  employed  in  the 
whale  fishery.     Long.  32.  0.  E.,  lat  26.  0.  S. 

Delaicare,  a  town  of  Virginia,  in  King  Wil- 
liam County,  seated  on  the  broad  peninsula  for- 
med by  the  confluence  of  the  Pamunky  and  Mat- 
tapony,  whose  united  streams  hence  assume  the 
name  of  York  River.  It  is  20  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Williamsburg,  and  45  W.  of  Richmond. 

Delaicare,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  formed 
of  two  streams  in  the  state  of  New  York,  in  the 
lat.  of  42.  30.  N.  In  its  course  south,  it  separates, 
for  about  fifty  miles,  the  north-east  part  of  Penn- 
sylvania from  New  York,  and  afterwards  for  about 
100  miles  in  a  direction  nearly  due  south,  it  sepa- 
rates Pennsylvania  from  New  Jersey,  and  a  few 
miles  below  Philadelphia,  the  state  of  Delaware 
from  New  Jersey,  till  it  enters  the  head  of  Dela- 
ware bay,  at  Bombay  bar,  in  the  lat.  of  39.  15. 
N.  where  it  is  about  five  miles  wide.  At  Phila- 
delphia, it  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  a  74 
ffun  ship  ;  is  navigable  thence  for  sloops  up  to  the 
falls  of  Trenton,  a  distance  of  about  thirty  miles, 
and  for  boats  that  carry  eight  or  ten  tons,  forty 
miles  higher. 

Delaware  Bai/,  into  which  the  preceding  river 
falls,  is  formed  by  Cnpe  Henlopen  on  the  south, 
and  on  which  is  a  light-liouse,  in  the  lat.  of  38. 
45.,  and  Cape  May  on  the  north,  in  the  lat.  of  39. 
N.  ;  the  two  capes  being  about  18  m.  distant,  nar- 
rowing to  about  10  m.  at  Bombay  bar  which  is 
considered  as  forming  the  entrance  to  the  river. 
The  bay,  and  its  entrance  is  interspersed  with 
numerous  shoals,  the  ship  channel  being  on  the 
side  of  Cape  Henlopen,  and  about  midway  be- 
tween Bombny  Hook  and  Philadelphia  is  a  small 
island  called  Pea  Patrh,  on  which  are  two  strong 
forts.  Just  within  Cape  Henlopen,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  bay,  there  is  now  constructing  a  breakwa- 
ter of  solid  rock,  and  a  dike  farther  inward,  whii;h 
form  an  artificial  harbour  with  5  or  6  fathoms  of 
water. 


DEL 


245 


DEL 


Ddaimre,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  Pennsylvania;  E.  by  Delaware  Bay  and 
river :  S.  and  W.  by  Maryland,  extending  from 
33.  29.  to  39.  47.  N.  lat.  and  from  74.  56.  to  75.  40. 
W.  long.  92  miles  in  length  ;  and  23  in  its  great- 
est breadth  ;  containing  2,120  sq.  miles.  Pop. 
76,739,  of  whom  3,305  are  slaves. 

This  state  is  almost  wholly  an  alluvial  level ; 
the  northern  extremity  is  hilly.  In  the  south  the 
soil  is  sandy  and  unproductive,  but  toward  the 
north  it  is  excellent  and  produces  the  finest  wheat 
in  the  United  States.      This  article  is  the  staple 


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commodity  of  the  state,  and  the  flour  mills  of 
Brandywine,  near  Wilmington,  are  among  the 
largest  in  the  country.  The  soil  also  produces 
maize,  flax,  buck-wheat,  potatoes,  &c.  and  there 
are  some  excellent  grazing  lands.  At  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  the  state,  is  the  Cypress  Swamp, 
from  which  great  quantities  of  timber  are  obtained 
for  exportation.  In  the  same  quarter  is  found 
abundance  of  bog  iron  ore. 

There  is  no  large  river  in  the  state,  nor  any 
good  harbour  upon  the  bay,  although  this  latter 
defect  will  in  some  measure  be  remedied  by  the 
breakwater  above  mentioned.  The  Uhesapeak 
and  Delaware  canal  {xchich  see)  crosses  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  state  and  will  materially  assist  the 
trade  of  the  country.  The  chief  pursuits  are  ag- 
ricultural. The  commerce  consists  in  the  export 
of  flour.  The  shipping  in  182S,  amounted  to 
13,213  tons.  The  manufactures  of  the  state  are 
considerable.  They  are  chiefly  at  Wilmington, 
and  consist  of  cotton,  woolen,  paper,  gunpowder, 
snuflT,  &c. 

Delaware  is  divided  into  3  counties,  New- 
castle in  the  north,  Kent  in  the  middle,  and 
Sussex  in  the  south.  The  legislature  is  called 
the  General  Assembly,  and  consists  of  a  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives.  The  Governor 
IS  chosen  for  3  years.  All  elections  are  popular 
and  suffrage  is  universal.  Dover  is  the  capital. 
The  other  chief  towns  are  Wilmington  and  New- 
castle. 

The  Methodists  have  15  ministers ;  the  Presby- 
terians 10;  the  Baptists  9,  and  the  Episcopalians 
6.  There  is  no  college  in  Delaware,  but  common 
schools  are  established  by  law ;  and  the  School 
Fund  of  the  state  yields  an  annual  income  of  9,225 
dollars.  Also  the  proceeds  of  25,000  dollars  in- 
vested in  the  Chesapeak  and  Delaware  Canal 
are  devoted  to  purposes  connected  with  education. 

This  state  was  first  settled  by  the  Swedes,  and 
afterwards  formed  a  part  of  the  colony  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  present  constitution  was  framed  in 
1792. 

Delaware  is  also  the  name  of  four  counties  in 
the  different  states  of  North  America,  as  fol- 
lows : — 


1.  In  the  state  of  New  York,  bordering  on 
Pennsylvania,  in  which  is  the  Susquehanna,  as 
well  as  the  Delaware  rivers,  both  have  their 
source.  It  is  a  somewhat  mountainous  district, 
but  its  fertility  and  local  advantages  may  be  in- 
ferred from  its  increase  of  population,  which  in 
1800  was  10,228,  and  in  1830, 32,933.  Delhi  is 
the  chief  town. 

2.  In  E.  Pennsylvania,  bounded  on  the  south 
by  the  state  and  east  by  the  river  Delaware,  and 
north  by  the  county  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  the  smallest  county  in  the  state.  Pop.  17,361. 
Chester,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia,  is  the  chief 
town. 

3.  In  the  centre  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  intersect 
ed  by  the  Scioto  river,  and  Walnut,  Alum,  and 
Whetstone  creeks.  It  is  a  square  of  about  28 
miles  each  way.  The  pop.  which  in  1810,  was 
only  2,000,  in"lS30  had  increased  to  11,523.  The 
chief  town  of  the  same  name  is  seated  between 
the  main  branch  of  the  Scioto  and  Whetstone 
creek,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Columbus. 

4.  In  the  eastern  part  of  Indiana.  Pop.  2,372. 
Muncytown  is  the  capital. 

Delaware,  city,  Newcastle  Co.  Del.  This  place 
has  just  been  laid  out,  and  is  situated  on  the 
Delaware  at  the  entrance  of  the  Chesapeak  and 
Delaware  Canal. 

De^Mware,  is  also  the  name  of  4  townships  and 
villages  in  Pa.,  Va.  and  Ohio. 

Delft,  a  town  of  South  Holland,  well  built, 
with  canals  in  the  streets,  planted  on  each  side 
with  trees.  Here  are  two  churches,  in  one  of 
which  is  the  tomb  of  William  I.  prince  of  Or- 
ange, who  was  assassinated.  It  has  a  fine  arsenal, 
and  a  considerable  manufacture  of  earthenware. 
Delft  is  the  birth-place  of  the  renowned  Grotius. 
It  is  seated  about  midway  between  Rotterdam 
and  the  Hague. 

Delftsharen,  a  fortified  town  of  South  Holland 
on  the  north  side  of  the  Maese,  with  a  canal  tc 
Delft.  It  is  between  Rotterdam  and  Schiedam 
about  three  miles  from  each. 

Delfizuyl,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Holland,  in 
Groninwen,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Demster,  at  its  entrance  into  the  mouth  of 
the  Ems,  12  miles  west  by  south  of  Emden.  Long. 
6.  58.  E.,  lat  58.  18. 

Delhi,  the  chief  town  of  Delaware  County,  in 
the  state  of  New  York,  seated  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Mohawk  branch  of  the  Delaware  River,  40  m 
W.  S.  W.  of  Albany.  Pop.  2,114.     See  also  Delhi. 

Delitz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia.  Great  quantities  of  worsted  stockings 
are  made  here.  It  is  15  miles  north  by  east  of 
Leipzig. 

Dellamcotta,  a  fortress  of  the  countiy  of  Bootan, 
which  r,ommands  the  principal  pass  over  the 
mountains.  It  was  taken  by  storm  in  1773,  by  a 
detachment  under  the  command  of  captain  John 
Jones.  It  is  55  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  TassiL-udon,  and 
200  N.  of  Moorshedabad.  Long.  88.  46.  E.  lat. 
27.  2.  N. 

Delmenhorst,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
a  district  in  the  duchy  of  Oldenburg  ;  seated  on 
the  Delm,  near  the  Weser,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Bre- 
men. 

Delos,  or  Deli,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archi- 
pelago, formerly  celebrated  for  the  temples  "f 
Diana  and  Apollo,  whose  birth-place  it  is  said  to  be. 
It  is  6  miles  in  circumference,  but  now  little 
more  than  a  desert  rock,  covered  with  ruins,  and 
uninhabited.     Long.  25.  12.  E.  lat.  37.  38.  N. 

Delphi,  or   Delphos,    a   town   of  Independent 
x2 


DEM 


M6 


DEN 


Greece,  in  Livadia,  once  famous  for  the  oracle  of 
Apollo,  which  people  came  from  all  parts  to 
consult.  It  is  seated  in  a  vallejr  near  Mount 
Parnassus,  18  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Livadia  and  now 
called  Castria. 

Delphi,  p.v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.,  also  a  p.t 
m  Marian  Co.  Ten. 

Del  Reij,  a  tract  of  country  on  the  coast  of  Brazil , 
about  100  miles  wide,  and  800  from  north  to  south, 
between  the  mountains  of  Paraguay  and  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  At  its  south  extremity  are  two 
lakes,  called  de  los  Petos  and  Mini,  each  about 
160  miles  long,  and  from  10  to  50  broad,  with  a 
fort  at  each  end.  The  principal  place  on  this 
extensive  coast  is  the  island  of  St.  Catherine,  in 
the  lat.  of  27.  30.  S.  This  coast  is  now  princi- 
pally included  in  the  province  of  Rio  Grande. 

Delsbury,  a  town  of  Switzerland  in  the  late 
bishopric  of  Basil,  on  the  river  Birs,  10  m.  N. 
W.  of  Soleure. 

Delta,  a  part  of  Lower  Egypt,  inclosed  between 
the  mouth  of  the  Nile  and  the  Mediterranean ; 
so  called,  it  is  supposed  by  some,  from  its  trian- 
gular form  resembling  the  Greek  letter  of  that 
name,  and  by  others,  as  implying  a  maritime  and 
swampy  district ;  hence,  the  term  Delta  is  now 
generally  applied  to  the  mouths  of  all  great  rivers 
having  diverging  branches,  such  as  the  Indus, 
Ganges,  Mississippi,  «fec. 

Delvino,  a  town  of  Lower  Albania,  seated  about 
15  miles  from  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  opposite 
Corfu.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  pacha,  ■  and  is 
populous. 

Dembea,  an  interior  province  of  Abyssinia,  of 
which  Emfras  is  the  capital,  in  the  lat.  of  12.  N. 
and  37.  30.  E.  long.  In  the  centre  of  the  province 
is  a  lake,  supposed  to  be  450  m.  in  circumference, 
and  contains  many  islands,  one  of  which  is  a  place 
of  confinement  for  state  prisoners.  Its  waters 
appear  to  form  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  the 
Nile  ;  but  this  part  of  Africa  is  at  present  very 
little  known. 

Dcmerara,  a  river  and  plantation  of  South 
America.  The  entrance  to  the  river  is  in  the  lat. 
of  6.  48.  N.  and  58.  2.  of  W.  long.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  about  100  m.  inland,  and  at  its  entrance 
forms  a  very  commodious  harbour,  impeded  how- 
ever by  a  bar,  not  admitting  vessels  drawing 
more  than  18  feet  of  water,  f  he  plantations  lie 
on  both  banks  of  the  river.  They  were  original- 
ly formed  by  the  Dutch,  but  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  English  in  1796  ;  restored  at  the  peace  of 
Amiens  in  1802 ;  retaken  on  the  renewal  of  the 
war  in  the  following  year,  and  confirmed  to  Eng- 
land at  the  general  peace  in  1814  ;  since  which 
the  cultivation  has  been  greatly  extended,  and 
next  to  Jamaica,  is  now  the  most  populous  and 

f  reductive  of  all  the  British  colonies  in  the  West 
ndies  and  South  America. 

Demianskoi,  a.  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tobolsk,  seated  on  the  Irtysh,  at  the 
influ.ic  of  the  Demianha,  100  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Tobolsk. 

Demmln,  a  fortified  town  of  Anterior  Pomera- 
nia,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Ribnitz,  27  m.  S. 
of  Stralsund.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Deniona,  a  town  and  fort  of  Piedmont,  on  the 
river  Stura,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Coni. 

Demona  Val.     See  Dimona. 

Demotica,  or  Damotica,  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Romania,  where  a  Greek  archbishop 
resides.  It  was  the  residence  of  Charles  XII. 
for  some  years;  and  is  situate  near  the  Marisca, 
12  m.  S.  of  Adrianople. 


Dewain,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  where  a  victory  was  gained  over  prince 
Eugene,  by  Marshal  Villars  in  1712.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Scheldt,  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Valenciennes. 

Denbigh,  a  borough  of  North  Wales,  capif  al  of 
Denbighshire.  Its  ruined  castle,  with  its  vast  in- 
closure  crowning  the  top  of  the  hill,  forms  a 
striking  object.  Denbigh  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  gloves  and  shoes.  It  is  situate  on 
the  side  of  a  rocky  hill,  above  the  vale  of  Clywd, 
on  a  branch  of  the  river  of  that  name,  27  miles 
west  of  Chester,  5  S.  of  St.  Asaph,  and  218  N. 
W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821,  3,195.  It  returns 
one  member  to  parliament. 

Denbighshire,  a.  county  of  North  Wales  bounded 
on  the  north  by  the  Irish  sea,  north-east  by  Flint- 
shire, east  by  Cheshire,  south  by  Salop,  Merio- 
neth and  Montgomeryshires,  and  west  by  the  river 
Conway,  which  separates  it  from  Caenarvon- 
shire.  It  is  48  miles  long  from  south  to  west,  and 
20  in  its  broadest  part,  but  its  mean  breadth  does 
not  exceed  14  miles.  This  county  contains  some 
picturesque  and  beautiful  scenery,  besides  the 
the  Conway,  the  Clywd  and  Elwy  also  fall  into 
the  Irish  sea,  whilst  the  Dee,  running  in  a  mean- 
dering course  from  east  to  west,  intersects  all  the 
south  part  of  the  county  ;  and  the  vale  of  Clywd, 
for  20  miles  in  extent,  is  deservedly  celebrated 
for  its  fertility  as  well  as  for  its  picturesque 
beauty.  Its  surplus  product  consists  principally 
of  cattle  and  butter,  a  partial  supply  of  grain, 
some  wool,  &c.  «!fe:c.  by  which  the  rent-tax,  state 
and  local  exactions  are  discharged.  It  contains 
veins  of  both  coal  and  lead,  but  the  mines  are 
very  partially  worked.  Besides  the  borough  of 
Denbigh,  the  other  principal  towns  are  Wrexham, 
Ruthin,  Abergely,  and  Llhangolen. 

Dender,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which  rises 
in  Hainault,  flows  by  Leuze,  Ath,  Lessines, 
Grammont,  Ninove,  and  Alost,  and  joins  the 
Scheldt  at  Dendermond. 

Dendera,  a  town  of  Egypt,  the  residence  of  an 
Arabian  prince  who  takes  the  title  of  Emir.  It 
was  anciently  called  Ten,tyra,  and  from  the  ruins 
that  are  seen  appears  to  have  been  a  large  city. 
This  place  supplies  most  part  of  Egypt  with  char- 
coal. It  is  seated  near  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile, 
260  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Cairo.  Long.  31.  58.  E.,  lat. 
26.  15.  N. 

Dendermond,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Flanders,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  was 
taken  by  the  allies  in  1706,  and  the  Dutch  put  a 
garrison  into  it  as  one  of  the  barrier  towns.  The 
French  took  it  in  1745,  and  again  in  1794.  It  is 
surrounded  by  marshes  and  fine  meadows  which 
can  be  covered  with  water,  and  seated  at  the  con 
flux  of  the  Dender  with  the  Scheldt,  16  miles  E. 
of  Ghent.  Pop.  about  6,000.  Its  name  is  ren- 
dered immortal  by  Sterne  in  his  tale   of  Lefevre. 

Dcnia,  a  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.  The 
entrance  into  the  harbour  is  difficult,  and  the  chief 
trade  is  in  almonds  and  raisins.  It  stands  at  the 
foot  of  a,  mountain,  47  miles  N.  E.  of  Alicant. 
Long.  0.  2.  E.,  lat.  38.  50.  N. 

Denis,  St.,  or  St.  Denys,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Paris.  The  abbey  of  the  Ben- 
edictines, to  which  the  town  ovi^cs  its  rise,  has 
the  appearance  of  a  palace.  Here  is  an  ancient 
and  magnificent  church,  in  which  were  the  tombs 
of  many  of  the  French  kings,  and  in  the  treasurj^, 
among  other  curiosities,  the  sword  of  St.  Louis 
and  the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and  the  sceptre  of 
Charlemagne.  In  1793,  after  the  abolition  of  roy- 
alty, the  royal  tombs  in  the  church  were  all  d« 


DEN 


247 


DEN 


Btroyed  ;  and  the  name  of  the  town  was  changed 
to  that  of  Francade  ;  but,  at  the  re-estabhshnient 
of  the  monarchy  and  Catholic  mummery,  St 
Denis  resumed  its  former  celebrity.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  prefect,  and  seated  on  the  river  Crould,  near 
the  Seine,  five  miles  N.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1825, 
5,56!). 

Denmark,  a  kingdom  of  the  north  of  Europe, 
lying  between  the  lat.  of  53.  34.  and  57.  43.  N., 
partly  continental  and  partly  insular.  The  conti- 
nental part  comprises  North  and  South  Jutland 
and  Holstein  Lunenburg  ;  and  the  insular  part,  the 
islands  of  Zealand,  funen,  Laaland,  Falster, 
Bornholm,  Femern,  &c.,  all  lying  between  the 
east  coast  of  Jutland  and  Sweden  ;  and  in  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  in  the  lat.  of  62.,  are  the  Ferro  Isles  ; 
and  itt  the  lat.  of  from  64.  to  66.  Iceland,  and 
several  other  islands  lying  off  the  west  coast  of 
Jutland,  all  fornung  a  part  of  the  European  do- 
minions of  the  kingdom  of  Denmark,  comprising 
together  an  area  of  about  22,000  square  miles  of 
surface.  In  addition  to  these  the  islands  of  St. 
Croix,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John,  in  the  West 
Indies,  are  also  subject  to  Denmark.  See  each 
part  and  island  under  its  respective  head.  The 
aspect  of  the  continental  part  of  Denmark  is  flat 
ftnd  undi versified,  containing  neither  mountains 
nor  rivers  of  any  magnitude.  It  is  largely  inden- 
ted by  the  sea,  and  possesses  numerous  creeks 
ind  bays,  as  well  as  internal  lakes.  The  only  ca- 
nal of  importance  is  that  of  Kiel,  which  will  ad- 
nit  vessels  of  120  tons  burden,  and  extends  from 
,he  Baltic  to  the  Eyder  at  Rendsburg,  where  the 
fiver  becomes  navigable,  thus  japening  a  com- 
nunication  between  the  two  seas,  through  105 
niles  of  territory.  It  is  22  English  miles  in 
ength,  and  ten  feet  deep ;  its  breadth  at  the  top 
s  100  feet,  at  bottom  54  feet.  It  was  begun  in 
l777,  and  completed  in  1785,  at  an  expense  of 
£800,000  sterling.  During  the  last  war,  between 
3,000  and  4,000  vessels  annually  passed  through 
it,  but  in  the  time  of  peace  the  number  is  much 
smaller.  The  lands  are  in  general  in  an  excellent 
state  of  cultivation,  and  the  pasturage  is  rich  :  the 
climate  bears  a  great  resemblance  to  that  of 
Great  Britain. 

The  Danish  community,  although  its  early  his- 
tory is  involved  in  considerable  obscurity,  appears 
to  have  been  of  Scandinavian  origin,  and  its 
monarchy  ranks  among  the  most  ancient,  perhaps 
the  most  so  of  any,  in  Europe,  having  been  con- 
temporary with  the  proudest  epoch  of  the  Roman 
empire.  The  advancement  of  the  Danes  in  dis- 
cipline and  arms  in  the  tenth  century  may  be  in- 
ferred from  their  irruption  into  England  at  that 
'^  period,  and  their  complete  conquest  of  the  coun- 
try in  the  early  part  of  the  following  century.  It 
•  Was  not,  however,  till  towards  the  close  of  the 
fourteenth  century  that  Denmark  appears  to  have 
obtained  a  respectable  and  commanding  position 
in  the  great  European  compact,  when  Norway  by 
inheritance,  and  Sweden  by  conquest  and  cession 
in  1397,  became  united  with  Denmark  under 
queen  Margaret,  whose  heroism  obtained  for  her 
the  appellation  of  the  Semirimis  of  the  North. 
<Vhen,  in  1448,  the  royal  race  of  Skioldung  be- 
came extinct.  Christian  of  Oldenburg  succeeded 
to  the  crown,  by  whom  Holstein  and  Sleswick, 
the  southern  province  of  Jutland,  also  became 
annexed  to  the  dominions  of  Denmark.  Sweden 
however,  reestablished  her  independence  in  1523, 
which  she  has  ever  since  maintained.  The  doc- 
trines of  Luther  were  early  promulgated  in  Den- 
mark.     In    1522  the    inhabitants   embraced    the 


confession  of  Augsburg,  and  in  1536  the  bishops 
were  deprived  of  their  temporal  power,  and 
placed  on  a  fooling  similar  to  those  of  England, 
with  the  excepT.ion  of  the  Danish  bishops  having 
no  legislative  voice.  Previously  to  J 660  Denmark 
was  a  limited  and  elective  monarchy  ;  in  that 
year  it  was  made  absolute  and  hereditary,  by  a 
revolution  almost  unparalleled  in  hisiory.  The 
avarice  and  contentions  of  a  rival  aristocracy  led 
to  such  oppressions  of  the  people  as  induced  them 
voluntarily  to  resign  their  liberties  into  the  hands 
of  their  sovereign.  The  turbulent  and  martial 
spirit  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  involved  Den- 
mark in  a  state  of  continual  warfare  during  the 
first  twenty  years  of  the  eighteenth  century,  which 
contention  terminated  in  1720.  In  this  year  a 
treaty  of  peace  was  concluded,  that  continued 
with  but  little  interruption  for  about  eighty  years, 
during  which  period  the  inhabitants  of  Denmark 
directed  much  of  their  attention  to  external  com- 
merce. This  they  pursued  with  considerable 
success,  purchasing  from  a  company  of  French 
adventurers  the  island  of  St.  Croix  in  the  West 
Indies.  They  formed  settlements  in  the  East,  at 
Tranquebar  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  and  iit  the 
Nicobar  Isles  ;  and  a  factory  at  Canton,  in  Chi- 
na ;  and  at  the  close  of  the  century  the  commer- 
cial navy  of  Denmark  exceeded  250,000  tons,  with 
a  proportionate  national  marine  for  its  protection. 

The  interruption  of  the  external  commerce  of 
Holland  and  France,  by  the  events  of  the  war 
with  England,  commencing  in  1793,  promised  for 
a  time  to  make  Denmark  the  emporium  for  all  the 
external  commerce  of  the  north  of  Europe,  which 
her  local  and  advantageous  maritime  position  at 
the  entrance  to  the  Baltic  Sea,  tended  much  to 
favour.  But,  unhappily  for  the  Danes,  Denmark 
became  involved  in  the  general  contention  of  the 
time,  and  in  1801  a  British  armament  frustrated 
their  commercial  career  by  the  almost  total  de- 
struction of  their  national  marine.  {See  Copenha- 
gen). The  peace  of  Amiens,  and  the  almost  im- 
mediate renewal  of  war,  tended  to  revive  the 
hopes  of  Denmark  for  regaining  her  commer- 
cial importance,  and  great  exertions  were  made 
to  replenish  and  strengthen  her  national  marine ; 
but  the  spirit  and  circumstances  of  the  times 
were  such  as  to  admit  of  no  neutrality,  and  in 
1807  another  armament  from  England  annihilated 
her  commercial  career  and  her  power  for  resu- 
ming it.  Her  possessions  both  in  the  East  and 
West  all  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English  in  that 
year,  and  Norway  was  offered  to  Sweden  as  a 
boon  to  induce  that  power  to  join  the  confederiicy 
against  France,  with  which  Denmark  had  coales- 
ced. This  proposal  being  assented  to  by  Sweden, 
involved  Denmark  in  the  political  necessity  of 
endeavouring  to  resist  the  transfer ;  but,  although 
the  efforts  made  were  not  inconsiderable,  they 
proved  ineffectual.  After  the  battle  of  Leipzig, 
however,  in'Oct.  1813,  which  changed  the  rela- 
tions of  all  the  states  of  Europe,  it  was  endeav- 
oured to  reconcile  Denmark  to  the  transfer  of 
Norway  to  Sweden,  by  proposing  to  cede  to  Den- 
mark the  Island  of  Rugen  and  Swedish  Pome- 
rania  ;  but  in  the  general  partitioning  which  took 
place  after  the  peace  of  Paris,  in  1814,  Norway 
was  confirmed  to  Sweden  ;  the  island  of  Rugen 
and  Pomerania  to  Prussia ;  whilst  Denmark  was 
confirmed  in  the  possession  of  Holstein  Lunen 
berg,  and  reinstated  in  her  former  possessions  in 
the  West  Indies. 

As  sovereign  of  Holstein- Lunenberg,  Denmark 
is  a  member  of  the    Germanic  confederation,  her 


DEN 


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quota  of  troops  being  3,G00,  occupying  the  lOth 
place  in  the  diet,  and  having  three  votes. 

Since  the  general  peace,  in  1815,  Denmark  has 
excited  little  or  no  interest  in  the  considerations 
of  the  relations  of  Europe.  Like  most  of  the  other 
Btates  she  has  been  occupied  in  attempting  to  re- 
pair her  finances,  so  extensively  deranged  by  the 
events  of  so  protracted  a  state  of  warfare,  and  the 
speculative  experiments  to  which  it  gave  rise.  In 
1826  the  national  marineof  Denmark  consisted  of 
three  ships  of  the  line,  four  frigates,  and  three 
brigs  :  her  commercial  navy  has  increased  since 
the  termination  of  the  war,  but  not  equal  to  its 
extent  in  1300,  when  she  possessed  above  2,000 
merchantmen,  20,000  seamen,  and  2-50,000  tons  of 
shipping.  The  nature  and  extent  of  her  commerce 
and  capabilities  will  be  found  more  particularly 
elucidated  under  the  heads  of  Holstein,  Jutland, 
and  Zealand.  The  manufactures  of  Denmark  are 
very  limited.  The  ancient  literature  of  Denmark 
is  rich  in  tlie  elucidation  of  Scandinavian  antiqui- 
ties ;  and  their  traditions,  whilst  they  vie  with  the 
Heathen  Mythology  in  preposterousness ,  are  ex- 
ceedinglv  amusing  for  their  quaintness.  For  the 
higher  order  of  mental  cultivation,  at  the  present 
time,  there  is  a  university  at  Copenhagen  on  an 
extensive  scale  and  under  liberal  regulations  ; 
another  at  Kiel  in  Holstein,  and  a  college  at  Oven- 
see  in  the  island  of  Funeh.  The  manners  and 
customs  of  the  superior  classes  differ  but  little, 
whilst  the  manners  of  the  people  are  more  social 
and  orderly  than  in  most  other  parts  of  Europe. 
For  some  time  after  the  adoption  of  the  tenets  of 
Luther,  the  penal  statutes  against  dissenters  were 
very  severe,  but  the  most  complete  toleration  in 
reference  to  religious  pretensions  now  prevails. 

The  Danes  have  regular  and  well-formed  fea- 
tures ;  frequently  fair  or  brownish  hair,  blue  eves, 
and  a  body  capable  of  sustaining  fatigue.  The 
women  are  of  a  more  delicate  frame.  Their  com- 
plexion is  dazzlingly  white  ;    but  upon  the  whole 


their  countenances  are  destitute  of  animation  ;  and 
soon  after  twenty-five  they  begin  to  lose  all  their 
charms.  The  Dane  is  gallant  and  brave  ;  a  spir- 
ited sailor  or  soldier,  but  averse  to  enterprise.  The 
dress  of  the  Danes  is  generally  copied  from  the 
French,  and  the  French  language  is  very  general 
in  Denmark.  The  populatfon  of  the  Danish  do- 
minions is  about  2,000,000.  This  includes  Ice- 
land, the  Ferro  Islands,  Greenland,  and  the  settle- 
ments in  Africa  and  the  West  Indies,  which 
amount  to  107,000. 

Denmark,  p.t.  Oxfcrd  Co.  Me.  Pop.  054.  Also  a 


p.t.  Lewis  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,270.  Also  a  township 
in  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio. 

Deniieicitz,  a  village  of  Brandenburg,  where  the 
French  experienced  a  severe  defeat  in  1813,  two 
miles  from  Jute rbock. 

Dennis,  p.t  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  on  Cape  Cod. 
Pop.  2,317. 

Dennis  Creek,  p. v.  Cape  May  Co.  N.  J. 
Dennysvillc,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Me.  Pop.  856. 
Dcntila,  a  country  of  Western  Africa,  situated 
to  the  W.  of  Kcnkodoo.     It  is  famous  for  its  iron,        \ 
in  preparing  which  the  natives  employ  as  a  flux 
the  ashes  of  the  bark  of  the  kino  tree. 

Denton,  a  town  of  Maryland,  capital  of  Carolina 
county  ;  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  Choptank  River, 
37  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Chester. 

Dentrecasteaux's  Channel,  a  strait  on  the  S.  E. 
coast  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  about  30  or  40  m 
long. 

Dentrecasteaux's  Port,  or  Port  North,, a  harbour 
near  the  S.  extremity  of  Van  Diemen's  Land. 

Deogur,  the  Mansion  of  the  Gods,  a  town  in  the 
the  province  of  Bahar,  Hindoostan,  170  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Calcutta;  the  name  is  applied  to  several 
hill  forts  in  different  parts  of  India. 

Deounella,  a  town  of  the  Mysore,  supposed  to 
have  been  the  birth  place  of  Hyder  Ali,  it  surren- 
dered to  the  English  under  Lord  Cornwallis  in 
1791.     It  is  20  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bangalore. 

Deptford,  an  appendage  to  London,  situate  in 
the  county  of  Kent,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Thames,  the  market  place  is  4  1-2  miles  E.  of 
London  bridge.  The  town  is  intersected  by  a 
stream  called  tire  Ravensbourne,  on  the  banks  of 
which  are  some  extensive  flour  mills  ;  a  hand- 
some bridge  over  the  river  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Thames,  connects  Deptford  with  Greenwich 
on  the  E.  It  contains  the  principal  store  house 
for  victualling  the  national  marine,  and  also  sev- 
eral slips  for  building  and  repairing  the  largest 
ships  of  war.  It  has  also  two  floating  docks,  a 
basin,  and  two  ponds  for  masts,  and  extensive 
workshops  for  the  manufacture  of  cables,  anchors, 
and  blocks.  In  the  reign  of  Hen.  VIII.,  a  socie- 
ty was  incorporated  here  under  the  title  of  the 
Master,  Warden,  and  Assistants  of  the  guild  of 
the  most  glorious  and  undivided  Trinity,  which 
society  was  invested  with  the  power  of  examining 
the  masters  of  the  king's  ships,  the  appointment 
of  all  pilots,  ballasting  of  all  ships  in  the  Port  of 
London,  and  the  erecting  and  maintaining  light- 
houses, buoys,  beacons,  &c.  in  the  river  1  hames, 
and  within  certain  limits  on  the  E.  coast  of  Eng- 
land. The  business  of  this  society  was  trans- 
ferred to  an  elegant  edifice  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Tower  in  London,  in  1788  ;  but  in  1(1^5  a  hos- 
pital with  56  apartments,  and  another  in  1788, 
with  25  apartments,  was  endowed  here  for  decay- 
ed Masters  of  Vessels  and  Pilots,  and  their  wid- 
ows, with  very  comfortable  allowance.  Dept- 
ford is  divided  into  two  parishes,  St.  Nicholas  and 
St.  Paul ;  the  church  of  the  latter,  erected  in 
1730,  is  an  elegant  and  spacious  structure.  With 
the  exception  of  the  importance  which  Deptford 
derives  from  its  extensive  government  establish- 
ments, it  is  an  uninviting  part  of  the  metropolis; 
and  as  such  its  population  has  not  materially  in- 
creased since  1801.  when  it  amounted  to  17,548, 
and  to  19,802  in  1821. 

Derhent,  a  district  or  khanship  in  the  province 
of  Daghestan,  Persia,  extending  for  about  20  m. 
along  the  W.  sliore  of  the  Caspian  sea,  and  15  m. 
inland:  the  chief  town  of  the  same  name,  which 
implies  a  door  locked,  or  an  impassible  place,  ia 


DER 


% 


249 


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snpposcd  to  have  been  built  by  order  of  Alexan- 
der of  Macedon,  as  the  portal  of  Persia  from  the 
North.  The  town  extends  from  the  shore  of  the 
Caspian  to  the  foot  of  a  lofty  mountain,  and  is 
surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  flanked  with  nume- 
rous towers,  and  with  a  well  organized  garrison 
might  defy  any  assault.  It  surrendered  to  the 
Russians  in  1722,  when  it  was  defended  by  230 
pieces  of  ordnance  ;  the  Russians  held  it  till  1735, 
since  when  it  has  several  times  changed  masters, 
and  since  1890,  has  again  been  occupied  by  the 
Russians;  tlie  inhabitants  of  the  district,  however, 
acknowledge  no  sovereignty  but  their  own  will, 
and  the  town  is  now  deemed  but  of  little  impor- 
tance. It  is  inhabited  by  about  900  families,  Per- 
sians,Tartars,  and  Armenians ;  the  harbour  is  near- 
ly choked  up.  It  is  in  the  lat.  of  42.  8.  N,  and  48. 
10.  of  E.  long. 

Dcptford,  p.t.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J. 

Derbt/,  &n  interior  county  of  England,  extend- 
ing about  56  miles  from  N.  to  S.  and  20  in  mean 
breadth,  the  greater  part  of  its  W.  side  is  bound- 
ed by  the  river  Dove,  which  divides  it  from  Staf- 
fordsliire  ;  the  N.  W.  corner  is  bounded  by  the 
county  of  Chester,  and  the  N.  by  the  county  of 
York  ;  and  the  counties  of  Nottingham  and  Lei- 
cester bound  it  on  the  E.  and  S.  The  noble 
river  Trent  and  the  Trent  and  Mersey  canal  in- 
tersect the  S.  end,  whilst  the  Derwent  falling  into 
the  Trent,  intersects  the  heart  of  the  county 
from  N.  to  S.  The  N.  W.  part  of  the  county  is 
mountainous,  several  of  the  peaks  rising  to  the 
height  of  upwards  of  1,700  feet,  and  Holme  Moss, 
the  highest  point,  to  1,859  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea  ;  near  the  centre  of  the  county  is  a  rich 
vein  of  lead  ore  ;  it  also  contains  several  veins  of 
iron  ;  in  the  mountainous  district  of  the  N.  W. 
corner  of  the  county,  are  several  extensive  cav- 
erns, which  attract  numerous  visitors,  and  pro- 
duce a  beautiful  variety  of  spar  and  petrifactions, 
which  are  extensively  wrought  into  vases  and 
other  ornaments  (see  Peak.)  It  abounds  also  in 
numerous  miner.al  sprir.gs,  (see  Buxton  and  Mat- 
lock) and  parts  of  the  county  are  esteemed  as  the 
most  beautifully  picturesque  of  any  in  the  king- 
dom; the  soutli  part  of  the  county  is  rich  in  pas- 
ture and  yields  a  considerable  surplus  of  cheese 
and  cattle,  and  other  agricultural  produce.  The 
county  also  contains  several  tan-yards,  participates 
partially  in  the  cotton,  silk, and  hosiery  manufac- 
tures, and  extensively  in  the  manufacture  of  nails. 
Besides  the  Trent  and  Mersey  canal,  already 
jtientioned,  another  canal  extends  from  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  county  into  Warwickshire.  Two 
others,  the  Derby  and  Erewash,  intersect  the  S. 
£.  part  of  the  county  ;  another  extends  from 
Chesterfield  in  the  N.  E.  into  Yorkshire,  and 
nnother  intersects  the  mountainous  district  of  the 
N.  W.  running  through  Cheshire  into  Lanca- 
shire. The  principal  towns  in  Derbyshire,  be- 
sides those  previfiusly  mentioned,  are  Derby,  the 
county  town,  Alfreton,  Ashborne,  Bakewell, 
Chapel-in-le- frith,  Dronfield,  Duffield,  and  Tides- 
well. 

Derby,  the  chief  tov/n  of  the  preceding  county 
IS  situate  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  river  Derwent, 
about  ten  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Trent, 
28  miles  N.  of  Leicester,  15  W.  of  Nottinirham, 
about  30  E.  of  StatFord,  and  120  N.  N.  W.  of 
London,  on  the  mailcoach  road  to  Manchester, 
from  which  it  is  distant  00  miles.  Derby  is  a 
place  of  considerable  antiquity,  and  was  created 
a  royal  borough  by  Edward  I.  in  1305.  It  con- 
sists of  five  parishes.  The  church  of  All  Saints 
32 


is  a  stately  and  elegant  structure,  having  a  beau 
tiful  gothic  tower  178  feet  in  height.  About  the 
year  1735  an  extensive  silk  mill  was  erected  here, 
the  model  of  which  was  sureptitiously  obtained 
from  Italy;  it  was  for  many  years  the  only  estab- 
lishment of  the  kind  in  England,  and  is  still  one 
of  the  most  extensive  ;  and  in  1750,  a  porcelain 
manufacture  was  established  which  is  now  in 
high  repute  for  the  elegance  of  its  productions. 
In  1803  a  military  depot  was  established  here, 
suitable  for  the  arming  and  equipment  of  15,000 
men  ;  and  in  1810  a  county  infirmary  was  erect- 
ed on  an  extensive  scale,  and  rendered  very  com- 
plete in  all  its  interior  arrangements.  Besides 
the  original  silk  mill,  Derby  has  now  3  others, 
and  2  for  spinning  of  cotton  on  a  tolerably  exten- 
sive scale,  4  paper  mills,  5  tan  yards,  14  malting 
houses,  and  2  public  breweries,  5  establishments 
for  the  manufacture  of  silk  stuffs,  and  6  for  small 
wares  of  cotton,  &c.,  5  for  the  manufacture  of 
hats,  11  for  hosiery,  2  bleach  grounds,  9  manu- 
factures of  shot,  white  lead,  and  painters  colours, 
3  soap  houses,  5  foundries,  2  watch  manufacturing 
establishments,  and  7  for  the  working  of  spar  and 
petrifactions  into  chimney  ornaments,  with  some 
of  almost  every  other  occupation  attendant  on  an 
active  and  social  state.  This  variety  of  occupa- 
tion since  the  commencement  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, has  rendered  Derby  one  of  the  most  flourish- 
ing towns  in  the  kingdom  ;  the  population,  which 
in  1801  was  only  10,332,  in  1821  had  increased  to 
17,423.  The  general  aspect  of  the  town  is  re- 
spectable, and  in  its  prinicipal  part  assumes  a  fea- 
ture of  importance ;  the  county  hall  and  other 
county  buildings  are  stately ;  it  has  a  spacious  as- 
sembly room,  and  a  literary  and  philosophical  so- 
ciety, a  range  of  alms  houses  for  clergymen's 
widows,  2  otners  for  lay  persons,  and  several  dis- 
senting places  of  worship.  Derby  was  formerly 
surrounded  by  a  wall,  and  contained  a  castle  and 
3  monasteries,  no  vestiges  of  any  one  of  which 
now  remain.  The  Pretender's  army  from  Scot- 
land entered  the  town  in  1745,  but  withdrew  after 
a  very  short  stay.  Derby  returns  two  members 
to  parliament,  and  holds  7  fairs  annually.  The 
river  Derwent  is  navigable  from  the  Trent  up  to 
Derby  in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction,  but  the  town  com- 
municates with  the  Trent  and  Mersey  canal  by 
a  cut  in  a  direction  due  S.  and  with  the  Erewash 
canal,  in  a  direction  nearly  due  E.  which  affords 
an  easy  conveyance  to  all  the  S.  E.  parts  of  the 
country. 

Derby,  West,  a  township  4  miles  N.  of  Liver- 
pool, Lancashire,  which  in  1821  contained  6,304 
inhabitants  (sec  Walton  and  Liverpool.) 

Derby,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  in  New  Haven 
county,  seated  on  the  Housatonic,  which  is  navi- 
gable hence  to  the  sea.  It  is  14  miles  N.  W.  of 
New  Haven.     Pop.  2,253. 

Derby,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Dauphin 
county.  Here  is  a  cave  divided  into  several  apart- 
ments, and  adorned  with  stalactites.  It  is  situate 
on  the  Swaiara,  two  miles  above  its  conflux  with 
the  Susquehanna,  and  10  S.  E.  of-Harrisburg. 

Derby,  is  also  the  name  of  a  township  in  Orange 
Co.  Vermont,  on  the  E.  side  of  lake  Memphre- 
magog,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  conven- 
tional line  which  divides  the  United  States  ter- 
ritor}'  from  Lower  Canada.      Pop.  1,409. 

Dereham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  The  church 
is  a  very  ancient  structure,  with  four  chapels,  and 
a  curious  stone  font.  It  is  10  miles  W.  of  Nor 
wich,  and  101  N.  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821 
3,273. 


DES 


250 


DEV 


Deikus,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ro- 
mania, on  the  coast  of  the  IJlack  Sea,  30  miles 
N.  N.  W.  of  Constantinople.  At  some  former 
period  a  w^ll  appears  to  have  extended  from  this 
place  to  Erekli,  100  miles  W.  of  Constantinople 
on  the  coast  of  tiie  sea  of  Marmora. 

De.rmon,  t.  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Derne,  a  town  of  Barbary  an  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean.  It  is  the  cajjital  of  the  district  of 
Barca,   and   is  a   pleasant   town,  surrounded  by 

fardens,  and  watered  by  a  number  of  rivulets, 
'he  government  is  a  dependency  of  Tripoli,  and 
during  the  war  between  the  United  States  and 
that  power  in  1808,  Derne  was  stormed  and  taken 
by  the  Americans  under  General  Eaton. 

Derrtj,  townships  in  Dauphin,  Mifflin,  West- 
moreland and  Columbia  Cos.  Pa  and  Guernsey 
Co.  Ohio. 

Derry,  see  Londonderry. 

De  Rmjter,  p.t.  MadisrW  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1 ,447. 

Dertncnt,  the  name  of4  rivers  in  different  parts 
of  England  ;  1st  rising  in  the  peak  district  of 
Derbyshire,  and  after  a  course  of  about  50  miles  in 
a  directipQn  S.  E.  by  E.  fails  into  the  Trent  about 
10  miles  below  the  town  of  Derby,  from  whence  it 
i-s  navigable.  2nd  rises  near  Whitby,  in  the  N. 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  and  after  a  winding  course 
of  about  25  miles  is  joined  by  the  Rye,  when  the 
united  stream  ruijs  S.  for  about  35  miles  falling 
into  the  Ouse,  and  G  miles  below  Selby.  3rd 
rises  at  the  foot  of  Kilhoiie  Law  Mountain,  and 
for  about  15  miles  in  an  irregular  course  forms  the 
boundary  between  the  counties  of  Durham  €and 
Northumberland,  when  it  intersects  for  about  7 
miles  the  N.  W. corner  oftheformercounty, falling 
into  the  Tyne  about  5  miles  above  Newcastle.  4th 
rises  on  the  border  of  Westmoreland,  intersects 
the  S.  E.  part  of  the  county  of  Cumberland,  and 
after  a  course  of  about  30  miles  through  Derwent 
and  Bassentbwaite  waters,  and  past  Cockermouth, 
falls  into  the  Solway  Firth  at  Workington  ;  this 
river  abounds  in  excellent  fish. 

Derwcnt-water.  near  to  Keswick  in  Cumberland, 
is  of  an  oval  form,  three  miles  in  length,  and  a 
mile  and  a  half  wide.  It  is  surrounded  by  rocky 
mountains,  broken  into  many  fantastic  shapes. 
The  precij)ices  seldom  overhang  the  water  but  are 
arranged  at  some  distance ;  and  the  shores  swell 
with  woody  eminences  or  sink  into  green  pastoral 
margins.  The  lake  contains  five  islands  ;  one  of 
which  near  the  centre,  is  famous  for  having  been 
the  residence  of  St.  Herbert,  the  ruins  of  whose 
hermitage  are  yet  remaining. 

Desaguadcro,  a  river  and  lake  of  Bolivia,  com- 
municating with  the  S.  end  of  the  lake  Titicaca. 

Dcsaguade.ro  Chuhalge  is  the  name  applied  to 
part  of  the  channel  of  waters  concentrating  in  the 
great  plains  E.  of  the  Andes,  between  the  lat.  of 
30.  and  41. S.  whose  outlet  is  into  St. Matthias'  Bay. 

Deseada,  a  small  island  12  miles  E.  of  Point 
Chateau,  the  eastern  extremity  of  Guadaloupe,  to 
which  it  is  dependent ;  it  is  about  25  square  miles 
in  extent, and  contains  about  300  white  inhabitants 
and  600  slaves ;  it  was  the  first  land-mark  of 
Columbus  on  his  second  voyage.  Lat.  IG.  40.  N. 
and61.20.  ofE.iong. 

Deseada,  Cape,  the  N.  W.  point  of  Terra  del 
Fuego,  forming  the  S.  W.  point  of  entrance  into 
the  straits  of  Mairellan  from  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Lat.  53.  48.  and  74. 16.  of  W.  long. 

Deseada  River,  see  Port  Desire. 

Dessau,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capi- 
tal of  the  principality  of  Anhalt-Dessan.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  stockings,  and  hats  ;    and 


is  seated  on  the  Mulda,  at  its  conflux  with  the 
Elbe,  37  m.  N.  of  Leipzig.     Pop.  about  9,.500. 

Defmold,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of 
Lippe,  with  a  fortified  castle  ;  seated  on  the  river 
Wehera,  17  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Paderborn.  Pop. 
about  2,400. 

Detroit,  the  capital  of  Michigan  territory.  Its 
trade  consists  in  a  barter  of  coarse  European 
goods  with  the  Indians  for  furs,  deerskins,  tallnw, 
<fec.  It  is  situate  in  a  fruitful  country,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  strait,  or  river,  that  forms  the 
communication  between  the  lakes  of  St.  Clair, 
and  Erie,  and  the  boundary  line  between  the 
United  States  territory  and  Upper  Canada.  Long 
83.  0.  W.  lat.  42.  40.  N. 

•  Dcttenheim,  a  small  town  of  Bavaria  in  the 
district  pfPappcnheim,  in  the  circle  of  the  Upper 
Danube,  it  is  seated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Alilt- 
muhl,  and  is  remarkable  as  the  place  from  near 
which  Charlemagne  in  the  8th  century  under- 
took to  unite  by  a  canal,  the  waters  of  the 
Ahltmuhl  with  the  Rednitz  and  thereby  the  Dan- 
ube with  the  Rhine. 

Dettlcbach,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Wurtzburg,  now  included  in  the  king- 
dom of  Bavaria,  circle  of  the  Lower  Maine,  seat- 
ed on  the  Maine,  8  m.  E.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Dettingcn,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  in  the  territory 
of  Hanau,  circle  of  the  Lower  Maine,  4  miles  S. 
E.ofHanau.  Here  George  II.  gained  a  victory 
over  the  French, in  1743. 

*^*  There  are  three  small  towns  of  this  name 
in  the  Duchy  of  Wurtemburg. 

Deva,  a  considerable  town  of  Transylvania, 
seated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Marosch,  about  12 
m.  S.  W.  ofCarlsburgh. 

Deval  cotty,  a  town  of  Upper  Hindoostan,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  main  branch  of  the  Ganges,  10 
m.  S.  of  Gangotry,  in  the  lat.  of  32.  40.  N. 

Dcvaprayaga,  or  Deuprag,  another  town  of  Up 
per  Hindoostan,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Ganges, 
a  few  miles  S.  of  Sirinagur,  {which  see),  and 
near  the  junction  of  4  united  streams  from  the 
N.  with  the  Ganges,  and  where  the  water  is  es- 
teemed most  sacred  by  the  Hindoos.  The  town 
contains  the  celebrated  temple  of  Ramachandra, 
the  resort  of  numerous  pilgrims  who  contribute 
to  the  support  of  numerous  Brahmins  who  form 
the  principal  population  of  the  town.  It  suffered 
considerably  by  an  eartliquake  in  1803. 

Deucar,  a  district  of  Nepaul,  bordering  on  the 
province  of  Oude,  a  town  of  the  same  name  is 
about  90  m.  N.  of  the  city  of  Oude. 

DeveUo,OT  Zagora,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Romania,  the  see  of  a  Greek  archbishop ;  situ- 
ate on  the  Paniza,  near  its  entrance  into  the  gulf 
of  Forus  in  the  Black  Sea,  58  m.  N.  E.  of  Adri- 
anople,  and  106  N.  N.  W.  of  Constantinople 
Long.  27.  22.  E.  lat.  42.  35.  N. 

Dcventcr,  a  city  of  Ilol'aiid,  the  capital  of 
Overyssel,  with  a  college.  It  is  surrounded  by 
strong  walls,  and  seated  on  the  Yssel,50  ni.  E.  of 
Amsterdam.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

Deveron,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in 
the  S.  E.  of  Banffshire,  and  enters  the  ocean  at 
Banff.  It  forms  the  boundary  between  the  coun- 
ties of  Aberdeen  and  Banff  for  about  50  m. 

DevicoUa,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  the  Carnatic 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Colran  or  N.  branch  of  the 
Cavcry  river  in  the  lat.  of  11.  40.  N.  This  place 
surrendered  to  the  English  in  1749,  and  for  seve- 
ral years  was  one  of  the  principal  factories  of  the 
East  India  Company  on  that  coast ;  the  entrance 
to  the  harbour,  is  impeded  by  shoals. 


DEV 


251 


DEV 


Devil's  Bason,  a  harbour  in  Christmas  Sound, 
at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Terra  del  Fuego,  open- 
ing into  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean  in  the  lat.  of  55.  25. 
S. ;  the  harbour  is  surrounded  by  rocks  of  a  very 
repulsive  aspect,  and  so  lofty  as  to  preclude  the 
rays-of  the  sun  from  ever  beaming  on  its  waters, 
hence  its  name. 

Devil's  Island,  Key  and  Race,  names  given  to 
several  small  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  and  off 
the  E.  coast  of  S.  America,  generally  of  rugged 
aspect  and  difficult  to  approach. 

Devizes,  a  borough  town  in  the  centre  of  the 
county  of  Wiltshire,  England,  85  miles  W.  by  S. 
of  London,  on  the  road  to  Bath,  from  which  it  is 
distant  18  miles.  It  was  a  Roman  station,  and  at 
a  more  recent  period,  had  considerable  manufac- 
tures of  worsted  stuff;  but  two  public  breweries 
on  no  very  extensive  scale  are  now  the  only 
source  of  surplus  of  production. 

Devoiiport,  the  principal  station  of  the  national 
navy  of  England,  fo-merly  called  Plymouth  Dock 
(see  PI ijmoutli)  ;  but  received  its  present  name  by 
mandate  of  Geo.  IV.  on  Jan.  1st,  1824  ;  it  is  situ- 
ate at  the  S.W.  extremity  of  the  county  of  Devon 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tamar  river,  which  here  forms 
one  of  the  most  commodious  harbours  in  the 
world.  This  spot  was  first  used  for  a  marine  sta- 
tion at  the  close  of  the  17tli  century,  previous  to 
whicli  it  was  a  mere  fishing  village,  and  it  was  not 
till  after  1760  that  it  assumed  any  thing  like  im- 
portance, whilst  during  the  long  war  from  1793 
to  1816,  it  progressively  rose  to  be  the  most  ex- 
ten  ive  and  complete  arsenal  in  the  world,  the 
natural  advantages  having  been  rendered  as  con- 
venient as  labour  and  skill  could  make  them. 
The  natural  accommodations  of  Devonport  con- 
sist of  a  triple  harbour,  tb.e  outer  one  is  called 
the  Sound,  the  first  inner  one  Catwater,  and  tlie 
upper  one  Haraoaze  ;  the  Sound  was  formerly 
open  and  exposed  to  the  sv.'clls  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  which  during  a  continuance  of  S.  W. 
winds,  used  to  subject  the  anchorage  to  much 
inconvenience,  and  sometimes  to  danger;  but  in 
August,  1812,  the  first  stone  was  sunk  of  a  break- 
water, pier,  or  mole,  5,100  feet  in  length,  4,000  feet 
in  a  straight  line,  with  an  angle  inclining  into  the 
Sound  at  each  end  ;  this  stupendous  work  is  com- 
posed of  upwards  of  two  millions  tons  of  stone, 
blasted  from  the  adjoining  rocks,  in  pieces  of  1  1-2 
to 5  tons  each,  sunk  indiscriminately  into  the  wa- 
ter to  work  their  own  position;  it  is  carried  up 
10  feet  above  high  water  mark  at  spring  tides,  30 
feet  broad  at  the  top,  on  which  it  is  proposed  to 
erect  storehouses  at  intervals,  and  lights  along  its 
whole  extent.  The  space  within  the  pier  is  about 
3  miles  each  way,  affording  anchorage  for  2,000 
sail  of  the  largest  ships,  secure  from  the  fury  of 
the  ocean  however  tempestuous  ;  the  ingress  and 
egress  being  safe  and  easy  at  either  end  of  the 
pier,  defended  from  the  land  side  on  the  W.  by 
the  rock  of  St.  Carlos,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  Sho- 
vel rock.  The  Catwater  is  formed  by  the  estu- 
ary of  the  little  river  Plym  with  the  Tamar,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  the  harbour  of  the  town  of 
Plymouth,  and  applicable  to  the  commercial  in- 
tercourse of  the  port ;  whilst  the  Hamoaze  extends 
inland  for  about  4  miles,  in  a  direction  nearly  due 
N.  and  about  half  a  mile  wide,  forming  one  of  the 
the  most  convenient  and  beautiful  natural  basins 
known  in  the  world,  affording  moorings  for  100 
of  the  largest  ships  of  war,  without  interruption 
to  the  anchorage  and  movement  of  numerous 
other  vessels  ;  and  with  sufficient  depth  of  water 
to  enable  ships  of  the  largest  burden  to  take    in 


their  stores  directly  off  the  quays  and  jettys,  that 
range  along  its  eastern  shore.  The  Dock  Yard  ex- 
tends 3,500  feet  along  the  shore  and  comprises  96 
acres,  containing  a  basin  250  feet  by  180,  in  which 
are  kept  the  boats  and  launches  belonging  to  the 
Yard ;  also  two  mast  ponds  and  a  canal,  which 
enables  vessels  bringing  stores,  to  land  them  at  the 
door  intended  for  their  reception.  Ships  and  dry 
docks  for  building  and  repairing  of  the  largest 
ships  of  war,  range  along  the  shore  of  Ha- 
moaze, and  communicate  with  the  Dock  basin,  a 
block  of  store  houses  built  of  stone,  450  feet  long, 
and  300  wide,  2  roperies  1,200  feet  in  length,  3 
stories  high,  and  a  smithery  containing  48  forges, 
all  are  within  the  Yard.  The  bakehouse,  brew- 
house,  and  cooperage,  and  slaughter  house,  hos- 
pital and  barracks  for  3,000  men,  are  without  the 
Yard,  but  contiguous  thereto;  all  defended  on 
the  land  side  by  several  batteries,  and  a  line  of 
circumvallation  mounted  with  numerous  cannon, 
and  an  outer  trench  excavated  22  to  20  feet  deep, 
out  of  the  solid  rock,  forming  altogether  the  most 
complete  and  magnificent  display  of  human  art 
and  exertion  in  the  world.  The  parish  church  is 
at  Stoke,  about  a  mile  distant,  but  the  town  con- 
tains two  chapels  of  ease  and  numerous  dissen- 
ting meeting-houses.  Here  are  also  a  commo- 
dious town-hall  and  a  public  library,  besides  sev- 
eral other  handsome  buildings.  The  column 
erected  to  commemorate  the  name  of  the  town  is 
a  prominent  and  interesting  object.  The  streets 
are  mostlv  at  right  angles  and  well  paved.  In  the 
census  of  1821  the  population  of  Devonport,  then 
Plymouth  Dock,  was  returned  with  Plymouth, 
ichick  see  ;  the  post  office  at  Devonport  is  217  lAl 
miles  S.  W.  of  Hyde  Park  Corner,  London,  by 
way  of  Salisbury  and  Exeter,  distant  from  the 
latter  45  miles.  The  block  house  flag-staff  of  the 
garrison  is  in  the  lat.  of  50.  22.  56.  N..  and  4.  9. 
11.  long.  W.  of  Greenwich. 

Devonshire,  a  maritime  county  in  the  S.  W.  of 
England,  bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by  the  county  of 
Somerset,  N.  W.  by  the  entrance  to  the  Bristol 
Channel,  W.  S.  W.  by  the  Tamar  River,  which 
divides  it  from  the  county  of  Cornwall,  and  S.  by 
the  English  Channel.  Its  extreme  length  from 
the  Start  Point  in  the  English  Channel  to  Ilfra- 
comb,  on  the  shore  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  is 
about  70  miles,  but  its  mean  length  and  breadth 
is  about  50  miles,  giving  the  largest  area  of  any 
county  in  England,  except  those  of  York  and 
Lincoln.  It  is  the  fourth  county  in  order  of  pop- 
ulation, and  the  most  agricultural  of  any  in  the 
kingdom.  Although  it  has  the  finest  harbour  in  the 
world,  and  several  other  convenient  ones,  and  in- 
tersected by  numerous  streams,  favourable  for  mill 
sites,  and  other  manufacturing  operations,  rela- 
tively, it  is  one  of  the  least  commercial  and  man- 
ufacturing counties  in  the  kingdom.  The  S.  W. 
part  of  the  county  contains  a  dreary  tract  called 
Dartmoor,  containing  upwards  of  53,000  acres  ; 
the  highest  elevation  of  this  moor,  is  1,549  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  the  other  parts  of  the 
county  more  particularly  the  S.  and  W.  are  ex- 
ceedingly fertile.  Its  principal  surplus  produce 
is  cattle  of  a  remarkably  fine  breed,  either  for 
dairying  or  for  feeding,  and  of  beautiful  symme 
try;  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  county  contains  veins 
of  copper,  lead,  manganese,  gypsum,  and  of  load- 
stone ;  antimony,  bismuth,  and  cobalt  are  also 
found  in  small  quantities ;  it  has  also  quarries  of 
beautiful  marble  and  granite,  none  of  which  how- 
ever are  worked  to  any  great  advantage.  The 
principal  manufactures  of  the  county  are  serges, 


DEW 


252 


i>lA 


kerspys,  shalloons,  broadcloth,  blond  lace,  and 
porcelain ;  there  is  also  a  considerable  ship-build- 
ing trade  at  Barnstable.  The  woolen  cloth  man- 
ufactures at  Tiverton  and  Great  Torington,  and 
the  wool-combing  at  Chumleigh,  were  formerly 
extensiv^e,  but  have  now  much  decayed  or  van- 
ished. Besides  the  Tamar,  which  divides  the 
county  from  Cornwall  on  the  S.  W.,  the  other 
principal  rivers  falling  into  the  English  Channel 
are  the  Dart  and  the  Exe,  and  into  Bideford  Bay, 
on  the  side  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  the  Torridge, 
and  the  Taw ;  Devonshire  contains  one  citj',  Ex- 
eter. 

Devon,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Perthshire,  and,  after  a  course  of  40 
miles,  enters  the  Forth  at  Clackmannan,  only 
eight  miles  distant  from  its  source.  In  Perthshire 
it  forms  some  romantic  waterfalls,  called  the  De- 
vil's Mill,  the  Rumbling  Bridge,  and  the  Caldron- 
linn. 

Dcuren,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  with  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
paper,  and  some  iron  works.  It  is  14  miles  E.  of 
Aix-la-Chapelle.     Pop.  about  3,500. 

Deutz.     See  Duytz. 

Deux  Fonts,  a  late  duchy  of  Germany,  lying 
W.  of  the  Rhine  ;  it  is  about  30  miles  in  length 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  12  in  mean  breadth,  and  tole- 
rably fertile.  It  was  ceded  to  France  at  the  peace 
of  Luneville  in  1802,  assigned  to  Austria  at  the 
general  partitioning  after  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1814,  and  by  Austria  exchanged  with  Bavaria  for 
other  districts  on  the  E.  It  now  forms  part  of  the 
Bavarian  circle  of  the  Rliine,  and  is  supposed  to 
contain  from  50,000  to  60,000  inhabitants  ;  besides 
the  chief  town  of  the  same  name,  the  other  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Kussel,  Honiburg  and  New  Horn- 
bach. 

Deux  Fonts,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding 
district  or  duchy,  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Hornbach  with  the  Erlbach,  a  short  distance 
above  the  entrance  of  the  united  stream  into  the 
Blise  near  the  S.  end  of  the  duchy.  Its  castle, 
tlie  former  residence  of  tlie  grand  duke,  is  a  state- 
ly edifice ;  and  it  has  two  spacious  churches,  an 
academy,  and  an  orphan  house,  and  was  formerly 
celebrated  for  a  printing  establishment,  which  pro- 
duced a  valuable  edition  of  the  Greek  and  Latin 
Classics,  since  removed  to  Strasburg.  Pop.  about 
5,000  ;  Deux  Ponts  is  55  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Metz, 
and  65  N.  W.  by  N.  of  Mentz.  Lat.  49.  15.  N. 
and?.  22.  of  E.  long. 

Deicangunge,  a  town  of  Bengal,  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Burrampooter,  110  miles  N.N.  W.  of 
Dacca. 

Detcarcotta,  a  town  and  district  of  North  Hin- 
doostan,  between  the  Ganijes  and  the  Jumna  ;  the 
town  is  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  main  branch 
of  the  Ganges,  175  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Dehli,  and 
90  N.  W.  of  Sirinagur. 

De  Witt's  Land,  the  name  given  to  about  10  de- 
grees of  lat.  of  the  N.  W.  part  of  New  Holland, 
after  the  Dutch  navigator  of  that  name,  who  first 
made  it  known  to  Europeans. 

Dewshurgh  or  Dewsbury,  a  parish  and  town  in 
the  west  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  England.  The 
parish  which  includes  the  townships  of  Osset, 
Soothill,  and  Clifton-cum  Heartsliead,  contain- 
ed in  1821,  16,261  inhabitants.  The  town  of 
Dewsbury  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  being 
mentioned  as  early  as  626,  when  Paulinus,  the 
first  archbishop  of  York,  preached  Christianity  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  surrounding  country  ;  it  is 
now   distinguished   as  the  seat  of  an   extensive 


commerce,  having  upwards  of  50  establishment? 
for  the  manufacture  of  blankets,  carpets,  and  other 
heavy  woolen  fabrics ;  and  Heckmondwike  ad- 
joining, has  40  other  establishments  for  the  like 
purpose,  chiefly  blankets.  Dewsbury  is  seated 
near  the  N.  bank  of  the  Calder  river,  5  miles  W. 
by  N.  of  Wakefield,  on  the  road  to  Halifax,  and 
in  1821,  the  town  contained  6,380  inhabitants. 

Deynse.  a  town  of  Flanders,  seated  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Ly,  9  miles  W.  S.  W,  of  Ghent. 

Deyrah,  a  town  of  Upper  Hindoostan,  on  the 
frontier  of  Dehli,  in  the  province  of  Sirinagur. 

Dcsaigne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  department  of  L'Ardeche,  25  miles  W.  N.  W. 
of  Valence.     Pop.  about  3,500. 

Dexter,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.     Pop.  885. 
Dezensano,  a  town  of  Breciano,  situated  at  the 
S.  end  of  lake  Garda,  15   miles   E.  of  Brescia. 
Pop.  about  3,500. 

Dezful,  a  populous  town  of  Persia,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Chochistan,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the 
Abzal,  over  which  is  an  elegant  bridge  of  22  arch- 
es. Dezful  is  130  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Bassora ;  the 
Abzal  falls  into  the  Ahwas,  which  joins  tlie  Tigris, 
at  its  junction  with  the  Euphrates. 

Diadin,  a  town  of  Armenia,  seated  near  the 
source  of  the  Euphrates,  and  frontier  of  Persia,  80 
miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Erwan. 

Diakovar,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  about  20  miles 
S.  S.  E.  of  Essig,  on  the  road  to  Brodo  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Diamond  Harbour  and  Foint,  on  the  Hoogly 
river,  (see  Calcutta). 

Diamond  Isle,  a  small  island  lying  off  the  S.  W. 
point  of  Pegu,  and  S.  E.  point  of  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  in  the  lat.  of  15.  51.  N.  and  94.  12.  of  E 
long. 

Diamond  Point,  the  N.  E.  point  of  the  island  of 
Sumatra,  at  the  entrance  to  the  strait  of  Malacca, 
in  the  lat.  of  5.  18.  N.  and  97.  48.  of  E.  long. 

*^*  There  is  a  river  of  Sumatra,  called  Diamond 
river,  falling  into  the  strait  a  little  S.  of  the 
point.  The  S.  W.  part  of  the  island  of  Mar- 
tinique in  the  West  Indies,  in  the  lat.  of  14.  25. 
N.  and  61.  9.  of  W.  long,  is  also  called  Diamond 
Point. 

Diano,a.  town  of  Naples,  W.  o^'the  Apennines, 
in  Principato  Citra,  15  miles  Js.  by  E.  of  Poli- 
castro.     Pop.  about  4,500. 

Diarbekir,  a  district  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the 
province  of  Algazira,  the  whole  of  which  extend- 
ing from  33.  20.  to  the  lat.  of  39.  N.  was  for- 
merly called  Diarbekir  :  and  the  Pasha  or  gover- 
nor of  the  province  is  still  called  the  Pasha  of 
Diarbek.  It  formed  the  ancient  kingdom  of 
Mesopotamia;  but  the  district  of  Diarbekir  is 
is  now  confined  between  the  37th  and  38th  de- 
grees of  N.  lat.  ;  it  lies  E.  of  the  Euphrates,  and 
IS  intersected  by  numerous  streams,  forming  the 
head  waters  of  the  Tigris.  It  is  beautifully  di- 
versified with  mountains  and  vallies,  and  to  a 
social  people  would  form  a  most  delightful  resi- 
dence. 

Diarbekir,  the  chief  city  of  the  preceding  dis- 
trict, or  as  it  is  called  by  the  Turks  Karle  Amid, 
which  signifies  a  black  wall,  in  reference  to  a 
lofty  wall  of  black  stone  with  which  the  city  was 
formerly  surrounded,  is  seated  on  the  banks  of 
the  main  branch  of  the  Tigris,  in  the  lat.  of  37. 
55.  N.  and  39.  22.  of  E.  long.  570  miles  E.  S.  E. 
of  Constantinople,  and  180  N.  E.  of  Aleppo. 
The  Pasha  resides  in  an  extensive  castle  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  city.  Extensive  manufactures  of 
silk,  wool,  cotton,  and  leather,  and  in  metals  are 


DIE 


253 


OlM 


carried  on  at  Diarbekir  ;  and  their  dyed  fabrics  in 
wool  and  cotton  are  justly  esteemed  for  the  beau- 
ty of  their  colours.  As  in  most  eastern  cities, 
the  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty,  but  many  of 
the  houses  are  spacious  and  elegant  within.  It 
contains  several  commodious  bazaars,  a  magnifi- 
cent mosque,  and  also  a  noble  cathedral  belong- 
ing to  the  Armenians.  As  a  place  of  residence 
■  to  Europeans  it  is  considered  among  the  most 
agreeable  of  all  the  Turkish  cities.  The  popu- 
lation is  variously  estimated  at  from  40,000,  to 
80,000,  consisting^  of  Armenians,  Kurds,  Chris- 
tians, Jews,  and  Turks. 

Dickinson,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  446. 
Also  a  township  in  Cumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Dickson,  a  County  of  West  Tennessee,  about 
28  miles  from  N.  to  S.  and  25 in  breadth.  Duck 
river,  which  falls  into  the  Tennessee,  washes  all 
the  S.  part  of  the  county,  whilst  the  E.  and  W. 
-rorners  of  the  N.  side  jet  upon  the  great  Cumber- 
land river ;  a  collateral  ridge  of  the  Alleghany 
mountains  intersects  the  county  from  the  S.  E. 
to  the  N.  W.  Pop.  7,261.  Charlotte,  N.  of  the 
mountain  ridge,  is  the  principal  town. 

Didier,  St.  a  town  of  France  at  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  department  of  Upper  Loire,  40 
miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Lyons.     Pop.  about  3,200. 

%*  There  are  three  other  small  towns  of  the 
same  name  in  different  parts  of  France. 

Die,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Drome,  situate  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river 
Drome  ;  it  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  and  in  1825 
contained  3,509  inhabitants.  It  produces  excel- 
lent wine,  and  has  a  mineral  spring  in  its  vicini- 
ty. It  is  30  miles  S.  W.  of  Grenoble,  and  80  S. 
S.  E.  of  Lyons. 

Dieburgh,  a  town  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  seated 
on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Gerspienz  river,  7  miles 
E.  by  N.  of  Darmstadt,  and  18  S.  S.E.  of  Frank- 
fort on  the  Maine. 

Diego,  St.  a  town  on  the  coast  of  New  Albion, 
in  the  north  Pacific  Ocean,  capital  of  a  jurisdic- 
tion of  its  name.  It  stands  in  so  barren  a  coun- 
try, that  in  the  dry  season  cattle  are  sent  up- 
ward of  23  miles  for  pasturage.  The  port  aflfords 
excellent  anchorao-e.  Lon'»'.  116.  53.  W.  lat.  33. 
12  N. 

Diemen's  Land.     See  Van  Diemen's. 

Diepkoltz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  has 
manufactures  of  coarse  woolen  and  linen  cloth, 
and  stands  on  the  river  Hunte,  near  the  lake 
Dummer,  30  miles  N.  W.  of  Mindcn,  and  33  S. 
S.  W.  of  Bremen ;  the  county  comprises  about 
265  square  miles,  and  contains  about  15,000  in- 
habitants ;  and  now  forms  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Hanover,  the  inhabitants  subsist  chiefly  by  breed- 
irg  of  cattle,  which  they  drive  down  to  the  mar- 
kets of  Holland. 

Dieppe,  a  sea  port  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Seine,  with  a  good  harbour 
formed  by  the  mouth  of  the  river  Arques,  an  old 
castle  and  two  piers.  The  principal  trade  consists 
in  fish,  ivory,  toys,  and  laces.  It  was  bombarded 
by  the  English  in  1694,  and  is  not  so  considera- 
ble as  formerly.  It  is  situate  on  the  coast  of  the 
English  Channel,  jpposite  to  Brighton,  from 
whence  packet  boats  sail  daily  to  Dieppe  dur- 
ing the  summer  season,  forming  the  easiest  route 
from  London  to  Paris.  Dieppe  is  50  miles  N.  N. 
E.  of  Havre,  35  N.  of  Rouen,  and  96  in  a  meri- 
dional line  N.  N.  W  of  Paris,  the  lighthouse  at 
the  entrance  of  the  harbour  is  in  lat.  49.  55.  34. 
N.  and  1.  4.  29.  of  £.   long. ;    it  is  the  seat  of  a 


prefect,  and   in   1825   contained  a  population  of 
16,664. 

Dierdorf,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  the 
upper  county  of  Wied,  with  a  castle,  situate  on 
the  Wiedbach,  10  miles  N.    N.   W.    of  Coblentz. 

Diernstein,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  an  Augus- 
tine convent,  and  the  ruins  of  a  casile,  in  which 
Richard  I.  of  England  was  imprisoned.  The 
French  were  repulsed  here  by  the  Austrians  and 
Prussians  in  1805.  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  bank 
of  the  Danube,  17  miles  N.  of  St.  Polten,  and  45 
W.  by  N.  of  Vienna. 

Diesen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  lake  Ammersee,  10  ra.  S.  E.  cf  Lands- 
berg. 

Diesenhofen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  Thur- 
gau,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  5  miles  E.  of  SchafF- 
hausen. 

Diest,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
with  considerable  manufactures  of  cloth,  stock- 
ings, &c.  seated  on  the  Demer,  82  miles  E.  N.  E. 
of  Brussels.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Dietz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Westerwald, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lahn,  18  miles 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Rhine,  near  Coblentz. 

Dieuze,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Meurthe,  with  wells  of  salt  water,  which  pro- 
duce much  salt.  It  is  seated  on  the  Seille,  22  m. 
N.  E.  of  Nancy,  and  50  W.  N.  W.  of  Strasburg. 
Pop.  about  3,600. 

Diez,  St.  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Vosges.  It  had  lately  a  celebrated  chapter, 
whose  canons  were  obliged  to  produce  proofs  cf 
nobility.  It  is  seated  near  the  source  of  the 
Meurthe  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Luneville,  and  45  S.  ^y. 
Strasburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  and  in 
1825  contained  6,823  inhabitants. 

Dio-hton,  a  town  of  Massachusetts,  in  Bristol 
county,  situate  near  Taunton  river,  7  miles  S.  S. 
W.  of  Taunton.  Pop.  1,737.  Upon  the  rocks 
on  the  margin  of  the  river  are  some  rude  inscrip- 
tions, which  the  researches  of  antiquarians  have 
not  yet  rendered  intelligible. 

Dicrne,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Alps,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
famous  for  its  hot  baths,  and. seated  on  the  Bleone, 
30  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Embrun,  and  70  N.  E. 
of  Marseilles.     Pop.  in  1825,  3,621. 

Dijon,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or.  The  public  structures,  and 
particularly  the  churches,  are  very  fine.  The 
spire  of  St.  Benigne  is  370  feet  in  height.  In 
front  of  the  Palace  Royale  is  the  ancient  palace 
of  the  dukes  of  Burgundy ;  and  at  the  gates  of 
Dijon  is  a  chartreuse,  in  which  some  of  those 
princes  are  interred.  Dijon  is  seated  in  a  pleas- 
ant plain,  which  produces  excellent  wine,  be- 
tween two  small  rivers,  48  m.  N.  E.  of  Autun, 
and  175  S.  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  in  1825,  22,397. 

Dili.     See  Delos. 

Dillenhurg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Wes- 
terwald, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name, 
rich  in  mines  of  copper  and  iron.  It  has  a  for- 
tress, on  a  mountain,  the  usual  residence  of  the 
prince  of  Nassau-Dillenburg ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Dillen,  41  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Wetzler.  Long. 
8.  27.  E.,  lat.  50.  42.  N. 

Dill.ingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  catholic 
university,  seated  on  the  Danube,  17  m.  N.  W.  of 
Augsburg.  Now  included  in  the  Bavarian  cir- 
cle of  the  Upper  Danube. 

DiUiardsville,  p.v.  Rutherford  Co.  Ten. 

Dimotuc,  or  Damotica,  a  town    of   European 
Y 


DIS 


254 


DM 


Turkey,  in  Romania,  and  a  Greek  archbishop's 
see ;  seated  on  a  mountain,  surrounded  by  the 
Meriza,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Adrianople. 

Dinagepoor,  the  capital  of  a  district,  north  of 
the  Ganges  in  Bengal,  10  miles  north  of  Mooshe- 
dabad. 

Dinan.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain,  by 
the  river  Ranee,  20  miles  south  of  St.  Male.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.     Pop.  in  1825,  7,075. 

Dinant,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
territory  of  Liege,  with  a  castle,  and  eight  church- 
es. The  chief  trade  is  in  leather,  and  in  the 
vicinity  are  quarries  of  marble  and  mines  of 
iron.  It  is  seated  near  the  Meuse,  15  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  Namur,  and  44  S.  W.  of  Liege. 

Dinapore,  or  Danapoor,  a  military  cantonment 
of  Hindoostan,  11  m.  W.  ofPatna,  ontiie  S.  bank 
of  the  Ganges. 

Dinasmoulhy ,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Merioneth- 
shire. It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  high  precipice, 
on  the  river  Dysi,  18  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Bala,  and  196 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Dindigul,  a  province  of  the  peninsula  of  Hin- 
doostan, 80' miles  long,  and  40  broad,  lying  be- 
tween Coimbetore  and  Travancore,  and  chiefly 
fertile  in  rice.  On  the  defeat  of  Tippoo,  in  1799, 
it  became  subject  to  the  British. 

Dindigul,  a  town  of  Hindoostiin,  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  fortress  on  a 
rock.  It  is  40  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Madura,  and  77 
S.  E.  of  Coimbetore.  Long.  78.  2.  E.  lat.  10. 
24.  N. 

Dincrelfingen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the 
Iser,  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Landshut. 

Dingle,  a  seaportandboroughof  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Kerry.  The  chief  exports  are  butter, 
beef,  corn,  and  linen.  It  is  seated  at  the  head  of 
an  inlet,  on  the  N.  side  of  Dingle  bay,  23  m.  W. 
3.  W.  of  Tralee,  and  1G4  S.  W.  of  Dubhn.  Pop. 
in  1821,4,538,  and  the  parish  1,942  more.  Long. 
iO.  38.  W.  lat.  51.58.  N. 

Dingwall,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire. 
Some  linen  yarn  is  manufactured  here,  and  there 
is  a  lintmill  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  is  seated 
at  the  head  of  the  frith  of  Cromarty,  18.  miles  W. 
of  Cromarty.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,031. 

Dinkelsbuhl,  a  town  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
the  circle  of  Suabia.  It  has  a  foundation  of  Teu- 
tonic knights,  and  a  trade  in  cloth  and  reaping- 
hooks.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wernitz,22  miles  S.  S. 
W.  of  Anspach,  and  is  now  included  in  the  Bava- 
rian circle  of  the  Rezat      Pop.  about  (j,.500. 

Dinwiddle,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, lying  between  Appomattox  and  Nottoway 
rivers.  It  is  about  18  miles  square.  Pop.  18,037. 
Petersburg  is  the  chief  town. 

Dippolaisu>alda,  a  town  of  Saxony,  12  miles  S. 
by  W.  of  Dresden. 

Dlsentis,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Grisons,  with  an  abbey  founded  in  the  seventh 
century.  It  is  situate  near  the  source  of  the  Low- 
er Rhine,  10  miles  W.  by  S.  of  Ilantz. 

Dishley,  a  village  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.,  two 
miles  N.  W.  of  Loughborough,  rendered  lanious 
by  a  native  grazier  and  farmer,  Robert  Bakewell, 
(who  died  in  1795)  from  his  successful  experi- 
ments and  practices  in  the  improvement  of  live 
stock,  more  particularly  sheep. 

Dismal  Swamp,  Great,  extends  about  30  miles 
ftom  N.  to  S.,  and  10  broad  between  the  Cliesa- 
peak  and  Albemarle  Sound,  partly  in  Virginia, 
and  partly  in  North  Carolina.  It  derived  its 
name  from  its  dismal  aspect,  being  impervious  in 


most  parts,  for  trees  and  brushwood ;  there  is  a 
pond  in  the  centre  about  15  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. This  territory  abounds  with  noxious  rep- 
tiles and  wild  animals ;  within  a  few  years  a  ca- 
nal has  been  cut  through  it  from  the  Elizabeth 
River,  falling  into  the  Chesapeak  to  the  Pasquo- 
tank, falling  into  Albemarle  Sound ;  this  canal 
unites  the  harbour  of  Norfolk  with  Albemarle 
Sound  :  it  is  23  miles  long  and  is  navigable  for 
sloops.  There  is  another  swamp  between  Albe- 
marle and  Pamlico  Sounds,  called  the  Little  Dis- 
mal Swamp. 

Diss,  a  town  of  Norfolk,  Eng.  on  the  border 
of  Suffolk.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Waveney, 
on  the  side  of  a  hill,  19  m.  S.  of  Norwich,  anc 
85  N.  N.  E.  of  London.  Population  in  1821, 
2,764. 

Dissen,  or  Tissen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
principality  of  Osnaburg,  where  are  salt  works 
which  belong  to  Hanover.  It  is  16  miles  S.  E. 
of  Osnaburg. 

Ditmarsen,  a  district  of  the  Duchy  of  Hol- 
stein,  lying  on  the  coast  of  the  German  Ocean, 
between  the  rivers  Eyder  and  Elbe,  it  contains 
no  towns  of  importance. 

Ditteah,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Bundelcund,  on  the  frontier  of  Agra,  about  120 
miles  S.  by  E.  of  the  city  of  Agra. 

Diu,  an  island  of  Hindoostan,  making  the  S. 
point  of  Guzerat,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Cambay,  3  miles  long  and  one  broad.  On  it  is 
a  fortified  town  of  the  same  name,  built  of  free- 
stone and  marble  ;  and  it  contains  some  fine  church- 
es, erected  by  the  Portuguese,  about  the  time 
they  took  possession  of  the  island  in  1515. 
The  trade  of  the  town,  once  so  important,  is 
almost  entirely  removed  to  Surat.  It  is  ISO 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Surat,  and  200  N.  W.  of 
Bombay.     Long.  71.  5.  E.  lat.  20.  45.  N. 

Dixan,  town  of  Abyssinia,  in  Tigre,  seated 
on  the  top  of  a  conical  hill,  and  inhabited  by 
Moors  and  Christians.  Their  chief  trade  is  steal- 
ing children,  and  carrying  them  to  a  market  at 
Masuah,  whence  they  are  sent  to  Arabia  or 
India.     It  is  34  miles  S.    of  Masuah. 

Dix  Cove,  a  British  fort  on  the  Gold  Coast^  of 
N.  Africa,  40  miles  S.  W.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle. 

Dirjield,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  890. 

Dixmont,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop.  945. 

Dixmude,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Flanders,  celebrated  for  its  excellent  cheese  and 
butter,  it  is  seated  on  the  Yper,  13  miles  N.  of 
Ypres  and  11  S.  of  Ostend. 

Dixon,  a  township  in  Preble  Co.  Ohio. 

Dixville,  an  unsettled  township  in  Coos  Co.N.H. 

Dizier,  St.  a  town  of  France,  at  the  N.  extremi- 
ty of  the  department  of  Upper  Marne,  seated  on 
the  Marne,  13  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Joinville,  and  120 
E.  of  Paris.  The  Marne  is  navigable  from  here 
to  Paris  which  renders  St.  Di.ier  a  place  of  con- 
siderable commerce.     Pop.  ubfit  0,000. 

Djcbail,  or  Gebail,  a  town  of  Syria,  seated  near 
the  coast  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Biblos,  about 
25  miles  N.  of  Berus.  It  was  a  place  of  some 
importance  during  the  reign  of  Solomon,  the 
Biblos,  having  had  at  that  time  several  vessels 
employed  in  the  conveyance  of  wood  for  the 
building  of  the  temple.  The  town  was  taken 
possession  of  by  the  Crusaders  in  1100,  and  at 
present  contains   from  5  to  6,000  inhabitants. 

Djebel,  or  Gebel  Hadda,  Gebel  Saade,  and  Gebel 
Amer  Kemir,  places  of  Mahometan  devotion  S.  of 
Mecca. 

Dnieper,  a  river  of  European  Russia  (the  an- 


DOL 


S53 


DOM 


cient  Borysthenes),  rising  near  the  northern  front- 
ier of  the  government  of  Smolensk,  in  the  lat.  of 
56.  20.  N.  and  after  a  course  of  about  800  miles 
in  a  direction  nearly  due  S.  falls  into  the  filack 
Sea,  at  Otchakov  in  the  lat.  of  46.  30.  N.  It  is 
navigable  from  above  the  city  of  Smolensk,  the 
whole  of  its  remaining  course,  but  is  impeded  by 
rapids  within  about  200  miles  of  its  entrance  into 
the  Black  Sea  ;  it  receives  a  great  number  of  trib- 
utary streams  both  from  the  E.  and  W.,  the  prin- 
cipal of  those  on  the  E.  are  the  Sotz,  the  Uiput, 
an  1  the  Deszna;  and  from  the  W.  the  Berezina, 
and  the  Przypiec,  by  the  latter  and  a  canal,  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Black  Sea  are  made  to  communicate 
with  the  Baltic.    See  Brazesc. 

Dneister,  a  river  of  Europe,  (the  ancient  Tyros), 
rising  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Carpathian  mountains 
in  Austrian  Galicia,  in  the  long,  of  23.  E. ;  and 
from  the  long,  of  26.  20.  to  29.  E.  in  a  direction 
S.  S.  E.  it  divides  the  Polish  Palatinate  of  Podo- 
lia,  from  Moldavia,  when  it  takes  its  course  near- 
ly due  S.  for  about  100  miles  past  Bender,  and 
dividing  Bessarabia  from  the  Russian  province 
of  Catharineslaef,  falls  into  the  Black  Sea  at 
Akermen,  100  miles  W.  of  Otchakov,  it  is  navi- 
gable the  greater  part  of  its  course. 

Dolirzin,  a  town  of  Poland  in  the  palatinate  of 
Ploczko,  or  Polock,  seated  on  a  rock  near  the 
Vistula,  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Ploczko. 

Dokum,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  West  Friesland, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ee,  10  rn.  N.  E.  of 
Le  warden. 

Dodbrook,  a  town  of  Devonshire,  Eng.  noted 
as  being  the  first  place  where  white  ale  was  brew- 
ed. It  stands  on  a  rivulet,  by  which  it  is  parted 
from  Kingsbridge,  208  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  885. 

Dochlen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  35  miles  S.  E.  of 
Leipzig.  Population  upwards  of  4,000,  chiefly 
employed  in  manufactures. 

Doel,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flanders, 
on  the  river  Scheldt,  opposite  Lillo,  7  m.  N.  W. 
of  Antwerp. 

Doeshurg,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelderland. 
It  has  been  often  taken  ;  and  the  reduction  of  it, 
in  1586,  was  the  first  exploit  of  the  English  for- 
ces sent  by  queen  Elizabeth  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Dutch.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yessel,  10  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Zutphen. 

Dofar,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Arabia,  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  seated  on  the  E.  shore  of  a  bay 
of  the  same  name  ;  it  is  the  residence  of  a  sheik 
and  exports  some  gum  olibanum  and  other  drugs. 
Lat.  16.  16.  N.  and 54.  of  E.  long. 

Dogger  Bank,  a  sand  bank  in  the  German 
Ocean,  between  Flamborough  Head  and  the 
coast  of  Jutland;  it  is  about  200  miles  from  W. 
to  E.  and  30  to  50  broad,  having  from  15  to  30 
fathoms  depth  of  water;  it  yields  abundance  of 
excellent  cod  to  the  English  and  Dutch  fisher- 
men. A  sanguinary  but  undecisive  sea  fight  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  English,  took  place  on  this 
bank,  on  the  8th  August,  1781. 

Dogliani,  a  populous  town  of  Piedmont,  18  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  Mondovi. 

Dol,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ille  and  Vilaine,  situate  in  a  morass,  5  miles  from 
the  sea,  and  11  S.  E.  of  St.  Malo.  Pop.  about 
3,500. 

Z)o/ce  ^g'wa,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  the  county 
of  Nice,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Nervia,  5  m. 
N.  of  Vintimiglia. 

Dole,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Jura,  on   the   river   Doubs.     It  contains  several 


public  buildings,  evidences  of  Roman  magnifi- 
cence. Under  the  ancient  regime  of  France,  it 
was  the  capital  of  Franche  Comte,  until  1674, 
when  Bensancon  was  made  the  capital.  It  is 
now  the  seat  of  a  prefect ;  and  in  1825  contained 
9,647  inhabitants.  It  is  70  miles  N.  by  W.  of 
Geneva,  and  30  S.  E.  of  Dijon. 

Dole  Im,  one  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  Jura 
chain  of  mountains,  rising  to  the  height  of  5,600 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Dolgelly,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Merionethshire, 
with  a  manufacture  of  coarse  woolen  cloth,  un- 
dyed  called  webbing.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Avon,  on  the  foot  of  the  mountain  Cader  Idris, 
12  miles  S.  E.  of  Harleigh,  and  208  N.  W.  of 
London,  on  the  road  to  Caernarvon,  from  which 
it  is  distant  39  miles.  The  summer  assizes  for 
tlie  county  are  held  here.  Population  in  1821, 
2,0!)3. 

DoUart  Bay,  a  bay  or  lake  separating  East  Fries- 
land,  in  Germany,  from  Groningen,  in  Holland. 
It  was  formed  by  an  inundation  of  the  sea,  in 
1277,  when  33  villages  are  said  to  have  been  des- 
troyed. 

Domfront,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  by  the  river 
Mayenne,  35  miles  N.  W.  of  Alengon,  and  65  E. 
of  St.  Malo.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.  Pop 
in  1825,  1,670. 

Domingo,  St.  or  Hispaniola,  or  Hayti,  an  islpnd 
of  the  West  Indies,  extending  from  Cape  Engano, 
in  the  long,  of  68.  20.  W.  to  Cape  Donna  Maria, 
in  57.  26.  W.,  this  gives  an  extreme  length  of 
408  English  statute,  or  346  geographical  miles,  but 
as  the  west  end  projects  out  in  two  promontories, 
the  mean  length  will  not  exceed  275  English 
statute  miles,  between  18.  and  20.  of  north  lat.  or 
a  breadth  of  135  statute  miles  ;  these  limits  give 
an  area  of  23,760,000  English  statute  acres,  being 
about  three  fourths  the  extent  of  England  exclu- 
sive of  Wales.  The  east  end  of  the  island  is 
separated  from  Porto  Rico,  by  the  Mona,  or  Porto 
Rico  channel,  about  120  miles  wide,  and  the 
northern  promontory  of  the  west  end  is  separat- 
ed from  the  island  of  Cuba,  by  the  windward 
passage  about  60  miles  wide ;  and  the  southern 
promontory  of  the  west  end,  is  about  100  miles 
distant  from  the  east  end  of  the  island  of  Jamaica. 
A  chain  of  mountains  extend  from  the  extremity  of 
the  northern  promontory  of  the  west  end  to  the 
S.  E.  end  of  the  island  and  about  the  centre  rise 
to  the  height  of  about  6,000  fbet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  Other  mountain  chains  run  in  various 
directions,  giving  great  variety  of  feature  and 
climate  to  every  part  of  the  island,  whilst  streams 
of  water  intersect  it  in  all  directions,  contributing 
alike  to  its  beauty  and  fertility.  There  are  four 
principal  streams  rising  about  the  centre  of  the 
island,  the  Yuna  flowing  into  Samana  Bay  in  the 
E.,  the  Yaque  de  Santiago,  flowing  to  the  N.,  the 
Artibonate  to  the  W.  and  the  Neibe  to  the  S. 

This  island  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  on 
the  6th  of  December,  1492,  after  having  touched 
at  the  Bahamas  on  his  first  voyage,  and  is  mem- 
orable for  being  the  first  spot  in  America,  which 
was  colonized  by  Europeans.  Columbus  landed 
at  Navidad  near  the  extrem'ty  of  the  N.  W.  prom 
ontory,  where  he  left  38  of  his  comrades  ;  returning 
to  Spain  the  following  month.  At  this  time  the 
country  was  called  Hauti  by  the  natives  ;  Colum 
bus  gave  it  the  name  of  Espanola,  or  little  Spain, 
hence  Hispaniola.  Columbus  returned  in  No- 
vember following,  and  landed  on  the  N.  coast 
of  the  island  in  the  long,  of  71  near  to  the  mouth 


DOM 


256 


DOM 


of  a  small  river,  which  in  compliment  to  his 
patroness,  Isabella  of  Spain,  he  named  after  her. 
The  avarice  of  the  settlers  soon  excited  the  just  in- 
dignation of  the  native  inhabitants,  whose  resent- 
ment, however,  was  readily  subdued  by  the  more 
ample  and  destructive  means  of  warfare  of  tlie 
Spaniards.  Columbus  returned  to  Spain  in 
149G,  leaving  his  brother  Bartholomew  in  com- 
mand of  the  settlement,  who  soon  after  removed 
to  the  southern  coast,  and  founded  the  city  of  St. 
Domingo,  which  afterwards  gave  name  to  the 
whole  island.  The  number  of  settlers  from  Spain 
increased  rapidly,  and  the  natives  were  compelled 
to  the  severest  labour,  which  soon  brought  on  dis- 
ease and  premature  death,  and  so  fatal  to  life  was 
the  cruel  policy  of  the  Spaniards,  that  after  a 
lapse  of  about  20  years,  an  efficient  labourer  scarce- 
ly remained  on  the  island.  Under  this  exigency, 
about  40.000  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bahama 
Isles  were  decoyed  from  their  homes  to  become 
labourers  or  slaves  in  St.  Domingo  ;  but  such  was 
the  perverse  policy  of  the  Spaniards  ;  that  not- 
withstanding this  acquisition,  and  1,000,000  of 
native  inhabitants,  (some  historians  even  carry 
the  number  as  high  as  3,000,000,)  which  the  isl- 
and was  supposed  to  contain  on  its  first  discovery 
in  1492,  by  the  middle  of  the  following  century 
scarcely  150  remained  alive ;  whilst  the  Span- 
iards had  progressively  sunk  into  indolence,  and 
the  island  was  reduced  again  to  a  wilderness. 

The  French  obtained  a  footing  on  the  W.  end 
of  the  island  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century, 
and  resumed  the  culture  of  the  sugar-cane  which 
had  been  early  introduced  by  the  Spaniards  from 
the  Canary  Islands,  but  had  been  entirely  neglect- 
ed by  them.  By  the  treaty  of  Ryswick  in 
1(591 ,  Spain  ceded  to  France  all  the  west  part  of 
the  island  from  the  little  river  Pedernallo  on  the 
S.  to  the  Capotillo  falling  into  the  Bay  of  Man- 
cenilla  on  the  N.,  in  the  long,  of  about  71.  40.  W., 
being  about  a  tliird  part  of  the  island.  After  this 
period  the  French  plantations  progressively  in- 
creased in  number  and  importance,  and  in  1789  the 
population  of  the  French  part  of  the  island  had 
increased  to  30,830  whites,  94,000,  mulattoes,  and 
480,000  slaves,  making  a  total  of  534,8.30  inhabi- 
tants, whilst  the  total  population  of  the  Spanish 
part  did  not  exceed  155,000,  and  in  1791,  the  fol- 
lowinor  produce  was  exported  to  France  :  viz. 
84,017,328  lbs.  of  coffee,  11,317,222  lbs.  of  cotton, 
3,257,010  lbs.  of  indigo,  1,536,017  lbs.  of  cocoa, 
and  217,463  casks  of  sugar. 

From  this  period  a  new  and  important  era  in 
the  history  of  St.  Domingo  commences.  The  deso- 
lating mania  of  the  French  revolution,  had  ex- 
tended to  this  island  ;  an  insurrection  ensued,  in 
which  upwards  of  5,000  of  the  whites  fell  a  prey 
to  the  fury  of  their  slaves.  In  1792  the  national 
assembly  of  France  proclaimed  the  political  equal- 
ity of  the  negroes  and  whites  ;  in  the  following 
year  three  commissioners  were  despatched  from 
France,  who  on  their  carrival  in  St.  Domingo  pro- 
claimed the  emancipation  of  the  slaves.  Tliis  served 
as  a  signal  for  the  slaves  to  wreak  their  vengeance 
en  their  white  oppressors,  and  on  the  21st  of 
June  1703,  a  force  of  3,000  blacks  entered  Cape 
Francjois  and  began  an  indiscriminate  slaughter 
among  the  white  inhabitants,  whilst  the  most 
cruel  vengeance  displayed  itself  over  all  that 
part  of  the  island. 

In  the  midst  of  this  confusion,  the  English  at- 
tempted to  establish  their  authority  ;  and  a  force 
from  Jamaica  succeeded  in  taking  possession 
of  Port  au  Prince,  but  after  suffering  mxich  from 


disease  and  the  resistance  of  the  blacks,  they  aban 
doned  the  island  in  1798.  By  this  time  the 
whole  of  the  white  population  had  become  nearly 
extirpated,  whilst  the  blacks,  under  the  command 
of  Rigaud  and  Toussaint  L'Ouverture,  had  effect- 
ed considerable  progress  in  military  discipline 
On  the  1st  of  July  1801.  the  independence  of  the 
island  was  formally  proclaimed  in  the  name  of  the 
republic  of  Hayti,  when  Toussaint  L'Ouverture 
was  appointed  governor  for  life,  with  the  power 
of  naming  his  successor.  On  the  6th  October, 
1801,  the  French  concluded  a  peace  with  England, 
and  in  the  December  following  despatched  a 
squadron  with  20,000  men,  under  the  command  of 
general  Le  Clerc,  to  attempt  the  subjugation  of 
St.  Domingo.  The  troops  landed  in  Samana 
Bay,  at  the  E.  end  of  the  island.  Le  Clerc  com- 
menced the  campaign  in  February  1802,  and 
fought  with  varied  success  until  the  following 
May,  when  a  truce  was  concluded  upon  ;  during 
which  Toussaint  was  inveigled  on  board  a  ves- 
sel and  conveyed  to  France,  where  he  died  in 
prison,  in  April,  1803.  Suspicion  of  treachery  in 
his  death  having  been  entertained  against  the 
French,  hostilities  recommenced  with  greater  an- 
imosity than  ever.  Tlie  command  of  the  black 
troops  devolved  on  Dessalines,  and  the  English 
being  now  regarded  as  auxiliaries  against  the 
French,  on  the  30tli  December  1803,  the  whole  of 
the  remaining  French  forces  surrendered  prison- 
ers of  war  to  the  English. 

Thus  St.  Domingo  was  again  freed  from  all 
European  oppression  ;  but  new  calamities  now 
awaited  it.  On  the  1st  of  January  1805,  the  gen 
erals  and  chiefs  of  the  army  entered  into  a  solemn 
compact,  in  the  name  of  the  people  of  Hayti,  re- 
nouncing forever  all  dependence  on  France. 
Dessalines  was  then  appointed  governor  for  life, 
and  invested  with  extensive  powers  ;  in  Septem- 
ber following  he  assumed  the  imperial  title  of  Jac- 
ques the  1st,  Emperor  of  Hayti.  His  ambition 
and  tyranny  brought  upon  him  the  detestation  of 
the  people,  and  he  was  slain  by  a  military  conspi- 
racy in  October  1806.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Christophe  as  "  chief  of  the  government,"  but 
Petion  starting  as  a  rival  candidate  for  the  su- 
preme authority,  a  severe  battle  was  fought  be- 
tween the  forces  of  Petion  and  Christophe,  on  the 
1st  of  January  1807,  in  which  Petion  was  defeat- 
ed. In  the  same  year  Christophe  was  appointed 
chief  magistrate  for  life,  with  the  power  of  ap- 
pointing his  successor,  hni  like  his  predecessor 
Dessalines  he  was  not  content  with  conditional 
power,  and  in  1811,  he  assumed  the  regal  title  of 
Henry  I.  King  of  Hayti,  making  the  title  heredi- 
tary in  his  family,  and  Sans  tiouci,  a  village  about 
15  miles  from  Cape  Francois,  now  called  Cape 
Henry  or  Cape  Hayti,  the  seat  of  his  court  an^ 
government.  King  Henry  was  both  avaricious 
and  cruel,  and  like  Dessalines  fell  a  prey  to  his 
own  soldiery,  who  dragged  him  from  his  palace 
by  force,  and  massacred  him  in  October  1820.  In 
the  mean  time,  from  1801  to  1818,  Petion  after  his 
defeat  in  1807  retreated  to  the  south  of  the  west 
part  of  the  island,  and  remained  at  the  head  of  a 
considerable  portion  of  the  country.  In  1816  he 
was  appointed  president  for  life,  but  died  in  May 
1818,  universa'ly  lamented  byallwhr  had  espous- 
ed his  cause.  He  was  succeeded  by  Boyer,  who 
on  the  death  of  Christophe  obtained  the  command 
and  government  of  the  whole  of  what  was  for- 
merly the  French  part  of  the  island. 

In  1794  Spain  ceded  the  whole  of  the  remaining 
part  of  the   island  to   France,  but  the  troublea 


DOM 


^7 


DOM 


wliich  ensued  rendered  the  cession  nominal,  the 
French  never  having  been  able  to  take  possession. 
The  Spanish  flag  continued  to  wave  over  the 
fortress  of  the  city  of  St.  Domingo,  until  the  1st 
of  December  1821,  when  the  inhabitants  issued  a 
formal  declaration  of  independence,  and  made 
overtures  to  the  republic  of  Columbia,  to  be  ad- 
mitted as  an  integral  part  of  its  confederacy,  which 
proposition  however  was  not  acceded  to.  Such 
was  the  political  state  of  St.  DommJu  at  the  pe- 
riod of  1822,  about  which  time  the  French  by  in- 
trigue endeavoured  again  to  regain  an  ascendan- 
cy in  the  island,  and  conceiving  all  attempts  by 
force  of  arms  likely  to  prove  ineffectual,  they  suc- 
ceeded in  inducing  the  Hay  tians  to  agree  to  a  pecu- 
niary indemnity,  tor  the  loss  of  the  plantations  at 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution  ;  this  after 
several  years  negociation,  in  182.5,  was  settled  at 
120,000,000  francs,  or  about  £.5,000,000  sterling, 
payable  by  instalments,  and  under  regulations 
calculated  to  divert  a  great  portion  of  the  produce 
of  the  island  into  the  lap  of  France  on  better 
terms  than  though  she  held  the  island  in  coloni  al 
possession. 

Under  the  mild  and  judicious  administration  of 
president  Boyer,  Hayti  promises  to  advance  in 
prosperity  and  social  influence;  a  college  has 
been  founded  and  liberally  endowed  at  Cape  Hay- 
ti, •'"  which  provision  is  made  for  mstruction  in 
all  trie  languages,  arts,  and  sciences,  usually 
taught  in  the  European  establishments  of  the  like 
kind ;  public  schools  have  been  established  in 
most  of  the  principal  towns  of  the  west  part  of 
the  island ;  and  be  the  future  destiny  of  St.  Do- 
mingo what  it  may,  she  is  at  present  one  of  the 
most  interesting  subjects  for  contemplation  in  the 
world  ;  an  age  has  hardly  passed  away  since  the 
bulk  of  the  inhabitants  were  held  in  the  most  ab- 
ject and  degraded  state  of  bondage  ;  since  when 
they  have  successfully  resisted  the  arms  of  two  of 
the  most  powerful  nations  of  their  time,  and  now 
n  main  pursuing  a  silent  but  steady  course  to- 
M  rads  giving  a  new  and  additionally  important 
character  to  the  social  relations  of  the  civilized 
world. 

Of  its  present  extent  of  population  and  produce 
there  is  no  satisfactory  information.  The  popu- 
lation of  the  Spanish  part  of  the  island  is  suppos- 
e,d  to  have  decreased  considerably  since  1785, 
and  is  thought,  now,  not  to  exceed  100,000.  In 
speaking  therefore  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo 
or  Hayti,  as  it  is  now  again  generallj^ called,  all 
that  is  politically  important  in  relation  to  pop- 
ulation and  intercourse  applies  almost  exclu- 
sively to  the  W.  end  or  about  one  third  only  of 
the  island  ;  the  chief  occupation  of  the  compari- 
tively  few  inhabitants  of  the  eastern,  or  greater 
part  of  the  island,  being  that  of  attending  to  the 
breeding  of  cattle,  which  they  drive  to  the 
markets  of  the  more  populous  districts  of  the 
west. 

Under  social  institutions,  and  well  directed  ex- 
ertion, Hiiyti  would  doubtless  prove  adequate  to 
supply  the  whole  of  Europe  with  an  abundance 
of  all  the  luxurious  products  common  to  a  tropi- 
cal climate,  whilst  the  artificial  productions  and 
conveniences  which  Havti  would  be  able  to  com- 
mand in  exchange,  might  make  it  the  most  de- 
lightful residence  on  earth.  The  temperature  of 
the  mountains  ranges  at  a  mean  of  about  70,  and 
although  in  the  plains  it  ranges  at  about  100,  the 
pressure  of  the  heat  is  considerably  modified  by 
the  alternate  land  and  sea-breezes  ;  the  coast  on  all 
sides  is  indented  with  convenient  bays  and  har- 
33 


hours  The  indigenous  vegetable  productions  of 
St.  Di  mingo  are  various,  beautiful  and  valuable  ; 
its  maiogany  is  unrivalled  for  its  texture  and 
beauty,  and  there  is  a  satin  wood  proportionably 
superior  to  that  of  other  parts  of  the  world.  The 
flowering  shurbs  are  various,  and  no  where  sur- 
passed in  beauty  and  fragrance  ;  vanilla  and  the 
plantain  are  both  luxuriant;  pine  for  ship  building 
and  house  carpentry  is  abundant,  whilst  the  cot- 
ton tree  supplies  the  material  for  canoes.  Of 
quadrupeds  one  only  is  known  peculiar  to  the 
island,  the  agouti  cat,  in  size  less  than  the  com- 
mon cat  of  Europe  ;  all  the  domestic  animals  of 
Europe,  have,  however,  been  introduced,  and 
thrive  exceedingly  ;  swine,  horses,  and  horned 
cattle,  all  running  wild  in  considerable  numbers. 
The  feathered  race  are  numerous  and  beautiful  in 
plumage,  and  more  melodious  than  common  with 
birds  of  tropical  climates.  There  is  a  salt  water 
lake  of  considerable  extent  between  the  French 
and  Spanish  part  of  the  island,  on  the  S.  side, 
which  as  well  as  the  plains  and  rivers  of  that  side, 
abound  in  alligators  and  other  reptiles  of  great 
size,  and  also  in  the  noxious  insects  common  to 
the  situation  and  climate.  The  land  tortoise  is 
common,  and  the  coast  abounds  in  turtle  and  oth- 
er fish. 

Domingo,  St.,  City  of,  is  situate  on  the  west 
bank  of  a  river  called  the  Ozama,  in  lat.  and  long. 
as  previously  laid  down.  The  city  was  originally 
founded  in  1496,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  riv 
er,  but  afterwards  moved  to  its  present  site.  It  is 
regularly  laid  out,  and  like  most  of  the  cities  built 
by  the  t^paniards  in  this  part  of  the  world,  the 
private  houses  have  interior  courts  and  flat  roofs 
The  cathedral,  finished  in  1540,  is  a  ponderous  ed- 
ifice ;  the  government  house,  hall  of  justice,  bar 
racks,  and  arsenal,  are  all  respectable  buildings . 
it  has  also  several  convents,  which  have  been 
mostly  deserted  by  their  inmates  since  1794.  The 
harbour  is  capacious,  but  exposed  to  the  tempests 
from  the  S.  W.  The  population,  which  at  one 
time  amounted  to  25,000,  is  now  reduced  to  half 
that  number,  and  indicates  decline  rather  than 
prosperity.  It  was  sacked  by  the  English  Admi- 
ral Drake,  in  1586,  who  obtained  a  ransom  from 
the  inhabitants  of  about  £7,000  to  prevent  further . 
devastation.  It  has  not  experienced  any  marked 
vicissitudes  since  that  period. 

*^*  There  are  several  other  towns  called  St. 
Domingo  in  different  parts  of  America,  settled  by 
the  Spaniards,  but  all  inconsiderable. 

Doviinica,  one  ot  the  West  Indian  Leeward  Is- 
landsjlying  N. of  Martinique  and  S.  of  Guadaloupe, 
being  about  34  miles  from  N.  to  S.  and  10  in  mean 
breadth.  It  was  discovered  by  Columbus  on  Sun- 
day, November  3,  1493.  A  party  of  Frenchmen 
settled  upon  it  about  the  beginning  of  the  17th 
century,  who  by  cultivating  the  friendship  of  the 
natives,  succeeded  in  the  culture  of  the  soil.  At 
the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1743,  it  was 
agreed  that  it  should  be  neutral,  but  the  English 
took  possession  of  it  in  1750,  and  it  was  confirmed 
to  them  at  the  peace  of  1763.  It  was  captured  by 
a  French  force  from  Martinique  in  1778,  but  re- 
stored to  the  English  in  1783,  since  when  it  has 
remained  in  their  possession.  It  is  very  produc- 
tive of  coffee  of  a  choice  quality,  and  yields  some 
sugar.  Charlotte  Town  at  the  moutli  of  a  river 
towards  the  S.  end  of  the  island  on  the  W.  side, 
is  in  lat.  15.  18.  N.  and  61.  28.  of  W.  long. 

Dominica,  the  largest  of  the  islands  of  the  Pa  ■ 
cific  Ocean,  called  the  Marquesas.  Long.  139. 2, 
W.  lat.  9.  41.  S. 

y  2 


DON 


358 


DON 


Domino,  St  one  of  the  Tremitti  islands,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  15  miles  from  the  coast  of  Naples 
m  the  lat.  of  42.  10.  N. 

Domitz,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Mecklen- 
burgh-Schwerin,  with  a  fort  seated  at  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Elde  and  Elbe,  25  m.  S.  3f  Schwerin. 

Dommel,  a  river  of  Dutch  Brabant,  which  re- 
ceives the  Aa  below  Bois  le  Due,  and  then  flows 
into  the  Meuse. 

Domo  d'Ossola,  a  town  oi  Italy,  in  the  Milan- 
ese, with  a  castle,  seated  near  the  frontier  of  the 
Valois  on  the  Tossa,  20  m.  N,  of  Varallo. 

Domotica,  or  Dimottce,  a  large  town  of  Europe- 
an Turkey,  situate  on  tlie  W.  bank  of  the  Maris- 
sa,  12  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Adrianople.  Pop.  about 
8,000. 

Dompaire,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Vosges,  10  m.  AV.  N.  W.  of  Epinal. 

Doviremy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Meuse,  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Joan 
of  Arc,  the  Maid  of  Orleans.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Meuse,  5  m  N.  of  Nenfchaleau 

Domvillcrs,  or  Danvillers  a  town  of  France  in 
the  tiepartment  of  Meuse,  14  m.  N.  of  Verdun. 

Dun.  a  river  of  Europe  (the  Tanais  of  the  an- 
cients,) which  intersects  the  south-east  provinces 
of  Russia.  It  issues  from  the  lake  St.  John,  in 
the  governmeut  of  Tula,  and  after  a  very  circui- 
tous course  of  several  hundred  miles,  flows  into 
the  sea  of  Azoph.  Thi:<  river  has  so  many  wind- 
ings, and  such  numerous  shoals,  as  to  be  scarcely 
navigable,  except  in  the  spring,  on  the  melting 
of  the  snows  ;  and  flat-bottomed  boats  only,  ex- 
cept in  the  same  seas  jn,  can  pass  into  the  sea  of 
Asoph. 

Don,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the  W. 

fart  of  Aberdeenshire,  receives  the  Urie-water  at 
nverary,  passes  by  Kintore,  and  enters  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  at  Old  Aberdeen. 

Don,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng.  which  rises  on 
the  borders  of  Cheshire,  flows  by  Penistone,  Shef- 
field, Rotheram,  Doncaster,  and  Thorn,  and  joins 
the  Ouse  near  its  termination  in  the  Humber. 

Donaghadee,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Down,  it  is  seated  on  the  coast 
35  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  23 
W.  by  S.  of  the  Mull  of  Galloway.  It  is  celebra- 
ted as  the  mail  packet  station  between  Ireland 
and  Scotland  (See  Port  Patrick.)  It  has  a  custom 
house,  and  exports  some  cattle  and  other  live 
slock  to  Scotland,  but  in  other  respects  its  com- 
merce is  very  inconsiderable,  the  receipt  of  cus- 
toms not  equalling  the  expense.  Population  of 
the  town  in  1821,  2,795,  and  the  parish  3,793 
more  ;  on  Mew  island  at  the  entrance  of  the  har- 
bour, which  has  been  made  convenient  for  the 
packets,  is  a  light  house  in  the  lat.  of  54.  40.  N. 
and  5.  24.  of  W.  long. 

Donuldsonville,  p. v.  the  capital  of  the  parish  of 
Ascension.    Louisiana,  on  the  Mississippi. 

Donaveschingen.  or  Doneschingen,  a  town  of 
Suabia  on  the  E.  border  of  the  Black  Forest,  in 
the  principality  of  Furstcnburg.  It  is  the  chief 
residence  of  the  prince  ;  in  the  court  yard  of 
whose  palace  are  some  springs,  collected  in  a  res- 
ervoir about  30  feet  square,  which  has  the  honour 
of  being  called  the  head  of  the  Danube.  It  is  13 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  SchaflThausen. 

Donuicert,  a  strong  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Wernitz,  25  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Augsburg  ;  here 
is  a  bridge  over  the  Danube,  which  causes  Dona- 
wert  to  be  a  place  of  considerable  intercourse. 
Pop.  about  2,500. 


Doncaster,  a  handsome  town  in  the  S.  E.  part 
of  the  west  riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It  is  situate 
on  the  great  high  road  from  London  to  York  and 
Edinburgh,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  river  Don,  over 
which  are  two  handsome  bridges.  The  principal 
street  is  about  a  mile  in  length ;  the  mansion 
house,  in  which  the  mayor  and  justices  hold  their 
sittings,  is  a  spacious  and  elegant  building;  there 
is  also  a  town  hall,  theatre,  dispensary,  hospital, 
and  two  or  three  other  public  buildings,  and  the 
church  dedicated  to  St.  George  is  a  noble  ed- 
ifice. Doncaster  has  5  tan  yards,  several  flax 
dressers,  and  some  manufactures  of  sacking,  car- 
pets, nails,  &c.  and  its  trade  in  corn  is  consider- 
able ;  but  the  agreeableness  of  its  locality  ren- 
ders it  more  celebrated  as  a  place  of  gaiety  and 
fashion,  than  as  a  manufacturing  or  trading  town 
The  annual  races  are  about  the  gayest  in  the  kir(j- 
dom,  and  the  frequent  balls  and  concerts  held  in 
the  mansion  house  make  it  the  resort  of  all  the 
fashion  and  gaiety  of  the  surrounding  country ; 
there  are  also  about  a  dozen  separate  private  es- 
tablishments for  the  education  of  young  ladies  and 
gentlemen  ;  these  with  its  constant  thoroughfare 
tend  to  render  it  a  cheerful  and  an  agreeable  res- 
idence. It  is  158  miles  N.  from  London,  18  N. 
E.  of  Sheffield,  20  S.  E.  of  Wakefield,  and  37  S 
of  York.  The  population,  which  in  1801  was 
5.697,  in  1821  had  increased  to  9,116.  Market  on 
Sunday. 

Dondra  Head,  the  southern  point  of  the  island 
of  Ceylon,  in  the  lat.  of  5.  55.  30.  N.  and  80.  42. 
of  E.  long.  The  land  is  low  and  densely  popula- 
ted, but  appears  to  have  been  of  greater  impor- 
tance than  at  present,  there  being  the  ruins  of  a 
magnificent  Hindoo  temple  in  the  vicinity.  See 
Matura. 

Donegal,  a  maritime  county  forming  the  N.  W. 
extremity  of  Ireland  ;  it  is  about  70  miles  in  ex- 
treme length,  but  being  indented  by  numerous 
bays  and  harbours,  it  has  about  150  miles  of  sea 
coast ;  the  principal  bay  is  called  Lough  Foyle. 
and  divides  Donegal  from  the  county  of  London- 
derry, opening  by  a  narrow  strait  into  the  north 
channel.  Lough  Swilly  is  another  capacious  bay, 
opening  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  Donegal 
bay,  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  county, 
which  is  bounded  on  the  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the 
counties  of  Tyrone  and  Fermanagh.  The  river 
Finn  intersects  the  centre  of  the  county  from  W. 
to  E.  and  then  takes  a  northern  course  into  Lough 
Foyle.  Donegal  is  a  mountainous  and  rather 
dreary  district,  and  its  inhabitants  maybe  consid- 
ered the  rudest  in  Ireland,  the  greater  portion 
speaking  only  their  vernacular  language.  The 
mountains  contain  various  minerals  ;  kelp  is  made 
upon  the  coast,  which  yields  also  a  salicious  sand 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  glass  ;  the  spinning 
of  flax,  the  linen  manufacture,  and  distillation  of 
spirits  prevail  over  the  greater  part  of  the  coun- 
ty;  the  principal  towns  are  Lifford,  Raphoe, 
Johnstown,  Letterkenny,  Ballyshannon,  Donegal, 
and  Killibegs ;  at  Ballyshannon  is  a  valuable 
salmon  fishery.  It  contains  the  ruins  of  several 
castles  and  other  works  of  antiquity.  For  divi- 
sions, superfices,  population,  «fcc.  see  Ireland. 

Donegal,  a  town  and  parish  of  the  preceding 
countv,  seated  at  the  head  of  a  bay  111  miles  N. 
W.  of  Dublin,  and  25  S.  W.  of  Lifford.  Pop. 
of  the  town  in  1821,  696,  and  of  the  parish  4,426. 
*^*  There  are  four  townships  called  Donegal  in 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 

Doneraile,  a  town  and  parish  of  Ireland,   in  the 
county  of  Cork.     Near  it  are  quarries  of  beautiful 


ORK 


259 


DOR 


yariejaled  marble.  It  is  situate  on  the  Awbe?, 
which  falls  into  the  Black  Water  19  miles  N.  W. 
of  Cork,  and  113  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  the 
town  in  1821,2,455,  and  the  parish  1,419  more. 

Dongo'n,  or  Dungala,  a  town  of  Nubia,  capital 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  contains 
10,000  houses  of  wood,  and  is  seated  on  the  Nile, 
among  mountains.  500  miles  N.  by  W.  of  Sen- 
mar.  The  country  is  celebrated  for  a  fine  breed 
of  horses,  and  the  inhabitants  for  their  skill  in 
horsemanship.     Tioncr.  32.  5.  E.  lat.  19.  25.  N. 

Donjon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  24  m.  S.  E.  of  Moulins. 

Donninglon,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.' 
Much  hemp  is  cultivated  in  the  neighbourhood. 
It  is  8  miles  W.  S.  W.  of  Boston,  and  106  N.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,633. 

*^*  There  are  7  villages  of  the  same  name  in 
different  parts  of  England,  the  principal  one  in 
Leicestershire,  with  a  population  of  2.308. 

Donny  Brook,  one  of  the  out  parishes  of  the 
city  of  Dublin,  celebrated  for  its  annual  saturna- 
lia or  fair. 

Donzy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Nievre,  22  m.  N.  of  Nevers. 

Dooub,  a  term  applied  by  the  Hindoos  to  tracts 
of  land  lying  between  two  rivers  ;  the  most  cele- 
brated tract  is  that  lying  between  the  Ganges  and 
Jumna,  in  the  provinces  of  Allahabad,  Agra,  and 
Dehli. 

Doon,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  issues  from 
a  lake  of  the  same  name  in  Ayrshire,  and  enters 
the  frith  of  Clyde,  2  m.  S.  of  Ayr. 

Doran,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  on  the 
side  of  a  mountain,  28  m.  S.  of  Sana. 

Dnral,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  seated  on  the  Abran,  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Sevre,25  m.  N.  of  Limoges. 

Dorchester,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Dor- 
setshire, England.  It  was  formerly  much  larger, 
and  the  ruins  of  the  walls  axe  still  to  be  seen  in 
some  places.  It  has  three  churches  ;  and  a  fine 
terrace-walk,  planted  with  trees,  almost  surrounds 
the  town,  which  has  no  manufactures,  but  is  fa- 
mous for  excellent  ale.  A  little  to  the  S.  is  a 
Roman  amphitheatre,  constructed  of  chalk  and 
turf,  supposed  to  be  the  most  perfect  in  the  king- 
dom. One  mile  to  the  S.  W.  is  the  Maiden  cat- 
tle, another  work  of  the  Romans;  there  are  three 
ramparts  and  ditches,  nearly  oval,  and  the  whole 
area  is  115  acres.  Dorchester  is  seated  on  the 
river  Frome,  about  10  m.  from  the  sea  at  Wey- 
mouth, 53  E.of  E.^eter.  and  120  W.  by  S.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2.743. 

Dorchester,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  which 
was  a  station  of  the  Romans,  and  ruined  in  the 
wars  with  the  Danes.  It  was  a  bishop's  see  till 
1086,  when  William  the  Conquerer  translated  it  to 
Lincoln  ;  and  it  had  five  churches,  though  now 
but  one,  which  was  the  cathedral.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Tame,  3-4  of  a  mile  above  its  junction 
with  the  Isis  ;  the  united  streams  forming  the 
river  Thames,  10  miles  S.  E.  of  Oxford  and  49 
W.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  8.54. 

Dorchester,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Maryland, 
lying  between  the  Nanticoke  and  Choptank  riv- 
ers, on  the  E.  side  of  Chesapeak  bay.  Pop. 
18,685.  The  chief  town  is  Cambridge,  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  Choptank,  60  miles  S.  S.  W.  of  Bal- 
timore. 

Dorchester,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  90  m.  from 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  702. 

Dorchester,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  adjoinin<r 
Boston.     Pop.  4,064. 


Dorchester,  p.t.  Colleton  Dis.  S   C. 

Dordogne,  an  interior  department  in  the  S.  W. 
of  France,  comprising  the  late  province  of  Peri- 
gord,  and  part  of  the  Limousin  ;  a  river  of  the 
same  name  intersects  the  S.  part  of  the  depart- 
ment ;  the  Vizere,  Ille,  and  la  Drome,  all  fall- 
ing into  the  Dordogne,  in  its  course  to  the  Ga- 
ronne at  Bourg,  intersects  other  parts  of  the  de- 
partment, which  is  in  general  fertile  and  yields 
some  delicious  wines ;  it  is  divided  into  five  ar- 
rondissements,  the  principal  towns  of  which  are 
Perigueux,  the  capital,  Bergerac,  Nontron,  Ribe- 
rac,  and  Sarlat ;  the  other  principal  towns  are 
Belves,  Monpont,  and  Eaciderfil.  For  territori- 
al extent,  population,  &c.  &c.  see  France. 

Doi-estro.     See  SUistria. 

Dorking,  a  beautifully  picturesque  town  in 
Surrey,  England,  with  a  market  on  Thursdays, 
celebrated  for  a  remarkably  fine  breed  of  poultrj-; 
a  vast  quantity  of  lime  is  burnt  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. It  is  23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  London  bridge.— 
Pop.  in  1821,  3,812. 

Dorn,  a  village  in  a  detached  part  of  Worces- 
tershire, Eng.  3  m.  S.  E.  of  Camden  in  Glouces- 
shire.  The  Roman  fossway  runs  through  it,  and 
abundance  of  coin,  both  Roman  and  British  have 
been  found  here. 

Dornburg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Weimar,  with  a  castle  ;  situate  on 
a  hill,  by  the  river  Saale,  14  m.  E.  of  Weimar,  and 
40  S.  W.  ofLeipsig. 

Dornoch,  a  borough  on  the  E.  coast  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  Sutherlandshire,  at  the  entrance  of  a 
frith  of  the  same  name,  over  which  it  has  a  ^erry 
to  Tain.  It  is  a  small  place,  and  half  in  ruins, 
but  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  bishops  of 
Caithness,  and  part  of  the  cathedral  is  kept  up  as 
the  parish  church.  It  is  40  miles  N.  of  Inverness. 
Long.  3.  48.  W.  lat.  57.  52.  N.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,100. 

Dorp,  Dorpat,  or  Dorfat,  a  town  of  Russia, 
in  the  government  of  Riga,  with  a  university; 
seated  on  the  Ember,  between  the  lakes  Wosero 
and  Pepas,  60  m.  S.  of  Narva,  and  about  50  E.  of 
Pernau.     Pop. about  5,000. 

Dorset,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  1,507. 

Dorsetshire,  a  maritime  county  of  England, 
having  about  70  miles  of  coast  in  the  British 
Channel ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Devonshire,  N. 
by  the  counties  of  Somerset  and  Wilts,  and  E.  bj 
Hampshire;  it  is  of  an  irregular  form,  having  aii 
extreme  length  of  55  miles  from  W.  to  E.  and  35 
in  extreme  breadth,  but  the  mean  lines  do  not 
much  exceed  half  that  extent ;  the  superficial 
area  being  only  1 ,005  square  miles.  The  soil  is 
generally  rich  and  fertile,  though  in  some  parts 
very  sandy  ;  the  northern  part,  which  is  divided 
by  a  range  of  chalk  hills  from  the  southern, 
affords  good  pasturage  for  cattle  ;  while  the  south- 
ern part  chiefly  consists  of  fine  downs,  and  feeds 
incredible  numbers  of  sheep.  The  chalk  hills, 
which  run  through  every  county  from  the  S.  E. 
part  of  the  kingdom  thus  far,  terminate  at  the 
further  extremity  of  this  ;  but  on  the  coast.  Chalk 
cliff's  extend  beyond  it  into  Devonshire,  10  miles 
W.  of  Lyme.  From  the  Hampshire  border  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  Blandford  a  heathy  com- 
mon extends,  which  causes  an  exception  to  the 
general  character  of  fertility  which  this  county 
merits ;  but  the  rich  vales  to  the  S.  W.  make 
ample  amends.  The  greater  altitude  of  the 
county  is  669  feet  above  the  level/f  the  sea  ;  the 
climate  is  mild  and  congenial..  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Stour,  Piddle,  an.d  Frome.     Heie  is 


DOU 


DOV 


plenty  of  poultry  of  all  sorts,  swans,  woodcocks, 
pheasants,  partridges,  fieldfares,  &c.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  on  the  coast  are  Lyme  Regis,  Mel- 
combe  Regis,  Weymouth,  Bridport,  Wareham, 
and  Poole  ;  at  the  two  latter  some  ships  are  built, 
and  some  foreign  trade  carried  on  ;  and  Poole 
was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  extensive  interest 
in  the  NewU)undland  fishery  ;  and  considerable 
manufactures  of  cordage,  twine,  and  coarse  wool- 
fens  were  formerly  carried  on  in  the  vicinity  of 
Bridport  and  Poole.  The  commercial  and 
manufacturing  concerns  of  the  county  have  of 
late  years  declined  and  are  now,  relatively,  in- 
significant, the  shipping  being  principally  em- 
ployed in  carrying,  and  the  rental,  taxes,  and  sup- 
ply of  shop  goods  for  the  consumption  of  the 
county,  are  now  paid  out  of  the  surplus  produce 
of  sheep  and  lambs  for  the  London  market,  some 
cattle,  wool,  and  stone,  from  the  quarries  of 
Portland,  and  Purbeck,  and  freight  of  shipping. 
Some  trifling  manufactures  also  contribute  to  con- 
stitute an  exchange  ;  and  the  W.  part  of  tlie  coast 
abounds  in  mackerel  during  the  season.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  in  the  interior  are  Dorchester  (the 
capital),  Corfe  castle,  and  Shaftesbury,  each  of 
which,  as  well  as  each  of  those  on  the  coast,  and 
the  county,  return  two  members  to  parliament. 
There  are  13  other  market  towns,  and  upwards 
of  200  villages  in  this  County. 

DorsettsviUe,  p. v.  Chatham  Co.  N.  C. 

Dorstcn,  a  fortified  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Recklinghausen,  seated  on  the  Lippe, 
15  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Wesel. 

Dort,  or  Dordrecht,  a  city  of  South  Holland  on 
an  island  formed  by  the  Meuse,  which  is  here 
called  the  Merwe.  The  island  was  formed  in 
1421,  in  November  of  which  year  an  inundation 
destroyed  72  villages  and  drowned  100,000  per- 
sons. In  1457  Dort  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  is  further  celebrated  for  an  assembly  of  pro- 
testant  clergy  from  all  parts  of  Europe,  in  1618 
— 1619  called  the  synod  of  Dort,  which  condemn- 
ed the  tenets  of  Arminius.  Here  are  several  Lu- 
theran and  Calvinist  churches,  a  fine  council- 
house  an  excellent  academy,  and  the  mint  of 
South  Holland.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  and  a 
great  trade  in  corn,  wine,  and  timber ;  of  the 
'atter  immense  rafts  are  floated  hither  from  An- 
dernach,  in  Germany.  It  was  formerly  the  chief 
depository  of  Rhenish  wines ;  but  its  commerce 
has  much  declined  of  late  years,  having  been 
transferred  to  Rotterdam.  The  father  of  the  cel- 
ebrated De  Witts  was  Burgomaster  of  Dort,  and 
Vossius  was  once  superintendant  of  its  academy. 
The  natural  situation  of  Dort  is  such  that  it  has 
never  been  taken  by  an  enemy  ;  but  it  surren- 
dered to  the  French  in  1795.  It  is  10  miles  S. 
E.  of  Rotterdam.  Lon<r.  4.  45.  E.  lat.  51.  51.  N. 
Pop.   about  20,000. 

Dortmund,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia,  in  a 
nook  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  upper  bishopric 
of  Munster.  It  was  lately  imperial,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Emster,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Ham,  and  30 
S.  by  W.  of  the  city  of  Munster.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Dotckom,  or  Deutckom,  a  town  of  Holland,  in 
Gelderland,  with  afoundery  for  bombs  and  cannon 
balls  ;  seated  south  of  the  Yssel,  10  m.  S.  E.  of 
Doesburg. 

Douarnenez,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  at  the  entrance  of  the  English  channel,  8 
m.  N.  W.  of  Quimper. 

Douav,  a  city  of  France,  formerly  the  capital  of 


the  department  of  Nord,  with  a  fine  arsenal,  a  foun 
dery  for  cannon,  a  military  school,  a  citadel,  and 
three  famous  colleges  ;  to  which  a  great  number 
of  the  catholic  youths  of  England  and  Ireland 
are  sent  for  education.  It  was  taken  by  the  Duke 
of  Marlborough  in  1710,  and  retaken  by  the 
French  in  1712,  after  the  suspension  of  arms.  It 
is  110  miles  N.  by  E.  of  Paris,  70  E.  S.  E.  of  Bo- 
logne,  and  18  S.  of  Lisle,  to  which  it  is  connect- 
ed by  a  canal.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  and  in 
1825  contained  18,854  inhabitants. 

Douhs,  a  department  of  France,  on  the  frontier 
of  Neufchatel  in  Switzerland.  It  comprises  the 
eastern  part  of  the  late  province  of  Franche 
Compte,  and  is  watered  by  a  river  giving  name 
to  the  department  which  falls  into  the  Saone  a 
little  above  Chalons.  Doubs  is  a  woody  and 
mountainous  district,  interspersed  with  fertile 
vallies  ;  the  mountains  yield  a  considerable  sup- 
ply of  iron,  the  forests  abundance  of  timber, 
whilst  sheep  and  black  cattle  abound  in  the  val- 
lies, yielding  a  considerable  supply  of  butter  and 
cheese,  the  latter  is  celebrated  by  the  name  of 
grueyere ;  the  vine  is  also  cultivated  with  suc- 
cess, and  to  some  extent ;  it  has  been  proposed 
to  unite  the  river  Doubs  with  the  Ille,  falling 
into  the  Rhine,  and  thereby  unite  the  waters  of 
the  north  sea,  with  the  Mediterranean.  The  de- 
partment of  Doubs  is  divided  into  four  arron- 
dissements  ;  Besangon,  210  miles  S.  E.  of  Paris, 
is  the  capital;  and  the  chief  towns  of  the  other 
three  arrondissements  are  Baume,  Pontarlier,  and 
Montbelliard  ;  there  are  two  other  considerable 
towns,  viz.  Quingey  and  Ornans. 

DoMC,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne  and  Loire,  with  a  considerable  manu- 
facture of  druggets  and  tammies.  Near  it  is  a 
vast  Roman  amphitheatre,  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rock.     It  is  9  miles  S.  W.  of  Saumur. 

Dove,  a  river  of  Derbyshire,  Eng.  which  rises 
in  the  Peak,  near  Buxton,  parts  the  county  from 
Staffordshire,  and  after  a  course  of  about  40  miles 
joins  the  Trent,  4  miles  below  Burton 

Dover,  Straits  of,  between  the  S.  E.  point  of 
England,  and  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  France, 
leading  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  through  the  En- 
glish channel  into  the  north  sea  ;  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  strait  is  about  20  English  statute 
miles,  and  the  two  usual  points  of  intercourse 
about  23  miles.  Dover  castle  being  in  I.  19.  7. 
and  Calais  lights  in  1.  51.  1.  of  E.  long,  being  a 
difference  of  32  miles  of  long,  which  in  the  lat. 
of  51.  is  equal  to  19  geographical  or  23  English 
statute  miles.  The  straits  extend  from  the  S.  W. 
in  a  direction  N.  N.  E.  for  about  44  m.,  intersect- 
ed by  the  long,  of  51.  of  N.  lat. 

Dover,  Town  of,  which  gives  name  to  the  pre- 
ceding strait,  is  seated  on  the  English  coast,  in  the 
county  of  Kent,  and  is  celebrated  in  every  perioQ 
of  English  history  ;  by  the  ancient  Britons  it  was 
called  Dour,  by  the  Romans  Dubris,  and  by  the 
Saxons  Dovre ;  and  the  Romans  regarded  it  as 
Claris  et  refragulum.,  totius  regni — tbe  lock  and 
key  of  the  whole  realm.  Dover  may  doubtless 
still  be  regarded  as  the  great  outlet  and  portal  of 
the  realm  on  the  side  of  northern  Europe,  and 
from  its  peculiar  local  situation  and  advantages  to 
be  still  entitled  to  high  consideration.  But  as 
navigation  has  advanced  towards  perfection,  and 
England  advanced  in  her  maritime  ascendency,  in 
a  relative  sense,  Dover  has  become  an  inconsider- 
able place,  and  in  point  of  security  and  defence 
is  very  insignificent  compared  with  either  Ports- 
mouth or  Davonport;  while  Harwich,  SouAamp- 


DOU 


261 


DOW 


ton  and  Falmouth  vie  with  it,  as  points  of  egress 
and  ingress  to  and  from  foreign  parts,  and  since 
the  application  of  steam  to  purposes  of  navigation, 
numerous  visitors  to  and  from  France  now  pro- 
ceed and  arrive  direct  from  and  to  the  Thames  at 
Jjondon,  who  used  formerly  to  pass  by  way  of 
Dover.  Dover  is,  however,  still  (1331)  the  medi- 
um of  conveyance  for  the  mails,  and  of  all  mes- 
sengers and  travellers  intenton  despatch,  between 
England  and  France,  for  whose  accommodation 
packets  proceed  to  and  from  Calais  with  every 
tide,  and  the  intercourse  is  still  very  great,  consti- 
tuting the  chief  support  of  the  town.  It  ex- 
tends for  near  a  mile  along  the  shore,  and  is  divi- 
ded into  two  parts  ;  the  eastern  part  is  called  the 
town,  at  the  extremity  of  which,  on  an  eminence, 
is  the  castle,  supposed  to  have  been  first  founded 
by  Julius  Caesar,  the  west  part  is  called  the  pier, 
and  is  overhung  by  a  range  of  chalk  cliffs,  which 
seem  to  threaten  an  immediate  overwhelming  of 
all  below ;  the  heights  300  to  350  feet,  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  are  fortified  with  trenches,  subter- 
raneous works  and  casements  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  2,000  men,  and  in  clear  v.-eather  present 
fine  prospects  of  the  coast  of  France.  Dover  is 
one  of  the  (five)  cinque  ports  vested  with  peculiar 
privileges  :  by  the  32  Hen.  VIII.  cap.  48.  On 
condition  of  furnishing  a  numljer  of  ships  equip- 
ped and  manned  for  the  national  defence,  one  of 
t!ie  privileges  was,  each  port  returning  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  by  the  title  of  Barons  of  the 
Cinque  Ports.  Dover  post  office  is  71  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  London  Bridge,  by  way  of  Canterbury,  from 
whic'i  il  is  distant  16  miles.  It  is  divided  into  two 
parishes,  with  two  weekly  markets  on  Wednes- 
days and  Saturda,ys.  The  castle  is  a  very  exten- 
sive edifice,  and  interesting  from  its  antiquity,  and 
the  historical  events  connected  with  it;  besides 
the  castle  and  two  churches,  the  other  public 
buildings  are  a  town  hall,  theatre,  military  hospi- 
tal, victualling  office,  and  custom  house  •-  the  busi- 
ness of  the  latter  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to 
the  inspecting  the  bags^age  of  the  passengers  arriv- 
ing by  the  packets.  The  harbour  will  admit  ships 
of  500  tons  burthen  ;  but  the  town  carries  on  little 
or  no  foreign  trade.  Pop.  in  1811,  9,074,  and  in 
182  L,  10,327. 

Dover,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1.042. 

Dover,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  10  m.  fi-.  Ports- 
mouth on  the  falls  of  the  Cochoco,  a  stream  run- 
ning into  the  Pisoataqua.  The  falls  have  several 
pitches,  one  of  which  is  40  feet  perpendicular,  af- 
fording a  vast  water  power,  which  has  been  ap- 
plied to  manufacturing  purposes.  Tlie  cotton 
manufactories  produce  10,000  yards  of  shirting 
a  week.  The  iron  works  roll  and  slit  1.000  tons 
of  iron  annually,  and  make  700  tons  of  nails.  New 
sstablishinents  are  also  in  progress,  and  the  mill 
sites  here  are  numerous.  Dover  is  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  the  state.     Pop.  5,449. 

Dover,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  497. 

Dover,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,198. 

Diivcr.  p.t.  Kent  Co.  Del.,  the  capital  of  the 
state  of  Delaware.  It  is  situated  upon  a  small 
stream  falling  into  the  Delaware,  and  is  hand- 
somely laid  out  and  built.  The  houses  are  mostly 
of  brick  and  in  the  centre  of  the  town  is  a  spacious 
square  surrounded  by  the  State  House  and  public 
offices. 

*^*  There  are  six  other  towns  called  Dover  in 
the  United  States,  viz.  in  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J., 
York  Co.  Pa.,  Cuyahoga,  Athens  and  Tuscarawas 
Cos.  Ohio  and  Stuart  Co.  Ten. 

Douglas,  a  village  of  Lanarkshire,  Scotland, 


seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  falling  into 
the  Clyde,  29  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Glasgow  on  the  road 
to  Carlisle.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,195. 

Douglas,  the  chief  town  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  two  united  streams,  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  island,  in  the  lat.  of  54.  4.  N.  and  4. 
36.  of  W.  long.     Pop.  in  1821,  6,054.     See  Man. 

Douglas,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.    Pop.  1 ,742. 

Douglas,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the  W.  coast 
of  America,  the  W.  point  of  the  entrance  to 
Cook's  Inlet.  Its  summit  forms  two  very  high 
mountains.     Long.  153.  30.  W.  lat.  58.56.  N. 

Doulaincourt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Marne,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Joinville. 

Doullens,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depannent 
of  Somme,  with  two  citadels  ;  seated  on  the  Autie, 
15  m.  N.  of  Amiens;  it  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect. 
Pop.  in  1825,  3,504. 

Doune,  Donn,  or  Donne,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in 
the  parish  of  Kilmadock,  Perthshire,  with  the  ru- 
in of  a  huge  square  castle,  whose  tower  is  yet  full 
80  feet  in  height.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  pis- 
tols; also  an  extensive  work  called  the  A delphi cot- 
ton-mill. It  is  seated  on  the  Teih,  8  ni.  N.  W. 
of  Sterling,  and  32  S.  W.  of  Perth.  In  1821  the 
parish  contained  3,150  inhabitants. 

Dourdan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Seine  and  Oise,  with  a  manufacture  of  silk  and 
worsted  stockings :  seated  on  the  Orge,  25  m.  S. 
W.  of  Paris. 

Douro,  a  river  of  the  Peninsula,  rising  near  So- 
ria,  in  old  Castile,  in  the  long,  of  2.  30.  W.  It 
rises  to  the  W.  of  Soria,  and  from  thence  runs  S. 
for  about  20  miles,  when  it  takes  a  course  nearly 
due  W.  past  Aranda  into  Leon,  past  Zamora  to 
the  frontier  of  the  Portuguese  province  of  Trazos 
Montes;  it  then  takes  a  course  S.  S.  W.  past  Mi- 
randa, and  for  about  60  miles  forms  the  boundary 
between  Leon  in  Spain  and  Tras  os  Montes :  it 
then  takes  a  course  N.  by  W.  dividing  the  latter 
province  and  Entre  Douroe  Minho  from  Beira,fall- 
ing  into  the  sea  a  short  distance  below  Oporto. 
The  meridional  distance  from  its  source  to  its  en- 
trance into  the  sea  is  about  300  miles,  while  the 
course  of  the  stream  will  be  near  400  miles  ;  it  re- 
ceives numerous  tributary  streams  botli  from  the 
N. and  S. 

Doiclaiahad,  formerly  called  Amednagur,  a 
province  of  the  Deccan  of  Hindoostan  ;  intersect- 
ed by  the  Godavery  river,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Candeish,  W.  by  the  Gauts,  S.  by  Visiapour  and 
Golconda,  and  E.  by  Berar.  Aurungabad  is  the 
capital. 

Doiolatahad,  one  of  the  celebrated  hill-forts 
of  Hindoostan,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
preceding  province.  The  fort  is  420  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  plain.  In  the  beginning  of  the  14th 
century  the  Emperor  Mahomet  III.  caused  a  great 
number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Dehli,  to  emigrate  S.of 
the  Godavery  river,  and  attempted  to  make  Dow- 
latabad  the  seat  of  government  of  his  empire,  but 
the  project  did  not  succeed,  and  his  successor  re- 
turned to  the  ancient  capital.  Dowlatabad  never- 
theless continued  an  important  place  and  capital 
of  the  province,  until  the  time  of  Aurungzebe, 
who  fixed  his  residence  at  Aurungabad  {which 
see),  about  10  miles  to  the  S.  ;  it  is  now  included 
in  the  territories  of  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan. 

Dow7i,  a  maritime  county  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of 
Ireland,  opposite  to  the  Isle  of  Man,  it  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Lough  of  Belfast,  which  divides 
it  from  the  county  of  Antrim,  S.  by  Carlingford 
Bay,  which  divides  it  from  the  county  of  Louth, 
and  on  the  W.  il  is  bounded  by  the  eounty  of  Ar 


DRA 


262 


DRK 


magh.  It  is  53  miles  in  extreme  length  from  S. 
VV.  to  S.  E.  and  about  25  in  mean  breadtli,  the  N. 
E.  being  indented  by  Strangford  Lough,  contain- 
ing about  100  square  miles  of  surface  :  a  canal 
from  Carlingford  Bay  to  the  Lough  Ncagh,  bounds 
the  W.  end  of  the  county,  and  the  river  Lagan 
failing  into  Belfast  Lough,  waters  the  northern 
eide  ;  the  river  Bann  intersecting  tiie  S.  W.  Down 
is  the  fifth  county  in  Ireland,  iu  order  of  popula- 
tion, both  collectively  and  relatively,  an<l  although 
it  is  one  of  the  least  productive  counties  in  the 
country,  a  great  portion  of  its  surface  being  occu- 

fjied  as  bleach  grounds,  the  industry  of  the  in- 
labitants  in  the  linen  manufactures,  enables  it 
to  command  an  equal  or  greater  share  of  comforts 
than  in  most  other  parts  of  Ireland  ;  the  S.  part 
of  the  county  is  mountainous,  Slieve  Donard  Peak 
rising  to  the  height  of  2,800  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea ;  various  minerals  are  found  in  different 
parts  of  the  county,  but  none  are  worked  to  ad- 
vantage, the  linen  manufactures  absorbinsr  all  the 
labour  and  exertion  of  its  inhabitants,  about  an 
equal  portion  of  whom  are  Protestants,  emigrants, 
or  uescendants  of  emigrants  from  Scotland.  Re- 
mains of  antiquitjr  are  common  in  every  part  of 
the  county.  Tlie  principal  towns  are  Downpat- 
rick  (the  capital  and  a  bishop's  see),  Newton  Ar- 
des,  Bangor,  Donaghadee,  Killyleagh,  Hills- 
borough, Dromore,  (another  bishop's  see),  and 
Newry,  at  the  head  of  Carlingford  Bay,  which  is 
the  largest  and  most  considerable  trading  town  in 
the  county.  For  extent  of  surface,  divisions,  &c. 
see  Ireland. 

Down,  or  Downpaf.rick,  the  chief  town  of  the 
preceding  county,  is  pleasantly  located  on  the 
banks  of  a  stream  falling  into  the  S.  end  of 
Strangford  Lough,  74  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Dublin, 
and  23  S.  by  E.  of  Belfast ;  it  a  bishop's  see  in 
conjunction  with  Connor,  in  the  county  of  An- 
trim, and  besides  the  cathedral  has  three  other 
places  of  religious  worship ;  its  other  public 
buildings  consists  of  a  diocesan  school,  hospital, 
town  hall,  court  house  and  goal.  Down  is  cele- 
brated as  the  supposed  place  of  interment  of  Ire- 
land's adopted  saint,  St.  Patrick,  and  a  well  in 
the  vicinity  dedicated  to  that  saint,  is  held  in 
high  veneration.  Down  participates  in  the  linen 
manufacture;  its  population  in  1821,  amounted 
to  4,123,  and  the  parish  to  4,417  more.  It  returns 
a  member  to  the  parliament  of  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Downe,  a  township  in  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J. 

Doicnham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  about  a  mile  from  the  Ouse.  It 
has  a  great  trade  in  butter,  which  is  sent  up  the 
river  in  boats  to  Cambridge,  and  thence  conveyed 
in  waggons  to  London,  under  the  name  of  Cam- 
bridge butter.  It  is  11  miles  S.  of  Lynn,  and  86 
N.  by  E.  of  London,  and  is  celebrated  for  a  foun- 
dery  of  church  and  turret  bells,  of  a  peculiarly 
harmonious  tone.  Pop.  in  1801 ,  1 ,512,  and  in 
1821,2,044. 

*^*  There  are  four  villages  of  the  same  name 
111  different  parts  of  England. 

Dorringlon,  p. v.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Downs,  a  famous  road  for  shipping,  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Kent,  between  the  North  and  South  Fore- 
land.    See  Godwin  Sands,  and  Deal. 

Downton,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Enj'.  seated 
on  the  Avon,  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Salisbury,  and  88  W. 
S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,112. 

Doijlestown,  p. v.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Draahurgli,  a  town  of  Carinthia.  on  the  river 
Drave,  near  the  frontier  of  Tyrol. 


Dracut,  a  town  of  Massachusetts,  in  Middlesex 
countv  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Merriniac,  at  Paw- 
tucket  falls,  28  m.  S.  W.  of  Exeter,  and  30  N.  N. 
W.  of  Boston.     Pop.  1,615. 

Dradate,  or  Dorlio  ,  a  town  of  Nubia,  with  a 
harbour  on  the  Red  Sea,  and  wells  of  good  water 
in  the  vicinity.  It  is  36  miles  N.  N.  W.  of 
Suakem. 

Dragidgnan,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Var,  10  miles  N.  W.  of  Frejus,  40 
N.  E.  of  Toulon,  and  420  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Pop. 
in  1825,8,616. 

Dra.hcnstcin,  an  extensive  valley  in  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  territory.     See  Stcllenhosch. 

Drame,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  near  the  ruins  of 
Philippi,  and  about  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Emboh. 

Dramlnirgh,  a  town  of  Brandenburgh,  in  the 
N.  part  of  the  New  Mark,  seated  on  the  Drage,  15 
m.  E.  by  N.  of  New  Stargard. 

Drammen,  the  two  towns  of  Stromsoe  and  Brag- 
nas,  on  each  side  of  the  Drammen  river,  falling 
into  the  bay  of  Christiana,  in  Norway,  are  callea 
Drammen.      See  Stromsee. 

Dranesville,  p  t.  Fairfax  Co.  Va. 

Dravc,  a  river  which  rises  in  Germany,  at  In- 
nichen  in  Tyrol,  flows  through  Carinthia  and 
Stiria,  then  along  the  confines  of  Sclavonia  and 
lower  Hungary,  and  after  a  course  of  about  300 
miles  joins  the  Danube  a  little  below  Essig. 

Drayton,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  England,  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  it  is  seated  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Tern,  at  the  N.  E.  end  of  the  county, 
on  the  road  from  Shrewsbury  to  Newcastle.  It 
has  3  tan  yards,  2  paper  mills,  and  2  manufac- 
tures of  hair  cloth;  151  miles  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1801,  3,162,  and  in  1821,  3,700. 

*J*  There  are  16  villages  called  Drayton,  and 
9  Draycott,  in  different  parts  of  England.  Dray 
is  a  Saxon  word,  but  its  application  to  tlie  names 
of  places  is  not  very  obvious;  the  etymologist 
must  draw  his  own  inferences  respecting  it. 

Dresden,  a  city  of  Germany,  and  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony.  It  is  divided  by  the  Elbe 
into  the  old  and  new  town,  which  are  united  by  a 
grand  bridge,  and  surrounded  by  strong  fortifica- 
tions. It  has  a  castle,  an  academy  of  painting 
and  sculpture,  and  a  magnificent  church  for  the 
Roman  catholics,  with  a  tower  300  feet  in  height, 
one  Calvinist,  and  11  Lutheran  churches.  The 
houses  are  built  of  freestone,  almost  all  of  the 
same  height ;  and  though  the  palaces  are  few,  it 
is  deemed  the  handsomest  city  in  Germany.  The 
palaces  of  Holland  and  Japan  arc  full  of  curiosi- 
ties from  that  country  and  China ;  and  the  pic- 
tiire  gallery  may  claim  precedence  over  every  in- 
dividual gallery  in  Italy.  The  royal  palace  has  a 
tower  355  feet  in  height.  Dresden  is  deservedly 
celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of  porcelain  ,  the 
repository  for  which  is  in  the  castle.  Here  are 
also  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver  lace,  jewel- 
lery, paper-hangings,  and  wind-instruments  of 
music,  &c.  &c.  The  arsenal  contains  specimens 
of  the  first  invented  fire  arms,  and  a  curious  col- 
lection of  arms  of  all  ages  and  countries.  The 
other  public  buildings  of  Dresden  are  the  house 
of  assembly  of  the  Saxon  diet,  an  academy  for 
the  3'oung  nobility,  a  military  school,  and  several 
edifices  for  charitable  institutions.  It  was  taken 
by  the  king  of  Prussia  in  1745,  and  again  in  1756, 
but  retaken  in  1759;  and  it  was  bombarded  by 
him  in  17()0,  for  nine  days,  when  he  was  obliged 
to  raise  the  siege.  Dresden  is  further  rendered 
memorable  for  its  neighbourhood  being  the  prin- 
cipal theatre  of  operations  between  tlie  allied  and 


DRI 


963 


DRO 


French  armies,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year 
1813.  The  Russian  and  Prussian  troops  having 
entered  it  in  the  month  of  March,  was  obliged  to 
quit  it  in  May,  after  the  battle  of  Lutzen  ;  and 
Bonaparte  afterwards  held  his  head-quarters  here 
for  a  long  time.  On  the  26  and  27th  of  August 
of  tiie  same  year,  the  allied  army,  200,000  strong, 
under  prince  Schwartzenburg,  attempted  to  carry 
the  town  by  assault ;  but  Bonaparte  having  arri- 
ved from  Silesia,  with  his  guards,  the  night  be- 
fore the  attack,  repulsed  them  with  great  loss  in 
killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners.  It  was  at  this 
time,  the  celebrated  general  Moreau,  received  a 
mortal  wound,  while  in  conversation  with  the 
Emperor  of  Russia.  The  allies,  in  consequence 
of  this  disaster,  immediately  commenced  their  re- 
treat into  Bohemia ;  and  the  French  being  too  ea- 
fer  to  profit  by  their  success,  had  sent  general 
andamme  with  about  30,000  men,  into  the 
mountains  of  that  country  to  cut  off  their  retreat. 
But  on  their  arrival  near  Culm,  they  were  assail- 
ed oil  all  sides;  and  after  a  furious  conflict,  the 
whole  army  was  nearly  destroyed,  and  the  com- 
mander with  the  whole  of  his  staff  were  made 
prisoners.  On  the  6th  of  November,  after  the 
battle  of  Leipzig,  marshal  St.  Cyr  who  remained 
in  Dresden  with  a  French  force  of  39,000  men, 
after  a  fruitless  attempt  to  negociate  a  retreat, 
was  compelled  to  yield  to  an  unconditional  sur- 
render. Prior  to  the  spoliation  by  Prussia  in  1756 
Dresden  contained  aboul  65,000  inhabitants,  from 
which  period  it  progressively  declined  down  to 
45,000  in  1810,  but  since  the  restoration  of  peace 
in  1814,  it  has  gradually  increased,  and  in  1825 
contained  again  a  population  of  54,000.  In  the 
vicinity  are  several  fine  gardens  and  public  prom- 
enades, which  serve  to  render  Dresden  one  of 
the  most  ao-reeable  abodes  in  the  north  of  Europe. 
It  is  in  the'lat.  of  51.  2.  50.  N.  and  13.  43.  of  W. 
lono-  230  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Vienna,  240  N.  N.  E. 
of  Muaich,  100  S.  by  E.  of  Berlin,  190  E.  of  Cas- 
sell  by  way  of  Leipzig,  from  which  it  is  distant 
55  miles.      See  PUnitz  and  Saxony. 

Dreiix,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eure  and  Loire,  with  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  cloth  for  the  army.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Blaise,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  AS  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  Paris.  It  was  burnt  by  Hen.  II.  of  England, 
in  1186,  taken  by  Hen.  V.  in  1421,  and  is  further 
celebrated  for  a  battle  fought  in  its  neighbourhood, 
on  the  18th  of  December  1562,  between  the  army 
of  the  King  of  France  and  the  protestants  under 
the  Prince  of  Conde,  when  the  latter  were  defeat- 
ed. It  surrendered  to  Hen.  IV.  of  France  in 
1593,  and  is  now  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  with  a  pop. 
of  6,032  in  1825. 

DrewsvUle,  V.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  included 
in  Walpole. 

Driesen,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  on  an  island, formed  by  the  river  Netze,  near 
the  Polish  frontier,  20  miles  E.  of  Landsberg. 

DriffboTjl.  Norway,  in  Drontheim;  46  m.  E. 
Romsdal. 

Driffield,  Great,  t.  Enor.,  in  the  east  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  on  a  canal  which  joins  the  river  Hum- 
ber ;  23  m.  N.  Hull,  30  E.  York.  Long.  0.  20.  W. 
lat  54.  6.  N.  Pop.  1,857.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  woolen  and  cotton,  both  lately  introduced, 
and  a  weekly  market  on  Thursday. 

Drighlington,  t.  Eng.,  in  the  W.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire;  5  m.  from  Leeds.     Pop.  1,355. 

Drifo,  a  small  island  on  the  W.  side  of  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia.     Long.  17.  7.  E.    lat.  62.  28.  N. 

Drillo,  or  Achates,  r.  Sicily,  in  the  valley  of 


Noto,  which  runs  into  the  Mediterranean,  6  m. 
S.  E.  Terra  Nuova. 

Drimana  Point,  cape,  Ireland,  on  N.  coast  of 
the  bay  of  Donegal;  3  m.  S.  Killibegs. 

Drill,  or  Drinus,  r.  which  rises  in  S.  W.  part 
of  Servia,  and  runs  into  the  Save,  32  m  W.  Sabaoz. 

Drinaza,  r.  Servia,  which  runs  into  the  Save, 
15  m.  W.  Sabacz. 

Dringenburg,  t.  Prussia  Minden ;  6  m.  E.  S.  E. 
Paderborn.     Pop.  734. 

Dringfort,  t.  Prussia;  9  m.  N.  E.  Rastenburg. 

Drino  Kero,  or  Black  Drino,  or  Drilo,  r.  Ea. 
Turkey,  which  rises  in  the  lake  near  Akrida ; 
joining  the  Drino  Bianca,  it  takes  the  name  of 
Drino  only ,  and  runs  into  the  Adriatic  ;  about  8  m. 
S.  W.  Alessio,  forming  a  bay  at  its  month,  called 
the  Chilf  of  Drino.  It  is  navigable  nearly  100  m. 
for  large  rafts, 

Drissa,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Polotsk,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Drissa  with  the 
Dwina,  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Polotsk,  and  272  S. 
of  Petersburg. 

Drista.     See  SiUstria. 

Drivastro,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba- 
nia, 20  m.  N.  E.  of  Dulcigno. 

Drogheda,  a  seaport  on  the  S.  coast  of  Ireland, 
seated  at  the  head  of  a  bay  on  the  banks  of  the 
river  Boyne,  which  here  divides  the  counties 
of  Meath  and  Louth,  Drogheda,  being  a  town 
and  county  of  itself,  with  a  separate  jurisdiction. 
It  is  a  respectable  town,  and  carries  on  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  butter,  grain,  and  coarse  linens  ; 
the  harbour  is  tolerably  commodious,  but  its  en- 
trance is  impeded  for  shii>s  of  large  burthen  by  a 
bar.  It  is  divided  into  three  parishes ;  Oliver 
Cromwell  took  it  by  stsrm  in  1649,  and  it  was 
near  here  where  the  decisiA'e  battle  was  fought 
between  the  forces  of  William  and  James  in  1691 , 
when  the  latter  were  defeated.  See  Boyne.  Drog- 
heda is  24  m.  N.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1821, 
18,300.  It  returns  a  member  to  the  parliament 
of  the  United  Kingdom. 

Droitwich,  a  borough  in  Worcestershire.  Here 
are  famous  salt  springs,  which  were  in  great  celeb- 
rity at  the  period  of  the  Norman  conquest ;  from 
these  is  made  much  jjeculiarly  fine  white  salt. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Salwarp,  7  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Worcester,  and  116  W.  N.  W.  of  London.  It  is 
connected  with  the  river  Severn  by  a  canal,  7  m. 
in  length,  and  the  Birmingham  and  Worcester 
canal  runs  at  a  short  distance,  and  by  this  means 
the  salt  is  distributed  over  all  jKirts  of  the  king- 
dom. Droitwich  is  divided  into  four  parishes, 
and  returns  two  members  to  parliament.  Pop.  in 
1821,2,176. 

Drome,  a  Department  of  France,  takes  its  ap- 
pellation from  the  river  Drome,  which  crosses  it, 
bounded  by  the  department  of  the  Upper  Alps, 
Lower  Alps,  and  Vaucluse ;  the  Rhone  bounds 
it  on  the  west.  The  country  is  high,  full  of 
mountains  and  valleys;  the  soil  in  many  parts  un- 
productive. Valence  is  the  capital.  Pop.  ^3,372. 
Protestants,  34,000. 

Drome,  or  Druna,  a  r.  of  France,  which  rises 
near  Valdrome,  passes  by  Die,  Pontaix,  Saillans, 
Crest,  Livron,  «Stc.,  and  falls  into  the  Rhone  about 
11  m.  S.  Valence. 

Dromo,  a  small  island  in  the  Grecian  Archipel- 
ago.    Long.  24.  E.  lat.  39.  28.  N. 

Dromore,  a  town  and  parish  in  the  county  of 
Down,  Ireland  ;  the  town  is  a  bishop's  see,  the 
palace  of  the  prelate  is  a  stately  edifice.  It  is 
20  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Downpatrick,  and  66  N.  of 
Dublin,  on  the  road  to  Belfast.     Pop.  of  the  town 


DRU 


264 


DUB 


inl«yi,  1,861,  and  of  the  parish  12,769  more; 
there  is  anollier  parish  and  town  of  the  same 
name  in  the  county  of  Tyrone.  Pop.  of  the  town 
415,  and  of  the  parish  7,698. 

Droviore,  p.t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 
Dronuro,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Alps,  on  the  river  Maira,  15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Sa- 
lu.£zo,  and  about  the  same  distance  W.  by  N.  of 
C-ini.  It  contains  6  churches,  and  has  a  fine 
bridge  across  tlie  river.     Pop.  about  6,500. 

Drontheim,  the  most  northerly  of  the  four  great 
diocesses  of  Norway,  extending  from  the  lat.  of 
62.  5.  to  05.  20.  N.  being  about  80  miles  in  mean 
breadth  ;  it  is  intersected  by  several  small  streams, 
and  the  coast  is  indented  with  numerous  inlets 
and  bays,  and  flanked  with  numerous  islands ; 
although  a  dreary  district,  the  industry  of  the  in- 
habitants counteracts  in  a  considerable  degree 
the  inhospitality  of  its  position  and  climate.  It 
is  divided  into  80  parishes  containing  a  population 
of  about  250,000,  having  considerably  increased 
during  the  last  and  present  century.  The  chief 
town  of  the  same  name  is  seated  on  a  point  of 
land,  formed  by  a  deep  inlet,  about  40  m.  from 
the  open  sea,  in  the  lat.  of  63.  26.  N.  and  10.  22. 
ofE.  long.,  253  m.  N.  E.  of  Bergen,  about  the 
same  distance  due  N.  of  Christiana,  and  360  N. 
W.  of  Stockholm.  It  was  the  residence  of  the 
ancient  kings  of  Norway,  and  is  now  the  princi- 
pal trading  town  of  the  diocese,  and  exports  a 
very  considerable  quantity  of  fir  timber  and  deals, 
some  pitch,  tar,  peltry,  &c.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  bishop  of  the  diocese  ;  the  cathedral  is  a  state- 
ly edifice  ;  the  houses  are  mostly  built  of  wood, 
but  the  streets  are  commodious,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer season  this  town  is  not  an  unpleasant  resi- 
dence.    Pop.  about  9,000. 

Drosendorf,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  an  ancient 
castle,  seated  on  the  Toya,  on  the  frontier  of  Mo- 
ravia, 10  m.  N.  of  Horn. 

Drossea,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Custrin. 

Drum,  the  name  of  two  parishes  in  Ireland,  one 
in  the  county  of  JVIayo,  and  the  other  in  Roscom- 
mon ;  there  are  also  about  thirty  other  parishes, 
and  several  villages  in  different  parts  of  Ireland 
beginning  with  Drum,  such  as  Drumara,  Drum- 
boe,  Drumcannon,  &c.  &c. 

Drumsna,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Lcitrim,  seated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Shannon,  4 
m.  S.  E.  of  Carrick,  and  73  from  Dublin,  it  is 
rather  a  neat  town.     Pop.  in  1821,  606. 

Drusenhcim,,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  ihe  Motter,  near 
the  Rhine,  15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Strasburg. 

Druses,  a  community  of  people  in  Syria, 
which  had  its  origin  in  a  fanatical  persecution 
of  a  caliph  of  Egypt,  against  the  Mahomedans. 
About  the  beginning  of  the  11th  century,  the  ca- 
liph and  his  prophet  (a  native  of  Persia),  both  met 
a  violent  death,  and  such  of  their  disciples  (the 
Druses)  as  adhered  to  their  tenets,  fled  for  a  refuge 
to  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,and-Antilibanus;  from 
whence  they  successively  made  war  against  the 
Crusaders,  the  Sultans  of  Aleppo,  the  Mamelukes 
and  Turks  ;  they  were  effectually  subdued  by  Am- 
urath  III.  in  1588,  who  imposed  a  regular  tribute 
upon  them,  appointing  an  emir  or  chief  whom  he 
invested  with  executive  power,  and  held  him  re- 
sponsible for  the  payment  of  the  tribute.  This 
organization,  however,  the  Druses  soon  turned 
against  the  Turks,  with  whom  they  have  since 
been  involved  in  repeated  conflicts  with  alter- 
nate success ;  they  still  maintain  a  nominal  inde- 


pendence, occupying  about  70  miles  of  coast  from 
Saide  the  ancient  Sidon,  to  Gebail  or  Djebail 
Bairut  or  Berut  {which  see)  being  their  chief  sta- 
tion. Their  number  is  estimated  at  about  120, 
000,  all  the  males  being  trained  to  arms.  Their 
language  is  the  Arabic  ;  and  they  now  appear  to 
have  but  little  religion  of  any  kind,  praying  indif 
ferently  in  Christian  churches  or  Turkish  mosques, 
Dryburg,  or  Drilnirg,  a  town  in  the  Prussian 
States,  seated  near  the  source  of  a  stream,  falling 
into  the  Weser,  in  the  principality  of  Paderborn  ; 
it  is  pleasantly  located  and  distinguished  for  its 
baths  ;  10  m.  E.  of  the  town  of  Paderborn. 

Drydcn,  p.t.  Tomkins  Co.  N.   Y.     Pop.  5,206. 
Duanesburgh, 'p.t.  Schenectady  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop, 
2,837. 

Dublin,  a  maritime  and  fertile  county  on  the 
E.  coast  of  Ireland,  being  about  30  miles  in  ex- 
treme length,  and  13  in  mean  breadth.  Its  capital 
a  city  of  the  same  name  is  the  capital  of  all  Ire- 
land, and  in  extent  of  population  and  architectu- 
ral display  is  the  second  city  of  the  British  domin- 
ions in  Europe,  but  in  other  respects  inferior  to 
either  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Glasgow,  or  Edin- 
burgh. For  divisions,  extent  of  superfices,  popu- 
lation, &c.  of  the  county  of  Dublin.  See  Ireland 
Dublin  City,  the  capital  of  Ireland,  is  seated  on 
the  banks  of  the  river  Liffey,  at  its  entrance  into 
a  bay  of  about  40  square  miles  in  surface.  The 
city  lies  up  the  river,  about  a  mile  from  the  bay, 
which  is  much  more  remarkable  for  its  pictur- 
esque beauty  on  either  side  than  for  its  navigable 
uses.  This  bay  has  been  compared,  rather  idly, 
by  some  person  in  the  first  instance,  with  that  of 
Naples  ;  and  after  him,  still  more  idly,  by  a  thou- 
sand others.  It  forms  a  vast  semicircular  basin 
about  eight  miles  in  diameter,  perilous  from  its 
shallows  and  breakers  ;  which  are,  however,  coun- 
teracted by  a  long  and  massive  central  mole  run- 
ning into  it,  with  a  lighthouse  at  its  extremity, 
and  two  piers  on  either  side  at  its  entrance.  A 
bold  peninsular  promontory,  called  the  hill  of 
Howth,  shelters  it  on  the  north,  having  a  range 
of  lowlands  from  its  base  skirting  the  sea,  luxuri- 
antly wooded  and  varied,  exhibiting  here  and 
there,  a  church,  a  mansion,  or  a  pretty  villa : 
whilst,  on  the  south,  it  is  bordered,  at  a  short  dis- 
tance, by  the  picturesque  and  beautiful  range  of 
hills  called  the  Wicklow  mountains. 

Dublin  resembles  the  cities  to  be  met  on  the 
continent  much  more  than  those  of  England,  in 
the  frequent  juxtaposition  of  magnificence  and 
meanness.  TTae  late  Mr.  Curran  compared  it  to 
a  man  with  a  new  coat  over  a  dingy  under  dress 
Its  square  area  of  about  two  miles  and  a  half  con- 
tains more  noble  edifices,  wretched  habitations, 
and  public  charities,  than  will  be  found  within  the 
same  compass  elsewhere.  It  is  in  form  a  rectan- 
gle, divided  by  the  river  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts.  We  will  suppose  the  spectator  in  the  open 
space  called  College-green,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
river  and  eastern  side  of  the  city.  Looking  east- 
ward, he  beholds  the  Ban^  of  Ireland,  formerly 
the  parliament  hou.=:e,on  hi^left;  and  the  Univer- 
sity immediately  facing  him,  with  a  bronze  eques- 
trian statue  of  king  William  between 

The  Bank  of  Ireland  presents  a  noble,  simple, 
and  really  classic  mass  of  Grecian  architecture. 
Its  principal  front  is  a  grand  Ionic  colonnade,  147 
feet  long,  resting  on  an  elevated  plane,  reached 
by  a  flight  of  steps. 

The  front  of  the  University,  at  a  right  angle 
with  the  Bank,  is  a  long  and  florid  Corintian  fa- 
gade  3  the  central  columns  surmounted  by  apedi- 


DUB 


S65 


DUB 


ment,  and  the  whole  terminated  by  Corinthian 
pavilions,  with  coupled  pilasters  of  the  same  or- 
der. An  octagonal  vestibule,  with  the  museum 
on  the  right,  leads  from  the  town  into  the  first  of 
three  squares,  which  is  built  of  hewn  stone,  and 
contains  three  principal  buildings ; — the  chapel, 
presenting  a  beautiful  Corinthian  colonnade,  on 
the  left ;  the  theatre  or  examination-hall  on  the 
right,  exactly  corresponding ;  and  beyond  this 
square,  on  the  left  hand,  forming  the  smaller  side 
of  a  rectangle,  with  a  simple  pilastered  front,  the 
hall  in  whicTn  the  fellows  and  students  of  the  whole 
university  dine.  The  library,  though  inferior  to 
to  many  others  in  the  number  of  volumes,  is  one 
of  the  most  complete  and  precious  in  Europe ; 
containing  rich  materials  of  bibliography.  It  con- 
sists of  two  compartments  ;  the  ancient  library  of 
the  university,  entered  at  one  end,  and  present- 
ing a  long  and  noble  vista,  with,  on  either  side, 
a  gallery  and  balustrade  above.  The  books  are 
admirably  arranged  in  stalls  beneath.  At  the  re- 
mote end  is  a  handsorne  pavilion,  containing  the 
Fagel  library,  a  gem  in  its  kind,  once  the  family 
library  of  the  Fagels,  Grand  Pensionaries  of  Hol- 
land, and  purchased  by  the  university.  There  is, 
again,  archbishop  Usher's  library,  left  by  him  to 
the  university,  of  which  he  was  the  founder, — 
containing  many  books  noted  and  commented  on 
with  his  own  hand.  There  is,  lastly,  a  collection 
of  valuable,  or  at  least  curious,  manuscripts,  Per- 
sian, Arabic,  Chinese,  and  Irish.  Graduates  of 
the  university  only,  as  in  the  Bodleian,  have 
the  privilege  of  reading ;  but  studious  strangers 
are  admitted,  upon  a  proper  introduction  to  the 
provost  and  board.  The  chapel  and  theatre  were 
built  from  the  designs  of  sir  W.  Chambers  ;  the 
latter  contains  a  monumental  marble  group  in 
memory  of  provost  Baldwin,  full  of  grace,  senti- 
ment, and  beauty,  and  not  sufficiently  apprecia- 
ted or  known.  There  are  also  some  mediocre 
portraits,  including  one  of  Swift,  in  whom,  by  the 
way,  his  Dublin  alma  mater  could  discover  only 
ill  nature  and  incapacity.  The  spectator  returns 
to  his  former  place,  goes  up  Dame-street,  and 
meets  at  its  extremity  on  the  left  hand  tlie  Royal 
Exchange,  on  an  elevated  site,  a  quadrangle  of 
which  the  principal  facade  presents  a  Corinthian 
portico  surmounted  by  Corinthian  pilasters  and  a 
balustrade,  over  which  is  visible  the  summit  of 
the  dome.  Tlie  interior  is  a  rotunda  formed  by 
twelve  fluted  Corinthian  columns,  and  richly 
stuccoed.  Immediately  to  the  left  is  the  Castle, 
the  residence  of  the  vice-regal  court.  The  upper 
castle-yard  or  court  is  a  quadrangle,  with  an  Ionic 
structure  crowned  with  a  Corinthian  tower  and 
cupola,  from  which  the  vice-regal  flag  waves  ;  and 
on  the  opposite  side  a  colonnade  leads  to  the  vice- 
regal apartments.  In  the  lower  chapel-yard  is 
observed  a  Gothic  chapel  built  by  a  living  archi- 
tect of  Dublin  :  it  is  a  very  graceful  specimen 
of  the  pointed  Gothic. 

Crossing  the  river  to  the  north  side,  the  Law 
Courts  present  theroselves;  a  noble  edifice,  ill- 
placed  on  a  low  sit«,  looking  immediately  over 
the  river  :  it  is  a  modern  building,  the  first  stone 
having  been  laid  by  the  duke  of  Rutland,  lord 
lieutenant,  in  1786.  The  whole  faqade  is  450 
feet,  with  a  central  portico  of  Corinthian  columns 
surmounted  by  a  pediment,  and  allegorical  statues 
over  these, — the  wings  connected  in  a  right  line 
with  the  front  by  arched  screen  walls  with  areas 
behind.  The  hall  a  circular  area,  lighted  from  the 
top  and  surmounted  by  a  dome  with  a  mosaic  ceil- 
ing, is  paced  round  and  round,  or  occupied  in 


groups,  by  barristers,  attorneys,  and  strangers, 
while  business  is  proceeding  in  the  several  courts 
which  are  in  the  periphery  of  the  hall.  Return- 
ing on  the  same  side,  and  descending  with  the 
river,  Sackville-street,  a  spacious  and  even  noble 
avenue,  opens  on  the  left.  At  about  half  its 
length  appears  Nelson's  pillar,  a  heavy  column, 
placed  in  its  centre,  with  a  perversness  of  absur- 
dity rarely  seen  to  break  a  fine  and  complete  view. 
The  new  Post-oflice,  a  fine  building,  with  an 
Ionic  fluted  portico  surmounted  by  a  pediment 
and  several  allegorical  figures,  is  in  this  street 
immediately  near  Nelson's  pillar ;  and  at  the  re- 
mote end  another  handsome  mass  of  buildings, 
comprises  the  Lying-in  Hospital  and  Rotnnd» 
Assembly-rooms.  A  little  further  on  are  the 
King's  Inns,  comprising  the  record-ofiice  and 
prerogative  court;  a  recent  edifice,  with  much  of 
architectural  and  well-executed  sculptural  orna- 
ment. Having  retraced  his  steps  to  the  river,  and 
followed  its  course  a  short  way,  the  observer  be- 
holds the  Custom-house,  with  its  principal  front 
nearly  at  the  water's  edge — its  centre  a  Doric 
portico,  supporting  an  entablature  and  frieze  rather 
too  ornamental,  with  various  allegorical  groups 
single  figures, — and  a  noble  dome,  supported  by 
columns  and  surmounted  at  its  vertex  by  a  colos- 
sal statue  of  Hope, — placed  there  most  inauspi- 
ciously, — for  all  idea  of  customs  or  commerce  has 
been  abandoned  even  in  expectancy,  and  the 
building  receives  another  destination.  Crossing 
again  to  the  left  bank  or  south  side  of  the  town, 
the  spectator  should  halt  for  a  moment  on  Carlisle- 
bridge  to  view  Sackville-street, — unfortunately 
broken  and  disfigured  by  Nelson's  pillar,  but 
adorned  by  its  own  breadth  and  elegance, — the 
portico  of  the  Post-office,  and  the  Rotunda  in  the 
distance ;  the  south  front  of  the  Custom-house, 
and  a  noble  line  of  walled  quays,  over  an  innavi- 
gable river  flowing  into  a  bay  without  ships  ; 
Westmoreland-street,  with    on    either   side  a  por-  ^ 

tico  of  the  bank  and  a  pavilion  of  the  university  ; 
and  d'Olier-street,  with  the  Dublin  Library,  and 
a  view  of  the  front  of  the  new  square  of  Trini- 
ty-college. A  little  furthur  on  to  the  south  is  the 
theatre,  a  handsome  building,  and  adapted  to  its 
purposes,  built  in  1821  by  Mr.  Henry  Harris, 
whose  name  is  honourably  associated  with  the 
English  drama. 

There  are  in  Dublin  five  squares ;  three  on  the 
south  and  two  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  ;  of 
which  one,  called  Stephen's-green,  may  be  called 
magnificent,  from  its  space,  ornament,  and  edifi- 
ces. The  river  is  crossed  by  seven  bridges  within 
the  city,  all,  with  one  exception,  modern  and  well 
built,  and  one  of  them  of  cast  iron.  Sarah's 
bridge,  so  called  from  Sarah,  countess  of  West- 
moreland, who  laid  the  first  stone  in  1791,  is  about 
a  mile  above  the  city  ;  consisting  of  a  single  arch, 
beautifully  constructed  and  of  very  picturesque 
eff'ect. 

Dublin  is  an  archiepiscopal  see,  and  is  sin- 
gular in  the  United  Kingdom  as  having  two  ca- 
thedrals, both  of  which  are  more  interesting  for 
their  antiquity  and  monumental  associations  than 
for  their  architecture.  St.  Patrick's  cathedral, 
founded  in  1190,  but  commenced  in  its  present 
form  in  1370,  is  a  Gothic  structure,  beautiful  only 
for  its  arched  stuccoed  ceiling ;  and  containing, 
among  many  other  monuments,  that  of  Jonathan 
Swift,  dean  of  St.  Patrick's,  "  one  who  loved 
virtue,  liberty,  and  his  country  ;  and  here  only  re 
leased  from  the  torture  of  his  honest  indiirnation." 

Christ-church   cathedral,  founded,  it  is  stated, 


DUD 


266 


DUL 


in  1038,  but  constructed  successively  some  centu- 
ries later,  is  a  dilapidated  Gothic  edifice,  contain- 
ing some  interesting  monuments  :  among  them 
that  of  earl  Strongbow,  the  first  English  invader 
of  Ireland.  There  are,  besides  the  two  cathedrals, 
nineteen  churches  and  two  chapew  of  east ;  of 
which  few  are  deserving  of  particular  notice.  St. 
Andrew's  is  a  vain  and  unfinished  attempt  after 
the  church  of  the  Rotunda  at  Rome  St.  Wer- 
burgh's  exhibits  the  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  com- 
posite, in  its  faoade ;  and  contains  tlie  remains, 
but  not  the  monument,  of  lord  Edward  Fitzge- 
rald. St.  George's  is  a  modern  edifice,  with  a 
handsome  Ionic  fluted  portico  and  a  light  and 
lofty  steeple. 

There  are  in  Dublin  twenty  Roman  (Catholic 
chapels.  The  metropolitan  chapel,  built  by  sub- 
scription, and  begun  in  1816,  is  in  the  best  taste, 
— a  large  edifice,  with  a  simple  but  majestic  Doric 
portico,  resting  on  an  elevated  plane,  approached 
by  a  flight  of  steps,  and  sustaining  a  marble  pedi- 
ment. The  places  of  worship  for  dissenting  non- 
catholic  congregations  are  also  very  numerous, 
and  exceed,  in  proportion,  the  number  in  any 
other  part  of  the  United  Kingdom.  There  are 
about  a  hundred  public  hospitals,  and  other  be- 
nevolent institutions  and  private  associations,  for 
the  relief,  protection,  reformation,  and  education 
of  the  poor. 

Dublin  contains  one  public  and  two  large  sub- 
scription libraries ;  the  Dublin  Society,  for  pur- 
poses of  science  and  art ;  the  royal  Irish  acade- 
my, and  several  others.  Literature,  however,  in 
Dublin  is  rather  an  accessory  accomplishment 
than  a  profession  :  there  is  no  authorship,  no  pub- 
lishing trade.  The  university  sends  forth  well 
educated  and  disciplined  generations,  but  does  no 
more  :  the  junior  fellov/s  are  occupied  with  the 
"  crambre  repetita"  of  public  and  private  lectures, 
and  other  academic  duties,  whilst  the  senior  fel- 
lows I've  in  opulence  and  learned  ease. 

The  medical  and  surgical  schools  are  well  sup- 
plied with  professors  and  all  the  other  means  of 
knowledge, — much  frequented,  and  in  high  re- 
pute. Several  attempts  have  been  made  in  Dub- 
lin, but  without  success,  to  establish  a  school  of 
art :  men  conscious  of  their  genius,  or  who  have 
proved  it,  migrate  to  London.  From  these  may 
be  singled  out,  without  distinguishing  invidious- 
ly, the  president  of  the  royal  academy  in  London 
(Mr.  Shee,)  and  Mr.  Mulready. 

The  chief  manufactures  of  Dublin  are,  what  are 
called  Irish  poplins,  tabinets,  silks,  cottons,  wool- 
ens, and  hardware, — of  which  last  the  extent 
does  not  at  all  equal  the  excellence. 

Dublin  occupies  a  square  area  of  about  2  m. 
and  a  half.  It  is  distant  102  m.  from  Belfast.  95 
from  Waterford,  122  from  Limerick,  and  ir)G 
from  Cork.  Lat.  53.  21.  N.  Long.  6.  0.  15.  W. 
Top.  200,000. 

Dublin,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  70  m.  fr.  Bos- 
ton. Pop,  1,218.  Also  tov.-ns  in  Huntington, 
Bedford,  Philadelphia  and  Montgomery  Cos.  Pa., 
Laurens  Co.  Geo.  and  Franklin  Co.  Ohio. 

ZJwAoJs,  8  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  1,774.  Por 
tersville  is  the  chief  town. 

Dubro,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Volhynia,  seated  on  the  banks  of  a  branch 
of  the  Przypiec,  near  the  frontier  of  Galicia ;  it 
was  formerly  celebrated  for  its  great  annual  fair. 
It  is  24  miles  S.  E.  of  Lucko.  Pop.  about  6,500, 
chiefly  Jews. 

Duddingslon,  a  pleasant  village  on  the  S.  side 
of  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 


Duderstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territory 
of  Eichsfeld,  18  miles  E.  of  Gottinisen.  Pop.  about 
4,000.  s  H 

Dudley,  a  town  of  Worcestershire,  Eng.,  insu- 
lated in  the  county  of  Stafford,  10  miles  W.  by  N. 
of  Birmingham,  and  128  from  London.  It  is  a 
place  of  antiquity,  having  the  remains  of  a  castle, 
built  about  the  year  700  ;  the  neighbourhood 
abounds  in  coal,  iron,  and  limestone,  and  the  town 
participates  largely  in  the  manufactures  of  the  dis- 
trict;  having  about  20  establishments  fo!  the  man- 
ufacture of  nails,  anvils,  vices,  tracery,  and  other 
heavy  iron  work  ;  10  other  establishments  for  th« 
manufacture  of  fenders  and  fire  irons,  5  glas* 
houses,  and  two  other  establishments  for  glass 
cutting;  3  malt  and  coffee  mill  makers,  20  malt 
ing  houses,  &c.  &c.  It  has  two  churches,  that 
of  St.  Thomas,  recently  rebuilt,  is  a  beautiful 
structure  with  a  lofty  spire.  The  pop.  which  in 
1801,  was  only  10,107,  and  in  1811,13,925,  in 
1821  had  increased  to  18,211. 

Dudley,  a  town  in  Worcester  county,  Massa 
chusetts  near  the  frontier  of  Connecticut,  20  m. 
S.  of  Worcester.     Pop.  2,155. 

Dvffel,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  a  few  m.  N 
of  Malines.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Duisburg,   a  town    of  Prussia  in  Cleves. 

Duke  of  York  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  by  commodore  Byron,  in  1765, 
lying  N.  of  the  Friendly  islands.  Long.  172.  30. 
W.  lat.  7.  56.  S. 

Duke  of  York  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  between  New  Britian  and  New  Ire 
land,  so  named  by  captain  Carteret,  in  1767,  The 
natives  go  entirely  naked  ;  are  stout,  well  made, 
and  of  a  light  copper  colour ;  their  hair  is  woolly, 
but  they  dress  it  with  grease  and  powder,  and 
make  it  hang  straight.  Their  huts  are  made 
chiefly  of  bamboo,  and  placed  under  the  shade  of 
cocoa-nut  trees,  with  a  fence  before  them,  within 
which  the  plantain,  banana,  yam,  sugar-cane,  &c 
are  cultivated.  The  island  produces,  besides  the 
plants  above-mentioned,  betel-nuts,  mangoes, 
bread-fruit,  and  guavas.  Here  are  also  dogs,  hogs, 
poultry,  and  some  spices.  The  nutmeg  was  seen 
by  captain  Hunter,  who  anchored  in  Port  Hunter 
bav,  in  this  island,  in  1791.  Long.  151.  20.  E.  lat 
4.  7.  S. 

-Dw/ie's  CowKiy,  in  Massachusetts.  See  Martha's 
Vineyard. 

Dulas,  a  village  of  Wales  in  the  isle  of  Angle- 
sey, 10  m.  N.  W.  of  Beaumaris.  It  stands  on  the 
Irish  sea  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name ; 
and  is  much  frequented  on  account  of  tlie  corn  and 
butter  trade,  and  for  fern-ashes  and  kelp.  Pop. 
in  1821,  220. 

*^*  There  are  several  small  rivers  in  different 
parts  of  Wales,  named  Dw/as,  and  also  a  village 
in  Herefordshire. 

Dulcigno,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Alba- 
nia, seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Boina,  15 
m.  S.  W.  of  Scutari,  which  see.  Long.  18.  56.  E 
lat.  42.  23.  N.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Duleck,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Meath,  formerly  the  see  of  a  bishop,  but  now  an 
inconsiderable  place.  It  is  seated  near  the  S.  bank 
of  the  river  Boyne,  3  m.  S.  W.  of  Drogheda,  and 
21  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  of  the  town  in  1821, 
1,030,  and  of  the  parish  2,668  more. 

Dulken,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  lying 
about  midway  between  the  Rhine  and  the  Maese, 
20  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Juliers.-    Pop.  about  4,000. 

DullfUn  extensive  parish  in  the  highlands  of 
Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Perth,  about  30  m.  in 


DUM 


867 


DUN 


length,  by  12  broad  ;  it  is  intersected  hy  the  mili- 
tary road,  from  Sterling  to  Inverness,  it  contains 
a  village  of  the  same  name  on  the  N.  bank  of 
Loch  Tay.  Pop.  of  the  parish  in  1801,  4,05o, 
and  in  1821,  4.508. 

Dulmen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Munster,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Munster.  Pop. 
about  1,800. 

Dufverton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  coarse  woolen  cloths  and  blankets, 
tt  is  seated  near  the  Ex,  20  m.  S.  of  Mlnehead,  and 
165  W.  by  S   of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,027. 

Dulwich,  a  beautifully  sequestered  village  in 
Surry,  4  m.  S.  of  London.  It  is  famous  for  a 
college,  founded  by  Edward  AUeyn  a  comedian, 
called  the  college  of  God's  Gift ;  to  which  is  at- 
tached a  gallery  containing  a  beautiful  collection 
of  paintings;  the  village  is  seated  in  a  vale.  Pop. 
included  with  Camberweli,  which  see. 

Dtimarinc,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Borneo, 
on  the  E.  coast.     Long.  117.  30.  E.,  lat.  2.  10.  N. 

Dumbarton,  County  of,  sometimes  called  Dun- 
barton,  formerly  Lennox,  formed  a  narrow  strip 
of  territory  between  the  lowlands  and  highlands 
of  Scotland,  extending  W.  from  near  the  Frith 
of  Forth,  for  about  25  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Clyde,  and  then  N.  for  about  25  miles  more  be- 
tween Loch  Long  and  Loch  Lomond,  the  mean 
breadth  not  exceeding  5  miles ;  the  grand  canal 
from  the  Clyde  to  the  Forth  runs  along  the  E. 
part  of  the  county,  which  is  divided  into  12  par- 
ishes :  the  principal  towns  and  villages  are  Cum- 
bernald  and  Kirkintilloch  in  the   E.  part ;  Kirk- 

Eatrick,  Killpatrick,  Dumbarton,  Cardcross,  Bon- 
ill,  and  Kilmarnock  in  the  centre  ;  and  Rose- 
neath.  Row,  Lup,  and  Aroquhar  in  the  N.  The 
cotton  manufacture  is  carried  on  in  the  central 
part  of  the  county,  and  illicit  distillation  in  the  N. 

Dumbarton,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding 
county,  is  a  royal  burgh,  seated  on  the  N.  bank, 
of  the  Clyde,  at  the  junction  of  the  Leven,  the 
outlet  of  Loch  Lomond  ;  on  a  point  of  land  form- 
ed by  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers  is  a  castle, 
occupying  a  very  commanding  position,  and 
formerly  deemed  the  key  of  the  pasturage  be- 
tween the  lowlands  on  the  W.,  as  well  as  com- 
manding the  navigation  of  the  Clyde.  The 
town  consists  principally  of  one  long  street,  in 
the  form  of  a  cresent,  parallel  with  the  Leven; 
over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge  of  five  arches. 
It  has  a  handsome  church,  with  a  lofty  spire 
erected  at  the  close  of  the  last  century.  Its  prin- 
cipal manufacture  is  glass;  a  portion  of  the  in- 
habitants are  employed  in  the  cotton  manufac- 
ture in  connexion  with  Glasgow.  It  has  a  con- 
venient port  for  small  vessels,  and  a  quay,  but  no 
custom  house,  being  included  in  the  port  of 
Greenock.  It  is  12  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Glas- 
gow.    Pop.  in  1801, 2,541,  and  in  1821, 3,481. 

Dumbooc,  or  Domboo,  a  salt  lake  on  the  north 
frontier  of  Bournou,  in  the  interior  of  North 
Africa,  from  whence  much  salt  is  carried  to 
Agades  and  other  parts  of  western  Africa  ;  there 
I  is  a  considerable  town  of  the  same  name  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  lake,  which  is  S.  of  the  Tropic 
of  Cancer,  in  the  long,  of  21.  50.  E. 

Dumfries,  a  county  of  the  S.  of  Scotland,  being 
about  65  miles  in  extreme  length  from  E.  to  W., 
and  30  in  mean  breadth  its  superficial  area  being 
1,006  square  miles  ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
counties  of  Ayr,  Lanark,  Peebles,  Selkirk,  and 
Roxburg,  and  E.  S.  E.  by  the  English  border,  W. 
S.  W.  by  Kirkcudbrightshire,  and  S.  by  the 
Solway  Frith :  is  intersected    from   N.  to  S.  by 


three  considerable  rivers,  abundant  in  salmon 
and  trout,  viz.  the  Nith,  Annan,  and  Esk,  all  run- 
ning from  the  N.  into  Solway  Frith,  and  is  divid- 
ed into  44  parishes,  including  four  royal  burghs, 
viz.  Dumfries,  Annan,  Lochmaber,  andSanquha,, 
A  great  part  of  this  county  is  mountainous,  over- 
spread with  heath,  well  stocked  with  game,  and 
affording  pasturage  to  numerous  herds  of  sheep 
and  black  cattle,  which  are  driven  into  England, 
in  great  numbers  ;  the  valleys  watered  by  the 
three  rivers  before  mentioned,  and  the  coast  bor- 
dering on  the  Frith,  are  fertile  both  in  pasture 
and  tillage ;  the  mountains  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
the  county  contain  a  bed  of  rich  lead  ore,  yield- 
ing a  small  portion  of  silver  ;  coa  and  lime  abound 
over  the  greater  part  of  the  county,  and  on  the 
English  border  both  copper  and  iron  have  been 
found  ;  the  county  also  contains  a  vein  of  anti- 
mony, and  two  mineral  springs.  It  has  no  man- 
ufactures of  importance. 

Dumfries,  a  royal  burgh,  and  chief  town  of 
the  preceding  county,  seated  on  the  E.  bank  of 
the  river  Nith,  where  that  river  forms  the  boun. 
dary  between  the  counties  of  Dumfries  and 
Kirkcudbright,  and  about  7  miles  above  its  en- 
trance into  Solway  Frith.  Dumfries  is  a  port  of 
entry,  but  its  external  commerce  is  inconsideru/- 
ble  (except  coastwise)  ;  it  derives  its  chief  impor- 
tance from  being  the  assize  town  for  the  county 
of  Kirkcudbright  as  well  as  for  Dumfries,  and 
from  being  the  seat  of  the  commissary  and  sher- 
iff court  and  of  the  Presbytery  and  Synod, 
while  the  agreeableness  of  its  locality  renders 
it  the  focus  of  gaiety  and  fashion  for  all  the  S. 
W.  part  of  Scotland.  It  has  2  bridges  over 
the  Nith,  one  of  them  ancient,  the  other  modern 
and  elegant,  2  churches,  a  catholic  chapel,  and 
4  dissenting  places  of  worship.  Its  other  public 
buildings  are  the  town  house,  guild-hall,  infir- 
mary, house  of  correction  and  lunatic  asylum  ; 
Dumfries  is  38  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Carlisle,  75  S.  W. 
of  Edinburgh,  79  S.  S.  E  of  Glasgow,  and  80  E. 
N.  E.  of  Port  Patrick.  Pop.  in  1801,  7,288,  and 
1821, 11,052.  It  is  the  place  of  interment  of  Burns, 
Dummer,  t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.,  20  m.  fr.  Lancas- 
ter.    Pop.  65. 

Dun,  a  to  wo  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Meuse,  on  the  river  Meuse,  15  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Verdun. 

Dun  le  Roi,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Cher,  on  the  river  Auron,  15  m.  S.  of  Bouges. 
Dunamnnde,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern 
ment  of  Riga.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the  duchy 
of  Courland,  but  was  taken  by  the  Swedes  in 
their  wars  with  the  Poles.  In  1700  it  was  taken 
by  the  Poles,  and  retaken  the  next  year  by 
Charles  XII.  In  1710  it  was  taken  by  Peter  the 
Great.  Tt  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dwina, 
15  m.  N.  W.  of  Riga,  to  which  it  is  the  outport, 
and  20  N.  of  Mittau.  Long.  23.  41.  E.,  lat.  57. 5.  N. 
Dunaburgh,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Vitepsk,  seated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Dwina,  about  100  m.  above  Riga.  The  Rus- 
sians formed  extensive  entrenchments  near  this 
place  in  1812,  but  abandoned  them  on  the  ap- 
proach of  the  French  towards  Moscow.  Pop. 
about  6,000. 

Dunbar,  p.t.  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 
Dunbar,  a  town  of  Haddingtonshire,  on  the  S. 
E.  coast  of  Scotland,  seated  on  the  shore  of  a 
bay  opening  in  the  German  Ocean,  the  har- 
bour, defended  by  a  battery,  is  difficult  of  access, 
but  safe  and  commodious  when  attained.  It  is 
a  port  of  entry,  but  its  foreign  commerce  is   in- 


DUN 


268 


DUN 


considerable ;  it  has  a  yard  for  ship-building,  a 
roperj'',  soap  work,  one  or  two  iron  founderies; 
exports  a  considerable  quantity  of  corn  to  the 
London  market,  and  the  inhabitants  in  the  sea- 
son pursue  the  herring  fishery  with  much  indus- 
try. Here  was  anciently  a  castle,  now  in  ruins, 
wliich  stood  on  a  rock,  and  before  the  use  of 
artillery,  was  deemed  impregnable.  Under  the 
rock  are  two  natural  arches,  through  which  the 
tide  flows  ;  and  between  the  harbour  and  the  cas- 
tle, is  a  stratum  of  vast  basaltic  columns  of  red 
Btone,  interspersed  with  veins  of  jasper.  Dun- 
bar is  distinguished  in  various  periods  of  Scot- 
tish history  through  several  centuries,  and  was 
formerly  deemed  of  much  greater  importance  than 
at  present.  It  was  created  a  royal  burgh  about 
the  middle  of  the  14th  century.  The  parish  ex- 
tends for  about  9  m.  along  the  coast,  and  in  1801 
contained  a  pop.  of  3.951,  and  in  1821,5,272.  It 
is  27  m.  E  of  Edinburgh,  and  29  N.  W.  of  Ber- 
wick on  Tweed.  Lat.  56.  N.  and  2.  30.  of  W. 
long. 

Dunbarton,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  65  m.  fr. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,067. 

Dunblane,  or  Dumblane,  a  town  of  Scotland  in 
Perthshire,  formerly  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  mag- 
nificent cathedral ;  it  is  6  m.  N.  of  Stirling.  Pop. 
in  1821,  3,1  as. 

Duncanshj,  or  Dunijisby  Head,  the  extreme  N. 
E.  point  of  Great  Britain,  in  the  lat.  of  58.  40. 
N.  and  3.  8.  of  W.  long. 
Dancanville,  p. v.  Barnwell  Dis.  S.  C. 
Dunchurch,a.  village  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  80 
m.  N.  W.  of  London  on  the  mail  coach  road  to 
Liverpool  and  to  Holyhead,  by  Birmingham, 
which  makes  it  a  place  of  great  intercourse  ;  it 
derives  its  name  from  its  situation  on  the  border 
of  what  was  formerly  an  extensive  heath,  called 
Dunsmore  heath,  celebrated  for  a  legendary  tale 
of  a  cow  of  enormous  size,  which  roamed  upon  it. 
Dundalk,  a  parish  and  town  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Louth,  and  of  which  it 
is  the  assize  and  chief  town.  The  town  is  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river,  falling  into  a  bay  of 
the  same  name.  It  participates  largely  in  the 
linen  manufacture,  and  is  distinguished  for  a 
manufacture  of  fine  cambrics,  established  in 
1737.  It  has  a  custom  house,  and  an  elegant 
town  hall,  and  other  public  buildings.  Pop.  in 
1821,  9,256,  and  the  parish  3,096  more.  It  is  18 
m.  N.  of  Drogheda,  and  12  S.  of  Newry.  It  re- 
turns a  member  to  the  parliament  of  the  United 
Kingdom. 

DwruZcc,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  seated  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  Angus,  or  Forfarshire,  on  the  N. 
shore  of  the  Frith  of  Tay,  whicli  forms  a  con- 
venient and  commodious  harbour  for  ships  of 
large  burthen.  Next  to  Edinburgh  and  Glas- 
gow, Dundee  is  the  most  manufacturing  and 
commercial  town  in  Scotland  ;  independent  of 
its  extensive  coasting  trade,  it  imports  a  large 
quantity  of  flax  and  other  products  direct  from 
the  Baltic,  and  employs  several  ships  in  the 
Greenland  whale  fishery.  Its  manufactures  con- 
sist of  sail-cloth,  cotton,  bagging,  osnaburgs 
and  other  heavy  linen  fabrics,  and  coloured  sew- 
ing threads.  The  town  consists  of  4  principal 
streets,  diverging  from  a  square  in  the  centre  ; 
the  public  buildings  are  a  town  house,  trades  hall, 
infirmary,  ophan  and  lunatic  asylum,  3  churches, 
and  a  theatre.  Dundee  was  erected  into  a  royal 
burgh  in  1165,  and  has  been  exposed  to  the  repeat- 
ed ravages  of  the  contending  parties  which 
have  prevailed  in  Scotland  since  that  period ;   the 


last  time  it  suffered  from  such  cause  was  in  the 
time  of  Cromwell,  when  it  was  taken  by  assault 
and  given  up  to  pillage  by  the  troops  under  gen- 
eral Monk,  who  shared  £(50  a  man  from  the  booty 
they  obtained.  It  is  22  m.  E.  of  Perth,  and  42 
N.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Lat.  56.  27.  N.  and  3.  3.  ot 
W.  long.  Pop.  in  1801,  26,084,  and  in  1821, 
30,575. 

Dundonald,  a  village  S.  of  Irvine,  in  Ayrshire, 
Scotland,  abounding  in  excellent  coal.  The  cot- 
ton manufacture  is  also  carried  on  in  the  villages. 
Pop.  in  1801,  1,^0,  and  in  1821,  2,4o2. 

Dunfermline,  a  royal  burgh  of  Scotland,  in 
Fifeshire,  seated  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the 
county  about  3  m.  from  the  north  sliore  of  iho 
Frith  of  Forth.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  once  mag 
nificent  abbey,  which  fell  a  prey  to  the  plunder 
ing  army  of  Edward  I.,  and  as  the  place  of  inter- 
ment of  Malcolm  Canmore,  the  founder  of  the 
abbey  ;  7  other  Scottish  monarchs,  5  queens,  and 
several  of  the  most  eminent  persons  who  figure 
in  the  Scottish  history.  Dunfermline  has  been 
celebrated  in  latter  times  for  its  extensive  manu- 
facture of  fine  linen,  and  still  ranks  among  the 
most  important  manufacturing  towns  of  Scotland. 
The  town  is  well  built  on  an  ciiiinence,  and  com- 
mands some  beautiful  prospects  of  the  surround- 
ing country  ;  its  jjublic  buildings  consists  of  a 
town  house,  an  elegant  guildhall,  &c.  It  is  17 
m.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  in  1801,  9,980,  and  in 
1821,  13,681. 

Dungannon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  S.  E 
part  of  the  county  of  Tyrone.  It  returns  a  mem 
ber  to  the  parliament  of  the  United  King 
dom.  It  is  11  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Armagh,  and  73 
from  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,243. 

Dungarvon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  seated  at  the 
head  of  a  bay,  in  the  county  of  \Vaterford  ;  al- 
though the  harbour  is  safe  and  convenient,  it  is 
not  a  port  of  entry,  its  principal  trade  consists  of 
potatoes  and  fish,  for  the  Duljlin  market.  It  re- 
turns a  member  to  the  parliament  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  is  frequented  in  the  summer  sea- 
son for  sea  bathing ;  the  principal  object  of  the 
town  is  the  ruin  of  an  ancient  castle,  17  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Waterford,  in  the  lat  of  52.  2.  N.  and  7. 
35.  of  W.  long.     Pop.  in  1821,  5,105. 

Dungencss,  a  celebrated  promontory  forming 
the  S.  E.  point  of  the  county  of  Kent,  Eng.  at 
the  entrance  into  the  straits  of  Dover  ;  the  light- 
house is  in  the  lat.  of  50.  55.  1.  N.  and  0.  57.  48. 
of  E.  long. 

Dunkcld,  a  town  of  the  highlands  of  Scotland, 
seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  river  Tay,  in  a  de- 
lightfully romantic  part  of  the  county  of  Perth. — 
It  was  the  capital  of  ancient  Caledonia;  and 
at  an  early  period  a  Pictish  king  founded  here  a 
monastery  of  Ciildoes,  which  was  converted  into 
a  bishopric  by  David  I.  in  1130,  and  for  a  length 
of  time  held  the  first  rank  in  Scotland.  The 
choir  of  the  cathedral  is  still  entire,  and  serves 
for  the  parish  church.  At  a  more  recent  period 
it  was  much  frequented  as  a  place  of  fashionable 
retreat,  and  for  obtainmg  goat's  whey  ;  but  this 
practice  has  ceased.  The  town  and  surrounding 
country  is  claimed  by  the  Duke  of  Argyle,  as  his 
exclusive  property,  and  as  such,  he  has  convert- 
ed the  whole  of  the  adjacent  vicinity  to  his  own 
immediate  profit  and  gratification  ;  here  is  an 
elegant  bridge  of  7  arches  over  the  Tay.  Dun- 
keld  is  the  chief  market  town  of  the  highlands 
it  is  15  miles  N.  of  Perth,  on  the  line  of  the  mili- 
tary road  to  fort  Augustus  and  Inverness.  Poo 
in  1821,  1,364. 


DUN 


269 


DUR 


Dunkard,  a  township  in  Greene  Co.  Pa. 

Dunkirk,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord.  It  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards 
by  the  English  and  French  in  1658,  and  put  into 
the  hands  of  the  English,  but  sold  to  the  French 
by  Charles  II.  in  1662  Louis  XIV.  made  it 
one  of  the  best  fortified  ports  in  the  kingdom ; 
but  all  the  works  are  demolished,  and  the  basins 
filled  up),  in  consequence  of  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
in  1713.  The  French  afterwards  resumed  the 
works  ;  but  they  were  ordered  to  be  demolished 
at  the  peace  of  1 763.  They  continued  thus  till 
the  peace  of  1733,  when  the  works  were  again 
resumed ;  and  the  next  year  it  was  declared  a 
free  port.  The  English  attempted  to  besiege  this 
place  in  1793,  but  were  obliged  to  retire  with 
loss.  Dunkirk  is  divided  into  the  old  and  new 
town,  is  well  built,  has  a  sp.icious  market  place, 
and  an  elegant  modern  built  church  ;  as  a  sea- 
port it  is  now  but  of  little  note.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  prefect,  and  in  182.5  contained  a  population 
of  23,012;  16  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Calais. 

Dunkirk,  p. v.  King  and  Queen  Co.  Va. 

DunlapsvUle,  p. v.  Union  Co.  Indiana. 

Dunleary      See  Kingstown. 

Dunmow  a  corporate  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  It 
is  seated  on  a  hill,  13  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Chelms- 
ford, and  38  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821, 
2,409. 

Dunmow,  Little,  a  village  2  miles  from  Dun- 
mow.  It  had  once  a  monastery,  built  in  1103, 
and  part  of  the  priory  now  forms  the  parish 
church.  This  place  is  famous  for  the  tenure  of 
its  manor;  namely,  that  whatever  married  couple 
will  go  to  the  priory,  and  swear  they  have  not 
repented  of  their  marriage,  within  a  year  and  a 
day  after  it  took  place,  shall  receive  a  flitch  of 
bacon. 

Dunnet  Head,  an  extensive  promontory  of 
Scotland,  in  the  county  of  Caithness.  Its  N.  ex- 
tremity, in  the  Pentland  frith,  is  the  most  north- 
ern point  of  Great  Britain.  Long.  3.  29.  W. 
lat.  58.  42.  N.  it  gives  name  to  a  bay  on  the 
west ;  on  the  E.  shore  of  which  is  a  village  of 
the  same  name.     See  Thurso. 

Dunnose,  a  cape  in  the  English  channel,  on 
the  S.  E.  side  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  Long.  1.  12. 
W.  lat.  50.  37.  N. 

Dunmhury,  p. v.  Lycoming  Co.  Pa. 

Dunse,  a  town  of  Scotland,  the  largest  in  Ber- 
wickshire. Here  is  a  woolen  manufacture,  and  a 
celebrated  mineral  well,  similar  to  that  of  Tum- 
bridge  in  England.  It  is  situate  under  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Whiteadder,  14  m.  W.  of  Berwick, 
and  40  E.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh  ;  it  is  distinguish- 
ed as  the  birth  place  of  Joannes  Duns  Scotus,  in 
1274.     Pop.  in    1821,  3,773. 

Dunsinnan,  or  Dunsinane,  a  hill,  6  miles  N.  E. 
of  Perth,  in  Scotland,  1,024  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea ;  immortalized  by  Shakspeare,  in  his 
drama  of  Macbeth. 

Dunstable,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng.  It  is 
of  great  antiquity,  having  been  ruined  by  the 
Danes,  and  restored  by  Henry  I.,  who  made  it  a 
borough,  but  no  members  were  ever  sent  to  par- 
liament. The  church  is  the  remainder  of  a  prio- 
ry, and  opposite  to  it  is  a  farm  house,  once  a  roy- 
al palace.  Dunstable  consists  principally  of  one 
long  street,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  manufactures 
of  straw  for  bonnets,  &.c.  It  is  seated  on  the 
verge  of  a  range  of  chalk  hills,  which  extend 
across  the  counties  of  Bedford,  Buckingham,  and 
Oxford  ;  and  large  quantities  of  larks,  are  caught 
in  its  vicinity,  and  sent  to  the  London  market 


It  is  33  miles  N.  N.  W  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821 
1,831. 

Dunstable,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimack,  34  m.  from  Boston.     Pop.  2,417. 

Dunstable,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  25  m.  N. 
W.  of  Boston.  Pop.  593.  Also  a  township  in 
Lycoming  Co.  Pa. 

DunstanviUe,  p. v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Dunstaffnage,  a  castle  of  Scotland  in  Argj'le- 
shire,  one  of  the  first  seats  of  the  Pictish  and 
Scottish  monarchs.  Here  was  long  preserved  the 
famous  stone,  used  as  the  coronation  seat  of  the 
Scottish  monarchs,  which  was  removed  to  Scone 
by  Kenneth  II.,  and  thence  by  Edward  I.,  m 
1296,  to  Westminster  abbey,  where  it  now  re- 
mains as  an  appendage  to  the  coronation  chair. 
Some  of  the  ancient  regalia  still  continue  in  the 
castle  ;  and  near  it  is  a  small  roofless  chapel,  of 
elegant  architecture,  where  several  of  the  kings 
of  Scotland  are  said  to  be  interred.  It  stands  on 
a  promontory,  almost  insulated,  at  the  entrance 
of  Loch  Etive,  24  m.  N.  W.  of  Inverary. 

Dunster,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  It 
has  a  castle,  an  a  steep  knoll ;  and  at  one  corner 
of  the  terrace  is  an  ancient  turret,  supposed  to  be 
part  of  the  original  castle,  built  in  the  time  of 
William  I.  A  priory  stood  on  the  N.  W.  side  of 
the  castle,  part  of  which  now  serves  for  the  parish 
church.  It  stands  on  the  edge  of  a  vale,  near 
the  Bristol  channel,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Taunton, 
and  161  W.  of  London.     Pop.  895. 

Dunwich,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  It  was 
formerly  a  bishop's  see,  and  had  many  churches 
which  have  been  swallowed  up  by  the  sea.  The 
remains  of  two  churches  and  a  palace  are  the  on- 
ly marks  left  of  its  former  greatness.  It  is  seated 
at  the  top  of  a  loose  0118*24  miles  S.  of  Yarmouth, 
and  100  N.  of  London  ;  it  returns  2  members  to 
parliament.     Pop.  in  1821,  200. 

*^*  There  are  numerous  other  towns  and  villa- 
ges in  England,  the  names  of  which  begin  with 
Dun,  a  Saxon  word  signifying  a  down  or  level 
place,  or  country.  There  are  also  a  number 
more  in  Ireland,  and  Scotland,  but  none  that 
merit  any  particular  mention. 

Duplin,  an  interior  county  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
the  state  of  North  Carolina,  watered  by' the  N.  E. 
branch  of  cape  Fear  river.  Pop.  11,373.  Kenans- 
ville  is  the  chief  town. 

Duprcesville,  Northampton  Co.  Va. 

Duquella,  a  province  of  Morocco,  about  80  m. 
long  and  60  broad,  exceedingly  fertile  in  corn  and 
pasture. 

Durance,  a  river  in  the  S.  E.  of  France,  which 
is  formed  near  Briangon,  of  th'-  rivulets  Dure  and 
Ance,  and  flows  by  Embrun,  Tallard,  Sisteron, 
Monsoquc,  Cavaillon,  and  Avignon,  into  the 
Rhone. 

Durango,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  14  m.  S. 
E.  of  Bilbao. 

Duranso,  one  of  the  15  new  divisions  of  Mexi- 
co, extended  from  the  lat.  of  24.  to  32.  N.  compri- 
sing the  greater  portion  of  the  late  province  of 
New-Biscay,  intersected  from  S.  to  N.  by  the 
main  ridge  of  the  Andes.  Its  superficial  area  is 
computed  at  129,247  square  miles,  and  it.  1803 
contained  a  population  of  159,700.  The  chief 
town  of  the  same  name,  is  seated  near  the  S.  end 
of  the  province  in  the  lat.  of  24.  10.  N.  and  104. 
of  W.long.  at  an  elevation  of  6,854  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  about  520  miles  N.  W.  of 
the  city  of  Mexico      Pop.  about  12,000. 

Durazzo,   a  town  of  European  Turkey,  capital 
of  Albania,  and  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.     It  has 
z2 


DUR 


270 


DUX 


a  ruined  fortress,  and  a  good  harbour  on  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  50  m.  N.  of  Alvona.  Long.  19. 3(5.  E. 
lat.  41.  25.  N.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Durbunffa,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bahar, 
near  the  (rogary,  50  m.  N.  E.  of  Patna. 

Durbuif,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, seated  on  the  Ourthe,  25  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Liege,  and  about  the  same  distance  E.  by  S.  of 
Namur. 

Duren,  or  Deuren,  a  town  of  the  Prussiaji  states 
of  the  Riiine,  on  the  E.  banis  of  the  Roer,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers,  15  m.  E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Pop.  about  4,700. 

Durham,  a  maritime  county,  on  the  N.  E.  coast 
of  England, bounded  on  the  S.  and  S.  W.  by  the 
river  Tees,  which  divides  it  from  Yorkshire  ;  the 
western  extremity  of  the  county  jets  upon  West- 
moreland and  Cumberland,  and  the  rivers  Der- 
went  and  Tyne  divide  it  from  Northumberland 
on  the  N. ;  the  line  of  the  coast  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Tees  to  the  Tyne,  is  about  32  miles,  but 
in  its  extreme  extent  from  N.  to  S.  the  distance 
is  36  miles,  and  from  E.  to  W.  about  40  miles; 
be,'  r,  however  of  a  triangular  form,  its  superfi- 
cial area  does  not  exceed  1,061  square  miles.  All 
the  W.  part  of  the  county  is  mountainous,  some 
of  the  peaks  rising  upwards  of  2,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea  :  from  these  mountains  rises 
the  river  Wear,  which  by  its  circuitous  course 
and  collateral  streams,  waters  all  the  interior 
parts  of  the  county.  The  chief  characteristic  of 
this  county,  is  the  coal  mines,  which  yield  about 
two  million  tons  annually,  chiefly  for  the  supply 
of  London,  and  the  E.  and  S.  E.  parts  of  Eng- 
land. The  river  and  coasts  abound  in  salmon 
and  o)^>er  excellent  fish,  while  the  E.  and  S.  E. 
parts  oi'  the  county  yield  a  surplus  of  agricultural 
produce,  both  in  grain  and  cattle  :  it  owns  also  a 
considerable  extent  of  shipping,  employed  chiefly 
in  the  conveyance  of  its  coal,  the  value  of  which, 
including  the  freight  and  its  supply  of  agricul- 
tural produce,  together  with  some  lead,  iron,  and 
mill-stones,  constitute  an  exchangeable  amount, 
exceeding  £1,000,000  per  annum.  The  principal 
towns  besides  the  capital  of  the  same  name,  are 
Stockton,  Darlington,  and  Bernard  castle,  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Tees;  Gateshead,  and  South 
Shields  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Tyne  ;  Monk  Wear- 
mouth,  Bishop's  Wearmouth,  and  Sunderland, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Wear  ;  Bishop's  Auckland, 
Chester-le-Street,  &c.  iq  the  interior. 

Durham,  City,  the  chief  place,  and  capital  of 
the  preceding  county,  is  seated  on  the  banks  of 
the  river  Wear,  about  the  centre  of  the  county, 
on  the  line  of  the  great  high  road  from  London 
to  Edinburgh,  10  miles  from  the  sea  in  a  direct 
line,  about  20  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wear  by 
the  course  of  the  stream,  14  from  the  Tyne  at 
Newcastle,  19  from  the  Tees  at  Darlington,  242 
in  a  meridional  line,  and  255  by  the  line  of  road 
N.  by  W.  of  London.  It  was  created  a  bishop's 
see,  by  a  king  of  Northumberland  prior  to  the 
conquest,  who  out  of  devotion  conferred  the 
whole  county  of  Durham  upon  St.  Cuthbert,  a 
monk  of  Landisfarne,  its  first  bishop,  and  his  suc- 
cessors for  ever.  This  grant  was  confirmed  by 
William  the  Norman  Conqueror,  who  constitu- 
ted it  a  principality,  or  county  palatine  ;  hence 
the  county  is  sometimes  designated  the  principal- 
ity of  Durham  ;  and  the  revenue  of  the  see  jus- 
tifies the  appellation,  it  being  the  richest  in  Eng- 
land. The  cathedral  was  founded  towards  the 
close  of  the  11th  century,  and  is  a  magnificent  ed- 
ifice, upwards  of  400  feet    in    length,    seated   on 


an  eminence  80  feel  above  the  surface  of  the  river; 
the  principal  tower  is  214  feet  in  height.  Besides 
the  cathedral  there  are  six  other  churches,  three 
of  them  fine  edifices,  two  Roman  catholic,  and 
several  dissenting  places  of  worship.  Durham 
has  also  a  stately  castle,  founded  by  William  the 
Norman,  now  the  bishop's  palace,  and  several 
public  buildings  more  immediately  belonging  to 
the  city ;  while  the  goal,  house  of  correction, 
courts  and  governor's  house  for  county  purposes, 
have  all  been  recently  rebuilt  in  a  handsome 
style.  There  are  three  bridges  over  the  river; 
and  on  the  whole,  the  city  of  Durham  presents  a 
very  interesting  and  imposing  aspect  and  is  cele- 
brated in  several  pages  of  English  history.  It  re- 
turns two  members  to  parliament ;  market  nn 
Thursday  ;  it  has  no  manufacture  of  importance. 
Pop.  in  1801,  7,530,  and  in  1821,  9,822. 

Durham,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  11  m.  fr. 
Portsmouth.  Pop.  1,006.  Also  a  p.t.  Cumber 
land  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,731.  Also  a  p.t.  Middlesex 
Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,116.  Also  ap.t.  Green  Co.  N, 
Y.  Pop.  3,039.  Also  a  township  of  Bucks  Co. 
Pa. 

Durkheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine ;  seated  on  the  river  Hardt,  17 
m.  S.  W.  of  Worms. 

Durkheim,  or  Tnrkheim,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Upper  Rhine,  where  the  French 
gained  a  victory  over  the  Austrians  in  1675.  It 
IS  4  m.  N.  W.  of  Colmar. 

Dvrlach,  a  town  Suabia,  capital  of  Baden-Dur- 
lach,  with  a  castle.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  grand  Duke  of  Baden,  who 
transferred  his  residence  to  Carlshrue,  since  the 
peace  of  1814.  Here  are  manufactures  of  porce- 
lain, cloth,  and  stuffs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gies- 
sen,  15  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Baden.  Long.  8.  35. 
E.,  lat.  48.  58.  N.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Dursle.y,  a  corporate  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
Eng.  In  1821  it  had  3  establishments  for  draw- 
ing of  wire,  4  for  the  manufacture  of  carding  ma- 
chines, and  4  for  the  manufacture  of  woolen  cloths; 
it  had  formerly  a  captle.  It  is  13  m.  S.  W.  of 
Gloucester,  20  W.  of  Cirencester,  and  108  from 
London.     Pop.  in  J 821,  3,186. 

Durtal,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mayenne  and  Loire.  The  chief  trade  is  tan- 
ning.    It  is  16  m.  N.  E.  of  Angers. 

Dusky  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  New 
Zealandf,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  country  here 
is  steep,  and  the  hills  near  the  sea-side  are  cover- 
ed with  intricate  and  impenetrable  forests.  Abun- 
dance of  excellent  refreshments  are  found  here  • 
and  it  contains  several  coves  and  harbours.  Long 
166. 18.  E.,  lat.  45.  47.  S. 

Dusseldorf,  a  strong  city  of  Westphalia,  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Berg.  Contiguous  to  the  palace 
is  a  celebrated  gallery  of  paintaings.  DussJedorf 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1795.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Dussel,  near  the  Rhine,  25  m.  S.  of  Wes- 
sel.  [t  was  included  in  the  sessions  to  P  ussia  m 
1815,  and  is  now  the  capital  of  a  cirr  t  with 
about  356,000  inhabitants  :  that  of  the  town  about 
20,000.     Long.  6.  40.  E.,  lat.  51.  12.  N. 

Dutchess,  a  county  of  N.  Y.,  extending  for  45 
m.  along  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson  river,  and  22 
in  breadth.  Poughkeepsie,  the  chief  town,  seat- 
ed near  the  banks  of  the  river,  is  60  m.  N.  of  the 
city  of  N.  Y.,  and  73  S.  of  Albany.     Pop.  50,926. 

Dutton,  a  township  in  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
G52. 

Duxbu.ry,  I.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  652. 

Duxbury,  a  town  of  Massachusetts,  in  Plymouth 


J2AS 


271 


EAT 


county,  on  the  W  shore  of  Massachusetts  bay, 
with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  and  a  light-house 
at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  beach.  It  is  situate  S. 
bv  E.  of  Plymouth,  3  m.  across  Plymouth  bay. 
Pop.  2,705. 

Duyshurg,  a  fortified  town  of  Westphalia,  in 
the  duchy  of  Cleves,  with  a  Calvinist  university. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  with  Holland,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Roer,  near  the  Rhine,  12  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Wesel. 

Duytz,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Berg,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  inhabited 
chieSy  by  Jews,  and  seated  on  the  Rhine,  oppo- 
site Cologne. 

Dutfceland,  one  of  the  islands  of  Zealand,  in 
Holland,  E.  of  Schowen,  from  which  it  is  separa- 
ted by  a  narrow  channel. 

Dwina,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  runs  from  S.  to 
N.  into  the  White  Sea,  at  Archangel. 

Dwina,  another  river  of  Russia,  which  issues 
from  two  lakes,  one  in  the  government  of  Twer, 
»nd    the   other  in   the   government  of    Pskov, 


runs  S.  by  W.  to  Vitepsk,  then  W.  N.  W.  past 
Polotsk  and  Dunabourg,  dividing  the  ancient 
province  of  Livonia  on  the  N.,from  Samigaliaon 
the  S.,  and  after  a  course  of  450  m.  in  a.  meri- 
dional line,  and  upwards  of  600  by  the  course  of 
the  stream,  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Riga  at  Duna- 
maunde,  a  few  miles  below  the  city  of  Riga. 

Dyberry,  a  township  of  Wayne  Co.  Pa. 

Dyer,  a  county  of  West  Tennessee.  Pop.  1,904. 
Dyersburgh  is  the  capital. 

Dynapoor,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Bahar,  near  which  is  a  diamond  mine.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Ganges,  10  m.  W.  of  Patna. 

Dysart.  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
with  a  good  harbour.  It  has  a  considerable  trade 
in  coal,  a  salt  work,  a  manufacture  of  checks,  and 
some  employ  in  building  ships.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  in  tne  borough  in  1821,  was  1,658,  and 
of  the  parish  4871  more.  It  is  seated  on  the  N. 
shore  of  the  frith  of  Forth,  16  m.  N.  by  £.  of  Ed- 
inburgh, and  20  S.  W.  of  St.  Andrews^ 


E 


EAGLE,  a  township  of  Hocking  Co.  Ohio. 

Eaglesham,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Renfrew- 
shire, 9  m.  S.  W.  of  Glasgow.  It  has  bleaching- 
grouuds,  and  a  considerable  cotton  manufacture. 
Pop.  in  1821,1,927. 

Eaglesville,  v.  in  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  and 
Marengo  Co.  Alabama. 

EutinfT,  with  Old  Brentford,  a  village  in  Mid- 
dlesex, having  a  great  number  of  private  schools 
for  the  education  of  the  youths  of  the  metropolis. 
Pop.  of  the  parish  in  1821,  6,608.     See  Brentford. 

Eaoowp.,  one  of  the  Friendly  islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  Tasman  in  1643, 
and  by  him  named  Middleburgh.  The  land  gent- 
ly rises  to  a  considerable  height,  presenting  a  beau- 
tiful prospect  of  extensive  meadows,  adorned  with 
tufts  of  trees,  and  intermixed  with  plantations. 
Long.  174.  30.  W.,  lat.  21.  24.  S. 

Earl,  townships  in  Bucks  Co.  and  Lancaster 
Co.  Pa. 

Earlston,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Berwickshire. 
Near  it,  on  a  rocky  bank,  stands  Cowdenknows, 
an  old  building,  now  somewhat  modernized  ^  and 
on  the  adjacent  knolls  may  be  seen,  the  remains 
of  its  Broom,  so  renowned  Scottish  ditty.  Earls- 
ton is  seated  on  the  river  Leader;  35  m.  S.  E.  of 
Edinburgh. 

Earn.     See  Erne. 

Easdale,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  near  the 
coast  of  Argyleshire,  to  the  S.  E.  of  Mull,  cele- 
brated for  its  slate  quarries,  which  abound 
throughout  the  whole  island :  it  is  also  traversed 
in  many  places  with  basaltic  veins  and  thin  layers 
of  quartzose  and  calcareous  stones. 

Easenhall,  a  village  in  the  parish  of  Monks 
Kirby,  Warwickshire,  seated  near  the  river  Avon, 
4  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Rugby  ;  the  line  of  canal  from 
London  to  Manchester  and  Liverpool  passes 
through  the  hamlet. 

Easinsrtoo!d,9.  town  in  the  North  Riding  of  York- 
shire, Eng.  with  a  great  trade  in  bacon  and  but- 
ter. It  is  13  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  York,  and  208  N. 
by  W.  of  London.     Pop.  1821,1,912. 

Easthourn,  a  town  in  Sussex.  Eng.  noted  for 
plenty  of   the  birds  called  wheatears,  and    as  a 


place  of  resort  for  bathing.  Near  it  is  a  chaly- 
beate spring.  In  1707  a  tessellated  pavement 
and  a  Roman  bath  were  discovered  here.  It  is 
seated  near  Beachy  Head,  in  the  English  channel 
15  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Lewes,  and  61  S.  S.  E.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,2,607. 

East  Cape,  the  most  eastern  extremity  of  Asia, 
on  the  W.  side  of  Behring's  strait,  nearly  opposite 
Prince  of  Wales  Cape  on  the  continent  of  America. 
Long.  92.  20.  E.  lat.  59. 17.  N. 

East  Chester,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop 
1,300. 

East  Greenwich,  p.t.  Kent  Co.  R.  I.  Pop, 
1,591. 

East  Haddam,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Conn.  Pop, 
2,763. 

East  Hampton,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop. 
734. 

East  Hartford,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Pop. 
3,373. 

East  JTffl»en,  township,  Essex  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  33. 

East  Kingston,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H. 
Pop.  442. 

East  Manor,  a  township  of  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

East  JVantsviUe,  a  township  in  Chester  Co.  Pa 

East  Sudbury,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass. Pop.  944. 

East  Windsor,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Pop. 
3,537. 

Easton,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  1,756. 

Easton,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  3,753. 

Easton,  p.t.  Talbot  Co.  Maryland. 

Easton,  p.t.  Northampton  Co.  Pa.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Delaware  immediately  above  the  Lehigh, 
and  is  a  handsome  town  regularly  laid  out,  with  a 
large  square  in  the  centre.  There  are  two  bridges 
across  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh.  The  Delaware, 
Morris  and  Lehigh  canals  unite  at  this  point,  and 
afibrd  it  remarkable  facilities  for  trade. 

Eastown,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Eastville,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Va. 

Eastwood  ford,  p. v.  Union  District,  S.  C. 

Eaton,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.     Pop.  1,432 

Eaton,  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3..t58 
Also  townships  in  Luzerne  Co.  Pa.  and  Preble 
Co.  Ohio 


EBR 


272 


EDD 


E'fdyciUe,  p.v.   Caldwell  Co.  Kentucky. 

EtUonton,  p.t,  Putnam  Co.  Geo. 

Eatontotcn,  a  village  of  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J. 

Ehensburg,  p  v.  Cambria  Co.  Pa. 

Easter  Island,  an  isle  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
12  leagues  in  circuit.  It  has  a  hilly  and  stony 
surface ;  is  naturally  barren,  and  affords  neither 
safe  anchorage,  fresh  water,  nor  wood  for  fuel. 
Rats  are  the  only  quadrupeds,  and  there  are  but 
lew  birds.  The  natives  are  industrious,  and  plant 
paper-mulberries  and  bananas,  with  regular  fields 
of  potatoes  and  yams.  This  island  was  seen  by 
Davis  in  1(586;  it  was  visited  by  Roggewein  in 
1722,  and  by  Cook  in  1774.  Long.  109.  57.  W., 
lat.    27.  6.  S. 

Eastport,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Me.  the  most 
eastern  point  of  the  United  states  of  America. 
The  town  is  situated  on  Moose  island,  in  Passama- 
quoddy  bay,  and  is  favourably  placed  for  carrying 
on  an  extensive  traffic,  up  the  Passamaquoddy ,  and 
other  rivers  falling  into  the  bay  of  Fundy.  Lat. 
44.  43.  N.  and  10.  5.  or  about  530  statute  m.  in  a 
meridional  line  N.  E.  of  Washington,  in  the  Long, 
of  66.  49.  W.  of  Greenwich.     Pop.  2,450. 

Eastonness,  a  cape  of  England,  on  the  coast  of 
Suffolk,  forming  the  N.  point  of  Southwold  bay. 

Eastwood,  a  parish  of  Renfrewshire,  Scotland, 
seateu  on  the  border  of  Lanarkshire,  participat- 
ing largely  in  the  cotton  manufacture.  Pop.  in 
1821,5,676. 

Eaton  Socon,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire  England, 
vnited  with  St.  Neots,  in  Huntingdonshire  by  a 
handsome  bridge  over  the  river  Ouse,  55  m.  N.  of 
London.  Pop.  of  Eaton  in  1821,  2,039,  and  of 
St.  Neots,  1 ,255. 

Eause,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
(Jers,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Condom.     Pop.  3,3.50. 

Ebeltoft,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland,  with  a 
good  harbour,  on  a  bay  of  the  Cattegat,  16.  m.  N. 
E.  of  Aarhus. 

Ebenezer,  a  town  of  Effingham  county  in  Geo. 
situate  on  the  Savannah  25  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Sa- 
vunnah. 

Ebenfurth,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  Leyta,  22 
m.  S.  of  Vienna. 

Eberbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Lower 
Rnine,  with  a  Cistertian  abbey ;  seated  on  the 
Keckar,  llm.  E.  by  N.  of  Hiedelberg,  now  in- 
cluded in  the  territorv  of  Baden. 

Ebermfinsfadt,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bamberg,  on  the  Wisent,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  Rednitz,  13  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bam- 
berg. 

Eberstein,  a  town  and  castle  of  Suabia,  8  m.  S. 
by  E.  of  Baden. 

Ebervillc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Puy  de  Dome,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey,  seated 
on  the  Scioule,  8  m.  N.  of  Riom. 

Ebingen,  a  town  of  Wertemberg,  noted  for  its 
cheese,  7  m.  S.  of  Hohenzollern  Pop.  about 
3,800. 

Ebro,  a  river  of  Spain,  the  ancient  Iberis,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  Asturias  on  the  confines 
of  Leon,  about  00  m.  from  the  shore  of  the  bay 
of  Biscay,  runs  E.  across  the  N.  part  of  Old  Cas- 
tile, and  afterwards  in  a  direction  E.  S.  E.,  form- 
ing the  boundary  between  that  province  and  those 
of  Biscay  and  Navarre:  it  then,  in  a  S.  E.  direction, 
divides  Arragon  into  nearly  two  equal  parts,  in- 
tersecting the  S.  part  of  Catalonia,  and  after  a 
course  of  300  m.  in  a  meridional  line,  and  about 
400  by  the  course  of  the  stream,  past  Logrono.  Ca- 
lahorra,  Tudfla  and  Saragossa.  falls  into  the  Med- 
iterranean a  few  m.  below   Tortosa.     Tliere  are 


several  Islands  off  its  mouth,  and  a  canal  runs  par- 
allel with  it  through  Arragon,  used  mor?  for  ir- 
rigation than  navigation.  The  river  is  but  little 
Used  for  navigable  purposes,  on  account  of  its 
numerous  shoaus  and  rapids. 

£cc/rs,  a  parish  of  Lancashire,  Eng.  consisting 
of  five  townships  on  the  W.  side  of  Manchester, 
(which  see).  Pop.  in  1821,  23,331. 

EcdesalL  Bierlow,  a  township  in  the  parish  of, 
and  contiguous  to  Sheffield,  Eng.  on  the  S.  W. 
side.  Pop.inl801,5,362,  and  in  1821,9,113.  See 
Sheffield. 

Ecclesfield,  a  town  and  parish  5  m.  N.  of  Shef- 
field, the  town  in  1821  contained  7,163  inhabitants, 
and  the  remainder  of  the  parish  5,333  more.  See 
Sheffield. 

Eccle.sfechan,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfrie- 
shire,  noted  for  its  great  monthly  market  for  cat- 
tle, 5  m.  N.  of  Annan,  and  15  E.  of  Dumfries. 
Pop.  about  500. 

Ecclesho.il,  a  parish  and  town  in  Staffordshire, 
Eng.  The  bishop  of  Litchfield  and  Coventry 
has  a  castle  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Sow, 
7  m.  N.  W.  of  Stafford  and  148  of  London.  The 
parish  consists  of  21  small  townships ;  the  total 
pop.  in  1821,  4,227,  of  which  the  town  contained 
1,254. 

Ecclesiastical  State,  or  States  of  the  Church.  See 
Popedom,  and  Rome. 

Echoconno,  p.t.  Crawford  Co.  Geo. 

Echternach,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Lux 
emburg,  on  the  river  Sour,  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, 18  m.  N.  E.  of  Luxemburg. 

Ef.ija,  an  episcopal  and  populous  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  with  manufactures  of  leather  and 
shoes,  and  a  trade  in  wool  and  hemp.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Xenil,  62  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Seville. 

Eqhardsberfr,  a  town  and  castle  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  Thuringia,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Naumburg. 

Eckernforde,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  South 
Jutland,  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  Near  the  town 
in  a  fresh-water  lake,  which  is  connected  with 
the  bay.  It  is  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Kiel  in  Holstein. 
Long.  10.  1.  W.,  lat.  54.  33.  N. 

Eckmuhl,  a  small  town  of  Bavaria,  near  to  which 
Bonaparte  defeated  the  Austrians  in  Apr.  1809 : 
it  is  13  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Ratisbon,  and  about  the 
same  distance  W.  of  Straubing  S.  of  the  Danube. 

Economy,  a  beautiful  little  village  in  Beaver 
Co.  Pa.  on  the  Ohio,  a  few  m.  below  Pittsburg. 
It  is  inhabited  solely  by  the  sect  of  Harmonists 
under  the  celebrated  Rapp.  The  village  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  with  wide  and  rectangular  streets. 
The  houses  are  mostly  of  wood.  The  inhabitants 
are  Germans,  and  are  very  industriously  occupied 
in  manufacture,  and  husbandry.  They  have  a 
woolen  and  cotton  manufactory  with  steam  ma- 
chinery on  a  large  scale,  also  breweries,  distille- 
ries, tanyards,  «fec.  The  buildings  for  these  are 
generally  of  brick.  Here  is  also  a  handsome 
church,  and  a  spacious  building  with  a  hall  for 
concerts,  a  museum,  a  mineralogical  collection, 
a  mathematical  school,  a  library  and  a  school  for 
drjiwing.  Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  the 
cultivation  of  grapes,  and  close  to  the  village  is 
a  hill  covered  with  vineyards.  All  their  property 
is  held  in  common.  They  carry  on  an  extensive 
trade  with  the  neighbouring  county,  and  are  in  a 
very  thriving  condition.     Pop.  about  800. 

Eddenburs,  p-v.  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Ednm.fi  town  of  North  Holland,  famous  for 
its  red  rind  cheeses  ;  seated  on  tiie  Ey,  near  the 
ZnvdcrZee.  11    m.  N.  N.   E.  of  Amsterdam. 

Eddystove,  the  name  of  some  rocks  in  the  En- 


EDI 


273 


EDI 


glish  channel,  lying  S.  S.  W.  from  the  middle  of 
Plymouth  soand,  at  the  distsnce  of  14  m.  On 
the  principal  rock  (for  the  rest  are  under  water) 
Mr.  Winstanley  built  a  light-house  in  1700,  which 
was  destroyed  by  a  storm  in  1703,  and  the  projec- 
tor perished  in  it.  In  1709  anotlier,  built  of 
wood,  was  erected  by  Mr.  Rudyard,  which  was 
consumed  by  fire  in  1755.  Witliin  four  years 
after,  one  was  built  by  Mr.  Smeaton,  wliich  also 
was  burnt  down  in  1770;  and  another,  of  stone, 
was  completed  by  him  in  1774,  which  has  hither- 
to withstood  the  fury  of  the  elements.  The 
building  to  the  height  of  33  feet  from  the  foun- 
dation, is  a  solid  mass  of  stones,  engrafted  into 
each  other ;  above  this  are  four  rooms,  one  over 
the  other,  and  at  the  top  a  gallery  and  lantern. 
It  is  nearly  80  feet  high  ;  and  its  distance  from 
the  Ram  Head,  the  nearest  point  of  land  is  12  m. 
Long.  4.  24.  W.,  lat.  50.  8.  N. 

Eden,  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  Pop.  957.  Also  a 
p.t.  in  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,066. 

Edenhurg,  p. v.  Johnson  Co.  Indiana. 

Edenton,  a  town  of  North  Carolina,  capital  of 
Chowan  county  ;  it  formerly  gave  name  to  an 
extensive  district  now  divided  into  8  or  9  coun- 
ties, in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  slate.  It  is  sit- 
uate on  Albemarle  sound,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Chowan,  110  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Raleigh.  Long.  77. 
5.  W.,lat.  32.  38.  x\. 

Edessa,  or  Vodena,  a  town  of  European  Turkey 
in  Macedonia,  once  the  residence  of  the  Mace- 
donia><  kings.  It  is  seated  near  the  Viestrieza, 
44  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Salonichi.  Long.  22.  3.  E., 
lat  40.  50.  N. 

Edsu'i  ion,  p.t.  Dukes  Co.  Mass.  on  the  island 
ofMirthd's   Vineyard.     Pop.  1,509. 

Edgbanon,  an  out-parish  of  the  town  of  Bir- 
mingham, {which  see.) 

Edgecomh,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,258. 

Edgecomb,  Mo-ant,  a  hill  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
harbour  of  Devonport,  from  the  summit  of  which 
is  an  enchanting  prospect  of  the  surrounding 
country  and  the  English  channel. 

Edgecombe,  an  interior  county  on  the  E.  part 
of  N.  Carolina,  intersected  by  "Tar  river.  Pop. 
14,933.     Tarborough  is  the  chief  town. 

Edgefield,  a  district  of  S.  Carolina,  bounded  on 
the  S.  W.  by  the  Savannah  river,  comprising 
about  1,500  square  m.  of  surface.  Pop.  30,511. 
The  chief  town  of  the  same  name  in  the  centre 
of  the  county,  is  63  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Columbia,  and 
140   S.S.  E.  of  Sivannah. 

Edgchill ,  a  village  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  14 
m.  S.  of  Warwick,  memorable  for  the  first  battle 
fought  between  Charles  I.  and  the  parliament,  in 
1642  ;  from  the  brow  of  the  hill  there  is  an  exten- 
sive and  delightful  prospect  over  the  vale  of 
Red  horse. 

Edgricarc,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  It  stands 
on  the  Roman  road,  leading  to  St.  Albans,  8  m. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Edinburghshire ,  or  Mid  Lothian,  a  county  of 
Scotlind,  bounded  ou  the  N.  by  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
E.  by  the  shires  of  Haddington,  Berwick,  and 
Roxbnrg,  S  by  those  of  Selkirk,  Peebles,  and 
Lanark,  and  W.  by  Linlithgowshire.  It  is  divi- 
ded into  31  parishes,  comprising  an  area  of  354 
square  miles.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces 
corn  of  all  sorts  with  plenty  of  grass;  also  coal, 
iron,  limestone,  and  black  marble.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  N.  and  S.  Esk,  Leith,  Amond, 
and  Gala,  all  flowing  into  the  Frith  of  Forth.  See 
Scotland. 

Edinburgh,  the  capital  of  Scotland  stands  on 
35 


the  southern  shore  of  the  Frith  of  Forth  about  ft 
mile  and  a  half  from  the  sea.  The  situation  of 
this  interesting  city  is  worthy  of  the  capital  of 
such  a  romantic  land.  Built  on  three  lofty  emi- 
nences, the  interior  arrangment  of  its  streets  and 
public  edifices,  and  the  surrounding  scenery,  af- 
ford a  spectacle  of  the  greatest  beauty  and  variety. 
The  castle,  from  which  it  originated,  is  built  on 
the  rocky  verge  of  the  central  hill,  and  marks, 
with  Holyrood-house  on  the  opposite  side,  the 
limits  of  the  Old  Town.  The  northern  division  is 
occupied  by  the  New  Town,  which  is  as  remarkable 
for  the  neatness  of  its  buildings  and  the  elegance  of 
its  streets  and  squares  as  the  more  ancient  quarter  is 
for  its  closeness  and  irregularity.  The  two  divisions 
are  connected  by  a  bridge  thrown  over  the  inter 
vening  hollow,  and  an  artificial  hillock  called  the 
Mound.  The  southern  quarter  is  less  distinguished 
for  regularity  of  plan  than  the  New  Town,  but  con- 
tains several  important  public  buildings,and  is  join- 
ed to  the  other  parts  of  the  city  by  Bridge-street, 
formed  of  the  north  and  south  bridges,  which  re- 
spectively cross  the  two  lakes, now  dry,  that  former- 
ly' separated  the  different  eminences,  on  which  it 
stands.  About  a  mile  and  a  half  distant  is  the  Frith 
of  Forth.  On  the  east  rise,  the  precipitous  rocks 
named  Calton-hill,  Arthur's-seat,  and  Salisbury- 
crags  ;  the  Corstorphine-hills  bound  the  prospect 
on  the  west ;  and  the  Pentland  mountains,  with 
those  of  Braid,  form  the  romantic  landscape  of 
the  south.  The  principal  part  of  the  Old  Town 
consists  of  the  High-street,  which  is  more  than  a 
mile  long,  and  in  some  parts  ninety  feet  wide  ;  of 
Cowgate,  which  runs  parallel  with  the  former; 
and  of  innumerable  lanes  and  alleys  which  form 
the  communication  between  these  great  avenues. 
Owing  to  the  narrowness  of  the  inferior  streets, 
and  to  the  extreme  height  of  the  houses  in  the 
larger  ones,  this  quarter  of  the  city  has  to  stran- 
gers an  unpleasant  appearance  ;  but  when  viewed 
without  relation  to  the  advantages  of  domestic 
comfort,  there  is  something  very  imposing  in  its 
massy  extent  of  building ;  while  the  beautiful 
bridge  across  the  southern  valley,  covered  as  it  is 
on  each  side  by  rows  of  handsome  houses,  offers 
an  object  as  picturesque  as  it  is  singular.  The 
New  Town  is  intersected  by  George-street,  which 
is  terminated  by  St.  Andrew's-square  on  the  east, 
and  Charlotte-square  on  the  west,  and  is  115  feet 
wide.  The  principal  streets  parallel  with  this  are 
Prince's-street  and  Queen-street,  which  are  cross- 
ed by  others  of  proportionate  width  and  extent. 
But  every  year  is  adding  to  the  size  and  beauty  of 
this  elegant  capital.  The  road  by  which  it  is  con- 
nected with  Leith  has  become  a  street,  and  the 
new  road  over  the  Calton-hill  has  opened  another 
magnificent  passage  for  its  growing  wealth. 

Of  the  public  buildings  of  Edinburgh  the  most 
interesting  are  the  palace  and  abbey  of  Holyrood. 
The  former  is  a  quadrangular  edifice,  surrounding 
a  spacious  court,  the  sides  of  which  are  ornamen- 
ted with  piazzas.  The  west  front  is  supported  by 
circular  towers  at  the  angles,  and  has  a  portico 
and  cupola  resting  on  Doric  columns.  It  was  in 
a  small  apartment  of  the  north-west  tower  that 
Rizzio  was  murdered  while  attending  the  unfor- 
tunate queen  Mary  ;  and  the  bedchamber  which 
she  occupied,  with  some  relics  of  its  furniture,  are 
still  shown.  The  great  gallery  is  150  feet  long 
by  72  wide  ;  and  is  now  used  by  the  nobility  when 
they  elect  their  sixteen  representatives  in  parlia- 
ment. Of  the  ancient  abbey  only  the  walls  re- 
main standing,  but  the  spot  marked  out  as  itsbu' 
rial-ground  possesses  the  dust  of  a  long  line  of 


EDI 


274 


EGG 


kings.  The  rastle  is  at  present  employed  as  a 
?iarrack,  and  can  hold  about  3,000  men.  It  was 
once  a  place  of  great  strength  ;  the  rock  on  which 
it  is  situated  being  near  200  feet  above  the  plain 
beneath,  and  in  some  places  overhanging  the  base. 
Palisades,  a  dry  ditch  surmounted  by  a  draw- 
bridge, and  two  batteries  to  protect  the  gate,  form 
the  principal  defences  of  the  fortress  ;  the  area  of 
the  whole  occupying  about  seven  acres. 

Of  the  religious  edifices  of  Edinburgh,  the 
church  of  St.  (iiles  is  the  principal  and  tiie  most 
ancient.  Charles  I.  made  it  the  cathedra]  of  the 
new  diocese,  and  it  was  a  collegiate  church  as 
early  as  the  year  14()6.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of 
a  cross,  and  occupies  one  entire  side  of  the  Par- 
liament-square. The  most  remarkable  circum- 
stance connected  with  it  is,  that  it  is  divided  into 
four  parts,  each  of  which  is  a  distinct  church.  It 
is  here  also  that  the  General  Assembly  is  held, 
and  that  the  affairs  of  the  Scottish  church  are  or- 
dered by  its  ruling  ministers.  The  part  of  the 
building  most  admired  is  the  elegant  tower  and 
spire,  which  rise  from  the  centre  of  tlie  edifice  to 
the  heiglit  of  IGl  feet,  and  are  ornamented  by 
richly  wrought  arches.  Of  the  other  churches  it 
is  only  necessary  to  mention  that  of  Trinity  col- 
lege, founded  by  Mary  of  Gueldres  in  1462,  a  no- 
ble Gothic  structure  ;  and  those  of  St.  Andrew's 
and  St.  George,  which  are  elegant  buildings  of 
modern  erection.  Besides  these,  which  belong 
to  the  national  church,  there  are  six  episcopal 
chapels,  of  which  St.  Paul's  and  St.  John's,  rais- 
ed within  late  3'ears,  are  amongst  the  grandest  of 
modern  structures  :  the  former  is  after  the  mod- 
el of  King's  college  chapel,  Cambridge  ;  and  the 
latter  is  a  parallelogram,  the  parts  of  which  are 
composed  in  richest  Gothic  style.  A  Roman 
Catholic  chapel  built  in  1814,  is  greatly  admired 
for  a  similar  species  of  architecture ;  and  almost 
every  class  of  dissenters  has  its  appropriate  place 
of  worship. 

The  university  was  founded  in  the  year  1582, 
but  at  that  period  had  only  one  professor  :  anoth- 
er, however,  was  soon  after  appointed,  and  then 
a  third,  till  the  number  increased  to  twenty-seven, 
the  present  establishment.  The  original  building 
belonging  to  the  university  was  so  ill  adapted  to 
its  increasing  celebrity,  that  in  1789  it  was  part- 
ly taken  down,  and  a  new  structure  commenced  ; 
but  from  want  of  funds  the  work  was  for  many 
years  delayed,  and  was  not  till  of  late  resumed, 
and  then  on  a  diminished  scale.  The  university 
library  contains  more  than  50,000  volumns;  and 
the  number  of  students  is,  on  an  average,  2,000. 
Next  to  this  establishment  we  may  mention  the 
high  school,  founded  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
and  consisting  of  a  rector,  four  masters,  and  near 
500  scholars. 

The  charitable  institutions  are  numerous,  and 
some  of  them  richly  endowed.  The  hospital,  es- 
tablished by  the  celebrated  jeweller  of  James  VI., 
George  Heriot,  is  a  handsome  Gothic  edifice  ; 
and  under  its  venerable  roof  180  boys  are  boarded 
and  educated  with  benevolent  care.  Watson's 
hospital  is  also  on  a  similar  plan  ;  and  there  are 
others  for  the  support  of  decayed  tradesmen,  their 
wives,  and  daughters.  Of  the  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions  of  Edinburgh,  the  Royal,  Anti- 
quarian, and  Wernerian  societies  are  deservedly 
distinguished;  and  there  is  no  other  city  in  Europe 
where  the  men  of  letters  and  scientific  ability 
bear  so  great  a  proportion  to  the  number  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

No  particular  manufacture  is  carried  on  in  this 


city  ;  the  working  and  trading  classes  being  chief 
ly  supported  by  the  production  and  sale  of  the 
more  general  articles  of  domestic  use.  Edinburgh 
sends  one  member  to  parliament.  Distance  N. 
N.  W.  of  London  39(5  miles.  Lat.  55.  58.  N. 
Long.  3.  12.  W.    Pop.  in  1821,  112,335.  See  Lcith. 

Edisto,  a  river  in  South  Carolina,  which  after 
a  course  of  about  140  m.  falls  into  tlie  Atlantic 
Ocean  by  two  channels,  about  40  m.  S.  of 
Charleston.  The  island,  formed  by  the  diver- 
gence of  the  stream,  contains  about  3,000  inhabi 
itants,  the  greater  part  of  whom  are  slaves. 

Edmonton,  a  village  of  Middlesex,  England, 
C  m.  N.  of  Shoreditch  Church,  London,  on  the 
great  high  road  to  Edinburgh.  It  has  notliing 
but  its  thoroughfare  to  entitle  it  to  notice.  Pop. 
in  1801,  5,093,  and  in  1821,7,900. 

Edwards,  a  county  on  the  E.  frontier  of  the 
state  of  Illinois,  bounded  by  the  great  Wabash 
river,  35  m.  from  S.  to  N.  and  about  30  in  mean 
breadth,  the  little  Wabash  intersects  the  W.  side 
of  the  county ;  and  towards  the  S.  part,  between 
the  two  rivers.  Pop.  1,G49.  Albion  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Edwardsville,  a  village  in  Madison  Co.  Illinois.' 
Also  a  township  in  Greenville  Co.  Upper  Can- 
ada. 

Eecloo,  a  populous  town  of  the  Netherlands,  11 
m.  N.  by  W.  of  Ghent. 

Effcrdlng,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  a  castle, 
seated  near  the  S.  bank  of  the  Danube,  12  m.  W. 
of  Lintz. 

Effingham,  a  village  in  Surry,  Eng.  12  m.  N. 
E.  of  Guilford.  It  was  once  a  much  larger  place, 
and  supposed  to  have  contained  IG  churches, 
wells,  cavities  like  cellars,  having  been  frequently 
found  in  the  neighbouring  fields  and  woods  ;  and 
in  the  present  church  are  some  ancient  stalls  and 
monuments. 

Effingham,  a  county  in  the  state  of  Georgia, 
bordering  on  the  Savannah  river,  its  area  compri- 
ses about  500  sq.  m.  Pop.  2,969.  Willoughby  is 
the  chief  town. 

Effingham,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  67  m.  fr. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,911. 

Egein,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mao-deburg,  on  the  river  Bode,  16  m.  S. 
S.  W.   of  Magdeburg. 

Egenhurg,  a  town  of  Austria,  noted  for  good 
wine,  13  m.  S.  W.ofZnain  in  Moravia. 

Eger,  a  river  in  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
principality  of  Culmbach,  running  in  an  E.  N.  E. 
direction  through  the  circle  of  Saaz,  and  after  a 
course  of  about  120  miles  falls  into  the  Elbe,  near 
Leutmeritz. 

Eger,  a  fortified  town  at  the  western  extremity 
of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Saaz,  with  a  castle  and 
college.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1742,  but 
they  were  forced  to  evacuate  it  the  next  yecf 
through  famine.  Here  are  manufactures  of  lea 
ther,  hats,  cloths,  and  stuffs  ;  and  its  mineral  wa- 
ters are  famous.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eger,  90  m. 
W.  bv  N.  of  Prague.  Long.  12.  27.  E.,  lat.  50.  5. 
N.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Egerseg  Szala,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  seat- 
ed on  the  banks  of  the  Szala,  which  falls  into  the 
S.  end  of  lake  Balaton. 

Egg,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Hebrides, 
to  the  S.  of  Skye,  5  m.  in  length,  and  from  2  to  3 
in  breadth.  It  is  partly  flat,  and  partly  hilly  and 
rocky,  with  some  basaltic  pillars.  The  low 
grounds  are  fertile. 

Egg  Harbour  River,  Great  and  Little,  the 
former  constituting   the  S.,  and   the   other  the 


EGY 


275 


EGY 


N.  boundary  of  Gloucester  county,  New  Jer- 
sey; the  harbours  opening  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  in  the  lat.  of  3!).  17.  and  39.  30.  N.  On 
both  these  harbours  are  towns  of  the  same  name. 

Egham,  a  village  of  England,  in  Surry,  18  m, 
from  Hyde  Park  Corner,  London,  on  the  great 
western  road. 

Eglingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  a  lord- 
ship of  the  same  name,  8  m.  N.  of  Dillengen. 

Eglisau,  a  town  and  castle  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Zurich,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  13  m. 
N.  of  Zurich. 

Egment  op  den  Hoef,  a  village  of  North  Hol- 
land, 3  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Alkmaer.  It  appears  to 
have  been  a  considerable  town,  but  was  destroyed 
in  1573,  by  the  enraged  Spaniards,  after  their 
failure  before  Alkmaer.  It  now  exhibits  exten- 
sive and  picturesque  ruins  perhaps  the  only  ruins 
in  all  Holland.  Near  it  are  two  other  villages ; 
Egmont  op  Zee,  a  in.  to  the  W.  on  the  sea-coast , 
and  Egmont  Binnen,  nearly  two  m.  to  the  S.; 
where  a  bloody  but  undecisive  battle  was  fought, 
in  1799,  between  the  allied  English  and  Russian 
army,  and  the  French  and  Dutch. 

E^remont,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  On 
the  W.  side  is  an  artificial  mount,  with  the  ruins 
of  a  castle  ;  and  3  m.  S.  E.  of  the  town,  in  the 
wooded  vale  of  the  Calder,  are  the  remains  of 
the  Calder  abbey.  Egremont,  is  seated  near  the 
Irish  sea,  on  the  river  Eden,  5  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Whitehaven,  and  289  N.  W.  of  London. 

Egremont,  p.t.  Berksnire  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  889. 

Egypt,  a  country  comprising  the  N.  E.  extrem- 
ity of  Africa,  having  about  400  m.  of  coast,  be- 
tween Alexandria,  and  El  Arish,  including  the 
indentations  of  lakes  and  bays  ;  Cape  Bourlos  its 
N.  extremity  is  in  lat.  31.  3G.  N.,  from  which 
point  it  extends  inlajid  to  the  frontier  of  Nubia, 
in  the  lat.  of  about  24.  30.  giving  a  length  of  about 
503  m.  while  its  boundaries  E.  and  W.  are  very  un 
defined.  It  is  divided  from  Asia,  at  its  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity, by  an  extensive  desert,  and  further  S.  by 
the  gulf  of  Suez,  and  the  Red  sea,  (see  Suez.) 
It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  deserts  of  Barca 
and  Libya,  and  parts  of  Africa  but  I'.ttle  known, 
and  in  its  extreme  limits  from  W.  to  E.  may  be 
considered  as  comprising  about  2  degrees  of  long, 
or  122  statute  m.  between  31.  and  32.  E.;  the 
inhabited  parts  however, do  notexceed  more  than 
15  to  25  m.  on  each  side  of  the  Nile,  which  runs 
in  a  direction  N.  by  W.  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  Egypt,  except  for  about  120  m.  above  its 
entrance  into  the  Mediterranean,  where  it  diver- 
ges into  two  main  and  numerous  collateral  chan- 
nels. This  is  called  the  Delta  of  the  jYile,  com- 
prising an  areaof  about  12,000  sqiiare  m.  studded 
over,  the  greater  part,  with  towns  and  villages. 


in  the  marshes  of  this  region  grows  that  remark- 
able reed  grass  celebrated  in  ancient  times  by  the 


name  of  papyrus,  the  leaves  of  which  affordej 
the  first  materials  for  making  paper.  It  has 
a  tapering  stem  surmounted  by  a  tuft  or  plume 
of  hairy  leaves. 

This  country,  so  celebrated  in  history  for  its 
fertility,  its  policy  and  arts,  appears  first  to  have 
attained  pre-eminence  under  tiie  renowned  Sesos- 
tris  about  1720  years  antecedent  to  the  christian 
era.  For  nearly  four  centuries  prior  to  this  period. 
Egypt  appears  to  have  been  divided  into  several 
petty  sovereignties,  under  what  was  then  termed 
Hycsos  or  Shepherd  Kings,  of  whom  Amasis  al 
Thetmosis  was  the  first  who  gained  an  ascend- 
ancy over  his  compeers  ;  this  ascendancy 
was  acquired  about  100  years  prior  to  that 
of  Sesostris  ;  and  it  appears  to  have  been  the  de- 
scendants of  Amasis  who  were  ruling  in  Egypt 
at  the  time  of  the  dearth  in  western  Asia,  when 
Jacob  and  his  family  established  themselves  in 
the  valley  of  Gessen,  or  Goshen,  east  of  the  Nile. 
From  the  descendants  of  Amasis  and  Sesostris 
sprung  the  race  of  the  Pharoahs,  who  ruled  over 
Egypt  for  12  centuries,  until  Cambyses  king  of 
Persia,  became  master  of  it,  525  years  B.  C 
By  the  Pharaoh's  all  those  wonderful  structures 
were  raised,  and  works  perfected,  which  we 
cannot  behold  without  astonishment.  These  are, 
the  pyramids,  the  labyrinths,  the  immense  grottos 
in  Thebaid,  the  obelisks,  temples  and  pompous 
palaces,  the  lake  Mceris,  and  the  vast  canals,  which 
served  both  for  trade,  and  to  irrigate  the  land. 
After  this  conquest,  Cambyses  demolished  the 
temples,  disinterred  the  remains  of  Amasis  and 
burnt  them,  and  persecuted  the  priests.  This 
country  continued  under  the  Persian  yoke  till 
the  time  of  Alexander  of  Macedon,  who  having 
conquered  Persia,  built  the  city  of  Alexandria. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Ptolemv,  the  son  of  Lagos, 
324  years  B.  C.  Ten  kings  of  that  name  succeed- 
ed each  other,  till  Cleopatra,  the  sister  of  the  last 
Ptolemy,  ascended  the  throne  ;  when  Egypt  be- 
came a  Roman  province,  and  continued  so  till  the 
reign  of  Omar,  the  second  caliph  of  the  successors 
of  Mahomet,  who  drove  out  the  Romans  after  it 
had  been  in  their  hands  700  years.  When  the 
power  of  the  caliphs  declined  in  the  13th  century, 
Saladin  set  up  the  empire  of  the  Mamelouks 
who  in  time  became  so  powerful,  that  they  ex- 
tended their  dominions  over  a  great  part  of  Afri- 
ca, Syria,  and  Arabia.  Next,  about  1570,  Egypt 
yielded  to  the  arms  of  Selim,  the  2nd  emperor 
of  the  Turks,  under  whose  dominion  it  still 
continues. 

The  present  inhabitants  are  composed  of  four 
different  races  of  people;  the  Turks,  who  assume 
to  be  masters  of  the  country  ;  the  Saracen  Arabs, 
who  were  conquered  by  the  Turks ;  the  Copts, 
who  were  descended  from  the  first  Egyptians 
that  became  Christians ;  and  the  Mamelouks, 
who  were  originally  Circassian  or  Mingrelian 
slaves,  and  being  the  only  military  force,  continu- 
ed for  centuries  to  be  the  real  masters  of  the 
country  ;  and  Egypt  had  been  for  many  years, 
distracted  by  the  civil  wars  between  the  different 
contending  beys,  by  which  its  24  provinces  were 
governed.  The  famous  Hassan  Ali,  the  Turkish 
admiral,  gained  several  victories  over  them  in 
1786 ;  but  though  he  repressed,  he  could  not 
totally  subdue  them.  The  French  invaded  Egypt 
in  1798,  under  Bonaparte,  who  defeated  the  beys 
in  several  engagements  ;  but  after  the  departure 
of  Bonaparte,  a  strong  British  force  arrived 
to  aid  the  country,  and  the  French  were  expelled 
in  1801.     But  the   Turkish  Pacha,   finding  the 


EGY 


S76 


EIB 


power  of  the  Mamelouks  broken  by  their  con- 
flicts with  the  French,  partly  by  treachery  and 
partly  by  force,  succeeded  in  driving  them  out 
of  E<rypt  into  Nubia. 

The  complexion  of  the  Egyptians  is  of  a  dusky 
brown,  tiiey  are  generally  indolent  and  cowardly; 
and  the  lower  class  are  disgustingly  filthy  in  their 
persons ;  the  richer  sort  do  nothing  all  day  but 
drink  coffee,  smoke  tobacco,  aud  sleep  ;  and  they 
are  ignorant,  proud,  haughty,  and  ridiculously 
vain.  But  the  Copts  are  an  ingenious  people, 
and  have  great  skill  in  business.  From  March  to 
November,  the  heat,  to  an  European,  is  almost 
insupportable ;  but  the  other  months  are  more 
temperate.  The  S.  winds  which  occur  at  inter- 
vals, from  February  to  the  end  of  May,  are  by 
the  natives  called  poisonous  winds,  or  the  hot 
winds  of  the  deserts ;  they  are  of  such  extreme 
heat  and  aridity,  that  no  animated  body  exposed 
to  it  can  withstand  its  fatal  influence  ;  and  for 
the  three  days  that  it  generally  lasts,  the  streets 
are  deserted.  The  sands  are  so  subtile,  that  they 
penetrate  into  the  closets,  chests,  and  cabinets, 
which,  with  the  hot  winds,  are  probably  the  cause 
of  sore  eyes  being  so  very  common  here.  It  rains 
very  seldom  in  Egypt ;  but  that  want  is  fully 
supplied  by   the  annual   inundation  of  the  Nile. 


neumon  enters  the  jaws  of  the  Crocodile  while  he 
is  asleep  and  devours  his  entrails.     This  animar 


When  the  waters  retire,  all  the  ground  is  covered 
with  mud  ;  then  the  corn  is  harrowed  into  it,  and 
in  the  following  March  there  is  usully  a  plenti- 
ful harvest.  But  some  lands  are  never  fallow, 
and  yield  three  harvests  annually  ;  particularly 
in  Lower  Egypt,  where  sowing  and  reaping  are 
going  on  incessantly,  wherever  the  water  of  the 
river  can  be  obtained  for  irrigation.  There  is  no 
place  in  the  world  better  furnished  with  corn, 
flesh,  fish,  sugar,  fruits,  and  all  sorts  of  garden 
vegetables  ;  and  in  Lower  Egypt,  oranges,  lemons, 
figs,  dates,  almonds,  cassia,  and  plantains,  are 
produced  in  great  plenty.  Lentils  form  a  con- 
eideriible  article  offoodtothe  inhabitants  of  Up- 
per Egypt,  who  rarely  enjoy  the  luxury  of  rice  ; 
and  onions  remarkablymild  and  of  the  purest  white 
continue  to  be  a  favourite  diet  among  all  classes. 

The  animals  of  Egypt  are  tigers,  hyenas, 
antelopes,  apes,  black-cattle,  fine  horses,  large 
asses,  the  cameleon,  crocodiles,  hippopotami, 
the  cerastes,  or  horned  viper,  and  a  kind  of 
rat  called  ichneumon.  This  animal  is  do- 
mesticated among  the  Egyptians,  as  the  cat 
is  among  us.  He  destroys  rats  and  mice,  and 
hunts  also  birds,  serpents,  lizards  and  in- 
sects. He  sucks  the  eggs  of  the  crocodile, 
an'^  even  kills  the  young  ones  when  they  first  come 
ou.  of  the  shell.   It  is  a  fable  however,  that  the  ich- 


was  so  highly  esteemed  for  his  services  that  he 
was  deified  by  the  ancient  Egyptians. 

Among  the  birds  may  be  mentioned  eagles, 
hawks,  pelicans,  water  fowls  of  all  kinds,  and  the 
ibis,  which  resembles  a  duck,  and  was  deified 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  on  account  of  its  de- 
stroying  serpents  and  noxious  insects. 

The  pyramids  of  Egypt,  so  justly  celebrated  as 
evidences  of  human  labour  and  art,  are  all  built 
on  rocky  and  sandy  plains ;  the  largest  is  500 
feet  in  height,  and  covers  eleven  acres  of  ground. 
They  are  situate  in  the  south  part  of  the  Delta, 
or  Lower  Egypt,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile. 
Egypt  is  now  spoken  of  as  divided  into  three 
parts.  Lower,  or  the  Delta,  Middle,  and  Upper. 
During  the  reign  of  part  of  the  Pharoahs,  Thebes 
in  Upper  Egypt  in  the  lat.  of  25.  25.  appears  to 
have  been  the  capital  of  the  whole  country ;  af- 
terwards transferred  to  Memphis,  in  the  lat.  of 
29. ;  and  during  the  reign  of  the  Ptolemies,  the 
seat  of  the  empire  was  transferred  to  Alexandria, 
whilst  at  the  present  time  Cairo  is  the  seat  of 
government.  Under  the  present  Pasha,  Mahom- 
med  Ali,  who  has  ruled  since  1798,  Egypt  has 
made  advances  in  enterprize  and  cultivation  al- 
most without  a  precedent;  and  cotton  wool,  indigo, 
sugar,  and  grain,  are  again  forming  the  basis  of 
an  extensive  external  commerce.  Respecting 
the  extent  of  the  pop.  of  Egypt,  information  is 
very  imperfect,  both  in  reference  to  the  past,  as 
well  as  at  the  present  time,  being  now  variously 
estimated  at  from  2  to  4  millions :  conjecture 
has  hardly  ever  offered  an  opinion  as  to  the  num- 
ber in  former  times.  In  further  illustration  of 
this  very  interesting  section  of  the  globe,  see  JS'ile, 
Suez,  and  Thebes. 

Eldngcn,  a  town  of  Suabia,  near  which  the 
Austrians  were  defeated  by  the  French,  in  J 805. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Ulm. 

£/u'«o-e7i,  another  tov/n  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the 
Neckar,  opposite  Rotenberg,  6  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Tubingen,  and  25  S.  S.  W.  of  Stuttgard  ;  both 
these  towns  are  in  the  dominions  of  trie  king  of 
Wurtemberg,  and  contain  each  about  4,000  inhab- 
itants. 

Ehrenbreitstein,  a  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the 
circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  riv- 
er Rhine,  opposite  Coblentz.  It  stands  on  the 
summit  of  a  stupendous  rock,  not  less  than  800 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  and  is  deemed  to 
be  impregnable.  It  has  a  communication  with 
Coblentz  by  a  subterraneous  passage,  cut  out  of 
the  solid  rock,  and  is  plentifully  supplied  with 
water  from  a  well  280  feet  deep.  In  the  vale  of 
Ehrenbreitstein  is  an  old  palace,  which  belonged 
to  the  elector  of  Treves.  This  fortress  surrender- 
ed to  the  French  through  famine,  in  1799,  after  a 
blockade  of  above  20  months. 

Elhenstock,  or  Eyhenstock,  a  town  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  the  circle  of  Erzeberg,  near  the  N.  W. 
frontier  of  Bohemia,  CO  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Leipzig 
Pop.  3,200.  .; 


ELB 


277 


£LB 


Eichsfeldt,  a  territory  of  Germany,  at  the  N.  E. 
extremity  of  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  sur- 
rounded by  Brunswick,  Thuringia,  and  Hesse. 
It  produces  much  flax  and  tobacco.  Heileigen- 
stadt  is  the  capital.  It  is  now  divided  between 
Prussia  and  Hanover  :  it  formerly  belonged  to 
the  elector  of  Meiitz,  and  contained  a  pop.  of 
90,000,  on  a  surface  of  about  600  square  miles ; 
Stadt  Worbis  and  Mulhausen  are  the  other  prin- 
cipal towns. 

Eichstadt.     See  Mchstadt. 

Eil  Loch.     See  Linnhe  Loch. 

Eilenburg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
situate  on  the  Mulda,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Leipzig. 

Eimeo,  one  of  the  Society  isles,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  12  m.  W.  of  Otaheite.  The  prod- 
ucts of  the  two  islands,  and  the  manners  of  the 
people,  are  much  the  same.  Eimeo  has  steep 
rugged  hills,  running  in  different  directions,  leav- 
ing large  valleys,  and  gently  rising  ground  about 
their  sides.  The  hills,  though  rocky,  are  gener- 
ally covered  with  trees  almost  to  the  tops. 

Einheck,  a  fortified  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Calenberg.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  cloth  and  all  kinds  of  stuffs  ;  and  in  the 
mountains  near  it  are  mines  of  silver,  iron,  cop- 
per, and  lead.  It  is  situate  17  m.  N.  of  Gottin- 
gen,  and  45  S.  of  Hanover.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Eisenach,  or  Eysenach,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, at  the  western  extremity  of  Thuringia,  capital 
of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cele- 
brated college.  The  duke  resides  in  a  castle 
within  the  town ;  and  there  is  another  on  a 
mountain  out  of  it,  called  Wartburg,  which,  in 
1521,  was  for  some  time  the  asylum  of  Luther. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Nesse,  at  its  conflux  with  the 
Horsel,  16  m.  W.  of  Gotha  Long.  10.  21.  E., 
lat.  51  0.  N.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Eisenartz,  or  Eisenitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Stiria,  famous  for  its  iron  mines,  34  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Gratz. 

Eisenbera-,  another  town  in  Thuringia,  35  m. 
S.  W.  of  Leipzig.     Pop.  3,500. 

Eiseiistadt,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  magnifi- 
cent palace,  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Odenburg,  and  27  S. 
of  Vienna. 

Eisleben,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Mansfield,  with  a  decayed  castle. 
The  celebrated  Luther  was  born  and  died  here. 
In  the  churches  of  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Ann  are 
the  superb  burial  places  of  the  ancient  counts  of 
Mansfield.  Eisleben  contains  many  breweries, 
and  derives  much  profit  from  the  neighbouring 
iron  mines.  It  is  28  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Naumburg. 
Long.  11.  47.  E.,  lat.  52.  32.  N. 

Eisfeld,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Coburg,  with  a  castle.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  vitriol,  &c.  and  stands  on  the  Werra, 
near  its  source,  7  m.  E.  of  Hlldburghausen. 

Elba,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  sea,  be- 
tween Italy  and  the  island  of  Corsica,  and  separ- 
ated from  Tuscany  by  the  channel  of  Piombino. 
It  was  known  to  the  Greeks  by  the  name  of 
.£thalia,  and  to  the  Romans  by  that  of  Ilva.  The 
form  of  the  island  is  very  irregular,  the  length 
from  E.  to  W.  is  about  14  m.  and  the  greatest 
breadth,  which  is  at  the  W.  end,  is  between  8 
and  9  m.  and  contains  a  pop.  of  about  14,000  souls. 
The  whole  island  presents  numerous  mountains, 
separated  by  deep  valleys,  and  some  plains  of  con- 
siderable extent ;  the  south-west  part  is  the  most 
elevated,  and  are  composed  of  black  and  white 
granite,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  Elba  has 
been  renowned  for  its  mines  of  iron  and  load- 


stone, for  a  period  beyond  the  reach  of  historj. 
Aristotle  speaks  of  them  as  opened  from  time  im- 
memorial ;  it  has  also  quarries  of  fine  marble.  On 
the  N  E.  part  is  the  mountain,  or  mine  of  iron 
ore,  which  supplies  most  of  the  forges  of  Italy. 
The  tower  of  Voltorjyo  stands  on  this  mountain, 
on  a  shaggy  rock.  The  view  from  this  tower  is 
wonderfully  fine  every  way,  as  the  eye  overlooks 
the  whole  island,  that  of  Corsica,  many  scattered 
islets,  the  channel  of  Piombino,  and  a  great  range 
of  continent.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  mountain 
stands  Rio,  a  village  inhabited  by  miners.  Under 
it  breaks  out  the  only  rivulet  in  Elba,  which  does 
not  run  above  a  mile  before  it  falls  into  the  sea; 
but  the  water  gushes  out  of  the  rock  in  such  abun- 
dance, that  it  turns  17  mills  in  that  short  course. 
The  soil  of  Elba  is  very  shallow,  with  scanty  room 
for  cultivation,  and  few  places  level  enough  for 
corn,  producing  little  more  than  six  month's  pro- 
vision for  its  inhabitants  ;  but  the  island  is  so  situ- 
ated that  it  can,  in  spite  of  a  blockading  fleet  be 
always  supplied  with  provisions,  and  the  garrison 
with  reinforcements.  The  wine  is  good,  if  made 
with  care  and  properly  kept;  the  fruit  of  its  stan- 
dard trees  are  excellent,  though  not  in  great  plen- 
ty ;  orange  and  lemon  trees  thrive  very  well  in  the 
sheltered  vallies  and  narrow  plains  near  the  sea. 
There  are  several  springs  of  excellent  water  in 
the  island  ;  and  the  climate  is  much  milder  than 
the  adjacent  continent,  for  it  produces  many  fruits 
and  plants  that  cannot  stand  the  Tuscan  winters. 
Among  the  animals  and  birds  are  wild  boars, 
hedge-liogs,  partridges,  quails,  canary-birds, 
nightingales,  ortolans,  &c.  It  has  no  rivers  ;  but 
there  are  a  number  of  rivulets.  This  island  was 
held  with  Piombino,  by  the  Appiani,  as  a  fief  of 
the  empire,  till  Charles  V.  thought  proper  to 
transfer  it  to  Cosmo  I.  duke  of  Florence,  that  he 
might  rescue  it  and  the  adjacent  coasts  from  the 
Turks  and  French.  Before  the  French  revolu- 
tion, it  was  subject  to  the  prince  of  Piombino,  ex- 
cept Porto  Ferrajo,  and  Porto  Longone,  the  former 
belonging  to  the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  the  latter 
to  the  king  of  Naples  ;  but  in  1801  the  French  be- 
came possessed  of  the  whole  island.  It  now  owes 
its  chief  celebrity  to  the  circumstance  of  its  hav- 
ing been  ceded  by  the  powers  of  Europe  in  full 
sovereignty  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte ;  after  the 
surrender  of  Paris  to  the  allies  in  March  1814. 
He  landed  at  Porto  Ferrajo,  the  capital  of  the 
island,  on  the  4th  of  May  in  that  year,  but  on  the 
26th  of  February  following,  he  embarked  again 
for  France,  and  reached  Paris,  without  encount- 
ering the  least  obstruction  :  since  when  the  island 
has  been  wholly  ceded  to  the  duke  of  Tuscany. 
Porto  Ferrajo,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island,  is  in 
lat.  42  50.  N.,  and  10.  15.  of  E.  long. 

Elba,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,679. 

Elbassano,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Al- 
bania, 45  m.  S.  E.  of  Durazzo. 

Elbe,  a  river  of  Europe,  rising  on  the  N.  E. 
frotitier  of  Bohemia,  bordering  on  Silesia,  in  the 
lat.  of  50.  30.  N.,  and  15.  35.  of  E.  long.,  flows 
S.  for  about  40  m.  past  Konigingratz  to  Pardu- 
bitz,  in  the  circle  of  Chrudin,  from  whence  it 
takes  a  meandering  course  in  a  N.  W.  direction 
to  Melnick,  where  it  receives  the  Moldau  from 
the  frontier  of  Austria  on  the  S. :  from  Melnick, 
it  continues  a  winding  course  through  the  circle 
of  Leutmeritz,  in  which  it  receives  the  Eger  from 
the  frontier  of  Franconia,  on  the  W.  S.  W.  and 
then  enters  the  circle  of  Meissen  in  Upper  Sax- 
ony, still  running  in  a  N.  W.  direction  past  Dres- 
den, into  the  duchy  of  Saxony  to  Magdeburg  ; 
2  A 


£LE 


278 


ELK 


from  whence  it  takes  a  direction  N.  by  E.  to  Ha- 
velberg,  where  it  receives  the  Havel ;  from  Ha- 
velberg  it  intersects  in  a  N.  W.  direction  the  Old 
Mark  of  Brandenburgh  ;  and  then  divides  Meck- 
enburgh  Schwerin,  and  the  duchy  of  Saxe  Lau- 
enburg  on  the  N.,  from  Luneburg  Zell,  to  Ham- 
burgh :  from  whence  it  becomes  navigable  for 
ships  of  the  largest  burthen,  dividing  for  about 
70  m.  the  duchy  of  Holstein  on  the  N.,  from  Bre- 
men on  the  S. ;  and  after  a  course  of  380  m.  in  a 
meridional  line,  and  upwards  of  500  m.  by  the 
course  of  the  stream,  falls  into  the  North  sea  at 
Cuxhaven,  in  the  lat.  of  53.  52.  N.,  and  8.46.  of 
E.  long.  The  Elbe  is  rendered  subservient  to 
the  purposes  of  navigation  ;  and  by  itself  and  col- 
lateral branches,  receives  and  distributes  produce 
along  lines  of  country,  several  hundred  m.  in  ex- 
tent.    See  Lubec. 

Elberfeldt,  or  Elerfeldt,  a  town  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Berg,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  vVip- 
per,  which  falls  into  the  Rhine  between  Cologne 
and  Dusseldorf.  It  has  extensivfe  manufactures 
of  linen,  silk,  and  wool,  and  a  pop.  of  near  20,000. 
It  i»  18  m.  due  E.  of  Duseldorf. 
Elherston,  p.t.  Effingham  Co.  Geo. 
Elbeuf,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Seine,  10  m.  S.  of 
Rouen,  and  65  N.  W.  of  Paris. 

Elbert,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  lying 
between  the  Savannah  and  Broad  rivers.  Pop. 
12,354.  Elberton  the  chief  town ;  it  is  190  m.  N. 
W.  of  the  city  of  Savannah. 

Elbing,  a  strong  town  of  W.  Prussia,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Marienburgh,  with  a  considerable 
trade  i">  butter,  cheese,  and  corn.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Frlsche  Half,  30  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dantzic. 
Long.  19.  30.  E.  lat.  54. 18.  N.  Pop.  about  18,000. 

Elbonen,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  with  a  citadel ;  seated  on  a  mountain,  by 
the  river  Eger,  10  m.  N.   E.  of  Egra. 

Etbridge,  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,357. 
Elbum,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelderland,  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Zuyder  Zee,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Har- 
derwick. 

Elche  Alhufera  de,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, 10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Alicant. 

Elchingen,  a  village  of  Suabia,  on  the  N.  bank 
of  the  Danube,  about  5  m.  N.  E.  ofUlm,  where 
a  battle  was  fought  between  the  French  and 
Austrians  in  1805,  which  obtained  for  Ney,  one 
of  Bonaparte's  generals,  the  title  of  duke  of  El- 
chingen. 

Elda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  20  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Alicant. 

Elderton,  p.t.  Armstrong  Co.  Pa. 
Eldridge,  p. v.  Buckingham    Co.   Va.     Also   a 
township  in  Huron  Co.  Ohio. 

Elephanta,  called  by  the  natives  Gharipoor,  an 
island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Hindoostan,  5  m.  froin 
Bombay.  It  contains  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
temples  of  the  Hindoos.  The  figure  of  an  ele- 
phant of  the  natural  size,  cut  coarsely  in  stone, 
appears  on  the  landing  place,  near  the  foot  of  a 
mountain.  An  easy  slope  then  leads  to  a  subter- 
ranean temple,  hewn  out  of  the  solid  rock,  80 
feet  long,  and  40  broad,  the  roof  supported  by 
rows  of  pillars  10  feet  high.  At  the  further  end 
are  gigantic  figures  of  the  three  Hindoo  deities, 
Brahma,  Vishna,  and  Seva,  which  were  mutilated 
by  the  zeal  of  the  Portuguese,  when  this  island 
was  in  their  possession.  Elephanta  was  ceded  to 
the  English  by  the  Mahrattaa 


Eleuths,  a  kingdom  of  Tartary,  lying  to  the  N. 
W.  of  Chinese  Tartary.  It  was  conquered  in  1759 
by  the  emperor  of  China.     See  Kalmucs. 

Elgin,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Mur- 
rayshire,  and  formerly  the  see  of  a  bishop.  Here 
are  many  large  old  buildings  over  piazzas.  Its 
cathedral  was  one  of  the  most  magnificent  struc- 
tures in  Scotland  ;  of  which  its  rums  are  a  sufli- 
cient  proof.  Twomiles  to  the  N.  E.  on  the  banks 
of  a  lake,  is  the  palace  of  Spynie,  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  bishop,  of  which  some  rooms  are 
still  pretty  entire.  Elgin  stands  on  the  Lossie,  5 
m.  from  its  port  at  Lossiemouth,  where  there  is 
a  tolerable  harbour,  whence  much  corn  is  expor- 
ted. It  is  38  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Inverness,  and  163 
N.  of  Edinburgh. 

Elginshire.  See  Murrayshire. 
Elinge,  a  village  of  Hampshire,  Eng.  at  the 
head  of  Southampton  bay,  5  m.  W.  of  Southamp- 
ton. Here  are  docks  for  building  and  repairing 
ships,  and  store-houses  for  merchandize  and  corn, 
in  which  last  it  carries  on  a  considerable  trade. 
Elie.     See  Ely. 

Elizabeth  City,  a.  smaM  county  of  Virginia,  for- 
ming the  promontory  between  the  mouths  of  York 
and  James  rivers  upon  Chesapeak  bay.  Pop. 
5,068.  The  chief  town  is  called  Hampton,  and 
gives  name  to  the  celebrated  anchorage  ground 
called  Hampton  Roads,  at  the  entrance  of  James 
river. — A  town  of  the  same  name  is  seated  on  the 
Pasquotank  river,  in  North  Carolina,  which  is  uni- 
ted with  Chesapeak  Bay,  by  the  canal  cut  through 
the  Great  Dismal  Swamp. 

Elizabeth  Islands,  small  islands  near  the  coast 
of  Massachusetts,  bearing  N.  W.  of  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, and  belonging  to  Dukes  county.  They  are 
about  16  in  number  ;  the  chief  of  which  are  Nas- 
hawn,  Pasqui,  Nashawenna,  Pinequese,  and  Cha- 
tahunk.  Nashawn,  the  largest,  supports  a  con- 
siderable number  of  cattle  and  sheep,  and  is  fa- 
mous for  excellent  cheese  and  wool.  It  is  two 
miles  from  the  continent,  and  the  N.  point  6.  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Falmouth.  Long.  70.38.  W.,lat. 
41.34.  N 

Elizabeth,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,729. 
Elizabethtown,  a  town  of  New  Jersey,  in  Essex 
county,  with  a  handsome  presbyterian  church,  an 
episcopal  church,  and  an  academy.  It  is  situate 
on  a  creek  of  Newark  bay,  14  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  the 
city  of  New  York.     Pop.  3,451 . 

Elizabethtmcn,  a  town  of  North  Carolina,  chief 
of  Baldwin  county,  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  Cape 
Fear  river.  36  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Fayette ville.  and  48 
N.  W.  of  Wilmington. 

Elizabethtown,  or  Hagerstoten,  a  town  of  Mary- 
land, chief  of  Washington  county.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  with  the  western  country,  and  the 
neighbourhood  produces  the  finest  Orinoko  to- 
bacco. It  is  situate  in  a  vallev,  70  m.  W.  N.  W 
of  Baltimore,  and  80  N.  N.  W.  of  Washington 
Also  townships  and  villages  in  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 
Alleghany  Co.  Pa.  Bladen  Co.  N.  C.  Hardin  Co.  . 
Ken.  Carter  Co.  Ten.  Gallaway  Co.  Missouri ; 
and  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 

Elk,  a  river  of  Maryland,  which  falls  into  the 
head    of  Chesapeak    bay.      It   has    been    lately 
united  with  the  Delaware,  by  a  Canal. 
Elk,  a  township  in  Athens  Co.  Ohio. 
Elk  River,  a.  township  in  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 
Elk  Creek,  a  township  of  Erin  Co.  Pa. 
Elkholn,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Missouri. 
Elkland,  a  town  of  Lycoming  Co.  Pa. 
Elk  Lick,  a  township  of  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 
Elk  Marsh,  p.v.  Fauquier  Co.  Va. 


fiLS 


279 


£MB 


Elk  Ridge,  p.t.  Anne  Arundel  Co.  Maryland. 

Elklon,  villages  iu  Todd  Co.  Ken.  and  Giles 
Co.  Ten. 

Elkton.  a  town  of  Maryland,  chief  of  Cecil  coun- 
ty with  a  considerable  trade,  particularly  in  wheat. 
It  is  situate  at  the  conflux  of  the  head  branches  of 
the  Elk,  13  miles  from  its  raouth  in  Chesapoak 
bay.  and  47  S.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  Long.  7C.  20. 
W.  iat.  39.  40.  N. 

Ellery  p.t.    Chatauque   Co.   N.   Y.  Pop.  2,001. 

Ellesinere,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  with  a 
considerable  trade  in  malt.  It  has  a  canal  from 
Shrewsbury,  which  passes  hence,  by  Wrexham 
and  Chester,  to  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey.  The 
town  is  seated  on  a  lar^e  mere,  16  miles  N.  N.  W. 
of  Shrewsbury,  and  178  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,6,056. 

E'lichpour,  or  EUishpoor,  a  town  of  Hiodoos- 
tan,  in  Berar,  capital  of  a  circar  of  the  same  name, 
subject  to  the  Nizam  of  the  Deccan.  It  was 
formerly  the  capital  of  Berar,  and  is  154  m.  N.E. 
of  Aurungabad.     Long.  78.  5.  E.,  Iat.  21.  12.  N. 

EllicoU,  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.    2,101. 

Ellinaton,  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,27!). 

Ellington,  p.t.  Tolland  Co.   Conn.  Pop.   1,455. 

Elliot,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,845.  Also 
the  name  of  a  missionary  station  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Mississippi. 

EUisbum,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  5,292. 

Ellisville,  p. v.  Nicholas  Co.  Ken. 

EUore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  one  of 
the  Circars,  on  the  bay  of  Bengal.  It  is  32 
miles  north  of  Masulipatam.  Long.  81.  15.  E., 
Iat.  16.  43.  N. 

Ellsworth,  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,385. 
Also  a  township  in  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Elnhoven,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  ter- 
ritory, in  the  Circle  of  Saatz,  with  a  castle  on  a 
rock,  by  the  river  Egra,  38  miles  W.  S.  W.  of 
Saatz.  Long.  12.  50.  E.,  Iat.  50.  20.  N. 

Elne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eastern  Pyrenees.  It  suffered  greatly  in  the 
civil  wars,  during  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.  and  is 
8  miles  S.  by  E.  of  Perpignan. 

Elora,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Dowlatabad, 
celebrated  for  its  wonderful  temple  cut  out  of  the 
natural  rock.     It  is  15  miles  N.  of  Aurungabad. 

Elphin,  a  town  of  Ireland  in  the  county  of 
of  Roscommon,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop,  16  m.  N. 
of  Roscommon. 

Elrich,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Hohenstein.  It  stands  on 
the  river  Zorge,  12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Nordhausen. 
Long.  10.  43.  E.,  Iat.  51.  38.  N. 

Elsflet,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Hunlorf  with  the  Weser,  13  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Oldenburg,  and  12  N.  W.  of  Bremen. 

Elsborough,  t.  Salem  Co.  N.  Y. 

Elsinburg.     See  Helsinburgh. 

Elsinore,  a  town  in  Denmark,  seated  on  the 
Sound,  in  the  isle  of  Zealand.  It  is  the  most 
commercial  place  in  Denmark,  next  to  Copenha- 
gen, being  the  residence  of  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  foreign  merchants,  and  the  consuls  of  the 
principal  nations  trading  to  the  Baltic.  A  little 
to  the  E.  is  the  fortress  of  Cronborg,  which 
guards  the  Sound.  Every  vessel  as  it  passes, 
pays  a  toll  at  Elsinore,  in  return  for  which,  the 
crown  takes  the  charge  of  constructing  light- 
houses, and  erecting  signals  to  mark  the  shoals 
and  rocks,  from  the  Categat  to  the  entrance  into 
the  Baltic.  Elsinore  has  no  harbour,  but  a  good 
and  safe  road,  and  is  22  m.  N.   of   Copenhagen. 


Long.  12.  35.  E.,  Iat.  56.  9.  N.      See  Cronborg.  - 

Eisner,  White  and  Black,  two  rivers  of  Upper 
Saxony,  the  first  rises  near  the  northern  frontier 
of  Franconia  and  runs  N.  nearly  parallel  with 
and  E.  of  the  Saal,  into  which  it  fills  about  18  m. 
N.  W.  of  Leipzig ;  this  river  proved  very  disastrous 
to  the  French  troops,  on  their  retreat  after  the 
battle  of  Leipzig,  in  October  13] 3.— The  Black 
Elster  rises  near  the  Spree  in  Upper  Lusatia,  and 
after  a  winding  course  E.  of  the  Elbe,  falls  into 
tliat  river  in  the  duchy  of  Saxony. 

Elsterberg,  a  town  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
White  Elster,  near  its  source,  7  m.  N.  of  Plauen. 

Elsterioerda,  a  town  and  castle  of  Upper  Sax- 
ony, in  Misnia,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Black  Els- 
ter, 24  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Dresden. 

Eltham,  a  town  in  Kent,  En^.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  a  palace,  in  which  Edward  II.  often 
resided,  and  his  son,  John  of  Eltham,  was  born; 
it  is  now  in  part  converted  into  a  farm  house,  and 
the  stately  hall  forms  the  barn.  It  is  8  m.  S.  W. 
of  London  Bridge.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,883. 

Elvas,  a  strong  frontier  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alemtejo,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle.  Here 
is  a  cistern  so  large,  that  it  will  hold  water  enough 
for  the  town  for  six  months.  The  water  is 
brought  by  a  Moorish  aqueduct,  three  miles  in 
length,  which,  in  some  places  is  supported  by 
several  stories  of  arches.  On  the  side  of  it  is  a 
forest  of  olive-trees,  among  which  are  walks  and 
fine  mountains.  Elvas  was  bombarded  by  the 
French  in  1706.  A  royal  academy  for  young 
gentlemen  was  founded  here  in  1733.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  Guadiana,  15  m.  W.  of  Badajos,  and 
118  E.  of  Lisbon.     Pop.  about  16,000. 

Elvira,  a  township  in  Union  Co.  Illinois. 

Elwangen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  near  the  S. 
frontier  of  Franconia,  with  a  castle  on  a  moun- 
tain ;  seated  on  the  Jaxt,  18  m.  N.  W.  of  Nord- 
lingen. 

Ely,  a  city  in  Cambridgeshire,  Eng.  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse  (which  is 
navigable  hence  to  Lynn)  in  the  fenny  tract,  call- 
ed the  Isle  of  Ely.  The  spring  assizes  are  held 
here.  It  is  a  county  of  itself,  including  the  ter- 
ritory around  it,  and  has  a  distinct  civil  and  crimi- 
nal jurisdiction,  of  which  the  bishop  is  the  head. 
It  has  a  fine  cathedral,  but  is  otherwise  a  mean 
place.  Tt  is  17  m.  N.  of  Cambridge,  and  67  N. 
by  E.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821 ,  5,079. 

Ely,  or  Elie,  a  town  of  Scotland,  on  the  S.  E. 
coast  of  Fifeshire,  with  a  good  harbour,  with  up- 
wards of  20  feet  water  at  common  tide,  but  has 
little  trade.  It  is  opposite  to  N.  Berwick,  and 
forms  the  N.  point  of  entrance  to  the  Frith  of  Forth. 

Elyon,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  Alabama. 

Elyria,  p.t.  Lorrain  Co.  Ohio. 

Elze,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Hildesheim,  seated  on  the  Leine,  12  m. 
S.  W.  of  Hildesheim,  and  20  S.  of  Hanover. 

Emanuel,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  2,681. 
Swainsborough  is  the  capital. 

Emboly,  or  Jemholi,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Macedonia,  and  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  "It 
is  the  ancient  Amphipolis ;  and  is  sometimes  call- 
ed Christopolis.  It  is  seated  on  the  Strumona, 
at  its  entrance  into  the  gulf  of  Contessa.  Long. 
23.  55.  E.,  Iat.  40.  59.  N. 

Embden,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  894. 

Embrun,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Alps.  It'has  a  fortress  built  by  Louis  X IV. 
and  is  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  river  Du- 
rance, 17  m.  E.  of  Gap.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  pre- 
fect, and  in  1825,  contained  3,002  inhabitants 


1^ 


ENG 


280 


ENG 


Emden,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
K.  Friesland.  It  has  a  good  harbour  and  a  safe 
road  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ems  ;  and  considerable 
manufactures  of  stockings,  soap,  leather,  and  cot- 
ton. The  greatest  part  of  tiie  inhabitants  are 
Calvinists,  but  there  are  some  Lutherans,  Papists, 
and  Jews.  It  was  a  free  port  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  United  Provinces,  but  in  1744  they 
sold  their  right  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  was  a 
neutral  port  during  the  early  part  of  the  war  be- 
tween England  and  France,  which  began  in  1793. 
It  is  now  included  in  the  kingdom  of  Hanover ; 
population  about  12,000.  It  is  28  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Gronincen,  and  47  W.  N.  W.  of  Oldenburg. 
Long.  7.  8.  E.,  lat.  53.  20.  N. 

Emmaus,  a  village  of  the  Moravians  in  Lehigh 
Co.  Pa. 

Emmendingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgau, 
and  chief  town  in  the  marquisate  of  Hochberg, 
seated  on  the  river  Ens,  10  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Fri- 
burg. 

Emmerick,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleves.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  with 
Holland,  and  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  22  m.  N.  W. 
of  Wescl. 

Emmittshurg,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryland,  50 
m.  N.  W.  Baltimore. 

Ems,  a  river  of  Westphalia,  which  rises  in  the 
territory  of  Paderborn,  and  after  a  course  of  about 
150  m.  in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction,  flows  at  Emden, 
into  the  Dollart,  a  bay  of  the  German  Ocean. 

Ems,  or  Embs,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol, 
near  which  are  some  baths  impregnated  with 
sulphur.  It  is  10  m.  S.  E.  of  the  lake  of  Constance. 
Encheysen,  a  town  of  N.  Holland,  on  the  Zuider 
Zee.  It  was  once  a  flourishing  place ;  but  its 
harbour  being  now  obstructed  by  sand,  it  has  lost 
its  former  consequence.  It  wab  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1799.  It  is  27  m.  N.  E.  of  Amsterdam. 
Endeavour  Strait,  a  strait  of  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean,  which  separates  New  Guinea  from  the  N. 
E.  point  of  New  Holland.  It  received  its  name 
from  captain  Cook,  who  explored  it  in  1770.  Its 
length,  is  10  leagues,  and  its  breadth  about  five, 
except  at  the  N.  E.  entrance,  where  it  is  contract- 
ed to  less  than  two  miles,  by  the  islands  called 
Prince  of  Wales  Islands. 

Zndingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgau,  near 
the  Rhine,  7  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Old  Brisach. 

Enfield,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  It  was 
once  famous  for  an  extensive  royal  chase,  disfor- 
ested in  1779 ;  and  had  a  royal  palace,  of  which 
little  now  remains,  the  front  having  been  taken 
down  in  1792,  and  its  site  occupied  by  some 
houses.     It  is  10  m.  N.  of  London.     Pop.  8,227. 

Enfield,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  105  m.  fr.  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  1,492. 

Enfield,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  1.058. 
Enfield,  a  town  of  Connecticut,   in    Hartford 
county,  situate  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Connecticut, 
16  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Hartford.     Pop.  2,129. 

Enfield,  p.t.  Tompkms  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,332. 
Also  a  village  in  Halifax  Co   N.  C. 

Engudina,  or  Inthal,  a  delightful  valley  of  Swit- 
zerland, in  the  canton  of  Grisons,  extending  along 
the  banks  of  the  river  Inn,  from  its  source  to 
Tyrol.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  the 
chief  towns  are  Zurz  and  Cernetz. 

En<relberg,  a  valley  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
Ion  of  Underwalden,  10  m.  long,  surrounded  by 
mountains.  It  is  subject  to  the  abbot  of  a  Bene- 
dictine monastery  of  the  same  name,  whose  reve- 
nues arise  principally  from  a  commerce  in  cheese. 
The  country  contains  extensive  glaciers,  on  the 


side  of  fertile  mountains,  fine  black  marble,  white 
veined;  small  crystals  called  Swiss  diamonds; 
silver  and  vitriol.  The  abbey  is  12  m  S.  W.  of 
Altdorf 

Engelholm,  a  sea  port  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen, 
on  a  bay  of  the  Categat,  with  good  anchorage 
near  the  entrance  to  the  Sound.  In  1678,  it  was 
taken  by  the  Danes,  after  an  obstinate  defence 
It  is  44  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lund.  Long.  12.  57.  E., 
lat.  56.  22.  N. 

Engcrs,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Wester- 
wald,  capital  of  a  county  of  its  name  ;  seated  near 
the  Rhine,  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Enghein,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hain- 
hault,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Brussels,  on  the  road  to 
Tournay.  It  gives  the  title  of  Duke  to  one  of  the 
Bourbon  family. 

Engia,  En^ina,  or  JEgina  (its  ancient  name), 
an  island  of  European  Turkey,  in  the  gulf  of  En- 
gia, between  Livadia  and  the  Morea.  It  has  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  22  m.  S.  S.  W  of  Athens. 
Long.  23.  39.  E..  lat.  37.  45.  N. 

England,,  the   southern  part  of  the   island    of 
Great  Britain  is  a  very  irregularly  shaped  territory, 
extending  in  its  extreme  length,  from  the  Land's 
End  in  Cornwall,  in  the  lat.  of  50.  4.  7.  and  long, 
of  5.  41.31.  to  Berwick,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tweed, 
which  divides  it  from  Scotland,  in  the  lat.  of  55. 
AQ.  21.  N.,  and  1.  59.  41.  of  W.  long.     The  me- 
ridional distance  between  these  two  points  is  366 
geographical,  or  425  English  statute  m. ;  this  line, 
owever,  intersects  the  entrance  to  the    Bristol 
channel.  South  and  North  Wales,  and  the  Irish 
Sea ;  the  extreme  meridional  line  that  could  be 
drawn  on  English  ground,  from  N.  to  S.  would  be 
from  Berwick  to  St.  Alban's  Head,  in  the  county  of 
Dorset:  this  line  would  measure  366  statute  m.; 
and  the  extreme  length  from  W.  to  E.  would  be 
from  the  Land's  End,  Cornwall,  to  the  Dudgeon 
lights  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Norfolk,  which  would 
measure  359  statute  m.    The  four  S.  E.  counties  of 
Somerset,  Dorset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall,  however 
form  a  promontory  ;  and  as  the  superficial  area  of 
England   by  actual  survey  proves   to  be  50,535 
square  m.  taking  the  length  from  N.  to  S.  to  be  366 
m.  the  mean  breadth  from  W.  to  E.  will  be  within 
150  m.     The  sea  on  the  S.  is  called  the  English 
Channel,  and  which  divides  England  from  the  N. 
W.  coast  of  France  :  the  sea  at  the  S.  E.  point  is 
called  the  straits  of  Dover,  and  divides  England 
from  the  N.  W.  point  of  France  and  the  Nether- 
lands :  the  sea  on  the  E.  coast  of  England  is  called 
the   North    Sea,  or  German  Ocean,  and  divides 
England  from  Holland,  Germany,  and  Jutland : 
the  sea  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  England  is  called 
the  Irish  Sea,  and  divides  England  from  the  N. 
E.  coast  of   Ireland.    'Wales,  North   and  South, 
bound  the  centre  of  its  western  side  ;  and  the  four 
S.  W.  counties  before  mentioned,  project  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.     England,  for  local  purposes,  is 
divided  into  40  counties,  viz.  :     Bedford,  Berks, 
Bucks,  Cambridge,  Chester,  Cornwall,  Cumber- 
land, Derby,    Devon,    Dorset,    Durham,    Essex, 
Gloucester,  Hants,  Hereford,  Huntingdon,  Hert- 
ford, Kent,  Lancaster,  Leicester,  Lincoln,  Mid- 
dlesex, Monmouth,  Norfolk,  Northampton,  North- 
umberland, Nottingham,  Oxford,  Rutland,  Salop, 
Somerset,  Staff'ord,  Suff'olk,  Surrey,  Sussex,  War- 
wick, Westmorland,  Wilts,  Worcester,  and  York  ; 
each  of  which  is  subdivided  into  hundreds  and 
parishes.     For  judicial  purposes  it  is  divided  into 
six  circuits ;  and  for  ecclesiastical  purposes    into 
two  archiepiscopal  and  20  episcopal  sees,  or  juris- 
dictions.    The   extent,  relations.  &c.,  of  each  of 


ENG 


281 


ENG 


tKe  several  counties,  towns,  &c.,  are  noticed  in 
their  alphabetical  place  in  this  work. 

The  face  ot'the  country  affords  all  that  beauti- 
ful variety  which  can  be  found  in  the  most  exten- 
sive tracts  of  the  globe  ;  not,  however,  without 
romantic,  and  even  dreary  scenes,  lofty  mountains, 
craggy  rocks,  black  barren  moors,  and  wide  un- 
cultivated heaths  ;  and  yet,  few  countries  have  a 
smaller  proportion  of  land,  absolutely  sterile  and 
incapable  of  culture.  The  richest  parts  are,  in 
general,  the  midland  and  southern.  Towards  the 
N.  it  partakes  of  the  barrenness  of  the  adjoining 
parts  of  Scotland.  The  E .  coast  is  in  many  places, 
sandy  and  marshy.  A  range  of  rude  and  elevated 
land,  sometimes  rising  into  mountains  3,000  feet  in 
heiglit,  extends  from  the  borders  of  Scotland  to 
the  very  heart  of  England,  forming  a  natural  di- 
vision between  the  E.  and  W.  sides  of  the  king- 
dom. Cornwall  is  also  a  rough  hilly  tract;  and 
a  similar  c'laracter  prevails  in  part  of  the  adjacent 
counties  These  mountainous  tracts  abound  with 
various  mineral  treasures,  more  particularly  coal, 
iron,  copper,  lead,  and  tin 

The  rivers  of  England  are  numerous,  and  con- 
tribute essentially  to  the  beauty  and  fertility  of 
the  country,  as  well  as  to  facilitate  the  convey- 
ance of  its  products  from  one  part  of  the  kingdom 
to  another :  the  four  most  deserving  of  notice  for 
their  magnitude  and  utility,  are  the  Trent,  Mer- 
sey, Severn,  and  Thames.  These  four  rivers 
rise  in  the  interior  of  the  country,  and  flow  in 
contrary  directions,  the  first  to  the  N.  E.,the  next 
to  the  N.  W.,  the  Severn  to  the  S.  W.,  and  the 
Thames  to  the  S.  E. ;  and  being  rendered  navi- 
gable and  united  to  each  other  by  canals,  they 
atford  an  admirable  facility  of  conveyance  over 
all  parts  of  the  country.  In  addition  to  these,  the 
great  Ouse  and  the  Nen,  flow  from  the  centre  of 
the  country  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  into  the  N.  sea 
between  the  Thames  and  the  Trent,  and  the  Nen 
IS  united  to  the  line  of  canal  which  unites  those 
two  rivers,  and  thereby  with  the  Mericy  and 
Severn.  Further  N.  are  the  Humber,  Teer,,  Wear, 
Tyne,  and  the  Tweed,  which  divides  England 
from  Scotland,  all  flowing  from  W.  to  E.  into  the 
North  Sea :  and  on  the  other  side  is  the  Eden, 
Derwent,  Ribble  and  the  Dee,  flowing  into  the 
Irish  Sea  :  the  tributary  rivers  deserving  of  notice, 
are  the  Med  way  and  Lea,  falling  into  the  Thames, 
the  Soar  and  Derwent  falling  into  the  Trent,  the 
Don,  Aire,  and  Ouse  falling  into  the  Humber,  the 
Irwell  into  the  Mersey,  and  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Avon  and  Wye  into  the  Severn  ;  all  of  which  are 
navigable,  and  yield  a  variety  offish  :  The  Tamar, 
Torridge,  Tame,  Exe,  Arun,  and  a  few  other 
rivers  of  inferior  note,  intersect  the  S.  and  S.  W. 
parts  of  the  country,  falling  into  the  Bristol  and 
English  channels.  The  lakes  are  neither  numer- 
ous nor  extensive,  and  are  chiefly  in  the  N.  W. 
counties  :  those  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land, in  particular,  exhibit  such  varieties  of  beau- 
tiful scenery,  as  to  become  the  object  of  summer 
excursions  from  every  part  of  the  country.  With 
respect  to  climate,  England  is  situate  in  the  N. 
part  of  the  temperate  zone,  so  that  it  enjoys  but  a 
scanty  share  of  the  genial  influence  of  the  sun. 
Its  atmo-phere  is  inclined  to  chillness  and  mois- 
ture, subject  to  frequent  and  sudden  changes  ;  and 
is  more  favourable  to  the  growth,  than  to  the 
ripening  of  the  products  of  the  earth.  No  country 
is  clothed  with  so  beautiful  and  lasting  a  verdure  , 
but  the  harvests,  especially  in  the  northern  parts, 
frequently  suffer  from  unseasonable  rains.  The 
•.Quntry,  nevertheless,  generally  affords  an  abnn- 
36 


dant  supply  of  grain,  and  all  the  other  ncce.ssarifen 
of  life,  and  the  rigours  of  winter,  and  the  heats  of 
summer,  are  felt  here  in  a  much  less  degree  than 
in  parallel  climates  on  the  continent;  a  circum- 
stance common  to  all  islands.  The  whole  coun- 
try, some  particular  spots  excepted,  is  sufficiently 
healthy  ;  and  the  longevity  of  its  inhabitants  is 
equal  to  that  of  almost  any  region.  All  its  most  val- 
uable productions,  both  animal  and  vegetable,  have 
been  imported  from  foreign  countries,  and  have 
been  kept  up  and  improved  by  constant  attention. 
England  has  now  no  other  wild  quadrupeds  than 
those  of  the  smaller  kind ;  as  the  fox,  bado-er, 
marten,  otter,  hare,  rabbit,  squirrel,  «S:.c.  On  the 
other  hand,  every  kind  of  domestic  animal,  im- 
ported from  abroad,  has  been  reared  to  the  greatest 
degree  of  perfection.  The  horse  has  been  trained 
up  for  all  the  various  purposes  of  strength  and 
swiftness,  so  as  to  excel  in  those  qualities  the  same 
animal  in  every  other  country.  The  whole  num- 
ber kept  in  Great  Britain  has  been  estimated  at 
1,500,000,  including  every  valuable  variety  of  that 
noble  animal.  The  breeds  of  cattle  in  various 
parts  of  the  kingdom  have  also  been  cultivated 
with  much  care,  and  have  been  brought  to  the 
largest  size  and  greatest  justness  of  shape.  The 
different  races  of  sheep  are  variously  distinguish- 
ed, either  for  uncommon  size,  goodness  of  flesh, 
or  plenty  or  fineness  of  wool.  The  deer  of  its 
parks,  which  are  originally  a  foreign  breed,  are 
superior  in  beauty  of  skin,  and  delicacy  of  flesh, 
to  those  of  most  countries.  Even  the  several 
kinds  of  dogs  have  been  trained  to  degrees  of 
courage,  strength,  and  sagacity,  rarely  to  be  met 
with  elsewhere.  Domestic  poultry,  as  well  as 
wild  birds,  are  numerous ;  the  shape  and  beauty 
of  plumage  of  the  pheasant,  and  delicious  note  of 
the  nightingale,  cannot  be  surpassed.  The  im- 
provement in  the  vegetable  products  of  this  island 
is  not  less  striking  than  in  the  animal.  Nuts, 
acorns,  crabs,  and  a  few  wild  berries,  were  almost 
all  the  variety  of  vegetable  food  which  its  woods 
could  boast.  To  other  countries,  and  to  the  ef- 
forts of  culture,  it  is  indebted  for  corn,  esculent 
roots,  plants,  and  all  its  garden  fruits.  The  seas 
as  well  as  the  rivers  of  England  are  stocked  with 
a  great  variety  of  fish,  which  yield  a  plentiful  ar- 
ticle of  provision  to  all  ranks  of  people. 


The  English  are  generally  of  a  middle  size,  and 
are  upon  an  average  an  inch  shorter  than  the 
Americans.  They  are  well-formed,  handsome, 
robust,  and  though  not  so  fair  as  the  northern 
nations  generally,  of  a  florid  complexion.  The 
females  are  distinguished  for  thei»-  grace  and 
beauty.  In  the  cities  a.  d  among  the  more  &sh- 
2  A  2 


ENG 


239 


ENT 


Jonable  classes  their  dress  is  showy,  although  the 
fashions  are  generally  copied  from  the  French. 
The  manners  of  the  English  are  formal,  stiff,  and 
reserved,  and  there  is  no  country  where  ranks  and 
conditions  are  fenced  round  with  so  many  bar- 
riers. 

Of  the  early  history  of  England,  but  little  is 
known  prior  to  its  becoming  a  province  of  the 
Roman  empire,  during  the  first   century   of  the 
Christian  era.     The  first  invasion  of  England  by 
the    Romans    was    under    Julius    Caesar   in    the 
year  .35,    at  which   period   the  country  was  in- 
habited by  a  very   numerous  but  hardy  and  rude 
race  of  people    denominated    Britons,    living   in 
tribes   and  sul)ject    to   an    austere    and   rigorous 
priesthood.    About  the  year  8(5  the  wh'.le  country, 
after    numerous    conflicts,    was   subdued  by  the 
Romans.     During  a  period  of  nearly  400  years, 
from     the    time  of   Agricola    to   the    year   447, 
when  the  Romans  finally  quitted  the  island,  they 
had  effectually  succeeded  in   reconciling  the  na- 
tives to  a  dependence  on  their  government,  and 
in  diffusing  a  taste  and  desire   to  cultivate  and 
practice  the  arts  of  social  life  ;  they  had,  however, 
BO  implicitly  yielded  to  Roman  government  and 
protection,  that,  on  being  left  to  govern  and  pro- 
tect themselves,  they   were  unable  to   withstand 
the  rude  and  vigorous  attacks  of  the  Picts  and 
Scots,   who   poured  into  the   country    froni    the 
north.      The    Romans,    on  being    applied   to  by 
the   Britons,  declining  from  inability  to   render 
them  assistance,  the  Britons  invited  the  assistance 
of  the  Saxons,  a  people  who  had   acquired  celeb- 
rity for  their  valour  in  the  north  of  Europe.     In 
the    year   449    Hcngist  and    Horsa,    two    Saxon 
leaders,  arrived  with  a  force  of  1  ,G00  men,  who 
succeeded  in    speedily    subduing  the   Scots  and 
Picts  ;    but    perceiving   tlie  inefficiency    of   the 
Britons,  the  S.axons  obtained  a  succession  of  rein- 
forcements, made  allies  of  the   Scots  and    Picts, 
and  turned  their  whole   force  to  the  subjugation 
of  England  ;  and,  in  the   progress   of  time,  the 
country  became  divided   into  seven  monarchies, 
some  one  of  which,  however  in  its  turn  maintain- 
ing an  ascendancy  over  the  rest,  the  ascendant 
monarch    being    regarded    as    king  of  England. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  the   seven   monarchies: 
with  the  dates  of  their  foundation  and  extinction, 
viz  — 


founded  in  4-54  extinct  823 


491   - 

-   685 

527   - 

-   827 

547   - 

-   827 

575   - 

-   792 

582   - 

-   827 

592   - 

-   828 

Rent     .     .     .     . 
South  Saxons     . 
East  Saxons 
Northumberland 
East  Angles 
Mercia 
West  Saxons 


This  period  is  denominated  the  Heptarchy, 
which  merged  into  an  undivided  sovereignty  un- 
der Egbert,  the  17th  king  of  the  West  Saxons, 
in  828.  In  800  the  Saxon  Dynasty  in  its  turn 
was  assailed  by  the  Danes,  and,  after  repeated 
conflicts  and  aggressions,  Sweyn,  a  Dane,  was 
crowned  king  of  England  in  1013.  The  crown 
reverted  again  to  the  Saxons  in  Edward,  sur- 
named  the  Confessor,  in  1042;  but  on  the  )4th 
of  October,  1060,  the  destinies  of  England  were 
placed  in  the  hands  of  William  of  Normandy, 
surnamed  the  Conqueror,  from  the  decisive  victo- 
ry he  gained  on  that  day,  over  Harold  II.,  king 
of  England.  From  that  period  to  the  present  time 
the  whole  country  has  been  under  tlie  rule  of  a 
successive  line  of  kings,  except  for  11  years,  from 


1649,  to  IfiGO,  when  it  was  under  the  protectorate 
of  Cror.iwell,  during  which  time  it  was  ruled  by 
the  Parliament  or  iTie  Protector,  and  was  called 
the  commonwealth  of  England. 

England,  A'ctc.     See  JVw  England. 
EngUsh  Tiiwn,  p. v.  Monmouth  Co.  N.  Y. 
English   Turn,  a  bend   '.n  the  river  Mississippi, 
18  m.  below  New  Orleans. 

En/doping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland,  on 
the  N.  side  of  Lake  Maelcr,  21  m.  S  W.  of 
Upsal. 

Ennis,  a  town  in  the  parish  of  DrumclifF,  Ire- 
land, capital  of  the  county  of  Clare.  It  is  seated 
near  the  head  of  a  bay,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  riv- 
er Shannon.  It  is  19m.  N.  N.  W  of  Limerick, 
and  113  S.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  Population  of  the 
town  (which  is  sometimes  called  Clare),  in  1821, 
6,702,  and  the  remainder  of  the  parish  3,533  more. 
It  returns  a  member  to  the  parliament  of  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Ennisrnrthy,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Wexford,  .yiih  a  manufacture  of  coarse 
woolen  cloth,  and  some  iron  works.  It  is  situate 
on  the  Slaney,  close  under  Vinegar-hall,  10  m. 
N.  of  Wexford,  and  27  N.  E.  of  Waterford. 

Enniskilhn,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Fermanagh.  It  is  seated  on  an 
island  in  Lough  Erne,  where  that  lake  is  contract- 
ed for  about  six  miles  to  the  width  of  an  ordinary 
river,  and  has  a  strong  fort,  it  being  a  pass  of 
great  importance  between  the  N.  and  S.  of  Ire- 
land. In  1595  it  made  an  obstinate  defence 
against  the  army  of  queen  Elizabeth,  and  again 
in  1080  against  James  II.  It  is  80  m.  N.  W.  of 
Dublin.  Population,  in  1821,  2,399,  and  of  the 
parish  10,000  more.  It  returns  one  member  to 
the  parliament  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
EnnisvilJe.,  p. v.  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 
Eno,  or  Enos,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Rumelia,  and  a  Greek  archbishop's  see  ;  seated 
near  a  gulf  of  the  Archipelago,  at  the  influx  of 
the  M.arissa,  90  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Adrianople,  and 
145  W.  S.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  28.  15. 
E.,  lat.  40.  46.  N. 

Enoshurgh,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,500. 
Ens,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  at  its  conflux  with  the  Danube,  12  m.    E. 
S.  E.  of  Lintz. 

Ensnne,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Nile.  Here  are  considerable  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Antinoe.  It  is  120  m.  S.  of  Cairo.  Lone.  30. 
54.  E.,  lat.  28.  5.  N. 

Ensisheim.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  river  Ulo,  10  m. 
S.  of  Colmar. 

Enshi.rken,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of  Juliers,  15 
m.  S.  W.  of  Cologne. 

Enstorf,  a  town  of  the  palatinate  of  Bavana, 
22  milesN.  of  Ratisbon. 

Entlibuck,a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Lucern,  14  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lucern. 

Enfre  Douro  e  Mivho,  the  most  N.  W.  province 
of  Portugal,  lying  on  the  sea  coast,  between  the 
rivers  Douro  and  Minho,  and  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  Tra  los  Mont.es.  It  is  68  miles  from  N.  to  S., 
and  40  broad,  and  in  1810  contained  a  population 
of  907,965.  Braga,  30  miles  N.  N.  E.  of  Oporto, 
is  the  capital.  It  is  watered  by  two  other  rivers, 
falling  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  viz.  the  Lima  and 
Cavado;  the  other  principal  towns  are,  Lagos, 
Jjapeda,  and  Moncao,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Min- 
ho, which  divides  the  province  from  the  Spanish 
province  of  Galicia:  Port  de  Lima,  and  Viana, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Lima,  Barcellos,  between 


ERB 


£89 


ERI 


Brnga  and  the  mouth  of  the  Cabado,  Guimaraens, 
and  Ainarante  in  the  S.  E.  and  Oporto  on  the  N. 
bank  near  the  mouth  of  the  Douro,  which  sepa- 
rates the  province  from  Beira. 

Epcrics,  a  town  of  Upper  Hungary,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Soros,  celebrated  for  its  mines  of 
sjilt.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Tatza,  20  miles  N.  E.  of 
Cassovia.  Long.  21. 13.  E.,  lat.  48.  50.  N.  Pop. 
about  7,500. 

Eperiuiy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ofMarne.  It  was  taken  by  Henry  IV,  in  1592. 
when  marshal  Biron  was  killed  while  the  king's 
hand  was  on  his  shoulder.  The  wines  produced 
in  its  neighbourhood  are  excellent.  It  is  17  miles 
N.  W.  of  Chalons,  and  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  with 
a  population  in  1825,  of  4,997. 

E/iernon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eure  and  Loire,   15  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Chartres. 

Ephesus,  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nato- 
lia,  anciently  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  of 
Asia  Minor,  and  the  most  frequented  emporium 
of  that  continent.  Of  its  former  splendour  there 
is  nothing  to  be  seen  but  heaps  of  marble,  over- 
turned walls,  columns,  capitals,  and  pieces  of 
statues.  The  fortress,  which  is  upon  an  emi- 
nence, seems  to  have  been  the  work  of  the  Greek 
emperors ;  and  also  the  aqueduct,  part  of  which 
is  yet  standing,  supported  by  pillars  of  fine  mar- 
ble. The  eastern  gate  has  three  basso-relievos, 
taken  from  some  ancient  monuments ;  that  in 
the  middle  was  constructed  by  the  Romans. 
The  most  remarkable  structure  was  the  Temple 
of  Diana,  deemed  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of 
the  world,  and  which  the  primitive  Christians  had 
converted  into  a  church  ;  but  it  is  now  so  entire- 
ly ruined,  that  it  is  not  easy  to  find  the  ground- 
plot.  Ephesus  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Cayster,  which  formerly  afforded  a  good  harbour 
for  ships,  but  is  now  almost  choked  up  with 
sand.  The  present  inhabitants  are  only  Greek 
peasants,  who  live  in  extreme  wretchedness  and 
insensibility.  It  is  30  miles  S.  S.  E.  of  Smyrna. 
Long.  27.  23.  E.,  lat.  38.  8.  N. 

Ephrata.  or  Tunkerstown,  a  town  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  Lancaster  county,  and  the  principal  settle- 
ment of  a  sect  called  Tunkers  [Dippers],  who 
are  of  German  extraction,  and  first  appeared 
in  America  in  1719.  It  is  22  miles  N.  of  Lan- 
caster. 

Epinal;  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  '/osges.  It  is  famous  for  its  paper- 
mills,  and  seated  on  the  river  Moselle,  near  the 
mountains  of  the  Vosges,  65  miles  S.  W.  of 
Strasburgh,  and  195  E.  by  S.  of  Pjiris.  Pop.  in 
1825,  7,941. 

Eppinq,  a  town  m  Essex,  Eng.  It  is  famous 
for  excellent  butter,  and  seated  at  the  N.  end  of 
a  forest  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  N.  N.  E.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,688. 

Epping,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  20  m.  fr. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,263. 

Epsom,  p.t-  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,418. 

Epsam,  a  town  in  Surry,   Eng.  celebrated  for 
its  mineral  waters  and  salts  ;  and   on  its   neigh- 
bouring downs  are  annual  horse-races.     It  is  15 
miles  S.  S.  W.  of  London.     Population  in  1821 
3,890. 

Eptoortk,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire ,Eng.  on  the  isle 
of  Axholin,  with  a  manufacture  of  sacking.  John 
Wesley,  the  founder  of  the  Arminian  sect  of 
methodists,  was  born  here.  It  is  11  miles  N.  of 
Gainsborough,  and  106  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1821,1,502. 

Erback,  a  town  ofFranconia,  capital  of  a  coun- 


ty of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is.  22 
miles  W.  by  S.  of  Wertheim,  and  35  S.  S.  E.  of 
Frankfort. 

Erekli,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  on  the  N 
shore  of  the  sea  of  Marmora,  55  miles  W.  of  Con- 
stantinople. It  was  the  ancient  Heraclina,  and 
contains  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheatre,  built  by 
the  emperor  Severus ;  and  a  wall  at  some  former 
time  extended  from  this  place  to  Dtrkus  on  the 
shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  a  distance  of  about  55 
miles,  the  object  of  which,  seems  to  hav^e  been 
the  protection  of  Constantinople  from  the  nortli- 
ern  barbarians. 

*^*  There  is  another  town  of  the  same  name 
on  the  S.  VV.  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  130  m.  E. 
by    N.  of  Constantinople. 

Erfurt,  a  city  of  Upper  Saxony,  sometimes  ac- 
counted the  capital  of  Thuringia,  with  a  univer- 
sity and  two  strong  forts.  The  principal  magis- 
trate is  sometimes  a  protestant  and  sometimes 
a  papist ;  but  the  greatest  part  of  the  burghers  are 
protestants.  It  has  three  fine  libraries,  one  of 
which  belongs  to  the  papists,  another  to  the  uni- 
versity, and  a  third  to  the  protestant  ministers 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  15,000.  A  fire 
happened  here  in  1736,  which  burnt  down  180 
houses,  and  several  churches.  In  1806  it  was 
taken  by  the  French  ;  and  in  1814,  it  surrendered 
to  the  allies.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on 
the  river  Gerar,  58  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig. 

Eribol,  Loch,  in  Scotland,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  on 
the  N.  coast  of  Sutherlandshire,  in  the  long,  of 
4.  30.  W.,  capable  of  affording  a  safe  retreat  to 
the  largest  vessels.  It  receives  several  streams  ; 
particularly  that  which  flows  from  a  lake  called 
Loch  Hope. 

Ericht,  Lock,  a.  lake  of  Scotland,  lying  in  the 
counties  of  Inverness  and  Perth.  It  is  24  m.  in 
length  and  one  in  breadth,  surrounded  by  lofly 
mountains  and  rugged  cliffs,  and  its  banks  cover- 
ed with  heath  and  a  few  straggling  birches  and 
alders.  Its  outlet,  at  the  S.  extremity,  is  the  riv- 
er Ericht,  which  flows  into  Loch  Rannock. 

Erie,  Lake,  one  of  the  great  chain  of  lakes 
in  North  America,  lies  between  79.  and  84.  W. 
long.,  and  41 .  and  43.  N.  lat.  Its  length  is  230  m. 
and  40  its  medium  breadth.  It  is  upwards  of  650 
m.  in  circumference,  and  navigable  for  ships  of 
any  burthen.  The  coast  on  both  sides  is  generally 
favourable  for  batteaux  and  canoes  ;  yet  in  some 
places,  chiefly  on  the  S.  side,  there  are  rocks  that 
extend  several  m.  in  length.  Some  of  these,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga,  rise  40  or  50  feet 
perpendicular  out  of  the  water,  and  project  over 
the  lake.  The  heathen  Indians,  when  they  pass 
this  impending  danger,  offer  a  sacrifice  of  tobacco 
to  the  water.  The  islands  and  banks  towards  its 
W.  end  are  so  infested  with  rattlesnakes,  as  to 
render  it  dangerous  to  land  on  them.  The  lake  tg 
covered,  near  the  banks  of  the  islands,  with  a 
large  pond  lily  ;  the  leaves  of  which  are  thickly 
spread  on  the  surface  of  ihe  water,  to  an  extent 
of  many  acres :  on  these,  in  the  summer,  lie 
myriads  of  watersnakes,  basking  in  the  sun. 
This  lake,  at  its  N.  W.  end,  receives  the  waters 
of  the  great  chain,  from  the  N  W.  by  the  river 
Detroit,  and  discharges  them  by  the  river  Niaga 
ra,  over  the  great  falls  at  its  N.  E.end,  into  Lake 
Ontario.  It  forms  the  boundary  line  between  the 
United  States,  and  British  North  American  terri- 
tories, both  parties  claiming  an  equal  right  of  nav- 
igation. During  the  war  of  1812—1815,  the 
Americans  had  a  squadron  of  9  vessels,  carrying 
56  guns,  andtlie  British  one  of  6  vessels,  carrying 


ERl 


384 


£RZ 


69  gans  ;  on  the  10th  of  September  1813,  after  an 
action  of  three  hours,  the  whole  of  the  British 
squadron  surendered  to  the  American  Commodore 
Perry.  The  English  have  a  fort  called  fort  Erie,  at 
the  N.  E.  extremity  of  the  lake  where  it  narrows 
into  the  river  Niagara,  in  the  lat.  of  42.  57.  N., 
and  7rf.  20.of  W.  long. 

Erie,  a  county  of  West  Pensylvania.  The 
N.  W.  side  is  washed  by  the  shore  of  the  lake, 
the  W.  end  borders  on  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  the 
E.  end  on  that  of  New  York.  Its  area  is  about 
750  square  m.  Pop.  16,!)0G.  A  town  of  the  same 
name  seated  near  the  shore  of  the  lake,  is  315  m. 
in  a  meridional  line,  N.  N.    W.  of  Philadelphia. 

Erie,  a  county  of  New  York,  bordering  on  the 
E.  end  of  the  lake  and  Niagara  river,  bounded 
N.  by  the  Tonnewanta,  and  S.  by  the  Cattarau- 
gus river.  Buffalo,  opposite  the  British  fort  Erie, 
is  the  chief  town.     Pop.  35,710. 

Erie,  p. v.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y. 

Erie,  p.t.  Erie  Co.  Pa.  on  Lake  Erie  at  the  har- 
bour of  Presqu'  Isle  which  is  safe  and  commodious 
but  has  only  8  feet  water  at  the  entrance.  The 
town  has  considerable  trade,  principally  by  the 
lake  commerce.  A  turnpike  road  extends  from 
hence  to  Pittsburg. 

Ericville,  p. v.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 

Erie  Canid,  the  largest  in  tlie  United  States 
unites  Lake  Erie  with  the  river  Hudson.  It  is 
362  m.  long,  40  feet  wide  and  4  deep.  It  has  679 
feet  of  lockage  ;  the  locks  are  90  feet  in  length 
and  15  in  width.  This  immense  work  leaves 
the  lake  at  Buffalo  and  passes  northwardly  along 
Niagara  river  towards  lake  Ontario.  It  then 
turns  to  the  east  and  proceeds  northward  of  the 
small  lakes  of  New  York  to  the  valley  of  the  Mo- 
hawk down  which  it  passes  to  the  mouth  of  that 
stream.  It  then  follows  the  western  bank  of  the 
Hudson  to  .\lbany  where  it  joins  the  river.  It 
has  several  large  aqueducts;  one  of  which  across 
the  Genesee  at  Rochester  is  804  feet  in  length,  and 
two  other  across  the  Mohawk  are  1188  and  748  feet 
in  length.  The  sides  of  the  canal  are  paved  with 
stone  or  covered  with  thick  grass.  There  are  a 
number  of  branches  or  side  cuts  to  this  canal ; 
one  of  them  which  extending  from  Syracuse  to 
Osweffo  is  38  m.  long,  and  another  to  Geneva  20 
m.  The  navigation  upon  this  canal  is  very  great, 
and  the  canal  duties  amply  compensate  the  cost 
of  the  work,  which  was  above  7,000,000  dollars. 
It  was  begun  in  1817  and  finished  in  1825. 

Travelling  upon  the  canal  is  very  easy  and 
cheap.  The  boats  for  pas.sengers  are  80  feet 
long  with  cabins  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the 
deck.  They  are  drawn  by  horses  and  proceed  4 
m.  an  hour,  day  and  night.  The  fare  is  4  cents 
per  mile. 

Eriskay,  a  small  island  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scot- 
land, at  the  S.  end  of  South  Uist ;  noted  for  being 
the  first  place  upon  which  Charles  Stuart  landed, 
in  his  wild  attempt  to  gain  the  British  crown. 

Erith,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  on  the  Thames, 
5  m  E.  by  S.  of  Woolwich.  Great  quantities  of 
corn  and  wood  are  shipped  hence  ;  and  here  the 
East  India  ships,  in  their  passage  up  the  river, 
generally  discharge  a  part  of  tlieir  cargoes. 

Erivun,  the  capital  of  Persian  Armenia,  in  a 
province  of  thesame  name,  and  the  seat  of  an  Arme- 
nian patriarch.  The  city  is  defended  by  a  fortress, 
in  which  is  the  governor's  palace,  and  by  a  castle, 
on  the  river  Zuengui,  near  the  lake  of  Erivan, 
which  is  very  deep,  and  60  m.  in  circumference. 
The  Meidan  is  an  open  square,  400  paces  over,  in 
which  are  very  fine   trees.     The  b.iths  and  cara- 


vanserais have  theirbeauties,but  tlie  churo^hes  of 
the  Christians  are  small,  and  half  under  ground. 
It  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Arus  river,  which 
runs  past  Shirvan  into  the  Caspian  sea,  from  wliich 
it  is  distant  about  130  m.,  and  about  the  same  dis- 
tance from  Gonieh  on  the  S.  E.  shore  of  the  Black 
Sea.     Long.  44.  10.  E.,  lat.  40.  20.  N. 

Erkeleiis,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Juliers  ;  seated  on  the  Roer,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Ju- 
liers.     Pop.  about  2,300. 

Erlan,  or  Eriau,  a  populous  town  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Lower  and  Upper  Hungary,  60  rn.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Buda.  It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  The 
cathedral  and  archiepiscopal  palace  are  stately 
edifices. 

Erlangen,  a  town  of  Franconia,  with  a  univer- 
ity  and  a  palace.  It  is  divided  into  the  old  and 
new  town ;  and  the  latter  is  one  of  the  handsom- 
est towns  in  Germany.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures are  hats,  gloves,  and  stockings.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Rednitz,  12  m.  N.  of  Nuremberg;  and 
is  now  included  in  the  dominions  of  the  king  of 
Bavaria.     Long.  11.  2.  E.,  lat.  49.38.  N. 

Erne,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  issues  from 
a  lake  of  the  same  name  in  Perthshire,  flows 
by  Crieff,  and  joins  the  Tay,  a  little  below' 
Abernethy. 

Erne,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  issues  from  a 
small  lake  on  the  N.  border  of  the  county  of  Long- 
ford, flows  N.  through  that  of  Cavan,  and  N.  W 
through  Fermanagh  into  Donegal  bay.  In  the 
latter  county  it  forms  a  lake,  called  Lough  Erne^j 
30  m.  in  length,  containing  several  islands  ;  and 
on  one  in  the  middle  part,  where  the  lake  is  very 
narrow,  stands  the  town  of  Enniskillen. 

Ernee,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Mayenne,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  15  m.  N 
N.  W.  of  Laval. 

Erodu,  or  Erroad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Coimbetore,  with  a  large  mud  fort. 
Much  coarse  cotton  cloth  is  made  here  and  in  the 
vicinity.  It  is  seated  on  a  canal  from  the  Bhaw- 
ani,  E.  of  the  Cavery  river,  75  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Tritchinopoly. 

Errol,  t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  W.  of  Umba 
gog  lake.     Pop.  82. 

Erromango,  one  of  the  new  Hebrides  in  the  S. 
Pacific  Ocean,  70  m.  in  circumference,  with  low 
shores.  On  the  W.  side  is  a  promontory  that  sep- 
arates two  bays,  and  captain  Cook,  from  the 
treacherous  behaviour  of  the  inhabitants,  named 
it  Traitor's  Head.  Long.  169.  19.  E.,  lat.  18. 
47.  S. 

Ervy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aube,  17  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Troyes. 

Erzerum,  or  Arz  Roum,  the  capital  of  Turkish 
Armenia,  with  Armenian  and  Greek  episcopal 
sees.  It  is  surrounded  by  double  walls,  de- 
fended by  strong  towers,  and  estimated  to  con- 
tain 125,000  inhabitants.  The  Turks  are  all  jan- 
issaries ;  but  most  of  them  tradesmen,  and  re- 
ceive no  pay.  The  Arinenians  have  two  church- 
es, the  Greeks  but  one  ;  the  latter  are  mostly  braz- 
iers, and  live  in  the  suburbs.  A  great  trade  is 
carried  on  in  furs,  Persian  silks,  cottons,  calicoes, 
and  drugs.  This  city  is  a  thoroughfare,  and  a 
resting  place,  for  the  caravans  to  the  East  Indies. 
It  is  situate  between  the  two  sources  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of  mountains,  104 
m.  S.  E.  of  Trebisond,  on  the  S.  E.  shore  of  the 
Black  Sea.     Long.  41.  36.  E.,  lat.  39.  57.  N. 

Erzgeliirg,  Circle  of,  a  populous  district  of  Up- 
per Saxony,  forming  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  Mar- 
graviate  of  Meissen,  or  Misnia,  bounded  on  the 


ESN 


285 


ESQ; 


S.  by  the  Bohemian  mountains.  It  abounds  in 
valuable  minerals.  Freyburg,  Altenburg,  and 
Chemnitz,  are  the  princi|»al  towns. 

EscalotuL,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  sur- 
rounded by  walls.  It  is  situate  on  an  eminence, 
in  a  fertile  country,  near  the  Albreche,  a  tributa- 
ry of  the  Ta.ms,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Toledo,  and  32 
S.  W.   of  Madrid. 

Escambia,  a  county  of  West  Florida.  Pop. 
3,3SG.     Pensacola  is  tlie  capital. 

Eschioeiren,  a  town  nnd  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  land^raviate  of  Hesse  Cassel,  seated  on  the 
Werra,  2-3  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cassel. 

.Hsnirial,  a  village  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Guadara,  15  m.  N.  VV.  of  Madrid. 
It  takes  its  name  from  a  noble  structure,  founded 
by  Philip  II.  in  memory  of  the  victorv  gained 
over  the  French  near  St.  Quentin,  in  15.')7.  This 
edifice  consists  of  a  royal  palace,  a  church,  a  mon- 
astery, a  college  ,a  library  .shops  of  different  artists, 
apartments  for  a  great  nu.mber  of  people,  beautiful 
walks,  large  alleys,  an  extensive  park,  and  fine 
gardens.  It  is  built  of  grey  stones,  found  in  the 
neiglibourhooJ,  and  in  the  lorm  of  a  gridiron,  be- 
cause St.  Lawrence,  on  wh:ise  day  the  victory 
was  gained,  suffered  martyrdom  by  being  broiled 
on  such  an  instrument.  It  is  along  square  of  740 
feet  by  5dO,  and  four  stories  hiih,  with  a  tower 
at  each  angle  200  feet  high  ;  and  the  palace  forms 
the  handle  of  this  imaginary  gridiron.  The  most 
remarkable  part  is  the  arched  chapel ;  in  which 
is  a  magnificent  sepulchre  called  the  Pantheon, 
being  built  in  imitation  of  that  church  at  Rome  : 
it  is  the  burying-place  of  the  kings  and  queens  of 
Spain ;  and  is  thought  by  some  to  be  the  most 
curious  piece  of  architecture  in  the  world.  The 
church  is  built  after  the  model  of  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome. 

Esirueyra,  or  Esa-uerta,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  S  m.  S.  of  Averio. 

Esk,  a  river  which  rises  in  Scotland,  in  the  N. 
E.  part  of  Dumfriesshire,  and  flows  S.  fi.  through 
a  dale  to  which  it  gives  name  to  the  edge  of  the 
county.  It  there  receives  the  Liddel  from  Rox- 
burghshire, and  enters  Cumberland,  flowing  S. 
bv  Longtown  into  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Solway 
frith. 

Esk,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Edinburghshire, 
formed  by  the  junction  of  two  streams  called  N. 
and  S.  Ebk.  They  almost  encircle  the  town  of 
Dalkeith,  passing  on  each  side  of  the  eminence 
on  wiiicii  it  stands,  and  unite  a  little  below  the 
town.  The  river  enters  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at 
Musselburgh. 

Esk,  JVorth  and  South,  two  rivers  of  Scotland, 
in  Angusshire,  which  descend  from  the  hills  call- 
ed tiie  Braes  of  .^ngus.  The  former  divides  the 
county  from  Kincardineshire  for  several  miles, 
and  reaches  the  ocean,  a  little  to  the  N.  of  Mont- 
rose :  the  latter,  after  traversing  the  whole  breadth 
of  the  county,  enters  the  bay  on  the  W.  of  the 
same  town. 

Eski  S/iehr,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Na- 
tolia,  on  tlie  river  Sakaria,  which  falls  into  the 
Black  Sea,  80  m.  R  S.  E.  of  Bursa.  Long.  31. 
18.  E.,  lat.  30.  48.  N. 

Esne,  Asiia,  or  Esnay,  a  town  of  Egrypt,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  ancient  Latopolis.  Here  is  an 
ancient  temple,  with  walls  on  three  sides,  and  in 
the  front  24  columns,  well  preserved  :  within  it 
are  three  stories  of  hieroglyphics,  of  men  about 
three  feet  high  ;  and  the  ceiling  is  adorned  with 
animals,  painted  with  beautiful  colours.  On  the 
N.  side  of  the  town  is  another  temple;   richly 


carved  with  hieroolyphics,  crocodiles,  &c.  and  a 
mili^  to  the  S.  is  the  monastery  of  St.  Helena,  which 
contains  many  magnificent  tombs.  Esne  stands 
on  the  Nile,  300  m.  S.  of  Carlo.  Long.  31.  40.  E., 
lat.  24.  4G.  N. 

Esopus,  p.t.  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,770. 

Es/>a'ion,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aveiron,  on  the  river  Lot,  14   m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Rhodez.     It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  and  in   1825 
contained  3,261  inhabitants. 
•Esferance,  p. v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y. 

Ei'posenda,  or  Esparuletula,  a  sea-port  of  Portu- 
gal, in  Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  at  tiie  mouth  of 
the  Cavado,  22  m.  N.  of  Oporto.  Long.  8. 21.  W., 
lat.  41 .  32.  N. 

Esquimaux,  a  people  of  North  America,  chiefly 
inhabiting  Labrador,  the  shores  of  Hudson's  bay, 
the  country  between  Gulf  Welcome  and  Mac- 
kenzie's River,  and  probably  Bhering's  Straits. 
To  the  S.  they  extend  as  far  as  Slave  Lake,  and, 
to  the  N.,  the  territory  which  they  occupy  is 
bounded  by  an  icy  sea,  if  such  a  sea  really  exists, 
or  else  they  extend  their  wandering  excursions 
into  a  frozen  desert.  A  permament  establishment 
of  this  nation  was  met  with  by  Captain  Ross,  at 
Prince  Regent's  Bay,  in  lat.  76.  N. ;  and  their 
huts  were  numerous  in  many  parts  of  Melville 
Island,  in  lat.  75.  N.  The  latter  officer  observed 
them  frequently  in  the  islands  of  the  Archipelago 
of  Barrow's  Straits,  though  their  timidity  preven- 
ted any  intercourse.  Little,  squat,  and  feeble, 
the  complexion  of  these  Polar  men  partakes  less 
of  a  copper  hue,  than  of  a  reddish  and  dirty  yel- 
low. Their  huts,  which  are  of  a  circular  form, 
and  are  covered  with  deer-skins,  can  only  be  en- 
tered by  creeping  on  the  belly.  Yet  the  rude 
necessities  of  the  climate  have  suggested  to  this 
feeble  race  many  contrivances  which  do  honour 
to  their  ingenuity.  The  snaio-house,  or  the  com- 
fortable, and  comparatively  speaking  commodious 


dwelling,  which  they  construct  from  the  frozen 
snow  that  surrounds  them,  affords  a  favourable 
e.xample.  The  rapidity  and  neatness  with  which 
they  raise  these  edifices,  and  render  them  imper- 
vious to  the  rigorous  atmosphere  around,  is  tru!y 
admirable;  and  these  edifices,  when  finished,  af- 
ford their  inhabitants  a  similar  protection  to  that 
which  the  vegetable  world  receives  from  a  cover- 
inor  of  snow.  The  Esquimaux  of  Prince  Regent's 
Bay,  and  of  the  Arctic  Highlands, are  entirely  ig- 
norant of  boats  and  canoes,  affording,  it  is  said, 
a  unique  instance  of  a  fishing  tribe  unacquainted 
with  the  means  of  floating  on  the  water.  Ross 
advances  strong  grounds  for  considering  them  as 
the  true  aboriginal  race,  from  whence  all  other 
Esquimaux  are  derived.  They  seem  utterly  ig- 
norant of  the  nations  to  the' south,  and  may  b« 
considered  as  an  independent  tribe,  separated  by 


ESS 


286 


EST 


almost  impassable  mountains  from  the  regions  of 
South  Greenland,  and  extending  beyond  the  most 
northern  inlet  of  Baffin's  Bay.  They  are  almost 
entirely  destitute  of  religious  ideas.  The  othei 
tribes  have  canoes  made  of  the  skins  of  the  sea 
calf,  which  sail  with  great  swiftness.  These  sav- 
ages patiently  work  a  grey  and  porous  stone  into 
the  shape  of  pitchers  and  kettles.  The  edges  of 
these  vases  are  elegantly  ornamented.  They 
preserve  their  provisions  of  meat  in  bags,  filled 
with  whale  oil.  Those  who  live  near  the  mouth 
of  Mackenzie's  River,  shave  their  heads,  a  pecu- 
liar custom,  but  not  sufficient  of  itself  to  prove  an 
Asiatic  origin. 

Esquimnux  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S.  coast  of  Lab- 
rador, at  the  entrance  to  the  straits  of  Belleisle 
from  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Long.  57.  59.  W., 
lat.  51.30.  N. 

Esqinviaux  Islands,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in 
the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  off  the  entrance  to  the 
bay. 

Esserr,  or  Eszek,  a  trading  town  of  Sclavonia, 
with  a  strong  castle.  It  has  a  wooden  bridge  over 
the  .'^rave,  into  Lower  Hungary,  and  the  marsh- 
es, 8  m.  in  length,  and  80  feet  in  breadth,  with 
towers  at  a  quarter  of  a  m.  distant  from  each  oth- 
er. It  is  a  difficult  pass,  and  several  battles  have 
been  fought  here  between  the  Turks  and  Ger- 
mans. Esseg  was  taken  from  the  Turks  in  1087, 
since  which  time  it  has  continued  in  the  hands  of 
the  house  of  Austria.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Drave,  100  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Belgrade,  and  136  S. 
of  Buda.  Long.  19.  16.  E.,  lat.  30.  45.  N.  Pop. 
about  9,000 

Essen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Berg.  Here  are  several  Catholic  churches  and 
convents,  but  the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Luther- 
ans.    It  is  8  m.  E.  of  Duysburg. 

Essens,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  East  Fries- 
land,  near  the  German  Ocean,  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Emden. 

Essequiho,  a  river  of  Dutch  Guiana,  on  which 
is  a  settlement  of  the  same  name,  in  lat.  7.  N. 
long.  58.  30.  W.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Dutch,  but  was  ceded  to  the  English  in  1814. 
The  river  is  300  m.  long  and  20  wide  at  its  mouth 
but  incommoded  with  shoals.  The  whole  dis- 
trict is  fertile  and  well  cultivated,  producing  cof- 
fee, cotton,  sugar  and  cocoa. 

Essex,  a  maritime  and  beautifully  fertile  coun- 
ty of  England.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the 
river  Thamf^s,  which  divides  it  from  the  county 
of  Kent.  The  county  is  nearly  a  square,  the 
area  of  which  is  1,532  square  m.  It  possesses  a 
variety  of  soil  and  face  of  country.  The  S.  W. 
part  is  occupied  principally  by  the  two  forests  ot 
Epping  and  Hainhault,  and  is  noted  for  its  butter, 
which  takes  the  name  of  Epping  butter.  The  N. 
W.  part  from  Saffron- Walden  to  Ca,mbridge,  is 
famous  for  the  growth  of  saffron  ;  and  for  a  kind 
of  triple  crop  of  coriander,  carraway,  and  teazle, 
which  are  all  sown  together,  but  come  to  matu- 
rity at  different  periods.  The  middle  part  is  a 
fine  corn  country,  varied  with  gentle  inequalities 
of  surface,  aud  sprinkled  with  woods.  The  part 
bordering  on  the  Thames  and  the  sea  consists 
chiefly  of  marshy  grounds,  which  afford  excellent 
pasturage,  being  secured  from  the  inroad  of  the 
tides  by  embankments.  Its  contiguity  to  the 
metropolis,  affords  it  a  facile  and  advantageous 
market  for  its  surplus  produce  of  grain,  seeds, 
calves,  butter,  poultry,  potatoes,  fruit,  wild  fowl, 
and  oysters,  all  of  which  it  supplies  in  a  greater 
proportion  than  any  other  county  in  the  kingdom ; 


vet,  notwithstanding  all  the  advantages  of  fertil- 
ity, abundance,  and  contiguity  to  market,  pau- 
perism and  crime  prevail  to  an  equal  extent  to 
any,  and  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  in  most 
other  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  manufacture  ot 
baize  and  other  worsted  stuffs  was  formerly  car- 
ried on  over  the  greater  part  of  this  county,  but  * 
since  the  middle  of  the  18th  century  it  h:is  pro- 
gressively declined,  and  is  now  almost  extinct. 
It  has  large  establishments  for  the  printing  of 
calico,  and  mills  for  making  sheet  lead. 

Essex  is  aLso  the  name  of  a  county  in  Upper 
Canada,  forming  a  promontory  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  province,  and  nearly  surrounded 
by  lakes  Erie,  and  St.  Clair,  and  Detroit  river. 

Essex  is  also  the  name  of  five  counties  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  United  States  of  America  :  viz. 

First  in  Vermont,  bounded  on  the  E.  for  about 
45  m.  by  the  Connecticut  river,  and  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Lower  Canada;  its  mean  breadth  is 
about  20  ni.  Population  3,981 :  chief  town  Guild- 
hall. 

Second,  forming  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  state  of 
Massachusetts,  bordering  on  New  Hampshire  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean;  it  is  intersected  by  the 
Merrimack  river,  and  contains  several  large 
towns:  viz.  Newburyport,  Ipswich,  Gloucester, 
Marblehead,  Salem,  and  Beverly.  &c.  Popula- 
tion 82,887.     Salem  is  the  chief  town. 

Third,  in  New  York,  bounded  on  the  E.  for  52 
m.  by  lake  Champlain.  Population  19,187.  The 
court  house  is  at  Elizabethtown,  in  Pleasant  Val- 
ley. 

Fourth,  in  New  Jersey,  bounded  on  the  W.,  N. 
and  E.  by  the  Passaic  river ;  its  area  is  only  about 
150  square  m.  Pop.  41,028.  Newark,  is  the  chief 
town  ;  its  contiguity  to  New  York  renders  it  the 
most  populous  and  important  part  of  the  Slate. 

Fifth,  in  the  E.  District  of  Virginia,  on  the  S. 
W.  bank  of  the  Rappahannock  river,  along  which 
it  extends  about  3(1  m.  being  about  8  m.  in  mean 
breadth.  Pop.  10,531.  Tappahannock,  is  the 
chief  town. 

Essex,  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,664 
Also  a  village  in  Middlesex  Co.  Conn. 

EssHngen,  a  village  of  Austria,  on  the  N  bank, 
of  the  Danube,  about  6  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Vienna, 
between  which  and  Aspern  a  sanguinary  battle 
was  fought  between  the  French  and  Austrians, 
on  the  21st  and  22nd  May,  1809. 

Esslincren,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wurtemberg.  Here  are  several  convents,  but 
the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Lutherans.  It  has 
three  extensive  suburbs,  and  its  district  yields 
good  Neckar  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  8 
m.  S.  E.  of  Stuttgard.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Estain,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Meuse,  12  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Verdun. 

Estakar,a.  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  capital 
of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  Near  it  are  the 
magnificent  ruins  of  ancient  Persepolis.  It  is  50 
m.  N.  E.  of  Shiras.  Long.  53.  40.  E..  lat.  30.  5.  N. 

Estavmjer,  a  town  and  baliwick  of  Switzerland,  ^. 
in  the  canton  of  Friburg,  with  a  fine  castle,  seated  * 
on  the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  13  m.  W.  of  Friburo-.  < 

Este,  a  populous  town  of  tlie  Venetian  territory, 
14  m.  S.  S.  W.  ofPadua. 

Estella,  an  episcopal  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
with  a  castle  and  a  university;  se.ated  on  the 
Eaa,  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Pamplona.  Lonff.  2.  2- 
W.,  lat.  42.  38.  N. 

Estepa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  an 
ancient  castle  on  a  mountain,  18  m.  S.  of  Eciia. 
and  58  E.  of  Seville. 


ETA 


287 


EUH 


Estepona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  near 
the  coast,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Marbella. 

Eslerabad.     See  Jlstcrabad. 

Esthonla,  or  Revel,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Baltic,  N.  by 
the  gulf  of  Finland,  E.  by  Ingria,  and  S.  by  Livo- 
nia. After  having  been  long  an  object  of  bloody 
contention  between  the  Russians,  Poles,  and- 
Swedes,  it  was  confirmed  to  the  latter  by  the 
peace  of  Oliva  in  16(50 ;  but  it  was  subdued  by 
Peter  the  Great  in  1710,  and  finally  ceded  to  Rus- 
sia in  1721.  It  is  divided  into  4  circles.  Revel 
is  the  capital. 

Esthwaite-tcater,  a  lake  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  be- 
tween Hawkshead  and  Windermere-water.  It  is 
two  m.  and  a  half  long,  and  half  a  m.  broad,  in- 
tersected by  a  peninsula  from  each  side,  jetting 
far  into  the  lake.  On  the  banks  are  villages  and 
scattered  houses,  pleasantly  situate  under  woods 
and  hanging  grounds  clothed  with  verdure,  all 
heightened  by  the  strong  back  ground  of  rocky 
mountains.  No  char  are  found  in  this  lake, 
though  it  is  connected  with  Windermere-water. 

Estill,  an  interior  county  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
state  of  Kentucky,  intersected  by  the  Kentucky 
river  ;  its  area  is  about  500  square  m.  Pop.  4,618. 
Irvine  is  the  chief  town. 

Estillville,  p.v.  Scott  Co.  Va. 

Eslremadura,  a  province  of  Spain,  extending 
from  the  lat.  of  37.  56.  to  40. 15.  of  N.  lat,  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Portuguese  province  of  Alemtejo 
and  part  of  Beira.  It  is  about  90  m.  in  mean 
breadtli,  giving  an  area  of  14,400  square  m.  The 
pop.  in  1820,  was  returned  at  428,493.  The  N. 
end  is  Intersected  by  the  Tagus,  and  the  S.  by  the 
Guadiana  ;  it  seems  a  country  of  great  capability. 
Tlie  vine,  olive,  and  corn,  all  luxuriate  witliin  its 
limits.  Cattle  and  fine  wool  are  the  chief  articles 
of  trade;  and  great  herds  of  black  swine  are  fed 
on  the  hills,  which  are  covered  with  oaks.  Ba- 
dajoz,  near  the  Portuguese  frontitT,  is  the  capital, 
and  the  other  principal  towns  are  Plazencia,  Coria, 
Alcantara,  Albuquerque,  Truxillo,  Merida,01iven- 
za,  Xeres,  and  Llerena. 

Extremadura,  the  metropolitan  province  of  Por- 
tugal, lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Tagus  ;  its  area 
is  about  700  square  m.  and  the  pop.  in  1810,  was 
returned  at  826,630.  The  part  S.  of  the  Tagus 
is  mountainous  and  unproductive,  whilst  the  N. 
although  in  parts  mountainous,  is  exceedingly 
fertile  ;  the  vine,  olive,  orange,  lemon,  and  other 
delicious  fruits,  as  well  as  corn,  millet,  and  le- 
gumes, abound.  Besides  Lisbon,  the  capital  of  the 
province,  and  of  all  Portugal,  the  other  principal 
towns  are  Leyria,  Thomar,  Abrantes,  Santarem, 
and  Alenquer,  all  N.  of  the  Tagus,  and  Setubal 
near. the  coast  on  the  S. 

Estremos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  and 
one  of  the  strongest  in  the  kingdom,  being  sur- 
rounded by  ten  bastions.  An  earthenv/are  is 
made  here,  generally  esteemed  for  its  beauty  and 
fine  smell ;  and  in  tlie  vicinity  are  quarries  of 
beautiful  marble.  It  is  18  m.  W.  of  Elvas.  and 
100  E.  of  Lisbon.     Pop.  about  0,500. 

Eszek,  or  Eszeg.     See  Esse<r. 

Elampes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
o*"  Se  ne  and  Oise,  seated  on  the  river  Loet  or 
Etampes,  15  ra.  E.  of  Chartres.  It  is  distinguished 
for  the  murder  of  its  prefect  on  the  1st  of  March, 
1792.     Pop.  in  1825,  7,693. 

Etaples,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  situate  on  the  English  Channel, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Canche,  13  m.  S.  of 
Boulogne. 


Etaya,  or  Etaweh,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Agra,  situate  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Jumna,  which  is  here  00  feet  high.  On  the  top, 
near  the  river,  are  the  remains  of  a  fort.  It  is  02 
m.  S.  E.  of  Agra.  Long.  79.  IG.  E.,  lat.  26.  45. 
N. 

Ethiopia,  a  name  by  which  a  vast  region  of 
Africa  has  been  distinguished  by  some  geogra- 
phers, who  have  divided  it  into  Upper  and  Lower 
Ethiopia.  The  first  includes  Nubia,  Abyssinia, 
and  part  of  Guinea  :  the  second  all  the  countries 
S.  of  the  equinoctial  line,  as  Congo,  Monnmugi, 
Monomotapa,  &c.  Ethiopia  appears  to  have  once 
been  a  great  and  powerful  empire,  but  the  details 
of  its  history  are  lost  in  the  vortex  of  time.  The 
Egyptian  empire,  was  probably  founded  on  the 
ruin  of  that  of  Ethiopia. 

Etienne,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire.  Beside  the  manufactures  of  arms, 
hardware,  and  cutlery  (the  most  considerable  in 
France,)  the  weaving  of  ribbands  forms  a  consid- 
erable article  of  commerce.  Coal  is  found  in  the 
neighbourhood,  and  also  a  soft  stone,  fit  for  grind- 
stones. It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  20  m.  S.  E.  of 
Montbrison,  and  32  S.  W.  of  Lyon.  Pop.  in  1825, 
19,102. 

*^*  There  are  about  a  dozen  other  towns  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  France,  named  after  St.  Etienne, 
(Stephen)  all  inconsiderable. 

Etive  Loch,  a  navigable  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire.  It  is  20  m. 
in  length,  but  of  very  unequal  breadth ;  and  its 
banks  are  indented  with  creeks,  which  afford 
safe  anchorage.  About  7  m.  from  the  en- 
trance it  contracts  into  a  narrow  channel,  called 
Connel,  where  a  ridge  of  rocks  oceasioii,  at  par- 
ticular times  of  the  tide,  a  violent  current.  About 
2  m.  below  is  the  ancient  castle  of  Dunstaffnage. 

Etna.     See  JEtna. 

Etna,  a  township  in  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
362.     Also  a  village  in  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y. 

Eton,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  England, 
seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Thames,  opposite  to 
Windsor,  to  which  it  is  united  by  an  elegant  stone 
bridge  over  the  river.  Eton  is  celebrated  for  its 
school,  founded  by  Henry  VI.  1440,  for  the  edu- 
cation of  70  scholars,  a  portion  of  which,  when 
duly  qualified,  are  annually  elected  to  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  In  addition  to  the  70  founda- 
tion scholars,  there  are  generally  3  to  400  of  the 
sons  of  the  opulent  classes,  receive  their  educa- 
tion at  Eton.  The  buildings  are  commodious  and 
elegant,  their  light  gothic  turrets  form  a  beautiful 
and  interestinff  contrast  to  the  massive  and  ma- 
jestic towers  of  Windsor  Castle,  from  which  it  is 
separated  only  by  the  river.  Eton  is  22  m.  N.  W . 
of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,475. 

Etrnria.  See  Tuscany,  and  Stoke  upon  Trent. 

Ettenhcim,  a  town  in  the  territory  of  the  grand 
duke  of  Baden,  25  m.  S.by  E.  of  Strasburg. 

Ettlingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Baden,  on  the  river  Albe,  4  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Durlach. 

£M,atown  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  with  a  strong  castle,  and  a  harbour 
for  small  vessels  at  Treport.  The  principal  trade 
is  in  serges  and  lace.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Bresle,  near  the  English  channel,  15  m.  N.  E.  of 
Dieppe. 

Evfemia,  St.  a.iown  of  Naples,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Calabria  Ulteriore,  on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean, to  which  it  gives  name,  27  m.  S.  by  E. 
ofCosenza. 

Eu-ho,  or  Precious-river,  a  river  of  China,  in 


EUR 


288 


EUR 


Pe-tche-li,  which  flows  N.  E.  into  the  Pei-ho,  at 
Tien-sing.  Much  grain  is  conveyed  by  this  riv- 
er for  Pekin  and  it  is  also  important  for  its  connec- 
tion with  the   N.  extremity  of  the  grand  cr.nal. 

Eule,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Kurzin?,  vith  a  gold  mine,  11  m.  S.  by  E.  Prague. 

El  fUorgia,  or  Kostof.  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
Crimea  or  government  of  Taurida,  situate  on  the 
W.  side  of  a  salt  lake,  and  near  the  Black  Sea, 
C8  m.  S.  bv.  W.  of  Perecop.  Long.  33.  16.  E., 
lat.  45. 12.  "N. 

Eupen.     See  Oeper . 

Euphrates,  a  noble  river  of  Western  Asia,  whicn 
rises  from  three  sources  in  Turkish  Armenia. 
The  principal  head  is  about  35  m.  S.  E.  of  Erze- 
rum,  and  is  called  by  the  Turks  Binggheuil  Frat, 
or  1,000  springs,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
mountains  from  whence  these  springs  flow,  the 
Raksi,  a  branch  of  the  Aras,  which  falls  into  the 
Caspian  sea  below  Shirvan,  also  has  its  source  : 
another  branch  of  the  Euphrates  rises  about  35  m. 
N.  by  W.  of  Erzerum  ;  these  two  branches  unite 
in  the  long,  of  40.  E.,  and  lat.  of  39.  50.  N.,  and 
about  40.  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Erzerum,  from  whence 
the  united  stream  becomes  navigable  for  boats. 
Another  branch  rises  on  the  frontier  of  Persia,  in 
the  long,  of  43.  40.  E.,  and  runs  a  course  nearly 
due  W.  to  the  long,  of  39.  25.  and  lat.  of  39. ;  the 
united  streams  are  then  called  the  Frat,  and  flow 
in  a  direction  S.  S.  W.  to  Semisat,  in  the  lat.  of 
37.  8.  N.  and  long,  of  37.  20.  E.,  being  within  GO 
xn.  of  the  gulf  of  Aiasso,  at  the  N.  E.  extremity 
of  the  Mediterranean;  from  this  point  the  Eu- 
phrates flows  in  aS.  E.  direction  through  12  de- 
grees of  longitude  in  European  Turkey,  falling 
into  the  gulf  of  Persia,  in  the  lat.  of  30.,  and  long, 
of  48.  40.  E.,  the  meridional  distance  from  the 
source  to  the  mouth  of  this  noble  river,  is  about 
800  m.  but  the  course  of  the  stream  is  about  1,200. 
It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  largest  burthen  to 
Bassora,.35  m.  from  its  mouth;  and,  were  the 
country  through  which  it  runs,  inhabited  h^  a  so- 
cial and  well  organized  people,  it  might  be  instru- 
mental to  the  conveyance  of  a  reciprocal  inter- 
change of  the  products  of  Asia  and  Europe.  A 
sociaf,  scientific,  and  enterprising  people  would 
noi  be  content  with  its  communicating  with  the 
Per>!ian  gulf,  but  would  unite  its  waters  with  the 
Mediterranean  on  one  side,  and  the  Caspian  sea 
on  the  other.  The  ancient  Babylon  was  seated  on 
its  banks.  See  Si/ria.  Irak-Arahi.  and  Roum,  and 
Tigris. 

Ettre,  a  department  of  the  N.  of  France,  so  na- 
med from  a  river  which  intersects  the  E.  part,  fall- 
ing into  the  Seine, about  15  m.  above  Rouen  ;  the 
Seine  then  forms  its  northern  boundary  to  its  en- 
trance into  the  sea.  Eure,  however,  may  be  con- 
fciaered  a  manufacturing  and  agricultural,  rather 
than  a  maritime  department.  It  is  divided  into 
live  arrondissements. 

Evre  and  Ltiire,  an  mterior  departrnent  of 
France,  bordering  on  the  preceding  province,  on 
the  S.  It  is  so  named  from  the  two  rivers,  the 
Ecre  and  the  Loire,  both  of  which  rise  within  the 
department;  the  Loire  flowing  to  the  S.,  and  the 
Eure  to  the  N.,  as  described  in  the  preceding 
article. 

Europe,  one  of  the  five  grand  divisions  of  the 
globe  ;  the  extreme  limits  of  which ,  are  Cai>e 
MaUpan,  S.  in  3G.  23.  N.  and  22.  29.  E.,  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  W.  in  37.  3.  N.  and  9.  2.  W.,  Cape  North, 
N.  in  71.  10.  N.  and  25.  50.  E.,  Cara  River,  E.  in 
66.  30.  N.  and  63.  30.  E.  The  longest  meridional 
line,  that  could  be  drawn  across  Eurone,  would 


be  from  Europa  point,  in  the  strait  of  Gibraltar       ,    - 
which  divides  Europe  from    the  N.  W.  extremity       ♦ 
of  Africa,  in  the  lat.  of  36.  7.  N.,  and  5.  20.  of  W. 
long.,  to  the  Cara  river,  in  the  long,  of  63.  30.  E. 
in  the  lat.  of  66.  30.  N.     This  line,  the  angle  of 
which  is  N.  E.  bearing  E.  would   intersect   the 

iulfs  of  Dantzig,  Riga,  and  Finland,  and  the  lakes 
ladoga  and  Onega  ;  and  its  length  would  be  \, 
3,065  geographical,  or  3,546  Englisli  statute  m. 
The  longest  line  that  could  be  drawn  from  S.  to 
N.  would  be  from  Cape  Matapan  at  the  S.  extrem 
ity  of  the  Morea,  to  Cape  North,  at  the  northern 
extremity  of  Finniark  :  this  line  would  intersect 
the  gulf  of  Riga,  the  entrance  to  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land, and  the  N.  E.  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia  ; 
and  its  length  would  be  2,090  geographical,  or 
2,423  English  statute  m.  The  boundaries  of  Eu- 
rope, however,  on  all  sides,  are  extremely  irregu- 
lar, jetting  out  into  several  great  peninsulas,  so 
that  if  it  was  resolved  into  a  square,  the  sides 
would  not  exceed  1,600  geographical  m.  each  way. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Arctic  Sea,  W. 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.from  the  long,  of  5.  W. 
to  35.  E.  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  E.  by 
Asia. 

Among  all  the  divisions  of  tl;e  globe,  Europe  is 
that  in  which  perhaps  the  works  of  external  na- 
ture are  on  the  smallest  scale,  and  in  which  cer 
tainly  the  development  of  mind  is  the  greatest. 
"  A  mere  adjunct  of  the  immense  Asiatic  conti- 
nent " — to  use  the  words  of  the  most  illustrious 
geographer  of  modern  times — "  the  whole  penin- 
sula could  hardly  contain  a  basin  large  enough  ■ 
for  the  Nile,  the  Kiang,  or  the  Amazon.  Its 
loftiest  mountains  cannot  be  compared  in  height, 
or  in  extent  to  the  Andes,  or  Himalayas.  If  all 
its  downs  and  uncultivated  lands  were  added  to 
the  sandy  plains  of  Africa,  the  augmentation  might 
be  wholly  imperceptible.  The  productions  of 
the  animal,  vegetable,  and  mineral  kingdoms  are 
here  few  and  insignificant.  Its  mines  do  not 
abound  in  gold  ;  the  diamond  is  not  found  among 
its  minerals.  There  are  not  more  than  fifteen  or 
twenty  species  of  quadrupeds  that  belong  exclu- 
sively to  Europe,  and  these  are  not  of  the  most 
useful  kind.  Sonne  animals,  as  the  horse,  the  ox, 
the  sheep,  and  the  dog,  have  been  greatly  improv- 
ed by  the  care  and  influstry  of  man  ;  but  the 
most  valuable  natural  productions  have  been  im- 
ported from  other  quarters  of  tlie  world.  The 
silk-worm  was  brought  from  India,  fine  wool  from 
Mauritania,  the  peach  from  Persia,  the  orange 
from  China,  and  the  potato  from  America.  If 
it  is  rich,  its  wealth  has  been  derived  from 
the  produce  or  spoils  of  other  countries."  Pre- 
senting a  less  extent  of  surface  than  Asia,  Africa, 
or  America,  this  continent  shows  that  surface  more 
crowded  with  men,  improved  by  cultivation,  en- 
riched by  productive  industry,  and  extensive  com- 
merce, embellished  with  mighty  cities,  and  splen- 
did works  of  art,  illumined  with  the  reflections  of 
genius,  and  invested  with  irresistible  preponder- 
ance in  the  scale  of  political  importance.  In  oth- 
er regions,  we  contemplate,  amid  the  great  physi- 
cal features  of  the  scene, 

A  world  of  wonders,  where  creation  seema 
No  more  the  works  of  Nature,  but  her  dreamt. 

In  Europe,  we  behold  a  yet  more  elevating 
spectacle,— spirit  asserting  its  supremacy  oyer 
body,— and  man,  the  lord  of  nature,  pursuing 
most  gloriously  the  high  destiny  originally  as- 
signed him  '  to  replenish  the  earth,  and  to  sub- 
due it.'     In  other  regions,  it  is  matter  we  wonder 


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289 


EUR 


at ;  in  Europe,  it  is  rnind  we  admire.  Here  hu- 
manity has  her  chosen  seat,  and  from  hence  have 
emanated  her  noblest  gifts. 

The  superficial  extent  of  Europe  has  been  va- 
riously estimated  by  different  geographers.  Our 
want  of  information  respecting  the  extent  of  some 
countries,  and  the  doubts  regarding  the  real  boun- 
daries between  Europe  and  Asia,  noticed  above, 
increase  the  difficulty  of  statin^precisely  the  ex- 
tent of  surface  belonging  to  Europe.  Kitchen 
reckons  3,258,033  English  square  miles  ;  Hassel, 
3,331 ,579  ;  and  Crome,  3,796,349.  Perhaps,  not- 
withstanding its  irregularity  of  form,  we  may  as- 
certain the  superficial  area  of  this  continent  with 
tolerable  accuracy,  by  reducing  it  to  an  oblong 
square.  If  for  angles  of  this  square,  be  taken  the 
North  Cape  in  Norway,  and  the  town  of  Ekate- 
rineburg  in  the  Russian  government  of  Perm, 
Bordeaux  in  France,  and  Cape  Solomon  the  east- 
ern extremity  of  the  Island  of  Crete,  the  sides 
of  this  parallelogram  will  measure  2,100  m.,  and 
1,500  m.  respectively,  and  will  enclose  a  super- 
ficies of  3,150,000  square  m. ;  and  the  different 
portions  of  land  excluded  horn  this  measure- 
ment, will  amount  to  about  300,000  square  m., 
making  in  all  a  superficial  extent  of  3,450,000 
square  m.  Europe  thus  embraces  about  one- 
sixteenth  part  of  the  whole  terrestrial  surface 
of  the  globe ;  and,  with  all  its  islands,  does  not 
exceed  in  superficial  extent,  the  Australian  con- 
tinent. Europe  is  particularly  distinguished  by 
the  seas  and  numerous  gulfs  that  wash  its  shores, 
and  the  number  and  extent  of  its  inland  waters. 
Hence  the  facility  with  which  the  commercial  in- 
tercourse of  nations  is  here  conducted  ;  and  hence 
too  the  influence  which  Britain  has  been  enabled 
to  exert  over  the  political  destinies  of  Europe,  as 
a  great  maritime  power.  Europe  has  an  abun- 
dance of  inland  lakes.  The  greater  pi.rt  of  them 
are  situated  in  Switzerland,  Upper  Italy,  Ger- 
man}', Russia,  and  Sweden ;  but  very  few  of 
them  can  be  compared,  in  point  of  extent,  to 
those  found  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  The 
largest  European  lake  is  the  Ladoga,  in  Russia, 
which  has  a  superficial  extent  of  C,340  square  m. ; 
the  Onega,  in  the  same  country,  is  about  half  that 
size,  and  greatly  exceeds  the  largest  of  the  re- 
maining lakes.  The  accumulation  of  lakes,  or 
insulated  pools  of  water,  in  some  places  of  Europe, 
is  very  remarkable.  Some  Russian  governments 
possess  an  incredible  number.  They  are  less  nu- 
merous in  the  western  parts  of  Europe.  But  in 
Iceland,  a  hundredth  part  of  the  territory  is  occu- 
pied by  lakes.  Europe  is  Abundantly  watered, 
though  its  rivers  are  greath'  inferior  in  size  to 
those  of  the  other  continents.  In  fact,  this  con- 
tinent is  too  much  intersected  by  the  sea,  and 
presents  too  small  a  mass  of  land,  to  abound  in 
such  magnificent  streams  as  are  found  elsewhere. 
In  the  eastern  part  only,  where  it  stands  con- 
nected with  the  great  Asiatic  mass  of  land,  is  found 
any  considerable  breadth  of  contiguous  territory, 
and  here  also  do  we  find  its  largest  rivers. 

The  greater  part  of  Europe  is  a  mountainous 
surface  ;  but  the  masses  which  tower  up  in  the 
south  greatly  exceed  those  of  the  north.  The 
plains  of  Europe  are  much  inferior  in  dimensions 
to  the  same  physical  feature  in  the  other  conti- 
nents. With  the  exception  of  the  wide  valley  of 
the  Theiss,  and  the  basin  of  the  Po,  we  do  not 
recognise  any  extensive  plain  on  the  south  of  the 
Sudetic  chain  ;  but  an  enormous  plain  extends 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Rhine,  over  the  whole  of 
northern  Germany  and  the  greater  part  of  Poland, 
37 


to  the  foot  of  the  Uralian  chain.  The  difTereuce 
in  general  elevation  between  northern  and  south- 
ern Europe  maj'  be  illustrated  by  stating,  that  if 
the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  were  to  rise 
] ,500  or  1 ,600  feet  above  their  present  level,  the 
whole  of  northern  Europe,  with  the  exception  of 
the  mountainous  districts  of  Norway  and  Scot- 
land, would  be  laid  under  water  ;  while  southern 
Europe,  on  the  contrary,  being  higher  than  the 
level  of  such  inundation,  would  form  one  or  two 
large  and  high  islands.  The  most  elevated  dis- 
tricts in  Europe  are  Switzerland  and  Savoy.  In 
the  comparatively  level  countries  of  Europe,  ex- 
tending from  Iceland  to  the  Caspian  sea,  the 
mountains  rise  in  insulated  groups ;  while  in  the 
southern  and  central  parts  of  this  continent,  ti 
from  Etna  in  Sicily,  to  the  Blocksbergof  the  Haiz, 
and  from  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  to  the  Bosphoius, 
all  the  mountains  belong  to  one  great  connected 
system.  In  this  quarter  are  the  Alps, — the  high- 
est, and  beyond  comparison  the  most  extensive 
range  of  mountains  in  Europe,  though  scarcely 
exceeding  t  e-half  of  the  average  height  of  the 
great  South  American  chain  under  the  equator. 
Perpetual  ice  commences  here  at  the  elevation  of 
7,000  or  8,000  feet.  At  the  height  of  10,800  feet 
the  ice  disappears,  and  the  atmospheric  vapour, 
congealed  as  it  descends,  covers  the  gi'ound  with 
eternal  snow.  The  Alps  extend  over  a  space  of 
13,000  square  miles.  They  branch  out,  in  vari- 
ous angular  directions,  into  the  Maritime,  Cot- 
tian,  Graian,  Peninne,  Lepontine,  Swiss,  Rhe- 
tian,  Norian,  Carnian,  Julian,  and  Dinarian  Alps, 
which  again  spread  out  in  many  secondary  chains. 
The  Apennines,  stretching  in  a  vast  crescent 
through  the  whole  length  of  the  Italian  peninsula, 
and  evidently  connected  with  the  mountains  of 
Sicily,  may  be  regarded  as  a  southern  branch  of 
the  Alpine  scries.  The  average  height  of  this 
chain  is  about  5,000  feet.  A  second  great  chain 
stretches  its  branches  over  the  whole  peninsula 
of  the  Pyrenees.  The  two  outer  bulwarks  of  this 
peninsula — which  consists  of  a  central  plain  ele- 
vated from  2,000  to  4,000  feet — are  the  moun- 
tains commonly  called  tiie  Pyrenees,  stretching 
between  France  and  Spain  on  the  north,  and  the 
Alpujarras  or  Sierra  J^evadn  of  Spain^h  tJie  south. 
The  mountains  of  Auvergne,  whi(>.  are  connect- 
ed with  those  of  Vivarais  and  the  Cevennes,  are 
united  to  the  Pyrenees  by  the  Logere.  At  the 
other  extremity  of  Europe,  three  chains  of  moun- 
tains meet  together,  collectively  called  Argen- 
taro,  at  a  point  nearly  equidistant  from  the  Danube, 
the  Adriatic,  and  the  jEgean  Sea.  This  central 
point  may  be  considered  as  the  nucleus  of  all  the 
mountain  in  European  Turkey.  From  it  pro- 
ceeds the  ancient  Heemus  or  modern  "Balkan, 
eastwards  to  the  Black  Sea.  A  second  range  runs 
N.  W.  till  it  joins  the  Carnian  Alps;  and  a  third 
runs  southwards  through  the  peninsula,  dividing 
tlie  northern  continent  of  Greece  into  two  parts 
of  nearly  equal  breadth,  and  passing  into  the 
islands  of  the  Archipelago.  As  the  Hellenic 
Mountains,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of  Athos 
and  Olympus,  have  never  been  accurately  meas- 
ured, it  is  impossible  to  determine  whether  or 
not  they  are  higher  than  the  Apennines.  Mount 
Orbelus,  the  northern  boundary  of  the  country, 
has,  according  to  Pouqueville,  its  summit  perpetu- 
ally covered  with  snow,  and  must  therefore,  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  that  fix  the  lower  limit  of  con- 
gelation, exceed  8,500  feet  of  elevation.  Nona 
of  the  other  Hellenic  Mountains,  however,  wheth 
er  they  be   insulated  or  disposed  in  groupa  and 


EUR 


390 


EUR 


ranges,  attain  the  line  of  perpetual  snow.  The 
Carpathian  and  Hercynian  Mountains  are  sepa- 
rated from  the  Alps  and  the  Hellenic  Mountains 
by  the  Danube.  This  wild  range,  the  general 
elevation  of  which  is  from  4,000  to  5,000  feet, 
completely  encircles  Transylvania,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  Sudetes  or  Giant  Mountains  of 
Silesia,  and  the  Erzgcbirge  or  Metallic  Mountains 
of  Saxony.  The  mountains  of  Russia  have  no 
visible  connexion  with  the  other  European  moun- 
tains. The  wocdy  heights  of  Valdai  and  Duder- 
hof  seem  to  form  their  centre,  from  which  a  num- 
ber of  secondary  branches  diverge,  like  radii,  in- 
to the  surrounding  country.  The  British,  Irish, 
and  Icelandic  mountains  are  all  of  secondary 
rank.  There  are  only  three  volcanoes  properly 
so  called,  in  Europe ;  viz.  Etna,  Vesuvius,  and 
Hecla.  Besides  these,  however,  there  are  nine 
jukds  in  Iceland,  and  two  mountains  upon  Strom- 
boli  and  Milo,  which  emit  flames.  Some  natural- 
ists assert  that  there  are  two  great  subterranean 
fires  under  Europe,  one  of  which  cuts  the  first 
meridian  of  the  Arctic  polar  circle,  and  the  other 
extends  under  Italy  and  the  Mediterranean,  to- 
wards the  Archipelago. 

The  greater  part  of  Europe  is  situated  withia 
the  northern  Temperate  zone  ;  about  a  twelfth 
part  only  of  its  superficies  extends  within  the 
Arctic  polar  circle.  Although  the  astronomical 
climates  are  greatly  modified  in  this  part  of  the 
world  by  physical  causes,  we  may,  in  taking  a 
general  view  of  the  climate  of  Europe,  consider 
it  divided  into  four  different  districts,  the  boun- 
daries of  which  are  defined  by  parallels  of  latitude. 
The  Arctic  district  of  Europe  extends  over  a 
superficies  of  about  400,000  square  m.,  and  the 
warm  district  may  be  esti)nated  at  .540,000  square 
ni  ;  while  upwards  of  1 ,500,000  square  m.  belong 
to  the  cold,  and  1)70,000  to  the  temperate.  With 
the  exception  perhaps  of  Australia,  Europe  in 
natural  fertility  of  soil,  and  variety  and  richness 
of  pr  »i.Lciions,  is  much  inferior  to  any  other  di- 
vision o'  i;,e  earth.  Zimrnermann  asserts  that 
it  has  oniy  s^vfeen  species  of  indigenous  animals,, 
and  these  chif»riy  mice  and  bats.  Some  species 
of  wild  animals  have  entirely  disappeared  before 
the  increase?  of  pripulation,  while  others  have  be- 
come extrei.  "-ly  rare  Tlie  Fallow  Deer  are 
found  in  greatest    abundance  in  England.    Yet 


here  they  are  diminisiiing. — And  according  to 
Aristotle,  the  lion  was  once  found  in  Greece,  but 
it  no  longer  exists  in  Europe.  The  buffalo,  the 
elk,  the  stein-buck,  and  the  beaver,  are  becoming 
daily  more  rare  in  Europe ;  and  the  varieties  of 
game — which  once  seemed  to  possess,  under  the 
protection  of  merciless  tyrants,  a  fuller  right  in 
the  soil  than  man  himseir — are  now  confined  to 
jaster  limits.  The  rein-deer  and  dog  are  the 
uu\v  domestic  animals  of  tlie  Polar  zone.  The 
walrus,  white  bear,  and  blue  fox,  appear  on  the 


shores  of  the  Frozen  Sea.  The  horse  is  found 
to  the  G6th  parallel,  but  in  the  high  latitudes  is 
reduced  to  a  dwarfish  stature;  cattle  too  lose 
their  horns  in  the  northern  regions,  and  shrink 
in  size  ;  even  man  himself  appears  here  an  infe- 
rior species,  whether  physically  or  morally  con- 
sidered. Some  Asiatic  animals  are  found  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  Caspian  and  Sea  of 
Azof.  The  black  bear,  the  urus,  and  the  wolf, 
are  the  most  formidable  wild  animals  now  known 


*^^-vK/55C:>=:^^T5ri^--«iV6^ 


in  Europe.  The  jackal  is  found  in  all  the  warm 
regions  ;  and  the  lynx  and  wild-cat  attain  con- 
siderable dimensions  in  the  Italian  forests.  Eu- 
rope, though  not  wholly  free  of  dangerous  rep 
tiles,  suffers  less  from  their  presence  than  any 
other  region  of  the  globe.  The  chameleon  is 
one  of  the  most  singular  European  reptiles     The 


mosquito  is  troublesome  in  the  highest  north  ;  and 
flights  of  locusts  occasionally  arrive  in  Taurida 
from  the  African  or  Syrian  coast.  Europe  is  in- 
debted for  its  most  valuable  plants  to  other  climes. 
Originally  it  probably  possessed  little  more  tlian 
forest-trees,  a  ie-w  shrubs,  and  some  species  of 
grass.  The  cereal  and  leguminous  plants  are 
now  universally  cultivated,  and  garden-herbs  are 
here  usually  of  finer  quality  than  elsewhere.  The 
vine  is  successfully  cultivated  at  Witzenhausen 
under  51.  21.  30.,  and  at  Zullichau  under  51.  58. ; 
but,  with  these  exceptions,  wine  manufactured 
above  the  5()th  parallel  does  not  deserve  the  name. 
The  northern  countries  furnish  good  materifils  for 
the  carpenter  and  ship-builder.  The  forest-trees 
of  the  warmer  climate  are  tamarisks,  carubes, 
sumachs,  mastics,  the  cork-tree,  pianos,  syca- 
mores, and  cypresses.  Ever}'  species  of  the  infe- 
rior and  superior  metals,  and  even  several  of  the 
more  precious  minerals,  are  fr^uiid  in  Europe. 
Hungary  and  Transylvania  possess  the  nobler 
ores;  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  abound  in 
iron ;  England  produces  copper  and  tin ;  and 
Scotland,  lead.  There  are  likewise  extensive 
mines  of  rock-salt,  alum,  saltpetre,  and  coal,  in 
Europe. 

It  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  precise  amount  of 
the  population  of  Europe,  notv.'ithstanding  the 
accuracy  with  which  the  census  of  most  coun- 
tries has  been  taken  :  for  we  do  not  possess  a 
census  of  contemporary  surveys,  and  in  Turkey 
the  population  can  only  be  loosely  estimated  from 
the  number  of  hearths  paying  tax  to  the  Porte. 
The  population-returns  of  Russia,  Hungary,  Spain, 


EUX 


291 


EVO 


and  Transylvania,  are  very  old.  In  1787,  Zim- 
merinann  estimated  the  population  of  Europe 
at  144,000,000;  at  present,  according  to  Malta 
Brun,  it  is  not  likely  to  be  overrated  at  205,1)00,000. 
In  1810,  Hassel  estimated  it  at  180,550,000.  Per- 
haps 200,000,000  will  be  pretty  near  the  truth, 
which  gives  an  increase  of  56,000,000  in  40  years. 
Tliis  population  is  not  equally  concentrated 
throtiohout  Europe.  Thus,  in  the  Duchy  of 
Lucca,  it  is  in  the  ratio  of  238  to  a  square  m. ; 
while  in  Iceland  and  Faroe  it  is  only  4  2-3. ; 
in  the  Netherlands  it  is  as  212,  in  Great  Britain 
as  178,  and  in  Sweden  and  Norway  as  10  to 
the  square .  m.  Upon  the  whole,  the  south  of 
Europe  is  more  populous  than  the  north  in 
proportion  to  its  extent :  and  must  continue  so, 
as  the  means  of  subsistence  are  procured  with  so 
much  greater  facility  in  the  countries  of  the  for- 
mer than  in  those  of  the  latter.  The  climate  of 
Norway  is  quite  as  favourable  to  longevity  as 
that  of  Lucca ;  but  the  one  comprehends  a  vast 
tract  of  rugged,  uiitillable  surface, — the  other  is 
a  warden  throughout. 

In  almost  every  European  State,  we  find  the 
citizens  divided  ioto  four  distinct  classes.  The 
first  is  that  of  the  nobility,  which  exists  in  every 
State,  v/ith  the  exception  of  Norway  and  the 
Turkish  empire.  Nobility  is,  in  most  cases  view- 
ed in  Europe  as  an  hereditary  rank  ;  but  it  can 
be  acquired  by  the  will  of  the  sovereign,  and 
even,  in  some  instances,  purchased  by  money. 
The  clergy  form  the  second  cl.ass  of  the  commu- 
nity. The  third  is  that  of  the  citizens,  or  inhab- 
itants of  towns,  which  in  most  countries  enjoys 
peculiar  rights  and  privileges.  The  fourth  and 
lowest  class  includes  the  peasants,  and  forms  the 
mass  of  the  population  in  every  country. 

Eurville,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Marne,  5  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Dizier. 

Euskhchen,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  23  m. 
m.  S.  E.  of  Juliers. 

Eustace,  an  island  which  forms,  with  a  long 
point  of  land,  the  entrance  to  the  harbour  of  St. 
Augustine,  in  E.  Florida. 

Eustalia,  St.  one  of  the  least  of  the  Leeward  Isl- 
ands, in  the  West  Indies,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Chris- 
topher. It  is  a  mountain  in  the  form  of  a  sugar 
loaf,  whose  top  is  hollow,  yet  for  its  size,  it  is  one 
of  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  Carribees.  To- 
bacco is  cultivated  on  its  sides,  to  the  very  sum- 
mit ;  and  hogs,  kids,  rabbits,  and  all  kinds  of  poul- 
try, are  in  great  abundance.  It  has  a  town  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  good  fort.  It  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1781,  who  pillaged  the  inhabitants, 
and  confiscated  all  private  property  ;  it  was  soon 
after  retaken  by  the  French,  and  restored  to  the 
Dutch,  in  1783  ;  again  taken  by  the  English,  in 
IS'll,  and  again  restored  to  the  Dutch,  attne  gen- 
eral peace  of  1814. 

Eutin,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Holstein, 
near  the  side  of  a  lake,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Lu- 
bec. 

Euxine,  or  Black  Sea,  a  large  inland  sea,  divid- 
ing Europe  from  Asia,  between  the  latitudes  of 
41.  and  47.  N.  extending  E.  from  the  long,  of  28. 
to  41 .  25.,  giving  an  extreme  length  from  W.  to 
E.  of  006  geographical,  or  702  British  statute  m. 
On  the  W.  it  washes  the  coasts  of  Romania,  Bul- 
garia, and  Bessarabia ;  and  on  that  side  receives 
the  waters  of  the  Danube:  at  the  N.  W.  corner 
it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Dneister,  and  the 
Dnieper,  which  flow  through  the  southern  prov- 
inctis  of  European  Russia  ;  and  from  the  N.  be- 
tween the  lonjritudes  of  33,  and  37.  E.  projects 


the  peninsula  of  the  Crimea,  or  Russian  provmce 
of  Taurida.  A  narrow  strait  at  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  tliis  peninsula,  leads  into  the  sea  of 
Azof,  into  which  flows  the  river  Don  :  the  N.  E. 
part  of  the  Euxine,  washes  the  coast  of  Circassia, 
and  the  territory  of  the  Abkhas;  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity washes  the  coast  of  Mingrelia,  which  con- 
tributes to  the  waters  of  the  Euxine  by  several 
streams,  the  most  important  of  which  is  the  Roni 
or  Pliasis :  the  S.  part  washes  the  coasts  of  the 
Turkish  provinces  of  Armenia,  Roum,  and  Natolia 
which  contribute  the  waters  of  the  Kisil-Jermak, 
and  numerous  other  rivers  of  inferior  note.  The 
Euxine  communicates  with  the  Mediterranean, 
first  by  the  narrow  strait  of  Constantinople  into 
the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  from  thence  by  the  Dar- 
danelles, the  ancient  Hellespont,  or  Tliracian  Bos- 
phorus,  into  the  Grecian  Archipelago.  The  nav- 
igation of  the  Euxine  appears  to  have  been  more 
general  in  past  than  at  the  present  time,  the  PhcE- 
nicians,  Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Venetians, 
and  Genoese,  all  appearing  to  have  maintained  an 
extensive  intercour.se  with  the  inhabitants  on  its 
shores.  In  1476,  when  the  Turks  drove  the  Gen- 
oese from  the  Crimea,  they  precluded  all  inter- 
course through  the  straits  of  Constantinople,  and 
claimed  an  exclusive  riglit  of  navigation  within. 
In  1774  the  Russians,  and  in  1784  Austria  obtained 
by  treaty  an  equal  right  of  navigation,  which  at  the 
peace  of  Amiens  was  extended  to  all  nations  ;  and 
since  the  peace  of  1814  a  considerable  traflic  has 
been  carried  on  from  the  port  of  Odessa,  between 
the  rivers  Dniester  and  Dneiper,  with  the  Medi- 
terranean and  with  England  ;  but  the  other  parts 
of  its  extensive  shores  are  but  little  frequented, 
and  but  little  known,  though  doubtless  suscep- 
tible of  aflbrding  a  rich  field  for  well-directed  en- 
terprize  and  exertion. 

Euzct,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  the  Gard,  and  the  chief  place  of  a  canton,  in 
the  district  of  Uzes,  9  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Uzes. 

Evansv'dl e,  p.t.  Vanderburg  Co.  Indiana. 

Evaux,  a  town  of  France,  in  tne  departmen; 
of  Creuse,  near  which  is  a  mineral  spring  ana 
baths.     It  is  25  m.  E.  of  Gueret. 

Evanshurg,  p. v.  Crawford  Co.  Pa. 

Evcrcttsville,  p. v.  Albermarle  Co.  Va. 

Everdlng.     See  Ejfcrding. 

Kverfdd,  or  Elverfeld,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
in  the  duchy  of  Berg,  near  the  river  Wipper,  18 
m.  E.  of  Dusseldorf. 

Evergham,  a  populous  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
7  m.  N.  of  Ghent. 

Ercsham,  a  borough  in  Worcestershire,  Eng- 
land. Here  are  three  churches,  and  it  had  form- 
erly an  abbey,  of  which  some  remains  are  still 
visible.  A  remarkable  battle  was  fought  here  in 
1265,  between  prince  Edward,  afterward  Edward 
I.,  and  Simon  de  Montfort,  earl  of  Leicester,  in 
which  the  earl  and  most  of  his  adherents  were 
slain.  Evesham  is  seated  in  a  fertile  vale,  and 
is  nearly  surrounded  by  the  Avon.  The  vale  is 
mostly  appropriated  to  gardens,  and  supplies  vast 
quantities  of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  the  Worces- 
ter, Bath,  Bristol  and  other  markets.  It  has  also 
some  extensive  flour  mills,  worked  by  the  water 
of  the  Avon,  over  which  there  is  here  a  bridge 
of  7  arches.  It  is  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Worcester, 
and  100  N.  W.  of  London.  It  returns  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament. 

Evc.shatn.  t.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J. 

Evora,  a  fortified  city  of  Portugal,  capital  of 
Alemtejo,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  university. 
Some    remains  of   the  ancient  Roman  wall   are 


VAC 


292 


FAH 


visible ,  part  of  a  temple  of  Diana,  of  which 
there  are  seven  entire  pillars  standing,  is  now 
converted  into  butchers'  shambles ;  and  the  fa- 
mous aqueduct  built  by  Sertorius,  still  conveys 
a  noble  stream  of  water  to  the  city.  Evora  is 
seated  in  a  pleasant  country,  surrounded  on  all 
sides  by  mountains,  65  m.  E.  byS.  of  Lisbon. 
Long.  7.  50.  W.,  lat.  38.  28.  N. 

Evoramonte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo, 
situate  on  a  rock,  8  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Estremoz, 
and  23  N.  N.  E.  of  Evora. 

Evereux,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Eure,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathedral 
is  a  handsome  structure.  The  trade  consists  in 
corn,  linen,  and  woolen  cloth  ;  and  it  has  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  velvets,  and  tick.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Iton,  25  m.  S.  of  Rouen,  and  55  N.  W.  of 
Paris.     Pop.  in  182.^,  9,728. 

Ezcell,  a  town  in  Surrv,  Eng.  contiguous  to  Ep- 
som, 6  m.  W.  of  Croydon,  and  13  S.  S.  W.  of 
London. 

Ex,  a  river  rising  in  the  forest  of  Exmoor.  in 
Somersetshire,  Eng.  and  leaving  the  county 
below  Dulverton,  runs  through  Devonshire,  by 
Tiverton,  Exeter, and  Topsham,  whence  itforn.s 
an  estuary  to    the  Engliah  channel,  at  Exmouth. 

Exeter,  a  city  of  England,  and  the  capital  of 
Devonshire,  on  the  river  Ex.  It  was  formerly 
the  seat  of  the  W.  Saxon  kings,  who  resided  in 
the  castle,  called  Rougemont,  from  the  colour 
of  the  hill  on  which  it  is  built.  It  was  encom- 
passed by  walls,  and  four  gates,  two  of  which  are 
now  pulled  down.  With  its  suburbs  it  contains 
19  churches,  beside  the  cathedral,  which  is  a 
magnificent  fabric.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor, 
has  13  companies  of  tradesmen,  and  formerly  car- 
ried on  an  extensive  commerce  in  woolen  stuffs  to 
Spain,  &c. ;  but  its  commerce  end  manufactures 
have  materially  declined  since  the  close  of  the 
18th  century,  and  its  present  importance  is  deriv- 
ed from  the  agreeableness  of  its  locality,  occasion- 
ing it  to  be  much  resorted  to  by  the  neighbour- 
intr  gentry  :  an  elegant  new  bridge  crosses  the 
river.  The  public  buildings  consists  of  a  guildhall, 
county  hall,  hospital,  lunatic  asylum,  &c.  &c. 
It  is  situate  9  m.  above  the  entrance  of  the  river 
into  the  sea,  43  m.  E.  of  Plymouth,  87  S.  W.  of 
Bath,  and  168  W.  S.  W.  of  London,  by  way  of 
Salisbury.     Pop.  in  1821,  23,479. 

Exeter,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,438. 

Exeter,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  on  Exeter 
river,  a  branch  of  the  Piscataqua.  It  has  several 
manufactures,  and  the  sadlery  business  is  carried 
on  to  a  great  extent.  Some  vessels  are  built  here, 
the  river  being  capable  of  floating  down  those 
of  500  tons.  Here  are  an  academy,  and  a  court- 
house, 15  m.  S.  W.  of  Portsmouth,  and  47  N.  of 
Boston.     Pop.  2,759.    Also  a  p.t.  in  Washington 


Co.  R.  I.  Pop.  2,389.  Also  a  p.t.  m  Otsego  Co. 
N.  Y.  Pop.  1,690.  Also  a  p.t.  in  Luzerne  Co 
Pa.  Also  a  township  in  Berks  Co.  Pa.  and 
villages  in  New  Hanover  Co.  N.  C.  and  Harrison 
Co.  Indiana. 

Exidetiil,  or  Exciderfil ,  a  town  of  France,  in 
the  department  of  Durdogne,  20  m.  N.  E.  ofPeri- 
gueux,  and  32  S.of  Limoges. 

Exilles,a.  strong  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  fort- 
ified castle  on  a  mountain,  which  guards  one  of 
the  passes  into  the  country.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Doire,  37  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Turin. 

Exmouth,  a  village  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ex,  10  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Exeter.  It  is  much  frequented  for  the 
benefit  of  sea-batlnng. 

Eybenschitz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle 
of  Znaim,  on  the  river  Ollawa,  12  m.  S.  W.  of 
Brunn. 

Eydcr,  a  river  and  canal  that  separates  Jutland 
from  Holstein.  The  river  rises  in  Holstein,  and 
flows  W.  by  Rendsburg,  Fredericstadt,  and  Ton- 
ningcn  into  tlie  German  Ocean.  The  canal  pas- 
ses E.  from  Rendsburg  to  a  bay  of  the  Baltic, 
a  little  N.  of  Kiel.  These  jointly  afford  a  safe 
inland  navigation  across  the  country,  between 
the  Baltic  sea  and  German  Ocean. 

Eye,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  a  castle  and  a  Benedictine  abbey.  The 
women  are  employed  in  making  bonelace.  It 
is  a  mean  place,  20  m.  N.  of  Ipswich,  and  89  N. 
E.  of  London.  It  returns  two  members  to  par- 
liament.    Pop.  in  1831, 1,882. 

Eyemouth,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Berwick- 
shire, with  a  harbour  for  vessels  of  small  burden 
and  a  trade  in  corn  and  meal.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  tlie  Eye,  8  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Ber- 
wick 

Eylau,  a  town  in  E.  Prussia,  20  m  S  Ko 
nigsberg  ;  famous  for  a  bloody  battle  between  the 
Russians  and  French,  Oct.  7,  1807. 

Eymoutiers,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vieiine,  with  a  considerable  trade 
in  skins,  leather,  and  rags  ;  seated  on  the  Vienne, 
20  m.  N.  of  Limoges. 

Eyndhoven,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Eynds  with  the  Dommel,  13  m 
S.  E.  of  Bois  le  Due. 

E]iwanowitz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle 
of  Olmutz,  27  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Olmutz. 

Ezagen,  a  rich  and  ancient  town  in  the  king 
dom  of  Fez,  60  m.  S.  of  Tetuan. 

Ezel,  an  island  in  Russia,  in  the  Baltic  sea,  of 
a  triangular  form,  about  8  m.  in  circumference. 
Long.  40.  E.,  lat.  58.  20.  N. 

Ezy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
the  Eure,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Evreux. 


F 


FAABORG,  a  seaport  town  of  Denmark,  on  the 
S.  coast  of  the  island  of  Funen,  in  a  flat  but  fer- 
tile country.  The  principal  trade  is  in  provis- 
ions. It  is  17  m.  S.  of  Odence.  Long.  10.  16. 
E.,  lat.  55.  12.  N. 

Fabius,  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,071. 

Fabriano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisite  of 
Ancona,  famous  for  its  excellent  paper.  It  is 
25  m.  N.  E.  of  Foligno. 

Factoryville,  p.v.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y. 


Faenza,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  an  old  fortress.  The  cathedral 
stands  in  the  great  square,  and  has  a  steeple  5 
stories  high,  with  balustrades.  In  1796  it  was 
taken  by  the  French;  and  afterwards  taken  by 
the  troops  of  the  pope.  In  1797,  the  pope's  troops 
were  defeated  and  expelled.  Faenza  is  famous 
for  fine  earthen  ware.  It  is  seated  on  the  Amona, 
20  m.  W.  S,  W.   of  Ravenna. 

FaJdun,  a  towr  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Dalecar- 


FAl 


293 


FAL 


lia.  Near  it  is  a  large  copper  mine,  deemed  the 
most  ancient  in  Europe  ;  also  a  manufacture  of 
green  and  blue  vitriol.  It  is  situated  in  the  midst 
of  the  rocks  and  hills,  between  the  lakes  Run  and 
Warpen,  110  m.  N.  W.  of  Stockholm.  Pop. 
about  4,000. 

Faifo,  a  town  of  Cochin  China,  and  a  place  of 
great  trade  ;  situate  on  a  river  that  flows  into  the 
bayof  Turon,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Turon. 

Fairbank,  p. v.  Chatauque,  Co.  N.  Y. 

Fairfax,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virgin 
ia  lying  W.  of  the  Potomac  river,  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  district  of  Columbia.  Its  area  ia  about 
400  square  rn.     Pop.  9,206. 

Fairfax,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,729.  Also 
towns  in  Fairfax  and  Culpepper  Cos.  Va. 

Fairfield,  a  county  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of 
Connecticut,  bounded  in  a  W.  S.  W.  direction 
by  Long  Island  Sound,  and  N.  N.  E.  by  the 
Housatonick  river.  It  is  divided  into  18  town- 
ships. Pop.  46,950.  The  chief  town  of  the  same 
name  is  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  a  creek  in  Long 
Island  Sound,  22  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  New  Haven.  It 
was  burnt  by  a  party  of  tories  and  British  in  1777. 
Pop.  4,246. 

Fairfield,  is  also  the  name  of  an  interior  coun- 
ty in  the  south  part  of  Ohio,  in  which  the  Hock- 
hockings  river  and  a  tributary  of  the  Scioto  have 
their  sources  ;  it  extends  about  20  m.  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  15  in  mean  breadth.  Pop.  24,788.  Lan- 
caster is  the  chief  town. 

Fairfield,  a  district  of  South  Carolina,  lying 
between  the  Catawba  and  Broad  rivers.  Pop. 
21,546.     Wanesborouffh  is  the  chief  town. 

Fairfield,  p.t.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,265. 
Also  towns  in  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J. ;  Crawford, 
Westmoreland  and  Adams  Cos.  Pa. ;  Rockbridge 
and  Nelson  Cos.  Va. ;  Columbia  and  Putnam  Cos. 
Geo. ;  Jefferson,  Columbiana,  Highland,  Tusca- 
rawas, Greene,  Butler,  and  Licking  Cos.  Ohio. 
Nelson  Co.  Ken.  ;  Franklin  Co.  Indiana,  and 
Wayne  Co.  Illinois. 

Fairford,&  town  of  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  The 
church  was  founded  in  1493,  by  John  Tame,  a 
merchant  of  London,  purposely  for  the  reception 
of  some  glass,  taken  by  one  of  his  vessels,  in  a 
ship  going  to  Rome  :  it  has  23  windows,  beauti- 
fully painted  with  subjects  chiefly  scriptural,  de- 
signed by  tiie  famous  Albert  Durer.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Coin,  2.5  m.  S.  E.  of  Gloucester,  and 
80  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1821,  1,547. 

Fairhavin,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  675.  Also 
a  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  on  Buzzard's  Bay  opposite 
New  Bedford.     Pop.  3,034. 

Fairhead,  the  N.  E.  point  of  Ireland,  rising 
631  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  lat.  55.  44. 
N.,  and  6.  2.  of  W.  long.  It  is  opposite  to 
Raughlin  Island. 

Fair  Isle,  a  small  island  in  the  Northern  ocean, 
between  the  Shetland  and  Orkneys,  from  both 
which  its  high  towering  rocks  are  visible.  On 
the  E.  side  the  duke  of  Medina  Sidonia,  admi- 
ral of  the  Spanish  armada,  was  wrecked  in  1588. 

Fairlee,  p.t.  Orange  Co.   Vt.  Pop.  6.56. 

Fairley,  a  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  coast  of 
Aryshire,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Irvine.  It  has  a  small 
harbour ;  and  the  strait  in  the  frith  of  Clyde, 
formed  by  the  coast  and  the  Cumbray  isles  is  call- 
ed Fairley  Road. 

Fairport,  p. v.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio,  on  lake  Erie. 
It  has  a  good  harbour  for  small  vessels. 

Fairtown,  a  village    in  Cumberland  Co.   N.  J. 

Fairview,  a  township  in  York  Co.  Pa.  Also  a 
Tillage  in  Erie  Co.  Pa.  on  the  lake.     Also  a  vil- 


lage in  Brooke  Co.  Va. ;  and  a  village  in  Guern 
sey  Co.  Ohio. 

Faisarvs,  an  island  in  the  river  Bidassoa,  which 
separates  France  from  Spain.  It  is  also  called 
the  Isle  of  Conference,  because  Louis  XIV.  and 
Philip  IV.  here  swore  to  observe  the  peace  of 
the  Pyrenees,  in  1660,  after  24  conferences  be- 
tween their  ministers.  It  is  considered  as  a  neu- 
tral place,  and  is  situate  between  Andaye  and 
Fontarabia. 

Fakenham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  situate 
on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Yare,  9  m.  from  the  coast, 
20  N.  W.  of  Norwich,  and  108  N.  N.  E.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  in  1821,  1,635. 

FaJaise,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  with  a  castle,  and  one  of  the  finest 
towers  in  France.  It  is  the  birth-place  of  Wil- 
liam the  Conqueror,  and  has  a  good  trade  in  ser- 
ges, linen,  and  lace.  It  stands  on  the  river  Ante, 
20  m.  S.  E.  of  Caen,  and  115  W.  of  Paris,  it  is 
the  seat  of  a  prefect.     Pop.  in  1825,  9,912. 

Fale,  a  river  in  Cornwall,  which  flows  by  Grara- 
pound  and  Tregony  to  Falmouth,  where  it  forms 
a  fine  haven  in  the  English  channel. 

Falkenau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  with  manufactures  of  alum,  sulphur,  and 
vitriol;  seated  on  the  river  Egra,  12  m.  N.  E.  of 
Egra. 

Falkenberg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Holland  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Athran,  on  the  Categat,  oppo- 
site to  the  isle  of  Anholt,  17  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Halmstadt. 

Falkenberg,  a  town  of  Brandenberg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Drage,  32  m. 
E.  by  N.  of  New  Stargard. 

Falkenberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Oppein,  with  a  castle,  14  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Brieg. 

Falkenstein,  a  town  in  Germany,  in  a  county 
of  the  same  name.  It  stands  a  little  to  the  N.  of 
Winweiler,  24  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Worms. 

Falkenstein,  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in 
the  Vogtland,  near  the  N.  W.  frontier  of  Bo- 
hemia. 

Falkiopinfr,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland, 
56  m.  E.  of  Uddevalla.  It  is  memorable  for  a  bat- 
tle fought  in  1388,  between  Margaret,  queen  of 
Denmark,  and  Albert,  king  of  Sweden,  when  the 
latter  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  with  his 
son. 

Fa'kirk,  a  populous  town  of  Scotland,  in  Stir- 
lingshire, famous  for  its  trysts,  held  thrice  a  year 
at  which  60,000  head  of  black-cattle  have  been 
sold  at  one  tryst,  beside  a  great  number  of  sheep 
and  horses.  It  is  seated  near  the  Carron  and  the 
Great  canal,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Stirling.  The  royal 
armv  was  defeated  near  this  place  in  1746.  Pop. 
about  12,000. 

Falkland,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  with 
some  linen  manufactures.  Here  are  the  ruins  of 
the  royal  palace  in  which  James  V.  died  in  1582 ; 
some  of  its  apartments  are  still  inhabited.  It  is 
20  m.  N.  of  Edinburgh. 

Falkland  Islands,  two  large  islands,  surrounded 
by  a  great  number  of  smaller,  lying  in  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean,  to  the  E.  of  the  strait  of  Magellan. 
The  smaller  of  the  two  large  islands  lies  E.  of  the 
other,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel 
called  Falkland  Sound.  These  islands  were 
probably  seen  by  Magellan,  but  Davis  is  deemed 
the  discoverer  of  the  min  1592.  They  were  visit- 
ed by  sir  Richard  Hawkins,  in  1594  ;  and  in 
1765,  commodore  Byron  made  a  settlement  here  ; 
but  in  1770,  the  Spaniards  forcibly  dispossessed 
2  b2 


FAM 


294 


FAR 


the  English.  This  affair  was  settled  by  a  csnven- 
tion,  and  the  English  regained  possession  ;  but  in 
1774,  it  was  abandoned,  and  the  island  ceded  to 
Spain.  Since  the  commencement  of  the  19th 
centurj  they  have  been  uninhabited. 

Fall  Creek,  a  stream  in  New  York  which  runs 
into  Cayuga  Lake.  The  falls  upon  it  consist  of  a 
violent  rapid  which  after  descending  for  a  mile 
and  a  half,  falls  perpendicularly  in  a  cataract  of 
90  feet.  The  view  is  very  grand  and  pictur- 
esque. 

Falling  Spring,  a  cascade  in  Virginia  upon  a 
small  creek  which  rises  about  20  m.  from  the 
warm  spring  and  runs  into  Jackson's  River.  This 
stream  falls  over  a  precipice  200  feet  in  perpen- 
dicular height,  and  the  sheet  of  water  is  thrown 
so  far  forward  that  a  person  may  walk  dry  be- 
tween the  cataract  and  the  rock. 

Falling  Waters,  p. v.  Berkeley  Co.  Va. 

FaU.owjield,  East  and  JVeat,  two  townships  in 
Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Fallowjield,  townships  in  Washington  and 
Crawford  Cos.  Pa. 

FJl  River,  a  village  in  the  town  of  Troy,  Mass. 
(which  see.) 

Falls,  townships  in  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  and  Mus- 
kingum and  Hocking  Cos.  Ohio. 

Fallsington,  a  village  in  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Fallstown,  p. v.  Iredell  Co.  N.  C. 

Falmouth,  a  seaport  on  the  E.  coast  of  Corn- 
wall, Eng.  It  has  a  noble  and  extensive  harbour, 
communicating  with  a  number  of  navigable 
creeks,  and  its  entrance  is  defended  by  the  castles 
of  St.  Mawes  and  Pendennis.  It  is  a  town  of 
great  traffic,  much  improved  by  its  being  the  sta- 
tion of  the  Post  Office  packets  to  the  S.  of  Eu- 
rope, the  West  Indies  and  x^merica.  It  stands  on 
the  Fale,  at  its  entrance  into  the  English  channel, 
14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  the  Lizard  Point,  10  S.  of  Tru- 
ro, and  269  W.  S.  W.  of  London.  Long.  5.  2. 
W.,  lat.  50.  8.  N.  Pop.    in  1821,  2,543. 

Fcdmoulh,  a  town  of  the  island  of  .Tamaica,  on 
the  N.  coast,  and  on  the  S.  side  of  Martha  Brae 
harbour.     Long.  77.  3!^.  W.,  lat.  18.  31.  N. 

Falmouth,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Antigua,  on 
the  S.  coast,  with  a  forlified  harbour.  Long.  62, 
0.  W.,  lat.  16.  55.  N. 

Falmouth,  a  seaport  of  Massachusetts,  in  Barn- 
stable county.  It  is  situate  on  the  W.  side  of  a 
small  bay,  70  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Boston.  Long.  70. 
32.  W.,  lat.  41.  36.  N.     Pop.  2,548. 

Falmouth,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,966. 
Also  villages  in  Strafford  Co.  Va.  and  Pendleton 
Co.  Ken. 

Falae  Bay,  a  bay  between  the  cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  Cape  False,  frequented  during  the 
prevalence  of  the  N.  W.  winds  in  May.  Long. 
18.  53.  E.,  lat.  34.  10.  S. 

False  Cape,  a  promontory  20  m.  E.  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Long.  18.  44.  E.,  lat.  34.  16.  S. 

Falster,  a  fertile  island  of  Denmark,  60  m.  in 
circumference,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic, 
off  the  N.  end  of  Zealand,  and  between  the  is- 
lands Moen  and  Laland.  Nykoping  is  the  capi- 
tal. Its  area  is  about  185  square  m.  and  pop 
16,500. 

Fa.lsteroo,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen, 
chiefly  known  for  its  lighthouse,  at  the  entrance 
of  the  Baltic  from  the  Sound,  22  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of 
Lund.     Long.  12.  48.  E.,  lat.  55.  22.  N. 

Famagusta,  a  town  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  and  a  Greek  bishop's  see,  with 
a  harbour  defended^  by  two  forts.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Turks,  mAh7\  after  a  siege  of  10  months. 


when  they  flayed  the  Venetian  governor  alive 
and  murdered  the  inhabitants,  though  they  sur- 
rendered on  honourable  terms.  It  is  62  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Nicosia.     Long.  33.  35.  E.,  lat  35.  10.  N. 

Famars,n  village  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nord  ;  near  which  the  French  were  defeated 
by  the  allies  in  1793.  It  is  3  ni.  S.  of  Valen- 
ciennes. 

Fanne.t,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Pa. 

Fano,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Urbino,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are  an  ancient 
triumphal  arch,  handsome  churches,  and  fine  pal- 
aces. It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  13  m, 
E.  of  Urbino,  and  32  N.  W.  of  Ancona.  Fop 
about  7,500. 

Fanoe,  an  island  of  Jutland,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Little  Belt  from  the  Categat. 

Fantees,  Fantin,  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  from 
Cape  Three  Points,  to  Anconah,  was  formerly 
called  Fantin;  but  since  1811,  it  has  more  com- 
monly been  called  Ashantee.  The  Fantees  occu- 
py the  coast,  and  the  Ashantees  the  interior.  See 
Ashantee. 

Faoua.     See  Foue. 

Faouet,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Morbiham,  21  m.  N.  by  W.  of  L'Orient. 

Fa.reham,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  Sloops 
and  smaller  vessels  are  built  here  ;  and  it  has  a 
considerable  trade  in  coal,  corn,  canvas,  and  ropes. 
It  is  seated  at  the  N.  W.  point  of  Portsmouth 
harbour,  5  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Gosport,  and  37  W.  by 
S.  of  London. 

Farewell  Cape,  the  most  southerly  promontory 
of  Greenland,  at  the  entrance  of  Davis  strait. 
Long.  42.  42.  W.,  lat.  59. 38.  N. 

F'arexcell  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the  N.  end  of 
the  island  of  New  Zealand.  Long.  172. 41.  E.,  lat 
40.  37.  S. 

Fargtau,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Yonne,  with  a  castle,  10  m.  S.  E.  of 
Au.xerre. 

Farim,  a  county  of  Africa,  to  the  S.  of  the  riv- 
er Gambia.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  river  St.  Domingo,  about  130  m.  above  its  en 
trance  into  the  sea.  Long.  14.  30.  W.,  lat.  12 
10  N 

Farlijsville,  a  village  in  Charlotte  Co.  Va. 

Farmersville,  p.t.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop 
1,005. 

Farmington,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,340. 

Farmincrton,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  26  m.  N. 
W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,464. 

Farmington,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  in  Hart- 
ford county,  with  a  large  congregational  church, 
situate  on  the  river  Farmington,  which  below  the 
town  receives  the  Cambridge,  and  then  acquires 
the  name  of  Windsor  river.  It  is  10  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Hartford,  and  22  E.  of  Litchfield.  Pop. 
l,90L 

Farmington  Canal,  in  Connecticut  and  Massa- 
chusetts, extends  from  New  Haven  to  Westfield 
in  Massachusetts,  passing  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance along  the  valley  of  Farmington  River, 
whence  it  has  received  its  name.  It  is  intended 
to  prolong  the  canal  to  Northampton,  on  the  Con- 
necticut, which  will  make  its  whole  length  about 
90  m. ;  at  present  its  extent  is  nearly  four  fifths 
of  this  distance.  The  transportation  upon  it  is  al- 
ready considerable,  but  as  it  does  not  fully  meet 
the  expectations  of  the  projectors,  the  completion 
of  the  work  will  probably  be  delayed  for  a  time. 

Farmington,  p.t.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,773. 
Also  towns  in  Trumbull  and  Belmont  Cos.  'Ohio. 

Farmville,  p. v.  Prince  Edward  Co.  Va 


.^ 


FAW 


295 


FEL 


Farnhum,  a  town  in  Surry,  Eng.  on  the  border 
of  Hampshire.  It  has  a  castle,  situate  on  an  emi- 
nence, belonging  to  the  bishop  of  Winchester. 
Farnham  is  celebrated  for  its  plantations  of  hops, 
and  has  a  great  trade  in  corn.  It  is  seatea  on  the 
Wey,  38  m  .W.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Farnham,  p. v.  Richmond  Co.  Va.  Alsp  a  town 
in  Bedford  Co.  Lower  Canada.  '     ' 

Faro,  an  island  of  Swedeif,  in  th#  Baltic,  off  the 
N.  E.  end  of  the  island  of  Gothland,  about*30  m. 
in  circumference,  populous,  '^nd  feiiue.  The 
principal  town  has  the  same  name,  and  is  situate 
on  the  S.  E.  coast.  Long.  19.  27.  fc^.,  lat.  57.  50. 
N 

Faro,  a  town  in  Portugal,  in  Algarve,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  has  some  trade  in  almonds,  figs, 
oranires,  and  wine ;  and  is  seated  on  the^ulfof 
Cadiz,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Taviiria.  Long.  7.  54. 
W.,  lat.  36.  52.  N. 

Faroer  Isla.nds.     See  Feroe  Islands. 

Faro  of  Messina,  the  strait  between  Italy  and 
Sicily,  remarkable  for  having  the  tide  ebb  and 
flow  every  six  hours,  with  great  rapidity,  though 
it  is  but  7  m.  over.  It  is  so  named  from  the  faro, 
or  lighthouse,  on  Cape  Faro,  and  its  vicinity 
to  Messina. 

Farr,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Sutherlandshire, 
at  tile  head  of  a  bay  of  its  name,  on  the  N.  coast, 
52  ni.  N.  by  VV.  of  Dornoch. 

Farringdon,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  an  eminence  ;  vast  quanties  of  hogs  are  fatten- 
ed in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  (3S  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
London. 

Farrowville,  p. v.  Fauquier  Co.  Va. 

Fars,  or  Farsistan,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  E.  by  Kerman,  N.  by  Irac  Agemi,  W. 
by  Kusistan,  and  the  gulf  of  Persia.  It  is  very 
fertile  in  the  centre  ;  mountainous  on  the  N., 
where  are  a  great  number  of  wild  swine  ;  and  the 
land  so  sandy  on  the  S.  as  to  produce  little  else 
than  palm-trees.  In  the  forests  is  a  tree  from 
which  mastic  is  gathered,  and  emeralds  are  com- 
mon.    Shiras,  {which  see),  is  the  capital. 

Fartash,  a  town  of  Arabia  Felix,  in  Hadramant, 
at  the  foot  of  a  cape  of  the  same  name  in  the  In- 
dian ocean,  150  m.  E.  of  Shibam.  Long.  51.  50. 
E.,  lat.  15.  30.  N. 

Fasano,  or  Fasiano,  a  populous  town  of  Naples, 
near  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic  in  Terra  di  Bari,  15 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Polignano. 

Fale,  a  township  in  Clermont  Co.  Ohio. 

Fattipour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Agra.  Here  the  emperors  of  Hindoostan, 
when  in  the  zenith  of  their  power,  had  a  palace 
which  is  now  in  ruins;  and  on  a  hill  is  a  grand 
mosque,  built  by  the  emperor  Acbar.  It  is  22  m. 
W.  by  S.of  Agra. 

Faucigny,  a  town  and  castle  of  Savoy,  in  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  ;  seated  on  the  Arve,  14  m. 
S    E.  of  Geneva. 

Fauquemont.     See  Valkcnhurg. 

Fauquier,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia, bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Rappahannock  riv- 
er, and  N.  W.  by  the  Blue  Mountains  :  it  is  about 
35  m.  in  length,  and  12  in  mean  breadth.  Pop. 
26,379.  Warrenton  is  the  chief  town  of  the 
county. 

Faverneij,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Saone,8  m.  N.  of  Vesoul. 

Favognana,  an  island,  15  m.  in  compass,  off  the 
W.  end  of  Sicilv,  with  a  fort  and  a  good  har- 
bour.    Long.  12."25.  E.,  lat.  33.  16.  N. 

Faiocettstown,  p.v.  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 

Fawn,  p.t.  York  Co.  Va. 


Faydl,  one  of  the  Azores,  or  Western  Islands, 
which  suffered  greatly  by  an  earthquake,  in 
1764.  Its  capital  is  Villa  do  Ilorta,  the  S.  E. 
point  of  the  island  ;  is  in  lat.  38.  31.  N.,  and  23. 
42.  of  W.  long.  It  is  very  fertile,  and  exports 
large  quantities  of  wine. 

Fayette,  the  name  of  five  counties  in  the  United 
States. 

1st,  at  the  S.  W.  corner  of  Pennsylvania,  bound- 
on  the  E.  by  the  Laurel  Ridge  of  the  Allegha- 
ny mountains ;  W.  by  the  Slonongahela  river, 
and  S.  by  Monongahela  county,  Virginia.  It  is 
nearly  a  square  of  about  32  m.  each  way.  Pop. 
29,237.  Union,  186  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Harrisburgh,  is 
the  chief  town. 

2nd,  in  Georgia,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  f^lint 
river,  which  divides  it  from  the  territory  of  the 
Creek  Indians.  Pop.  5,501.  Fayette ville  is  the 
chief  town. 

3rd,  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  W.  of  the  Scio- 
to river.  Pop.  8,180.  Washington,  the  chief 
town,  is  40  m.  S.  W.  by  S.  Columbia,  and  35  N. 
W.  ofChilicothe. 

4th,  in  the  interior  of  Kentucky,  E.  of  Ken- 
tucky river.  Pop.  25,174.  Lexington,  {which 
see)  is  the  chief  town. 

5th,  in  the  E.  part  of  Indiana.  Pop.  9,112. 
Connersville,  65  m.  S.  E.  by  E.  of  Indianopolis  is 
the  chief  town. 

Fayette,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,049. 
Also  a  township  in  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,216. 
Also  a  township  in  Alleghany  Co.  Pa. 

Fayettevilie,  a  town  oiN.  Carolina,  in  Cumber- 
land Co.,  capital  of  a  district,  formerly  called  F<iy- 
ette,  but  now  divided  into  several  counties.  Its 
trade  with  Wilmington  is  considerable,  to  which 
it  sends  tobacco,  wheat,  hemp,  cotton,  lumber, 
staves,  naval  stores,  «&c.,  and  has  a  return  of  Eu- 
ropean and  India  goods.  It  is  situate  on  the  N. 
W.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  river,  50  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Raleigh,  and  90  N.  W.  of  Wilmington. 

Fayettevilie,  p.v.  Fayette  Co.  Geo.  and  Lincoln 
Co.  Tenn. 

Fayoum,  or  Fium,  a  town  of  Egypt,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  trade  in 
flax,  linen,  mats,  raisins,  and  figs  ;  and  is  sealed 
on  a  canal,  which  communicates  with  the  Nile, 
49  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cairo.  Long.  30.  39.  E.,  lat. 
29.  27.  N. 

Fatfston,  a  township  in  Washington  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  "458. 

Fear,  Cape,  a  cape  of  N.  Carolina,  where  there 
is  a  dangerous  shoal,  called,  from  its  form,  the 
Frying  Pan,  lying  at  the  entrance  of  Cape  Fear 
river.  This  river  is  formed  by  two  branches, 
called  the  N.  W.  and  N.  E.  branches,  which 
unite  above  Wilmington  ;  and  it  enters  the  At- 
lantic below  Brunswick.  Long.  77.  45.  W.,  lat. 
33.  40.  N. 

Fecamp,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  with  a  trade  in  linen,  serges,  lace, 
leather,  and  hats  ;  seated  near  the  English  chan- 
1.M,  24  m.  N.  E.  of  Havre  de  Grace. 

Federalshurg,  p.v.  Carolina  Co  Maryland. 

Fcestown.  p.t.  Clermont  Co.  Ohio. 

Feira.  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  10  m.  S. 
E.  of  Oo.>rto,  and  30  N.  by  E.  of  Aveiro. 

Feldkii  -h,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol,  capi- 
tal of  a  coimty  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  ill,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Rhine. 
19  m.  S.  of  the  Lake  of  Constance. 

Feld^burg,  a  town  and  castle  at  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Lower  Austria,  with  a  fine  palace, 
seated  on  the  Teya,  18  m.  E.  of  Laab. 


FER 


296 


FER 


Feliruda,  one  of  the  Lipari  islands,  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, 28  m.  W.  of  Lipari. 

Felipe,  St,  a  populous  town  of  Colombia,  seated 
on  the  banks  of  a  river  falling  into  the  Carribean 
sea,  about  100  m.  W.  of  Caracas. 
Felipe,  St.     See  Xativa. 

Felix,  St.,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  N.  N. 
W.  of  Juan  Fernandez.  Long.  8(5.  W.  lat.  2C  S. 
Felletin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Creuse,  with  a  manufacture  of  tapestry.  It  is 
20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Evaux,  and  21  S.  S.  E.  of 
Gueret. 

Fcllin,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Livonia,  on  the 
river  Pernau,  C2  m.  S.  E.  of  Revel. 

Felsherg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel 
with  an  ancient  castle  on  a  rock,  12  m  S.  ol 
Cassel. 

Felso-Banya,  a  village  of  Upper  Hungary,  near 
the  frontier  of  Transylvania,  celebrated  for  a  gold 
mine  in  its  vicinity. 

Feltri,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  Feltrino,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  It  is  fortified,  and  seated  on  the 
Asona,  a  small  stream,  falling  into  the  Piave  from 
the  W.,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Treviso.  Long.  11.  55. 
E.,  lat.  4(5.  3.  N.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Feltrino,  a  district  of  Italy,  lying  between  Bel- 
unese,  Trevisano,  Vicentino,  and  the  principality 
of  Trent.  It  abounds  in  mountains,  in  which  are 
iron  mines.     Feltri  is  the  only  place  of  note. 

Ff.mern,  a  fertile  island  of  Denmark,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Baltic,  from  the  passage  of  the  Great 
and  Little  Belt.  It  is  10  m.  long  and  5  broad, 
separated  from  the  coast  of  Holstein  by  a  narrow 
channel,  called  the  Femern  Sound,  Borg  is  the 
chief  town.     Pop.  of  the  island  about  7,50&. 

Femme  Osage,  a  village  in  St.  Charles  Co 
Missouri. 

Fcucstrana-e,  or  Fenestrange,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Meurte,  on  the  river  Sarre, 
40  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Nancy. 

Fenestrelle,  a  town  and  fort  of  Piedmont,  seated 
on  the  Cluson,  18  m.  W.  of  Turin. 

Fenner,  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,017. 
Feraliad,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Mazenderan.  The  environs  produce  su- 
gar, cotton,  and  silk.  The  inhabitants,  about  IG, 
0>j0,  are  principally  descendants  of  Georgians  and 
Arn^enians.  It  ia  seated  among  the  mountains 
which  bound  the  Caspian  sea  to  the  S.,  12  m.  from 
that  sea,  and  2.S0  N.  of  Ispahan.  Long.  52.  21. 
E.,  lat.  36  54.  N. 

Fercula,  or  Forcula,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tafilet,  E.  of  Morocco,  and  the  principal  place  of 
a  district.  It  is  50  m.  W.  of  Sigilmessa.  Long. 
4.  30.  W.,  lat.  31.  40.  N. 

Ferdinand,  a  township,  in  Essex  Co.  Vt.  Also 
a  township  in  St.  Louis  Co.  Missouri. 

Fere,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  famous  for  its  powder  mill  and  school  of 
artillery.  Near  it  is  the  castle  of  St.  Gobin,  in 
which  is  a  manufacture  of  fine  plate-glass. 
Fere  is  seated' at  the  conflux  of  the  Serre,  with  the 
Oise,  20  m.  N.  of  Soissons,  and  75  N.  E  of  Paris. 
Ferentino,  or  Fiorenzo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma,  3  m.  W.  of  Alatri,  on  the  high 
road  from  Rome  to  Naples. 

Fertttc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the  river  111,  near  its  source, 
40  m.  S.  ofColmar. 

Ferguson,  a  township  in  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Fermanagh,  a  fcountj  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 

of  Ulster,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  counties  of 

Donegal    and    Tyrone,  E.    by  Monaghan.  S.  by 

Cavan.  and  W.  by  Leitrim,  the  N.  W.  end  jetting 


upon  Donegal  Bay  ;  it  extends  from  the  S.  in  a  N. 
W.  direction  about  3(5  m.  being  about  24  in  mean 
breadth,  one-fourth  of  its  area  is  occupied  by  />ough 
Erne,  which  discharges  its  w.T.t,ers  into  Donegal 
bay , dividing  the  county  into  nearly  two  equal  parts. 
In  the  centre  of  the  county,  the  water  narrows  so 
as  to  admit  of  the  two  parts  being  united  by  a 
bridge,  see  EnniskUlen.  The  linen  manufacture, 
and  the  raisingi  of  cattle,  and  hemp,  are  the  chief 
employ  of  the  inhabitants.  The  county  is  navi- 
gable throughout,  by  means  of  Lough  Erne,  but 
its  uneven  surface,  and  numerous  bogs,  render  it 
difficult  for  travelling.  Enniskillen  is  the  capital 
and  only  town  of  importance  in  the  county. 

Fermo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  marquisate  of 
Ancona,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  good 
trade  in  corn,  wool,  «fec.  It  has  a  harbour  on  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  and  is  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Macerata. 
Long.  13.  50.  E.,  lat.  43.  7.  N.  Pop.  about  7,000. 
Fremosella,  or  Formosella,  a  town  in  Snain,  in 
the  province  of  Leon,  seated  on  the  N  bank  of 
the  Tormes,  near  its  entrance  into  Douro. 

Fermoy,  a  town  of  Ireland  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  Blackwater, 
106  m.  N.  W.  of  Dublin,  on  the  road  to  Cork, 
from  which  it  is  distant  17  m.  This  place  has  risen 
from  an  inconsiderable  villaffe  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  in  17i}3,  to  a  town  of  6,702  inhabi- 
tants in  1821. 

Fernando  JVoronha,  an  island  in  the  S.  Atlantic, 
100  leagues  from  Cape  St.  Roque,  the  N.  E. 
point  of  the  province  of  Pernambuco.  Long. 
32.  33.  W.,  lat.  3.  56.  S. 

Fernando  Po,  an  island  of  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Benin,  30  m.  long  and  20  broad.  Loner.  7.  36. 
E.,  lat.  3.  6.  N. 

Ferney,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ain,  a  few  m.  N.  W.  of  Geneva,  celebrated 
as  having  been  the  residence  of  Voltaire. 

Ferns,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Wexford,  and  a  bishop's  see  united  to  Leighlin. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Bann,  near  its  conflux  with 
the  Slanev,  17  m.  N.  of  Wexford,  and  30  S.  S. 
W.  of  W'icklow. 

Ferae  Islands,  a  cluster  of  22  small  islands  in 
the  Northern  Ocean,  between  the  Shetland 
Islands  and  Iceland,  in  5.  and  8.  W.  long.,  and  61. 
and  63.  N.  lat.  subject  to  Denmark.  Seventeen 
are  habitable,  each  of  which  is  a  lofty  mountain, 
divided  from  the  others  by  a  deep  and  rapid  cur- 
rent. Some  of  them  are  deeply  indented  with 
secure  harbours  all  of  them  steep,  and  most  of 
them  faced  with  tremendous  precipices.  They 
produce  agate,  jasper,  and  beautiful  zeolites. 
The  surface  consists  of  a  shallow  soil  of  remarkable 
fertility  ;  yielding  plenty  of  barley  and  fine  grass 
for  sheep.  No  trees  above  the  size  of  a  juniper,  or 
stunted  willow  will  grow  here;  and  the  only  quadru- 
peds are  sheep.  Vast  quantities  of  sea  fowls  frequent 
the  rocks,  and  tlie  taliing  of  them  furnishes  a  peri- 
lous employment  for  the  inhabitants.  The  exports 
are  snlted  mutton,  tallow,  goose-quills,  feathers, 
eiderdown,  knit  woolen  waistcoats,  caps,  and 
stockings.  To  the  S.  of  these  islands  is  aconsid 
erable  whirlpool.     Pop.  in  1820,5,265. 

Ferzabad,  or  Firvzabad ,  a  city  of  Persia,  in 
Farsistan,  formerly  of  considerable  reputi;,  and 
yet  contains  a  number  of  fine  tombs,  gardens, 
and  buildings.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
60  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Shiras,  on  the  route  to  Ormus 
Long.  53.  0.  E.,  lat.  28.  50.  N. 

Ferrara,  a  city  of  Italy  capital  of  a  duchy  of 
the  same  name,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  and  a  university.     Its  broad  streets, 


FEV 


297 


FEZ 


and  nninber  of  fine  buildings,  evince  that  it  was 
formerly  a  flourishing  place,  but  the  present  in- 
habitants are  few  in  proportion  to  its  extent. 
In  the  middle  of  the  city  is  a  palace,  surrounded 
bv  walls  flanked  with  towers  and  ditches.  The 
cathedral  is  remarkable  for  its  antiquity.  In  the 
Br-nedictine  church,  Ariosto  the  poet  is  interred. 
Ferrara  was  taken  by  the  French  in  17!)6;  in  I7i)9 
it  was  retaken  by  the  Austrians,  but  shortly  after 
surrendered  to  the  French.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Po,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Bologna.  Long.  12.  36.  E., 
lat.  44.  50.  N. 

Ferrara.  or  Ferrarese,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Po,  which  divides  it  from 
Polesino  di  Rovigno,  W.  by  the  Mantuan,  S.  by 
tiie  Bolognese  and  Riniagna,  and  E.  by  the  gulf 
of  Venice.  It  had  its  own  dukes  till  1597,  when 
(Element  VIII.  united  it  to  the  apostolic  cham- 
ber. The  air  is  unwholsome,  on  account  of  the 
marshes  which  the  abject  condition  of  the  inhab- 
itints  precludes  from  draining.  Ferrara  is  the 
capital. 

Ferrendlna,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
nenr  the  river  Basianto,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Matera. 

Ferrisburir,  a  township  in  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
1,822. 

Ftrro,  or  Hierro,  the  most  westward  of  the 
Canarv  Islands,  above  18  m.  in  circumference. 
It  is  not  fertile,  but  produces  some  corn,  sugar, 
fruits,  and  legumes.  The  inhabitants  make  use 
of  water  collected  in  cisterns  during  the  rainy 
seasons,  for  there  is  no  spring  in  the  island. 
Voyairers  speak  of  a  fountain  tree  in  the  middle 
of  the  island,  and  say  that  in  the  night  much  water 
distils  from  its  leaves.  Some  geographers  have 
taken  their  first  meridian  from  the  W.  extremity 
of  this  island.     Long.  17.  52.  W.,  lat.  27.  47.  N. 

Ferrol,  a  sea  port  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  on  a 
bay  of  the  Atlantic.  Its  harbour  is  one  of  the 
best  in  Europe,  and  here  the  Spanish  squad- 
rons frequently  rendezvous  in  time  of  war.  The 
town  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  the  sea, 
and  strongly  fortified  on  the  other.  In  1800  the 
English  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  on  this 
place.  It  is  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Corunna,  and  305  N. 
W.  of  Madrid.     Long.  8.  4.  W.,  lat.  43.  28.  N. 

Ferryshridge,  a  large  village  in  West  Yorkshire, 
Eng.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  .Aire,  over  which  is  a 
noble  bridge,  21  m.  S.  by  W.  of  York,  and  174  N. 
by  W.  of  London. 

Ferrijport,  a  village  of  Scotl.and,  in  Fifeshire, 
on  the  frith  of  Tay,  4  m.  below  Dundee,  and 
9  N.  N.  W.  of  St.  Andrews.  It  has  a  considera- 
ble manufacture  of  brown  linens ;  and  a  ferry 
over  the  Tay,  well  frequented  before  the  bridge 
at  Perth  was  built. 

Ferte  sur  Aube,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Marne,  seated  on  the  Aube,  22 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Chaumont,  and  33  E.  S.  E.  of 
Troyes. 

%*  There  are  seven  or  eight  other  towns  in 
France  named  Fcrte,  all  prefixed  to  some  other 
name,  as  in  the  case  of  Aube,  to  distinguish  them 
from  each  other. 

Festenberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Oels,  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Wartenburg. 

Fetliard,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Tipperary,  8  m."S.  E.  of  Cashel,  and  86  S.  S. 
W.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1820,  2,878. 

Fethard,  a.  hoTough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Wexford,  on  the  W.  side  of  Bannow  bay,  14 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  New  Ross. 

Feversham,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  on  a  creek 
fellinff  into  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  much  fre- 
38 


quented  by  small  vessels.  It  is  a  member  of  the 
port  of  Dover,  and  governed  by  a  mayor.  The 
church  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  the  interior 
well  worthy  of  observation  ;  and  here  is  a  free 
grammar-school  founded  by  queen  Elizabeth.  It 
has  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday ;  ia 
famous  for  the  best  oysters  for  laying  in  stews ; 
and  has  several  gTinpovvder  mills  in  its  neighbour- 
hood. Here  are  the  remains  of  a  stately'  abbey, 
built  by  king  Stephen,  who  was  interred  in  it 
with  his  queen  and  son.  James  II.  embarked 
here  in  disguise,  after  the  success  of  the  prince 
of  Orange;  but  the  vessel  was  detained  by  the 
populace,  and  the  king  conveyed  back  to  Lon- 
don. Feversham  is  47  m.  E.  by  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  in  1820,  3,919. 

Feurs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Loire,  seated  on  the  Loire,  13  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Montbrison. 

Fr.ijstrkz,  or  Windisch  Fistntz,  a  town  and  castle 
of  Germany,  in  Lower  Stiria,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  17  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cilley. 

Fcr,  a  kingdom  of  Barbary,  at  the  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  North  Africa,  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
the  Atlantic,  N.  by  the  Mediterranean,  E.  by 
Algiers,  and  S.  by  Morocco  and  Tafilet.  It  ex- 
tends upwards  of  400  m.  from  E.  to  W.  and  is 
about  150  in  breadth  ;  is  divided  into  9  provinces, 
and  forms  part  of  the  empire  of  Morocco.  The 
country  is  full  of  mountains,  particularly  to  the 
W.  and  S.  where  Mount  Atlas  lies;  but  it  is 
populous  and  fertile,  producing  citrons,  lemons, 
oranges,  dates,  almonds,  olives,  figs,  raisins, 
honey,  wax,  cotton,  flax,  pitch,  and  corn  in  abun- 
dance. The  inhabitants  breed  camels,  beeves, 
sheep,  and  the  finest  horses  in  Barbary.  At  the 
extreme  N.  point  is  the  town  and  fortress  of 
Ceuta,  garrisoned  by  the  Spaniards,  (see  Ceuta)  ; 
the  principal  places  on  the  Atlantic  coast  are 
Salee  and  Larache  ;  Melitta  and  Tangier,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean;  and  in  the  interior 
Mequinez,  Fez,  and  Teza. 

Fez,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  and 
one  of  the  largest  cities  in  Africa.  It  is  composed 
of  three  towns  called  Beleyde,  Old  Fez,  and  New 
Fez.  Old  Fez  is  the  most  considerable,  and  con- 
tains about  80.000  inhabitants.  New  Fez,  foun- 
ded about  the  13th  century,  is  principally  inhab- 
ited by  Jews,  who  trade  with  the  Moors,  not- 
withstanding the  contempt  with  which  they  are 
treated  by  them.  Old  Fez  was  founded  in 
793  by  Sidy  Edris,  a  descendent  of  Mahomet  and 
Ali,  whose  father  fled  from  Medina  to  avoid  the 
proscriptions  of  the  caliph  Abdallah.  The  palaces 
are  magnificent;  and  there  are  numerous  mosques, 
one  of  which,  called  Carubin,  is  one  of  the 
finest  edifices  in  the  empire.  The  houses  are 
built  of  brick  or  stone,  and  adorned  with  mosaic 
work  :  those  of  brick  are  ornamented  with  glazing 
and  colours  like  Dutch  tiles,  and  the  wood-work 
and  ceilings  are  carved,  painted,  and  gilt  The 
roofs  are  flat ;  and  every  house  has  a  court,  in 
which  is  a  square  marble  basin.  Here  are  two 
colleges  for  students,  finely  built  of  marble,  and 
adorned  with  paintings.  The  hospitals  and  pub- 
lic baths  are  numerous,  many  of  which  are  state- 
ly structures.  All  the  traders  live  in  a  separate 
part  of  the  city ;  and  the  exchange,  full  of  all 
sorts  of  rich  merchandise,  is  as  large  as  a  small 
town.  The  gardens  are  full  of  all  kinds  of  fra 
grant  flowers  and  shrubs.  The  Moors  of  Fez  are 
clothed  like  the  Turks ;  and  though  more  polish- 
ed than  their  countrymen,  are  vain,  superstitous, 
and  intolerant.     The  wants,  whom  they  pretend 


FEZ 


298 


FIG 


to  have  bctii  buried  in  the  city,  serve  them  for 
a  pretext  to  forbid  its  entrance  to  Jews  and  Chris- 
tians ;  and  an  order  from  the  emperor  is  necessary 
to  jfain  adinission.  Arabic  is  better  spoken  here 
than  in  other  parts  of  the  empire;  and  the  rich 
Moors  send  their  children  to  the  schools  at  Fez, 
where  they  gain  more  instruction  than  they  could 
do  elsewhere.  Fez  is  the  centre  of  the  trade  of 
this  empire;  and  hence  caravans  jjo  to  Mecca, 
carrying  ready-made  garments,  leather,  indigo, 
cochineal,  and  ostriches  feathers,  for  which  they 
bring  in  return  silks,  muslins,  and  drugs.  Other 
caravans  go  to  Tomhnctoo,  and  the  river  Niger. 
They  travel  over  such  dry  barren  deserts,  that 
every  other  camel  carries  water.  Their  com- 
modities are  salt,  cowries,  wrought  silk,  British 
cloth,  and  the  woolen  manufactures  of  Barbary. 
Fez  is  seated  in  a  circular  valley,  watered  by  a 
river,  and  surrounded  by  mountains,  160  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Gibraltar,  and  "240  N.  E.  of  Morocco. 
Long.  4.  4.5.  W.,  lat.  33.  40.  N. 

Fczzan,  an  interior  kingdom  of  North  Africa, 
lyincr  betvsreen  the  great  deserts  of  Zahara  and 
Libya  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tripoli  to  the  Ba- 
shaw of  which  province  Fezzan  pays  an  annual 
tribute  of  4,000  dollars.  It  is  an  extensive  plain, 
encompassed  by  mountains,  except  to  the  W. ; 
and  to  the  influence  of  these  heights  it  may  be 
owing,  that  here,  as  well  as  in  Upper  Egypt,  no 
rain  is  ever  known.  Though  the  character  of 
the  surface  (which  in  general  is  a  light  sand)  and 
the  want  of  rain,  may  seem  to  announce  sterility, 
yet  the  springs, are  so  abundant,  that  few  regions 
in  the  N.  of  Africa,  exhibit  a  richer  vegetation. 
The  greatest  length  of  the  cultivated  part  is  about 
300  m.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  200  from  E.  to  W. 
From  wells  of  10  or  15  feet  deep,  with  which 
every  garden  and  field  is  furnished,  the  husband- 
man waters  the  productions  of  his  land;  among 
these  are  the  date  tree,  the  olive,  lime,  apricot, 
pomegranate,  fig,  maize,  barley,  wheat,  pompions 
or  calabash,  carrots,  cucumbers,  onions,  and  gar- 
lic. Among  the  tame  animals  are  the  sheep, 
cow,  goat,  camel,  ass,  and  a  species  of  the  domes- 
tic fowl  of  Europe.  The  wild  animals  are  the 
ostrich,  and  antelopes  of  various  kinds.  A  mul- 
titude of  noxious  animals  infest  the  country  ;  ad- 
ders, snakes,  scorpions,  and  toads,  swarm  in  the 
fields,  gardens,  and  houses  ;  the  air  is  crowded 
with  mosquitos ;  and  persons  of  every  rank  are 
over-run  with  vermin.  The  heat  of  the  climate 
in  summer  is  ihtense,  and  the  S.  wind  is  scarcely 
supportable  even  by  the  natives ;  and  in  winter 
a  penetrating  N.  wind  prevails,  which  drives  to 
the  fire  even  the  natives  of  a  northern  country. 
Tempests  of  wind  are  frequent,  which  whirl  up 
the  sand  and  dust  so  as  to  give  a  yellow  tinge  to 
the  atmosphere.  The  towns  are  chiefly  inhabit- 
ed by  husbandmen  and  shepherds ;  for  though 
they  also  contain  merchants  and  artificers,  yet 
agriculture  and  pasturage  are  the  principal  occu- 
pations. The  houses  are  built  of  clay,  with  a 
flat  roof  composed  of  boughs  of  trees,  on  which  a 
quantity  of  earth  is  laid.  The  natives  are  of  a 
deep  swarthy  complexion  ;  their  hair  a  short  curly 
black,  their  lips  thick,  their  noses  flat  and  broad, 
and  their  skin  emits  a  fetid  effluvia;  they  are 
tall,  and  well  shaped,  but  weakly,  indolent,  and 
inactive.  Their  dress  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Moors  of  Barbary.  In  their  common  intercourse, 
all  distinctions  of  rank  seem  forgotten  ;  the  she- 
reef  (or  governor)  and  the  lowest  plebeian,  the 
rich  and  the  poor,  the  master  and  the  servant, 
Gonvcriv  familiarly,  and  eat  and  drink  together. 


Generous  and  hospitable,  let  his  fare  be  scanty  or 
abundant,  the  Fezzaner  is  desirous  that  others 
should  partake  of  it;  and  if  twenty  persons  were 
unexpectedly  to  visit  his  dwelling,  they  must  all 
participate  as  far  as  it  will  go.  When  thej'  settle 
their  money  transactions,  they  squat  upnn  the 
ground,  and  having  levelled  a  spot  with  their 
hands,  make  dots  as  they  reckon  :  if  they  are 
wrong,  they  smooth  the  spot  again,  and  rejicat 
the  calculation.  Gold  dust  constitutes  the  ciiief 
medium  of  payment ;  and  va,lue  in  that  medium 
is  always  expressed  by  weight.  In  religion,  tlioy 
are  rigid,  but  not  intolerant  Mahometans.  The 
government  is  monarchical ;  and  its  powers  are 
administered  with  such  a  temperate  hand,  that 
the  people  are  ardently  attached  to  their  sovereign. 
Mourzouk,  is  the  capital. 

Fiano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter,  on  the  Tiber,  1.5  m.  N.  of  Rome. 

Fianono,  a  town  of  Istria,  on  the  S.  W.  coast, 
17  m.  N.  ofPola. 

Fiascone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of 
St.  Peter,  noted  for  fine  muscadine  wine  ;  seated 
on  a  mountain  near  lake  Bolsena.  12  m.  N.  W. 
of  Viterbo. 

Ficherulolo,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the 
Ferrarese,  seated  on  the  Po,  12  m.  W.  of  Fer 
rara. 

FicktcJhcrg,  a  mountain  in  Franconia,  one  of 
the  highest  mountains  in  Germany.  It  extends 
from  near  Barcnth,  to  Eger  in  Bohemia,  about  16 
m.,  and  is  covered  with  pines  and  other  trees. 

Ficleicier,  an  island  near  the  W.  coast  of  Nor- 
way, 22  m.  long  and  4  broad,  with  a  town  of  the 
same  name,  48  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Drontheim. 
Long.  10.  40.  E.,  lat.  03.  44.  N. 

Fife,  a  maritime  county  on  the  £.  coast  of 
Scotland,  forming  a  peninsula  between  the  frith 
of  Forth  and  Tay,  it  extends  from  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Forth,  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direction,  about  40 
m.,  and  is  about  12  m.  in  mean  breadth.  Some 
linen  manufactures  are  carried  on  in  the  S.  W. 
parts  of  the  countv,  (see  DumfermJine),  but  as  a 
whole  it  is  an  agricultural  rather  than  a  manufac- 
turing district ;  it  produces  coal  and  lime  in 
abundance,  and  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  other 
minerals  are  also  found  in  different  parts  of  the 
county  though  but  partially  worked  ;  a  beautiful 
grey  marble,  cornelian,  agates,  and  jasper,  are  oc- 
casionally met  with,  and  fishing  on  its  coasts  and 
its  rivers  is  assidiously  pursued  by  the  inhabit- 
ants. For  divisions,  rental,  population,  ifec.  see. 
Scotland.     Cupar  is  the  assize  town. 

Figantolo,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  near 
the  coast  of  Istria.  Long.  13.  47.  E.,  lat.  45.  18.  N. 
Figrac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lot,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey  ;  seated  on  the 
Selle,  22  m.  E.  of  Cahors.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect,  and  in  1825,  contained  6,153  inhabitants 
Fighter,  (ir  Fi.hig,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Bile- 
dulegerid,  at  the  foot  of  the  mount  Atlas  on  the 
S.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  great  trade  with 
the  merchants  of  Morocco  and  Fez,  and  with  the 
negroes.  It  is  240  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Mequinez. 
Long.  1.  5.  W.  lat.  32.  20.  N. 

Figueras,  or  St.  Fernando  de  Figueras,  a  strong 
town  and  important  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia. It  surrendered  to  the  French  in  1794,  with- 
out firing  a  shot.  It  is  10  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Roses, 
and  25  due  S.  of  Perpignan. 

Figucro  dos  Vinhos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  celebrated  for  its  wine  ;  seated  among 
mountains,  near  the  frontier  of  Beira,  and  the 
river  Zezere,  22  m.  E.  of  Thomar. 


FIN 


FIN 


Finale,  a  sea-port  of  Genoa,  with  a  strong  cita- 
del, two  forts,  and  a  castle.  It  was  the  capital 
of  a  marquisate,  and  annexed  to  the  duchy  of  Mi- 
,  .  Ian  in  1G02,  but  sold  to  the  Genoese  in  1713.  In 
174G,  it  was  taken  by  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and 
restored  in  1748.  It  is  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Genoa. 
t  Long.  8.  25.  E.,  lat.  44.  14.  N.  Pop.  about 
7,0l)U. 

Finale,  a  town  of  Italy  in  the  Modenese,  on  an 
island  formed  by  the  river  Panaro,  22  m.  N.  E. 
of  Modena. 

Fincastle,  p.v.  a  village  of  Bottetourt  Co.  Va. 
190  m.  N.  W.  of  Richmond. 

Finistcrre,  Cape,  a  cape  of  Spain,  forming  the 
extreme  N.  W.  point  of  that  country,  projecting 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  from  the  province  of 
Galicia.  It  was  thought  by  the  ancients,  to  have 
no  country  lieyond  it,  and  therefore  they  gave  it 
this  name  which  signifies  the  Land's-end.  Long. 
9.  17.  W.,  lat.  42.  54.  N. 

Finlsterre.  a  maritime  department  of  France, 
which  includes  part  of  the  late  province  of  Bre- 
tagne.  It  is  the  most  westerly  part  of  France, 
and  bounded  on  three  sides  by  the  sea ;  on  the 
N.  it  forms  the  boundary  to  the  entrance  of  the 
English  channel.  It  is  divided  into  five  arron- 
dissements,  of  which  Quimper,  Brest,  Morlaix, 
Chateaulin,  and  Quimperle,  are  the  seats  of  the 
prefects.  The  other  principal  towns  are  Lesne- 
ven,  Landenieau,  and  Carhaix.  For  pop.  &c. 
see  France. 

Finland,  a  country  of  the  North  of  Europe,  ex- 
tending from  the  lat.  of  60.  to  6U.  30.  N.,  and  in 
its  extreiae  breadth  from  the  long,  of  21.  to  31. 
30.  E.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  gulf  of 
Finland,  and  W.  by  the  gulf  of  Bothnia  ;  iM.  by 
Lapland,  and  E.  by  the  Russian  provinces  of 
Wilburg  and  Olonetz ;  it  formerly  belonged  to 
Sweden  and  was  divided  into  two  great  parts,  the 
N.  called  E.  Bothnia,  (see  Bothnia,)  and  the  S. 
?  Finland  Proper,  which  contains  several  conside- 

rable towns,  of  which  Abo  is  the  chief  and  capi- 
tal of  the  whole  country,  (see  Abo.)      The    other 
,    ■    towns  are  Nystadt,    Raumo,  and  Biorncborg,  on 
the  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  Helsinfors, 
Borgo  and    Louisa,  on   the  shore  of  the   gulf  of 
^  Finland.      There    are    also   4    or  5  considerable 
towns  in  the  interior.      About  one-third   of  the 
area  of  Finland  Proper  is  composed  of  lakes.  The 
•      contiguity  of  Finland  to  the  maritime  capital  of 
the  Russian  empire,  had  long  rendered  it  an  ob- 
ject of  jealousy  to  the  Russians,  and  in  1808  they 
overran  it  with  so  formidable  a  force  as  to  com- 
pel the  Swedes  to  consent  to  a  formal  cession  of 
the  whole  country,  and    it  Jiow  forms  one  of  the 
50  governments  of  the  Russian  empire.     It  is  di- 
*    vided   into    13   districts,  containing  together   in 
1825,  a  pop.  of  980,000,  who  contributed  a  reve- 
nue of  3,200,000  rubles,  equal  to  about  £130,000. 

The  Finns  have  been  supposed  to  be  nearly  re- 
lated to  the  Lapps  ;  but  though  they  are  equally 
diminutive  in  stature,  the  fair  hair,  either  yellow, 
flaxen,  or  almost  white,  added  to  the  brave  and 
warlike  character  of  the  Finn,  evidence  him  to  be 
of  a  diiferent  origin. 

Tacitus  describes  the  ancient  Finns  as  a  people 
"  whose  ferocity  was  extraordinary,  and  poverty 
extreme  ;  having  herbs  for  their  food,  skins  for 
their  covering,  and  the  ground  for  their  couch  :  re- 

fardless  of  man  and  of  gods,"  continues  he,  "  they 
ave  attained  the  very  difficult  condition  of  not 
having  a  single  wish  to  form." 

The  modern  Finn  is  honest,  laborious,  and  ca- 
pable of  cndurino  great  hardship ;    but  he  bears 


the  reproach  of  being  sometimes  obstinate  and  in- 
flexible. The  Lutheran  form  of  Christianity 
was  introduced  among  the  Finns  by  the  Swedes; 
and  since  the  annexation  of  their  country  to  Rus- 
sia, no  attempt  has  been  made  to  change  their 
mode  of  religious  worship. 

Dr.  Clarke  describes  the  costume  of  the  Finnish 
peasants  as  very  elegant.  Among  the  men  it 
consists  of  a  jacket,  with  pantaloons,  buskins,  and 
a  sash,  worn  as  a  girdle,  round  the  loins.  The 
sash,  though  generally  yellow,  is  sometimes  red, 
and  sometimes  variegated  with  flowers.  The 
buskins  are  bound  about  the  ankles  with  scarlet 
garters,  ending  in  a  black  tassel.  The  jacket  and 
pantaloons  are  generally  white ;  though  blue, 
black,  and  grey,  are  also  used.  A  few  of  the 
men  appear  in  long  white  coats  bound  with  the 
Don  Cossack  sash.  The  women  wear  a  short 
scarlet  or  striped  vest,  made  as  gaudy  as  possi- 
ble, with  large  and  loose  sleeves  of  very  white 
linen,  and  white  hoods  or  kerchiefs  upon  their 
heads.  The  vests  are  often  of  silk  or  rich  damask, 
embroidered  with  large  brocade  flowers. 


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The  Finns,  like  their  neighbours,  exhibit  a  scat- 
tered population,  and  a  rude  state  of  society.  The 
cottages  consist  of  dismal  huts,  with  walls  made 
of  the  round  trunks  of  trees,  barely  stripped  of 
their  bark,  and  rather  resembling  a  casual  pile  of 
timber,  than  a  human  dwelling.  The  interstices 
are  caulked  with  clay  and  moss ;  a  few  glazed 
windows  are  occasionally  seen  ;  but  their  place 
is  more  generally  supplied  by  square  open  cran- 
nies. "  In  fact,"  says  Mr.  James,  from  whom 
this  account  is  derived,  "  the  felling  of  the  timber 
is  the  only  part  of  the  labour  which  a  peasant 
thinks  it  behoves  him  to  calculate  upon,  when 
about  to  erect  his  habitation." 

Of  the  Finns  who  inhabit  the  islands  of  the 
Baltic,  the  last  quoted  writer  thus  speaks  : — '*  The 
cottages  of  the  islanders  are  rough-hewn  log- 
hoiises  ;  and  they  are  themselves  a  people  appa- 
rently of  such  simple  manners  and  habits,  as  their 
secluded  situation  and  scanty  number  might  lead 
one  to  expect;  each  rustic  householder  is  provi- 
ded with  the  tools  and  implements  of  a  dozen  nec- 
essary arts  or  professions  ;  performing  for  him- 
self, with  equal  address,  the  duties  of  carpenter, 
shoemaker,  tailor,  fisherman,  miller,  baker,  &c. 
Their  corn  mills  are  of  simple  form,  and  driven 
by  sails  constructed  of  wooden  planks  ;  and  their 
mill-stones  are  shaped  like  the  querne,  or  old  Cel- 
tic machine  for  grinding  with  the  hand.  Luxu- 
ries, such  as  ochre  paint  for  their  cabins,  or  coats 
of  woolen  cloth,  where   sheepskins  will    sufiice, 


FIS 


300 


FLA 


are  not  common.  Caps  of  the  most  ordinary  fur 
serve  as  a  covering  for  their  heads  ;  and  for  their 
feet,  the  want  of  shoes  is  supplied  by  a  mis-sha- 
pen bag  of  dried  seal-sliin.  The  harness  of  their 
horses  consists  of  nothing  more  tiian  a  plain  col- 
lar attached  to  the  shafts  of  the  cart  or  sledge, 
through  which,  when  the  horse's  neck  is  thrust, 
he  has  only  to  proceed  :  this  contrivance  answers 
ail  the  purposes  of  draught,  for  neither  here  nor 
in  Sweden  is  the  animal  trained  to  resist  the 
weight  of  a  carriage  on  the  descent,  however 
steep  it  may  be." 

Finlayville,  a  village  of  Mecklenburgh  Co.  N.  C. 
Finlcy,  a  township  of  Washington  Co.  Pa. 

Finnet/sviUe,  p. v.  Rutland  Co.  v  t. 

Finrnark,  the  most  northern  section  of  Europe, 
jetting  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ;  it  formerly  be- 
longed to  Denmark,  but  with  Norway  was  ceded 
to  Sweden,  in  1815.  The  coast  is  flanked  with 
islands,  and  indented  with  bays.  It  comprises 
about  400  sq.  m.  of  surface,  but  the  inhabitants,  a 
mixed  rtTce  of  Finns,  and  Laplanders,  do  not  ex- 
ceed 2t),()00,  who  principally  inhabit  the  coast, 
fishing  and  hunting  constituting  their  chief  em- 
ployment :  the  S.  part  bordering  on  Lapland  is 
mountrinous.  North  Cape,  its  extreme  northern 
limit,  and  also  of  Europe,  is  in  the  lat.  of  71.  10. 
N.,  and  25.  50.  of  E.  long. 

Finow,  a  town  of  Brandenburgh,  in  the  Ucker 
Mark.  It  has  a  canal,  by  which  the  Oder  and 
Havel  are  united.      It  is  28  m.  N.  W.   of  Custrin. 

FiontJa,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  on  the  gulf  of  Satalia,  25  m. 
S.   W.  of  Satalia. 

Fiorenzo.  See  Fcrentino. 

Fiorenzo,  St.  a  sea-port  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of 
Corsica,  defended  by  walls  and  a  tower.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  and  Corsicans,  from  the 
French,  in   1794.     It  is  7  m.  W.  ofBastia. 

Fireplace,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y. 

Fisher sjield,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  95  m.  fr. 
Boston.     Pop.  793. 

Fisldng  Creek,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  Pa. 

Fishing  Ford,  p.v.  Bedford  Co.  Ten. 

Firosepour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Moultan, 
seated  on  the  Setlege,  at  the  influx  of  the  Beyah, 
20  m.  W.  of  Depalpour,  and  150  E.  by  N.  of 
Moultan. 

Fishhack,  a  town  of  Switzerland  in  the  Valais, 
27  m.  E.  of  Sion.  A  battle  was  fought  in  this 
neighborhood  betu'een  the  Swis,  and  Amadeus, 
Duke  of  Savoy  in  which  the  Swiss  were  victori- 
ous 

Fishers  Islands,  in  Long  Island  Sound,  opposite 
to  Stonington  harbour  in  Connecticut.  It  is  10 
m.  long  and  2  broad,  with  a  fertile  soil,  and  is 
annexed  to  the  township  of  Southhold,  in  Long 
Island,  and  belongs  to  the  State  of  New  York. 

Fishguard,  a  town  of  Wales  in  Pembrokeshire. 
Here  is  a  good  pier,  with  every  convenience  for 
ehip-building,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  herrings, 
corn,  nnd  bu  ter.  It  is  situate  on  a  steep  cliff",  on 
a  bay  of  St.  George's  channel,  16  m.  N.  E.  of  St. 
David,  and  249  W.  by  N.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1821,1,837. 

Fishausen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  royal  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Frische  Haff",  21  m.  W.  of  Konis- 
berg,  and  5  N.  N.  E.  of  Pillau. 

Fishkill,  a  town  of  New  York,  in  Dutchess  coun- 
ty, on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  5  m.  E.  of  Hud- 
son river,  and  CO  N.  of  New  York.  Pop.  of  the 
township  8.292. 

Fishkill  Tending,  a  village  of  Dutchess  Co.  N. 
y.  on  the  Hudson  opposite  Newburg. 


Fish  Lake,  p.v.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 

Fish  River,  Great,  a  river  of  Southern  Africa 
flowing  South  into  the  ocean  East  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  The  limits  of  the  Cape  Colony 
extend  a  little  beyond  it  to  the  East. 

Fissato,  a  sea-port  of  Barbary,  in  the  province 
of  Tripoli,  90  m.  N.  W.  of  Tripoli.  Long.  12.  10. 
E.,  lat.  33.  50.  N. 

Fistclla,  a  fortified  town  of  Morocco.  The  in- 
habitants carry  on  a  great  trade  in  fine  garments. 
It  is  125  m.  N.  E.  of  Morocco.  Long.  5.  55.  E. 
lat.  32.  27.  N. 

Fitchhurg,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  48  m.  N. 
W.  Boston.  It  has  some  manufactories.  Pop. 
2,180. 

Fitzwilliam,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Massachusetts  border,  05  m.  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop. 
1,229. 

Fium.     See  Fayotim. 

Fiume,  a  sea-port  of  Austrian  Istria,  with  a  cas- 
tle, and  many  fine  churches  and  convents.  It  is 
noted  for  wine,  good  figs,  and  other  fruits ;  and 
has  a  sugar  refinery,  and  a  wax  manufacture. 
The  harbour  is  formed  oy  tl>e  river  Fiumara 
which  enters  the  bay  of  Carnero,  at  the  extremity 
of  the  Adriatic.  It  is  37  m.  E.  of  Capo  distria. 
Long.  14.  12.  E.,  lat.  45.  38.  N.  Pop.  about 
12,000. 

Fladstrand,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  North 
Jutland,  with  a  harbour  defended  by  three  forts, 
just  within  the  entrance  to  the  Cattgat.  It  is  30 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Alburg.  Long.  10.  29.  E.,  lat.  57. 
33.  N. 

Flaggtoicn,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 

Flamborough,  a  factory  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  on  Hayes  river,  70  m.  from  its  mouth, 
on  the  W;  side  of  Hudson  Bay.  Long.  90.  5.  W. 
lat.  56.  8.  N. 

Flamborough  Head,  a  lofty  promontory  on  the 
coast  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.  whose  snow-white  cliff's, 
rising  from  300  to  450  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  are  seen  at  a  great  distance  from  shore,  and 
afford  shelter  to  innumerable  multitudes  of  sea- 
fowls.  The  lower  parts  contain  vast  caverns, 
and  on  the  summit  is  a  litrht-house,  5  m.  E.  N. 
E.of  Burlington.  Long.  0.2.  W.,lat.  54.  8.  N. 
There  is  a  village  of  the  same  name,  contiguous  to 
the  cliffs.  Pop.  in  1821,  917.  Off  this  headland  the 
celebrated  John  Paul  Jones  in  the  American 
Frigate  Bonne  Homme  Richard,  captured  the 
British  Frigate  Serapis  after  one  of  the  most  des- 
perate battles  ever  fought. 

Fiamstead,  a  village  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng. 
Pop.  in  1821,  1,392.  It  was  a  place  of  some  im- 
portance at  the  time  the  Romans  were  in  pos- 
session of  England.  The  house  in  Greenwich 
Park,  in  which  is  the  Royal  Observatory,  and  » 
from  whence  the  English  meridional  line  of  lon- 
gitude is  drawn,  is  commonly  called  Fiamstead 
House  after  the  name  of  its  first  astronomer.  See 
Greenwich. 

Flanders,  &  country  of  Europe,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt,  and  N.'  W.  by 
the  North  Sea  or  German  Ocean,  lying  between 
the  lat.  of  50.  40.  and  51.  20.  N.  and  2.  15.  to  4. 15. 
of  E.  longitude.  The  early  history  of  this  coun- 
try is  involved  in  considerable  obscurity  ;  it  has, 
however,  for  several  centuries  ranked  among  the 
most  fertile,  populous,  and  civilized  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, it  was  formerly  known  under  three  divisions, 
of  French,  Austria,  and  Dutch  Flanders  j  the 
French,  or  S.  part,  was  comprised  in  the  late 
province  of  Artois,  now  the  department  du  Nord, 
or  N.     The  Austrian  comprised  the  centre  from 


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FLO 


E.  to  W. ;  and  the  Dutch  the  coast  off  the  mouth 
of  the  Scheldt ;  the  whole  country  \vas  overrun 
by  the  Frencii  in  the  early  part  of  the  war  which 
commenced  in  1793,  and  confirmed  to  them  by 
the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio  in  1797.  After 
the  treaty  of  Luneville  in  1801,Austrian  and  Dutch 
Flanders  were  divided  into  two  departments; 
Lys  on  the  W.  and  Scheldt  on  the  E.  and  incor- 
porated with  the  French  Empire.  At  the  gener- 
al partitioning  of  this  part  of  Europe ,which  follow- 
ed the  peace  of  1S14,  those  two  departments  were 
ceded  to  the  new  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands, 
and  were  called  the  Eas^  and  West  Flanders. 
For  their  subsequent  history,  see  JVetherlands.  The 
area  of  the  E.  part  comprises  about  1,080  square 
ra.,  and  contains  about  t)00,000  inhabitants.  It  is 
divided  into  four  circles,  of  which  Ghent,  Dender- 
nionde,  Oudenarde  and  Eecloo,  are  the  chief 
towns  ;  the  other  places  of  note  are  Sluys,  Arden- 
berg,  Phillipina,  and  Sas  Van  Ghent  on  the  shore 
of  tlie  mouth  of  the  Scheldt;  and  Deynse,  Ren- 
aix,  Grammont,  Sotteghem,  Alost,  and  Watteren 
in  the  S.  The  river  Scheldt  which  rises  in  the 
French  department,  of  Aisne  enters  the  S.  W. 
corner  running  N.  by  E.  to  Ghent  in  the  centre 
of  the  province,  and  then  nearly  due  E.  till  it 
changes  its  course  to  the  N.  forming  the  bounda- 
ry of  the  province  on  the  side  of  Brabant ;  towards 
the  S.  the  surface  is  slightly  undulated,  but  north- 
ward it  is  an  entire  level  intersected  by  canals, 
communicating  both  with  the  North  Sea  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Scheldt. 

West  Flanders  is  bounded  on  the  S.  and  S.  W. 
by  the  French  department ;  on  the  N.  and  N.  W. 
by  the  North  Sea ;  the  area  of  this  province  is 
about  1,500  square  m.,  containing  530,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  also  divided  into  four  circles,  of  which 
Bruges,  Furnes,  Ypres,  and  Courtray  are  the  chief 
towns,  the  other  places  of  note  are  the  sea-ports  of 
Nieuport  and  Ostend;  the  latter  is  regarded  as  the 
maritime  portal  of  this  part  of  Europe.  This  like 
E.  Flanders  is  a  level  country;  in  the  S.  E.  part,  fine 
thread,  lace,  and  linen  cambrics  are  manufactured 
to  a  great  extent  for  exportation  ;  over  all  the  oth- 
er parts  of  the  two  provinces,  fishing,  agriculture 
and  manufactures  are  assiduously  pursued,  and 
tend  to  render  the  inhabitants  among  the  most  soci- 
al and  best  conditioned  in  Europe.  The  language 
of  the  common  people  is  peculiar,  a  mixture  of 
Dutch  and  French  ;  but  in  the  towns  the  French 
is  most  generally  spoken.  The  Catholic  religion 
prevails  through  both  provinces ;  the  clergy  are 
a  tolerant  and  respectalsle  body. 

Flanders,  p. v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J. 

Flatbush,  a.  town  of  N.  Y.,  chief  of  King's  coun- 
ty, Long  Island.  The  Americans  were  defeated 
near  this  place  by  the  British  in  1776.  It  is  situ- 
ate amid  garden-grounds,  5  m.  S.  by  E.  of  New 
York.     Pop.  1,143. 

Fladnnds,  a  township  of  Kings  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
Lorj^  Island.     Pop.  596. 

Flattery,  Cape,  on  the  W.  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, discovered  by  Cook,  in  1778  ;  and  so  named, 
because  he  was  disappointed  at  not  finding  a  har- 
bour.    Long.  124.  57.  W.,  lat.  48.  25.  N. 

Flamgny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey  ; 
seated  on  a  mountain,  by  the  river  Ozerain,  27 
m.  W.  N.W.  of  Dijon. 

Fleche,  La,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarte.  Here  was  a  noble  college,  built 
by  Henry  IV.,  at  which  Descartes  was  educated  ; 
the  centre  is  now  converted  into  a  town-house, 
and  one  of  the  wings  rebuilt  as  a  prytaneum,  or 


military  school  for  soldiers'  children.  It  is  sea- 
ted on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Loire,  and  is  the  seat 
of  a  prefect.  Pop.  in  1825,  5,387.  It  is  80  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Nantes. 

Fteckeroc,  Justeroe,  or  Fleckeren,  an  island  in 
the  Scagerack,  near  the  coast  of  Norway,  a  few 
m.  E.  of  Christiansand.  Between  the  island  and 
the  continent  is  a  most  excellent  harbour,  de- 
fended by  a  fortress.  Long.  8. 18.  E.,  lat.  53.  4.  N. 

Fleet,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Kirkcudbrightshire 
which  issues  from  a  small  fake  of  the  same  name, 
and  enters  Wigton  bay,  below  Gatehouse.  On 
its  W.  side  are  the  vestiges  of  a  camp,  adru- 
idical   circle,  and  a  vitrified  fort. 

Fleming,  a.  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  13,493. 
Flemingsburg  is  the  capital,  50  m.  N.  E.  of  Lex- 
ington. 

Flcmington,  p. v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 

Fletcher,  a  township  of  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
793. 

Flenshurg,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick,  with  a  strong  citadel,  and  a  harbour 
at  the  head  of  a  bay  in  the  Little  Belt,  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  Baltic.  It  is  a  place  of  great  com- 
merce, 15  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Sleswick.  Long.  9. 
47.  E.,  lat.  54.  52.  N.     Pop.  about  15,000. 

Fleurance,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  on  the  river  Gers,  3  m.  N.  of  Auch. 

Fieurus,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Na- 
mur,  6  m.  N.  E.  of  Charleroy.  Here,  in  1690,  a 
victory  was  gained  by  the  French  over  the  allies  ; 
and  in  1794,  the  Austrians  were  defeated  in  a 
general  attack  of  the  French  posts. 

Flie,  or  Vlieland.  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Hol- 
land, N.  of  the  Texel,  at  the  middle  of  the  en- 
trance of  the  Zuider  Zee. 

i^/mf,  a  county  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Wales, 
bounded  in  a  N.  W.  direction  by  the  estuary  of 
the  river  Dee,  and  N.  by  W.  by  the  Irish  sea. 
It  is  the  smallest  county  in  Wales,  its  superficies 
being  only  243  sq.  m.  It  is,  however,  rich  in 
coal,  copper  and  lead,  and  since  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century,  the  cotton  manu- 
facture has  been  introduced,  and  the  pop.  du- 
ring the  20  years,  1801—1821  has  increased  3G 
per  cent.  The  principal  towns  are  Mold,  Holy- 
well, Hawarden,  and  St.  Asaph  {etich  of  which 
see),  there  is  also  a  town  called  Flint,  formerly 
the  chief  town  of  tlie  county,  though  now  a  small 
place.  It  has  the  county-goal,  but  the  assizes 
are  held  at  Mold.  Here  are  the  remains  of  a 
royal  castle,  in  which  Richard  11.  took  shelter 
on  ariving  from  Ireland  ;  but  on  leaving  it  he  was 
delivered  into  the  hands  of  his  rival,  afterv/ard 
Henry  IV. :  it  stands  on  a  rock  close  to  the  sea, 
and  is  governed  by  a  constable,  who  is  also  mayor 
of  the  town.  Flint  has  no  market,  but  is  well 
frequented  as  a  bathing-place.  It  is  seated  on 
the  estuary  of  the  Dee,  12  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Ches- 
ter, and  195  N.  N.  W.  from  London.  Pop.  in 
1821,1,612. 

Flint,  a  river  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  which 
rises  in  the  country  formerly  occupied  by  the 
Creek  Indians,  runs  S.  W.  and  joining  the  Chat- 
ahoochee,  at  its  entrance  into  E.  Florida,  forms 
the  Apalachicola. 

Flintstone,  p. v.  Alleghany  Co.  Maryland. 
Flix,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  strong  both 
by  nature  and  art.  It  stands  on  a  peninsula 
formed  by  the  Ebro,  and  the  side  where  the  rivei 
does  not  pass  is  covered  by  mountains,  and  defen- 
ded by  a  castle.     It  is  23  m.  N.  of  Tortosa. 

Floddon,  a.  field  in  the  parish  of  Kirknewlon, 
Nortliumberland,  Eng.  5  m.  N.  N.   W.  of  Wool- 
2  C 


FLO 


SOS 


FLO 


cr,  on  which  a  battle  was  fought  between  the 
English  and  Scots  in  1513,  in  which  James  IV. 
was  killed,  with  many  of  his  nobility,  and  10,000 
men. 

Florae,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lozere,  13  m.  S.  of  Mende,  and  55  N.  of 
Montpelier.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.  Pop.  in 
182.5,  2,082. 

Florence,  a  celebrated  city  of  Italy,  capital  of 
Tuscany,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  citadel, 
and  a  university.  It  was  first  founded  by  the 
soldiers  of  Sylla,  embellished  and  enlarged  by  the 
triumvirs ;  destroyed  by  Totila,  and  rebuilt  by 
Charlemange.  The  circumference  is  about  C  m. 
and  the  fortifications  consist  of  only  a  wall  and  a 
ditch,  with  two  or  three  forts  which  command  a 
part  of  the  town.  It  is  divided  into  two  unequal 
parts,  by  the  river  Arno,  over  which  are  four 
handsome  bridges.  The  quays,  the  buildings  on 
each  side,  and  the  bridges,  render  the  part 
through  which  the  river  runs  by  far  the  finest; 
but  every  part  is  full  of  wonders  in  the  arts  of 
painting,  statuary  and  architecture.  The  envi- 
rons are  beautiful,  rich,  and  populous.  Some  of 
the  Florentine  merchants,  formerly,  were  men 
of  great  wealtii ;  and  one  of  them,  in  the  middle 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  built  that  noble  fabric, 
which,  from  the  name  of  its  founder,  is  still  called 
the  Palazzo  Pitti.  It  was  afterwards  purchased 
by  the  Medici  family,  who  made  some  enlarge- 
ments ;  and  it  thence  became  the  residence  of 
tiie  grand  dukes  of  Tuscany.  The  Palazzo 
Vecchio,  or  old  palace,  contains  a  room  172  feet 
long,  and  70  wide,  for  public  entertainments. 
The  beauties  and  riches  of  these  palaces,  in  all 
that  is  masterly  in  architecture,  literature,  and 
the  arts,  especially  those  of  painting  and  sculpture 
have  been  often  described.  The  celebrated  Venus 
of  Medici,  the  standard  of  taste  in  female  beauty 
and  proportion,  stood  in  a  room  called  the  Tri- 
bune ;  this,  with  other  masterpieces  of  sculp- 
ture, was  carried  away  to  Paris,  but  restored  with 
most  of  the  other  works  of  art  at  the  general 
peace  in  1815.  There  are  other  rooms,  whose 
contents  are  indicated  by  the  names  they  bear; 
as  the  cabinet  of  arts,  of  astronomy,  natural  histo- 
ry, medals,  portraits,  porcelain,  antiquities,  &c. 
Beside  the  Medicean  library  begun  by  Julius 
de  Medici,  and  greatly  augmented  by  duke 
Cosmo  I.,  there  are  several  other  copiow.s  libra- 
ries, especially  those  in  the  two  Benedictine  and 
Carmelite  convents.  The  Florentine  Academy 
and  the  Academia  della  Crusca  were  instituted 
to  enrich  the  literature  and  improve  the  language 
of  Tuscany  ;  the  latter  is  so  named  because  it 
rejects  like  bran  all  words  not  purely  Tuscan. 
The  cathedral,  the  churches,  and  other  public 
buildings,  contain  paintings  and  sculpture  by  the 
first  masters  in  Italy  ;  and  the  chapel  of  Lorenzo  is 
perhaps,  the  most  expensive  habitation  that  ever 
was  reared  for  the  dead,  being  incrusted  with 
precious  stones,  and  adorned  with  the  workman- 
ship of  the  best  modern  sculptors.  The  manufac- 
tures of  Florence  are  chiefly  silks,  satins,  gold 
and  silver  stuffs,  and  damask  table  cloths.  It  has 
a  considerable  trade  in  fruits,  oil,  and  excel- 
lent wines.  Florence  is  45  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Leg- 
horn, which  is  its  out-nort,  and  125  N.  W.  of 
Rome.  Long.  11.  3.  E.,  lat.  43.  46.  N.  Pop.  in 
1825,  75,207. 

Florence,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  964.  Also 
a  village  in  Alabama,  the  ca|)ital  of  Landerdale 
Co.  on  the  Muscle  Shoals  of  Tennessee  Pvivcr. 
Also  a  village  in  Huron  Co  Ohio. 


Florent,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mayenneand  Loire,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey; 
seated  on  the  Loire,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Angers. 

Florentin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Yonne,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Armance  and 
Armancon,  15  m.  N.  £.  of  Auxerre,  and  80  S.  E. 
of  Paris. 

Florentino,  or  Fiorentino,  a  province  of  Tusca- 
ny ;  bounded  on  the  N.  W^.  by  the  republic  of 
Lucca  and  the  Modenese  ;  N.  E.  by  the  Apen- 
nines, and  S.  by  the  Siennese.  Pop.  about  580,- 
000:  besides  Florence  the  capital,  the  other  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Leghorn,  Pisa,  and  Pistoia. 

Flares,  or  Mangeyle,  an  island  of  llie  East  Indies, 
one  of  the  chain  {hat  forms  the  S.  boundary  of 
the  Java  and  Banda  seas,  108  m.  long  and  45 
broad,  lying  to  the  E.  of  that  of  Sumbawa.  On 
the  S.  side,  near  the  E.  end,  is  a  town  named 
Larantuca.     Long.  121.  56.  £.,  lat.  8.  50.  S. 

Flores,a.  fertile  island,  one  of  the  Azores,  so 
called  from  the  abundance  of  flowers  found  upon 
it.  Lagens  is  the  most  populous  town,  but  St. 
Cruz  is  the  capital.  Long.  31.  0.  W.,  lat.  39. 
34.  N. 

Florida,  a  Territory  of  the  United  States,and  the 
most  southern  portion  of  the  country.  Its  south- 
ern point  is  in  25.  N.  lat.,  and  it  extends  N  to  3J. 
It  lies  between  80.  25.  and  87.  20.  W.  long,  and 
contains,  about  45,000  sq.  m.  It  is  shaped  some- 
what like  an  L,  the  southeastern  part  being  a  pe- 
ninsula washed  by  the  ocean  on  the  E.,  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  W.  Its  boundaries  on  the 
N.  are  Georgia,  and  Alabama.  It  has  been  usual 
to  consider  this  territory  as  consisting  of  two  divi- 
sions, East  and  West,  but  there  is  at  present  no 
political  distinction. 

The  land  is  low  and  generally  either  sandy  or 
swampy.  On  the  coast  it  is  mostly  barren.  There 
are  many  savannas  covered  with  a  thick  growth 
of  grass  and  flowers.  In  the  swampy  tracts  the 
cane  brakes  are  of  an  enormous  height  and  thick- 
ness. The  reed  canes  are  sometimes  30  and  40 
feet  high.  The  ponds  and  bayous  are  in  summer 
covered  with  aquatic  plants,  and  abound  with  al- 
ligators. The  uplands  of  the  interior  are  the  most 
fertile  and  bear  the  name  of  hamwoc  lands  from 
the  tufts  or  swells  which  they  exhibit.  The  greater 
part  of  the  surface  is  a  pine  barren  ;  this  is  a  la.nd 
with  a  grey  and  reddish  soil  producing  coarse 
grass  and  a  scanty  growth  of  pine  trees.  Almost 
every  part  of  the  county  affords  abundance  of 
timber,  as  pitch  pine,  live  oak,  cypress,  &c.  Two 
thirds  of  the  country  are  covered  with  pine  for- 
ests. 

The  magnolia  is  a  very  common  and  beautiful 
tree,  and  grows  to  the  height  of  100  feet  with  a 
straight  trunk  surmounted  by  a  conical  mass  of 
dark  green  foliage  covered  over  with  large  milk- 
white  flowers.  Orange  trees  also  flourish  here, 
and  about  St.  Augustine  and  on  the  borders  of  ma- 
ny of  the  lakes  and  savannas  are  many  beautiful 
groves  of  them.  Limes,  grapes,  and  figs,  grow 
wild.  The  long  moss  or  Spanish  beard  which 
hangs  in  festoons  upon  the  branches  of  the  live 
oak  and  pine,  affords  a  good  material  for  stuffinor. 

This  country  is  very  thinly  inhabited,  and  har- 
dly any  thing  is  known  from  experience  as  to  its 
capabilities  for  agriculture  ;  but  it  is  thought  to  be 
excellently  adapted  to  the  culture  of  tobacco,  cot- 
ton, indigo,  rice,  and  sugar.  At  present  the  chief 
objects  of  attention  among  the  planters,  are  maize, 
rice,  potatoes,  beans,  melons,  &c.  The  olive  and 
cotfee  have  been  tried  here  and  the  former  will 
undoubtedly  succeed. 


FLO 


303 


FOI 


The  climate  is  very  hot,  although  in  the  north- 
ern parts  water  sometimes  freezes.  In  the  peninsu- 
la the  most  delicate  orange  trees  bear  fruit  in  full 
perfection.  In  the  lower  parts  the  air  is  moist, 
and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  rice  fields  it  is 
unhealthy.  From  October  to  June  the  weather 
is  most  delightful.  The  southern  extremity  is 
subject  to  the  hurricanes  of  the  West  Indies. 

The  largest  river  is  the  St.  Johns,  which  rises 
in  tiie  centre  of  the  peninsula  and  flows  north- 
easterly to  the  sea ;  it  passes  through  several  lakes 
and  its  current  is  gentle.  The  Apalachicola  pas- 
ses through  West  Florida  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Many  small  streams  rise  in  the  pine  forests 
and  fall  into  the  inlets  of  the  Gulf  The  springs 
which  irive  rise  to  these  rivers  are  very  remarka- 
ble for  their  size  and  depth.  See  Wakulla  Fountain. 

The  only  towns  of  consequence  are  St.  Augustine 
on  the  eastern  coast,  and  Pensacola  on  the  western. 
There  is  a  chain  of  low  islands  or  sand  banks  skirt- 
ing the  whole  coast,  but  they  afford  few  good 
harbours.  Off  cape  Sable,  which  is  the  southern- 
most point  of  the  peninsula,  are  a  cluster  of  islands 
•  at  some  distance  from  the  land,  on  one  of  which, 
called  Key  West,  was  lately  established  a  naval 
station  of  the  United  States. 

Florida  is  divided  into  15  counties.  The  Gov- 
ernor is  appointed  by  the  United  States,  and  there 
is  a  legislative  council  of  16  members.  Talla- 
hassee is  the  seat  of  government.  It  has  one  del- 
egate in  Congress.  The  Pop.  is  34,723,  of  whom 
15,510  are  slaves.  The  commerce  of  the  territory 
is  inconsiderable.  The  shipping  in  1828  amoun- 
ted to  2,781  tons.  The  imports  for  1829  were 
153,642  dollars.  The  exports  of  domestic  produce, 
38,163  dollars.     Total  exports  56,086  dollars. 

This  territory  was  discovered  in  1497.  It  was 
first  settled  by  the  Spaniards  in  1524.  Some  set- 
tlements were  made  by  the  French  about  30  years 
afterwards,  and  they  established  themselves  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  spot  where  St.  Augiistine 
now  stands  in  1564.  The  Spaniards  however,  ex- 
•  pelled  the  French.  In  1763  Florida  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain,  and  retained  by  that  power  till  1781 
when  it  was  reconquered  by  the  Spaniards.  In 
1821  Spain  ceded  it  by  treaty  to  the  United  States 
as  an  indemnity  for  spoliations  upon  our  com- 
merce ;  and  the  following  year  it  was  made  a  ter- 
ritorial government. 

Florida  Cape,  is  on  the  E.  coast  of  East  Flori- 
da, in  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  in  the  lat.  of  25. 
41.  N..  and  80.  5.  of  W.  long. ;  90.  m.  N  E.  of 
Cape  Sable,  and  about  30  W.  of  the  N.  W.  end 
of  the  Great  Bahama  Bank. 

Florida,  Gulf  of,  is  the  passage  out  of  the  gulf 
of  Mexico  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  between  the 
N.  W.  coast  of  the  Island  of  Cuba,  and  the  Bah^ 
ma  Bank  and  islands  on  the  E.,  and  the  promon- 
tory of  East  Florida  on  the  W.  Through  this 
passage  the  great  body  of  waters  flowing  into  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  from  the  Mississippi,  Colorado, 
and  Rio  del  Norte,  set,  in  a  continual  stream, 
running  at  the  rate  of  4  to  5  m.  per  hour:  the 
stream  continues  to  run  along  the  eastern  coast 
of  North  America,  to  the  lat.  of  42.,  when  the 
current  is  dispersed  by  the  great  bank  of  New- 
foundland. The  gulf  passage  is  from  30  to  130 
m.  wide,  the  narrowest  part  being  between  Cape 
Florida,  and  the  Great  Bahama  Bank  before  men- 
tioned. 

Florida  Ketjs,  or  Martijrs  Islands  and  Reefs,  are 
the  Bhoals  and  sand-banks  flanking  the  southern 
extremity  and  E.  coast  of  the  promontory  of  East 
Florida,  as  previously  described. 


Florida,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  454. 
Also  a  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,838. 

Florisaiit,  a  village  m  St.  Louis  Co.  Missouri, 
on  tlie  Missouri. 

Flour,  St.  a  city  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Cantal,  and  a  bishop's  sec.  Good  knives  are 
made  here,  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in  corn. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  35  m.  S.  of  Clermont, 
and  108  N.  by  W.  of  Montpelier.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  prefect.     Pop.  in  1820,  6,372. 

Flour  Town,  a  village  in  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Floyd,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  4,262. 
Prestonburg  is  the  capital.  Also  a  county  of  In- 
diana.    Pop.  6.363.     New  Albany  is  the  capital 

Floijd,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,699. 

Floyd^sburg,  a  village  in  Jefierson  Co.  Ken. 

Flushing,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Dutcli  Zealand, 
in  the  island  of  Walcheren,  on  the  N.  side  of 
Western  Scheldt,  the  entrance  of  which  it  de- 
fends. It  has  a  good  harbour,  and  a  great  canal 
runs  through  the  town,  which  is  deep  enough  to 
admit  loaded  vessels.  The  stadihouse  is  a  superb 
building,  after  the  model  of  that  of  Amsterdam. 
Flushing  was  the  birth  place  of  admiral  De  Ruy- 
ter,  and  has  a  capacious  harbour  and  basin  for 
ships  of  the  largest  burtiien.  It  is  one  of  the  na- 
val depots  of  the  Netherlands.  Its  trade  is 
chiefly  smuggling.  Pop.  about  6,000.  It  is  in 
lat.  51.  27.  N.,and  3.  34.  of  E.  long. 

Flushing,  a  town  of  New  York,  in  Queen's 
countv.  Long  Island,  situate  on  the  E.  side  of 
Hell-gate,  7  m.  E.  by  N.  of  New  York.  Pop. 
2,820. 

Flushing,  p. v.  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 

Fluvanna,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, N.  of  James  river,  at  the  foot  of  the  first 
ridge  of  the  Alleghany  mountains.  Pop.  8,221. 
Palmyra  is  the  chief  town. 

Fochabers,  a  town  of  Scotland  belonging  to 
Murrayshire,  though  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
river  Spey.  It  is  8  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Elgin,  and  22 
W.  of  BanflT. 

Fochan,  a  populous  village  of  China,  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Canton. 

Fochea,  or  Foggia,  a  sea-port  of  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, in  Natolia,  with  a  castle.  The  Venetians 
beat  the  Turkish  fleet  near  this  place,  in  1(550 
It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Smyrna,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Hermus,  28  m.  N.  W.  of  Smyrna.  Long. 
26  39.  E.,  lat.  38.  44.  N. 

Foedwar,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Danube,  opposite  Colocza,  40  m 
S.  of  Buda.     Pop.  2,500. 

Fogaras,  a  town  and  castle  of  Transylvania,  on 
the  river  Alauta,  30  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Hermadstadt. 

Foggia,,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata.  It  is 
a  staple  for  corn  and  wool,  and  seated  near  the 
Cerbero,  20  m.  S.  of  Manfredonia  j  it  suffered 
greatly  by  an  earthquake,  in  1732.  Pop.  about 
17,000. 

Foglesville,  a  village  in  Lehigh  Co   Pa. 

Foglia,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  on  the  con 
fines  of  Tuscany,  crosses  the  duchy  of  Urbino, 
and  enters  the  gulf  of  Venice,  at  Pesaro. 

Focrlizzo,  or  Foglino,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  5  m. 
N.   W.  of  Chivasso,  and  13  W.  of  Crescentino. 

Fogo.     See  Fuego. 

Fohr,  or  Fora,  an  island  of  Denmark,  about  12 
m.  in  circumference,  near  the  coast  of  Sleswick, 
in  the  German  Ocean,  65  m.  N.  of  Heligoland. 
Pop.  about  5,500.     Long.  8.  31.  E.,  lat.  54.  44  .N. 

Foix,  a  late  district  of  France,  in  Languedoc, 
adjoining  the  Pyrenees.  It  now  forms,  with 
Couserans,  the  department  of  Arriege. 


FON 


304 


FOR 


Foix,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Arriege.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  coarse 
woolen  cloths,  with  some  copper-mills.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Arriege,  near  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees, 
42  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Fo-kien  a  maritime  province  in  the  S.  of  China, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tche-kiang,  W.  by  Kiang- 
si,  S.  by  Quang-tong,  and  E.  by  the  China  Sea. 
The  climate  is  warm  ;  and  yet  the  air  is  so  pure, 
that  no  contagious  diseases  ever  prevail.  It  pro- 
duces musk  in  abundance,  precious  stones,  quick- 
silver, iron,  and  tin  ;  also  gold  and  silver,  but  it 
is  forbidden  to  dig  for  these.  It  has  fine  plains  ; 
and  industry  fertilizes  even  the  mountains,  the 
greater  part  of  which  are  cut  into  terraces,  rising 
above  each  other.  Its  valleys  are  watered  by 
springs  and  rivers  from  the  mountains,  which  the 
husbandman  distributes  with  great  skill,  to  refresh 
his  rice  :  he  has  even  the  art  to  raise  his  water  to 
the  tops  of  the  mountains,  and  to  convey  it  from 
one  side  to  the  other,  by  pipes  made  of- bamboo. 
The  people  speak  a  different  language  !n  most  of 
the  cities,  each  of  which  has  its  particular  dialects. 
The  language  of  the  mandarins  is  that  which  is 
spoken  every  where;  but  few  understand  it  in 
this  province  :  however,  it  produces  a  great  num- 
ber of  literati.  It  contains  9  cities  of  the  first 
and  GO  of  the  third  class.  Fou-tcheo  is  the 
capital. 

FoleshiU,  a  parish  in  the  county  of  the  city  of 
Coventry,  Eng.  lying  on  the  N.  side  of  the  city, 
and  intersected  by  the  Coventry  canal.  Pop.  in 
1820,  4,937,  almost  exclusively  employed  in  the 
riband  manufacture. 

Foligno,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Um- 
bria,  famous  for  its  sweetmeats,  paper  mills,  and 
silk  manufactures.  It  is  seated  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  Apennines,  near  a  fertile  plain,  69  m.  N.  of 
Rome. 

Folkingham.,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  a  rising  ground,  18  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Boston,  and  106  N.  of  London.     Pop.  759. 

Folkstone,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  had  once 
five  churches,  four  of  which  liave  been  destroyed 
by  the  incursions  of  the  sea.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  employed  in  fishing.  Dr.  Wm.  Harvey, 
the  celebrated  discoverer  of  the  circulation  of  the 
blood,  was  born  here  in  1578.  It  is  a  member  of 
the  port  of  Dover,  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  a 
little  to  the  W.  is  Sandgate  castle,  built  by  Henry 
VIII.  It  is  seated  on  the  English  channel,  8  m. 
S.  W.  of  Dover,  and  72  E.  by  S.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  4,232,  chiefly  dependent  on  fishing  and 
smuggling  for  support. 

Fondc,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
seated  on  the  ^ippian  Way  near  the  sea  coast,  65 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Rome. 

Fong-tsiang,  or  Fontcheou,  a  city  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Chen-si.  Its  district  contains 
eight  cities  of  the  second  and  third  class.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Hole  Ho,  which  falls  into  the  Yel- 
low river,  560  m.  S.  W.  of  Peking.  Long.  106. 
57.  E.,  lat.  34.  36.  N. 

Fong-yang,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Kiang-nan.  It  incloses  within  its  walls  several 
fertile  little  hills  ;  and  its  jurisdiction  comprehends 
five  cities  of  the  second,  and  13  of  the  third  class. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  which  overhangs  a 
river  falling  into  the  Hongts  Hou,  70  m.  N.  E.  of 
Na-king.     Long.  11().  58.  E.,  lat.  32.  52.  N. 

Fons,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
jA)t,  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Figeac. 

Fontainbleau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 


ment, of  Seine  and  Marne,  celebrated  for  its  fine 
palace,  and  a  hunting  seat  of  the  sovereigns  of 
France.  It  stands  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive 
forest,  35  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect.     Pop.  in  1820,  6,439. 

Fontaine  V Evequc  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  territory  of  Liege,  6  m.  W.  of  Charleroi. 

Fontanetto,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  7  m.  E.  of 
Crescentino. 

Fontarabia,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  on 
the  frontiers  of  France,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  the  river  Bidassoa,  which  forms  a  harbour  at 
its  mouth,  in  the  bay  of  Biscay.  It  stands  on  a 
peninsula,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenean  mountains, 
and  is  so  strong  both  by  nature  and  art  as  to  be 
accounted  the  key  of  Spain,  on  that  side ;  but  il 
opened  its  gates  to  the  French  in  1794.  It  is  22 
m.  S.  W.  of  Bayonne,  and  62  E.  by  N.  of  Bilbao 
Long.  1.  47.  W.,  lat.  43.  23.  N. 

Fontenay  Ic  Comte,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vendee.  It  has  a  woolen  manufac- 
ture, and  its  fairs  are  famous  for  cattle.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Vendee,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Rocfielle,  55 
W.  by  S.  of  Poitiers,  and  215  S.  E.  of  Paris.  It 
is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.     Pop.  in  1820,  7,470. 

Fontenoy,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  iu 
Hainault,  4  rn.  S.  E.  of  Tournay.  It  is  celebra- 
ted for  a  battle  between  the  allies  and  the  French 
in  1745,  in  which  the  former  were  defeated. 

Fontcvrault,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne  and  Loire.  Here  is  a  famous 
abbey,  in  the  church  of  which,  several  kings  and 
queens  of  France  lie  interred.  It  is  7  m.  S.  £.  ot 
Saumer. 

Fora,  an  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  S.  Jutland,  between  those  of  Sylt  and  Nord- 
strand.  It  is  of  an  oval  form,  20  m.  in  circum- 
ference, and  the  chief  place  is  Utersen.  See 
Fohr. 

Forcheim,  a  strong  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
principality  of  Bamberg,  with  a  fine  arsenal.  It 
surrendered  to  the  French  in  1796,  but  the  Aus- 
trians  compelled  them  to  abandon  it  soon  after- 
ward. It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Wisent 
and  Rednitz,  16  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bamberg,  and  is 
now  included  in  the  territory  of  the  king  of  Ba- 
varia. 

Fordinghridge,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  checks  and  bed-ticks  ;  seated  on 
the  Little  Avon,  10  m.  S.  of  Salisbury,  and  88  W. 
by  S.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1820,  2,444. 

Fordsvilh,  a  village  in  Pearl  River,  Marion  Co. 
Mississippi. 

Foreland,  North,  a  promontory  of  Kent,  Eng. 
the  E.  point  of  the  isle  of  Thanet.  It  is  the  most 
southern  point  of  the  port  of  London ;  and  a  line 
thence  extended  N.  to  the  point  called  the  Nase, 
in  Essex,  forms  the  mouth  of  the  Thames.  Here 
is  around  brick  tower,  nearly  80  feet  high,  erect- 
ed by  the  Trinitv-house  for  a  sea-mark.  Long. 
1.29.  E.,  lat.  51  ."22.  N. 

Foreland,  South,  another  promontory  of  Kent. 
It  is  called  South,  in  respect  to  its  bearing  from 
the  other  Foreland,  which  is  13  m.  to  the  N.  Be- 
tween these  two  capes  is  the  noted  roadstead,  call- 
ed the  Downs. 

Forest  Towns,  four  towns  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgau, 
situate  on  the  Rhine  and  the  confines  of  Switzer- 
land, at  the  entrance  of  the  Black  Forest.  Their 
names  are  W^aldschut,  LaufFenburgh,  Seckingen, 
and  Rheinfelden. 

Foresterton,  a  village  in  Burlington  Co.  N.  Y. 

Forfar,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  An- 
gusshire.     It  contains  many  neat  modern  houses 


FOR 


305 


rou 


and  has  manufactures  of  coarse  linens  and  shoes. 
It  is  situate  in  an  extensive  plain,  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  the  county,  14  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Dundee. 

Forfarshire.     See  Angusshire. 

Forges,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Seine,  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters. 
It  is  24  m.  N.  E.  of  Rouen. 

Forio,  or  ForUario.     See  Ischia. 

Forti,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  seated  on 
the  frontier  of  Tuscany,  in  a  fertile  country,  near 
the  river  Rones,  11  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ravenna. 

Formentera,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
belonging  to  the  crown  of  Spain.  It  is  situated 
to  the  south  of  Ivica,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a  channel  4  m.  wide. 

Formosa,  an  island  in  the  China  Sea,  lying  be- 
tween 120.  and  122.  E.  long.,  and  22.  and  25.  N. 
lat.,  and  separated  from  the  province  of  Fo-kien, 
in  China,  by  a  channel  about  SO  m.  where  nar- 
rowest. It  is  280  m.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  70  in  its 
broadest  part,  but  is  greatly  contracted  at  the  S. 
extremity.  It  is  subject  to  the  Chinese,  who, 
however,  did  not  know  of  its  existence  till  the 
year  1430.  A  chain  of  mountains,  running  its 
whole  length,  divides  it  into  two  parts,  the  E.  and 
W.  The  Dutch  built  the  fort  of  Zealand,  on  the 
W.  part,  in  1G43.  They  were  driven  thence,  in 
1661,  by  a  Chinese  pirate,  who  made  himself 
master  of  all  the  W.  part.  In  1682  the  whole 
island  submitted  to  the  emperor  of  China.  It 
contains  extensive  and  fertile  plains,  watered  by 
a  great  number  of  rivulets  from  the  mountains. 
It  produces  abundance  of  corn  and  rice,  most  of 
the  Indian  fruits,  many  of  those  of  Europe,  to- 
bacco, sugar,  pepper,  camphire,  and  cinnamon. 
Wholesome  fater  is  the  only  thing  wanting  in 
Formosa.  The  inhabitants  rear  a  great  number 
of  oxen,  which  they  use  for  riding,  from  a  want 
of  horsos.  This  island  was  almost  totally  destroy- 
ed by  a  furious  hurricane  and  dreadful  inundation 
of  the  sea.  Taiouang,  at  the  S.  W.  end  of  the 
island,  is  the  capital. 

Formosa,  Cape,  the  point  of  land  between  the 
bights  of  Benin  and  Biafra,  in  the  gulf  of  Guinea. 
Lat.  4.  15.  N.,  and  5.  10.  of  E.  long.  One  of  the 
Bissagos  Isles  on  the  W.  coast  of  North  Africa,  is 
•  also  called  Formosa.  Lat.  11.  30.  N.,  long.  16. 
10.  W 

Farnovo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Par- 
ma; near  which,  in  1495,  Charles  VIII.  of  France 
obtained  a  victory  over  the  princes  of  Italy.  It 
is8m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Parma. 

Forres,  a  royal  burgh  of  Scotland,  in  Murray- 
Bhiru,  neatly  built  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river 
and  near  the  bay  of  Findhorn,  which  is  its  port. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linen  and  thread,  and  a 
valuable  salmon  fishery.  A  little  W.  of  the  town 
is  a  column,  called  Sweno's  stone,  covered  with 
antique  sculpture,  and  said  to  have  been  erected 
in  memory  of  a  victory  obtained  over  the  Danes, 
in  1008.  Forres  is  12m.  W.  by  S.  of  Elgin,  and 
12  E.  of  Nairn.     Pop.  in  1821,  3,.540. 

Forsta,  a  town  of  Lusatia,  with  a  castle.  It  has 
manufactures  of  woolen  and  linen  cloths  and 
carpets,  ana  stands  on  a  little  island  in  the  Neissa, 
15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Guben,  and  54  N.  E.  of  Dres- 
den. 

Forteventura,  or  Fuerteventura,  one  of  the  Ca- 
nary Islands,  65  m.  in  length,  and  of  a  very  irre- 
gular breadth,  consisting  of  two  peninsulas,  joined 
by  an  isthmus  J2  m.  in  breadth.  Its  chief  pro- 
duct is  the  barilla  plant,  it  also  produces  some 
wheat,  barley,  beeves,  and  goats.  The  S.  W 
point  is  in  long.  14.  31.  W.,  lat  28.  4.  N 
39 


Forth,  a  river  ot  Scotland,  which  rises  .n  the 
mountain  Ben  liomond,  in  Dumbartonshire,  flows 
E.  in  a  sinuous  course  by  Stirling  and  Alloa,  and 
meets  the  German  Ocean  a  little  below  Alloa, 
where  it  forms  a  noble  estuary,  called  the  Frith  of 
Forth.  The  Forth  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  80 
tons,  as  far  as  Stirling  bridge,  and  for  merchant 
vessels  of  any  burden,  as  far  as  Grangemouth, 
where  there  is  a  communication  between  this  river 
and  the  Clyde,  by  a  canal. 

Forth,  Frith  of,  the  estuary  above  mentioned, 
is  about  10  m.  in  mean  breadth,  that  is,  reckon- 
ing the  entrance  from  North  Berwick  on  the  S., 
to  Elie  Ness  on  the  N.,  the  distance  from  which 
two  points  is  about  8  m. ;  from  this  line  to  the 
Queensferry,  where  it  narrows  to  a  m.  and  a  half, 
the  distance  is  about  28  m.  and  from  Queensferry 
to  Grangemouth  the  distance  is  about  12  m.  the 
water  spreading  again  to  the  extent  of  3  to  4  m. 
Between  Queensferry  and  the  line  of  Elie  Ness 
are  a  number  of  islands,  the  most  celebrated  of 
which,  are  Inch  Garvie,  Inch  Colm,  and  Inch 
Keith  ;  on  the  latter,  and  on  the  Isle  of  May, 
without  the  line  of  Elie  Ness,  are  light-houses, 
and  these,  as  well  as  most  of  the  other  islands, 
contain  ruins  of  castles  or  religious  houses.  St. 
Abb's  head  on  the  S.,  and  Fife  Ness  on  the  N., 
distant  from  each  other  35  m.  are  by  some  con- 
sidered as  forming  the  points  of  entrance  to  the 
Frith  of  Forth. 

Fortrose,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Rosshire, 
situate  on  the  Murray  Frith  nearly  opposite  Fort 
George,  to  which  there  is  a  regular  ferry.  It  is 
composed  of  two  towns,  Rosemarkie,  and  Cha- 
nonry  ;  the  former  a  very  ancient  borough,  and 
the  latter  one,  a  bishop's  see.  Two  small  parts  of 
the  ancient  cathedral  remain,  one  used  as  a  burial- 
place,  the  other  as  a  court-house  and  prison.  It 
IS  9  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cromarty. 

Fort  Ann,  a  township  of  Washington  Co.  N.  \ 
Pop.  3,210. 

Fort  Edieard,  in  the  same  Co.     Pop.  1,816 

Fort-Roijal,  the  capital  of  Martinique,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  island,  with  one  of  the  best  har- 
bours in  the  West  Indies,  defended  bv  a  strong 
citadel.     Long.  61.  9.  W.,  lat  14.  36.  N. 

Fort-Royal,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Grana- 
da.    See  St.  George. 

Fossano,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  citadel, 
seated  on  the  Store,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Coni.  It  has 
manufactures  of  silk. 

Fosse,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Namur, 
situate  between  the  Sambre  and  Meuse,  7  m.  N. 
W.  of  Namur. 

Fossamhrone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Urbino,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Metro,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Urbino;  the  vicinity 
is  very  productive  of  silk. 

Fossum,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  government 
of  Aggerhuys,  noted  for  rich  mines  of  cobalt,  35 
m.  W.  of  Christiania. 

Foster,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  15.  m.  W 
Providence.     Pop.  2,672. 

Fotheringay,  a  village  in  Northamptonshire, 
Eng.  3  m.  N.  of  Oundle,  near  the  Nen  Hore 
are  the  ruins  of  a  castle  in  which  Richard  III. 
was  born,  and  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  tried  and  be 
headed.  In  the  church  are  interred  two  dukes  of 
York  ;  Edward,  killed  at  Agincourt  in  France, 
and  Richard,  slain  at  Wakefield. 

Foue,  or  Faoua,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  seat- 
ed on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Nile,  25  m.  S.  by  E. 
of  Rosetto. 

Fmicreres,  a  town  of  France,  m  the  department 
2  c2 


FOX 


306 


FRA 


of  Hie  and  Vilaine,  with  an  ancient  castle.  In 
1802,  it  was  taken  by  John,  king  of  England.  It 
'N  seated  on  the  Coesnom,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Rennes, 
and  laO  W.  by  S.  of  Paris.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect. 

Foula,  or  Fowla.     See  Fula. 

Fuuii,  Pholey,  or  Foulak.  a  country  of  Africa, 
extending  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Senegal  about 
500  m.  from  E.  to  W. ;  the  boundaries  from  N.  to 
S.  are  unknown.  It  is  populous  and  fertile.  The 
Foulahs  are,  in  general,  of  a  tawny  complexion, 
though  many  of  them  are  entirely  black.  Some 
lead  a  wandering  1  ife,  and  roam  about  the  country 
with  large  droves  of  cows,  sheep,  goats,  ana 
horses :  others  are  dexterous  at  hunting  wild 
Deasts  ;  the  teeth  of  elephants,  and  the  skins  of 
lions,  leopards,  and  tigers,  being  articles  of  trade. 
Their  arms  are  bows  and  arrows,  lances,  swords, 
daggers,  and  occasionally  a  kind  of  small  fusee. 
They  are  praised  by  travellers  for  tlieir  hospitali- 
ty :  nor  is  their  humanity  in  other  respects  less 
commendable  ;  for  if  one  of  their  countrymen  have 
the  misfortune  to  fall  into  slavery,  the  rest  join 
stock  to  redeem  him.  The  king  of  this  country  is 
called  the  Siratick  ;  and  though  he  seldom  ap- 
pears with  the  badges  of  majesty,  he  has  great 
authority,  and  is  as  much  respected  as  any  one 
on  the  coast. 

Foidnnss,  a  small  island  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of 
Essex,  Eng.  formed  by  the  river  Crouch,  at  its  en- 
trance into  the  mouth  of  the  Thames.  It  has  a 
village,  with  a  church,  8  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Rochford. 
Pop.  in  1821,565. 

Foidskam,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  3  m.  N.  E. 
of  London. 

Four  Cantons,  Lake  of  the.  See  Waldstadter  Sea. 

Fournedux  Island,  a  small  island  in  the  Pacific 
ocean.     Long.  143.  2.  W.,  lat.  17.  11.  S. 

Fou-tchf.ou,  a  city  of  China,  in  Fokien,  and  the 
most  considerable  in  that  province,  on  account 
of  its  trade,  the  convenience  of  its  rivers  and  port, 
and  the  number  of  its  literati.  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  viceroy,  and  has  under  its  jurisdiction  nine  cit- 
ies of  the  third  class.  It  is  sealed  near  the  mouth  of 
a  river  falling  into  the  China  sea,  435  miles  N.  E. 
of  Canton, and  1 ,030  S.  by  E.  of  Peking.  Long.  119. 
4.  E.,  lat.  26.  4.  N. 

Fmt-tcheou,  another  city  of  China  in  Kiangsi, 
formerly  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  China, 
but  almost  ruined  by  the  invasion  of  the  Tartars. 
It  is  240  m.  N.W.  of  the  other  Fou-tcheou,  and 
835  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  115.  56.  E.,  lat.  27. 
55.  N. 

Foiceij,  or  Faimj,  a  river  in  Cornwall,  Eng. 
which  rises  four  miles  S.  E.  of  Camelford,  passes 
by  Lostwithiel,  and  after  a  winding  course  of 
about  40  m.  enters  the  English  channel,  at  Fowey . 

Fowcij,  a  borouirh  and  sea-port  in  Cornwall, 
Eng.  with  a  considerable  trade  by  the  pilchard 
fishery.  The  harbour  is  defended  by  St.  Cathe- 
rine fort,  on  the  summit  of  a  steep  pile  of  rocks, 
and  an  adjoining  battery  The  streets  are  so 
narrow,  and  with  such  sudden  turnings,  that  no 
wheeled  carriages  can  be  admitted.  The  church 
is  a  spacious  structure.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Fowev,  which  forms  a  capacious  harbour, 
32  m.  S.  W.  of  Launeeston,  and  239  W.  by  S. 
of  London.     Long.  4.  37.  W.,  lat.  50.  19.  N. 

Foiolcr,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,447      Also  a  township  in  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Fo/J)orough,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  on  a  branch 
of  Taunton  river  25  m.   S.  Boston.   Pop.  1,099. 

Fozcroft,  a.  township  in  Penobscot  Co.  M«.  Pop. 
677. 


Fox  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Northern 
Archipelago.  They  are  10  in  number,  between 
the  coast  of  Kamtschatka  and  the  W.  coast  of 
America,  between  52.  and  55.  N.  lat.  Each  is- 
land has  a  peculiar  name  ;  but  this  general  name 
is  given  to  the  whole  group,  on  account  of  the 
great  number  of  black,  grey,  and  red  foxes,  with 
which  they  abound.  The  dress  of  the  iniiabitants 
consists  of  a  cap,  and  a  fur  coat  which  reaches 
down  to  their  knees  :  some  wear  a  cap  of  party  co- 
loured bird-skin,  upon  which  is  left  part  of  the  , 
wings  and  tail.  On  the  forepart  of  their  hunting 
and  fishing  caps,  they  place  a  small  board,  like  a 
screen,  adorned  with  the  jawbones  of  sea-bears, 
and  ornamented  with  glass  beads,  which  they  re- 
ceive in  barter  from  the  Russians.  They  feed 
upon  the  flesh  of  all  sorts  of  sea  animals,  and  gen. 
erally  eat  it  raw.  The  provision  intended  foi' 
keeping,  is  dried  without  salt,  in  the  air.  Their 
weapons  are  bows,  arrows  and  darts ;  and  for  de- 
fence, they  use  wooden  shields.  The  most  per- 
fect equality  reigns  among  them  :  they  have  nei- 
ther chiefs  nor  superiors,  neither  laws  nor  pun- 
ishments. They  live  together  in  families,  and 
societies  of  several  families  united,  which  form 
what  they  call  a  race,  who,  in  case  of  attack  or 
defence,  mutually  aid  each  other.  They  have  a 
good  share  of  plain  natural  understanding  ;  and 
seem  cold  and  indifferent  in  most  of  their  actions  ; 
yet  if  an  injury,  or  mere  suspicion,  rouse  them 
from  this  phlegmatic  state  they  become  furious 
and  revengeful.  The  Russians  call  these  islands 
the  Lyssie  Ostrova. 

*^*  There  is  a  cluster  of  small'but  beautiful, 
fertile  and  romantic  islands,  called  Fox  islands, 
in  Penobscot  Bay,  Maine. 

Forford,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Mayo,  on  the  river  Moy,  8  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Castle- 
bar.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,024. 

Fay,  St.  a  town  o{  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gironde,  on  th«  river  Dordogne,  38  m.  E.  of 
Bordeaux. 

Foyers,  or  Fyers,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  the 
county  of  Inverness,  which  rises  a  iew  m.  E.  of 
fort  Augustus,  and  flows  into  Loch  Ness.  About 
2  m.  before  its  entrance  into  the  lake  is  the  Fall 
of  Floyers,  one  of  the  highest  in  the  world,  being 
207  feet  in  height,  in  one  unbroken  stream. 

Foylc,  a  river  of  Ireland,  formed  by  the  con- 
flux of  the  Fin  and  the  Mourne,  at  LifFord,  in 
the  county  of  Donegal.  It  passes  by  St.  Johns- 
town and  Londonderry,  and  4  m.  below  expands 
into  a  bay,  called  Lough  Foyle,  of  an  oval  form, 
14  m.  long  and  8  broad,  which  communicates  witli 
the  ocean  by  a  short  and  narrow  strait. 

Fraga,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  strong 
by  situation,  having  the  river  Cinca  before  it, 
whose  high  banks  are  difficult  of  access,  and  at 
its  back  a  hill,  which  cannot  easily  be  approach»»<^v 
with  cannon.  Alphonso  VII.,  king  of  Arragon 
was  killed  here  b}'  the  Moors,  in  1134,  when  Iv 
besieged  this  town.  It  is  63  m.  E.  S.  £.  of  Sara- 
gossa. 

Fragos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  7 
m.  S.  W.  of  Santarem. 

Framingham,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  20  m. 
S.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  2,213. 

Framling ham,  a.  town  of  Suffolk,  Eng.  It  lias 
the  remains  of  a  castle.  To  this  place  the  prin- 
cess Mary  retired,  wljen  lady  Jane  Grey  was  pro- 
claimed queen  ;  and  here  she  found  that  power- 
ful support,  which  soon  seated  her  on  the  throne. 
It  is  30  m.  E.  of  Bury,  and  87  N.  E  of  I<on- 
don.  r  IIX1 


FRA 


307 


FRA 


Francavilla,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Otriinto,  wit  i  a  trade  in  oil,  cotton  stockings,  and 
snuff,  15  m.  C.  N.  E.  of  Taranto. 

Francavill ',  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  on 
the  river  Sino,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Trusi. 

France,  a  country  of  Europe,  extending  in  its 
extreme  limits  from  the  village  of  Peats  de  jMello, 
at  the  foot  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  m  the  lat.  of 
42.  23.,  in  nearly  a  peipendicular  line  to  Dun- 
kirk, in  the  lat.  of  51.  2.  N. ;  this  line  gives  a 
distance  of  517  geographical,  593  British  statute 
m. ;  tlie  most  important  extreme  point  on  the  W. 
is  Brest,  in  the  long,  of  4.  2;).  W.,  and  43.  23.  of 
N.  lat.,  and  on  the  E.  Strasburg  in  the  long,  of 
7.  45.  E.  and  lat.  of  48.  ']o.  ;  the  distance  between 
those  two  points  is  12.  14.  of  W.  long.,  which  in 
the  mean  lat.  of  48.  29.  is  equal  to  490  geographi- 
cal, or  576  British  statute  m.,  but  a  line  exceed- 
ing this  by  about  40  m.  might  be  drawn  in  this 
direction  within  the  French  territory,  from  Point 
Ras,  28  m.  S.  of  Brest,  to  the  extreme  eastern 
limit,  45  m.  S.  byE.  of  Strasburg ;  the  mean 
tine,  however,  from  N.  to  S.  does  not  exceed  470, 
a.id  from  W.to  E.  420  British  statute  m.  This  limi* 
gives  a  superficies  of  197,400  sq.  m.,  equal  to 
12(),33f5,000  British  statute  acres  ;  a  report  made 
to  the  French  government  in  1817  computed 
the  superficies  to  be  equal  to  128  millions  of 
acres,  of  which  about  92  millions  were  in  a  state 
of  cultivation,  ard  about  36  millions  of  acres 
reported  as  nnproduCb>e,  and  unfit  for  cultivation. 

This  fine  territory  is  nounded  from  Dunkirk  to 
the  Rhine,  in  the  lat.  of  59.  N.  a  distance  of  290 
m.  in  a  direction  E.  S.  E.  of  Netherlands  and 
the  Prussian  provinces  of  the  Rhine;  about  100 
m.  of  this  frontier  nearest  to  Dunkirk  is  an  open 
plain  without  any  natural  barrier  ;  further  S.  the 
inroad  is  more  or  less  impeded  by  forests.  From 
the  lat.  of  49.  the  Rhine  in  a  direction  S.  by  W. 
for  about  110  m.  divides  France  from  the  territory 
of  the  grand  duke  of  Baden  ;  from  the  lat.  of  47. 
40.  to  43.  42.  it  is  divided  from  Switzerland, 
Savoy,  and  Piedmont,  by  collateral  ridges  of  the 
Alpine  mountains  ;  the  S.  E.  extremity  is  bounded 
by  the  little  river  Var  tvhich  divides  France  from 
the  county  of  Nice  The  meridional  distance 
from  this  point  to  the  eastern  extremity  of  the 
Pyrenees  is  220  statute  m.,  but  the  indentations 
of  the  Mediterranean  sea,  give  an  extent  of  sea- 
coast  on  that  side  of  France,  near  to,  if  not  ex- 
ceeding 3(10  m.  The  Pyrenean  mountains  in  a 
direction  W.  by  N.  for  250  m.  next  form  the 
southern  boundary  of  France,  dividing  it  from  the 
Iberian  peninsula  of  Spain  and  Portugal ;  the 
little  river  Bidassoa  forms  the  boundary  at  the  S. 
W.  extremity,  and  W.  from  the  mouth  of  this 
river  in  the  lat.  of  43.  22.  and  1.  47.  of  W.  long, 
to  the  isle  of  Ush^nt,  in  the  lat.  of  43.  28.  and  5. 
3.  ofW.lonor.  France  is  bounded  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ;  and  N.  W.  from  the  Isle  of  Ushant  to 
Dunkirk  by  the  English  channel.  The  meridional 
distance  from  the  Bidassoa  to  Ushant  is  390  m.,  and 
from  Ushant  to  Dunkirk  380  m.,  but  the  indenta- 
tions of  the  sea  will  give  about  500  m.  of  coast 
on  each  side  of  the  isle  of  Ushant,  and  with  the 
S.  E  boundary  on  the  Mediterranean  an  aggre- 
gate extent  of  sea-coast  of  about  1,300  m.,  and 
a  circumference  of  about  2,200  m.  The  sea-ports 
are  Dunkirk,  Calais,  Boulogne,  Dieppe,  Fecamp, 
Havre,  Caen,  Cherburgh,  St.  Maloand  Morlaix,on 
the  coast  of  the  English  channel;  Brest,  Quimper, 
L'  Orient,  Nantes,  Rochelle,Rochefort,  Bordeaux, 
and  Bavonne,  on  the  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay 
or  Atlantic  Ocean,  and   Marseilles  and  Toulon 


in  the  Mediterranean  ;  Cherburgu,  Brest,  Roche- 
fort,  and  Toulon  are  the  chief  stations  of  th« 
French  national  marine. 

Every  part  of  France  is  intersected  by   riverp 
flowing  in  all   directions.     Taking  them  in  geo- 
graphical order  from  the  N.  tiie  first  entitled   to 
notice   are  the    Moselle  and  the   Meuse,  both    of 
which  rise  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  France,  and  take 
circuitous  courses  northerly  into  the  Netherlands, 
the  former  falling  into  the  Rhine,  and  tlie   latter 
into  the  N.  Sea.     The  Somine  is  an  inconsidera- 
ble river   running   W.  N.  W.    into  the    English 
channel.     The   next   in  order  and   imporlance  is 
the  Seine  which  also  runs  in  a  W.   N.  W.  direc- 
tion into    the   English  channel,  being  joired  in 
its  course  by  the  Marne.  Aube,  and   the  Oise,  on 
the  N.,and  by  the  Yonne  and  the  Euro   on  the  S. 
The  Orne,and  two  or  three  other  rivers  of  inferior 
note  also  fall  into  the  English  channel.     The  no- 
blest river  in  all  France  is  the  Loire,  which  rises 
in  the  S.  and  flows  in  a  dire(!tion  N.  by   W.   for 
about  250  m.,  when  it   takes  a   direction    nearly 
due  W.  for  about  250  m.  more,  falling  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.    It  receives  in  its  course  numer- 
ous tributary  streams,    the  most  considerable    of 
which,  are   the  Allier,  running  parallel   with  it 
from  the  S.  for  about  180  m.,  and  the  Cher,  Indre, 
Creuce,  Vienne,  and  Sevre,  all  from  the  S.,  and 
from  the  N.  it  receives    the  Lower  Loire,  Sarthe, 
Mayenne,  and  a  few  others  of  a  smaller  size.     In 
the  S.  the  united   streams  of  the  Lot,  the  Tarn, 
and  Garonne,  with  several  others  of  inferior  note, 
form  the    Gironde   which   falls  into  the   Bay  of 
Biscay,  being  joined  from  the  E.  below  Bordeaux 
by  the    Dordogne  and   Ille.     Between   the  Loire 
and  the  Gironde  the  Charente,  and  between  the 
Gironde    and    the     Pyrenees    the    Adour,    each 
with  numerous  tributary  streams  also  fall  into  the 
Bay  of  Biscay.     The  Rhone    rising  near  Mount 
St.  Gothard  in    Switzerland,  after    forming   the 
lake  of  Geneva  it  enters  France  on  the  S.  E.,  and 
after  a  course  of  about  80  m.  to  Lyons,   first  S. 
and  then  W.  it  takes  a  course  nearly  due  S.  from 
Lyons,  for  about  150  m.  falling  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean ;  being  joined  at    Lyons    by   the    Saone 
from  the  N.,  and  below  Lyons  from  the  E.  by  the 
Isere,  the  Drome,  and  the   Durance.     The  Seine 
is    united    with  the  Loire    by    a   canal   as  is  the 
Garonne    with  the  Mediterranean  sea. 

Since  the  revolution  which  commenced  in  1789, 
France  has  been  divided  into  86  departments,  each 
department  into  3  to  6  arrondissements,  the  total 
being  363  ,  the  arrondissements  into  2,669  cantons, 
and  the  cantons  into  38,990  communes.  Accor- 
ding to  censuses  of  the  population  taken  in  1789, 
the  numbers  were  26,300,000,  and  in  1820,  30,451, 
187 ;  this  number,  taken  in  reference  to  the  ex- 
tent of  surface  over  which  it  is  spread,  renders 
France,  relatively,  more  than  one-third  less  popu- 
lous than  England   and  Wales. 

With  the  exception  of  the  S.  E.  departments 
bordering  on  the  Alpine  territories  of  Swit- 
zerland, Savoy,  and  Piedmont  which  are  elevat- 
ed, France  may  be  regarded  as  a  level,  rather  than 
a  mountainous  country,  and  in  many  respects, 
alike  in  a  geographical,  political,  and  social  sense, 
as  bearing  a  similar  relation  to  Europe  that  the  fine 
and  fertile  plains  and  people  of  China  do  to  Asia. 
Over  all  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  country  the  vine,  al- 
mond, olive,  and  mulberry,  luxuriate  and  bring 
forth  fruit  in  the  higfhest  decree  of  perfection, 
and  the  vine  and  a  variety  of  delicious  fruits  flour- 
ish over  the  greater  part  of  the  country,  to  the 
49th  degree  of  lat. 


FRA 


908 


FRA 


Wild  animals  are  not  numerous  in  France,  from 
the  want  of  larjje  forests  and  extensive  mountains. 
The  black  ar>d  brown  bears  are  found  among 
the  Pyrenees  and  the  l_ynx  among  the  Alps.    The 


badger  digs  its  den  in  the  remotest  woods,  rnd 
the  mole  is  abundant  in  the  most  fruitful  fields. 
The  forests  of  the  Vosges  and  the  woods  upon 
the  Moselle  afford  a  shelter  to  several  species  of 
squirrels.  And  the  Siberian  flying  squirrel,  which 
issues  from  its  retreat  in  the  night  and  springs 
from  branch  to  branch  is  not  uncommon  among 
the  Alps.     The  hamster  rat  is  one  of  the  most  per- 


nicious of  the  tribes  in  existence.  He  makes  ex- 
traordinary ravages  among  the  crops  and  will 
sometimes  amass  in  his  den  an  hundred  pounds 
of  grain.  All  the  large  forests  are  inhabited  by 
the  wolf,  the  most  destructive  of  the  carnivorous 
animals  in  France. 

Almost  every  species  of  bird  common  to  Europe 
is  found  here.  The  flamingoes  from  Africa  ap- 
pear in  flocks  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 
The  becaficoes  or  fig-peckers,  so  much  esteeemed 
by  the  epicure  are  abundant  in  the  south.  That 
fine  songster,  the  nightingale,  is  by  no  means  rare. 
Larks  are  so  abundant  that  the  markets  are  often 
stocked  with   them  for  food,  and  the  business  of 


taking  them  with  bird-lime  affords  employment  to 
great  numbers  of  people.  The  red  partridge  is 
common  in  the  central  and  western  departments, 
and  the  grey  in  the  southern.  Woodcocks  and 
snipes  frequent  the  woods  and  marshes.  The 
ring  ouzel  is  a  bird  of  passsage  and  feeds  upon 


insects  and  berries,  but  is  particularly  fond  of  the 
grapes  of  this  country.  The  goldfinch,  the  lin- 
net and  the  bulfinch  may  be  added  to  the  list  of 
singing  birds.  Of  hawks  there  is  a  variety,  and 
among;  them  may    be    mentioned  the    goshawk 


who  is  of  a  slender  and  elegant  figure  and  very 
destructive  to  small  game.  This  bird  is  also 
found  in  Germany  and  occasionally  in  Great 
Britian. 


The  N.  and  N.  W.  departments  are  productive  in 
every  kind  of  grain,  pulse  and  legumes  ;  man- 
ufactures of  silk,  wool,  linens,  leather,  and  met- 
als, are  carried  on  over  all  parts  of  the  country, 
and  since  the  termination  of  the  war  in  1814,  the 
cotton  n  anufacture  has  been  progressively  in- 
creasing, and  is  now  carried  on  to  a  great  extent. 
In  addition  to  these  internal  resources,  France 
exclusively  enjoys  the  abundant  produce  of  the 
islands  of  Martinique  and  Guadaloupe  in  the  West 
Indies  ;  she  also  holds  in  colonial  possession  Cay- 
enne in  South  America  ;  Goree  and  Senegal  on 
the  coast  of  Africa ;  and  the  isle  of  Bourbon  in  the 
Indian  Ocean  ;  and  draws  considerable  supplies 
of  produce  from  Brazil,  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, parts  beyond  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the 
Levant,  and  other  parts  of  the  world,  in  exchange 
for  her  surplus  produce  of  wines,  brandy,  silks, 
and  various  manufactures.  Exempt  from  all  those 
extremes  of  climate  which  in  several  parts  of  the 
world  militate  against  physical  exertion,  as  well 
as  vegetation,  France  may  be  considered  as  pos- 
sessing within  itself  all  the  means  of  commanding 
a  higher  degree  of  human  enjoyment  than  can  be 
obtained  in  any  other  part  of  Europe,  and  equal  to 
what  can  be  obtained  in  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 
For  centuries  prior  to  the  Christian  era,  this 
part  of  Europe  appears  to  have  been  inhabited  by 
a  numerous  and  hardy  race  of  people,  those  oc- 
cupying the  interior  being  denominated  Celts. 
The  first  important  notice  which  history  furnishes 
of  them  is  in  22.5  B.  C.  when  the  Gauls  who  in- 
habited part  of  Piedmont  and  the  north  of  Italy, 
invited  the  people  then  occupying  the  banks  of 
the  Rhone  to  aid  them  in  repelling  the  aggressions 
of  the  Romans  ;  and  from  thus  being  brought  in 
contact  with  that  powerful  and  enlightened  peo 
pie,  they  acquired  the  name  of  Transalpine  Gauls, 
in  reference  to  their  territory  lying  W.  of  the 
Alps,  and  in  contradistinction  to  the  ancient 
Gauls,  who  were  designated  the  Cisalpines.  In 
106  B.  C.  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones  from  the 
north  of  Germany  marched  through  Transalpine 
Gaul  into  Spain,  rav.aging  the  country  on  their 
wa}',  but  being  driven  back  by  the  Ccltil)eriaiis, 
they  divided  their  forces  with  the  view  of  pene- 
trating into  Italy  in  two  directions :  the  Teutones 
directed  their  course  to  the  S.  E.  when  they 
were  opposed  by  Marius,  between  the  mouths  nf 
the  Rhone  and  the  Durance,  and  experienced  a 
complete  defeat,  losing  200,000  men  on  the  field 
of  battle,  and  80,000  more  taken  prisoners.  From 
this  period  the  Romans  extended  their  arms  and 
their  arts  over  the  greater  part  of  the  country, 
and  in  59  B.  C.  the  Roman  senate  conferred  on 
Julius  Caesar  the  government  of  all  Transalpine 
Gaul  for  five  years  ;  two  j'ears  after  this,  the 
whole  western  coast  from  the  Seine  to  tlie  Loir»* 


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309 


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became  effectually  subdued  to  Roman  control, 
and  in  five  years  more,  by  awarding  honorary 
distinctions  to  the  principal  cities,  and  distri- 
buting bribes  to  the  leading  chiefs,  the  whole 
country  became  reconciled  to  the  Roman  gov- 
ernuient.  It  was  afterwards  divided  into  17  mili- 
tary divisions. 

As  the  power  of  the  Romans  declined,  Transal- 
pine Gaul  again  became  exposed  to  the  inroad  of 
the  different  tribes  on  the  N.  E.  In  the  year 
406,  a  tribe  of  Burgundians  from  the  banks  of  the 
Vistula  crossed  the  Rhine  and  took  possession  of 
that  part  of  the  country,  afterwards  named  Bur- 
gundy, and  in  420  another  tribe  from  Franconia, 
under  the  command  of  Pharamond  entered  from 
tiie  N.  E.  From  450  to  452  it  was  ravaged  by  the 
-Huns  under  Attila,  who  on  laying  siege  to  Or- 
leans was  brought  to  battle  by  Meroveus,  who 
defeated  Attila  with  a  loss  of  200,000  men.  In 
482  Clovis,  a  Franconian  and^escendant  of  Me- 
roveus, possessed  himself  of  all  the  places  in 
Transalpine  Gaul,  previously  held  by  the  Ro- 
mans, and  in  492  marrying  Clotilda,  daughter  of 
Chilperic,  king  of  the  Burgundians,  became  king 
of  the  whole  country  now  called  France.  Clotilda 
at  the  time  of  her  marriage  had  embraced  Chris- 
tianity, and  in  496  Clovis  initiated  himself  in  its 
mysteries  through  the  means  of  St.  Remi,  and 
was  baptized  at  Rheims  on  Christmas  eve  of  that 
year :  hence  the  custom  of  the  coronation  at 
Jlheims  of  the  kings  of  France  through  a  period 
.of  more  than  1,300  years.  Clovis  was  the  first  of 
a  race  of  17  kings  who  reigned  over  France  in 
regular  succession,  denominated  the  Merovingian 
race,  in  reference  to  their  descent  from  Meroveus. 
Jn  732  France  was  ravaged  by  the  Saracens  un- 
der the  command  of  Abaalrahman,  when  Eudes, 
■duke  of  Aquitain,  implored  the  assistance  of 
Charles  Martel,  duke  of  Austrasia  who  brought 
Abdalrahman  to  battle  between  Tours  and  Poiters, 
and  defeated  him,  as  history  informs  us,  with  the 
loss  of  375,000  men,  Abdalrahman  liimself  being 
slain  on  the  field  of  battle.  In  737  the  crown  of 
France  devolved  to  Charles  Martel,  whose  manly 
spirit,  however,  disdained  regal  parade.  He  ruled 
France  for  four  years  under  the  title  of  duke  ;  he 
died  in  741 ,  and  was  succeeded  by  an  imbecile 
named  Childeric,  whose  authority  in  752  was 
superseded  by  Pepin,  and  this  person  became  the 
first  of  a  race  of  13  kin  "-s  denominated  Carlavin- 
gians.  Pepin  died  in  763,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Charlemagne  the  renowned,  crowned  emperor  of 
jthe  Romans,  or  of  the  West,  at  Rome,  in  800. 
On  the  death  of  Louis  V.  in  986,  after  a  reign  of 
one  year,  the  crown  of  France  descended  to 
Charles,  an  uucle  of  Louis,  but  in  consequence 
of  his  having  vassalated  himself  to  the  emperor 
.Otho  III.  he  was  precluded  from  its  accession, 
and  the  crown  was  conferred  by  election  on  Hugh 
Capet,  who  became  the  first  of  another  race  of 
14  kings  termed  the  Capetian.  Charles  IV.  the 
•  last  of  the  Capets  in  regular  succession  dying  in 
J334,  without  male  issue,  the  crown  devolved  on 
Philip  of  Valots,  who  was  the  first  of  7  kings  of 
that  race.  In  1498  it  devolved  on  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  who  became  Louis  XII.  and  was  the 
first  of  another  race  of  6  kings.  On  the  death  of 
Henry  III.  in  1539,  the  succession  was  again 
broken,  when  the  crown  devolved  on  Henry  of 
Bourbon,  in  whose  line  it  continued  until  the  de- 
caoitation  of  Louis  XVI.  on  the  21st  of  January, 
1793. 

For  some  centuries  antecedent  to  this  period, 
(' ranee  had  been  divided  into  32  provinces  of  very 


unequal  extent,  each  with  a  distinct  local  admin* 
istration.  The  period  of  their  formation  does  not 
appear.  At  the  time  the  Romans  first  entered 
France,  it  was  divided  into  four  great  parts,  viz. 
Narbonensis,  comprising  the  S.  E.,  Aquitain  the 
S.  W.,  Celtica  the  interior,  and  Gallia  Belgica 
the  N.  The  division  into  17  provinces  took  place 
under  Augustus,  the  first  emperor  of  Rome,  and 
some  of  the  Roman  names  continued  as  late  as 
the  13th  century,  John,  king  of  England,  in  the 
preamble  to  Magna  Charta,  being  styled  duke  of 
Normandy  and  Aquitain.  Austrasia,  over  which 
Charles  Martel  presided  in  the  8th  century,  ap- 
pears to  have  comprised  part  of  the  N.  E.  of 
France,  and  what  now  forma  part  of  the  Prussian 
Provinces  of  the  Rhine.  Subsequent  to  the  pe- 
riod of  the  accession  of  Clovis  in  481,  the  country 
appears  to  have  been  exposed  to  a  continuity  of 
internal  dissensions ;  and  when  these  had  subsi- 
ded, the  vain  glory  which  France  acquired  under 
Charlemagne,  increased  the  jealousy  of  the  neigh- 
bouring powers,  and  excited  external  broils.  In 
912  the  N.  W.  coast  was  invaded  by  a  northein 
tribe  called  Normans  who  retained  possession  of 
that  part  of  the  country  afterwards  called  Nor- 
mandy ;  and  in  1060,  William  the  duke  of  this 
province,  invaded,  conquered,  and  became  king 
of  England.  This  event  subsequently  led  to 
violent  contests  between  England  and  France. 
Louis  VII.,  in  1137,  embarked  in  the  crusading 
mania  of  that  period,  and  in  1334  on  Charles  IV., 
the  last  of  the  Capets,  dying  without  male  ia^ue, 
Edward  III.  of  England,  set  up  his  claim  to  the 
French  crown.  The  battles  of  Cressy  and 
Poitiers  in  134G  J*id  1355  js-sulted  frojn  this  pre- 
tension. At  the  battle  of  Poitiers,  John,  king  of 
France  was  taken  prisoner,  but  afterwards  ran- 
somed for  3,000,000  crowns  of  gold,  equal  to 
£1,500,000.  A  respite  from  external  war  followed 
this  negociation,  but  internal  broils  again  ensued, 
and  in  1415  Henry  V.  king  of  England,  availed 
himself  of  prevailing  dissensions  to  renew  the 
claim  of  Edward  to  the  French  crown,  and  on 
the  25th  of  October  of  that  year,  the  French 
forces  experienced  a  decisive  defeat  at  Agincourt. 
Henry  followed  up  his  victory  by  the  capture  of 
several  of  the  most  important  towns  in  Normandy, 
and  in  1420  the  succession  to  the  crown  waa 
ceded  to  him  by  treaty.  In  1422  he  assumed  the 
regency  of  France ;  but  he  dying  at  Vienne  on 
the  30th  of  August  of  that  year,  his  brother  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  regency  during  the  minority 
of  his  son  Henry  VI.  who  was  crowned  king  of 
France  at  Paris,  on  the  7th  of  December  1431. 
The  English  influence  had,  however,  previously 
experienced  a  considerable  check,  by  the  singular 
and  daring  exploits  of  Jeanne  of  Arc,  celebrated 
as  the  maid  of  Orleans,  and  by  1451,  Calais  was 
the  only  place  in  France  held  by  the  English. 
Her  kings,  however,  retained  the  title  of  king  of 
France  until  the  peace  of  Amiens,  in  1801-8. 
After  having  succeeded  in  driving  the  English 
from  the  French  territory,  France  embroiled  her- 
self in  the  contentions  of  her  northern  and  east- 
ern neighbours ;  but  a  general  peace  pervaded 
all  Europe  during  the  latter  part  of  the  16th  cen- 
tury, by  the  treaty  of  Cambray  in  1559.  The  rest- 
less spirit  of  the  French  government  during  the 
reigns  of  Francis  II.,  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  III., 
the  three  last  kings  of  the  Orleans  race,  directed 
their  wantonness  and  cruelty  against  their  own 
protestant  subjects.  This  persecution  was  allay 
ed  for  a  time  by  Henry  IV.  the  first  of  the  Bour- 
bons, who   ascended  the  throne  in  1589,  ande( 


FRA 


310 


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wliose  conciliatory  policy,  the  interests  of  France 
became  more  consolidated  than  at  any  former  pe- 
riod. Henry,  however,  was  assassinated  by  a 
fanatic  in  lOlO,  when  fresh  disorder  ensued,  and 
France  attain  was  seen  involved  in  all  the  conten- 
tions of  the  European  states,  and  of  England  with 
her  American  colonies,  which  took  place  in  the 
interval  of  that  period. 

It  was  immediately  after  the  general  peace  of 
Europe  in  1783,  when  the  English  American 
colonies  obtained  an  honorable  independence, 
that  the  triple  oppression  of  the  crown,  the  no- 
bles, and  tlie  clergy  became  intolerable  to  the 
French  people. 

The  finances  became  inextricably  embarrassed, 
and  the  States  General  or  assembly  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people  according  to  an  ancient 
but  disused  custom,  were  called  together  in  1789. 
From  the  consideration  of  fiscal  affairs  they  were 
led  to  the  discussion  of  political  rights  and  theo- 
ries of  government.  The  revolution  followed, 
and  its  events  form  the  most  tragic  and  bloody 
page  in  all  modern  history.  This  occurrence  in- 
volved France  in  a  war  with  almost  all  Europe, 
and  her  effbrts  single  handed  against  thistremen- 
doue  odds  excited  the  astonishment  of  the  world. 
Among  those  who  contributed  more  especially 
to  the  eclat  of  the  French  armies.  Was  a  young 
officer,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  who,  on  his  return 
to  Paris,  after  his  successful  campaign  in  Italy, 
was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  a  vast  ar- 
nia;nent  to  the  shores  of  Egypt,  and  when  he  re- 
turned in  1799  was  mainly  instrumental  in  form- 
ing a  new  constitution  under  a  Triune  consulate, 
senate  and  legislative feody,  in-which  he  himself 
was  appointed  one  of  the  consuls.  In  October, 
1801,  a  peace  was  signed  with  England,  which 
proved,  however,  of  short  duration.  War  was 
renewed  in  1803,  when  Bonaparte  was  appointed 
Consul  for  life,  with  power  to  nominate  his  suc- 
cessor ;  this,  however,  fell  short  of  his  ambition, 
and  in  May  of  the  following  year  he  was  pro- 
claimed Emperor  of  France.  On  the  1st  of 
October,  1805,  he  again  headed  a  powerful  army 
against  the  German  States ;  detached  the  minor 
powers  from  the  Germanic  confederacy,  and 
united  them  to  his  own  interest,  under  the  new 
title  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine.  In  1808, 
he  marched  an  army  of  80,000  men  into  Spain, 
and  placed  one  of  his  brothers  on  the  throne  of 
that  country ;  another  brother  he  had  caused  to 
be  crowned  king  of  Holland ;  another  king  of 
Westphalia,  and  a  brother-in-law  king  of  Naples. 
The  whole  of  the  Netherlands  he  had  annexed  to 
France,  in  16  departments ;  and  on  the  king  of 
Holland  resigning  his  crown  in  1809,  the  whole 
of  that  country,  with  tbe  coast  of  Germany,  as 
far  as  the  Elbe ;  the  states  of  the  papal  church, 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  north  of  Italy,  were 
also  decreed  integral  parts  of  the  French  empire, 
in  28  additional  departments. 

The  emperor  of  Austria,  imagining  that  the  di- 
vision of  the  French  forces  into  Spain  afforded 
him  an  opportunity  of  avenging  the  repeated  de- 
feats he  had  sustamed,  provoked  a  new  contest  in 
1809,  when  Napoleon  again  took  the  field  against 
the  Austrians,  and  on  the  5th  of  July  completely 
defeated  them.  A  treaty  of  peace  followed, 
in  which  the  daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Austria 
was  ceded  in  marriage  to  the  conqueror  of  her 
father's  capital.  The  birth  of  a  son  in  181 1  seemed 
for  a  time  to  render  permanent  the  fortunes  of 
Napoleon  and  his  family ;  but  an  ill-fated  ambi- 
tion led  him.  in  1812,  to  march  an  army  of  300,000 


men  into  Russia.  After  repeated  and  severe  con 
flicts  he  reached  Moscow,  the  acient  capital  of 
that  empire,  on  the  14th  of  September.  By  the  or- 
der of  the  governor,  this  city  was  secretly  set  on 
fire,  and  the  desolation  by  which  Napoleon  found 
himself  surrounded  induced  him  to  withdraw  his 
forces.  They  were  overtaken  with  snow  storms 
before  they  could  reach  the  frontiers,  whilst  the 
Russians  on  their  rear  subjected  them  to  continued 
disasters ;  and  in  the  end  destroyed  the  finest  ar- 
my which  ever  assembled  in  Europe.  In  the  mean 
time  the  French  troops  in  the  peninsula  were  ex- 
posed to  frequent  defeats ;  and,  by  1814,  Napoleon 
and  his  troops  had  not  only  been  driven  with- 
in their  own  frontier,  but  a  united  Russian, 
Prussian,  and  Austrian  army  entered  France  from 
the  N.  E.,  the  British,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese 
armies  entered  it  from  the  S.  W.,  and  Napoleon, 
seeing  the  tide  of  fortune  completely  set  against 
him,  immediately  abdicated  the  sceptre.  The  is- 
land of  Elba  was  assigned  to  him  as  a  residence 
in  full  sovereignty  for  life,  with  an  income  of 
about  £200,000  per  annum.  On  the  3rd  of  May, 
1814,  Louis  XVIII.,  who  had  been  exiled  in  Eng. 
during  the  consular  and  imperial  dynasty,  arrived 
in  Paris  to  resume  the  throne  of  his  ancestors. 
On  the  5th  of  March,  1815,  Napoleon  secretly  lan- 
ded at  Frejus,  and  marched  without  interruption 
to  Paris,  from  which  Louis  fled  at  midnight  on 
the  20th.  Napoleon  arrived  the  same  evening ; 
on  the  27th  the  national  council  annulled  his  abdi- 
cation, and  called  upon  him  to  resume  his  impe- 
rial functions.  On  the  29th  he  abolished  the  Af- 
rican slave  trade ;  on  the  12th  of  June  he  left 
Paris,  to  take  the  command  of  an  army  on  the  N. 
E.  frontier  ,  but,  after  a  whole  day's  severe  fight- 
ing, on  the  18th  his  line  was  broken,  his  troops 
thrown  into  confusion,  and  the  palm  of  victory 
left  with  the  allies,  who  marched  again  upon  Paris, 
which  they  reached  on  the  fith  of  July.  Napoleon 
again  abdicated  the  imperial  sceptre,  and  on  the 
29th  of  June  quitted  Paris  never  to  return.  Louis 
again  resumed  the  sovereignty  on  the  18th  of 
July;  on  the  25th  of  the  same  month  Napoleon 
surrendered  to  the  commander  of  a  British  ship 
of  war,  and  was  afterwards  carried  to  the  island 
of  St.  Helena,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  where  he 
died  on  the  5th  ofMa,y,  1821. 

Louis  XVIII.  died  in  September  1824,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother  Charles  Philip  (Count 
d'Artois)  under  the  title  of  Charles  X.,  whose  in- 
creasing infringement  of  the  rights  of  the  people 
at  length  aroused  universal  indignation,  and  ex- 
pelled him  from  the  throne  he  had  so  unworthily 
filled,  and  the  country  he  had  laboured  to  enslave. 
The  form  of  government  since  1814  resembled 
that  of  Britain — the  power  being  vested  in  the 
king,  the  chamber  of  peers,  and  the  deputies.  To 
strengthen  himself  in  the  chamber  of  peers, 
Charles  X.  increased  it  by  creations  :  to  weaken 
the  people  he  invaded  the  elective  franchise  and 
shackled  the  press.  In  August  1829  he  dismissed 
M.  Martignac's  administration  because  it  wouid 
not  go  all  lengths  against  the  people,  and  appoint- 
ed another  of  ultra  royalists,  under  his  natural 
son  Prince  Polignac.  The  first  act  of  the  depu- 
ties, on  the  meeting  of  the  chambers  in  March 
1830,  was  an  address  praying  for  the  dismission 
of  the  ministers.  The  king  answered  it  haughtily 
and  dismissed  the  chambers.  Finding  that  the 
new  chamber  was  likely  to  thwart  his  views 
still  more  than  the  former,  he  determined  to  strike 
a  decisive  blow,  and  on  Sunday,  July  25,  he 
signed  three  ordinances — the  first  abolishing  the 


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freedom  of  the  press — the   second  dissolving  the 
chamber   of  deputies,  which    had  never  assem- 
bled— and  the  third  abrogating  the  most  important 
rights  of  the  elective  franchise. — This,   however, 
was  the  last  act  of  his  misrule.     A  revolution  en- 
sued     The  people  were  victorious.     The  govern- 
ment of  Charles  was  overturned,  and  himself  left 
to  drag  out  the  remains  of  his  days  in  ignominious 
and  unpitied  banishment ;  while  the  sceptre  was 
placed  in  the  hands  of  a   constitutional  monarch, 
Louis  Philippe  I. — formerly  the  duke  of  Orleans. 
This  revolution  has  already  had  a  powerful  influ- 
ence on  other  states,   and  promises  to  open  the 
way  to  the  most  important  changes  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe.     A  distinguishing  feature  of  the 
present  order  of  government  is  its  perfect  tolera- 
tion in  religious  matters.     The  religion  of  the  sov- 
ereign and  the  court  is  the  Roman  Catholic,  but 
the  teachers  of  all  other  sects  of  Christians   are 
now  supported  by  government.     A  considerable 
number  of  priests  hiive  recently  separated  them- 
selves from  the  Romish  pale,  and  the  number  of 
Protestants  is  increasing  daily- 
France  exhibits  an  imposing  picture  of  physical, 
moral,  and  social  power,    which   the   philosopher 
and  philanthropist  will  view  with  mingled  feelings 
of  hope  and  fear  ;  with  hope,  that  she  will  hence- 
forward be  as  assiduous  to  acquire  glory  in  pursu- 
ing the  arts  of  peace,  and  the  attainments   of  so- 
cial order,  as  she  has  heretofore  been  in  the  pur- 
suit of  conquest   and    political  aggrandisement ; 
and  with  fear,  lest  intrigue,  priestcraft,  and  sel- 
fish ambition    should  again  obtain  an  ascendancy, 
and  predominate  over  the  riglits  and  interests  of  the 
people. 

It  is  not  easy  for  American  readers  to  acquire 
any  just  knowledge  of  the  character  of  the 
Frencii.  English  travellers  have  written  much 
upon  this  nation,  but  they  are  not  to  be  trusted. 
The  French  people  in  many  respects  occupy  the 
first  rank  among  the  European  nations.  The  in- 
fluence of  this  country  may  be  compared  to  that 
of  ancient  Greece  over  the  civilized  world.  The 
French  language  is  the  language  of  courts  and 
ambassadors,  and  almost  a  common  medium  of 
intercourse  among  the  different  members  of  the 
flfreat  European  family.  This  universality  of 
their  language  with  the  affability  and  agreeable 
manners  of  the  people  their  courtesy  to  strangers, 
the  concentration  of  men  of  science  and  litera- 
ture from  all  quarters  at  their  capital,  no  less  than 
geographical  position  of  the  country,  all  combine 
to  render  France  more  immediately  central  in 
point  of  influence  and  example  than  any  other 
nation  in  the  world.  It  was  a  true  saying  of 
Napoleon,  that  a  revolution  in  France  is  a  revolu- 
tion in  Europe. 

The  French  are  slender,  active,  well-propor- 
tioned, and  rather  shorter  than  their  neighbours. 
Their  eyes  and  hair  are  black,  and  their  complex- 
ion brown  or  sallow,  which  it  has  been  thought, 
gave  rise  to  the  custom  of  painting  the  face  amonor 
the  ladies.  The  women  in  France  are  celebrated 
more  for  their  vivacity  and  wit,  than  for  personal 
beauty.  The  superior  people  are  very  attentive 
to  the  exercises  of  dancing,  fencing,  and  ridinnr, 
in  all  which  they  generally  excel  in  point  of 
gracefulness. 
*  Nothing  appears  to  the  French  more  odious  than 
*j||aniformity,  on  which  account  the  changes  among 
them  are  so  frequent,  that  it  is  impossible  to  de- 
scribe any  particular  dress  as  that  which  is  adopt- 
ed as  a  standard.  Notwithstanding  the  fickleness 
of  fashion  at   Paris,  and   other  large  cities  of  the 


empire,  the  great  mass  of  the  people  in  distant 
provinces,  always  faithful  to  ancient  manners, 
smile,  under  the  enormously  large  hat,  at  the  new 
modes  which  rise  and  fall  almost  every  day 
among  their  more  polished  compatriots. 


Paris  sets  the  fashions  of  all  Europe,  and  an 
immense  trade  in  articles  of  dress  and  new  pat- 
terns is  carried  on  by  tailors,  mantua-makers,  and 
milliners.  Every  week  has  its  new  female  fash- 
ions, and  every  month  its  new  male  fashions  ;  all 
say  they,  for  the  good  of  trade. 

Brutal  battles,  quarrels,  and  noisy  drunken 
fellows,  are  nuisances  seldom  met  with.  The 
lower  class  of  people  behave  to  each  other  with 
a  surprising  degree  of  civility.  The  unhappy 
females  who  roam  the  streets  at  nights,  are  nei- 
ther obtrusive,  rude,  nor  riotous.  At  the  theatres, 
the  tranquillity  of  the  audience  is  seldom  inter- 
rupted :  people  go  for  the  wise  purpose  of  being 
pleased,  and  with  the  good-humoured  disposition 
to  be  satisfied.  These  places  of  amusement  are, 
doubtless,  much  indebted  for  their  tranquility  to 
the  national  sobriety  of  the  French. 

Politeness  and  good  manners  may  be  traced, 
though  in  different  portions,  through  every  rank. 
This  however,  does  not  form  a  more  remarkable 
and  distinguishing  feature  in  the  French  nation- 
al character,  than  the  vivacity,  impetuosity,  and 
fickleness,  for  which  the  ancient,  as  well  as  the 
modern  inhabitants  of  Paris,  have  been  noted. 

Sunday  is  but  slightly  observed  in  France,  at 
any  season ;  and  very  slightly  indeed  in  harvest. 
Some  go  to  church  for  about  an  hour ;  but,  be- 
fore and  after  no  great  marks  of  Sabbath  are  per- 
ceptible. This  is  to  be  regretted  :  a  day  of  rest 
is  at  least  an  excellent  political  regulation  ;  good 
for  man  and  beast  ;  but  in  France  all  the  theatres 
and  places  of  amusement  are  open,  and  more 
frequented  than  on  any  other  day  in  the  week. 

The  scrupulous  honesty  of  the  lower  and  mid- 
dling classes  in  restoring  any  lost  property  to  its 
owner,  is  worthy  of  particular  remark.  The 
postilions,  coachmen,  servants,  &c.  may  general 
ly  be  trusted  with  confidence.  The  tradesmen 
also,  though  they  ask  more  than  they  mean  to 
take  for  their  goods,  would  cheerfully  and  unask 
ed,  restoreto  you  your  purse,  umbrella,  cane.or  any 
thing  you  might  have  left  in  their  shop  by  acci- 
dent, and  this,  if  not  reclaimed  for  a  considerable 
time. 

The  temperate  mode  of  life  pursued  by  the 
French,  their  geographical  position  and  agricul- 
tural pursuits,  exempt  them  from  any  great  vari- 
ety and  severity  of  disease.    The   fact  is  f  xein 


FRA 


318 


TRA 


plified  not  less  in  the  happy  constitution  of  the 
people,  than  in  the  advanced  age  at  which  the 
majority  of  those  persons  die  in  France,  whom 
it  is  an  object  to  record,  from  the  abiUties  of  the 
individual.or  the  rank  which  he  may  have  held 
in  society.  "  He  was  only  56  or  60,  '  is  a  com- 
mon r.rmula  of  French  biography.  The  Cardin- 
al de  i'leuri  died  at  90;  the  President  d'Henanlt 
at  96;  Crebillon,  the  son,  at  70  ;  Condamine  at 
74  ;  Voltaire  at  84  ;  the  Marquis  du  Deffand  at 
84.  Men  of  70  and  80  have  usually  as  much 
life  and  playfulness  in  France,  as  their  grand-chil- 
dren. 

France,  Isle  of,  a  late  province  of  France,  so 
called,  because  it  was  bounded  by  the  rivers 
Seine,  Marne.  Oise,  Aisne,  and  Ourque.  It  now 
forms  the  foui  departments  of  Oise  ;  Seine  ;  and 
Oise  ;    Seine  and  Marne  ;    Seine,  and  Paris. 

France,  Isle  of,  or  Mauritius,  an  island  in  the 
Indian  ocean,  400  m.  E.  of  Madagascar.  It  was 
discovered  by  the  Portuguese  ;  but  the  first  who 
settled  here  were  the  Dutch,  in  1598.  They  call- 
ed it  Mauritius,  in  honor  of  the  prince  Maurice, 
their  stadthol-ler  ;  but,  on  their  acquisition  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  they  deserted  it ;  and  it 
continued  unsettled  till  the  French  landed  here 
in  1730,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  one  of  the  finest 
provinces  in  France.  It  is  150  m.  in  circumfer- 
rence.  The  climate  is  healthy ;  but  the  soil  not 
very  fertile.  There  are  many  mountains,  some 
of  which  are  so  high,  that  their  tops  are  covered 
with  snow  ;  they  produce  the  best  ebony  in  the 
world.  The  valleys  are  well  watered  with  rivers, 
and  are  made  very  productive  by  cultivation,  of 
which  sugar  is  the  principal  object.  The  town 
and  harbour,  called  Port  Louis,  are  strongly  for- 
tified ;  but  in  the  hurricane  months  the  harbour 
cannot  afford  shelter  for  more  than  eight  vessels. 
Here  are  large  store-houses,  and  every  thing  nec- 
essary for  the  equipment  of  fleets.  This  island 
was  taken  by  the  British  in  1801,  and  confirmed 
to  them  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814.  In  1819 
the  pestilential  cholera  was  introduced  into  this 
island  from  India  and  carried  off  7,000  of  the 
inhabitants.  According  to  an  account  presented 
by  the  colonial  department  to  the  British  parlia- 
ment, in  the  session  of  182.5,  the  island  was  divi- 
Qed  into  8  districts,  containing  a  pop.  of  87,503, 
m  the  proportion  of  65,769  slaves,  13,475  free 
blacks,  and  10,359  whites,  exchisive  of  J, 310 
troops.  Port  Louis  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  the 
island,  is  in  lat.  20. 10.  N.  and  57.  29  of  E.  long. 
See  Bourbon. 

Franceslown,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.,  60 
m.  from  Boston.     Pop.  1,540. 

Franche  Comte,  a  late  province  of  France, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lorraine,  E.  by  Alsace  and 
Switzerland,  VV.  by  Burgundy,  and  S.  by  Bresse. 
It  is  125  m.  long  and  80  broad,  and  abounds  in 
corn,  wine,  cattle,  horses,  mines  of  iron,  copper, 
and  lead.  It  now  forms  the  three  departments 
of  Doubs,  Jura,  and  Upper  Saone. 

Franchcmont,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
territory  of  Liege,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Liege. 

Franciade.     See  Denis,  St. 

Francis,  a  village  of  St.  Genevieve  Co.  Missouri. 

Francis,  St.,  a  tributary  stream  of  the  great  riv- 
er Mississippi,  rising  in  the  state  of  Missouri,  in 
the  lat.  of  37.  45.  N.,  running  parallel  with  the 
Midsissippi  on  the  W.,  at  the  distance  of  about  40 
m.  and  enters  it  after  a  course  of  about  220  m.,  45 
ra.  above  the  entrance  of  the  Arkansas. 

Francis,  St.,  a  river  of  Lower  Canada,  rising  in 
the  lake  Memphramago-jc,  which  spreads  into  the 


state  of  Vermont.  The  St.  Francis,  after  a  course 
of  about  200  m.  falls  into  St.  Lawrence,  about  mid- 
way between  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and  will 
probably  some  future  day,  be  united  by  a  canal 
with  the  Connecticut. 

Francis,  St.,  a  river  of  Brazil,  which  rises  W. 
of  the  Brazilian  Andes,  in  the  province  of  Minas 
Geraes,  in  the  lat.  of  20.  S.,  runs  N.  through  the 
province  of  Bahia,  to  the  frontier  of  Pernambuco^ 
when  it  takes  a  course  E.  by  S.,  dividing  that 
province  from  Bahia,  and  after  a  course  ol  neai 
1,000  m.  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  in  the  lat 
of  11.  20.  S.  It  has  a  number  of  towns  ant?  set 
tlements,  chiefly  on  its  head  waters. 

Francisco,  St.,  a  seaport  of  New  Albion,  „ai  ital 
of  a  jurisdiction  of  its  name,  with  a  citadel,  i-iorg". 
122.  8.  W.,  lat.  28.  18.  N. 

*^*  There  are  a  number  of  other  rivers,  bayp, 
towns,  and  settlements,  in  different  parts  of  Amer      . 
ica,  named  afler  St.  Francis  by  the  Spaniards,  Por- 
tuguese, and  French. 

Frangois,  a  village  of  Wayne  Co.  Missouri. 

Fran<;ois,  Cape,  now  called  Cape  Haytien,  the 
principal  seaport  and  city  of  what  was  formerly 
the  French  part  of  St.  Domingo.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N.  coast  of  the  island,  in  the  lat.  of  19.  46.  N. 
and  72.  15.  of  W.  long.  Before  the  sanguinary 
revolt  of  the  negroes  in  1793,  it  contained  8  to  900 
houses  of  stone  or  brick,  and  8,000  free  inhabitants, 
exclusive  of  about  12,000  slaves  :  but  in  1793,  the 
whole  of  the  white  inhabitants,  who  could  not  ef- 
fect their  escape,  were  massacred  by  the  blacks. 
It  was  named  Cape  Henry  by  Christophe  in  1811 , 
and  during  his  reign  it  was  deemed  the  principal 
port  of  the  island,  though  inferior  to  Port  au 
Prince  in  commercial  importance.  Its  quota  of 
the  contribution  towards  the  30  millions  of  dol- 
lars be  paid  to  France  in  ten  years,  from  the  1st 
of  January,  1827,  as  an  indemnity  for  the  sacri-  > 
fice  of  their  plantations  by  the  revolt  in  1793,  is 
208,451  dollars  annually.  It  is  84  m.  due  N.  of 
Portau  Prince,  and  134  W.,  30  degrees  N.  of  the 
city  of  St.  Domingo.  The  harbour  is  secure  and 
commodious,  and  the  environs  rich  in  tropical 
productions. 

Franconia,  one  of  the  ten  circles  into  which  the 
German  Empire  was  formerly  divided,  lying  be- 
tween the  lat.  of  48.  45.  and  50.  55.  N.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Upper  Saxony,  E.  by  Bo- 
hemia and  the  palatinate  of  Bavaria,  S.  by  Suabia, 
and  W.  by  the  circles  of  the  Rhine.  The  middle 
is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits;  but  the  bor 
ders  are  full  of  woods  and  barren  mountains. 
The  Franks,  who  conquered  France,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  15th  century,  came  from  this  province, 
and  gave  their  name  to  that  countiy.  It  compri- 
ses about  11,000  sq.  m.  and  was  formerly  divided 
into  2  principalities,  3  bishoprics,  7  counties,  and 
3  lordships  ;  but  at  the  general  partitioning  of 
this  part  of  Europe,  after  the  peace  of  Paris  in 
1814,  the  greater  part  of  Franconia  vi/as  assigned 
to  Bavaria,  and  the  remainder  to  VVurtemberg, 
Baden,  Hesse,  and  Saxe  Coburg.  The  river 
Mayn,  which  falls  into  the  Rhine,  intersects  it 
from  E.  to  W.,  the  Rednitz  from  S.  to  N.,  falling 
into  the  Mayne,  and  the  Altmuhl,  falling  into 
the  Danube,  intersects  the  S.  E.  Nuremburg 
was  considered  the  capital. 

Francker,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Friesland,  with 
a  castle  and  a  university.  The  public  buildings 
and  palaces  are  magnificent,  and  it  has  2  naviga- 
ble canals,  communicating  with  the  Zuyder  Zee 
and  Lee  warden,  it  is  5  m.  E.  of  Harlingen.  Fop. 
about  4,000. 


FRA 


313 


FRA 


Francknau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Hesse,  2i;  m.  S.  W.  of  Cajssel. 

Franckcnburg,  another  town  in  Hesse,  5  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Franckenau. 

Franconia,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  140  m.  N.  W. 
Boatou.  Pop.  443.  There  are  two  iron  manufac- 
tories in  this  town,  consisting  of  blast  furnaces, 
air  furnaces,  forges  and  trip  hammers.  The  ore  is 
taken  from  a  mountain  3  at.  from  the  furnace, 
and  is  the  richest  in  the  U.  States,  yielding  from 
:  56  to  63  per  cent,  and  the  mine  is  inexhaustible  ; 
"*  15  tons  of  iron  are  made  in  a  week.  There  is  a 
mineral  spring  2  m.  from  the  furnace,  and  in  the 
,  neighbourhood  are  other  iron  works.  The  Pro- 
file Mountain  in  this  town  is  a  curiosity,  being  a 
■»  ruggea  peak,  1,000  feet  high,  with  a  front  of  sol- 
id rock,  representing  in  a  side  view  a  profile  of 
the  human  face,  every  feature  of  which  is  con- 
spicuous. Franconia  is  also  the  name  of  a  town- 
ship in  IVIontg:)mery  Co.  Pa. 

Frankenburg,  a  town  in  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  wool- 
en stuffs,  7  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Chemnitz. 

Fran/fenthal,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  palat- 
inate of  the  Rhine.  It  has  rich  manufactures  of 
stuffs,  silks,  cloths,  &c.,  and  a  canal  to  the  river 
Rhine.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1793,  and 
retaken  by  the  allies  in  1794.  It  is  seated  2 
m.  W.  of  the  Rhine,  and  7  S.  of  Worms. 

Frankenhausen,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  with  some  extensive  salt-works  ;  sit- 
uate on  a  branch  of  the  Wipper,  26  m.  N.  of 
Erfurt.     Pop.  about  3,000. 

Frankenstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pal- 
atinate of  the  Rhine,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Kayserslautern. 

Frankenstein,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Munsterberg,  on  the  river  Bautze,  13  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Munsterberg. 

Frankford,  towns  in  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.,  Phila. 
Co.  Pa.,  Green  Brier  and  Hampshire  Cos.  Va. 

Frankfort,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  on  the  Penob- 
scot. Pop.  2,487.  Also  a  p.t.  Herkimer  Co.  N. 
Y.  Pop.  2,620.  Also  a  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Illinois, 
45  m.  N.  W.  Shawneetown.  Also  villages  and 
towns  in  Beaver  Co.  Pa.,  Morgan  Co.  Va.,  and 
Guernsey  Co.  Ohio. 

Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  a  fortified  city  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  circle  of  the  Rhine.  It  is  divided 
by  the  river  Maine,  25  m.  above  its  entrance  into 
the  Rhine,  into  two  ptrts,  which  communicate 
oy  means  of  a  stone  bridge ;  the  larger  part,  on 
the  N.  side  is  called  Frankfort,  and  the  smaller 
Sachsenhausen.  It  contains  several  palaces  and 
courts  belonging  to  princes  and  counts ;  and  here 
the  ki  ngs  of  the  Romans  have  generally  been  elect- 
ed and  crowned.  The  chief  structure  is  the  town- 
house,  in  which  is  preserved  the  golden  bull,  the 
origin  of  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  empire.  All 
religions  are  tolerated  at  Frankfort,  under  certain 
restrictions ;  but  Lutheranism  is  the  established 
faith ;  though  the  principal  church  is  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Roman  Catholics.  The  Jews,  8  to 
9,000  in  number,  were  formerly  confined  to  a  par- 
ticular corner  of  the  city  ;  but  since  1796,  they 
.  have  resided  indiscriminately  in  all  parts.  Frank- 
fort is  one  of  the  most  considerable  trading  places 
in  Europe,  and  has  two  great  fairs  every  year.  It 
was  taken  in  1759,  by  the  French,  who  evacuated 
it  in  1763.  It  was  several  times  taken  and  retaken 
by  the  French  and  Austrians,  in  the  war  of 
1793 — 1814.  Since  tlie  peace  of  the  latter  year, 
it  has  been  declared  the  permanent  seat  of  the 
Germanic  diet ;  and  as  such  most  of  the  Europe- 
an states  have  a  minister  resident  here.  It  was 
40 


the  birth  place  of  Goethe  ;  and  also  of  the  family 
of  the  Rothschilds,  who,  daring  the  war  between 
1807  and  1815  and  ten  years  subsequent  thereto, 
became  the  greatest  money  jobbers  in  Europe. 
Frankfort  is  in  lat.  50.  7.  N.  and  8.  32.  of  E. 
long.     Pop.  about  40,000. 

Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  a  town  of  Brandenburg, 
in  the  Middle  Mark,  with  a  famous  university  ami 
a  noble  academy.  It  has  three  great  fairs,  and 
the  exclusive  right  of  navigation  up  the  Oder  to 
Breslau.  Here  are  two  suburbs  called  Lebus  and 
Guben,  and  a  bridge  over  the  Oder.  In  1759,  it 
was  taken  by  the  Russians  and  Austrians,  and  in 
1806,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French  ;  but  fell 
to  Prussia  on  the  retreat  of  the  French  army  from 
Moscow  in  1812.  It  is  45  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Berlin, 
and  72  S.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Frankfort,  the  chief  town  of  Franklin  county, 
Kentucky,  and  seat  of  the  legislative  assembly  of 
the  state.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  stands  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Kentucky,  60  m.  from  its  con- 
flux with  the  Ohio,  and  415  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Wash 
ington.     Pop.  1,937. 

Franklin,  the  name  of  15  American  counties 
The  following  are  tlie  states  in  geographical  or- 
der, with  the  population  of  each,  and  name  of  its 
chieftovvn. 

Vermont,  24,525,  St.  Albans.  .       ., 

Massachusetts,  29,344,  Greenfield. 

New  York,  11,312,  Malone. 

Pennsylvania,  35,103,  Chambersburg. 

Virginia,  14,911,  Rockymount. 

North  Carolina,  10,665,  Louisburg. 

Georgia,  10,135,  Carnesville. 

Alabama,  11,078,  Russelville. 

Mississippi,  4,622,  Franklin. 

Tennessee,  15,644,  Winchester. 

Kentucky,  9,251,  Frankfort. 

Ohio,  14,766,  Columbus. 

Indiana,  10.199,  Brookville. 

Illinois,  4,081 ,  Frankfort. 

Missouri,  3,484,  Union. 
Franklin,  is  also  the  name  of  34  towns,  villages 
and  townships  in  different  parts  of  the  United 
States. 
Franklinville,  p. v.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y. 
Frankstown,  a  township  in  Huntingdon    Co. 
Pa. 

Frascati,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  woody  mountain ;  it  is  a 
bishop's  see,  always  possessed  by  one  of  the  6  el- 
dest cardinals  ;  and  in  its  neighbourhood  are  some 
of  the  most  magnificent  villas  in  Italy,  and  asem 
inary  richly  endowed  by  Cardinal  York.  The 
ancient  city  of  Tusculum  is  supposed  to  have 
stood  above  Frascati ;  and  between  the  ruins  and 
the  town,  it  is  generally  believed,  was  the  Tuscu 
lum  of  Cicero,  where  some  Greek  monks  in  th« 
11th  century,  built  a  convent  on  the  ruins  of  his 
house.  Frascati  is  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Rome.  Pop. 
about  9,000. 

Frascrhurg,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, with  a  small  but  excellent  harbour,  and  a 
manufacture  of  linen  yarn.  It  is  seated  on  the 
German  Ocean,  a  little  S.  of  the  point  of  Kin- 
naird  Head,  and  38  m.  N.  of  Aberdeen.  Pop.  iij 
1821,2,831. 

Fratta  Maggiore,  a  populous  village  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Naples. 

Frauenburg,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  in  the  bish- 
opric of  Ermland,  on  the  Frisch  Haff,  14  m.  N. 
E.  of  Elbing,  and  4  W.  of  Braunsberg.  Cop- 
ernicus died  here  in  1543. 

Frauenfeld,  a  town   of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
2D 


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FR£ 


314 


FRE 


the  canton  of  Thurgau,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  an  eminence,  by  the  river  Murg,  19  m.  N. 
E.  of  Zurich,  and  8  W.  of  Constance 

Frauenstein,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Mis- 
nia,  on  the  river  Boberisch,  20  m.  S  S.  W.  of 
Dresden. 

Fruustadt,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Posen,  w^hich  has  a  great  trade  in  wool  and  ox- 
i  n.  Near  this  town  a  battle  was  gained  by  the 
Swedes  over  the  Saxons,  170G.  It  stands  on  the 
frontiers  of  Silesia,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Glogau,  and 
55  8.  S.  W.  of  Posen. 

Frcdclferff,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Westphalia, 
on  the  river  VVenne,  23  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Arensberg. 

Frederica,  p. v.  Kent  Co.  Del.  12  m.  E.  Dover. 

Fitderica,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  in 
Glynn  county,  and  on  the  W.  side  of  St.  Simon 
island,  with  a  safe  and  commodious  harbour,  64 
m.  S.  W.  of  Savannah.  Long.  80.  50.  W.,  lat. 
31.  6.  N. 

Frederica,  or  Fridericia,  a  town  and  fortress  of 
Jutland,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Little  Belt,  from 
the  Categat,  in  the  lat.  of  55.  35.  N.,  and  9.  44. 
of  E.  long.  All  ships  entering  the  Little  Belt, 
are  here  brou<rht  to,  and  a  contribution  levied  to- 
wards the  lights  and  buoys  on  the  coasts  of  Den- 
mark.    Pop.  about  3,500. 

Frederick,  a  county  of  the  state  of  Maryland, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  conventional  line  which 
divides  Maryland  from  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the 
S.  by  the  Potomac  river,  which  divides  it  from 
Virginia;  it  is  about  35  m.  in  length  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  25  in  mean  breadth  ;  it  is  intersected 
from  N.  to  S.  by  the  Monocoey  river,  which 
springs  from  several  sources  in  Pennsylvania,  and 
falls  into  the  Potomac.  Pop.  45,793.  Frederick- 
town,  the  chief  town,  with  a  pop.  of  about  5,000, 
W.  of  the  Monocoey,  is  120  m.  N.  W.  of 
Annapolis. 

Frederick,  a  county  in  the  West  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, betwen  the  Blue  and  North  ridges  of  the 
Alleghany  Mountains;  the  Slienandoah  river 
skirts  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Mountains  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  county  running  from  S.  to  N.  into  the 
Potomac.  It  is  divided  into  East  and  West 
Frederick;  the  former  has  a  pop.  of  14,099  and  the 
latter  1 1 ,949.  Winchester,  the  chief  town,  is  130 
m.  N.  by  W.  of  Richmond. 

Frederick,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Fredericksburg,  p. v.  Spottsylvania  Co.  Va.  on 
the  Rappahannock,  witli  a  considerable  trade  in 
flour  and  tobacco.  The  river  here  is  deep  enough 
to  admit  vessels  of  140  tons.  Also  towns  in  Gal- 
latin Ken.  and  Washinoton  Co.  Indiana. 

Frcdericsburg,  a  Danish  fort,  on  the  Gold-coast 
of  Guinea,  near  Cape  Tlirec-points,  (J2  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Cape  Coast  Castle.  Long.  1.  5.  W.,  lat.  4. 
30.  N.      _  . 

FicdericshuriT,  a  tovim  of  Further  Pomerania, 
23  m.  N.  of  Stargard,  and  33  S.  S.  W.  of  Colberg. 

Frcderir.ihuro-,  an  interior  town  of  Denmark,  in 
tlie  isle  of  Zealand,  with  a  castle  and  palace,  15 
ni.  N.  N.  W.  of  Copenhagen. 

Frederics  hall,  or  Fredericstadt,  a  sea-port  of  Nor- 
way, in  the  province  of  Aggerhuys,  situate  at  the 
mcuth  of  the  river  Tiste,  in  a  bay  called  the 
Swinesund.  The  harbour  is  safe  and  commo- 
dious; but  the  large  quantity  of  saw-dust  brouglit 
down  tlie  river,  froin  the  difterent  saw-mills,  oc- 
casions an  annual  expense  to  clear  it  away.  On 
the  summit  of  a  rock,  whicli  over-hangs  the  town, 
stands  the  hitherto  impregnable  fortress  of  Fred- 
i'ricstein  ;  at  the  siege  of  which,  in  1718,  Cliarles 
XII.  of  Sweden  was  killed  by  a  musket-ball.     It 


is  51  m.  S.  E.  of  Christiania.  Long.  10.  55.  E., 
lat.  59.  12.  N.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Frcdericsham,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  in 
Carelia.  [t  is  neatly  built,  the  streets  going  off 
like  radii  from  a  centre.  Here,  in  1783,  an  inter- 
view was  held  between  the  empress  of  Russia  and 
the  king  of  Sweden.  It  is  seated  near  the  gulf 
of  Finland,  68  m.  VV.  S.  W.  of  Wiburg.  Loner. 
28.  18.  E.,  lat.  60.  36.  N. 

Fredericstadt,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  S.  Jut- 
land, seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Tren  with  the 
Eydcr,  17  m.  S,  W.  of  Sleswick,  and  6  N.  E.  of 
Tonningen. 

Fredericstadt,  or  Fredericstein,  a  town  of  Nor- 
way, in  the  province  of  Aggerhuys,  and  the  most 
regular  fortress  in  this  part  of  Norway.  It  has  a 
considerable  trade  in  deal  timber,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Glomme-,  26  m.  W.  of  Fredericshall. 

Frcdcrictim,  the  capital  of  New  Brunswick, 
on  the   river  St.  John,  which   runs  thus  far  navi- 

fable  for  sloops,  90  m.  above  the  city  of  St.  John. 
iong.  66.  30.  W.,  lat.  40.  20.  N. 

Freehold,  or  Monmouth,  p. v.  the  capital  of  Mon- 
mouth Co.  N.  J.,  25  m.  S.  E.  Bordentown.  This 
place  is  famous  for  a  battle  between  Washington's 
army  and  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in  1778.  Also  a 
village  in  Greene  Co.  N.  Y. 

Fredonia,  p. v.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Also  a 
village  in  Crawford  Co.  Indiana. 

Freehurg,  p. v.  Union  Co.  Pa. 

Freedom,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  Pop.  860.  Also 
a  village  in  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  and  Baltimore, 
Co.  Maryland. 

Freeman,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.     Pop.  724. 

Freeport,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,023. 
Also  villages  in  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.,  Armstrong 
Co. ;  Pa.  and  Harrison  Co.  Ohio. 

Freetown,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  on  Taunton 
River.  Pop.  1,909.  Also  a  p.t.  Cortland  Co.  N.Y. 
Fop.  1,051. 

Freeloum,  the  capital  of  the  colony  of  Sierit 
Leone.  The  harbour  has  three  wharves,  and  is 
protected  by  a  battery.  It  stands  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  river  Sierra  Leone,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Long.  12. 50.  W.,  lat.  8.  30.  N. 

Frehcl,  a  cape  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  13  m.  W.  of  St.  Malo.  Long.  2. 
15.  W.,  lat.  48.  41.  N. 

Frejus,  a  town  ol  France,  in  the  department  of 
Var.  By  the  Romans  it  was  called  Forum  Julii ; 
and  had  then  a  port  on  tlie  Mediterranean,  from 
wliich  it  is  now  2  m.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  that 
great  Roman  general  and  philosopher,  Agricola; 
and  near  it  some  fine  remains  of  antiquity  are 
still  visiltle.  It  is  celebrated  in  later  times  as  the 
place  where  Napoleon  landed  on  his  return  from 
Egypt,  in  the  autumn  of  1799,  and  again  in 
March  1815  from  the  island  of  Elba.  It  is  seateo 
near  the  river  Argens,  in  a  morass,  40  m.  N.  E, 
of  Toulon.     Long.  0.  44.  E.,  lat.  43.  26.  N. 

Frcnay  Ic  ViconUe,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Sarte,  9  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Alengon. 

French  Creek,  townships  of  Mercer  Co.  and  Ve- 
nango Co.  Pa. 

Frcnchton,  a  village  of  Dinwiddie  Co.  Va. 

Frenchlotcn,  a  village  in  Cecil  Co.  Maryland 
near  Elkton.  Also  a  village  in  Monroe  Co 
Michigan. 

Frenchman  s  Bay,  a  harbour  with  a  small  vil- 
lage upon  it  in  Lincoln  Co.  Me. 

Freudcnberg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  on  the  river 
Maine, 8  m.  W.  of  Wertheim. 

Freudcnberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  m  the 
county  of  Hoya,  13  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Bremen. 


^FRl 


^^5 


FRI 


Freudenstadt,  a  strong  town  of  Suabia,  in  the 
Black  Forest,  built  to  defend  the  passage  into  that 
forest.  In  17%,  it  was  taken  by  the  French.  It 
is  23  rn.  S.  by  E.  of  Baden. 

Freudcnthal,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Troppau,  celebrated  for  its  breed 
of  horses,  and  manufacture  of  fine  linen;  seated 
near  the  Mohra,  24  m.  W.  of  Troppau. 

Freyberct,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
with  a  castle.  In  the  environs  are  mines  of  cop- 
per, tin,  kad,  and  silver,  which  employ  a  great 
number  of  workmen.  Here  is  the  usual  burying- 
place  of  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Saxony.  It 
is  situate  on  a  branch  of  the  Muldau,  15  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  about  9,000. 

Freijbera-,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Ohnutz,  If)  m.  S.  W.  of  Teschen,  and  43  E.  of 
Olmutz.     Fop.  about  3,500. 

Freijberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Schweidnitz,  near  the  river  Polsnitz,  7  m.  N. 
W.  of  Schweidnitz. 

Freynnstein,  a  town  of  Brandenburg  in  the  Mark 
of  Pregnitz,  on  the  frontiers  of  Mecklenburg,  22 
m.  N.  E.  of  Perlberg. 

FreyetiiDiiMe,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle  Mark,  near  which  are  mineral  springs  and 
extensive  alum  works.  It  is  seated  on  the  Oder, 
3G  m.  N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Freysingen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  prin- 
cipality of  the  same  name.  The  cathedral  and 
palace  are  beautiful  structures.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1796.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain, 
near  the  Iser,  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Munich.  Long. 
11.  50.  E.,lat.  48.  21.  N. 

Freystadt,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Waag,  opposite  Leopoldstadt. 

Freystadt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Teschen,  with  a  castle,  on  the  river  Elsa,  8 
m.  N.  xV.  W.  of  Teschen. 

Freystat,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Glogau,  with  an  ancient  castle',  14  m.  N.  E.  of 
Sagan. 

Freystat,  a  town  of  Austria,  which  has  a  great 
trade  in  worsted,  17  m.  N.  of  Ens. 

Frihurg,  one  of  the  cantons  of  Switzerland, 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  canton  of  Bern. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn,  fruits,  and  pastures ;  and  the 
cheese  made'  in  this  canton  is  deemed  the  best 
made  in  Switzerland.  The  inhabitants,  70,000  in 
number,  are  papists,  quota  of  troops,  1,240. 

Frihurg,  a  fortified  town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  the  canton  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  in 
a  mountainous  country  on  the  river  Sancn,  which 
divides  it  into  two  parts ;  that  on  the  "VV.  side 
standing  on  plain  ground,  and  the  other  among 
rocks  and  hills.  The  public  buildings,  especially 
the  cathedral,  are  very  handsome ;  and  the  bishop 
of  Lausanne  resides  here.  Three  miles  from  this 
town  is  a  celebrated  hermitage,  cut  in  a  rock,  said 
to  be  the  work  of  one  man,  with  his  servant,  who 
performed  it  in  25  years.  Friburg  was  taken  by 
the  French,  in  1798.  It  is  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Bern, 
and  30  N.  E.  of  Lausanne.  Long.  7.  15.  E.,  lat. 
46.  43.  N. 

Friburg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  capital  of  Brisgau. 
The  steeple  of  its  great  church  is  the  finest  in 
Germany ;  and  here  is  a  university,  a  college 
formerly  belonging  to  the  Jesuits,  and  several 
convents.  The  inhabitants  are  famous  for  polish- 
ing crystal  and  precious  stones.  It  has  been  often 
taken.  It  is  seated  on  the  Triser,  53  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Baden,  and  10  E.  of  Brisach,  on  the  Rhine. 
.Long.  7.  58.  E.,  lat.  48.  3.  N.     Pop.  about  10,000. 

Friburcr,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony  in  Thurin- 


gia,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  situate  on  the 
Unstrut,  5  m.  N.  N.  "W.  of  Naumberg. 

*^*  There  are  numerous  other  towns  and  villa- 
ges beginning  with  Fri  or  Frcy  in  different  part? 
of  Germany  and  Fri  and  Frey  are  indiscriminate- 
ly written  sometimes  one  way  and  sometimes  the 
other. 

Frideck,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  circle  of  Tes- 
chen, on  the  frontier  of  Moravia,  12  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Teschen. 

Fridingen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  Danube, 
50  m.  S.^W.  of  Ulm. 

Fricdhcrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetteravia. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  by  the  river  Usbach, 
15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Frankfort. 

FrieMerg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  sit 
uate  on  the  Lechfeld,  6  m.  E.  of  Augsburg,  and 
30  N.  W.  of  Munich. 

Fricdberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Schweidnitz.  A  little  N.  of  the  town  a  battle 
was  gained  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  over  the  Aus- 
trians,  in  1745.     It  is  7  m.  N.  'W.  of  Schweidnitz. 

Fricdberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Stiria,  on  the 
river  Pink,  and  frontiers  of  Hungary,  33  m.  N.  E. 
of  Gratz. 

Friedbuvg,  a  town  of  'Westphalia,  in  East  Fries 
land,  with  a  castle,  25  m.  E.  of  Emden. 

Friedland,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Oppelen,  on  the  river  Steina,  12  m.  E.  of 
Neisse. 

Friedland,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Meck- 
lenburg, seated  in  a  swampy  country,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Pomerania.  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  An- 
clam. 

Friedland,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  confines 
of  Lusatia,  7  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Zittau. 

Friedland,  a  town  of  Prussia,  where  the  French, 
under  Bonaparte,  gained  a  complete  victory  over 
the  Russians,  June  14,  1807.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Alia,  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 

Friendly  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
South  Pacific  ocean,  so  named  by  Cook,  in  1773, 
on  account  of  the  friendship  that  appeared  to  sub- 
sist among  the  inhabitants,  and  their  courteous 
behaviour  to  strangers.  Tasman,  a  Dutch  navi- 
gator, first  touched  here  in  1653,  and  gave  the 
name  of  New  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  and  Mid- 
dleburg,  to  three  of  the  principal  islands.  Cook 
explored  the  whole  cluster,  which  he  found  to 
consist  of  more  than  20  islands,  the  principal  of 
which  are  Tongataboo,  or  Amsterdam ;  Eaoowe 
or  Middleburg;  Annamooka,  or  Rotterdam  ;  Ha- 
paee,  and  Lefooga.  The  first,  which  is  the  lar- 
gest, lies  in  174.  46.  W.  lona.,  and  21.  9.  S.  lat. 
The  general  appearance  of  these  islands,  conveys 
an  idea  of  the  most  exuberant  fertility  the  sur- 
face at  a  distance,  seems  entirely  clothed  with 
trees  of  various  sizes,  some  of  which  are  very 
large,  particularly  the  tall  cocoa,  palm,  and  spe- 
cies of  fig  with  narrow-pointed  leaves.  On  closer 
examination,  they  are  almost  wholly  laid  out  in 
plantations,  in  which  are  some  of  the  richest  pro- 
ductions of  nature ;  such  as  bread-fruit  and  co- 
coa-nut trees,  plantains,  yams,  sugar-canes,  and  a 
fruit  like  a  nectarine.  The  stock  of  quadrupeds 
are  scanty  ;  but  they  received  from  Cook  some 
valuable  additions,  both  to  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdom.  Their  domestic  fowls  are  as 
large  as  those  of  Europe.  Among  the  birds  are 
parrots  and  parroquets  of  various  sorts  which  fur- 
nish the  red  feathers  so  much  esteemed  in  the  So- 
ciety isles.  The  numerous  reefs  and  shoals  afford 
shelter  for  an  endless  variety  of  shell-fish.  These 
islands  are  all  inhabited  by  a  race  of  people,  wh* 


PRI 


316 


FUE 


•ultivate    the  earth  with  great  industry.      Na- 
ture, assisted  by  a  little  art,  appears  no  where  in 


greater  splendour.  Agriculture,  architecture, 
oat-building  and  fishing,  are  the  employments 
of  the  men  :  and  to  the  women  is  confined  the 
manufacture  of  cloth. 

Friendship,  a  town  in  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
634.  Also  a  p.t.  in  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y.  Pep. 
1,502.  Also  a  village  in  Anne  Arundel  Co.  Ma- 
ryland. 

Friendsville,a.  village  in  Susquehanna  Co.  Pa. 

Friesach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia, 
with  a  strong  castle  on  a  mountain  ;  seated  on 
the  Metnitz,  17  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Friesland,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Holland, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  German  Ocean,  W.  by 
Zuyder-Zee,  S.  by  the  same  and  Overyssel,  and  E. 
by  Overyssel  and  Groningen.  This  country  much 
resembles  the  province  of  Holland  in  its  soil,  canals, 
and  dikes.  Lewarden  is  the  capital.  Harlin- 
gen  on  the  shore  of  the  Zuyder-Zee,  is  the  princi- 
pal seaport. 

Friesland,  East,  a  principality  of  Westphalia, 
80  called  from  its  situation  with  respect  to  the 
Dutch  province  of  Friesland.  It  is  4G  m.  long, 
and  43  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  German 
Ocean,  E.  by  Oldenburg,  S.  by  Munster,  and  W. 
by  Groningen  and  the  German  Ocean.  The 
country  being  level  and  low,  is  necessarily  secur- 
ed against  inundations  by  expensive  dikes.  The 
land  is  fertile  ;  and  the  pastures  feed  horned  cat- 
tle, horses,  and  sheep,  of  extraordinary  size.  On 
the  death  of  prince  Charles  Edward,  in  1744  it 
became  subject  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  It  was 
taken  possession  of  by  Bonaparte  in  1806,  and  at 
the  general  partitioning  of  Europe  subsequent  to 
the  peace  of  Paris  in  1814,  it  was  relinquished 
by  Prussia,  and  ceded  to  Hanover.  Emden  is 
the  principal  sea-port ;  and  the  principal  towns 
in  the  interior  are  Aurich,  Essens,  and  Friede- 
burg.  The  aggregate  pop.  is  estimated  at  120,- 
000,  spread  over  a  surface  of  about  1,150  sq. 
miles. 

Frio,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Brazil,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Rio  Janeiro.  Long.  41.  31.  W.,  lat.  22. 
54,  S. 

Frisck  Haff,  a  lake  or  bay  of  Prussia,  from  3 
to  9  m.  broad,  and  extending  70  in  length,  along 
the  Baltic  sea,  with  which  it  communicates  by 
a  narrow  passage,  at  Pillau  ;  it  receives  the  Preg- 
el  at  the  N.  E.  end,  the  Passarges  from  the  S.  and 
the  E.  branch  of  the  Vistula  at  the  W.  end  ;  the 

Srincipal  sea-ports  within   the   Haff,  are  Elbing, 
Iraunsberg,  Brandenburg,  and  Konigsberg. 
Fritzlar,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
er Hesse,  with  two  colleges  and  a  convent,  seat- 
ed on  the  Eder,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Cassel. 

Friuli,  Austrian,  a  district  of  Austria,  compris- 
ing about  400  square  m.,  bounded  on  the  N.  and 


E.  by  Upper  and  Inner  Carniola,  and  W.  by  Ve 
netian  Friuli,  while  a  strip  of  the  Venetian  terri- 
tory, shuts  it  in  from  the  gulf  of  Trieste.  Gradis- 
ca,  30  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Trieste,  is  the  capital. 

Friuli,  a  province  of  Italy,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  Carinthia,  E.  by  Carniola  and  Austrian  Friuli, 
S.  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  and  W.  by  the  Trevisa- 
no  and  Bellunese.  It  is  rich  in  timber,  cattle, 
silk,  wine,  and  fruit.  It  is  watered  by  the  Taglia- 
mento,  and  several  other  rivers  falling  into  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  and  contains  about  370,000  inhab- 
itants. Udina,  in  the  centre  of  the  province,  is 
the  chief  town. 

Friuli,  or  Citta  di  Friuli,  a  town  of  Italy,  i" 
Friuli,  with  a  collegiate  church,  and  five  convents. 
It  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  which 
separates  Friuli  from  Carniola,  on  the  river 
Natisone,  15  m.  N.  £.  of  Udina. 

Frodlinrrham,  a  town  in  E.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  36 
m.  E.  of  York,  and  l'J4  N.  of  London. 

Frodsham,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  Here  is 
a  graving  dock  and  yard  for  building  and  repairing 
vessels.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weever,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey,  11  m.  N.  E. 
of  Chester,  and  192  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  It 
has  some  extensive  salt-works  in  the  town  and 
neighbourhood,  and  partakes  partially  of  the  cot- 
ton manufacture.  Pop.  of  the  parish  in  1821, 
5,451,  of  whom  1,55G  reside  in  tlie  town. 

Frame,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  near  Beaminster,  flows  by 
Frampton,  Dorchester,  and  Wareham,  and  enters 
the  bay  that  forms  the  harbour  of  Poole.  There 
is  another  river  of  the  same  name,  which  rises 
on  the  border  of  Worcestershire,  and  falls  into 
the  Lug  a  little  above  its  entrance  into  the  Wye, 
near  Hereford  ;  and  another  rising  on  the  border 
of  Wilts,  flows  through  Somersetshire,  and  falls 
into  the  Lower  Avon  near  Bath. 

Frame  Selwaod,  a  town  of  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
seated  on  the  banks  of  the  last  of  the  preceding 
rivers,  over  which  is  a  bridge  of  five  arches  :  it 
has  three  churches,  one  of  them  ancient  and 
elegant,  another  erected  in  1781 .  several  schools, 
alms  liouses,  five  meeting  houses,  new  market 
house,  &c.  Frome  is  the  seat  of  an  extensive 
manufacture  of  fine  woolen  cloth,  there  being 
about  50  establishments  engaged  therein,  6  ex- 
tensive dealers  in  wool,  and  many  dyers,  3  dres- 
sers, 4  wire  drawers,  and  7  for  the  manufacture 
of  cards.  It  is  12  m.  S.  of  Bath,  and  104  W. 
by  S  of  London.  The  pop.  which  in  1801  was 
8',747,  increased  in  1821  to  12,411. 

Frantenac,  a  county  of  Upper  Canada  border- 
ing   upon   the  eastern  part  of  lake  Ontario. 

Frontignan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Herault,  celebrated  for  its  muscadine 
wine,  generally  called  Frontignac.  It  is  seated 
on  the  lake  Magulcone,  12  m,"S.  S.  W.  of  Mont- 
pelier. 

Frostberg,  or  Frost  Town,  p. v.  Alleghany  Co. 
Maryland,  10  m.  W.  Cumberland.  This  place 
occupies  perhaps  the  highest  situation  of  any 
town  in  the  United  States,  being  seiited  upon  one 
of  the  Apalachian  ridges,  about  1,800  feet  abov« 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

Frayen,  an  island  in  the  North  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  Norway,  about  35  m.  in  circumference 
Long.  9.  0.  E.,  lat.  63.  45.  N. 

Fruitstown,  a  village  in  Cumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Frxjeburg,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,353. 

Frutlngen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Friburg. 

Fuego,  one  of   the  Cape  Verd  Island,  in  the 


FUN 


317 


FUR 


Atlantic  Ocean;  it  is  a  volcano,  which  burns  con- 
tinually. It  is  much  higher  than  any  of  the  rest, 
and  seems  to  be  a  single  mountain  at  sea,  but  on 
the  sides  there  are  deep  valleys.  It  has  no  river, 
and  is  almost  destitute  of  fresh  water  ;  but  is  fer- 
tile in  maize,  gourds,  wild  figs,  oranges,  and  ap- 
ples, and  has  a  great  number  of  wild  goats.  It 
is  300  m.  W.  of  Capo  Verd.  Long.  24.  30.  W., 
lat.  14.  54.  N. 

Fuen-tckeou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  province 
of  Chan-si.  Here  are  hot  baths  which  attract  a 
great  number  of  strangers.  Its  district  contains 
one  city  of  the  second,  and  seven  of  the  third 
class.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Fuen,  280  ra.  S.  W. 
of  Peking.     Long.  111.  20.  E.,  lat.  27.  20.  N. 

Fuente  Duenna,  a  town  of  Spain,   in  New  Cas- 

tvle,  seated  on  the  Tagus,  35  m.  S.  E.  of  Madrid. 

Fuente  Giraldo,  a  town    of  Spain,  in  Estrema- 

dura.     In  1734  it  was  taken    and    plundered    by 

the  Portuguese.     It  is  16  m.  N.  W.  of  Coria. 

Fussen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  principality 
of  Augsburg,  with  an  ancient  castle  and  a  Bene- 
dictine abbey.  It  commands  the  pass  into  Bava- 
ria and  Tyrol,  and  is  seated  on  the  Lech,  50  m. 
S.  of  Augsberg.  Long.  10.  45.  E.,  lat.  27. 
43.  N. 

Fula,  or  Foula,  the  most  western  of  the  Shet- 
land Islands,  supposed  to  be  the  Ultima  Thule  of 
the  ancients.  It  is  3  m.  in  length,  and  half  as 
much  in  breadth, and  affords  pasturage  for  sheep. 
The  only  landing-place,  which  is  called  Ham, 
lies  on  the  E  side.  Long.  1.  37.  W.,  lat  60. 
27.  N- 

Fulda.  a  bishopric  of  Germany,  in  the  elector- 
ate of  Hesse,  circle  of  Upper  Rhine  ;  bounded 
on  tbe  E.  by  the  county  of  Henneberg  and 
Wurtzburg,  and  on  the  other  sides  by  Wetteravia 
and  Hesse.  This  country  containing  760  square 
m.  is  very  bleak  and  mountainous,  but  contains 
numerous  towns  and  villages,  and  an  aggregate 
pop.  of  about  65,000.  The  river  Fulda  running 
from  S.  to  N.  intersects  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
district,  and  falls  into  the  Weser,  above  3  m.  S. 
of  Cassel. 

Fulda,  a  town,  capital  of  the  preceding  bishop- 
ric, contains  sever^-l-  very  fine  buildings,  among 
which  are  a  palace,  three  churches,  college  and 
university.  It  is  seated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Fulda,  55  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Cassel.  in  the  lat.  of  50. 
34.  N.,  and  9.  48.  of  E.  long.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Fulfiam,  a  village  of  Middlesex,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Thames,  4  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Hyde 
Park  Corner.  Here  is  a  wooden  bridge  over  the 
Thames,  erected  in  1729,  at  an  expense  of  £23, 
975,  to  defray  the  interest  of  which,  a  toll  is  still 
levied.  Fulham  has  been  the  demesne  of  the 
bishops  of  London,  ever  since  the  conquest ;  here 
ihey  have  a  palace  and  very  fine  gardens,  and  in 
the  church-yard  are  the  tombs  ofseveral  of  the 
prelates.  The  situation  of  tlie  village  is  rather 
secluded,  and  as  such  has  been  selected  for  the 
residence  of  a  number  of  the  retired  traders  of  the 
metropolis.  The  pop.  in  1801,  was  4,428,  increas- 
ed in  1821,  to  6,492. 

Fit! nek.  a.  town  and  castle  of  Moravia,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Silesia,  26  E.  N.  E.  of  Prerau. 
Fulton,  p.t.  Rowan  Co.  N.  C. 
Funckal,  the  capital  of  Madeira,  situate  round 
a  bay,  on  the  gentle  ascent  of  some  hills,  in  form 
of  an  amphitheatre.  An  old  castle  which  com- 
mands the  road  stands  on  the  top  of  a  steep  black 
rock,  called  the  Loo  Rock,  surrounded  by  the  sea 
at  high  water ;  there  are  also  three  other  forts, 
and  several  batteries.     The  streets  are  narrow  and 


dirty,  though  streams  of  water  run  through  them. 
The  houses  are  built  of  freestone,  or  of  bricks  ; 
but  they  are  dark,  and  only  a  few  of  the  best  are 
provided  with  glass  windows  ;  all  the  others  have 
a  kind  of  lattice-work  in  their  stead,  which  hang 
on  hinges.  The  beams  and  roof  of  the  cathedral 
are  of  cedar  ;  but  the  chief  curiosity  here  is  a 
chamber  in  the  Franciscan  convent,  the  walls  and 
ceiling  of  which  are  covered  with  human  skulls 
and  thigh  bones,  said  to  be  the  relics  of  holy  men 
who  have  died  on  the  island.  The  town  contains 
about  11,000  inhabitants.  Long.  17.  6.  E  ,  lat.  32. 
38.  N. 

Fundy,  a  bay  of  North  America,  between  New 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  remarkable  for  its 
tides,  which  rise  from  the  height  of  30  to  60  feet, 
and  flow  rapidly.  It  extends  about  200  m.  in  a 
E.  N.  E.  direction;  and  with  Vert  bay,  which 
pushes  into  the  land  in  a  N.  W.  direction  from 
Northumberland  strait,  forms  an  isthmus  of  only 
12  m.  wide,  which  unites  Nova  Scotia,  to  New 
Brunswick. 

Funr.n,  an  island  of  Denmark,  150  m.  in  cir- 
cumference ;  separated  from  Jutland  by  a  strait, 
called  the  Little  Belt,  and  from  Zealand,  by  the 
Great  Belt.  It  is  fertile  in  pasture  and  grain  and 
exports  to  Norway,  barley,  oats,  rye,  and  peas. 
Pop.  about  130,000.  Odensee  on  a  bay  at  the  N. 
end  of  the  island,  is  the  capital. 

Funfkirehen,  or  Five  Churches,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Hungary,  situate  in  a  fertile  country, 
between  the  Drave  and  the  Danube,  85  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Buda.  Long.  18.  13.  £.,  lat.  46.  12.  N. 
Pop.  about  11,500. 

Fuorll,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citeriore, 
21  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Sulmona. 

Furnace,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn. 
Furnes,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flanders, 
seated  near  the  German  Ocean,  on  the  canal  from 
Bruges  to  Dunkirk.  It  was  one  of  the  barrier 
towns  ;  but  in  1781,  emperor  Joseph  II.  expelled 
the  Dutch  garrison.  It  was  taken  by  the  French, 
in  1793,  and  is  12  m.  E.  of  Dunkirk. 

Furruckaliad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Rohilcund,  capital  of  a  small  district, 
about  30  m.  in  length,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  which  belongs  to  a  chief  of  the  Patan 
Rohilla  tribe.  Holkar  was  defeated  here  by  the 
British  in  1804.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ganges,  70 
m.  E.  of  Agra,  and  76  N.  W.  of  Lucknow.  Long. 
79.  30.  W.,  lat.  27.  28.  N. 

Furstenau,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Osnaburg,  13  m.  S.  W.  of  Quakenburg. 
Furstenber^,  a  principality  of  Suabia,  between 
the  Black  Forest  and  the  principality  of  Con- 
stance. In  this  state  the  river  Danube  takes  its 
rise. 

Furstenberg,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  prmci- 
pality  of  the  same  name,  with  aji  ancient  castle 
on  a  mountain,  near  the  Danube,  27  m.  E.  by  S 
of  Friburg.     Long.  8.  35.  E.,  lat.  47.  53.  N. 

Furstenberg,  a.  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Lusa- 

tia,  on  the  river  Oder,  11  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Furstenberg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Meck- 

lenburg-Strelitz,  on  the  river  Navel,  10  m.  S.  of 

Strelitz. 

Furstenfcld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Stiria,  with 
a  castle,  on  the  frontier  of  Hungary.  39  m.  E.  by 
S.ofGratz. 

Furstenwald,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Middle  Mark,  seated  on  the  Spree,  32  m.  E.  S  E. 
of  Berlin. 

Furstenicerder,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Ucker  Mark.  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Prenzio 
2d2 


GAI 


318 


GAL 


Furth,  a  town  and  castle  of  Lower  Bavaria,  on 
the  river  Cham,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Cham. 

Furth,  a  town  of  Franconia  in  the  principality 
of  Anspach,  seated  on  the  Rednitz,  5  m.  N.  W 
of  Nurembur^.  It  is  a  populous  place,  and  the 
seat  of  extensive  manufactures,  which  the  exclu- 
sive privileges  of  I^Jumerberg  prevent  from  being 
carried  on  in  that  city.     Fop.  about  13,000. 

Futtehpour,  or  Fatti-poor,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  Agra,  24  m.  W.  of  the  city  of 
Agra.     It  was  a  favourite  place  of  Akbar. 

Fijers,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Invernesshire, 
which  falls  into  the  E.  side  of  Lochness.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  fall,  a  height  of  107  feet,  form- 
ing one  of  the  most  romantic  and  interesting 
scenes  in  the  world ;  the  falls  are  10  m.  N.  £.  of 
Fort  Augustus. 


Fyne,  I^ch,  in  Scotland,  an  inlet  of  the  Atlantic 
in  Argyleshire,  nearly  40  m.  in  length.  It  re- 
ceives and  returns  a  tide  on  each  side  of  the  isle 
of  Arran,  which  is  opposite  its  entrance.  It  is 
indented  with  bays,  and  in  the  herring  season  is 
the  resort  of  numerous  fishing  vessels. 

Fijzabad,  a  city  of  Ilindoostan,  in  the  territory 
of  Oude,  of  which  it  was  once  the  capital.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  a  vast  building,  the  palace  of 
the  nabob  Sujah  Addowlah,  which,  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  is  said  to  have  contained  1 ,000  women 
and  upwards  of  50  of  his  children.  The  city  is 
populous ;  but,  since  the  removal  of  the  court  of 
Oude  to  Lucknow,  it  has  greatly  declined  in 
wealth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gogra,  76  m.  E.  of 
Lucknow.     Long.  82.  26.  E.,  lat.  20.  46.  N. 


GABARET,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Landes,  seated  on  the  Gelisse,  16  m.  W. 
of  Cv>ndom. 

Gabel,  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia,  which  com- 
mands the  pass  into  Lusatia.  It  is  8  m.  S.  of 
Zittau. 

Gahes,  or  Gals.     See  Cabes. 

Gabian,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment ol  Herault,  9  m.  N.  W.  of  Beziers.  It  has 
a  mineral  spring ;  and  near  it  is  a  rock  from 
which  issues  petroleum. 

Gabon,  a  country  of  Guinea,  bounded  on  the  N. 
hy  Majombo,  E.  by  Anziko,  S.  by  Loango,  and 
W.  by  the  Atlantic.  It  has  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  enters  the  Atlantic  a  little  N.  of  the 
equinoctial  line.     The  chief  town  is  Sette. 

Gadamis,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  Biledulgerid, 
capital  of  a  country  of  the  same  name.  It  is  170 
m.  S.  W.  of  Tripoli.  Long.  10.  40.  E.,  lat.  30. 
40.  N.  ^ 

Gadebusch,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  Meck- 
lenburg, near  which  the  Swedes  defeated  the 
Danes  and  Saxons  in  1712.  It  is  16  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Schwerin. 

Gaeta,  a  strong  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  with  a  fort,  a  citadel,  and  a 
harbour.  It  was  taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1707, 
by  the  Spaniards  in  1734,  and  by  the  French  in 
1806.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on 
the  gulf  of  Gaeta,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Capua.  Long. 
13.47.  F.,  lat.  41.30.  N. 

Gaildorf,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  lordship 
of  Linburgh,  with  a  castle  near  the  river  Koeher, 
13  m.  W.  of  Elwangen. 

Gaillac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Tarn,  celebrated  for  its  wine.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Tarn,  which  is  here  navigable,  10  m.  S.  W. 
of  Alby.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect,  and  in  1885 
contained  /,310  inhabitants, 

Gaillon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  with  a  magnificent  palace,  belonging 
to  the  archbishop  of  Rouen.  It  is  11  m.  N.  E. 
of  Evreux,and  22.  S   S.  E.  of  Rouen. 

Gaines,  p.t.  Broome  Co.  Kentucky. 

Gainesville,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,820. 

Gainsborough,  villages  in  Frederick  Co.  Va. 
and  Jackson  Co.  Ten.  Also  a  township  of  Lin- 
coln Co.  Upper  Canada. 

Gainsboroutrh,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng. 
Heated  on  the  Trent,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
stone  bridge.     It  is  a   river-port  of  some  conse- 


quence, being  accessible  to  vessels  of  sufficient 
size  to  navigate  the  sea  ;  and  serves  as  a  place  of 
export  and  import  for  the  N.  part  of  the  county, 
and  for  Nottinghamshire.  It  is  17  m.  N.  W. 
of  Lincoln,  and  149  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1801,  4,506,  and  in  1821,  5,893. 

Gainsburg,  p. v.  Christian  Co.  Ken. 

Gairloch,  a  large  bay  of  Scotland,  on  the  W, 
coast  of  Ross-shire,  which  gives  name  to  a  tract 
of  land  near  it.  The  fishing  of  cod,  and  other 
white  fish,  is  here  very  considerable. 

Galacz,  or  Gala,  a  town  of  European  Turke}^, 
in  Moldavia.  In  1790,  it  was  taken  by  the  Rus- 
sians, after  a  bloody  battle.  It  is  seated  on  a  lake 
near  the  conflux  of  the  Pruth  with  the  Danube 
55  m.  W.  of  Ismael,  and  120  S.  S.  W.  of  Bender, 
Long.  28.  24.  E.,  lat.  45.  24.  N. 

Galapagos,  a  cluster  of  islands,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  near  the  coast  of  Colombia.  They  lie 
under  the  equator,  and  the  centre  island  is  in 
long.  85.  3().  W.  They  are  uninhabited,  but 
are  frequently  visited  by  the  South  Sea  whale 
ships  for  fresh  water  and  provisions.  The  largest 
is  60  or  70  m.  long  and  50  broad. 

They  are  in  general  barren  ;  but  some  of  the 
highest  have  a  stunted  brushwood,  and  all  of 
them  are  covered  with  the  prickly  pear-tree,  up- 
on which  a  large  species  of  land-tortoise  lives  and 
thrives  in  a  wonderful  manner.  The  most  accu- 
rate and  full  account  of  these  curious  animals  is 
contained  in  a  very  amusing  book,  Delano's 
Voyages  and  Travels,  printed  at  Boston,  in  1817. 
Captain  Delano  says, — '■  The  Terrapin,  or  as  it  is 
sometimes  called,  the  Land-Tortoise,  that  is  found 


at  the  Galapagos  Islands,  is  by  far  the  largest, 
best,  and  most  numerous,  of  any  place  I  ever  vis- 
ited. Some  of  the  largest  weigh  three  or  four 
hundred  pounds-;  but  their  common  size  is  be- 
tween fifty  and  one  hundred  pounds.  Their 
shape  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  our  small 
land-tortoise,  which  is  found  upon  the  upland, 
and  is.  like  it,  high  and  round  on  the  r/ack.     They 


GAii 


319 


GAL 


have  a  very  long  neck,  which,  together  with  their 
head,  has  a  disagreeable  appearance,  very  much 
resembling  a  large  serpent.  I  have  seen  them 
with  necks  between  two  and  three  feet  long,  and 
when  they  saw  anything  that  was  new  to  them, 
or  met  each  other,  they  would  raise  their  heads 
as  high  as  they  could,  their  necks  being  nearly 
vertical,  and  advance  with  their  mouths  wide 
open,  appearing  to  be  the  most  spiteful  of  any 
reptile  whatever.  Sometimes  two  of  them  would 
come  up  to  each  other  in  that  manner,  so  near  as 
almost  to  touch,  and  stand  in  that  position  for 
two  or  three  minutes,  appearing  so  angry,  that 
their  mouths,  heads,  and  necks  appeared  to  quiver 
with  passion,  when,  by  the  least  touch  of  a  stick 
against  their  necks  or  heads,  they  would  shrink 
back  in  an  instant,  and  draw  their  necks,  heads, 
and  legs  into  their  shells.  This  is  the  only  quick 
motion  I  ever  saw  them  perform.  I  was  put  in 
the  same  kind  of  fear  that  is  felt  at  the  sight  or 
near  approach  of  a  snake,  at  the  first  one  I  saw, 
which  was  very  large.  I  was  alone  at  the  time, 
and  he  stretched  himself  as  high  as  he  could, 
opened  his  mouth,  and  advanced  towards  me. 
His  body  was  raised  more  than  a  foot  from  the 
ground,  his  head  turned  forward  in  the  manner 
of  a  snake  in  the  act  of  biting,  and  raised  two 
feet  and  a  half  above  its  body.  1  had  a  musket 
in  my  hand  at  the  time,  and  when  he  advanced 
near  enough  to  reach  him  with  it,  1  held  the  muz- 
zle out  so  that  he  hit  his  neck  against  it,  at  the 
touch  of  which  he  dropt  himself  upon  the  ground, 
and  instantly  secured  all  his  limbs  within  his 
shell.  They  are  perfectly  harmless,  as  much  so 
as  any  animal  I  know  of,  notwithstanding  their 
threatening  appearance.  They  liave  no  teeth, 
and  of  course  they  cannot  bite  very  hard.  They 
take  their  food  into  their  mouths  by  the  assistance 
of  the  sharp  edge  of  the  upper  and  under  jaw, 
which  shut  together,  one  a  little  within  the  other, 
•BO  as  to  nip  grass,  or  any  flowers,  berries,  or 
shrubbery,  the  only  food  they  eat.  Those  who 
have  seen  the  elephant,  have  seen  the  exact  re- 
semblance of  the  leg  and  foot  of  a  terrapin.  I 
have  thought  that  I  could  discover  some  faint  re- 
semblance to  that  animal  in  sagacity.  They  are 
very  prudent  in  taking  care  of  themselves  and 
their  eggs,  and  in  the  manner  of  securing  them 
in  their  nests;  and  1  have  observed  on  board  my 
own  ship,  as  well  as  others,  that  they  can  easily 
be  taught  to  go  to  any  place  on  the  deck,  which 
may  be  wished  for  them  to  be  constantly  kept  in. 
The  method  to  effect  this  is,  by  whipping  them 
with  a  small  line  when  they  are  out  of  place,  and 
to  take  them  up  and  carry  them  to  the  place  as- 
signed for  them ;  which,  being  repeated  a  few 
times,  will  bring  them  into  the  practice  of  going 
themselves,  by  being  whipped  when  they  are 
out  of  their  place.  They  can  be  taught  to  eat  on 
board  a  ship,  as  well  as  a  sheep,  or  a  goat ;  and 
will  live  for  a  long  time,  if  there  is  proper  food 
provided  for  them.  This  I  always  took  care  to 
do,  when  in  a  place  where  I  could  procure  it. 
The  most  suitable  to  take  on  board  a  ship,  is 
prickly  pear-trees;  the  trunk  of  which  is  a  soft, 
pithy  substance,  of  a  sweetish  taste,  and   full   of 

iuice.  Sometimes  I  procured  grass  for  them, 
iither  of  these  being  strewed  on  the  quarter- 
deck, the  pear-tree  being  cut  fine,  would  imme- 
diately entice  them  to  come  from  all  parts  of  the 
deck  to  it ;  and  they  would  eat  in  their  way,  as 
well  as  any  domestic  animal.  I  have  known 
them  live  several  months  without  food  ;  but  they 
always,  in  that  case,  grow  lighter,  and  their  fat 


diminishes,  as  common  sense  teaches,  notwith- 
standing some  writers  have  asserted  to  the  con- 
trary. Their  flesh,  without  exception,  is  of  as 
sweet  iind  pleasant  a  flavour  as  any  that  I  ever 
eat.  It  was  common  to  take  out  of  one  of  theiH; 
ten  or  twelve  pounds  of  fat,  when  they  were  open- 
ed, besides  wliat  was  necessary  to  cook  them  with. 
This  was  as  yellow  as  our  best  butter,  and  of  a 
sweeter  flavour  than  hog's  lard.  They  are  the 
slowest  in  their  motions  of  any  animal  1  ever  saw, 
except  the  sloth.  They  are  remarkable  for  their 
strength)  one  of  them  would  bear  a  man's  weight 
on  his  back  and  walk  with  him.  I  have  seen 
them  at  one  or  two  other  places  only.  One  in- 
stance was,  those  brought  from  Madagascar  to 
the  Isle  of  France;  but  they  were  far  inferior  in 
size,  had  longer  legs,  and  were  much  more  ugly 
in  their  looks,  than  those  of  the  Galapagos 
Islands. 

Galdshids,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Selkirkshire 
with  a  manufacture  of  woolen  cloth,  known  by 
the  name  of  Galashiels  Gray.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Gala,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Tweed,  5 
m.N.  of  Selkirk. 

Galbally,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Limerick,  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Limerick.  Pop 
412. 

Galen,  a  township  of  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y. 

Galicia,  a  late  province  in  the  S.  W.  part  of 
Poland,  lying  between  the  lat.  48.  and  51.  N. 
and  19.  and  26.  of  E.  long.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  S.  in  a  direction  W.  by  N.  by  the  Carpathian 
mountains,  which  divides  it  from  Hungary  ;  the 
W.  end  jets  upon  Silesia,  the  Vistula  river  forms 
part  of  its  northern,  and  the  Bug  part  of  its  east- 
ern boundary  ;  the  S.  E.  extremity  is  divided  by 
the  Bukowine  district  from  Moldavia,  and  the 
Dneister  river  intersects  the  S.  E.  part.  This 
territory  was  forcibly  seized  by  the  Austrians  in 
1772,  and  incorporated  into  the  Austrian  domin- 
ions, under  the  appellation  of  the  kingdom  of 
Galicia  and  Lodomiria.  The  mountainous  parts 
possess  fine  pasture  ;  the  plains  are  mostly  sandy, 
but  abound  in  forests,  and  are  fertile  in  corn. 
The  principal  articles  of  traffic  are  cattle,  hides, 
wax,  and  honey  ;  the  country  also  contains  mines 
of  copper,  lead,  iron,  and  salt,  of  which  the  latter 
are  the  most  valuable.  Its  limits  comprise  up- 
ward of  32,900  sq.  m.,  the  pop.  about  3,750,000. 
It  is  divided  into  East  Galicia  and  West  Galicia, 
of  which  the  capitals  are  Lemburg  and  Cracoy. 

Galicia,  a  province  of  Spain,  forming  the  N 
W.  extremity  of  the  Peninsula,  bounded  on  the 
N.  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  E.  by 
Asturias  and  Leon,  on  the  S.  by  the  Portuguese 
province  of  Tras-os-Montes,  and  on  the  S.  W.  by 
the  river  Minho,  which  divides  it  from  the  Por- 
tuguese province  of  Entre  Douro  e  Minho.  Its 
extreme  length  from  the  mouth  of  the  Minho 
river  in  41.  52.,  to  Cape  Ortegal,  the  exterme 
northern  limit  of  Spain  in  42. 46.  N.,  is  133  statute 
m.  ,  and  its  extreme  width  from  the  frontier  of 
Leon  to  Cape  Finisterre,  the  extreme  western 
hmit  of  Spain  in  the  lat.  of  42.  56.  IS.,  and  9. 17. 
of  W.  long,  is  about  120  m.;  but  the  mean  length 
and  breadth  does  not  much,  if  at  all,  exceed  100 
m.  :  its  area  therefore  comprises  about  10,(Hi0  sq. 
m. ;  the  pop.  in  1810  amounted  to  1,142,630.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  mountainous  districts  in  Spain, 
yielding  abundance  of  fine  timber,  and  various 
minerals.  The  whole  extent  of  its  coast  is  in- 
dt  nted  with  fine  bays  and  harbours.  Ferrol,  25 
ni.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cape  Ortegal,  is  one  of  the  prin- 
c:pal  stations  of   the  Spanish    national  marine 


GAL 


320 


GAL 


the  port  of  Cornnna  is  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the 
same  bay,  in  which  the  harbour  of  Ferrol  is  situ- 
ate :  the  most  important  harbour  on  the  W.  coast 
is  Vi(To  bay,  about  50  m.  S.  of  Cape  Finisterre, 
and  a  few  m.  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Minho. 
Santiago,  or  St.  Jago  de  Compostella,  35  m.  S. 
of  Cor'  nna,  and  300  N.  W.  of  Madrid,  is  the  cap- 
ital 'if  ..he  province  ;  the  other  principal  towns 
are  >/:)ndoneda  and  Betanzos  in  the  N.  E.,  Lugo 
35  ni.  E.  of  Santiago,  Orense  on  the  S.,  and 
Ciudad  Tuy  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Minho,  and 
Bayona  on  a  southern  inlet  of  Vigo  bay. 

GitlUsch,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Kostroma,  on  the  S.  side  of  a  lake  of  itg  name, 
m  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Kostroma.  Long.  42. 54.  E., 
lat.  57.  5G.  N. 

Gall,  St.  a  small  hut  populous  canton  of  Swit- 
rerland,  the  E.  end  bordering  on  a  lake  of  Con- 
stance, between  the  cantons  of  Thurgau,  and  Ap- 
penzel.  Its  population  in  1825,  amounted  to  134, 
OOO,  its  quota  of  troops  2,630. 

Gall,  St.  or  St.  Gallen,  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
capita!  of  the  canton  of  St.  Gall.  It  has  a  rich  ab- 
bey, whose  abbot  formerly  possessed  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  town.  The  town  is  entirely  protes- 
tant ;  and  the  subjects  of  the  abbot  whose  territory 
is  distinct,  are  mostly  catholics.  The  abbey  is  sit- 
uate close  to  the  town  ;  and  in  its  library  are  many 
curious  manuscripts.  The  town  has  an  extensive 
trade,  arising  chiefly  from  its  linen  and  cotton 
manufactures  and  bleaching  grounds.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  narrow  valley,  on  two  small  streams,  35 
m.  E.  of  Zurich.  Long.  9.  18.  E.,  lat.  47.  21.  N. 
Pop.  about  10,000. 

Galla,  an  extensive  territory  of  Africa,  com- 
prising all  the  S.  part  of  Abyssinia ;  the  limits 
on  the  S.  and  W.  are  very  undefined  :  the  inhab- 
itants are  among  the  rudest  and  uncivilized  of 
any  in  Africa. 

Gallam,  a  town  of  Negroland,  capital  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  on  the  river  Senegal.  The 
French  built  a  fort  here,  which  was  ceded  to  the 
English  in  1763.  During  the  American  war  it 
was  taken  by  the  French,  but  restored  in  1783. 
Long.  10.  0.  W.,  lat.  14.  35.  N. 

Gallatin,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded  on 
t!ie  N.  for  about  35  miles  by  the  Ohio  river,  which 
divides  it  from  the  state  of  Indiana.  Pop.  6,680. 
Port  William,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Kentucky 
river  at  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio,  45  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Frankfort,  is  the  chief  town. 

Gallatin,  is  also  the  name  of  another  county  in 
the  state  of  Illinois.  Pop.  7,407.  It  is  celebrated 
for  its  salt  springs,  from  which  vast  quantities  of 
salt  are  made.     Equalit}'  is  the  chief  town. 

Gallatin,  a  township  in  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  1,588.  Also  villages  in  Sumner  Co.  Ten. 
and  Copiah  Co.  Mississippi. 

Gallatin's  River,  one  of  the  head  water  streams 
of  the  Missouri  rising  in  the  lat.  of  44.  N.  and 
110.  5.  of  W.  long.,  upw.ards  of  3,000  miles 
by  the  course  of  the  river,  above  the  entrance  of 
the  Missouri  into  the  Mississippi. 

Gallia,  a  county  on  the  S.  E.  border  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  bounded  by  the  Ohio  river,  where 
it  receives  the  great  Kanahwa  from  Virginia.  Pop. 
9,733.     Gallipolis,  on  the  Ohio  is  the  chief  town. 

Gaile,  or  Point  de  Gidle,  a  sea-port  on  the  S. 
coast  of  Ceylon,  in  a  rich  and  beautiful  district, 
with  a  strong  fort  and  a  secure  harbour.  It  is 
populous,  and  in  point  of  trade  ranks  next  to  Co- 
lumbo.  The  chief  branch  of  its  traffic  consists  in 
the  exp'ration  of  fish  to  the  continent;  but  a 
great  part  of  the  products  of  the   island  are  also 


shipped  here  for  Europe.     It  is  85  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Columbo.     Long.  80.  10.  E.,  lat.  6.  0.  N. 

Gailipoli,  a  strait  between  European  and  Asia- 
tic Turkey,  the  ancient  Hclhspont.  It  forms 
the  communication  between  the  Archipelago  and 
the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  is  defended  at  the  S.  W 
entrance  by  two  castles.  It  is  here  2  m.  over, 
and  is  33  m.  long.     See  Dardanelles. 

Gailipoli,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  which 
gives  name  to  the  preceding  strait,  is  seated 
near  its  opening  into  the  sea  of  Marmora.  It  is 
the  residence  of  a  pacha,  and  the  see  of  a  Greek 
bishop.  It  contains  about  10,000  Turks,  3,500 
Greeks,  beside  a  great  number  of  Jews.  It  is  an 
open  place,  with  no  other  defence  than  a  sorry 
square  castle.  It  was  the  first  place  in  Europe 
possessed  by  the  Turks;  100  m.  S.W.  of  Con- 
stantinople."  Long.  26.  59.  E.,  lat.  40.  26.  N. 

Gailipoli,  a  sea-port  of  Naples,  in  Terra  diOt- 
ranto,  and  a  bishop's  see.  This  place  is  a  great 
mart  for  olive  oil,  and  has  a  manufacture  of 
muslins.  It  is  seated  on  a  rocky  island,  on  the 
E.  shore  of  the  bay  of  Tarento,  md  joined  to  the 
main  land  by  a  bridge,  protected  by  a  fort,  23  m. 
W.  of  Otranto.  Long.  18.  5.  E.,  lat.  40.  20.  N. 
Pop.  about  9,000. 

Gallipolis,  p.Vi  Gallia  Co.  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio 
river. 

Galloway,  a  district  of  Scotland,  now  divided 
into  East  and  West  Galloway,  or  Kirkcudbright 
shire,  and  Wigtonshire.  It  was  famous  for  a  par- 
ticular breed  of  small  horses,  called  galloways. 

Galloway,  Mull  of,  the  extreme  S.  W.  point  of 
Scotland,  in  the  lat.  of  59.  38.  N.,  and  4.  50.  of 
W.  long.  It  forms  the  W.  point  of  entrance  to 
Luce  bay,  and  the  E.  point  of  entrance  to  the 
North  Channel,  between  the  Irish  Sea,  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Galloicay,J^ew,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire, on  the  river  Ken,  18  in.  N.  of 
Kirkcudbright,  and  80  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop. 
in  1821,  941. 

Galmier,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire  ;  with  a  medicinal  spring  of  a  vi- 
nous tiiste,  18  m.  E.  of  Montbrison. 

Galston,  a  populous  village  of  Ayrshire,  Scot- 
land, seated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Irvine,  3  m 
S.  S.  E.  of  Kilmarnock. 

Galum,  p.v.  Jackson  Co.  Illinois. 

Galway,  a  maritime  county,  in  the  province 
of  Connaught,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  being 
about  100  m.  in  extreme  length  from  E.  to  W. 
the  W.  part  projecting  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  is 
a  mountainous  and  dreary  district,  but  the  inland 
part  is  in  general  fertile  both  in  grain  and  pasture  ; 
next  to  Cork  it  is  the  largest  county  in  Ireland, 
comprising  989,950  acres,  and  in  1821  contained 
a  pop.  of  337,374.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
the  river  Suck,  which  divides  it  from  Roscommon, 
and  the  Shannon  on  the  S.  E.  divides  it  from  Tip- 
perary,  lake  Corrib  divides  the  W.  from  the  E. 
part  of  the  county  ;  beside  the  county  town  of  the 
same  name,  the  other  principal  towns  are  Tuam, 
Athenry,  and  Loughrea. 

Galway,  the  chief  town  of  the  preceding  coun- 
ty, is  seated  on  the  banks,  of  the  outlet  of  lake 
Corrib  into  Galway  bay,  12()  m.  due  W.  of  Dublin. 
It  was  formerly  surrounded  by  strong  walls  ;  the 
streets  are  large  and  straight,  and  the  houses  are 
generally  well  built  of  stone.  The  harbour  is  de- 
fended by  a  fort  Here  is  a  coarse  woolen  and 
linen  manufacture,  and  a  considerable  trade  in 
kelp.  The  salmon  and  herring  fishery  is  also 
considerable.     It  is  divided  into  3  parishes,  and  is 


GAN 


3S1 


GAU 


a  coiinty  of  itself,  having  a  separate  jurisdiction. 
The  principal  church,  which  its  collegiate,  is  a 
spacious  gothic  edifice  ;  it  has  several  catholic 
establishments  of  friars  and  nuns,  a  county  infirm- 
arv.  exchange,  and  several  other  public  buildings. 
Pop.  in  1820,  27,775. 

Galway  Bay,  extends  about  20  m.  from  W.  to 
E..  and  is  from  7  to  20  m.  wide  ;  the  South  Arran 
Isles  stretch  across  the  entrance. 

Galway,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,710. 

Gambia,  a  noble  river  in  Africa,  falling  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  by  several  channels  between  the 
lat.  of  12.  and  13.  45.  N.  Cape  St.  Aiary,  the  S. 
point  of  entrance  to  the  main  channel,  is  in  the 
lat.  of  13.  8.  N. ;  and  16.  33.  of  W.  long.  The 
banks  for  about  100  m.  from  the  mouth  are  low 
and  swampy,  but  higher  up,  the  river  flows 
through  a  delightfully  fertile  country,  interspersed 
with  numerous  towns  and  villages.  At  a  distance 
of  about  400  m.  from  its  mouth,  the  navigation 
is  impeded  by  falls,  and  above  them  but  little  is 
known  of  its  course. 

Gambron.     See  Gomhron. 

Gnna,  Ganara.     See  Ghana. 

Ganah,  a  town  of  the  empire  of  Cassina,  in  the 
interior  of  North  Africa,  230  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Agades.     Long.  14.  30.  E.,  lat.  24.  40.  N. 

Gandershcim,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel,  with  a  celebra- 
ted convent,  17  m.    S.   W.  of  Goslar. 

Gandia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  with  a 
small  university  ;  seated  on  a  river,  near  its  en- 
trance into  the  gulf  of  Valencia,  32  m.  S.  E.  of 
Valencia,  and  48  N.  by  E.  of  Alicant.  Pop.  about 
6,000. 

Gandicotta,  or  Wandicotta,  a  town  and  fortress 
of  Hindocstan,  in  the  circar  of  Cuddapa,  near 
which  is  a  diamond  mine.  It  is  seated  on  a  lofly 
mountain,  by  the  river  Pennar,  33  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Cuddapa. 

Gangapatnam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pannar,  94  m.  N. 
of  Madras.     Long.  80. 12.  B.,  lat.  14.  24.  N. 

Gangea,  or  Ganja,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the 
province  of  Eviran,  105  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Teflis. 
Leng  45.  50.  B.,  lat.  41. 10.  N. 

Ganges,  a  celebrated  river  of  Asia,  which  has 
Its  source  in  two  springs,  on  the  W.  side  of  Mt. 
Kentaiffe,  in  Tibet,  in  the  lat.  of  34.  N.,  and  82. 
ofE.  long.  The  2  streams  take  a  W.  direction 
for  300  m.  when  meeting  the  ridge  of  Himmaleh, 
they  tnrn  S.,  unite  their  waters,  and  form  what  is 
properly  called  the  Ganges,  from  the  Hindoo 
word  Ganga,  which  signifies  a  river  ;  a  term  giv- 
en it  by  way  of  eminence.  This  great  body  of 
water  now  forces  a  passage  through  the  ridge  of 
Himmaleh  at  the  distance  of  400  m.  below  the 
place  of  its  first  approach,  and  rushing  through  a 
cavern,  precipitates  itself  into  a  vast  basin,  at  the 
hither  foot  of  the  mountain.  The  Ganges  thus 
appears,  to  incurious  spectators,  to  have  its  source 
from  this  chain  of  mountains.     Superstition  has 

fiven  to  the  mouth  of  the  cavern  the  form  of  the 
cad  of  a  cow  ;  an  animal  held  by  the  Hindoos  in 
great  veneration ;,  and  it  is  therefore  called  the 
Gangotri,  or  the  Cow's  Mouth.  From  this  place 
it  takes  a  S.  E.  direction  through  the  country  of 
Sirina^ur,  until,  at  Hurdwar,  it  finally  escapes 
from  this  mountainous  tract  in  v/hicK  it  has  wan- 
dered 800  m.  From  Hurdwar,  whf^re  it  gushes 
through  an  opening  in  the  mountains,  and  enters 
Hindoostan,  it  flows  1,200  m.  with  a  smooth  nav- 
igable stream,  through  delightful  plains,  to  the 
bay  of  Bengal,  which  it  enters  by  several  mouth<i, 
'It 


that  form  an  extensive -delta,  in  the  lat.  of  22.  N., 
and  between  88.  and  91.  of  E.  long.  In  its  course 
through  these  plains,  it  receives  11  rivers,  some 
of  them  larger  and  none  smaller  than  the  Thames, 
besides  many  of  inferior  note  ;  the  principal  of 
which  are  the  Gogra,  Cossy,  and  the  Burampoo- 
ter  from  the  N.,  and  the  Jumna,  Soane,and  Dum- 
raooda  from  the  S.  In  the  annual  inundation  of 
this  river,  which  on  an  average  rises  31  feet,  the 
country  is  oveflowed  to  the  extent  of  more  than 
100  m.  in  width.  The  Ganges  is,  in  every  re- 
spect, one  of  the  most  beneficial  rivers  in  the 
world  ;  diffusing  plenty  immediately  by  means  of 
its  living  productions ;  and  by  enriching  the 
lands,  affording  an  easy  conveyance  for  the  pro- 
duction of  its  borders,  and  giving  employment  to 
many  thousand  boatmen.  It  is  no  wonder,  there- 
fore, that  the  Hindoos  regard  this  river  as  a  kind 
of  deity,  that  they  hold  its  waters  in  high  vene- 
ration, and  that  it  is  visited  annually  by  a  prodig- 
ious number  of  pilgrims  from  all  parts  of  Hin- 
doostan.    See  Hoogly. 

Gangotri,  a  town  of  the  country  of  Sirinagur, 
seated  on  the  Ganges,  where  that  river  rushes 
through  a  cavern  of  the  Himmaleh  mountains, 
170  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Sirinagur.  Long.  76.  35.  E., 
lat.  38.  8.  N. 

Gang-pour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa, 
capital  of  a  circar  of  its  name.  It  is  50  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Sumbulpour,  and  160  N.  W.  of  Cuttack. 
Long.  84.  10.  E.,  lat.  22.  2.  N. 

Ganjam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  circar 
of  Cicaole,  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  which  is  rarely  navigable,  near  the  S. 
end  of  lake  Chilca,  110  m.  N.  E.  of  Cicaole. 
Long.  85.  20.  E.,  lat  19.  22.  N. 

GannxU,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Allier,  30  m.  S.  of  Moulins;  it  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect. 

Gap,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Alps,  and  lately  a  bishop's  see. 
It  has  a  fort  called  Puymore,  and  is  seated  on 
the  small  river  Bene,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
in  which  some  mineral  waters  are  found,  348  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Paris  and  82  N.  N.  W.   of  Nice. 

Gapsal,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Revel,  on  a  small  gulf  of  the  Baltic,  36  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Revel. 

Garak.     See  Karek. 

Gard,  a  department  of  the  S.  of  France,  in- 
cluding part  of  the  late  province  of  Languedoc 
It  has  its  name  from  a  rapid  river  which  rises  in 
the  department  of  Lozere,  flows  S.  E.  through 
this  department,  and  enters  the  Rhone,  above 
Beaucaire.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Rhone  ; 
the  S.  point  jets  upon  the  Mediterranean  ;  it  par- 
takes, however,  more  of  the  character  of  an  interi- 
or than  a  maritime  district.  It  is  rich  in  mines 
of  lead,  calamine,  antimony,  manganese,  gypsum, 
&c.  The  vine  and  olive,  and  especially  the  lat- 
ter, flourish  luxuriantly. 

Garda,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Veronese,  seated 
on  the  E.  shore  of  a  lake  of  its  name,  17  m.  N.  W. 
of  Verona. 

Garda,  Lake  of,  the  largest  lake  in  Italy,  lying 
between  the  territories  of  Verono  and  Brescia.  It 
is  30  m.  long,  and  20  where  broadest ;  but  not 
above  four  towards  its  northern  extremity,  which 
enters  the  principality  of  Trent  ;  its  outlet  is  by 
the  Mincio,  which  runs  past  Mantua  into  the  Po. 

Gardefan,  or  Guardafui,  a  cape  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  the  most  eiisterly  point  of  Africa.  Long. 
51.  10.  E.,  lat.  11.40.  N. 

Gardeleben,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Old 


GAS 


322 


<SEF 


Mark,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  a  trade  in 
beer,  seated  on  the  river  Beise,  15  m.  W.  of  Sten- 
dal. 

Gardiner,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Kennebec  River,  4  m.  S.  Hallowell. 
Pop.  2,030.  This  is  a  flourishing  town  with  con- 
siderable trade  in  lumber  and  manufactories  of 
cotton  and  iron.  It  has  a  fine  gothic  church  built 
of  granite;  the  handsomest  specimen  of  architec- 
ture in  the  state. 

Gardner,  p  t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  1,023. 

Gardner's  Island,  lies  in  Gardner's  Bay  at  the 
E.  end  of  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  It  is  about  4  m. 
long  and  is  a  part  of  the  township  of  East  Hamp- 
ton. 

Gargnano,  a  town  of  the  Bresciano,  seated  on 
the  W.  shore  of  lake  Garda,  26  m.  N.  E.  of  Bres- 
cia. 

Garland,  t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.     Pop.  621. 

Garmuut.h,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Murrayshire, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Spey,  with  a  good  harbour. 
Great  quantities  of  sliip-timber  are  floating  down 
the.river  to  the  town,  and  many  small  vessels  are 
built  here.  Wool  is  also  a  considerable  article 
of  commerce.     It  is  8  m.  E.  of  Elgin. 

Garonne,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  flows  N.  IV.  E.  to  Toulouse,  and 
from  thence  N.  W.  past  Valence,  Agen,  Mar- 
mande,  and  Bordeaux,  into  the  bay  of  Biscay,  re- 
ceiving in  its  course  from  the  E.  the  Tarn,  Lot, 
Vezere,  and  Dordogne,  from  whence  it  is  called 
the  Gironde,  and  is  united  with  the  Mediter- 
ranean by  a  canal  from  Toulouse,  called  the  ca- 
nal of  Languedoc. 

Garonne,  Upper,  a  department  of  the  S.  of 
France,  containing  part  of  the  late  province  of 
Languedoc.  The  S.  extends  to  the  Pyrenees, 
and  it  is  intersected  its  whole  extent  from  S.  to 
N.  by  the  Garonne.  It  is  fertile  both  in  tillage 
and  pasture ;  the  vine  is  also  cultivated  to  a  great 
extent.  It  is  divided  into  four  arrondissements, 
of  which  Toulouse  (the  capital)  Villefranche,  and 
St.  Gaudensare  the  chief  towns. 

Crarr«rrf,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  11,870. 
Lancaster  is  the  chief  town. 

Garretsville,  p. v.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y. 

Garsis,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  surroun- 
ded by  walls,  and  the  houses  are  built  with  black- 
stone.  It  stands  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  Mulu, 
56  m.  S.  E.  ofMehlla. 

Garstang,  a  parish  and  corporate  town  in  Lan- 
cashire, Eng.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  Greenhough 
castle  ;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  several  cot- 
ton works.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  river  Wyre, 
10  m.  S.  of  Lancaster,  and  229  N  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Gartz,  a  town  of  Hither  Pomerania,  seated  on 
the  Oder,  13  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Stettin. 

Gascony,  a  late  province  of  France,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  bay  of  Biscay,  N.  by  Guienne,  E.  by 
Languedoc,  and  S.  by  the  Pyrenees.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  of  a  lively  disposition,  famous  for  boasting 
of  their  exploits,  which  has  occasioned  the  name 
of  Gasconade  to  be  given  to  all  bragging  stories. 
This  province,  with  Armagnac,  now  forms  the 
departments  of  Landes,  Gers,  Upper  Pyrenees, 
and  parts  of  the  Upper  Garronne,  and  Arriege. 

Gaspe,  an  extensive  district  of  Lower  Canada, 
lying  between  the  river  St.  Lawrence  on  the  N., 
and  bay  of  Chaleur  on  the  S.,  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  it  is  at  present  but 
thinly  inhabited  ;  the  population  is,  however,  pro- 
gressively increasing  along  the  shore  of  the  bay 
of  Chaleur,  which  supplies  abundance  of  fine  tim- 


ber.    The  bay  of  Gaspe  it  at  the  eastern   extrem 
ity  of  the  district. 

Gastcin,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  duchy  of 
Salzburg,  near  the  frontier  of  Carinthia,  celebrated 
for  its  warm  baths,  and  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and 
gold.     It  is  45  m.  S.  of  Salzburg. 

Gata,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  on  the 
coast  of  Granada,  consisting  of  an  enormous  rock 
of  a  singular  nature  and  appearance,  24  m.  in  cir- 
cuit.    Long.  2.  22.  W.,  hit.  36.  43.  N. 

Gatehouse,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Kirkcud- 
brightshire, near  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  Fleet. 
Here  are  considerable  cotton  works,  and  an  exten- 
sive tannery.  It  is  9  m.  N.  W  of  Kircud 
brightshire. 

Gates,  a  township  of  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
7,484. 

Gates,  a  frontier  county  of  North  Carolina,  bor- 
dering on  the  Great  Dismal  Swamp,  and  bounded 
on  the  W.  by  the  Chowan  river;  it  comprises 
about  200  sq.  m.     Pop.  7,866. 

Gateshead,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
Eng.  seated  on  the  Tyne,  over  which  is  a  hand- 
some bridge  to  Newcastle.  It  appears  like  a  su- 
burb to  Newcastle,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  grind- 
stones, which  are  exported  to  all  parts  of  the 
world.  It  is  13  m.  N.  of  Durham,  and  269  N.  by 
W.  of  London.  Pop.  in  1801 ,  8,597,  and  in  1821 
11,767,  chiefly  employed  in  the  coal  trade. 

Gutton,  a  borough  in  Surrey,  Eng.  It  is  2  m.  N. 
E.  of  Ryegate,  and  19  S.  by  W.  of  London.  In 
1621  it  had  only  22  houses,  chiefly  cottages,  in- 
habited by  135  persons  ;  it  nevertheless  returns 
two  members  to  parliament. 

Gaudens,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  seated  on  the  Garonne,  13  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  St.  Bertrand;  it  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect. 

Gavi,  a  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa,  an  im- 
portant frontier  place  toward  Montserrat  and  the 
Milanese  ;  seated  on  the  Lemo,  22  m.  N.  W.  of 
Genoa. 

Gaur,  or  Zouf,  a  city  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Guar ;  seated  on  the  river 
Zouf,  120  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Balk.  Long.  64.40.  W., 
lat.  :35.  5.  N. 

Gauts.     See   Ghauts. 

Gaza,  a  town  of  Syria,  in  Palastine,  2  m.  from 
the  Mediterranean,  with  a  harbour  and  a  castle. 
It  is  now  very  small  ;  but,  from  the  appearance 
of  the  ruins,  it  was  formerly  a  considerable  place. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  cotton  ;  but  the  princi- 
pal commerce  is  furnished  by  the  caravans  be- 
tween Egypt  and  Syria.  It  stands  in  a  fertile 
country,  50  m.  S.  W.  of  Jerusalem.  Long.  34. 
45.  E.,  lat.  31.  28.  N. 

Gazypoor,  capital  of  a  fertile  and  populous  dis 
trict  of  Hindoostan,  seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  45  m.  N.  E.  of  Benares. 

Gearon,  or  Jaron,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan, 
in  whose  territory  the  best  dates  of  Persia  are  pro- 
duced. It  is  80  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Shiras.  Long.  51. 
17.  E.,  lat.  28.  15.  N. 

Geauga,  a  county  in  the  N.  E.  of  Ohio  ;  the  N. 
end  borders  on  lake  Erie ;  it  comprises  about  600 
sq.  m.  Pop.  15,813.  Chardon,  in  the  centre  of 
the  county,  is  the  chief  town. 

Gtddes,  p. v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Ge^e,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  capital  of  Gestricia, 
seated  on  an  arm  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  which  di- 
vides the  town,  and  forms  two  islands.  The  ex- 
ports are  principally  iron,  pitch,  tar  and  deals. 
It  is  90  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  17. 
20.  E.,  lat.  60.  40.  N. 


GEN 


3S3 


0£1I 


Gehot,  or  Zkehol,  a  town  of  Chinese  Tartary, 
with  a  large  palace,  and  a  magnificent  temple  of 
Budha.  Here  the  emperor  of  China  received  the 
British  embassy  in  1793.  It  is  136  m.  N.  of 
Pekin. 

Gdderland,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Holland, 
and  the  largest  of  them  all.  It  lies  between  the 
Zuyder  Zee,  the  provinces  of  Holland,  Utretcht, 
and  Overyssel,  the  principality  of  Munster,  the 
duchy  of  Cleves,  and  Dutch  Brabant ;  and  is  divi- 
ded into  three  quarters  or  counties,  called  Nime- 
guen,  Arnheim,  and  Zutphen.  from  the  principal 
towns.  It  is  fertile  in  fruit  and  corn  ;  and,  in  ma- 
ny pafts,  abounds  in  wood. 

Gelderland,  Upper,  a  territory  of  the  Nether- 
lands, lying  in  detached  parts,  on  both  sides  the 
river  Meuse,  divided  into  Austrian,  Dutch,  and 
Prussian  Gelderland.  The  Austrian  part  includes 
Ruremonde,  and  its  dependencies  ;  the  Dutch 
comprehends  the  lordships  of  Venlo  and  Stevens- 
wert ;  and  the  Prussian  contains  the  capital,  Guel- 
dres,  and  its  district,  which  is  reckoned  as  a  part 
of  the  circle  of  Westphalia  ;  the  Austrian  and 
Dutch  part,  at  the  peace  of  1814,  were  included 
in  the  kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  and  the  re- 
mainder assigned  to  Prussia. 

Gelders,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  and  the 
capital  of  Prussian  Gelderland.  Here  is  a  palace, 
the  residence  of  the  former  dukes.  It  was  taken 
in  1702,  by  the  king  of  Prussia;  and  in  1713,  the 
town  and  its  district  was  ceded  by  France  to  that 
prince,  in  exchange  for  the  principality  of  Orange. 
In  17.")7  it  surrendered  to  the  French,  who  restored 
it  in  1764,  after  demolishing  the  fortifications  ;  and 
in  1704,  it  again  surrendered  to  them;  and,  at 
the  peace  of  1814,  was  assiu^ned  to  Prussia.  It  is 
20  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cleves.  Long.  6.16.  E.,lat.51. 
31.  N. 

Gelnhauscn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electo- 
rate of  Hesse,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Kintzig, 
18  m.  N.  E.  ofHanau. 

Geinappes,  a  village  of  Hainault  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, near  the  Scheldt,  2  m.  from  Mons, 
famous  for  a  victory  gained  by  the  French  repub- 
licans under  Dumourier,  over  the  Austnans,  m 
1792. 

Gemhloux,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
bant, with  an  ancient  abbey,  seated  on  the  Or- 
neau,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Brussels,  on  the  road  to 
Namur. 

Geminiano,  St.  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Flor 
entino,  seated  on  a  mountain,  in  which  is  a  mine 
of  vitriol,  25  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Florence. 

Geniona,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  near  the 
river  Tagliamento,  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Friuli. 

Gemund,  a  town  of  Suabia,  seated  on  the  Hems, 
24  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Ulm,  and  25  E.  by  S.  of 
Stuttgard. 

Gemund,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in  the  Duchy  of 
Juliers  ;  seated  on  the  Roer,  24  m.  S.  W.  of 
Cologne. 

Gemund,  a  town  of  Upper  Carinthia,  with  man- 
ufactures of  iron  and  steel,  16  m.  N.  W.  of 
Villach.  » 

Gemunden,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Wurtzburg,  on  the  river  Maine,  22  m. 
N.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Gemunden,  a  town  of  Austria,  famous  for  its 
salt-works  ;  seated  at  the  N.  end  of  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  river  Traun,  the  outlet  of  the 
lake,  40  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Lintz,  on  the  Danube. 

Genap,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
•  with  an  ancient  castle,  seated  on  the  Dyle,  15  m. 
S.  E.  of  Brussels. 


Genesee,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  which 
rises  on  the  N.  border  of  Pennsylvania,  and  runs 
N.  N.  E.  through  the  state  of  New  York  into  Lake 
Ontario.  It  has  tliree  falls,  which  furnish  excel- 
lent mill-seats ;  one  of  them  at  Rochester  is  90 
feet  perpendicular.  On  its  borders  are  the  Gene- 
see flats,  20  m.  long  and  four  broad,  the  soil  rich 
and  clear  of  trees. 

Genesee,  a  county  in  the  state  of  New  York,  the 
N.  end  of  which  borders  on  Lake  Ontario;  it 
comprises  about  1,600  square  m.  and  is  intersected 
by  the  canal  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Hudson  river 
The  pop.  which  in  1810  was  stated  at  only  12, 
588,  in  1830  was  returned  at  51,992.  Batavia  is 
the  chief  town. 

Geneseo,  p.t.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,675. 

Gencca,  a  fortified  city,  capital  of  a  territory  of 
the  same  name,  surrounded  by  the  duchy  of  Sa- 
voy, of  whicli  it  was  formerly  a  part,  and  the  see 
of  a  bishop,  now  resident  at  Annecy.  In  1584, 
Geneva  concluded  an  alliance  with  Zurich  and 
Bern,  by  which  it  was  an  associate  with  Switzer- 
land. JDuring  the  greater  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, there  were  frequent  contests  between  tfie 
aristocratic  and  the  popular  parties ;  and  the  years 
1768,  1782,  1789,  and  1794,  were  distinguished  by 
great  revolutions.  The  last  was  eiFected  entirely 
by  the  influence  of  the  French ;  and  not  long 
after,  this  city  and  its  territory  was- made  a  de- 
partment of  France,  under  the  name  of  Leman  ; 
but  in  1814,  after  the  expulsion  of  the  French,,  it 
was  annexed  to  Switzerland.  Geneva,  which 
stands  partly  on  a  plain  at  the  W.  end  of  a  lake, 
and  partly  on  a  gentle  ascent,  is  irregularly  built. 
It  has  a  good  arsenal,  and  an  university  founded 
in  1368.  The  bouses  are  lofty ;  and  many  in  the 
trading  part  of  the  city  have  arcades  of  wood, 
which  are  raised  even  to  the  upper  stories.  The 
inhabitants,  estimated 'at  26,000,  carry  on  a  great 
trade,  and  among  others  the  watch-making  busi- 
ness is  particularly  flourishing.  The  pop.  of  the 
district  in  1825,  was  41 ,560.  Geneva  is  40  m.  N. 
E.  of  Chamberry,  135  N.  W.  of  Turin,  and  256  S. 
E.  by  S.  of  Paris.     Long.  6.  0.  E.,  lat.  46.  12.  N. 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  a  large  expanse  of  water,  be- 
tween Savoy  and  Switzerland,  in  a  valley  which 
separates  the  Alps  from  Mount  Jura.  Its  length 
from  the  city  of  Geneva  to  Villeneuve,  is  54  m. , 
and  the  breadth  in  the  widest  part  is  12.  The 
water  near  Geneva  is  shallow  ;  in  other  parts  the 
depth  is  various ;  the  greatest,  yet  found  by  sound- 
ing, is  160  fathoms.  The  river  Rhone  runs 
through  it  from  the  E.  to  the  W.  extremity. 

Genera,  a  duchy  of  Savoy,  comprising  an  area 
of  about  600  square  m.  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  by 
the  Rhone. 

Geneva,  a  village  in  the  township  of  Seneca, 
Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  It  stands  on  Seneca  lake  and 
is  one  of  the  neatest  villages  in  the  State.  The 
neighborhood  has  a  varied  and  pleasant  scenery 
with  many  elegant  country  seats.  The  village 
contains  4  churches,  a  bank  and  a  college.  The 
college  was  founded  in  1823.  It  has  6instructers 
and  a  library  of  1 ,500  volumes.  It  has  3  vacations 
of  10  weeks.     Commencement  is  in  August. 

Generals  also  the  name  of  a  township  in  Ash- 
tabula Co.  Ohio,  and  of  a  village  in  Jennings  Co. 
Indiana. 

Genevieve,  St.  a  county  in  the  state  of  Missouri, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  compri- 
sing about  1,100  sq.  m.  of  territory.  Pop.  2,182. 
The  St.  Francis  river  intersects  the  S.  W.  part  of 
the  county,  which  contains  an  exceedingly  rich 
bed  of  lead  ore. 


GEO 


324 


GEO 


Gengenhach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgau,  with 
a  Benedictine  abbey ;  seated  on  a  rivulet  of  the 
same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Kintzig,  20  m. 
N.  of  Friburg. 

Genoa,  a  celebrated  city  and  sea-port  of  Italy, 
distinguished  for  its  trading  importance  as  far 
back  as  the  lllh  century,  about  which  period  it 
began  to  take  under  its  protection  the  towns  and 
territory  of  the  adjoining  coast ;  hut  the  most  cele- 
brated period  of  its  history  is  from  the  close  of  the 
13th  to  the  middle  of  the  15lh  century,  when  the 
Genoese  divided  with  the  Venetians  the  exclusive 
commerce  of  Europe  in  the  productions  of  Asia. 
Their  success  however  in  commerce  and  banking 
excited  the  jealousy  of  the  Venetians,  and  ulti- 
mately involved  them  in  open  hostilities,  and  in 
1746  it  surrendered  to  the  Austrian  power,  whose 
oppression  of  the  inhabitants  was  such,  that  the 
latter  suddenly  rose  and  expelled  their  conquerors, 
who  again  besieged  the  city  the  next  year,  but 
without  effect.  In  1798,  the  French  became  mas- 
ters of  this  city.  In  1800,  it  sustained  a  siege  by 
a  British  fleet  and  Austrian  army  till  literally 
starved,  and  was  evacuated  by  capitulation;  but 
soon  afterwards  it  was  again  delivered  up  to  the 
French,  on  their  victory  at  Marengo.  Early  in 
1814,  it  was  taken  by  the  British,  under  lord  Ben- 
tinck,  but  at  the  general  partitioning  of  Europe 
which  followed  the  peace  of  Paris,  m  that  year, 
the  city  and  territory  of  Genoa  was  assigned  to  the 
king  of  Sardinia,  and  incorporated  as  a  state 
into  his  dominions.  The  harbour  is  commodious, 
protected  by  two  moles  of  considerable  length ; 
the  city  is  about  6  m.  in  circumference,  surrounded 
on  all  sides  by  a  strong  wall,  and  on  the  land  side 
is  defended  by  a  double  fortification;  most  of 
the  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular,  but  the 
Balbi,  New  Street,  and  Strada  Nuovissima,  are 
spacious  and  elegant.  Prior  to  the  French  revolu- 
tion it  had  upwards  of  30  churches  and  70  re- 
ligious houses,  three  theatres,  and  several  other 
public  buildings.  Many  of  the  houses  in  the 
principal  streets  are  adorned  w^ith  marble  porticos, 
and  several  of  the  churches  are  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  architecture,  and  their  interior  decora- 
tions exceedingly  tasteful  and  rich.  The  hank 
of  Genoa,  established  in  1345,  considerably  ex- 
tended at  the  commencement  of  the  following 
century,  in  1751  became  insolvent  for  a  large 
amount,  and  in  1798  was  finally  abolished  by  Bon- 
aparte. Although  Genoa  now  holds  an  inferior 
rank,  yet  from  its  advantageous  local  position 
and  maritime  accommodation  as  the  outport  and 
depot  for  the  whole  of  Piedmont  and  Sardi- 
nia, it  must  necessarily  continue  a  place  of  con- 
siderable importance.  Genoa  is  the  see  of  an 
archbishop,  and  the  seat  of  an  university  with  a 
valuable  library ;  a  nautical  and  other  public 
schools ;  has  several  manufactures  of  silk  and 
jewellery,  and  is  particularly  distinguished  for  its 
manufacture  of  silk  velvets.  It  is  seated  at  the 
head  of  a  spacious  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  in 
the  lat.  of  44.  25.  N.,  and  8.  58.  of  E.  long.,  80  m. 
in  a  meridianal  line  S.  E.  of  Turin,  about  the 
same  distance  S.  by  W.  of  Milan,  80  N.  W.  of  Leg- 
horn, 95  N.  E.  of  Nice.  Pop.  76,000.  The  territory 
which  fonned  the  republic  of  Genoa  extends  along 
the  shore  of  the  gulf  for  about  120  m. 

Genoa,  p.t.  Cayuga  County,  New  York.  Popula- 
tion 2,768. 

George,  Fort,  a  fortress  of  Scotland,  in  Inver- 
nesshire,  which  has  several  handsome  streets  of 
barracks.  It  is  seated  on  the  point  of  a  peninsula, 
forming  the  point  of  entrance  into  the  Murray 
Frith,  and  completely  commands  the  entrance  in- 


to the  harbour  of  Inverness.     It  is  10  m.  N.  E.  of 
Inverness. 

George,  St.  a  small  island  in  the  Gidf  of  Venice, 
to  the  S.  of  Venice,  to  which  it  is  subject.  Here 
is  a  Benedictine  monastery,  whose  church  is  one  of 
the  finest  in  Italy. 

George,  St.  one  of  the  Azores,  which  produces 
much  wheat.  In  1808  a  volcano  broke  out  here, 
which  destroyed  the  town  of  Ursulina,  several 
farming-houses,  &c.  The  chief  town  is  Vellas. 
Long.  28.  0.  W.,  lat.  38.  39.  N. 

George  del  Mina,  St.  a  fort  of  Guinea,  on  the 
Gold  Coast,  and  the  principal  settlement  of  the 
Dutch  in  those  parts.  The  town  under  it,  called  by 
the  natives  Oddenna,  is  very  long,  and  pretty  broad 
The  houses  are  built  of  stone,  which  is  uncommon, 
for  in  other  places  they  are  convposed  only  of  claj 
and  wood.  It  is  10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cape  Coast 
Castle.     Long.  0.  4.  W.,  lat.  8.  46.  N. 

George,  Fort,  St.     See  Madras. 

George,  St.  the  largest  of  the  Bermuda  Islands. 
It  is  in  the  form  of  a  hook,  about  40  m.  in  length, 
but  seldom  2  in  breadth.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  containing  500  houses  built  of  freestone, 
which  is  the  capital  of  all  the  islands.  Long.  63. 
35.  W.,  lat.  32.  45.  N. 

George,  St.  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Grenada, 
formerly  called  Fort-Royal,  which  name  the  fort 
still  retains.  It  is  situate  on  the  W.  coast,  not 
far  from  the  S.  end  of  the  island,  and  has  a  safe 
and  commodious  harbour.  Long.  61.  45.  W.,  lat. 
11.  50.  N. 

George's  Key.  St.  a  small  island  in  the  bay  of 
Honduras,  on  tne  E.  coast  of  Yuctan.  It  is  like- 
wise called  Cassina,  or  Cayo  Cassigo.  By  a  con- 
vention in  1786,  the  English  logwood-cutters 
were  permitted,  under  certain  restrictions,  to  oc- 
cupy this  island.  Long.  88.  35.  W.,  lat.  17. 
40.  N. 

George,  Lake,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state 
of  New  York,  between  Lake  Champlain  and  the 
Hudson.  It  is  34  m.  long,  but  very  narrow,  never 
exceeding  4  m.  Its  waters  pass  by  a  narrow  out- 
let into  Lake  Champlain.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  sheets  of  water  in  the  world,  being  sur- 
rounded by  mountains  and  diversified  with  a 
great  number  of  islands.  The  water  is  deep  and 
remarkably  pure  and  transparent.  A  fish  or  a 
stone  may  be  seen  at  a  depth  of  30  feet.  The 
shores  consist  of  abrupt  and  shelving  points,  and 
are  bounded  by  two  long  ranges  of  mountains, 
sometimes  rising  boldly  from  the  water  and  at 
others  ascending  with  a  gentle  and  graceful  sweep, 
exhibiting  naked  and  weather  beaten  cliffs,  and 
wild  forests  intermixed  with  fine  cultivated  fields, 
lawns,  and  pastures.  The  village  of  Caldwell 
stands  on  the  south-eastern  side  of  the  lake,  and  is 
much  visited  by  travellers  who  come  to  enjoy  the 
fine  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood.  A  steamboat 
plies  upon  the  lake  in  summer. 

The  islands  of  the  lake  are  said  to  be  365  in 
number.  They  are  of  all  sizes  and  forms,  and 
contribute  greatly  to  the  romantic  beauty  of  its 
surface.  Some  of  them  are  covered  with  trees, 
others  are  thinly  wooded,  and  others  are  abrupt  and 
craggy  rocks.  Diamond  Island,  abounds  in  crystals 
of  quartz.  Long  Mand  contains  100  acres  and  is 
under  cultivation.  At  a  place  called  the  Narrmcs, 
the  lake  is  contracted,  and  its  surface  is  covered 
with  a  most  beautiful  cluster  of  islands  which  ex- 
tends for  several  miles. 

These  are  of  various  sizes,  but  generally  very 
small,  and  of  little  elevation.  A  few  of  them  are 
named,  as  Green,  Bass,  Lone-tree  islands.    Some 


GEO 


325 


GEO 


of  them  are  covered  with  trees,  others  with  shrubs, 
some  show  little  lawns  or  spots  of  grass,  heaps  of 
barren  rocks,  or  gently  s.loping  shores ;  and  most 
of  them  are  ornamented  with  gaceful  pines,  hem- 
locks, and  other  tall  trees,  collected  in  groups,  or 
•:   standing  alone,  and  disposed  with  most  charming 
'    variety.     Sometimes  an  island   will  be  observed 
just  large  enough  to  support  a  few  fine   trees,  or 
.',   perhaps  a  single  one,  while  the  next   may  appear 
..    like   a  solid    mass  of  bushes  and  wild   flowers ; 
?   near  at  hand,  perhaps,  is  a  third,  with  a  dark  grove 
'    of  pines,  and  a  decaying  old  trunk  in  front  of  it ; 
and  tliuj,  through  every  interval  between  the  is- 
lands as  you  pass  along,  another  and  another  laby- 
rinth is  opened    to   view,  among   little    isolated 
spots  of  ground,  divided  by   narrow   channels, 
from  which  it  seems  impossible  for  a  person  who 
should  have  entered  them,  ever  to  find  his  way 
out.     Some  of  the  islands  look  almost  like  ships 
with  their  masts  ;  and  many  have  an  air  of  light- 
ness as  if  they  were  sailing  upon  the  lake. 

After  passing  the  Narrows,  the  lake  widens 
again,  and  the  retrospect  is,  for  several  miles, 
through  that  passage,  with  Tongue  Mountain  on 
the  west,  and  Black  Mountain  opposite,  the  Lu- 
zerne range  appearing  at  a  great  distance  between 
them.  The  mountains  in  view  have  generally 
rounded  summits  ;  but  the  sides  are  in  many  pla- 
ces broken  by  precipitous  ledges.  They  are  in- 
habited by  wolves,  deer,  rattlesnakes,  &c. 

The  lake  contains  abundance  of  the  finest  perch, 
bass  and  other  fish  ;  trout  are  found  in  a  stream 
flowing  into  the  southern  part.  Near  the  south- 
ern shore  are  the  ruins  of  Fort  William  Henry 
and  Fort  George,  celebrated  in  the  early  wars 
with  the  French. 

George,  St.  an   island  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  strait  of  St.  Mary   which  forms  the  communi- 
.;    cation  between  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron. 
George,  St.  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  op- 
posite the    mouth  of    the    Apalachicola.     Long. 
84.  50.  W.,  lat.  29.  30.  N. 

Gcorgeville,  p. v.  Franklin  Co.  Ohio. 
Geororetown,  a  maritime  district  of  South  Car- 
olina, bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Santee  river, 
which  divides  it  from  Charleston  district;  it 
has  34  m.  of  sea-coast,  indented  with  several 
small  inlets.  Black  "iver.  Cedar  and  Lynches 
Creeks,  the  great  v.nd  .little  Pedee,  and  the 
Waccamaws  river,  all  unite  their  waters  in  this 
district,  which  comprises  a  surface  of  about  900 
square  miles,  exceedingly  fertile  in  rice  and  cot- 
ton.    Pop.  19,943. 

Georgetown,  a  city  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
adjoining  Washington,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a  small  creek.  It  stands  on  the  east  bank  of 
the  Potomac  at  the  head  of  tide  water.  The 
site  of  the  town  is  very  pleasant,  occupying  a 
succession  of  hills  rising  gradually  from  the  river. 
On  a  height  overlooking  the  town  stands  a  cath- 
olic monastery.  The  streets  of  the  town  are 
regular  and  the  houses  generally  of  brick,  [t 
Has  a  considerable  trade  in  the  exportation  of  to- 
•  bacco  and  flour.  Pop.  8,44L  A  canal  frbm  the  Po- 
,;  tomac  to  the  Ohio  begins  at  this  place.  See  Po- 
tntndc  and  Ohio  Canal 

Georgetoion,  p.t.  the  chief  town  of  the  district 
of  that  name  in  S.  Carolina,  stands  on  Winyaw 
Bay  near  the  mouth  of  the  Pedee,  13  m.  from  the 
sea  ;  and  has  considerable  commerce. 

Georiretown  is  also  the  name  of  9  other  towns 
and    villages    in    different   parts   of   the    United 
States  ;  n:i7ve)y,  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1 ,258.  Mad- 
ison C  J.  N.  X .  Pop.  1,094.  Meroer  Co.  Pa.,  Beaver 
2E 


Co.  Pa.,  Sussex  Co.  Delware,  Kent  Co.  Maryl., 
Warren  Co  Geo.,  Harrison  Co.  Ohio,  Dearborn, 
Co.  Ind. 

Georgia,  a  country  of  Asia,  called  by  the  Per 
sians,  Curdistan,  and  by  the  Turks,  Gurlc.ii.  It  is 
one  of  the  seven  Caucasian  nations,  in  the  cr)un- 
tries  between  the  Black  sea  and  the  Caspiar .  and 
the  lat.  of  39.  and  43.  N.,  and  comprehenas  the 
ancient  Iberia  and  Colchis.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Circassia,  E.  by  Daghestan  and  St.'iir- 
van,  S.  by  Armenia,  and  W.  by  Cuban,  or  the 
new  Russian  government  of  Caucasia.  It  is 
divided  into  9  provinces.  Of  these,  5  I'orm 
what   is  commonly  called    the  kingdom  of  Ceor- 

fia ;  and  four  the  kingdom  or  principaliU'  of 
meritia.  The  last  reigning  prince,  Heraclius, 
ceded  this  country  to  Russia  on  his  death,  whii'h 
happened  in  1800.  The  hills  of  Georgia  are  cov 
ered  with  forests  of  oak,  ash,  beech,  chestnuM, 
walnuts,  and  elms,  encircled  with  vines,  growing 
perfectly  wild,  but  producing  vast  quantities  of 
grapes,  from  which  much  wine  and  brandy  are 
made.  Cotton  grows  spontaneously,  as  well  as 
the  finest  European  fruit  trees.  Rice,  wheat, 
millet,  hemp,  and  flax,  are  raised  on  the  plains, 
almost  without  culture.  The  valleys  afford  the 
finest  pasturage,  the  rivers  are  full  of  fish,  the 
mountains  abound  in  minerals,  and  the  climate 
is  healthy.  The  rivers  of  Georgia,  the  principal 
of  which  is  the  fCur,  falling  into  the  Caspian  Sea, 
being  fed  by  mountain  torrents,  are  always  ei- 
ther too  rapid  or  too  shallow  for  the  purposes  of 
navigation.  The  Georgians  are  Christians  of  the 
Greek  communion,  and  appear  to  have  received 
their  name  from  their  attachment  to  St.  George, 
the  tutelary  saint  of  these  countries.  Their  dress 
nearly  resembles  that  of  the  Cossacs  ;  but  men  of 
rank  frequently  wear  the  habit  of  Persia.  They 
usually  dye  their  hair,  beards,  and  nails  with 
red.  The  women  employ  the  same  colour  to  stain 
the  palms  of  their  hands.  On  their  head  they 
wear  a  cap  or  fillet,  under  which  their  black  hair 
falls  on  their  forehead  ;  behind  it  is  braided  into 
several  tresses  :  their  eyebrows  are  painted  with 
black,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  one  entire  line 
and  the  face  is  coated  with  white  and  red.  They 
are  celebrated  for  their  beauty  :  but  their  air  and 
manners  are  extremely  voluptuous.  The  Georg- 
ians have  great  skill  in  the  use  of  the  bow  and 
are  deemed  excellent  soldiers  :  but  the  men  have 
no  virtue,  except  courage ;  fathers  sell  their 
children,  and  sometimes  their  wives.  Both  sexes 
are  addicted  to  drunkenness,  and  are  particularly 
fond  of  brandy.  The  other  inhabitants  of  Georgia 
are  Tartars,  Ossi,  and  Armenians.  These  last 
are  found  all  over  Georgia,  sometimes  mixed  with 
the  natives,  and  sometimes  in  villages  of  their 
own.  They  speak  among  themselves  their  own 
language,  but  all  understand  and  can  talk  the 
Georgians.  Besides  these  there  are  a  considera- 
ble number  of  Jews,  some  having  villages  of  their 
own,  and  others  mixed  with  the  Georgian,  Armen- 
ian and  Tartar  inhabitants,  but  never  with  the  Ossi; 
the  aggregate  number  amount  to  320,000.  The 
Christians  of  the  country  in  part  follow  the  rites 
of  the  Armenian,  and  in  part  that  of  the  Greek 
church ;  and  they  are  represented  as  the  most 
tractable  Christians  in  the  east.  Teflis  is  the 
capital.     See  I  meritia. 

Georgia,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
bounded  N.  by  Tennessee  and  N.  Carolina,  E.  by 
S.  Carolina  and  the  ocean  ;  S.  by  Florida,  and  W. 
by  Alabama.  It  lies  between  30.  20.  and  35.  N. 
lat.  and  81.  and  86.  48.  W.  long.     It  is  300  m.  in 


GEO 


326 


GER 


length  from  N.  to  S  and  240  in  breadth  and  con- 
tains 50,000  sq.  m. 

The  river  Savannah  washes  almost  the  vphole 
of  the  eastern  boundary.  The  Ogeechee  and 
Alatamaha  have  their  whole  course  within  the 
state  ;  the  Flint  and  Chatahoochee  pass  out  of 
the  state  to  the  south.  Tliere  is  a  small  mountain- 
ous tract  in  the  north,  but  nearly  tlie  whole  country 
is  an  unbroken  level.  The  soil  is  of  various  qual- 
ities. A  chain  of  islands  siretcliing  along  the 
whole  coast  have  a  fertile  soil  and  produce  the 
first  cotton  in  the  world,  well  known  by  the  name 
of  Sea  Island  cotton.  The  land  here  and  along 
the  shore  consists  of  marshy  tracts,  and  swells  in 
the  surface  called  hammoc  land.  On  the  Florida 
border  is  the  great  swamp  of  Okefoiwko,  {which 
see.)  Beyond  is  a  belt  of  pine  barrens  interspersed 
with  swamps.  Still  farther  the  country  becomes 
sandy,  but  towards  the  hilly  region  the  soil  is 
strorig  and  productive.  There  are  many  large 
forests  which  afford  timber  for  exportation.  In 
those  parts  which  are  flooded  by  the  rivers  the 
land  is  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  rice.  The 
rice  plant  has  a  fibrous  root,  and  puts  forth  stems 
which  grow  to  the  height  of  4  and  5  feet.     The 


ters,  sounding  exactly  like  those  three  words.     It 
begins  its  call  towards  Evening,  and  continues  with 


■  eaves  are  long  and  fleshy,  somewhat  similar  to 
those  of  the  leek.  The  flowers  are  of  a  purple 
colour  and  grow  in  clusters  on  the  top  of  the 
stalks.  In  the  early  stages  of  its  growth  the  rice 
fields  are  inundated  witli  water. 

The  most  profitable  agricultural  employment  is 
the  cultivation  of  cotton.  Indigo  was  formerly 
produced  in  considerable  quantities,  but  the  cul- 
ture has  almost  totally  ceased.  Slave  labour 
is  universally  employed,  and  agriculture  as  a  sci- 
ence has  made  very  little  improvement. 

The  climate  in  the  southern  part  is  hot  and  un- 
healthy. Epidemic  fevers  rage  in  tlie  summer 
and  autumn,  rendering  the  country  unsafe  for 
strangers  and  even  natives.  The  sea  islands  how- 
ever are  esteemed  salubrious  and  many  of  the 
planters  spend  the  hot  season  there.  In  the 
north,  pine  forests  abound  ;  and  here  the  air  is  pure 
and  as  healthy  as  in  any  part  of  the  United  States. 
The  heat  of  summer,  is  excessive  and  the  annoy- 
ance from  moschetoes  one  of  the  greatest  dis- 
comforts imaginable.  No  sleej)  can  be  enjoyed 
at  night  without  the  precaution  of  placing  a 
moscheto  net  of  gauze  at  every  window.  The 
number  of  frogs  in  the  swamps  and  small 
streams  is  prodigious.  Alligators  abound  in  eve- 
ry stream  of  tlie  low  country.  Great  numbera 
of  water  fowl  frequent  these  parts  as  well  as  the 
beaches  and  inlets  of  the  sea-coast.  The  Chuck 
Will's  Widow  is  one  of  the  most  common  birds 
liere,  but  is  rarely  seen  north  of  Tennessee  and 
Viririnia.  It  is  a  solitary  bird,  somewhat  resemb- 
ling the  Whip-poor-will,  and  is  often  confounded 
witli  it      It  name  is  derived  from  the  notes  il  ut- 


short   interruption  for  several  hours.     In  a   still 
evening  it  may  be  heard  at  the  distance  of  a  mile. 

Georgia  is  divided  into  76  Counties.  The  cap- 
ital is  Milledgeville.  The  largest  towns  are  Sa- 
vannah and  Augusta.  It  has  a  university  at  Ath- 
ens and  a  school  fund  of  500,000  dollars.  It  has 
no  manufactures.  Its  trade  consists  chiefly  in  the 
exportation  of  cotton  and  rice.  The  commerce 
of  the  state  is  ciiiefly  carried  on  by  northern  ves- 
sels. The  shipping  owned  in  the  state  amounted 
in  1828  to  13,959  tons.  The  imports  in  1829  were 
380,293  dollars.  The  exports  of  domestic  produce 
4,980,042  dollars.  Total  exports,  4,981,370  dol- 
lars. 

The  legislature  is  called  the  General  Assemhly , 
and  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. The  Senators  and  Representatives  are 
chosen  in  counties.  The  Governor  is  chosen  by 
the  lecrislature  for  two  years.  Suffrage  is  univer 
sal.  The  pop.  is  510,507,  of  whom  217,240  are 
slaves.  In  addition  to  these  are  the  Cherokee  In- 
dians, inhabiting  the  north-western  part  of  the 
state.     See  Clierokees. 

The  Baptists  are  the  most  numerous  sect  in  re- 
ligion ;  they  have  205  ministers.  The  Methodists 
have  04  ;  the  Presbyterians  31  ;  the  Episcopalians 
4  ;  the  Christians  28  and  the  Catholics  3. 

The  first  settlement  in  Georgia  was  made  at 
Savannah  in  1733,  consequently  it  was  the  latest 
settled  of  all  the  Atlantic  states.  The  present 
constitution  was  formed  in  1798. 

Gi'orifia.,  or  South  Georgia,  an  island  in  tiie 
South  Atlantic  Ocean,  visited  by  Cook  in  1775. 
It  is  04  m.  long,  and  30  in  its  greatest  breadth. 
It  abounds  in  bays  and  harbours,  which  the  vast 
quantities  of  ice  render  inaccessible  the  greatest 
part  of  the  year.  Here  are  perpendicular  ice 
cliffs,  of  considerable  height,  like  tliose  at  Spilz- 
bergen ;  from  which  pieces  were  continually 
breaking  off  and  floating  out  to  sea.  The  valle-.'s 
wore  covered  witli  snow  ;  and  the  only  vegeta- 
tion observed  was  bladed  grass,  wild  burnet,  and 
a  plant,  like  moss,  which  sprung  from  the  rocks 
Not  a  stream  of  fresh  water  was  to  be  seen  on  the 
whole  coast. 

Georgia,  Gulf  of  ,  a  gulf  of  the  North  Pacific 
Ocean,  between  the  continent  of  North  America 
and  Quadra  and  Vancouver  Island;  about  120 
m.  in  lengtl),  from  N.  to  S.,  but  the  breadth  va- 
ries in  its  different  parts  from  0  to  20  m.  It  con- 
tains several  clusters  of  islands,  and  bra7)ches  ofl' 
into  a  great  number  of  canals,  most  of  which  were 
examined  by  captain  Vancouver  and  his  officers. 
G<ra,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thuringia. 
It  has  a  castle  about  a  mile  from  the  town,  on  a 


UER 


327 


GER 


mountain  in  a  wood,  and  is  called  Ostorstein. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Elster,  32  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Leipzig. 

Gerau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, 8  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Darmstadt. 

Gerhstadt,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
county  of  Mansfeld,  Thuringia,  7  m.  N.  E.  of 
Mansfeld. 

Gerdaven,  a  town  of  Prussia,  defended  by  two 
castles,  and  seated  on  the  Omet,  near  a  consid- 
erable lake,  50  m.  S.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 

Germain,  St.  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  It 
was  once  the  largest  town  in  the  county,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  but  now  consists  chiefly  of  fisher- 
men's cottages  :  it  still  returns  two  members  to 
parliament.  What  remains  of  the  cathedral  is 
used  as  the  parish  church  ;  and  near  it  is  the  pri- 
ory. It  stands  near  the  sea,  10  m.  W.  of  Ply- 
mouth, and  223  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Germain.  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine  and  Oise,  with  a  magnificent 
palace,  in  which  Louis  XIV.  was  born.  Here 
James  II.  found  an  asylum,  when  he  fled  to 
France.  It  is  seated  on  the  Seine,  near  a  fine 
forest,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris. 

German,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  884. 
Also  townships  in  P'ayette  Co.  Pa.,  Clarke,  Mont- 
gomery and  Darke  Cos.  Ohio,  and  Cape  Girar- 
deau Co.  Missouri. 

German  Flats,  p.t.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,466. 

Germanna,  p. v.  Orange  Co.  Va.  on  Rapid  Ann 
river. 

German  Ocean,  or  North  Sea,  is  the  sea  between 
the  E.  coast  of  England,  from  the  straits  of  Do- 
ver to  the  Shetland  Isles,  and  the  coasts  of  Jut- 
land and  Norway,  it  comprises  about  8  degrees 
of  latitude  and  10  of  longitude. 

Germano,  St.  a  town  of  Piedmont,  on  the  river 
Naviglio,  9  m.  W.  of  Vercehijon  the  line  of  the 
canal  to  Ivrea. 

Germano,  St.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  at  the  foot  of  Monte  Cassino,  17  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Sora. 

Germantoion,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
river,  12  m.  below  the  city  of  Hudson.  Pop.  967. 
Also  a  village  in  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa.  6  m.  N. 
of  Philadelphia.  It  contains  Mount  Airy  Acade- 
my and  is  celebrated  for  a  battle  fought  here 
Oct.  4,  1777.  Also  villaores  in  Fauquier  Co.  Va., 
Hyde  Co.  N.  C,  Bracken  Co.  Ken. 

Germany,  an  extensive  country  of  Europe,  lying 
between  the  45th  and  54th  degree  of  N.  lat.,  and 
and  6.  to  19.  of  E.  long. ;  the  mean  length,  how- 
ever, from  N.  to  S.  does  not  exceed  530  British 
statute  m.  and  the  mean  breadth  460  m.,  compri- 
sing an  area  of  about  245,000  square  m.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Hungary  and  Poland,  N. 
by  the  Baltic  Sea  and  Denmark,  W.  by  the  Neth- 
erlands and  France,  and  S.  by  Switzerland  and 
Italy.  The  extreme  S.  point  jets  into  the  gulf 
of  Venice.  Prior  to  the  French  revolutionary 
war,  which  commenced  in  1793,  Germany  had 
geographically  been  divided  into  9  circles,  politi- 
cally subdivided  into  206  archbishopricks,  bishop- 
ricks,  principalities,  dukedoms,  marquisates,  lord- 
ships, provinces,  (fee.  under  the  government  of 
nearly  as  many  sovereign  potentates ;  but  the 
whole  of  them  formed  a  great  confederacy,  gov- 
erned by  political  laws,  at  the  head  of  which  was 
an  emperor,  whose  power  in  the  collective  body, 
or  diet,  was  not  directive  but  executive.  The 
western  Roman  empire,  which  had  terminated  in 
the  year  475,  in  the  person  of  Augustulus,  the  last 


Roman  emperor,  and  which  was  succeeded  by  the 
reign  of  the  Huns,  the  Ostrogoths,  and  the 
Lombards,  was  revived  by  Charlemagne,  kincr 
of  France,  on  Christmas  day,  in  the  year  80(f. 
This  prince  being  then  at  Rome,  pope  Leo  III. 
crowned  him  emperor,  in  St.  Peter's  church  ;  and 
Nicephorus,  who  was  then  emperor  of  the  east, 
consented  to  this  coronation.  The  French  kept 
the  empire  under  eight  emperors,  till  the  year 
912,  when  Louis  III.,  the  last  prince  of  the  line 
of  Ciiarlemagne,  died  without  issue  male.  Con- 
rad, count  of  Franconia,  the  son-in-law  of  Louis, 
was  then  elected  emperor.  Thus  the  empire 
went  to  the  Germans,  and  became  elective,  having 
been  hereditary  under  the  French  emperors. 
The  emperor  was  chosen  by  the  princes,  the  lords, 
and  the  deputies  of  cities,  till  the  year  1239,  when 
the  number  of  the  electors  was  reduced  to  seven; 
one  more  was  added  in  1649,  and  another  in  1692, 
these  nine  electors  continued  to  the  year  1798, 
when,  in  consequence  of  the  alterations  made  in 
the  constitution  of  the  empire,  under  the  influ- 
ence of  France  and  Russia,  they  became  ten  in 
number;  namely,  the  elector  and  archbishop  of 
Ratisbon,  the  elector  and  king  of  Bohemia,  (the 
then  emperor)  the  elector  of  Bavaria,  the  elector 
of  Saxony,  the  elector  of  Brandenburg  (king  of 
Prussia)  the  elector  of  Hanover  (king  of  England) 
the  elector  of  Wurtzburjr  (late  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany)  the  elector  of  Wurtemburg,  the  elector 
of  Baden,  and  the  elector  of  flesse.  On  the  death 
of  Charles  VI.  of  Austria,  in  1740,  an  emperor 
was  chosen  from  the  house  of  Bavaria,  by  the 
name  of  Charles  VII.  On  the  death  of  this 
prince,  in  1745,  Francis,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
was  elected  emperor;  whose  grandson,  Francis 
II..  enjoyed  the  dignity  of  emperor  of  Germany 
till  1806,  when  he  formally  resigned  the  title  and 
office,  transferring  his  title  of  emperor  to  his  he- 
reditary dominions  of  Austria. 

At  the  close  of  the  Saxon  race,  in  1024,  the 
prerogatives  of  the  emperor  were  very  considera- 
ble ;  but,  in  1437,  they  were  reduced  to  the  right 
of  conferring  all  dignities  and  titles,  except  the 
privilege  of  being  a  state  of  the  empire  ;  of  grant- 
ing dispensations  with  respect  to  the  age  of  ma- 
jority, of  erecting  cities,  and  conferring  the  priv- 
ilege of  coining  money  ;  of  calling  the  meetings 
of  the  diet,  and  presiding  in  them.  But,  after  all, 
there  was  not  a  foot  of  land  annexed  to  this  title ; 
for  ever  since  the  reign  of  Charles  IV.,  the  em- 
perors depended  entirely  on  their  hereditary  do- 
minions, as  the  only  source  of  their  power,  and 
even  of  their  subsistence.  To  prevent  the  ca- 
lamities of  a  contested  election,  a  king  of  the 
Romans  was  often  chosen  in  the  lifetime  of  the 
emperor,  on  whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the  im- 
perial dignity  of  course.  The  emperor  (always 
elected  and  crowned  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine) 
assumed  the  title  of  august,  and  pretended  to  be 
successor  to  the  emperors  of  Rome.  Although 
he  was  chief  of  the  empire,  the  supreme  authori- 
ty resided  in  the  diet,  which  was  composed  of 
three  colleges ;  the  college  of  electors,  the  col- 
lege of  princes,  and  the  college  of  imperial  towns. 
The  diet  had  the  power  of  making  peace  or  war, 
of  settling  general  impositions,  and  of  regulating 
all  the  important  aff'airs  of  the  empire  ;  but  the 
decisions  had  not  the  force  of  law  till  the  empe- 
ror gave  his  consent.  When  a  war  was  deter- 
mined on,  every  prince  contributed  his  quota  of 
men  and  money,  as  valued  in  the  matriculation 
roll ;  though  as  an  elector  or  prince  he  might 
espouse  a  different  side  from  that  of  the  diet     All 


GlilR 


323 


GHA 


the  sovereigna  of  Germany  had  and  still  have  an 
absolute  authority  in  their  own  dominions,  and 
can  lay  taxes,  levy  troops,  and  make  alliances, 
provided  they  do  not  prejudice  the  empire.  Tliey 
determine  all  civil  causes  definitely,  unless  in 
some  particular  cases  in  which  an  appeal  may  bt; 
made.  These  appeals  were  to  two  courts,  called 
the  Imperial  Chamber,  at  Wetzlar;  and  the  Aulic 
Council,  at  Vienna. 

The  three  principal  religions  are,  the  Roman 
Catholic,  the  Lutheran,  and  the  Calvinistic ;  but 
Christians  of  all  denominations  are  tolerated,  and 
there  is  a  multitude  of  Jews  in  all  the  great  towns. 
Germany  is  watered  by  numerous  rivers,  the  three 
principal  of  which,  are  tlie  Rhine,  the  Danube, 
and  the  Elbe;  the  first  of  these  rises  in  Switzer- 
land, and  forms  the  S.  W.  boundary  of  the  em- 
pire, dividing  it  from  Switzerland  and  France  ;  it 
afterwards  intersects  the  N.  W.  part  of  Germany 
and  Holland,  and  falls  into  the  Meuse,  near  Rot- 
terdam. The  Danube  rises  in  Suabia,  the  S.  W. 
circle  of  the  empire,  and  by  itself  and  several 
tributary  streams  of  inferior  note,  intersects  a 
great  portion  of  the  southern  part  of  Germany  ; 
it  afterwards  runs  through  Hungary  and  Europe- 
an Turkey,  into  the  Black  Sea.  The  Elbe  rises 
near  the  centre  of  the  eastern  frontier,  and  runs 
in  a  N.  W.  direction  into  the  North  Sea.  The 
Oder  intersects  all  the  N.  E.  part  of  Germany, 
and  falls  into  the  Baltic  Sea.  The  Weser,  the 
Ems,  the  Adige,  the  Drave  and  other  small  riv- 
ers are  navigable,  and  afford  admirable  means  for 
facilitating  an  interchange  of  productions  from 
one  part  of  the  country  to  the  other  ;  but  the 
Oder  and  the  Elbe  are  the  only  two  that  are  uni- 
ted by  art.  The  mountains  of  the  south  are  rich 
in  every  kind  of  metal  and  semi-metal.  The  for- 
ests supply  abundance  of  the  finest  timber,  and 
the  vine,  olive,  and  mulberry,  only  require  com- 
mon attention  to  yield  fruit  in  abundance  ;  while 
the  plains  of  the  north  yield  a  surplus  of  grain 
and  cattle  for  exportation,  and  of  wool  and  flax 
to  furnish  materials  for  extensive  manufactures, 
especially  of  linens,  which  are  exported  in  consid- 
erable quantities  to  almost  every  part  of  Europe, 
Africa,  and  America. 

In  1806,  the  Germanic  confederacy  was  dis- 
solved by  Napoleon,  and  several  of  the  minor 
states  formed  into  a  new  confederacy  under  the 
title  of  the  confederation  of  the  Rhine ;  while 
Westphalia,  Wurtemberg  and  Bavaria,  were  con- 
stituted new  and  independent  kingdoms;  Prus- 
sia and  Austria  retaining  their  respective  heredi- 
tary dominions  ;  but  at  the  general  pacification  of 
Europe,  in  1815,  the  Rhenish  confederacy  was 
dis.solved,  and  that  of  Germany  again  re-establish- 
ed, with  some  variations  and  modifications.  In 
1823  the  confederacy  consisted  of  35  sovereign- 
ties, exclusive  of  the  four  free  towns  of  Ham- 
burg, Bremen,  Lubec,  and  Frankfort.  No  people 
apply  themselves  more  closely  to  their  studies 
than  the  Germans ;  and  the  Hebrew  is  no  where 
BO  generally  learnt,  or  better  understood.  Print- 
ing is  most  extensively  encouraged  ;  every  man 
of  letters  is  an  author  :  they  multiply  books  with- 
out number;  thousands  of  esssays  and  dis-' 
putations  are  annually  published,  with  which  thej' 
overstock  the  fairs  of  Frankfort  and  Leipzig;  for 
no  man  can  be  a  graduate  in  the  university  who 
has  not  published  one  disputation  at  least.  The 
language  of  Germany  is  a  dialect  of  the  Teutonic, 
which  succeeded  that  called  tiie  Celtic.  The 
population  is  estimated  at  30,000,000.  Vienna  is 
the  principal  city 


Germany,  a  township  in  Adams  Co.  and  a  vil 
lage  in  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Gerona,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
and  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  Ter,  20  m.  from 
its  entrance  into  the  Mediterranean,  and  47  N. 
E.  of  Barcelona. 

Gnrrardstown,  p. v.  Berkeley  Co.  Va. 

Gerrt/,  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,110. 

Ge7-s,  an  interior  department  in  the  S.  W.  of 
France  :  it  is  watered  by  numerous  streams,  run 
ning  from  S.  to  N.  into  the  Garonne,  the  princi- 
pal of  them  is  the  Gers,  which  gives  name  to  the 
department.  It  contains  a  strata  of  pit  coal,  and 
has  manufactures  of  wool,  linen,  and  saltpetre; 
its  chief  vegetable  productions  are  flax,  the  vine, 
and  pears.  It  is  divided  into  four  otlier  arron- 
dissements ;  the  chief  towns  of  which  are  Condom, 
Lectoure,  Lombez,  and  Mirande. 

Gersau,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  on  the  lake  of 
Schweitz,  at  the  foot  of  the  Ragi,  12  m.  S.  W.  of 
Schweitz. 

Gertruydenhurg ,  a  fortified  town  of  South  Hol- 
land, with  a  good  harbour  and  salmon  fishery  on      ^ 
a  large  lake,  called  Biesbosch.     It  has  been  often 
taken,  the  last  time  by   the  French  in  1793,  but 
soon  recovered.     It  is  7  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Breda.    %■ 
Long.  4.  52.  E.,  lat.  51.  42.  N.  ■ 

Gerumenha,  or  Jurumenha,  a  town  of  Portugal, 
in  Alemtejo,  with  a  strong  castle  ;  seated  on  a 
hill,  near  the  river  Guadiana,  18  m.  below 
Badajoz. 

Gcsecke,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Weyck,  11m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Paderborn. 

Gesscnay.     See  Sancn. 

Gestricla,  a  province  of  Sweden,  the  S.  part  of 
Nordland,  between  Dalecarliaon  the  W.,  and  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia  on  the  E.  It  is  100  in.  long,  and  60 
broad,  diversified  by  forests,  rocks,  hills,  and 
dales,  lakes,  and  rivers  ;  and  there  are  numerous 
mines  and  forges.     Gefle  is  the  capital. 

Gettysburg,  a  town  of  Pennsylvania,  in  York 
Co.  situate  at  the  head  of  Rock  creek,  30  m.  W 
by  S.  of  York. 

Gcx,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Ain,  noted  for  excellent  cheese  ;  seated  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  St.  Claude,  between  Ihe  Rhone, 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  and  Switzerland,  10  m.  N.  W. 
of  Geneva.     It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect. 

Geyss,  a  town  of  the  electorate  of  Hesse,  in  the 
principality  of  Fulda,  seated  on  the  Ulster,  17  m. 
N.  E.  ofFulda. 

Gezan,  or  Ghezan,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia  Felix, 
which  has  a  considerable  trade  in  senna  and 
coffee  ;  seated  on  the  Rod  Sea,  90  m.  N.  W.  of 
Loheia.     Long.  43. 15.  E.,  lat.  16.  25.  N. 

Gezira,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Diarbek, 
on  the  island  formed  by  the  Tigris,  70  m,  N.  W. 
of  Monsul.     Long.  40.  50.  E.,  lat.  37.  16.  N. 

Gezula,  a  province  of  Morocco,  which  is  very 
productive,  and  contains  mines  of  iron  and  cop- 
per. The  inhabitants  are  numerous,  and  consid- 
ed  as  the  most  ancient  people  of  Africa  :  they  live 
in  tents,  are  so  independent  that  they  are  rather 
the  allies  than  the  subjects  of  the  emperor  of 
Morocco. 

Ghana,  or  Gana,  a  city  in  Negroland,  capital  of 
a  country  of  the  same  name,  governed  by  a  sul- 
tan. It  stands  on  the  S.  side  of  a  large  lake,  at 
at  its  outlet,  which  separates  the  city  into  two 
parts,  and  soon  after  joins  the  river  Niger,  which 
is  here  called  Neel  il  Abeed,or  Nile  of  the  Ne 
gros.     It  is  100  in.  E.  by  S.  of  Cassina. 

Ghauts,  the  name  given  to  sevcal  groups  and 


GSA 


329 


GHE 


cnains  of  mountains  in  Hindooslan  The  word 
signifies  '  passes'  or  '  gates'.  These  mountains 
are  considered  as  commencing  at  Cape  Comorin  : 
yet  the  southern  chain,  or  Malayala  mountains 
form  a  separate  group,  terminating  in  the  district 
of  .Coimbetore,  at  the  great  valley  in  which  the 
forts  of  Palikadery  and  Annanialy  are  situated. 

The  Ghauts  begin  separately  on  the  north  of 
these  plains,  forming  two  branches,  one  running 
to  the  east,  and  the  other  to  the  west  of  north. 
The  eastern  Ghauts  extend  70  m,  beyond  Madras, 
forming  the  boundaries  of  the  Carnatic,  and  to 
the  nortli  of  that  country  divide  into  several 
branches,  in  which  the  mountains  are  subjected 
to  interruptions,  beinor  separated  by  valleys  cov- 
ered with  thick  forests.  But  the  principal  chain 
is  divided  by  no  hollow  grounds,  except  narrow 
defiles,  which  are  well  lined  with  fortresses.  To 
the  natives,  this  chain  is  known  by  the  name  of 
EUacooda,  or  the  "  White  Mountains."  It  then 
runs  along  the  northern  margin  of  tlie  Circars, 
forming  an  uninterrupted  series  of  mountains  so 
close  as  to  afford  only  two  military  passes. 
At  the  place  where  the  Ghauts  separate  the  Cir- 
cars from  the  province  of  Berar,  the  mountains 
become  almost  inaccessible,  and  there  is  only  one 
passage  for  carriages  and  for  horses,  viz.  that  of 
Salarofhaut  which  leads  to  Behar.  Nothing  is  seen 
on  every  hand  but  masses  of  rock,  rising  perpen- 
dicularly to  the  clouds,  and  leaving  apparently  no 
outlet  for  the  intimidated  travellei .  All  the  sum- 
mils  of  this  chain  are  composed  of  granite,  and  it 
every  where  presents  one  picture  of  total  barren- 
ness and  utter  nakedness.  Yet  large  trunks  of 
trees  in  a  state  of  petrification,  are  found  here, 
and  most  particularly  in  the  ravines  created  by 
the  torrents,  where  trunks,  projecting  from  the 
steep  sides  of  the  rocks,  sometimes  serve  for 
bridges. 

The  western  chain  of  the  Ghauts  extends  along 
the  west  coast  to  a  distance  of  70  m.,  and  acquires 
a  greater  elevation  than  the  eastern  chain.  Its 
height  has  not  yet  been  ascertained  by  barometri- 
cal observations,  but  it  is  generally  believed  to 
amount  to  three  or  four  thousand  feet.  The  chain 
then  crosses  Kanara  and  Sunda,  passes  near  to 
Goa,  enters  the  Mahratta  country,  and  divides  in- 
to several  branches.  The  closeness  of  the  forests, 
the  depth  of  the  precipices,  and  the  rapidity  of 
the  torrents,  render  these  mountains  very  difficult 
to  cross,  and  the  passage  is  in  many  places,  50 
or  60  m.  long.  They  are  described  as  containing 
much  limestone,  and  some  basaltic  rocks,  but  no 
one  has  deliberately  studied  the  position  and  ma- 
terials of  the  different  strata.  Towards  the  sea- 
coast,  the  western  Ghauts  present  a  magnificent 
amphitheatre  of  rocks  and  verdure,  enlivened  with 
towns  and  villages.  The  highest,  or  at  least  the 
steepest  part  to  the  east  of  Snrat.  goes  under  the 
'iame  of  the  Bala-Ghauts,  which  is  sometimes  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  of  the  western  Ghauts,  while 
the  eastern  chain,  together  with  the  intermediate 
plateau,  is  called  the  Paian- Ghauts. 

About  the  sources  of  the  river  Godaverv,  some 
lower  chains  are  sent  off  from  tne  mass  of  the 
western  Ghauts,  pass  through  the  interior  of  the 
peninsula,  and  join  the  maintains  of  Berar  and 
Gundanwa.  " 

The  central  Q^ins  which  run  parallel  to  tlie 
course  of  the  Nerbuddah  river,  one  on  its  north 
side,  and  the  other  on  the  south,  generally  pass 
under  the  Sanscrit  name  of  the  Vindhias ;  the  ex- 
tent wliich  this  name  embraces  appears  somewhat 
arbitrary  to  our  most  learned  eastern  geographers. 


But  Arrow  smith  more  positively  confines  it  to 
the  mountains  immediately  adjoining  the  Nerbnr- 
dah.  It  is  also  in  these  central  countries  that  the 
Hindoos  place  their  Sanyah  and  their  Sookhian 
mountains,  though  they  have  been  mistaken  for 
the  western  Ghauts. 

Ghent,  called  by  the  French  Gand,  the  chief 
town  of  East  Flanders,  is  situate  at  tlie  junction 
of  tlie  Scheldt  and  Lys.  Julius  Ceesar  is  said  to 
have  been  its  founder.  The  Vandals  afterwards 
became  its  masters,  and  called  it  Vanda,  or  Wan- 
da ;  of  which  its  present  name  is  by  some 
thought  to  te  a  corruption. 

This  town  has  been  the  scene  of  some  diplo- 
matic transactions  :  the  compact  of  the  provinces 
of  the  Netherlands  against  the  tyranny  of  SpaLa 
in  1578,  called  the  Pacification  of  Ghent,  was 
drawn  up  and  executed  here ;  the  last  treaty  of 
peace  concluded  between  Great  Britain  and 
America,  in  1^14,  was  signed  here  also.  It  was 
likewise  the  residence  of  Louis  XVIII.  during 
the  period  in  which  he  was  forced  to  quit  France 
after  the  return  of  Bonaparte  from  Elba. 

Ghent  is  situate  on  a  beautiful  plain  :  its  area 
may  vie  in  extent  with  that  of  any  other  city  in 
Europe,  being  little  less  than  fifteen  miles  in  cir- 
cumference ;  but  no  small  portion  of  the  enclosed 
space  is  covered  with  gardens,  orchards,  and  fields 
of  grain.  Like  all  other  towns  in  this  flat  coun- 
try, it  is  intersected  with  numerous  canals,  cross- 
ed by  three  hundred  bridges;  some  of  stone,  but 
most  of  wood.  Their  banks,  being  generally 
planted  with  majestic  trees,  afford  an  extensive 
and  grateful  promenade  for  the  inhabitants.  The 
streets  are  spacious  ;  though  some  of  the  most 
frequented,  as  is  the  case  in  many  old  towns, 
are  so  narrow  that  two  carriages  can  scarcely  pass 
each  other.  There  are  thirteen  public  squares, 
the  principal  of  which  is  ornamented  with  a  pe- 
destrian statue  of  Charles  V. 

The  town  hall  is  an  immense  pile  of  building, 
presenting  an  incongruous  combination  of  various 
stj'les  of  architecture  :  one  front,  which  is  unfin- 
ished, is  Gothic  ;  another  Italian ;  each  story  be- 
ing supported  by  pillars  of  a  different  order  ; — 
the  ground  story  Doric,  the  next  Ionic,  and  the 
upper  Corinthian.  It  is  enriched  with  many  val- 
uable documents  of  an  early  period,  and  with 
some  good  paintings. 

The  structure  and  arrangements  of  the  public 
prison  or  house  ofcorrection  are  on  an  exou-ilent 
plan.  The  building  is  a  spacious  octagon,  having 
a  large  court-yard  in  the  centre,  by  means  of 
which  an  immediate  and  constant  communication 
can  be  easily  kept  up  with  every  part.  Each 
department  branches  off  from  this  ;  and  the  pris- 
oners are  kept  in  separate  classes,  according  to 
the  nature  of  their  crimes  and  the  depravity  of 
their  character.  In  the  centre  of  the  woman's 
apartment  is  a  large  basin  or  trough  for  washing 
linen.  Every  prisoner  is  locked  up  at  night  in 
a  separate  cell,  and  brought  out  to  work  at  a  sta- 
ted hour  in  the  morning.  The  average  number 
of  prisoners  is  1 ,300  ;  the  annual  expenditure  is 
50,(K)0  florins,  or  somewhat  more  than  £A,QOO 
sterling ;  tlierefore  the  cost  of  each  prisoner  to 
the  state  is  less  than  £A  annually.  This  eco- 
nomical effect  is  produced  1^  employing  every 
convict  capable  of  working  in  some  species  of  in- 
dustry. The  principal  portion  of  the  profits  is 
set  apart  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  the  estab- 
lishment, and  the  remainder  if  divided  into  two 
parts ;  one  of  which  is  allowed  to  the  prisoner 
for  pocket-money,  and  the  other  forms  a  fund 
2  £  2 


GHE 


330 


GUB 


which  he  receives  on  his  liberation.  Near  the 
prison  is  the  Atelier  de  Beinfaisance ;  an  institu- 
tion intended  to  check  mendicity,  by  supplying  the 
paupers  with  work  until  they  can  provide  for  them- 
selves. 

The  Mont  de  Piete  is  a  singular  establishment 
for  lending  money  upon  goods,  on  the  principle 
of  pawn-broking,  hut  upon  moderate  interest.  It 
has  been  found  very  useful,  in  enaliling  industri- 
ous persons  labouring  under  a  temporary  pressure 
to  relieve  themselves,  without  the  necessity  of 
selling  their  property  under  very  disadvantageous 
circumstances,  or  of  disclosing  their  pecuniary 
difficulties. 

All  the  public  arrangements  of  Ghent  seem  to 
have  been  devised  with  a  systematic  intention  of 
stimulating  industry,  correcting  idleness,  and  en- 
couraging habits  of  order  and  cleanliness.  Three 
times  every  day,  at  sunrise,  at  noon,  and  in  the 
evening,  the  ear  of  the  observing  traveller  is 
struck  with  the  tolling  of  a  bell.  Its  sound 
serves  not  only  as  a  signal  to  summon  the  work- 
man to  his  appointed  place  of  labour,  but  as  a 
warning  to  the  rest  of  the  inhabitants  not  to  ap- 
pear in  the  streets  at  these  hours ;  lest  the  pro- 
gress of  the  former,  while  crowding  to  their  occu- 
pations, should  experience  any  obstruction.  For 
the  same  reason,  the  drawbridges  are  not  allowed 
to  be  then  open. 

The  splendour  of  Ghent  is  most  observable  in 
its  churches;  and  of  these  the  most  magnificent 
is  that  of  St.  Bavon.  The  choir  is  supported  by 
pillars  of  pure  white  Italian  marble,  rendered 
more  striking  from  the  contrast  of  the  highly- 
polished  black  marble  with  which  all  the  walls 
of  the  interior  are  coated.  The  principal  church 
is  surrounded  by  twenty-four  chapels,  each  adorn- 
ed with  some  splendid  work  of  the  most  admired 
masters.  The  pulpit  is  a  piece  of  exquisite  work- 
manship, forming  an  allegorical  picture  of  Time 
contemplating  Truth.  The  figures  of  angels  at  the 
foot  of  its  staircase  are  objects  of  peculiar  ad- 
miration. Beneath  the  present  cathedral  the 
body  of  the  original  church  still  remains,  little 
injured  by  time,  forming  a  subterraneous  place  of 
worship:  it  is  now  chiefly  used  as  a  school  for 
Sundav  instruction.  The  tower  or  steeple  is  as- 
cended by  446  steps  ;  and  like  all  others  in  this 
flat  countrj',  presents  an  extensive  view  of  the 
surrounding  towns  and  scenery.  It  has  a  re- 
markably fine  ring  of  bells,  which  includes  semi- 
tones, and  is  sounded  by  keys  and  levers  like  an 
organ. 

One  of  the  few  monastic  institutions  of  Belgi- 
um, exists  in  Ghent.  It  is  a  convent  of  Beguine- 
nuns,  which  escaped  the  effects  of  the  emperor 
Joseph's  reformation  of  the  conventual  societies, 
and  still  more  destructive  ravages  of  the  subse- 
quent revolution  in  France.  Strangers  are  ad- 
mitted to  some  parts  of  the  building,  and  par- 
ticularly the  chapel,  during  the  time  of  divine 
service. 

The  great  provincial  school  or  college  of  Ghent 
has  long  been  in  much  repute  as  a  place  of  edu- 
cation. On  the  formation  of  the  kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands,  it  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  a 
royal  university.  According  to  its  present  ar- 
rangements, it  has  nineteen  professors ;  five  of 
medicine,  three  of  law,  five  of  natural  science  and 
mathematics,  and  six  of  philosophy  and  literature  : 
the  number  of  students  exceeds  400.  The  palace 
of  the  university,  in  which  the  lectures  are 
delivered,  is  a  splendid  edifice.  The  great  hall 
is  sufliciently  spacious  to  accommodate  1,600 
jjersons :  it  is  divided  into  two  parts ;  one  for 
the  members  of  the  university,  the  other  for  the 
arcommodation  of  the  public.     Around  the  walls 


the  arms  of  the  nineteen  provinces  of  the  Neth- 
erlands are  emblazoned.  It  is  lighted  by  a  lantern 
sixty  feet  in  circumference,  in  the  middle  of  the 
dome.  From  the  hall  the  apartments  for  the  dif- 
ferent courses  of  instruction  branch  on  each  side. 
The  cabinet  of  natural  history  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  feet  long,  and  already  well  furnished  :  that 
of  mineralogy  is  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  long, 
and  contains  several  thousand  specimens  scien- 
tifically arranged.  There  is  also  a  fine  dissecting 
room,  and  a  cabinet  of  models  of  agricultural  im- 
plements. 

Between  Ghent  and  Antwerp  lie*  a  tract  of  land 
called  the  Pays  de  Waes.  It  was  originally  a 
barren  and  shifting  sand;  but  the  persevering 
industry  of  the  inhabitants  has  rendered  it  the 
admiration  of  every  visitor,  whether  native  or  for 
eigner.  It  is  throughout  divided  into  small  fields, 
each  surrounded  by  a  low  quickset  hedge  and  a 
deep  trench.  The  middle  of  every  field  is  eleva- 
ted and  the  ground  declines  in  all  directions  to 
the  ditch.  The  object  of  this  singular  mode  of 
husbandry  is  to  prevent  the  bad  effects  of  heavy 
rains,  which,  if  they  fell  upon  the  level  surface, 
consisting  of  dry  porous  sand,  would  carry  down 
the  manure  through  it,  and  render  it  useless; 
whereas  the  water,  as  it  falls  on  the  declivity, 
glides  down  more  jjently,  and  does  no  injury. 
The  farms  are  so  small,  and  the  cottages  so  close- 
ly intermixed,  that  the  whole  exhibits  the  appear- 
ance of  one  continued  village.  The  interior  of 
each  dwelling  presents  an  aspect  of  neatness  and 
comfort  fully  corresponding  with  what  might  be 
expected  from  the  exterior  appearance  of  their 
farms. 

Ghent  is  situate  thirty  miles  S.  W.  of  Ant- 
werp. Lat.  51.  3.  N.,  long.  3.  44.  E.  Popula- 
tion 78,000. 

Ghent,  p. v.  Gallatin  Co.  Kentucky. 

Ghergovg,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Assam.  It  is  seated  on  the  Legoo,  near  its  con- 
flux with  the  Burrampooter,  400  m.  N.  E.  of  Cal- 
cutta.    Long.  93.  36.  E.,  lat.  25.  35.  N. 

Gheriah,  a  sea  port  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast 
of  Concan.  It  was  the  capital  of  Angria,  a  famous 
piratical  prince,  whose  fort  here  was  taken  by  the 
English  and  Mahrattas,  in  1756,  and  his  whole  fleet 
destroyed.  It  is  105  m.  S.  by.  E.  of  Bombay.  Long. 
73.  8."E.,lat.  16.  45.  N. 

Ghilnn,  a  province  of  Persia,  on  the  S.  W.  side 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  supposed  to  be  the  Hyrcania 
of  the  ancients.  On  the  W.  side  are  high  moun- 
tains which  are  covered  with  many  sorts  of  trees, 
and  in  the  highest  parts  of  them  "are  deer,  bears, 
wolves,  leopards  and  tigers.  It  produces  abun- 
dance of  sillc,  oil,  wine,  rice,  tobacco,  and  excel- 
lent fruit.  This  province  was  ceded  to  Russia, 
by  a  treaty  concluded  at  Petersburg  in  1724,  but 
not  possessed  by  Russia  till  1780.  Reshd  is  the 
capital. 

Ghizni,  or  Gazna,  a  town  of  the  country  of  Ca- 
bul,  once  the  capital  of  a  powerful  empire  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  called  the  second  Medina,  from 
the  great  number  of  illustrious  persons  who  have 
been  interred  here.  It  is  54  m.  S.  of  Cabul.  Long. 
68.  20.  E.,  lat.  38.  40.  N. 

Gholsonville,  p.v.  Brunswick  Co.  Va. 

Ghourbond,  a  town  of  the  country  of  Cabul,  49 
m.  N.  W.  of  Cabul. 

Ghurka,  now  Aurunkgabad,  (which  see). 

Gibello^  a  town  of*^taly,  in  the  duchy  of  Par- 
ma, on  the  river  Po,  sixteenAiiles  N.  W.  of 
Parma. 

GUrraltar,  a  town  of  Spain,  near  a  mountain  of 


GIB 


331 


GIB 


tho  same  name  in  lat.  36.  6.  N.  Long.  5.  19.  W. 
It  is  the  ancient  Calpe,one  of  the  pillars  of  Hercu- 
les, the  other  being  Ceuta  on  the  African  coast. 
It  is  a  rocky  promontory  on  the  southern  extremity 
of  Andalusia,  from  3  to  4  m.  in  length,  and  about 
half  a  m.  in  its  utmost  breadth.  Steep  in  all  parts 
and  in  some  perpendicular,  it  seemed  formed  by 
nature  for  a  strong  hold  ;  and  since  it  became 
an  English  fortress,  it  has  been  rendered  impreg- 
nable. The  name,  originally  Gebel-Tarif,  the 
rock  of  Tarif,  is  derived  from  Tarik  or  Tarif 
A!)enzaca,  general  of  the  caliph  Walid  in  the  in- 
vasion of  711,  who  landed  here,  and  conquered 
the  town  of  Her.aclea  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tain. Gibraltar  is  joined  to  the  main  land  by  an 
isthmus  on  the  north  which  is  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  in  length  :  the  northern  front  of  the  rock  is 
almost  perpendicular  ;  the  east  side  is  full  of  pre- 
cipices ;  and  the  south  is  so  narrow  and  abrupt 
as  to  be  inaccessible  to  any  enemy  at  sea.  Tlie 
western  front  is  also  precipitous,  but  affords  a 
landing  place  on  the  level  tract  of  ground  which 
forms  the  site  of  the  town  ;  and  this  part  is  pro- 
tected by  batteries  and  other  strong  woiKs  of  de- 
fence. The  straits  to  which  Gibraltar  gives  name 
are  supposed  to  commence  in  Spain  at  Cape  Traf- 
algar, and  in  Africa  at  Cape  Spartel,  between 
which  points  they  are  70  m.  wide  ;  and  to  end 
toward  the  Mediterranean,  beyond  Gibraltar  and 
Ceuta  ;  the  entire  length  being  about  100  m.  and 
the  narrowest  part,  about  three  leagues  west  of 
Gibraltar,  15  m.  A  strong  current  always  runs 
from  the  ocean  into  the  Mediterranean. 

The -noble  bay  of  Gibraltar,  9  m.  long  and  5 
broad,  forms  a  most  important  naval  station.  On 
the  east  are  the  promontory  and  isthmus;  to  the 
south  is  the  sea  ;  to  the  west  and  north  the  main 
land  of  Spain  ;  but  thi(^promontory  wholly  com- 
mands the  bay. 

Gibraltar  was  strongly  fortified  by  the  Moors 
afler  their  own  manner.  It  was  taken  in  1302  by 
Ferdinand  II.  of  Castile  ;  regained  by  the  Moors 
in  1333;  and  recovered  in  1462  by  Henry  IV. 
The  emperor  Charles  V.  caused  the  fortification 
to  be  reconstructed  by  two  of  the  most  eminent 
engineers  of  his  time.  The  natural  and  artificial 
strength  of  the  place  having  been  thenceforth  re- 
garded as  unquestionable  by  the  other  maritime 
powers,  the  Spanish  government  seems  to  have 
been  lulled  into  a  dangerous  security  respecting 
it;  for  in  August,  1704,  during  the  war  of  suc- 
cession, when  an  expedition  under  admiral  Rooke 
and  prince  George  of  Hesse- Darmstadt  suddenly 
and  unexpectedly  appeared  in  the  bay,  this  mari- 
time strong  hold  was  held  only  by  a  drowsy  gar- 
rison of  80  men,  who  immediately  surrendered. 
Philip  of  Anjou  besieged  it  in  October ;  but  in 
the  brief  interval  the  English  had  so  strongly 
fortified  it  on  tiie  land  side,  that  the  pass  of  the 
isthmus  was  called  by  the  Spaniards  the  Gate  of 
Fire.  It  was  blockaded  with  24  ships  of  war  by  ad- 
miral Poyetz,  but  received  succours  from  the  Eng- 
lish and  Dutch  fleet  under  admiral  Leake.  The  land 
blockade  lasted  until  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  From 
that  time  England  omitted  no  expense  or  exer- 
tion to  render  the  place  wholly  impregnable.  An- 
other siege,  in  1727,  was  frustrated  by  the  arrival 
of  admiral  Wager  with  11  sail  of  the  line.  Spain 
offered  two  millions  sterling  for  the  restitution  of 
Gibraltar;  but  was  obliged  to  resign  all  title  and 
pretension  to  it  in  the  treaty  of  Seville  1729. 
*  She  immediately  endeavoured  to  diminish  its  ad- 
vantages and  deteriorate  its  value  as  a  colony  and 
a  place   of  commerce,  by    interdicting  all   inter- 


course between  it  and  her  own  territory,  and  by 
strengthening  the  military  lines  of  San  Roque  and 
Algeziras.  But  the  to\\»n  and  garrison  could  easi- 
ly be  furnished  with  supplies  while  England  re- 
tained the  empire  of  the  sea ;  and  the  rock  itself 
had  a  well  of  fresh  water,  with  some  other  resour- 
ces which  science  and  skill  might  daily  improve. 
The  most  strenuous  efforts  for  its  recovery  were 
made  d  .ng  the  war  of  the  American  revolution, 
when  its  preservation  depended  mainly  on  the 
valour  and  constancy  of  its  resident  governor, 
general  Elliot.  The  preparatory  hostile  operations 
were  commenced  in  1779,  and  continued  during 
the  two  following  years.  In  June,  1782,  the 
duke  de  Crillon.  commander  of  the  Spanish  army 
that  had  taken  Minorca,  arrived  with  reinforce- 
ments, and  the  French  princes  of  thefvblood  came 
to  be  present  at  the  siege.  Their  army  amount- 
ed to  30,000  men  ;  and  the  conquest  was  to  be 
completed  by  ten  floating  batteries,  impenetrable 
by  shot  or  shells,  and  mounted  with  147  brass 
and  150  iron  guns.  They  were  manned  by 
criminals,  who  in  reward  for  good  service,  were 
promised  their  liberty  and  yearly  pensions  of  200 
livres  each.  The  garrison  had  varied  from  5,600 
to  7,000  men.  The  most  dreadful  carnage  was  to 
be  apprehended  as  the  consequence  of  a  success- 
ful assault.  On  the  13tb  of  September,  the  float- 
ing bulwarks  approached  and  opened  their  fire. 
General  Elliot,  finding  ordinary  means  of  repulse 
unavailing,  determined  to  batter  them  with  red- 
hot  shot ;  and  while  deliberating  on  the  means  of 
heating  the  balls,  a  German  nail-smith,  named 
Schwankendieck,  invented  and  constructed  a 
furnace  for  the  purpose.  From  this  the  artillery 
was  so  well  served,  that  in  the  course  of  the  can- 
nonade 4,000  red-hot  balls  were  discharged.  In 
the  afternoon,  the  chief  battery  and  two  floating 
batteries  began  to  emit  smoke  :  the  enemy  were 
unable  to  quench  the  fire  or  stop  the  leakage.  At 
one  o'clock  in  the  morning,  three  batteries  were 
in  a  blaze,  and  several  others  were  seen  to  have 
taken  fire.  Those  on  board  in  vain  signalled  the 
Spanish  fleet  with  rockets  ;  no  relief  could  be  af- 
forded to  the  batteries  ;  all  that  could  be  attempted 
was  to  save  the  men.  Twelve  gun-boats  from  the 
fortress,  prevented  the  boats  of  the  besiegers 
from  landing,  and  at  the  same  time  poured  a  well 
directed  fire  on  the  floating  batteries.  At  day- 
break, those  on  board  were  seen  making  signals 
of  distress  and  calling  for  help,  and  the  besiegers 
hastened  to  their  relief,  amidst  continually  increas- 
ing danger ;  for  the  heated  guns  of  the  batteries 
on  fire  were  from  time  to  time  discharging  their 
shot,  and  occasional  explosions  of  gunpowder 
scattered  destruction  around.  Captain  Curtis  and 
his  men,  at  the  peril  of  their  lives,  saved  13  of- 
ficers and  344  men.  A  grand  attack  on  the  land 
side  was  in  the  mean  time  repulsed  by  general 
Elliot ;  and  a  severe  storm  occurred,  from  which 
the  Spanish  fleet  sustained  great  damage.  Kext 
month,  an  English  squadron  having  arrived  with 
succours,  the  enemy  were  compelled  to  convert 
the  siege  into  a  mere  blockade,  which  terminate 
ed  on  the  20th  January,  1783,  when  peace  was 
signed  at  Versailles. 

The  town  of  Gibraltar,  situated  at  the  foot  of 
the  promontory,  on  its  north-west  side,  suffered 
severely  during  this  attack,  and  was  rebuilt  on  aji 
improved  plan.  The  houses  have  flat  roofs  and 
large  bow  windows  ;  they  are  generally  paint- 
ed black,  to  mitigate  the  rays  of  the  sun,  and 
are  marked  with  a  white  stripe  between  each 
story.      The  principal   street,  about    a  mile  in 


GlE 


333 


GIO 


length,  is  full  of  shops ;  in  other  parts  of  the 
town  the  buildings  are  too  dense,  and  the  pop. 
dwelling  in  them  is  exposed  to  much  danger  in 
case  of  pestilential  fever.  That  which  raged  in 
1804  carried  off  several  thousands  ;  while  the 
military,  stationed  on  higher  ground,  were,  by 
that  advantage,  and  through  the  judicious  precau- 
tions adopted  by  the  medical  staff,  preserved 
from  contagion.  It  has  been  ascertained  that  the 
fever  is  fo^ered,  if  not  generated,  during  sultry 
weather,  by  the  stoppage  of  the  drains ;  and  a 
proposal  has  been  made  to  erect  a  steam-engine; 
which  shall  raise  from  the  bay  a  constant  stream 
of  water,  to  supply  all  the  baths  and  refresh  every 
corner  of  the  town. 

The  inhabitants,  exceeding  in  number  12,000, 
are  mostly  British  ;  though  there  are  many  Span- 
iards, Italians,  Jews,  and  even  Moors,  occupied 
in  commercial  pursuits.  Gibraltar  is  a  general 
mart  of  merchandise  from  every  quarter  :  piece 
goods  and  hardware  from  England ;  sugar,  rum, 
ooffee,  from  the  West  Indies  ;  tobacco,  rice  and 
flour,  from  North  America  ;  wine,  fruits,  and  silks 
from  the  countries  and  isles  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean. The  chief  public  buildings  are  the  bar- 
racks, the  house  of  the  lieutenant-governor,  the 
navy  hospital,  and  the  victualling  office.  The 
places  of  worship  are,  at  the  English  church,  a 
catholic  chapel  and  three  synagogues.  For  the 
use  of  the  officers  stationed  on  this  isolated  rock, 
there  is  a  garrison  library ;  and  a  small  theaire 
augments  the  limited  range  of  amusement  which 
can  here  be  generally  participated.  The  town  is 
fortified  ;  but  owes  its  chief  protection  to  the  bat- 
teries on  the  neighbouring  heights,  which  sweep 
the  isthmus  and  the  approach  from  the  sea.  Since 
the  siege  of  1783,  great  sums  have  been  expended 
on  these  works  :  extensive  excavations  have  been 
made,  to  establish  communication  between  the 
different  posts,  and  enable  them  to  be  relieved 
without  loss  from  an  enemy's  fire  :  the  embellish- 
ments of  which  so  rugged  a  spot  is  susceptible 
have  not  been  neglected  ; — trees,  shrubs,  and 
flowers  have  been  planted  in  various  places  ;  and 
roads  opened  in  the  solid  rock,  and  made  passable 
for  carriages. 

Gibraltar,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  the  province 
of  Zulia,  defended  by  some  fortifications.  The 
air  is  so  unhealthy  in  the  rainy  season,  that 
the  town  is  now  reduced  to  an  insignificant 
hamlet. 

Gibson,  a  county  of  the  stateof  Indiana,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  White  river,  and  W.  by  the  Wa- 
bash, which  divides  it  from  the  state  of  Illinois. 
The  S.  W.  point  of  the  county  is  30  m.  above 
the  entrance  of  the  Wabash  into  tlie  Ohio.  Pop. 
5,417.      Princeton  is  the  capital. 

Gibson,  is  also  the  name  of  townships  in  Clear- 
field and  Susquehanna  Cos.  Pa. 

Gibsonville,  p. v.  Bedford  Co.  Ten. 

Gien,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Loire.  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Loire, 
40  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Orleans.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect. 

Gienffen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  on  the  river  Brentz, 
18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ulm,  now  included  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wurtemburg. 

Gieiace,  a  towri'of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  sea,  34  m.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Reggio. 

Giessen,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  Upper 
Hesse,  with  a  citadel  and  a  university.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Lahn,  IG  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Marburjr. 
Long.  8.  43.  E.,  lat.  50.  a").  N. 


Gigay,  a  small  island,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  lying 
on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland. 

GigUo,  a  small  island,  on  the  coast  of  Tuscany, 
with  a  castle,  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Orbitello. 

Glgnac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  on  the  river  Herault,  14  m.  W.  of 
Montpelier. 

Gihon.     See  Jlmu. 

Gijon,  or  Gyon,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Asturi- 
as,  with  an  ancient  castle ;  seated  on  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Oviedo.     Long.  5. 3G.  W. 
lat.  43.  34.  N. 

Gilbcrtsville,  p. v.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y. 
GiJboa,  p.v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y. 
Gilead,  a  township  in  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  377 
Giles,  an  interior  county  in  the  W.  part  of  V?- 
ginia  bounded  on  the   E.  by  the  great  Kanahwa 
river.     It  contains  about  2,000  sq.  m.  of  surface. 
Pop.  5,298. 

Giles,  another  county  East  of  Tennessee,  border- 
ing on  Alabama,intersected  by  the  Elk  river, which 
flows  S.  into  the  Tennessee,  it  comprises  about 
600  sq.  m.  of  surface.  Pop.  18,920.  Pulaski  is 
the  chief  town. 

Gilford,  t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  S.  side  of 
L.  Winipiseog-ee.     Pop.  1,872. 

Gill,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.      Pop.  864. 
Gilles,  St.  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Gard,    10  m.   S.  of  Nismes.     Pop.    in  1825 
5,600. 

Gillingham,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Med  way,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
Thames,  it  is  strongly  fortified,  forming  the  out- 
port  of  the  arsenal  of  Chatham.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  antiquity. 

There  is  an  extensive  parish  of  the  same  name, 
in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  Pm|^  in  1821,  2,246.  The 
town  is  4  m.  N.  W.  of  Snlnsbury. 

Gilmanton,  p.t.  Straffbrd  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  S.  E. 
of  L.  Winipiseogee.  Pop.  3,816.  Iron  ore  exists 
here,  and  there  were  formerly  iron  works.  Here 
is  also  a  mineral  sprmg,  potent  in  cutaneous  and 
bilious  diseases. 

Gilolo,  an  island,  the  largest  of  the  Moluccas. 
It  is  130  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  but  is  intersected  by 
several  large  bays  ;  the  breadth  of  any  limb  sel- 
dom exceeds  40  miles.  The  shores  are  in  gene- 
ral low,  and  the  interior  rises  in  high  peaks.  It 
does  not  produce  any  fine  spices,  but  has  a  great 
deal  of  rice,  and  abounds  with  oxen,  buff'alos, 
goats,  deer,  and  wild  hogs.  The  sultans  of  Ter- 
nate  and  Tidore  share  this  island  between  them. 
The  natives  are  industrious,  particularly  in  weav- 
ing. One  of  the  chief  towns  is  Tatany,  on  a 
small  promontory  on  the  eastern  limb,  and  only 
accessible  by  ladders. 

Gilsuw;   t.     Cheshire    Co.    N.    H.    adjoining 
Keene.     Pop.  642. 

Gimont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Gers,  16  m.  E.  of  Auch. 

Gingee,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
strong  both  by  nature  and  art,  being  seated  on  a 
mountain,  whose  top  is  divided  into  3  points,  on 
each  of  which  is  a  castle.  It  is  38  m.  N.  W.  of 
Pondicherry.  Long.  79.  25.  E.,  lat.  12.  15.  N. 
Giorgiev,  or  Giurdesov,  a  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  "Walachia,  near  which  the  Russians 
gainecf  a  victory  over  the  Turks,  in  1771.  Itis 
seated  on  the  Danube,  48  m.  S.  W.  of  Bucharest. 
Giovenazzo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
with  a  castle.  It  has  high  houses  and  towers, 
built  of  polished  stone  with  flat  roofs,  which 
give  it  a  singular  appearance.  It  is  seated  near 
the  sea,  10  m.  N   W.  of  Bari. 


iGte 


333 


6LK 


Girgrdetm,  Cape,  a  connty  of  the  state  of  Mis- 
eoari,  lying  between  the  St.  Francis  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers  ;  it  contains  about  1,200  sq.  m.  of  sur- 
face.    Pop.  7,430.     Jackson  is  the  chief  town. 

Girtst,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Kerman,  with  a 
trade  in  wheat  and  dates,  100  m.  £.  by  N.  of  Gom- 
broon. 

Girtre,  a  town  of  Egypt,  about  3  m.  in  circum- 
ference, and  contains  several  mosques,  bazars,  and 
squares,  but  no  marble  buildings,  or  remains  of 
ancient  structures.  It  stands  near  the  left  bank  of 
the  Nile,  40  m.  N.  of  Esne,  and  200  S.  of  Cairo. 
Long.  31.  12.  E.,  lat.  28.  So.  N. 

Girgenti,  an  episcopal  town,  on  the  S.  W. 
coast  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara,  with  a  castle. 
It  is  part  of  the  ancient  Agrigentum,  and  in  the 
vicinity  are  numerous  remains  of  temples,  &c.  ; 
great  quantities  of  sulphur  are  exported  from  this 
place.  It  stands  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  St. 
Blaise,  62  m.  S.  of  Palermo.  'Long.  13.  38.  E., 
lat.  37.   14.  iN. 

Gironde,  a  river  of  France,  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne,  12  m.  N.  of  Bor- 
deau.x. 

Gironde,  a  maritime  department  of  France, 
which  includes  part  of  the  late  province  of  Gui- 
enne.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Garonne,  and 
it  is  the  largest  of  the  86  departments,  containing 
about  1,022,000  hectares  ;  it  yields  abundance  of 
wine,  and  is  fertile  in  every  kind  of  grain 
and  cattle,  whilst  the  rivers  and  coast  supply 
abundance  of  fish.  Its  principal  manufactures 
are  in  founderies,  glass,  earthenware,  dye  stuffs, 
liquors,  (anniseed)  and  salt ;  it  contains  some 
seams  of  pit  coal,  and  beds  of  peat.  It  is  divided 
into  6  arrondissements,  of  which  Bordeaux,  (the 
capital,)  ^zas,  Blaye,  Lesparre,  Libourne,  and 
Reole  are  the  chief  toWns.     Pop.  in  1825, 522,040. 

Girons,  St.  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Arriege,  4  m.  S.  by  E.  of  St.  Lizier. 

Girvan,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Girvan,  which  forms  a  tolera- 
ble harbour.     It  is  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ayr. 

Gisboiough,  a  town  in  North  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
It  is  celebrated  for  being  the  first  place  where 
alum  was  made,  as  it  was  formerly  for  iLs  fine 
abbey.     It  is  22  m.  N.  W.  of  Whitby. 

Gisors,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  s^i|cd  on  the  Ept,  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Rouen. 

Gitschin^  a  town  of  Bohemia,  which  suffered 
greatly  jlofing  the  long  war  of  the  Swedes  in  Ger- 
jnany. '  It  is  22  m.  S.  VV.  of  Koningsgratz. 

Givet,  a  fortified  and  frontier  town  of  France, 
in  the  department  of  Ardennes,  divided  by  the 
Meuse,  into  2  parts,  Givet  Saint  Hilaire,  and 
Givet  Notre  Dame,  the  former  situate  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain  close  by  Charlemont,  and  the  otlier 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  It  is  15  m.  N. 
t.  of  Rocroy.     Pop.  in  1825,  4,068. 

Giula  or  Guliest,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Hun- 
gary, on  the  frontiers  of  Transylvania  and  the 
river  Keresblau,  30  m.  E.  of  Great  Waradin. 
Long.  20.  40  E.,  lat.  46.  40.  N. 

Giula  jYuaca.,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Ulteriore,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  13  m.  N.  of 
Atri. 

Giuliani,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
on  a  craggy  rock,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Xacca  or 
Siac-ca. 

Gizdi,  a  fortified  town  of  Egypt,  with  a  palace, 
sever-'il  mosques,  a  cannon  foundery,  and  a  manu- 
facture of  coarse  earthen  pots  and  tiles.  A  few 
m.  to  tlie  S.  W.  are  the  largest  pyramids  in  the 
country.     Gizeh  was  taken  from  the  French  by 


the  British  in  1801.    It  stands  on  the  lefl  bank  •f 
the  Nile,  nearly  opposite  Cairo. 

Gladbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Juliers,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  fine  strong  linen,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Ners,  18  m.  N.  of  Juliers.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Gladenbach,  a  town  of  Grermany,  in  Upper  Hes- 
se, 12  m.  N.  of  Giessen. 

Glammis,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Angusshire, 
with  manufactures  of  yarn  and  linen  cloth.  Near 
it,  on  the  bank  of  the  Dean,  is  Glammis  Castle, 
a  large  edifice,  in  which  Malcolm  II.  was  mur- 
dered. 

Glamorganshire,  the  extreme  S.  E.  county  of 
Wales,  bounded  on  the  S.  for  about  50  ra.  by  the 
Bristol  Channel,  on  the  E.  by  the  county  of  Mon- 
mouth N.  by  Brecknock,  and  W.  by  Caremar* hen- 
shire.  It  contains  792  sq.  m.  of  surface,  or  about 
506,880  acres  ;  is  divided  into  ten  hundreds,  and 
124  parishes ;  has  1  city  and  5  market-towns ; 
and  sends  2  members  to  parliament.  The  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  in  1811  «vas  85,067,  increased 
in  1821  to  101,7:37.  On  the  N.  side  it  is  moun- 
tainous ;  but  heing  more  level  on  the  S.  side,  it 
there  bears  large  crops  of  corn  and  very  sweet 
grass.  Cattle  abound  in  all  parts,  there  being 
fruitful  valleys  among  the  mountains,  that  yield 
very  ffood  pasture.  The  quantity  of  butter  with 
which  it  supplies  the  Bristol  market  is  very  con- 
siderable. In  the  N.  part  of  the  county  are  the 
most  extensive  iron  works  in  the  world,  (see  Mer- 
t/ujr  Tydvill  ;)  copper  and  lead  also  abound,  (see 
Swansea.)  The  county  is  intersected  from  N.  to 
S.  by  several  streams  of  water,  and  by  3  canals, 
by  which  the  heavy  products  of  the  mines  and 
forges  are  conveyed  to  the  coast.  Cardiff,  {which 
see,)  is  the  assize  town,  but  Merthyr  Tydvill  is  the 
most  populous,  and  Swansea  the  most  important 
town  in  the  county  ;  the  other  towns  of  note  are 
Neath,  Lantrissant,  Cowbridge,  and  Landaff.  ■ 

Glandfordbridge,  or  Brigg,  a  town  in  Lincoln- 
shire, with  a  market  on  Thursday,  and  a  good 
trade  in  corn,  coal,  and  timber.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Ancholm,  which  is  navigable  for  sloops  to  the 
Humber,  23  m.  N.  of  Lincoln. 

Glaris,  or  Glarus,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  boun- 
ded on  the  N.  by  the  river  Linth,  Grisons,  and 
lake  of  Wallenstadt,  E.  by  the  canton  of  Sargans, 
the  canton  of  Uri,  and"  W.  by  that  of  Schweitz 
It  is  a  mountainous  country  ;  and  the  chief  trade 
is  in  cattle,  cheese,  and  butter.  The  inhabitants, 
amounting  te  27,000,  are  partly  protestants,  and 
partly  catholics ;  and  both  sects  live  together  in 
the  greatest  harmony.  Glaris  is  surrounded  by 
the  Alps,  except  toward  the  N;^||fand  there  is  no 
other  entrance  but  through  this  opening,  which 
lies  between  the  lake  of  Wallenstadt,  and  the 
mountains  separating  this  canton  from  that  of 
Schweitz. 

Glaris,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
preceding  canton  is  surrounded  bv  mountains,  and 
seated  on  the  river  Linth.  It  had  manufactures 
of  cloth,  and  a  trade  in  cattle,  horf»s.  «'heese,  slate, 
and  wooden  ware  ;  32  m.  S.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Glasgow,  a  large  and  populous  city  of  Scotland, 
in  Lanarkshir?.  From  its  extent,  beauty,  regu- 
larity, and  modern  improvements,  it  is  undoubt- 
edly the  second  if  not  first  city  ia  North  Britain 
The  four  principal  streets,  which  inter<'ecl  each 
other  at  right  angles,  divide  the  city  nearly  into 
four  equal  parts.  The  high  cnurch,  the  most 
magnificent  goihic  structure  in  Scotland,  St. 
Andrew's  church,  St.  Enoch's  church,  the  Tron 
church,  the  college,  the  Tontine,  and  trades'-hall, 


GLA 


334 


GLO 


•tesome  of  the  pnncipal  buildings  in  Glasgow. 
The  town-house  is  an  elegant  building  with  a 
iViazza  in  front ;  and  opposite  to  it  is  the  exchange, 
a  square  building,  with  an  equestrian  statue  of 
William  111.  in  the  centre.  The  toll-booth,  the 
guildhall,  and  the  theatre  are  also  worthy  of  no- 
tice. There  arc  several  charitable  establishments; 
particularly  th?  Merchant's  Hospital,  and  that  of 
the  town,  and  a  large  infirmary.  Here  is  also  a 
monument,  145  feet  high,  in  the  green  of  Glas- 
gow, to  the  memory  of  the  gallant  Nelson.  The 
university,  instituted  in  14-50, is  constantly  increas- 
ing in  reputation.  At  present  it  consists  of  a  chan- 
cellor, rector,  dean  of  faculty,  a  principal,  and  16 
professors,  of  which  one  is  for  law,  four  for  theol- 
ogy, five  for  the  study  of  medicines  and  subjects 
connected  therewith,  and  the  others  for  the  fac- 
ulty of  arts.  It  has  lately  been  greatly  enriched 
in  the  mathematical  department  by  the  library  of 
the  late  celebrated  Dr.  Robert  Simpson,  author  of 
the  translation  of  Euclid,  and  has  received  an  im- 
portant addition,  by  a  collection  of  rare  books  and 
manuscripts,  in  every  department  of  science,  but 
particularly  in  medicine,  bequeathed  by  the  Itite 
Dr.  William  Hunter,  who  has  also  left  his  exten- 
sive museum  to  the  university  of  Glasgow.  Be- 
sides the  anatomical  preparations,  the  museum, 
for  which  an  elegant  building  has  been  erected, 
contains  a  collection  of  shells,  corals,  insects,  and 
fossils,  made  by  the  late  Dr.  Fothergill,  and  a  cabi- 
net of  medals  and  coins,  ancient  and  modern, 
the  most  complete  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  The 
observatory  is  well  fitted  up,  and  supplied  with 
the  most  improved  instrument  for  the  use  of  the 
professor  of  practical  astronomy.  But  being  main- 
ly dependent  on  private  aid  for  suppport,  since  the 
novelty  of  its  erection  has  ceased,  it  is  not  main- 
tained without  difficulty.  Glasgow,  next  to  Lon- 
don and  Liverpool,  is  the  most  commercial  place 
in  the  British  dominions,  and  in  manufacturing  ex- 
tent and  importance,  it  is  only  exceeded  by  Man- 
chester and  Leeds ;  the  cotton  manufacture  em 
ploys  about  40,000  looms,  wtih  all  the  attending 
operations  of  staining,  dyeing,  glazing,  «fec.  &c., 
which  support  numerous  iron  founderies,  machine 
makers,  &c.  &c, ;  in  addition  to  which,  it  has  sev- 
eral glass  houses,  sugar  refineries,  &c.  Glasgow 
was  originally  one  parish,  but  is  now  for  the  beni- 
fit  of  the  poor  and  ease  of  ministers,  divided  into 
12,  with  as  many  churches,  and  several  chapels 
of  ease,  and  numerous  meeting  houses  for  Dis- 
senters. The  population  of  10  parishes  within 
the  city,  in  1821,  amounted  to  72,765,  the  Barony 
51,919,  and  Gorbals  22,359,  making  an  aggregate 
population  of  147,043,  being  63,274  more  than  in 
18(Jl,and  more  than  treble  the  number  in  1780. 
The  city  of  Glasgow  is  seated  on  the  N.  bank  of 
the  Clyde,  the  suburbs  extending  to  the  opposite 
side  connected  by  three  elegant  bridges  of  stone. 
The  river  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  eight  feet  wa- 
ter as  far  as  the  bridge  ;  but  larger  vessels  stop 
at  Port  Glasgow,  or  Greenock,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  to  unload  ;  it  has  also  the  advantage  of 
two  canals,  beside  the  great  canal  that  joins  the 
Clyde  to  the  Forth.  Glasgow  is  44  m.  W.  of  Ed- 
inburgh, and  60  S.  W.  of  Perth  :  the  mean  dis- 
tance from  London,  is  only  346  m.  the  route  of 
the  mail  404. 

Glasgow  Port.     See  Port  Glasgow. 
Glasborougk,  p. v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J. 
Glaslenliury,    p.t.    Hartford  Co.  Conn.      Pop. 
2,980, 

Glttstenhury,  t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  52. 
Glastenbury,  a  town  of  Somersetshire,  Eng.  it 


is  seated  near  a  high  hill,  called  the  Tor,  and  fa- 
mous for  an  abbey,  that  occupied  an  area  of  60 
acres,  of  which  some  considerable  ruins  still  re- 
main ;  particularly  the  kitchen  which  is  the  most 
entire,  and  of  a  very  unusual  contrivance.  The 
George  Inn  was  formerly  an  hospital  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  pilgrims  who  came  to  the  abbey 
and  to  the  thorn,  which,  it  is  pretended,  was 
planted  by  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  and  blossomed 
on  Christmas  eve.  It  was  also  pretended,  that 
the  bodies  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  of  king  Ar- 
thur, and  of  Edward  the  confessor  were  buried 
here.  The  last  abbot  of  this  place  was  hanged  on 
the  top  of  the  Tor,  by  order  of  Henry  VIII.  for 
not  acknowleding  his  supremacy  ;  and  on  this  hill 
is  a  tower,  which  serves  as  a  landmark  to  set.. 
men.  Glastonbury  has  two  churches,  and  a  man- 
ufacture of  worsted  stockin  gs.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Brue,  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Wells,  on  the  road  to 
Exeter,  and  124  W.  by  S.  of  London, 

Glatz,  a  sovereign  county  of  Germany,  lying 
between  Silesia,  Bohemia,  and  Moravia,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains.  It  is  40.  m.  long,  and  25 
broad  ;  has  mines  of  coal,  copper  and  iron,  good 
quarries  of  marble  and  stone,  and  fine  springs  of 
mineral  waters.  In  1742,  it  was  ceded  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  by  the  queen  of  Hungary,  and  is 
now  deemed  a  part  of  Silesia. 

Glatz,  a  strong  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Glatz,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  by 
the  river  Neiss.  On  the  top  of  the  hill  is  an  an- 
cient castle,  and  a  new  citadel.  In  1742,  the  Prus- 
sians took  the  town  by  capitulation  ;  and  in  1760, 
the  Austrians,  took  it  by  storm,  but  restored  it  in 
1763.  It  is  60  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Breslau,  and  90  E. 
N.  E.  of  Prague.  Long.  16.  32.  E.,  lat.  50.  18.  N. 
Glauchau,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
with  considerable  manufactures  of  cotton  and  oth-  .|l 
er  stuffs  ;  seated  on  the  Mulda,  36  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Leipzig. 

Gleiwitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  noted  for  the  culture 
of  hops  and  the  weaving  of  cloth  ;  34  m.  S.  E.  of 
Oppelen. 

GlenJuce,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Wigtonshire, 
with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels. 
Glenn,  p. v.  Gloucester  Co.  Pa. 
Glenns  Falls,  on  the  Hudson  25  m.  above  Alba- 
ny. They  are  a  violent  rapid  descending  ()3 
feet  in  500.  The  stream  is  divided  by  the  rocks 
into  three  channels.  A  village  of  the  same  name 
is  situated  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  falls. 

Glotrau,  orGnoss  Gloffau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  cap- 
ital of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  which  is 
very  fertile,  and  produces  wine.  The  town  is  well 
fortified,  and  formerly  stood  close  by  the  Oder, 
which  has  since  changed  its  course,  and  now  flows 
above  a  m.  from  it.  Besides  the  papists,  there 
are  a  great  number  of  protestants  and  Jews.  It 
was  taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  in  1741.  It  is 
60  m.  N.  W.  of  Breslau.  Long.  16.  14.  E.,  lat, 
51.  38.  N. 

Glotrau,  Little,  a  town  of  Silesia,  with  a  col- 
legiate church  and  Minorite  convent,  23  m.  S.  of 
Oppeln. 

Glomme,  a  river  of  Norway,  in  the  bishopric 
of  Aggerhuys,  which  flows  into  the  North  Sea, 
at  Frederickstadt.  At  least  50,000  trees  are  an- 
ually  floated  by  this  river  to  Frederickstadt. 

Glossoj),  a  parish   of    Derbyshire,  Eng.    which 
contains  18  townships  and  hamlets  :  total  pop.  in 
1821,  13,766.     The    township  of  the  same  name 
contained   1,357  inhabitants.     It   is  8   m.    N.  of    <■ 
Chapel-in-le-frith. 

Gloucestershire,  a  county  of  England,  60  m. 


GLO 


335 


GOC 


Ion*,  and  29  broad ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Herefordshire  and  Monmouthshire,  N.  by  Wor- 
cestershire, E.  by  Warwickshire,  and  Oxfordshire, 
and  S.  by  Wiltshire  and  Somersetshire.  It  con- 
tains 803,000  acres ;  is  divided  into  27  hundreds, 
and  339  parishes  ;  has  two  cities  and  25  market- 
towns  ;  and  sends  10  members  to  parliament. 
The  air  is  sharp  in  the  E.,  or  hilly  part,  called  the 
Coteswold ;  but  very  mild  in  the  rich  vale  that 
occupies  the  centre,  through  which  the  river 
Severn  flows.  The  W.  part  which  is  the  small- 
est district,  is  varied  by  hill  and  dale,  and  is 
chiefly  occupied  by  the  forest  of  Dean.  The 
staple  commodities  of  the  county  are  its  woolens 
and  cheese.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Severn, 
Warwickshire  Avon,  Lower  Avon,  Wye,  Thames, 
Coin,  and  Lech;  the  Severn  and  Thames  are 
united  by  a  canal.  The  principal  manufacturing 
towns  -are  Stroud-water,  Tewkesbury,  and 
Wooton-under-edge,  and  the  other  places  of 
note  besides  the  capital  and  city  of  Bristol,  are 
Cheltenham,  Cirencester,  and  Dursley. 

Gloucester,  a  city  and  capital  of  the  preced- 
ing couaty.  It  is  a  county  of  itself,  governed  by 
a  mayor,  and  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Severn, 
wliere,  by  two  streams,  it  makes  the  isle  of  Al- 
ney.  It  was  fortified  with  a  wall,  which  Charles 
II.  after  the  Restoration  ordered  to  be  demolished. 
The  four  principal  streets  have  their  junction  in 
the  centre  of  the  town.  It  once  contained  11 
churches,  but  now  has  only  5  beside  the  cathe- 
dral, in  which  is  a  large  cloister,  a  whispering 
gallery,  and  the  tombs  of  Robert,  duke  of  Nor- 
muT.iy,  and  Edward  II.  It  has  five  hospitals, 
two  free-schools,  and  a  large  county  jail  It  has 
four  extensive  establishments  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  pins,  and  is  a  great  mart  for  wool,  and 
there  are  12  incorporated  trading  companies. 
Ships  come  up  by  the  Severn  to  the  bridge;  but 
t!ie  navigation  being  circuitous  and  difficult,  a  ca- 
nal is  made  hence  f.o  Berkeley,  with  sufficient 
depth  of  water  for  fillips  of  400  tons  burthen,  at 
the  head  of  whi(;)i  i.s  a  basin,  fit  for  the  reception 
of  101)  vessels.  Berkeley  is  distant  from  Glou- 
cester 15  m.  The  city  and  neighbourhood  con- 
tain many  remains  of  abbeys  ;  and  those  of  Lan- 
tony  abbey,  in  the  S.  suburb,  are  converted  into 
outhouses  belonging  to  adjacent  farms.  Glouces- 
ter is  24  m.  N.  E.  of  Bristol,  and  104  W.  by  N.  of 
London.     Pop.  in  1801,  7,559,  and  in  1821,  9,744. 

Gloucester,  a  county  of  the  state  of  New  Jer- 
sey, extending  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  Del- 
aware river,  a  distance  of  GO  m.  and  is  about  20 
in  mean  breadth,  giving  a  superficies  of  1,200  sq. 
m.  It  is  divided  Into  12  townships.  Pop.  28,431. 
Woodbury  is  the  chief  town.  ' 

Gloucester,  a  maritime  county  in  the  E.  District 
of  Virginia,  bounded  on  the  S.  W.  by  York  riv- 
er, and  Chesapeak  bay.  It  contains  about  300 
sq.  m.  Pop.  10,G03.  The  chief  town  of  the  same 
name  stands  on  a  point  of  land  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  mouth  of  York  River,  17  m.  N.  E.  of  York 
town,  and  70  E.  by  S.  of  Ricihmond. 

Gloucester,  a  sea-port  of  Massachusetts,  in  Es- 
sex county,  and  on  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Ann, 
which  forms  the  N.  side  of  Massachusetts  bay.  The 
Jiarbour  is  accessible  for  large  ships,  and'defend- 
ed  by  a  battery  and  citadel.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
considerable  fishing-towns  in  the  United  States, 
J(j  m.  N.  E.  of  Salem.  Long.  70.  40.  W.,  lat.42. 
3G.  N.    Pop.  7,513. 

Gloucester,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  in  the  N. 
W.  corner  of  the  state.  Pop.  2,524.  Abo  a  vil- 
lage in  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J. 


Glover,  t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  Pop  902.  There 
was  formerly  a  small  lake  in  this  town,  which 
burst  its  borders  and  deluged  the  neighbouring 
country  in  a  singular  manner.     See  Vermont. 

Gloydsborough,  a  village  of  Hampshire  Co. 
Va. 

Gluckstadt,  a  sea-port  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Holstein,  with  a  strong  castle. 
It  has  a  considerable  foreign  trade,  the  principal 
branch  of  which  is  the  whale  fishery.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Elbe,  near  its  mouth,  28  m.  N.  W.  of 
Hamburg.     Long.  9.  29.  E.,  lat.  53.  51.  N. 

Glynn,  a  maritime  county  of  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia, comprising  about  3,050  square  m.  of  territory. 
Pop.  4,4G7.     Brunswick  is  the  chief  town. 

Gnesen,  or  Gnesna,  in  Prussian  Poland,  con- 
tains an  archbishop's  see,  whose  prelate  was  pri- 
mate of  Poland.  It  was  the  first  town  built  in  the 
kingdom,  and  formerly  more  considerable  than  at 
present.  It  is  98  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Breslau,  and  145 
W.  by  N.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  17.  40.  E.,  lat.  52. 
28.  N. 

Goa,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Concan,  an<l 
the  capital  of  the  Portuguese  settlements  in  In- 
dia. It  stands  on  the  N.  side  of  an  island,  22  m. 
long,  and  6  broad,  formed  by  the  river  Mandova* 
which  is  capable  of  receiving  the  largest  ships. 
The  viceroy's  palace  was  a  noble  building;  but 
this,  as  well  as  the  city  at  large,  is  very  much  on 
the  decline.  The  inhabitants  are  contented  with 
greens,  fruits,  and  roots,  which,  with  a  little  bread^ 
rice,  and  fish,  are  their  principal  diet,  though  they 
have  hogs  and  fowls  in  plenty.  Their  religion  is 
the  Roman  catholic,  and  the  clergy  are  numerous 
and  illiterate.  In  this  place  was  one  of  the  last 
refuges  of  the  inquisition  ;  a  description  of  which 
is  given  in  Dr.  Buchanan's  Christian  Researches. 
Goa  has  i't^w  manufactures  or  productions,  the 
best  trade  being  in  arrack,  which  is  distilled  from 
the  sapof  the  cocoa-nut  tree.  The  harbour  is  de- 
fended by  several  forts  and  batteries.  It  is  250 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Bombay.  Long.  73.  45.  E.,  lat.  15. 
31 .  N, 

Goalpara,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  at  the  N.  E. 
extremity  of  Bengal,  where  the  Europeans  have 
factors,  who  carry  on  a  great  trade  with  Assam, 
Bootan,  Thibet,  &c.  It  stands  on  the  E.  oank  of 
the  Brahmapootra,  38.  m.  E.  of  Rangamatty. 

Goiir,  St.  a  small  town  of  Germany,  formerly 
the  capital  of  the  lower  county  of  Catzenellenbo- 
gen.  it  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  under  the  stupen- 
dous rock  and  castle  of  Rhcinfcls,  with  which  it 
surrendered  to  the  French,  in  1794.  It  is  25  m. 
S.of  Coblentz. 

Goat  Island,  There  is  an  island  of  this  name  in 
the  harbour  of  Newport  R.  I.  and  another  at  Ni- 
agara Falls,  which  see. 

Goave,  Gr«n</,  atown  of  St.  Domingo,  near  the 
sea-coast.     It  is  10  m.  S.  S.   W.  of  Leogane. 

Goave,  Petit,  a  sea-port  of  St.  Domingo,  in  the 
gulf  of  Gonaves,  and  the  mart  to  wiiich  the  tra- 
ders in  Grand  Goave  and  other  places  send  their 
commodities.  It  is  31  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Port  au 
Prince. 

Gohhi,  a  country  of  South  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Atlantic,  between  the  country  of  Cawma 
and  Cape  Lopez  Gonsalvo,  under  the  equator. 
The  chief  town  is  situated  about  a  day's  journey 
from  the  sea.  The  principal  trade  of  the  inhaDi-. 
tants  consists  in  elephants  and  ivory. 

Gohin   St.  See  Fere. 

Goch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of- 
Cleves,  seated  on  the  Niers,  6  m.  S.  of  Cleves. 

Gochsheim,  or  Gochen,  a  town  of  Sua  via,  late-  ^ 


GOL 


336 


GOM 


ly  b'V'mjf'Tff  to  Wurtcmberg  ;  but  ceded  to  Ba- 
v'arui.  in  lS02,  21  m.  S.  of  Heidelberg,  and  34.  N, 
W.  of  Stuttgard. 

Gociano,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Chirgo,  25  m.  E.  of  Algheri. 

GoiUdming,  a  town  in  Surry,  Eng.  with  manu- 
factures of  stockings  and  coarse  woolen  cloths.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Wye,  where  it  divides  into  seve- 
ral streams,  4  m.  S.  W.  of  Guilford,  and  34  of 
London. 

Godavery,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  has  its 
source  in  the  Sukliien  mountains,  70  m.  to  the  N. 
E.  of  Bombay.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course  is 
esteemed  a  sacred  river  by  the  Hindoos,  who  call 
it  Gonga,  a  term  for  a  river  in  general.  After 
crossing  Dowlalabad  and  Golconda,  from  W.  to 
E.,  it  turns  to  the  S.  E.,  and  receiving  the  Bain, 
about  90  m.  above  the  ssa,  divides  into  2  princi- 
pal channels  at  Rajamundry  ;  and  these  subdivi- 
ding again,  form  altogether  several  tide  harbours, 
for  vessels  of  moderate  burthen,  at  its  different 
mouths  in  the  bay  of  Bengal.  Its  course  is  esti- 
mated to  be  above  700  m.  and  extensive  forests  of 
teak  timber  border  on  its  banks,  within  the  moun- 
tains. 

Godi.ng,  a  town  of  Moravia,  with  a  fine  castle, 
seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Marsche,  38  m.  S.  E. 
of  Brunn. 

Godmaiichester,  a  corporate  town  in  Hunting- 
donshire Eng.  parted  from  Huntingdon  by  the 
river  Ouse.  It  is  seated  in  a  rich  fertile  soil, 
which  yields  great  plenty  of  corn.  When  James 
I.  came  through  it  from  Scotland,  the  inhabitants 
met  him  with  70  ploughs,  drawn  by  as  many 
team  of  horses  ;  for  which  novel  sight  he  granted 
them  a  charter.  Here  is  a  school  called  the  free 
grammar  school  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  59  m. 
N.  by  W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  1,953. 

Goes  or  Ter  Goes,  a  small  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  island  of  S.  Beveland.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable trade,  particularly  in  salt  and  corn.  The 
great  church  was  burnt  down  in  1648,  and  anoth- 
er was  built,  which  is  a  handsome  structure.  It 
communicates  with  the  Scheld  by  a  canal,  and  is 
10  m.  E.  of  Middleburg.  L  )ng.  3.  50.  E.,  lat.  51. 
33  N. 

Goffstaiim,  p.t.  Hillsborongh  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimack,  55  m.  from  Boston.     Pop.  2,213. 

Gocrard,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland, 
near  lake  Wetter,  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Linkioping. 

Gogo,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat,  with 
a  good  tide  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  in 
the  gulf  of  (^ambay,  100  m,  S.  by  W.  of  Ameda- 
bad.  Long.  71.  53.  E.,  lat.  21.  45.  N 

Gogirra  or  Sarfeio,  a  river  which  issues  from 
lake  Lankee  in  Thibet,and  forcing  its  way  through 
Mount  Himmaleh,  pervades  the  province  of 
Oude,  in  Hindoostan,  where  it  takes  a  S.  E.  direc- 
tion, and  unites  with  the  Ganges,  above  Chuprah, 
in  the  province  of  Bahar. 

Gohud,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  cir- 
car  of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Ara,  63 
m.  S.  E.  of  Agra.  Long.  78  44.  E.,  lat.  26.  24. 
N. 

Goito,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Mantuan,  seated 
on  the  river  Mincio,  betwen  the  lake  of  Mantua 
and  that  of  Garda,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Mantua. 

GolansviUc,  p. v.  Caroline  Co.  Va. 

Golconda,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  now  called 
Hyderabad,  between  the  lower  parts  of  the  rivers 
Kistna  and  Godavery,  and  the  principal  part  of 
Dowlatabad.  It  was  formerly  called  Tellingana, 
or  Tilling,  and  is  subject  to  the  nizam  of  the  Dec- 


can.  The  king  of  Golconda,  at  one  time,  main 
tained  in  his  pay  above  500,000  soldiers  ;  but  in 
1667  the  reigning  prince  became  tributary  to 
Aurengzebe.  The  kings  had  vast  revenues,  aria 
ing  from  the  properties  of  land,  customs  of  mer 
chandises  and  provisions,  but  chiefly  from  the  dia- 
mond mines ;  for  Golconda  may  be  called  the 
country  of  diamonds.  In  some  districts  the  in- 
habitants have  yearly  two  crops  of  rice,  and  sev- 
eral other  kinds  of  grain.  Hyderabad  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Golconda,  a  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
country  of  the  same  name,  6  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Hy- 
derabad, and  joined  to  that  city  by  a  wall  of  com- 
munication. It  occupies  the  summit  of  a  conical 
hill,  and  is  deemed  impregnable. 

Golcondu,  p. v.  Pope  Co.  Ilinois. 

Gold  Coast,  a  maritime  country  of  Guinea, 
where  the  Europeans  have  several  forts  and  set- 
tlements. It  is  about  220  m.  in  length  from  W.  to 
E.,  between  the  rivers  Ancobar  and  Volta ;  and 
includes  several  districts,  in  which  are  two  or 
three  towns  or  villages,  lying  on  the  sea-shore. 
Seven  of  the  districts  are  dignified  with  the  title 
of  Kingdoms,  though  they  contain  but  a  small  ex- 
tent of  land  along  the  coast,  the  chief  is  Ashantee. 
The  natives  are  generally  very  rich,  as  they  carry 
on  a  great  trade  with  the  Europeans  for  gold  ; 
and  many  of  them  are  employed  in  fishing7  and 
cultivating  rice,  which  grows  in  incredible  quan- 
tities. This  they  exchange  with  others  for  maize, 
yams,  potatoes,  and  palm  oil.  Most  of  the  inhab- 
itants go  naked  ;  and  those  who  are  best  clothed 
Jiave  only  some  yards  of  stuff  wrapped  about  their 
middle. 

Golden  Grove,  p.v.  Greenville  Dis.  S.  C. 

Goldberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Lignitz.  It  has  manufactures  of  woollen  and 
linen,  and  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the 
river  Katzbach,  11  m.  S.  W.  of  Lignitz,  and  50 
W.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Goldingen,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Courland, 
with  a  castle,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
dukes.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wela,  about  18  m. 
from  the  shore  of  the  Baltic,  and  60  m.  W.  of 
Mittau.     Long.  22.  21.  E.,  lat.  56.  48.  N. 

Goldsborough,  t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.     Pop.  880. 

Goletta,  or  Goulette,  a  fortress  of  Tunis,  on  a 
narrow  channel,  between  the  lake  of  Tunis  and 
the  sea.  In  1536  it  was  taken  by  Charles  V. 
when  he  attempted  the  siege  of  Tunis,  and  kept 
by  the  Spaniards  till  1574,  when  it  was  taken  from 
them  by  Selim  II. 

GolUng,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Salzburg,  14  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Salzburg. 

Golnitz,  or  Gcdanit  .  a  oonulous  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  26  m.  N.  N.  W.of  RascUan. 

Golnow,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  seated  on  the 
Ihna,  14  m.  N.  E.  of  Stettin. 

Gombroon,  or  Gamhron,  a  sea-port  of  Laristan, 
in  Persia,  called  by  the  natives  Bunder  Abbasse. 
The  best  houses  are  built  of  brick,  flat  at  the  top, 
with  a  square  turret;  but  the  common  people 
have  huts,  made  with  the  boughs  of  palm-trees, 
and  covered  with  leaves.  It  is  now  reduced  to 
a  low  condition.     Long.  56.  10.  E.,  lat.  27.  18.  N, 

Gomera,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  20  m.  long, 
and  10  broad.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name, 
with  an  excellent  harbour,  where  the  Spanish 
ships  often  take  in  refreshments.  Long.  17.  8. 
W.,  lat.  28.  6.  N. 

Gomcrsal,  a  town  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.  6  m.  W. 
of  Huddersfield. 

Gommem,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  with  a  cas- 


GOP 


'S37 


GOS 


tie,  situate  near  the  Elbe,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  Madge- 
burg. 

Gonave,  a  sea-port  of  the  island  of  St.  Domin- 

fo,  in  the  gulf  of  Gonaves,  with  an  excellent  har- 
our.  Here  is  a  medicinal  spring,  with  baths, 
and  accommodations  for  visitors.  It  is  30  m.  S. 
E.  of  St.  Nicholas-le-mole.  Long.  72.  26.  W. 
lat.  19.  36.  N. 

Gonaves,  Gulf  of,  is  formed  by  two  promonto- 
ries jutting  from  the  W.  end  of  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo ;  it  is  about  100  m.  wide  at  its  entrance 
between  Capes  St.  Nicholas-le-mole,  and  Donna 
Maria,  and  extends  eastward  about  100  m.  termi- 
nating in  Port  au  Prince  bay,  which  is  formed  by 
the  island  of. Gonave,  about  35  m.  from  E.  to  W. 
and  5  to  7  wide;  the  N.  side  into  Port  au  Prince 
bav  is  called  St.  Mark's  channel,  and  the  S.  Go- 
naves  channel. 

Gondar,  the  metropolis  of  Abyssinia,  situate  on 
a  hill  of  considerable  height.  The  palace  of  the 
neguz,  or  king,  is  at  the  W.  end,  flanked  with 
square  towers.  The  houses  are  chiefly  of  clay ; 
the  roofs  thatched  in  the  form  of  cones.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  40,000.  They  have  no 
shops  ;  but  carry  on  their  trade  in  a  large  square, 
where  they  expose  their  merchandise  upon  mats. 
There  are  numerous  churches,  and  the  patriar- 
chate depends!  upon  that  of  Alexandria.  It  is  180 
m.  S.  E.  of  Sennaar.  Long.  37.  33.  E.,  lat.  12. 
34.  N. 

Govdegama,  or  Gondlacomma,  a  river  of  Hin- 
doostan,  which  rises  near  Combam,  forms  the 
nominal  boundary  of  the  Carnatic  on  the  N.,  and 
enters  the  bay  of  Bengal  at  Mootapilly. 

Gondrecourt,  a  town  of  France  in  .the  depart- 
ment of  Meuse,  seated  on  the  Ornain,  20  m.  S.  of 
St.  Michael. 

Gondreville,  a  town  of  France,-  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  with  a  castle  and  a  magnificent 
hospital.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Moselle,  8  m.  W.  of  Nancy. 

Gonesse,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  seated  on  the  Crould,  10  m.  N. 
E.  of  Paris. 

Gonieh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  at  the  S.  E. 
extremity  of  the  Black  Sea,  in  the  lat.  of  41.  25., 
and  41.  15.  of  E.  long. 

Gonja.h,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  between  the 
coast  of  Guinea  on  the  S.,  and  Tombuctoo  on 
the  N.  Gonjah,  the  capital,  is  870  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  Cassina.     Long.  6.  10.  W.,  lat.  13.  20.  N. 

Goochland,  a  county  in  the  Eastern  District  of 
Virginia.     Pop.  10,358. 

Good  Hope.     See  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Goodwin  Sands,  sand-banks  off"  the  coast  of 
Kent,  Eng.  between  the  N.  and  S.  Foreland. 
They  run  parallel  with  the  coast  for  10  m.  at 
about  7  m.  distant,  and  add  to  the  security  of  the 
capacious  road,  the  Downs. 

Goodwinsville,  p. v.  Dinwiddle  Co.  Va. 

Goomty,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  in 
the  Rohiila  country,  flows  S.  E.  by  Lucknow  and 
Joanporc,  and  enters  the  Ganges,  a  little  below 
Benares. 

Gooracpoor,  a  town  and  district  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  Oude,65  m.  E.  of  Fyzabad. 

Gooty,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  cap- 
ital of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  on  the  N. 
side  of  tlie  Pennar,  formerly  subject  to  the  re- 
gent of  Mvsore,  but  ceded  to  the  nizam  of  the 
Deccan  in"  1796.  It  is  46  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Can- 
oul.     Long.  77.  43.  E.,  lat.  15.  15.  N. 

Goppi7igen, 9.  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wurtemberg.  with  a  castle,  a  woolen   manu- 
43 


facture,  and  a  celebrated  medicinal  spring.  It 
stands  on  the  rivulet  Vils,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Stut- 
gard.     Pop.  upwards  of  4,000. 

Goragot,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  94 
m.  N.  E.  of  Moorshedabad.  Long.  89. 22.  E.,  lat. 
25.  14.  N. 

Gorcum,  a  town  of  South  Holland,  which  has 
a  small  trade  in  corn,  cheese,  and  butter.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Linglie,  at  its  junction  with  the 
Wahal,  20  m.  E.  of  Rotterdam,  and  33  S.  of 
Amsterdam. 

Gordonville,  p. v.  Orange  Co.  Va. 

Gore  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
so  named  by  captain  Cook,  v/^ho  discovered  it  in 
1778.  It  is  30  m.  long,  and  appeared  to  be  bar- 
ren and  uninhabited.  Cape  Upright,  the  S.  E. 
extremity,  is  in  long.  172.  50.  W.,  lat.  GO. 
30.  N.  .  . 

Goree,  a  small  island  of  Africa,  near  to,  and 
S.  by  Cape  Verd,  of  importance  only  as  an  al- 
most impregnable  military  position.  The  French 
surrendered  it  to  the  British  in  1800  ;  it  was  re- 
taken in  January  1804,  by  the  French  ;  and  they 
were  compelled  to  surrender  it  again  in  March 
following,  but  it  was  given  up  to  them  at  the  gen- 
eral peace  of  1814.  Long.  17.  15.  W.,  lat.  14. 
40.  N. 

Goree,  or  Goeree,  a  town  of  Holland,  capital 
of  an  island  of  the  same  name,  at  the  southern 
mouth  of  the  Maese.  It  is  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Briel.     Long.  3.  56.  E.,  lat.  51.  44.  N. 

Goree,  a  township  in  Penobscot  Co.  Me. 

Goreij.     See  Newborough. 

Gorgona,  a  small  island  of  Italy,  16  m.  from 
the  coast  of  Tuscany,  opposite  Leghorn,  near 
which  large  quantities  of  anchovies  are   taken. 

Gorgona,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  18  m. 
from  the  coast  of  Colombia.  It  is  high  land, 
very  woodv,  and  about  10  m.  in  circumference. 
Long.  77.  50.  W.,  lat.  3.  6.  N. 

Gorham,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,988. 
Also  a  p.t.  Ontario  Go.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,077. 

Goritz,  or  Goritia,  a  town  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  capital  of  a  county  of  its  name,  with  a 
castle.  Here  are  considerable  manufactures  of 
leather,  and  the  environs  produce  wine,  fruit, 
corn  and  silk.  In  1797  it  was  taken  by  the 
French.  It  stands  on  the  Isonzo,  on  the  frontier 
of  Friuli,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Palma,  and  40  W.  of 
Laubach.     See  Gradisca. 

Gorkah,  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name,  in  Asia  on  the  borders  of  Napaul.  35  m. 
N.  W.  of  Catmunda,  and  200  N.  of  Benares. 
Long.  84.  36.  £.,  lat.  23.  25.  N. 

Gorlitz,  a  strong  town  of  Upper  Lusatia,  with 
a  celebrated  academy.  The  inhabitants  are  above 
12,000,  and  carry  on  a  considerable  trjide  in  linen 
and  woolen  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neissa,  50 
m.  E.  by  N.  of  Dresden. 

Goroditchi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Penza,  30  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Penza. 

Govt,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  S.  part  .^f  the 
county  of  Galway. 

Goschutz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  with  a  castle, 
near  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  14  m.  N.  of  Oels. 

Goshen,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  42  m.  fr.  Con- 
cord.    Pop.  772. 

Goshen,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  in  Litchfield 
county,  famous  for  excellent  cheese ;  7  m.  N.  N. 
W   of  Litchfield.     Pop.  1,732. 

Goshen,  a  township  of  Addison    Co.  Vt.     Pop. 

555       Also  a  town    in  Hampshire    Co.     Mass. 

Pop    606.     Also    a  town   in    Orange  Co.    N.  Y. 

Pop.  3,361.     Also  towns  in  Cape  May   Co.  N.  J., 

8F 


GOT 


338 


GOZ 


Chester  Co.  Pa.,  Loudon  Co.  Va.,  Lincoln  Co. 
Greo.,  Tuscarawas,  Belmont,  Champaign  and 
Clermont   Cos.  Ohio,  and  St  Clair  Co.  Illinois. 

Goslar,  a  city  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Brunswick.  It  derives  its  principal  sub- 
sistence from  the  neighbouring  iron  mines,  man- 
ufivctures  of  brass  and  copper,  and  brewing. 
Here  the  art  of  making  gunpowder  it  said  to 
have  been  discovered  by  a  monk.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Gose,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  call- 
ed Rammelsberg,  23  m.  S.  of  Brunswick.  Long. 
10.31.  E..  lat.  51.  57.  N.   Pop.  about  6,000. 

Gosyort,  a  fortified  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng. 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  harboiir  of  Portsmouth,  over 
which  is  a  ferry.  \*  has  a  considerable  trade, 
especially  in  times  of  war,  from  its  contiguity  to 
the  naval  arsenal  at  Portsmouth.  Here  are  sever- 
al breweries,  an  extensive  iron  foundery,and  a 
royal  hospital,  called  Haslnr  Hospital,  for  the  sick 
and  wounded  of  the  royal  navy.  It  is  1-5  m.  S. 
E.  of  Southampton,  and  73  S.  W.  of  London. 
The  pop.  which  in  1811  was  returned  at  7,781, 
in  1821  had  decreased  to  6,184. 

Gosport,  a  township  comprising  a  part  of  the 
Isles  of  Shoals, in  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  103. 

Gosport,  p.t.  Elizabeth  Co.  Va.  on  Elizabeth 
river,  opposite  Norfolk.  Here  is  a  Navy  Yard 
of  the  United  States  with  a  dry  dock. 

Gossweinsicin,  or  Gossmanstcin,  a  town  of  Fran- 
conia,  in  the  principality  of  Bamberg,  on  the 
Putlach,  20  m.  E.   S.  E.  of  Bamberg. 

Gotha,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxonj',  the  capital  of  a 

frincipality  of  the  same  name,  in  Thuringia. 
t  is  the  residence  of  the  duke  of  Saxe- Gotha 
whose  palace  contains  a  fine  library,  and  a  rich 
cabinet  of  coins.  Near  it  is  the  ducal  observato- 
ry of  Seeberge,  the  most  beautiful  and  useful  in 
Germany.  Gotha  has  a  foundery  for  cannon,  a 
potcelain  manufacture,  and  a  considerable  trade  in 
wouiens,  wood,  and  beer.  It  is  seated  on  the 
I^eine,  19  m.  W.  hy  S.  of  Erfurt,  and  75  from 
Leipzig.  Long.  10.  48.  E.,  lat.  5U.  5J.N.  Pop. 
about  12,000;  the  principality  contains  about  50 
sq.  m.  and  upwards  of  80,000  inhabitants. 

Gotha,  a  river  of  Sweden,  which  issues  from  the 
S.  W.  extremity  of  lake  Wener,  flows  by  Trol- 
hatta  (where  it  forms  a  cataract)  and  Bahus,  and 
enters  the  Categat  at  Gottenburg. 

Golhard,  St.  a  celebrated  mountain  of  Switzer- 
land, in  the  canton  of  Uri.  It  is  51,055  feet  above 
the  sea,  and  22  m.  S.  of  Allorf  Though  not  the 
highest  mountain,  it  is  deemed  the  principal  sum- 
mit of  the  Helvetian  Alps;  for  in  its  vicinity  rise 
the  rivers  Tesino,  Aar,  Reuss,  and  Rhone,  which 
flow  hence  in  every  direction. 

Gothehuns,  or  Gottevhurg,  a  city  of  Sweden, 
capital  of  West  Gothland,  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gotha,  which  forms  an  excellent  harbour ; 
the  best  situate  for  foreign  trade  of  any  in  the 
kingdom,  as  it  lies  on  the  Categat.  Here  is  a 
considerable  herring  fislicry  ;  and  a  great  trade  in 
Bait,  iron,  and  fir-planks;  and  from  tliis  port  the 
Swedish  East  India  ships  take  their  departure. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  2(\000.  Its 
envious  present  a  uniform  scene  of  barren  rocks 
on  the  side  of  which  part  of  the  suburbs  are  built. 
The  interior  of  the  city  resembles  in  some  respects 
the  towns  of  Holland,  having  canals  with  rows  of 
trees  along  their  margin.  In  ]8(;2  nearly  a 
fourth  part  of  the  city  was  consumed  by  a  fire.  It 
obtained  great  importance  as  a  commercial  depot 
during  the  proscription  of  Bonaparte  in  1807 — 
1811.  It  is  180  m.  S.  W.  of  Orcbro.  Long.  11. 
.ID.  £.,  lat.  57.  42.  N. 


Gothland,  one  of  the  five  general  divisions  of 
Sweden  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Sweden  Proper, 
E.  and  S.  by  the  Baltic,  and  W.  by  the  Sound 
and  the  Categat.  This  country  is  inhabited  by 
a  nation,  celebrated  for  their  excursions  and 
invasions  of  other  countries,  which  had  its  origin 
from  the  Getre,  or  Tartars  of  the  Crimea.  The 
Goths  had  kings  of  their  own  till  1132,  when  they 
were  united  to  Sweden.  It  was  formerly  divided 
into  E.,  W.  and  S.  Gothland,  but  now  into  9 
provinces  and  the  isle  of  Gothland  and  dEi- 
land. 

Gothland,  an  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic, 
70  m.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  25  in  its  greatest  breadth 
From  its  form  and  situation  it  has  obtained  the 
name  of  the  Eye  of  the  Baltic.  The  soil  is  fertile 
and  remarkable  for  an  excellent  breed  of  sheep. 
Here  are  fine  woods  of  oak  and  pine,  quarries  of 
excellent  stone,  and  very  good  limestone.  Wisby 
is  the  capital. 

Gotlesbcrg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  where  great  quan- 
tities of  worsted  stockings  are  knit,  16  m.  S.  W 
of  Schweidnitz. 

Guttingen,  a  city  of  I^ower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Brunswick.  Here  George  II.  of  Great  Britain 
founded  a  university,  which  has  acquired  a  very 
distinguished  reputation  :  and  it  contains  one 
of  the  most  capital  libraries  in  Europe.  There 
are  also  many  other  literary  institutions,  and  a 
commandery  of  the  Teutonic  order.  The  woolen 
manufactures  are  the  principal  support  of  the  in- 
habitants. It  is  seated  on  the  Leine,  58  m.  S. 
of  Hanover.  Long.  9.  53.  E.,  lat.  51.  32.  N.  Pop. 
about  9,000. 

Gcttlehen,  a  small  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in 
Misnia,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  18  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Dresden. 

Gottorp,  a  castle  of  Denmark,  formerly  the 
ducal  residence,  from  which  the  ducal  line,  form- 
ed by  Adolphus,  son  of  Frederic  I.,  was  demoni- 
nated  Holstein-Gottorp,  which  still  subsists  in 
the  person  of  the  emperor  of  Russia. 

Gottschec,  a  town  of  Lower  Carniola,  with  a 
castle,  17  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Fiume. 

Govun,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Renfrewshire, 
near  the  river  Clyde,  5  m.  W.  of  Glasgow,  in  the 
manufactures  of  which  city  it  participates. 

Goutia,  or  Tergouw,  a  strong  town  of  South 
Holland,  celebrated  for  its  noble  church,  and 
painted  glass  windows,  supposed  to  be  the  finest 
in  Europe.  Great  quantities  of  yarn  and  tow 
Jire  made  here,  also  good  cheese  and  tobacco- 
pipes.  It  is  seated  on  the  Issel.  at  the  influx 
of  the  Gonvv,   10  m.  N.  E.  of  Rotterdam. 

Govldshorough ,  a  township  of  Hancock  Co.  Me. 
Pop.  880. 

Gout,  the  ruins  of  a  city  in  the  province  of  Ben- 
gal. It  was  the  seat  of  government  of  Ilindoostan 
during  the  Afghan  dynasty,  from  1204 — 15G4. 
It  is  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Ganges,  IGO  m.  N.  of 
Calcutta. 

Gourdon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  25  m.  N.  of  Cahors.  It  is  the  seat  of  a 
prefect. 

Govrnay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  seated  on  the  Epte,  24  m.  E.  of 
Rouen. 

Gourernetir,  a  township  of  St.  Lawrence  Co. 
N.  Y.    Pop.  1,552. 

GoiDcnsville,  p. v.  Greenville  District  S.  C.  120 
m.  N.  W.  Columbia. 

Gozi,  or  Gozzo,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean, 
the  ancient  Clauda,  under  which  St.  Paul  sailed 
on  his  voyage  to  Rome.     It  is   24  m.  from  the 


GRA 


339 


GRA 


S.  W.  coast  of  Candia,  and  vessels  often  put  in 
here  for  water  and  provisions.  Long.  23.  46.  E., 
lat.  34.  50.  N. 

Gozo,  a  fortified  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  5 
m.  N.  W.  of  Malta,  and  de{)endent  on  that  island. 
.  It  is  8  m.  loner  and  4  broad,  and  more  equally  fer- 
tile than  Malta. 

Graboio,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  diichy 
of  Mecklenburg  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Elde, 
24  m.  S.  by   E.  of  Schwerin. 

Grarr.ham,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryland. 

Graciosu,  one  of  the  Azores,  10  m.  long  and  8 
broad.  Its  produce  is  wheat,  wine,  butter,  and 
cheese.  The  principal  place  is  Plata.  Long.  27. 
58.,W.  lat.  39.  2.  N. 

Gradisca.  a  fortified  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the 
frontier  of  Croatia,  seated  on  the  Save,  20  m.  S. 
W.  of  Posega.  Long.  18.  39.  E.,  lat  45.  21. 
^ . 

Gradisca,  a  strong  town  of  Friuii,on  the  con- 
fines of  Carinlhia,  capital  of  the  county  united 
with  Goritz,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Lisonzo.  (5  m.  S.  VV.  of  Goritz.  Long.  13.  32. 
£.,  lat.  46. 2.  N. 

Grado,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  a  small  island  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  coast  of  Friuli,  50  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Venice.     Long.  13.  10.  E.,  lat.  45.  46.  N. 

Gi-aff  Reynet,  the  most  eastern  of  the  four  dis- 
trictsi  in  the  territory,  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  county  of  the  CafFres 
and  N.  by  that  of  the  Hottentots. 

Grafton,  a  county  of  the  state  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, bounded  on  the  W.  55  m.  by  the  Connec- 
,  ticut  river,  which  divides  it  from  the  State  of  Ver- 
mont ;  it  is  about  23  m.  in  mean  breadth,  and 
contains  a  pop.  of  38,691.  Haverhill,  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  is  the  chief  town. 

Grafton,  t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  36  m.  from 
Concord.  Pop.  1,207.  Mica  in  large  sheets  pop- 
ularly termed  isinglass,  is  found  in  abundance  in 
this  town  and  exported  to  foreign  parts. 

Grafton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  44  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1 ,889.  Also  a  p.t.  Windham  Co. 
Vt.  22  m.  S.  Windsor.  Pop.  1.439.  Also  a  p.t. 
Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  1,681. 

Grain  Coast,  a  maritime  country  of  Guinea, 
extending  along  the  Atlantic  about  300  m.  be- 
tween the  Sierra  Leone  country  on  the  W.,  and 
the  Ivory  coast  on  the  E.  The  productions  are 
peas,  beans,  gourds,  lemons,  oranges,  dates,  and 
palm  wine  ;  but  the  chief  article  is  the  abundance 
of  Guinea  pepper,  or  grains  of  paradise,  which 
form  a  great  interior  and  export  trade.  Cows, 
hogs,  sheep  and  goats,  are  numerous.  The  Port- 
iguese  had  formerly  the  whole  commerce  of  this 
coast,  but  it  has  long  been  chiefly  in  the  hands  of 
the  English  and  Dutch. 

Graitz,  or  Greitz,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rocky  mountain,  and  another 
in  the  town.  It  has  manufactures  of  stuff,  and  is 
situate  on  the  Elster,  between  mountains  and 
woods,  10  m.  N.  of  Plauen,  and  50  S.  of  Leipzig. 
Pop.  about  6,000. 

Gramat,  a  town  of  France,  28  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Cahors.     Pop.  3,295. 

Grammont,  a  town  of  Flanders,  seated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Dender,  18  m.  N   E.  ofTournay. 

Grampian  Hills,  a  chain  of  hills  in  Scotland, 
which  extend  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  from  the  moun- 
tain Ben  Lomona  Dumbartonshire,  through 
the  counties  of  Perth,  Angus,  and  Kincardine, 
to  Aberdeen ;  and  thence  in  a  N.  W.  direction, 
through  the  counties  of  Aberdeen,  Banff,  and 
Murray,  to  the  borders  of  Inverness.     They  take 


their  name  from  a  single  hill,  the  Mons  Grampiua 
of  Agricola,  where  Galgacus  waited  the  approach 
of  Agricola,  and  where  the  battle  W£is  foucrht,  so 
fatal  to  the  brave  Caledonians. 

Grampound,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  gloves  ;  seated  on  the  Fal,  40 
m.  S.  W.  of  Launceston,  and  244  W.  by  S.  of 
London  ;  it  formerly  returned  two  members  to 
parliament,  but  was  disfranchised  at  the  general 
election  in  1820. 

Gran,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  and  an  arch 
bishop's  see  ;  seated  near  the  conflux  of  the  Gran 
with  tlie  Danube,  70  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Presburg. 
Long.  18.  46.  E.,  lat.  47.  46.  N. 

Gran,  or  Gram,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia,  in  the 
province  of  Bahrin,  at  the  N.  W.  end  of  the  gulf 
of  Persia,  and  on  the  borders  of  Irac  Arabi.  40  m. 
S.   of  Bassora.      Long  47.  45.   E.,  lat.    29.   56 

Granada.     See  Grenada. 

Granada,  a  maritime  province,  formerly  a 
kingdom  of  Spain,  part  of  Andalusia,  having 
about  270  m.  of  sea  coast,  on  the  Mediterranean ; 
the  mean  length  of  the  province  from  W.  to  E. 
being  about  234  m.,  the  extreme  breadth  at  the 
E.  end  is  about  95  m.  but  the  W.  part  not  more  than 
30,  its  superfices  not  exceeding  805  sq.  leaorues. 
Pop.  in  1810  692,924.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E. 
by  the  kingdom  of  Seville,  N.  by  those  of  Cordo- 
va and  Jaen,  and  W.  by  Murcia.  Though  a 
mountainous  country,  the  soil  is  good  ;  but  it  has 
not  been  well  cultivated  since  the  Moors  were 
expelled  in  1492.  However,  it  produces  corn, 
wine,  oil,  sugar,  flax,  hemp,  excellent  fruits,  hon- 
ey, wax,  and  mulberry-trees,  which  feed  a  great 
number  of  silk-worms.  The  forests  produce  gall- 
nuts,  palm-trees,  and  oaks.  It  is  intersected  by 
several  streams  falling  into  the  Mediterranean, 
but  the  principal  rivers  run  from  E.  to  W.  into 
the  Guadalquivir  through  Cordova  and  Seville. 
Granada  was  the  last  province  in  Spain  occupied 
by  the  Moors.  The  principal  towns  on  tlie  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean,  beginning  at  the  W.  are 
Marbella,  Malaga,  Almunecar,  Motril,  Adra, 
Almeria,  and  Vera,  and  in  the  interior,  Granada, 
(the  capital)  Ronda,  Velez  Malaga,  Santa  Fe. 
Guadix,  Baza,  Huescar,  and  Purchena. 

Granada,  a  city  of  Spain  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  that  name,  is  situated  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Xenil  and  the  Darro,  at  the  foot  of  the 
highest  mountain  in  the  Peninsula,  the  Sierra 
Nevada,  and  on  the  verge  of  that  fertile  district 
called  the  Vega  de  Granada.  Notwithstanding 
its  vicinity  to  the  snow-clad  Alpujarras,  the  win- 
ters are  mild  in  Granada,  and  the  climate  is 
healthy  and  agreeable.  The  number  of  houses  is 
12,000,  and  the  pop.  according  to  the  last  census, 
was  68,295.  In  commerce  and  splendour  the 
city  has  much  declined  notwithstanding  the  fer- 
tility of  its  territory.  It  rose  to  its  highest  pros- 
perity under  the  Moors,  by  whom  it  was  occupied 
soon  after  their  first  invasion  of  Spain  in  711  :  it 
became  a  royal  residence  in  1013;  during  two  cen- 
turies retained  that  distinction ;  and  was  not  fi- 
nally surrendered  to  the  Spaniards  until  1492. 
Of  its  magnificent  edifices,  the  most  notable  are 
the  palace  of  the  Alhambra  and  the  Generalife, 
or  pleasure-house  and  garden  of  the  Moorish 
kings.  The  Alhambra,  with  its  30  towers,  alone 
occupies  the  space  of  a  town,  and  is  situated  on  a 
hill,  fronting  that  called  the  Alcanaza,  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  the  rapid  Darro.  The  ascent  to 
the  Alhambra  is  through  groves  of  poplars  and 
orange-trees,    with  fountains  by  the  road  side. 


GRA 


340 


GRA 


The  outer  walls  inclose  a  large  area,  surround- 
ing the  inner  walls  ;  and  a  number  of  tanks  or 
cisterns  occupy  the  space  between  these  and  the 
Moorish  palace, — a  congeries  of  buildings  chief- 
ly remarkable  for  their  interior  decorations.  The 
chambers  are  all  paved  with  marble,  and  orna- 
mented with  marble  pillars,  sustaining  arches  of 
pure  Arabic  form  :  they  are  adorned  with  stucco, 
and  with  a  species  of  porcelain  which  freshly  re- 
tains its  gilding  after  a  lapse  of  5  centuries.  The 
Court  of  the  Lions,  so  called  from  the  sculptures 
which  adorn  its  fountain,  has  no  fewer  than  158 
marble  pillars. 

The'hall  of  the  Abencerrages  is  so  called  from 
the  massacre  of  that  illustrious  tribe,  said  to  have 
been  here  perpetrated  by  Boabdil  the  last  king  of 
Granada.  They  were  the  objects  of  envy  to  the 
Zegris  and  the  Gomeles,  by  whom  they  were 
falsely  accused  of  treason  to  the  king ;  and  one 
of  them  was  charged  with  illicit  intercourse  with 
the  queen.  In  consequence  of  this  charge,  the 
monarch  beheaded  86  of  tlie  Abencerrages  (or, 
according  to  some  statements.  35)  in 'one  day. 
The  sultana  committed  her  defence  to  4  Christian 
knights,  her  champions,  who  each  overcame  the 
accuser  with  whom  he  fought,  and  vindicated  both 
her  character  and  that  of  the  noble  family  which 
had  been  slaughtered.  The  common  people  fancy 
that  in  the  alabaster  bason,  which  is  in  the  centre 
of  the  apartment,  they  can  discern  traces  of  the 
blood  of  those  brave  men  ;  but  the  unanimous 
opinion  of  enliffhtened  travellers  is,  tiiat  these 
ensanguined  stains  are  nothing  more  than  the 
effects  of  time  and  exposure  to  he  air. 

This  hall  appears  to  have  been  a  central  saloon, 
communicating  with  the  other  apartments  of  the 
palace.  Every  possible  variety  of  combination 
which  could  be  devised  by  ingenuity,  was  employ- 
ed to  decorate  the  wall  and  ceiling,  and  the  style 
of  execution  is  the  most  exquisite  that  can  be 
conceived.  The  lines  regularly  cross  each  other 
in  a  thousand  forms,  and  after  manifold  windings 
return  to  the  spot  whence  they  begin. 

The  ceiling  is  equally  extraordinary  and  worthy 
of  admiration  ;  it  represents  a  series  of  grottoes 
from  which  depend  stalactites,  painted  of  various 
colours. 

The  Golden  Saloon,  so  termed  by  the  Arabs 
from  the  profusion  of  gold  ornaments  which  it 
contained,  was  appropriated  to  the  reception  of 
ambassadors,  from  which  circumstance  the  Span- 
iards have  designated  it  La  Sala  de  los  embaxado- 
res.  It  is  situated  in  the  lofty  tower  called  the 
Comaresh  ;  is  36  feet  square,  and  64  feet  4  inches 
high,  from  the  floor  to  the  highest  part  of  the  ceil- 
ing. The  walls  are,  on  three  sides,  fifteen  inches 
thick,  and  on  the  fourth  side  nine.  The  lower 
range  of  windows  is  thirteen  feet  in  height.  The 
grand  entrance  to  this  noble  hall  is  through  an 
arched  doorway,  admirably  finished,  and  embel- 
lished with  flowers  and  arabesques  in  stucco  : 
they  were  blue  and  gold,  but  the  gilding  is  now 
almost  entirely  effaced.  Over  the  principal  door 
19  an  Arabic  inscription,  which  appears  to  have 
been  executed  in  a  style  corresponding  to  the  rest 
of  the  edifice  :  it  is  taken,  with  the  exception  of 
its  concluding  sentence,  from  the  Koran.  On  en- 
tering the  Hail  of  Ambassadors,  the  beholder  is 
lost  in  astonishment  at  the  exquisite  taste  and  ele- 
gance of  execution  which  characterise  every 
part  of  it ;  and  if  thus  superb,  even  in  its  pre- 
sent deserted  state,  observes  Mr.  Murphy,  how 
resplendent  must  this  golden  saloon  have  been, 
when  the  sovereign,  arrayed  in  all  the   pomp   of 


oriental  magnificence,  assembled  his  brilliant  court 
to  give  audience  to  the  representatives  of  neigh- 
bouring monarchs  ! 

The  whole  floor  is  inlaid  with  mosaic.  The 
same  kind  of  ornament,  but  of  different  patterns, 
covers  every  part  of  the  walls,  interspersed  with 
flowers  and  Arabic  inscriptions  executed  in  por- 
celain, with  exquisite  taste,  so  as  to  unite  and 
harmonise  exactly  with  the  stucco  ornaments 
that  every  where  abound. 

The  most  remarkable  part  of  the  Alhambra, 
for  exterior  beauty,  is  the  palace  begun  by  the 
emperor  Charles  V.  in  1537,  when  Jie  had  hoped  * 
to  fix  his  court  at  Granada  :  it  is  a  square  build- 
ing, each  front  being  220  feet  in  length  ;  and 
though  it  is  roofless,  so  mild  is  the  climate,  tliat 
the  marble  staircases  appear  as  fresh  as  if  they 
were  just  completed.  Fine  as  the  prospect  is 
from  the  Alliambra,  a  still  finer  is  enjoyed  from 
the  Generalife  on  the  opposite  hill,  which  was  the 
residence  of  the  court  during  the  heats  of  sum- 
mer. The  rooms  are  all  floored  with  marble, 
and  have  streams  of  pure  water  running  through 
them  ;  a  luxury  which  the  Spaniards  of  Granada, 
in  imitation  of  their  Moorish  ancestors,  are  fond  of 
introducing  into  their  houses.  Most  of  these 
have  fountains  in  the  inner  courts,  with  awnings 
around  them,  where  the  inhabitants  in  hot  weath- 
er take  their  repasts  and  receive  visits.  Granada 
is  an  archiepiscopal  see  :  it  has  an  university,  now 
dwindled  into  insignificance  ;  forty-one  convents, 
various  churches,  thirteen  hospitals,  many  re- 
mains of  Moorish  magnificence,  and  a  bazar 
called  Alcanteria.  Its  rich  territory  bears,  in 
perfection,  all  the  products  peculiar  to  the  south 
of  Europe.  In  the  stately  cathedral  are  the 
tombs  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic  and  his  queen 
Isabella ;  also  that  of  the  renowned  warrior 
Gonsalvo  de  Cordova.  Granada  is  in  lat.  37.  15, 
N.,  long.  3.  35.  W. 

Granada,  JVfw,  an  extensive  territory  of  South 
America,  whlc  .  comprised  all  the  western  part 
of  the  new  republic  of  Colombia  from  the  great 
river  Maranon,  or  Amazons,  to  the  Caribbean 
Sea;  this  part  of  the  western  hemisphere  was 
first  explored  by  Ojeda  and  Amerigo  Vespucci, 
in  1508,  and  became  completely  subdued  to  Span- 
ish rule  under  a  captain  general,  in  1547.  In 
1718  it  was  formed  into  a  viceroyalty  ;  restored 
to  a  captain  generalship  in  1724  ;  but  in  1740,  tlie 
viceroyalty  was  re-establlsiied  and  continued  un- 
til 1816.  In  December  1819,  an  union  was  ef- 
fected with  Venezulea  into  one  republic,  under  the 
name  of  Colombia,  {which  see) . 

Granard,  a  neat  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Longford,  16  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Longford.  Pop. 
in  1820,  2,534. 

Granby,  a  township  of  Essex  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  97 
Also  a  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1,064. 
Also  a  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  2,730.  Also 
a  p.t.  Oswego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,423.  Also  a  vil- 
lage in  Lexmgton  District  South  Carolina,  seat- 
ed on  the  Congaree,  on  the  contrary  side  to  Co- 
lumbia, about  a  m.  below  that  city.  It  is  noted 
for  a  curious  bridge,  whose  centre  arch  is  lOU 
feet  wide,  to  give  passage  for  large  trees  which 
are  brought  down  by  the  floods. 

Grand  Island,  in  Niagara  River,  N.  Y.  is  about  ' 
6  m.  long  and  3  broad.     It  has  a  good  soil  and  is 
generally  covered  with  trees. 

Grand  Isle,  a  county  of  Vermont  consisting 
mostly  of  the  islands  in  Lake  Champlain,  Pop. 
3,698.  North  Hero  is  the  capital.  There  is  a  vil 
lage  of  the  same  name  in  this  county. 


GRA 


341 


GRE 


Grand  Lick,  p.v.  Campbell  Co.  Kentucky. 

Grandmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienna.  Near  it  was  a  celebrated 
abbey,  suppressed  in  1769,  after  the  death  of  the 
then  professed  members.  It  is  15  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Limoges. 

Grand  Manan,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bav  of  Fundy,  the  S.  end  of  which  is  in  lat.  44. 
43!  N.,  and  67.  of  W.  long. ;  it  is  included  in  the 
province  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Grandpre,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Ardennes,  seated  on  the  Ayre,  32  m.  E.  of 
Rheinis. 

Grand  View,  a  township  of  Washington  Go. 
Ohio. 

Grangemouth,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Stirling- 
shire, at  the  junction  of  the  Great  Canal  with 
the  river  Carron,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Falkirk,  in  which 
parish  it  is  included.  Upwards  of  40,000  tons  of 
shipping  are  annually  entered  here,  belonging 
either  to  the  foreign  or  coasting  trade. 

Granger,  a  county  of  East  Tennessee.  Pop. 
1,066.  Rutledge  i§  the  chief  town.  Also  towns 
in  Cuyahoga  and  Medina  Cos.  Ohio. 

Gninsee,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  Mid- 
dle Mark,  30  m.  N.  of  Berlin. 

Granson,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Pays  de 
Vaud.  It  stands  near  the  S.  end  of  the  lake  of 
Neufchatel,  16  m.' W.  S.  W.  of  Neufchatel. 

Grant,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  E.  of  the  Ken- 
tucky river.  Pop.  2,987.  Williamstown  is  the 
capital. 

Grantham,  a  borough  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng. 
The  church  is  an  elegant  structure  with  a  very 
lofty  spire.  A  canal  passes  hence  to  the  Trent 
at  Nottingham.  Grantham  is  seated  on  the 
Witham,  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Lincoln  and  110  N. 
by  W.  of  London.  It  returns  two  members  to 
parliament.  The  population  which  in  1801  was 
3,303,  in  1821  was  4,148. 

Grantham.,  t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  45  m.  N.  W. 
Concord.    Pop.  1,079. 

Grantstille,  p.v.  Greene  Co.  Geo. 

Granville,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Manche,  seated  on  the  English  channel,  in  the 
bay  of  St.  Malo,  partly  on  a  rock,fl,nd  partly  on  a 
plain,  15  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Coutances,  and  25  N.  E. 
of  St.  Malo.  Pop.  7,030 ;  it  carries  on  a  consid- 
erable traffic  with  the  Island  of  Jersey. 

Granville,  a  county  of  North  Carolina.  Pop. 
19,343.     Oxford  is  the  chief  town. 

Granville,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1,652. 
Also  a  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,882. 
Also  towns  in  Licking  Co.  Ohio.  Monongahela 
Co.  Va.,and  a  Seignory  ofCornwallis  Co.  Lower 
Canada. 

Gr<fcs/e<z,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
"Saaz,  famous  for  its  manufacture  of  brass,  15  m. 
JN.  W.  of  Elbogen. 

(rrasmere- water,  a  small  lake  of  Westmoreland, 
Eng.  W. of  Ambleside.  Its  margin  is  hollowed  into 
small  bays,  with  bold  eminences  ;  some  of  rock, 
some  of  turf,  that  half  conceal  and  vary  the  figure 
of  the  lake.  A  low  promontory  projects  far  into 
the  water  ;  and  on  it  stands  a  white  village. 

Grason,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  near 
the  coast  of  Sweden,  15  m.  lonor  and  2  broad. 
Long.  18.  2!).  E.,  lat.  60.  12.  N. 

Grasse,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Var,  and  lately  a  bishop's  see..  It  has  a  trade  in 
dry  fruit,  oil,  perfumes,  and  tanned  leather,  and 
is  seated  on  an  eminence,  11m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Antibes,  and  20  W.  by  S.  of  Nice.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  prefect.  Pop.  12,553. 


Grasse  la,  a  town  of  France,  in  thf  department 
ot  Aiide,  on  the  river  Othieu.     Pop.  1,244. 

Gratis,  a  village  in  Preble  Co.  Ohio. 

Grntz,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
Lower  Styria,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are 
many  churches,  and  a  fine  arsenal.  The  ca.stle 
stands  on  a  rock,  and  is  a  strong  place.  Gratz  is 
seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Muer,  over  which  is 
a  bridge  to  an  extensive  subu.b.  The  inhabitants 
are  estimated  at  35,000.  In  1797  it  was  taken  by 
the  French.  It  is  88  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Vienna. 
Long.  15.  26.  E.,  lat.  47.  4.  N. 

Graudenz,  a  town  of  Prissian  Poland,  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Vistula,  '8  m.  N.  of  Culm,  and 
55  S.  of  Dantzic.     Pop.  about  8,000. 

Grave,  a  strong  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Maese,  beyond  which  there  is  a 
fort.  It  has  been  often  taken.  It  is  8  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Nimeguen. 

Grave  Creek,  p.v.  Ohio  Co.  Va. 

Gravelines,  a  small  sea-port  of  France,  seated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Aa.  defended  by  Fort  Phillip, 
12  m.  E.  of  Calais.     Pop.  2,570. 

Gravenav,  OT  Grayenau,  a.  town  of  Bavaria,  in 
the  principality  of  Passau,  on  the  river  Sag.  16 
m.  N.  of  Passau. 

Gravenwert,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  uppeJ" 
palatinate,  17  m.  N.  of  Ambr  g. 

Gravesande,  a  town  of  South  Holland,  where 
the  ancient  counts  of  Holland  formerly  resided. 
It  is  about  4  m.  from  the  sea,  and  6  W.  by  S.  of 
Delft. 

Gravesend,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  stands  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Thames,  and  is  the  common 
landing  and  embarking  place  for  seamen  and 
passengers  to  and  from  London ;  and  here  all 
outward  bound  vessels  stop  to  be  examined  by 
the  custom-house  officers,  and  to  receive  their 
clearances :  and  inward  vessels  deliver  in  their 
manifests,  it  being  the  boundary  of  the  port  of 
London.  A  great  part  of  it  was  burnt  down,  with 
the  church,  in  1727  ;  the  latter  was  rebuilt  as  one 
of  the  50  new  churches.  It  is  called  the  corpo- 
ration of  Gravesend  and  Milton,  these  two  places 
being  united  under  the  government  of  a  mayor. 
The  latter  place  is  a  m.  E.  of  the  other,  and  has 
a  blockhouse  over  against  Tilbury  fort.  They 
were  incorporated  by  queen  Elizabeth  ;  but,  long 
before,  Richard  II.  had  granted  them  the  exclu- 
sive privilege  of  conveying  passengers  to  London 
in  boats.  Gravesend  is  famous  for  asparagus  and 
other  vegetables,  with  which  most  of  the  ships 
outward  bound  on  long  voyages  supply  them- 
selves; and  the  chief  employment  of  the  labour- 
ing people  is  the  spinning  of  hemp,  to  make  nets 
and  ropes.  It  is  22  m.  E .  S.  E.  of  London.  Pop. 
in  1821,  3,814,  and  of  Milton  2,769. 

Gravina,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
32  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bari.  It  has  nine  churches 
and  a  Pop.  of  about  9,000. 

Gray,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Saone.  It  has  a  trade  in  iron,  and  is  seat- 
ed ©n  the  Saone,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Dijon.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  prefect.      Pop.  6,584. 

Gray,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,575. 

Grayson,  an  interior  county  of  Kentucky, 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  Green  river.  Pop.  3,679. 
Litchfield  is  the  chief  town.  Also  a  county  of 
the  Western  District  of  Virginia,  bordering  on 
North  Carolina;  it  is  intersected  by  New  River 
which  runs  from  S.to  N.  into  thn  Ohio.  Pop.  7,675. 

Greasley,  a  village  7  m.  N.  W.  of  Nottingham, 
Eng. 

Great  Britain,  an  island  on  the  western  coast  of 
2  f2 


GRE 


343 


GRE 


Europe,  comprising  England,  Wales  and  Scotland. 
This  island  and  the  neighbouring  one  of  Ireland 
constitute  one  kingdom  called  the  United  Kingdom 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  island  of  Great 
Britain  is  the  largest  in  Europe :  its  extreme  length 
is  about  580  miles  :  in  the  south  it  is  370  miles 
broad  ;  at  the  centre  80  :  and  near  the  centre  of 
Scotland  1 80.  It  is  situated  between  49.  57.  and  58. 
43.  north  latitude,  and  between  35.  and  8.  34.  west 
longitude  from  Paris.  Its  surface  contains  1 1 ,400 
leagues.  Its  eastern  and  southern  shores  are  less 
deeply  indented  than  the  western  :  they  are  con- 
sequently bolder.  There  are  no  islands  upon  the 
eastern  coast,  and  upon  the  southern  none  except 
that  of  Wight  and  two  others  of  inconsiderable 
size :  on  the  west  are  those  of  Sicily  elsewhere  de- 
scribed, Anglesey,  Man,  Arran,  Ila,  Jura,  Mull, 
Tiry,  Egg,  Rum,  Sky,  the  Hebrides  and  Orkneys. 
In  the  south  the  largest  bay  is  that  of  Exeter.  In 
the  east  are,  beginning  at  the  south,  the  sandy 
bay  of  the  Thames  ;  the  Wash,  whore  the  little 
stream  called  the  Glen  meets  the  sea ;  the  frith 
which  receives  the  Humber;  the  friths  of  Forth, 
Murray  and  Dornoch.  On  the  western  coast  are 
the  friths  of  Clyde  and  Solway  ;  the  bays  of  More- 
camle  and  Arlech,  and  the  Bristol  Channel,  which 
receives  the  Severn. 

Tlie  mountains  of  this  island  compose  three 
groups  :  the  first  toward  the  north  is  formed  by  the 
highlands  of  Caithness  and  Inverness ;  of  this 
group  the  Orkneys,  the  Hebrides,  Sky  and  Mull 
are  the  extremities  :  The  second  consists  of  the 
Grampian  Hills  and  some  other  eminences  which 
terminate  at  the  friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde :  The 
third  comprises  the  Cheviot  Hills  and  the  broken 
surface  of  Wales  and  the  south  part  of  the  island. 
Tlie  first  group  does  not  rise  above  2,500  feet :  the 
highest  eminence  in  the  second  attains  to  4,370,  and 
in  the  third  a  few  summits  rise  to  2,500  and  3,000 
feet. 

There  are  no  basins  of  great  extent.  The  hills 
of  Caithness,  and  the  Grampian  chain  form  the 
one  most  northerly  :  the  most  considerable  and 
rapid  river  of  this  basin  is  the  Spey  which  flows 
with  a  swift  course,  and  with  much  obstruction 
from  cataracts  into  Murray  Frith.  The  southern 
ramifications  of  the  Grampians  form  with  the 
Cheviots  an  extensive  basin  through  which  flows 
the  Forth:  this  river  in  a  course  of  GO  leagues 
traverses  an  extent  of  meadows,  forests,  and  fer- 
tile plains,  and  its  waters  abound  in  excellent  fish. 
The  Moorlands  and  a  few  other  hills  surround  tlie 
vast  basin  of  the  Ouse,  which  under  the  name  of 
Ure  rises  in  the  valley  of  Wensley,  flows  to  Ays- 
garth,  where  it  forms  a  beautiful  cascade,  takes 
the  name  of  Ouse  after  receiving  the  Swale,  and  the 
name  of  fluml/er  upon  joining  the  Ocean.  Tlie 
ridge  which  forms  the  southern  limit  of  this  basin, 
bounds  on  the  north  that  of  the  most  important 
river  of  Great  Britain,  the  Thames.  The  basins 
of  the  southern  face  of  the  Island  are  too  small  to 
give  rise  to  any  considerable  stream.  Those  pn 
the  western  face  are  of  small  extent  except  that 
traversed  by  the  Severn :  this  basin  is  formed  by 
the  highest  mountains  of  England  and  Wales  :  the 
Severn  rises  at  the  foot  of  Plinlimmon  and  runs 
into  the  Bristol  Channel.  The  basin  of  the  Clyde 
in  Scotland,  is  narrow,  but  worthy  of  notice  for 
the  beautiful  falls  of  this  river,  one  of  which  near 
Stone  Byres  is  84  feet  perpendicular.  The  region 
watered  by  this  stream  is  one  of  the  most  romantic, 
fertile,  and  populous  in  the  whole  country. 

The  lakes  of  Great  Britain  are  small ;  the  largest 
in  Enirland  is  Loch   Lomond  30  m.  long  and  8 


wide.  Its  beautiful  banks  are  much  frequented  in 
summer.  It  embosoms  several  islands,  and  its 
waters  are  subject  to  violent  agitations  without  any 
apparent  cause.  In  Scotland  are  many  lakes,  the 
most  noted  of  which  is  Loch  Lomond,  30  m.  long  , 
and  two  to  three  wide. 

The  rigors  of  winter,  and  the  heats  of  summer, 
are  much  less  felt  in  Great  Britain  than  on  the 
continent  under  the  same  parallel.  The  winds 
from  the  sea,  temper  seasons  the  most  opposite, 
but  the  variations  of  temperature  are  sudden  and 
frequent.  If  the  northern  regions  ore  favorable  to 
the  growth  of  vegetables,  the  slate  of  the  atmos- 
phere is  often  an  obstacle  to  their  maturity  :  rains 
destroy  the  too  early  expectation  of  a  plentiful  crop 
Moreover,  in  the  north  there  are  wide  tracts  of 
barren  territory,  and  on  the  eastern  coast,  sand  ani 
marshes  oppose  an  obstacle  to  fertility.  The  most 
fertile  districts  are  in  the  centre  and  south. 

The  most  useful  plants  and  anin:als  have  been 
imported  from  the  continent  at  different  periods 
into  the  British  Islands.  At  the  most  ancient 
period,  England  was  covered  with  virgin  forests 
like  the  wilds  of  America  :  the  food  of  the  inhabi- 
tants consisted  of  acorns,  apples,  nuts  and  berries  : 
bears,  wolves,  and  wild  boars  ranged  undisturbed 
among  these  vast  solitudes  :  the  deer  fed  in  the 
woods  and  the  wild  bull  in  the  plains.  The  beasts 
of  prey  have  disappeared  ;  the  deer  only  is  reserv- 
ed to  afford  a  sport  to  the  rich,  and  no  otlier  of  the 
wild  quadrupeds  remain  but  the  small  tribes  which 
find  a  shelter  in  the  mountains  and  forests.  A 
goat  is  almost  a  rarity  throughout  the  island,  ex- 
cept in  Wales,  where  they  approach  somewhat  to 
a  savage  nature  :  the  Welsh  take  great  delight  in 
hunting  them  ;  they  prefer  the  he-goats  as  having 
the  best  fat  and  skin  :  the  horns  of  this  animal  are 
sometimes  three  feet  in  length.  Most  of  the 
domestic  ammals  of  Scotland  are  small,  but  their 
flesh  is  savoury  and  highly  esteemed.  The  island 
of  Great  Britain  contained  in  1821  a  pop.  of  14,158, 
815.  Adding  to  this  the  pop.  of  Ireland  which  is 
6,801,800,  gives  a  total  of  20,963,513.  for  the  pop. 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  total  pop.  of  the 
British  empire  throughout  the  world  is  estimated 
at  from  140  to  150  millions.  The  national  debt  of 
Great  Britain  in  1830  was  £804,860,188  sterling. 
The  shipping  of  the  kingdom  amounts  to  2.500, 
000  tons  The  imports  are  valued  at  43  millions 
sterling,  the  exports  ft?  millions.  The  yearly  man- 
ufactures of  cotton  20  millions  ;  of  woolen  18  mil- 
lions ;  of  silk  10  millions.  The  whole  amount  of 
property  in  the  British  empire  is  estimated  at  4,096 
millions  sterling. 

The  geographical  position  of  the  British  Islands 
has  necessarily  raised  the  commercial  power  of  the 
United  Kingdom  to  a  degree  of  prosperity  beyond 
anything  which  antiquity  exhibits  to  us.  It  has 
long  been  customary  to  compare  the  naval  power 
of  Great  Britain  to  that  of  Carthage,  but  nothing 
will  establish  the  pretended  resemblance.  Seated 
upon  a  continent,  Great  Britain  would  never  have 
attained  the  preponderance  she  now  exercises. 
If  her  two  great  islands  formed  but  one,  the  same 
advantages  would  not  have  arisen.  The  extent 
of  her  coasts  maintains  an  immense  maritime  pop- 
ulation, and  removes  the  apprehension  of  any 
rival  in  the  empire  of  the  seas. 

The  secret  of  the  English  power  first  began  to 
be  understood  by  Elizabeth.  Called  to  the  throne 
at  a  period  when  the  religious  reformation  which 
marked  an  important  era,  as  political  reformation 
characterizes  the  present,  had  been  obstructed  in 
its  progress  under  the  short  and  bloody  reign  of 


GRE 


343 


ORE 


Mary,  this  great  princess  placed  herself  at  the  head 
of  tlie  movement  which  had  drawn  all  minds  with- 
in its  inlliience.  Unjust  and  cruel  towards  Mary 
Stuart,  the  political  difficulties  of  her  situation  can 
liardly  palliate  the  enormity  of  her  crime,  but  in 
other  respects  we  cannot  too  much  admire  the 
grandeur  of  her  conceptions.  It  was  she  who  laid 
the  foundations  of  the  English  power :  who  first 
despatched  ships  to  circumnavigate  the  globe,  and 
who,  after  sending  colonies  to  both  Indies,  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  company  of  merchants  who 
rule  over  nearly  an  hundred  millions  of  people  in 
the  £:»st.  Skilful  in  turning  the  peculiarities  of 
the  English  constitution  to  her  advantage,  she 
had  the  talent  to  govern  despotically  witliout  of- 
fending the  nation,  to  restore  order  and  economy 
among  the  finances,  and  to  give  a  new  impulse  to 
trade  and  commerce.  The  accession  of  James 
VI,  of  Scotland,  to  the  English  throne,  under  the 
name  of  James  I,  was  attended  with  the  advantage 
of  uniting  without  violence,  two  crowns  which  the 
common  interest  should  have  placed  on  the  same 
head.  His  reign  was  disturbed  by  plots  which 
ceased  only  with  the  Stuarts,  but  exterior  quiet 
favoured  the  operations  of  trade.  Charles  I,  after 
sundry  acts  of  indecision,  weakness,  and  despo- 
tism, died  upon  a  scaffold,  before  the  eyes  of  a 
people  who  had  learned  by  the  tragical  end  of 
Lady  Jane  Grey  and  Mary  Stuart,  to  witness  the 
fall  of  a  crowned  head  without  shuddering.  Under 
the  protectorate  of  Cromwell,  the  English  navy 
attained  to  a  degree  of  power  and  reputation,  which 
earned  a  title  of  glory  not  to  be  withheld  from  this 
cruel  and  crafty  usurper. 

Charles  II,  restored  to  the  throne  of  his  ances- 
tors, confirmed  the  abolition  of  the  feudal  laws, 
encouraged  commerce  and  agriculture,  and  found- 
ed the  Royal  Society  of  London  ;  but  liis  luxuries 
and  pleasures  led  him  into  foolish  expenses,  to 
met  which  he  espoused  the  Infanta  of  Portugal 
with  the  sole  desire  of  enjoying  her  rich  dowry. 
He  sold  Dunkirk  to  France  for  2.^,000  pounds 
sterling,  and  compromised  the  interests  of  Eng- 
land by  joining  Louis  XIV,  in  the  undertaken  to 
destroy  the  Dutch  power.  His  despotism  and  ex- 
tortions prepared  a  new  revolution,  nhich  was 
accelerated  by  the  pretentions  of  the  Jesuit  party, 
and  the  distrust  of  the  protestants :  victims  on 
both  sides  fell  upon  the  scaffold,  and  James  II,  in 
the  midst  of  these  troubles,  forerunners  of  civil 
war,  succeeded  his  brother,  shocked  the  prejudices 
of  the  nation  upon  political  and  religious  liberty, 
and  fled  from  the  kingdom  at  the  approach  of 
V/illiam  of  Orange.  Enlightened  by  the  experi- 
•ence  of  the  past,  the  parliament,  in  decreeing  the 
crown  to  the  son-in-law  of  James,  drew  up  the 
celebrated  Bill  of  Rights,  which  restrained  the 
royal  power  within  i^s  just  limits;  the  two  houses 
retained  the  management  of  the  public  expenses, 
■and  the  king  that  of  the  civil  lists.  In  vain  Louis 
XIV,  actuated  by  his  attachment  to  the  catholic 
religion,  generosity  towards  an  unfortunate  prince, 
and  hatred  of  William,  placed  at  the  command  of 
James  his  money,  soldiers,  and  ships  :  the  battles 
of  the  Boyne  and  Aghrim,  in  which  this  prince 
showed  neither  the  courage  nor  presence  of  mind 
so  necessary  to  a  king,  took  away  from  him  the 
hope  of  ever  reconquering  his  throne.  Finally 
after  a  reign  of  thirteen  years,  in  which,  for  the 
maintenance  of  expensive  wars  with  France,  he 
was  obliged  to  resort  to  loans,  William  died,  leav- 
ing the  kingdom  burthened  with  a  debt  of  48  mil- 
ions  of  dollars,  or  ten  times  the  amount  of  the 
debt  in  1688. 


Anne  the  daughter  of  James  II,  in  placing 
Marlborough  at  the  head  of  the  army,  saw  the 
national  glory  revive  in  the  victories  of  Blenheim 
and  Ramillies,  while  the  battles  of  Oudenarde 
and  Malplaquet  caused  that  of  Almanza  to  be  for- 
gotten. Under  her  reign,  Newfoundland,  Hud- 
son's Bay,  Minorca,  ai;d  Gibraltar,  were  acknowl- 
edged to  belong  to  the  English.  Conformable  to 
the  act  of  succession,  the  house  of  Brunswick  fur- 
nished, in  1714,  a  new  dynasty  to  Great  Britain. 
George  I.  and  George  II.  had  to  struggle  against 
the  bold  enterprises  of  Charles  Edward,  the  grand- 
son of  James  II.  till  the  battle  oi'  Culloden,  which, 
in  174G,  overthrew  the  party  of  the  Pretender,  and 
delivered  England  from  civil  war,  and  the  fears 
of  anew  revolution.  Toward  the  middle  of  the 
reign  of  George  I,  the  private  fortunes  of  many 
individuals  were  ruined  by  the  South  Sea  sclieme, 
as  it  happened  in  France  at  the  same  time,  from 
the  financial  system  of  Law.  The  reign  of  George 
II,  longer  and  mure  abounding  in  important  events, 
witnessed  the  renewal  of  that  rivalry  between 
Great  Britain  and  France,  which  had  subsequent- 
ly such  important  effects  upon  the  political  sys- 
tem of  Europe.  The  former  consoled  herself  for 
the  loss  of  the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  and  the  disas- 
ters of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland  in  Flanders,  by  her 
successes  on  the  ocean  and  in  India,  and  by  the 
capture  of  the  island  of  Goree,  and  the  conquest  of 
Gaudaloupe  and  Canada. 

Under  these  favourable  auspices  George  III. 
succeeded  to  the  throne  of  his  grandfather  in  1760. 
Born  in  England,  he  possessed  a  great  advantage 
over  his  predecessor,  and  was  the  idol  of  the  na- 
tion. A  war  which  had  broken  out  in  17;m,  between 
France  and  f^ngland,  was  continued  for  three 
years  longer,  and  when  the  former  had  suffered 
the  loss  of  her  fleets,  and  the  latter  so  far  exhaust- 
ed her  finances  as  to  be  no  longer  able  to  raise 
soldiers  without  difficulty,  the  treaty  of  1763  fol- 
lowed. Great  Britain  retained  Canada,  the  island 
of  Cape  Breton,  Dominica,  Grenada,  Tobago,  St. 
Vincent,  and  Senegal,  but  these  acquisitions  in- 
creased her  debt  tenfold,  and  the  sum  now 
amounted  to  134  millions  sterling.  This  was  no 
favourable  time  for  diminishing  the  taxes,  and 
still  less  so  for  increasing  them,  particularly  by 
imposing  burdens  upon  colonies  so  important 
as  those  of  North  America,  and  who  required 
so  much  forbearance.  These  colonies  had  always 
possessed  the  right  of  taxing  themselves  in  their 
provincial  assemblies.  The  British  parliament 
in  1765,  passed  an  act  for  collecting  stamp-duties 
in  America,  but  this  attempt  failing  in  conse- 
quence of  the  spirited  resistance  of  the  Americans, 
it  was  renewed  in  another  form  by  imposing  a 
duty  on  tea  imported  from  England  :  the  Colo- 
nies began  reprisals  by  refusing  to  make  use  of 
any  British  imports,  and  the  Bostonians  threw 
the  tea  into  the  sea.  The  mother  country  scorned 
the  medium  of  concession  and  took  up  arms.  The 
colonies  assembled  in  a  national  congress,  de- 
clared the  country  an  independent ,sovereign  state, 
made  preparation  for  war  and  placed  Washington 
at  the  head  of  the  army.  Victory,  long  time  un- 
decided, at  length  inclined  to  the  side  of  the 
Americans,  and  in  1778  France  made  a  treaty 
with  the  new  confederation,  and  agreed  to  defend 
their  cause  :  this  was  a  declaration  of  war  against 
England  :  the  struggle  was  obstinate  and  bloody, 
and  the  successes  balanced,  as  shown  by  the  treaty 
of  peace  in  1783  by  which  Great  Britain  ceded  to 
France  Tobago,  the  banks  of  the  Senegal,  and 
some  districts  in  the  neighborhood  of  Pondicber 


GKE 


344 


GRE 


ry,  restored  her  conqiiepts  from  this  power,  and 
her  all}-,  Spain,  and  abandoned  the  demolition  of 
Dunkirk.  France  also  gave  up  her  conquests,  and 
the  consequence  of  this  treaty  was  the  acknowl- 
edgement of  the  independence  of  the  United 
States.  The  events  worthy  of  note  in  the  affairs 
of  England  down  to  the  subsequent  rupture  with 
France  are,  abroad,  the  conquest  of  half  the  do- 
minions of  Tippoo  Saib  in  India,  and  at  home,  the 
progress  of  religious  toleration,  the  extension  of 
the  privileges  of  juries  in  i  riminal  cases  to  judge 
not  only  of  the  fact,  but  of  the  law,  and  the  propo- 
sal for  tiie  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  brought  for- 
ward by  the  virtuous  Wilberforce,  adopted  by  the 
commons,  and  rejected  by  the  lords. 

But  the  principles  which  gave  rise  to  the  French 
revolution  were  now  pr()claimed  with  enthusiasm 
in  the  political  societies  of  Great  Britian,  and  the 
parliament  adopted  the  bill  for  the  exclusion  of  for- 
eigners, and  prohibited  the  exportation  of  corn  to 
France.  The  latter  complained  of  the  violation 
of  the  commercial  treaty  of  1787,  but  Great  Britain 
dismissed  the  French  annbassador  and  organized 
against  that  power  in  1793  the  first  coalition,  of 
which  she  herself  wa>(  the  soul,  and  which  was 
composed  of  nearly  the  whole  of  Europe.  The 
victories  of  the  French  broke  up  this  alliance,  and 
rendered  France  more  powerful  than  ever.  Eng- 
land stirred  up  a  second  coalition  in  1799,  but  was 
herself  forced  into  a  peace,  and  the  treaty  of 
Amiens  was  signed  in  1802.  A  new  coalition  arose 
under  her  auspices  in  1305,  and  new  victories  and 
new  aggrandizements  on  the  side  of  the  French  ai, 
the  expense  of  their  neighbors  were  the  result.  In 
1807  the  fourth  English  coalition  was  broken  by 
the  treaty  of  Tilsit.  In  1809  a  fifth  was  formed, 
and  ended  in  the  treaty  of  Vienna  by  a  new  ac- 
quisition of  territory  for  France.  Finally  after 
a  perseverance  which  exhibits  in  a  striking  view 
the  power  of  England,  and  the  immense  resources 
within  her  reach,  the  sixth  coalition,  renewed 
in  1813,  terminated  in  the  fall  of  the  French  em- 
pire, the  restoration  of  the  house  of  Bourbon,  and 
the  treaty  of  peace  concluded  at  Paris  in  1814. 

The  British  constitution,  is  a  piece  of  mosaic 
work    belonging   to   different   epochs :    it  is   the 

{rreat  charter  of  Henry  I,  modified  a  century 
ater  and  forced  upon  the  acceptance  of  king 
John.  It  is  the  charter  confirmed  with  great  al- 
terations by  Henry  III,  and  sanctioned  by  Ed- 
ward I.  Its  completion  is  the  Declaration  of 
of  Rights  in  1G88.  It  possesses  however,  the  ad- 
vantage of  not  impeding  the  developement  of 
any  social  faculty,  of  securing  every  liberty,  by 
the  unrestrained  exercise  of  that  of  the  press,  and 
of  exalting  the  character  of  the  subject  by  placing 
his  life  and  property  under  the  safeguard  of  the 
laws.  The  king  of  England  joins  to  the  dignity 
of  supreme  magistrate,  that  of  head  of  the  church. 
The  former  gives  him  the  right  of  making 
war  and  peace,  alliances  and  treaties,  raising 
troops,  assembling,  proroguing,  adjourning,  and 
dissolving  parlament,  appointing  all  officers,  civil 
and  military,  and  the  chief  Ecclesiastical  digni- 
taries, and  pardoning  or  commuting  the  punish- 
ment of  criminals  :  the  latter  gives  him  power  to 
convoke  national  and  provincial  synods,  who  un- 
der his  approbation,  established  dogmas  and  dis- 
cipline. The  parliament  enjoys  the  prerogative 
of  proposing  laws,  but  no  law  has  any  validity 
till  approved  by  the  king.  On  the  other  hand  the 
will  of  the  sovereign  or  his  ministers,  and  the  an- 
nual aeniand  for  supplies  cannot  take  the  shape 
of  a  law  till  under  this  form  they  have  been  sanc- 


tioned by  the  votes  of  both  houses.  The  king 
may  increase  not  only  the  number  of  peers,  but 
even  that  of  the  commons,  by  authorizing  a  city 
to  return  members  to  parliament.  He  arrives  at 
majority  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  on  his  acces 
sion  to  the  throne  must  sanction  all  the  laws 
passed  during  his  minority.  Females  as  well  as 
males  possess  a  hereditary  right  to  the  crown. 
Tiie  responsibility  of  the  ministers,  not  an  empty 
phrtase  in  England,  secures  the  inviolability  of 
the  monarch:  the  ministers  are  four  in  number, 
and  independantof  one  another  :  — the  First  Lord 
of  the  Treasury,  or  prime  minister,  who  has  under 
his  direction  the  taxes,  the  custom  house,  the 
stamp  office  and  the  post  office  ;  —  the  Secretary 
of  State  for  foreign  affairs ; — the  Home  Secretary, 
who  has  the  direction  of  colonial  affairs  excepting 
those  of  the  East  Indies, —  and  the  Secretary  at 
War  whose  authority  extends  over  the  concerns 
of  India.  A  council  is  organized  to  examine 
whatever  relates  to  Indian  affairs,  and  another 
superintending  the  business  of  commerce  and  the 
colonies,  is  composed  of  enlightened  individuals 
who  combine  among  themselves  the  interests  of 
agriciJture,  industry  and  commerce,  and  study 
unceasingly  the  wants  and  tastes  of  every  people 
for  the  purpose  of  making  them  in  some  way  sub- 
servient to  British  industry.  The  House  of  Com- 
mons consists  of  658  members,  of  whom  489  rep- 
resent England,  24  the  principality  of  Wales,  45 
Scotland,  and  100  Ireland. 

At  the  present  moment  Great  Britain  is  ap- 
proaching a  fearful  crisis.  Her  trade  is  embar- 
rassed, her  subjects  disaffected,  and  her  political 
institutions  threatened  by  the  example  of  popular 
revolt  in  the  neighboring  countries.  The  Whigs 
have  once  more  come  into  power,  and  a  ministry 
preside  in  the  national  councils  whose  avowed 
and  leading  object  is  to  effect  an  essential  change 
in  the  government.  A  struggle  for  life  and  death 
has  commenced  between  the  popular  and  aristoc 
ractical  bodies.  The  checks  and  balances  which 
political  theorists  have  bfeen  accustomed  to  con- 
sider as  apart  of  the  British  constitution,  have 
begun  to  give  distinct  evidences  of  their  conflict- 
ing tendencies  ;  and  the  hostile  operation  of  dis- 
cordant elements  seems  to  promise  collision  and 
not  equilibrium.  The  whole  aspect  of  affairs  is 
such  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that  the  present  gov- 
ernment of  Great  Britain  cannot  last. 

Grcn.t  Burrington,  p.t.  Berkshi«-e  Co.  Mass. 
Pop.  2,276. 

Great  Bay,  a  lake  in  N.  H.  formed  by  the 
waters  of  the  Swamscot,  Winnicot  and  Lam- 
prey rivers.  It  is  4  m.  wide. — Another  lake 
connected  with  the   Winipiseogee. 

Grehenstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Hesse,  on  the   river  Esse,   12  m.   N.   N.  W.  of 


Greece,  a  territory  of  the  S.  E.  extremity  of 
Europe,  and  2,000  years  ago  the  most  celebrated 
portion  of  that  quarter  of  the  globe,  it  having  suc- 
cessfullj'  combated  the  myriad  armies  of  Persia 
and  tiie  east,  and  extended  its  arts  and  its  arms 
eastward  to  the  banks  of  the  Indus.  As  the  glo- 
ry of  Egypt  declined,  that  of  Greece  rose  to  its 
meridian,  to  be  eclipsed  in  its  turn  by  the  as- 
cendancy of  Rome,  till  in  the  15th  century  it  be- 
came tributary  to  the  Turks.  The  main  land  of 
Greece  extends  from  the  lat.  of  36.  25.  to  42.  N, 
or  about  400  m.,  and  is  about  1 10  in  mean  breadth. 
In  the  days  of  Grecian  celebrity,  it  was  divided 
into  four  great  parts,  viz.  Macedonia,  Thessaly, 
Livadia,  and  the  Peloponnesus,  exclusive  of  the 


ORE 


345 


GRE 


island  of  Candia,  and  the  Archipekffo.  Under 
the  Turks  it  was  divided  into  four  pacnalics,  viz. 
Salonica,  Joannina,  Egropos  or  Negropont,  and 
Tripolizza. 

It  will  be  proper,  before  we  speak  of  modern  or 
Independent  Greece,  first  to  describe  the  whole  of 
the  country  in  Europe  inhabited  by  the  descendants 
of  the  ancient  Greeks.  This  region  is  a  sort  of 
peninsula  lying  between  the  Archipelago  and  the 
Ionian  sea.  Its  northern  boundary  is  rather 
indefinite. 

Pindus,  now  Metzova,-is  probably  the  nucleus 
of  the  mountains  in  the  Greek  peninsula;  its 
rocks,  forests  and  poetic  fountains  have  of  late 
given  rise  to  many  interesting  observations,  but 
Its  elevation  is  still  unknown.  The  numerous  val- 
lies  on  its  sides  are  covered  with  trees  ;  snow  falls 
generally  during  the  month  of  October  on  all  its 
summits,  and  two  of  them,  Dokimi  and  Peristera, 
are  covered  with  snow  almost  the  whole  year; 
their  height  may  be  vaguely  estimated  at  eight  or 
nine  tliousand  feet.  The  mountains  of  Epirus  ex- 
tend to  the  shores  of  the  sea  ;  Thessaly  is  encom- 
passed with  hills,  and  forms  an  amphitheatre  on 
which  seventy-five  towns  were  in  ancient  times 
built. 

Olympus  or  the  modern  Lacha  is  not,  according 
to  Xenagoras,  more  than  5,760  feet ;  according 
to  Bernouilli  it  is  6,1'20  high  ;  its  rugged  and  pre- 
cipitous rocks  give  it  a  picturesque  and  sublime 
appearance  ;  the  pass  of  Platamona  on  the  north 
of  Olympus,  is  encompassed  with  perpendicular 
rocks,  that  rise  to  the  height  of  3.000  feet ;  the  fa- 
mous pass  of  Tliermopyla;  is  not  so  imposing,  but 
neither  can  vie  with  the  one  in  the  ancient  Meg- 
aris,  between  the  Scironion  rocks  and  the  Salon- 
ic  gulf.  Dark  and  steep  rocks  hang  above  the  sea, 
the  waves  resound  beneath  their  base,  the  travel- 
ler walks  along  a  narrow  path  near  these  precipi- 
ces, and  appears  suspended  between  the  ocean  and 
the  sky. 

The  erect  and  steep  summits  of  the  ancient 
Parnassus  or  the  present  Liakoura  are  very  lofty, 
but  although  they  hat^e  been  seen  by  many  trav- 
ellers, they  have  been  measured  by  none.  The 
middle  districts  of  the  Peloponnesus  form  an  ele- 
vated ridge,  and  several  mountainous  groups  arise 
from  it;  of  these  Culmos  or  the  ancient  Cyllene 
is  said  to  be  the  highest  central  point,  and  Cape 
Matapan  or  the  ancient  Tienarus,  which  extends 
farthest  to  the  south,  forms  the  southern  extremi- 
ty of  the  European  continent. 

The  coasts  of  Albania  descend  gradually  towards 
the  gulf  of  Drino,  and  rise  suddenly  near  the  en- 
trance of  the  Adriatic.  Rocks  are  heaped  above 
rocks,  their  summits  reiich  to  the  clouds,  their 
sides  are  rent  by  lightning,  the  sea  which  wash- 
es them  is  always  tempestuous,  and  the  shores 
are  covered  with  the  wrecks  of  vessels.  Such 
are  the  Acroceraunian  mountains,  so  much  dread- 
ed by  the  ancients  ;  they  are  now  better  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Monte  de  Chimera. 

The  coasts  of  the  Ionian  islands  are  for  the  most 
part  very  steej),  the  calcareous  rocks  of  Leucade 
rise  from  the  bottom  of  a  deep  and  stormy  sea ; 
they  were  the  cause  of  much  alarm  to  mariners 
in  the  time  of  jEneas  and  Ulysses,  they  are  con- 
sidered dangerous  even  in  the  present  day. 

The  island  of  Candia  or  Crete  is  supposed  to 
be  a  continuation  of  the  mountainous  districts 
which  extend  along  Greece  and  the  Peloponne- 
sus, and  the  Cyclades  are  said  to  be  the  scattered 
fragments  of  two  small  chains,  the  one  of  which 
extends  from  Athens,  the  other  from  Euboea: 
44 


thus,  as  we  remove  from  Hemus,  the  range  be- 
comes gradually  irregular,  or  termirtates  in  de» 
tached  hills  and  abrupt  rocks ;  the  marks  of  those 
changes  and  revolutions  which  have  altered  the 
surface  of  our  globe  are  apparent  in  the  south  of 
Greece. 

[t  has  been  maintained  that  there  are  some  ve- 
ry high  mountains  in  the  Archipelago,  a  learned 
Greek  physician  declares  that  the  summits  of  the 
mountains  in  the  island  of  Andros  a-e  covered  all 
the  year  with  snow.  If  that  statement  were  cor 
rect,  it  might  be  concluded  that  the  most  elevated 
points  in  the  whole  of  Greece  are  situated  in  that 
island  ;  philosophers  might  expect  to  find  there 
the  remains  of  an  immense  volcano,  an  Etna  that 
has  been  extinguished  for  ages.  So  extraordina- 
ry a  fact  requires  to  be  confirmed  by  better  evi- 
dence before  it  can  be  generally  believed  ;  the  au- 
thor may  have  perhaps  confounded  these  moun- 
tains with  others  in  Euboea. 

The  vale  of  Tempe  extends  from  the  south-west 
to  the  north-east,  its  length  is  about  fi>rty  stadia 
or  a  league  and  a  half;  its  breadth,  although  in 
general  a  stadium  and  a  half,  is  in  one  place  not 
more  than  a  hundred  feet.  The  calm  streams  of 
the  Peneus  water  the  valley  under  the  shade 
of  poplars  or  plane  trees,  near  rocks  overspread 
with  ivy,  and  green  and  fertile  hills  ;  several  ver- 
dant and  beautiful  islands  have  been  discovered 
on  the  river,  but  its  banks  are  suddenly  contract- 
ed, rocks  are  confusedly  heaped  on  rocks,  and  its 
streams  are  precipitated  with  a  loud  noise  across  a 
narrow  pass,  but  beyond  it  the  waters  resume 
their  tranquil  course,  and  mingle  with  the  sea. 

Tlie  following  tradition  was  very  generally  be- 
lieved in  ancient  times ;  the  Peneus,  it  is  said, 
having  at  one  period  no  outlet,  formed  a  great 
lake,  which  covered  a  part  of  Thessaly,  particu- 
larly the  Pelasgic  plain  to  the  south  of  Larissa. 
The  valley  of  Tempe  was  opened  by  an  earth- 
quake, the  lake  flowed  into  the  sea,  and  the  dry 
land  gradually  appeared.  The  inhabitants  of  that 
region  instituted  a  festival  to  commemorate  an 
event  by  which  the  face  of  their  country  had 
been  changed.  Theophrastus  having  observ- 
ed that  the  climate  of  Thessaly  was  colder  in  his 
time,  attributes  it  to  the  artificial  channels,  by 
means  of  which  the  stagnant  waters  had  been 
drained;  some  of  the  poets  corroborate  that  opin- 
ion, and  claim  for  Hercules  the  glory  of  having 
opened  a  passage  for  the  Peneus.  According  to 
some  authors,  the  deluge  in  the  time  of  Deuca- 
lion extended  over  the  whole  earth ;  it  is  more 
generally  supposed  to  have  been  a  partial  inunda- 
tion of  Thessaly,  which  lasted  three  months  ;  it 
may  be  accounted  for  by  admitting  that  the  chan- 
nel of  the  Peneus  was  blocked  either  by  an  earth- 
quake during  which  some  rocks  were  overturned 
and  thus  formed  an  effectual  barrier  for  its  course, 
or  by  excessive  rains,  which  occasioned  a  sudden 
and    extraordinary    augmentation  of  its  waters. 

The  cave  of  Trophonius,  a  long  time  the  abode 
of  superstition,  is  still  to  be  seen  in  Bcetia,  and 
that  of  Corycius  is  situated  to  the  north  of  Del- 
phi ;  although  very  deep,  almost  the  whole  of  it 
is  illumined  by  the  light  of  day  ;  it  is  so  large  that 
all  the  inhabitants  of  Delphi  went  to  it  for  shel- 
ter during  the  invasion  of  Xerxes.  Every  part  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Mount  Parnassus  abounds 
in  caverns,  which  were  held  in  great  veneration 
by  the  common  people  ;  it  has  been  supposed  that 
mephitical  vapours  issued  from  the  spiracles  near 
the  celebrated  cave  of  the  oracle,  above  which  the 
pythoness  sat  on  the  sacred  tripod  j  the  natural 


6R£ 


346 


GRE 


effect  of  the  exhalations  was  to  occasion  convul- 
sions and  those  ecstacies  which  have  accompanied 
in  every  age  the  gift  of  prophecy. 

Greece  is  situated  between  two  seas,  and  is  not 
for  that  reason  exposed  to  excessive  droughts ; 
but  tlie  cold  is  often  more  intense  than  in  Italy 
or  Spain,  and  the  cause  is  owing  to  its  being  on  two 
sides  with  the  great  range  of  the  continpnt,the  tem- 
perature of  which  in  equal  parallels  is  always  low- 
er towards  the  centre,  and  also  to  its  proximity  to 
two  great  mountainous  chains. Usemuis  and  Taurus. 

The  temperature  of  Greece  varies  greatly  in 
different  districts,  it  has  been  said  that  the  cli- 
mates of  all  the  regions  in  Europe  are  concen- 
trated in  that  country  ;  the  waters  of  the  Dan- 
ube and  the  Ilebrus  are  frozen  in  winter  ;  the  Rus- 
sians who  crossed  Mount  Haamqius  had  recourse 
to  their  furs  to  protect  them  against  the  cold  ;  but 
on  the  other  hand,  spring  and  summer  are  the 
only  seasons  on  the  coast  of  Attica.  "  The 
notes  of  the  nightingale  are  herd  in  verdent  plains 
where  the  cold  of  winter  is  unknown,  and  rude 
blasts  never  felt ;  the  branches  of  fruit  trees  en- 
circled with  ivy  or  the  tendrils  of  the  vine  shel- 
ter these  vallies  from  the  burning  rays  of  the 
sun.  Bacclms  and  his  joyous  votaries  wander  in 
the  groves ;  the  narcissus  and  the  glittering, 
crocus,  which  adorn  the  wreaths  of  the  gods 
are  always  in  flower.  Venus  and  the  muses 
meet  on  the  magic  banlis  of  the  Cephisus;  its 
winding  streams,  flowing  through  a  thousand 
channels,  water  fertile  meads."     Sophocles. 

The  traveller,  after  having  crossed  the  heights 
of  Thermopylffi,  enters  into  Greece  Proper;  the 
climate  is  more  oppressive,  water  is  scarcer,  but 
the  soil  is  fruitful ;  oil  is  the  most  valuable  pro- 
duction in  the  southern  provinces,  and  that  of 
Attica  is  su5)eriorto  every  other,  but  a  thick  hoar- 
frost rises  occasionally  from  the  Archipelago  and 
is  destTiictive  to  plants  ;  it  falls  in  the  form  of  dew 
and  penetrates  into  the  roots  and  sap,  the  leaves 
become  yellow,  the  flowers  decay,  or  if  they  ri- 
pen, the  fruit  is  of  little  use.  The  oil  export- 
ed annually  from  Attica  was  calculated  to  be 
worth  300,000  piasters ;  that  from  the  Morea 
about  400,000.  Corinth  is  still  famed  for  its  rai- 
sins, Arcadia  for  its  cheese,  and  Mount  Hymet- 
tus  for  its  honey.  The  soil  of  Attica  is  covered 
with  aromatic  plants,  and  that  circumstance  ena- 
bles us  to  account  for  the  excellence  of  its  honey; 
it  is  sweeter  than  that  of  other  countries,  retains 
its  aromatic  fragrance,  and,  although  of  a  red 
colour,  is  perfectly  transparent.  The  same  coun- 
try might  rival  Spain  in  the  fineness  of  its  wool ; 
the  goat  thrives  on  its  hills,  the  uncultivated 
lands  are  over-run  with  thyme,  serpillum  and 
marjoram,  the  Albanian  shepherds  lead  their  flocks 
in  summer  to  these  pastures.  The  breed  of  goats 
was  improved  in  the  time  of  the  Byzantine  em- 
perors by  the  mixture  of  the  African  and  Asia- 
tic race,  but  it  has  not  since  been  sufiiciently 
crossed ;  the  breed  of  sheep  in  Livadia  and 
Arcadia  is  the  best,  that   of  Attica  the  worst. 

The  view  from  Mount  Parnassus  is  extensive, 
a  traveller  saw  from  it  Olympus,  the  Ionian  Isl- 
ands and  the  Cyclades ;  he  might  have  observed 
beneath  him  the  town  and  gulfof  Lepanto,  and  on 
the  east  amidst  flowery  meads,  the  populous  town 
of  Livadia  in  the  province  of  the  same  name. 

Corinth,  its  two  gulfs  and  rocky  isthmus,  which 
so  niany  sovereigns  have  in  vain  endeavored  to 
cut,  still  command  the  entrance  into  the  Pel- 
oponnesus or  Morea,  which  has  been  styled  by 
the  Slavonic  tribes  who  oenetrated  into  it  during 


the  Byzantine  empire,  the  maritime  country. 
We  observe  in  that  region  the  agreeable  town  of 
Argos  and  Napoli  de  Romania,  or  as  it  is  some- 
times called  the  Gibraltar  of  Greece.  Three  hun- 
dred vessels  may  ride  at  anchor  in  its  harbour. 
Napoli  de  Malvoisia  and  its  great  inland  bay,  the 
populous  town  of  Misitra  on  the  valley  of  the 
Eurotas,  the  present  Vasili-Potamo  or  royal  river 
and  Tripolitza,  where  a  pacha  resided  with  impu- 
nity near  the  ruins  of  Mantinea.  The  towns  on 
the  south-west  coast  are  Calamata  on  the  fruit- 
ful plains  of  Messenia,  Navarino  which  still  re- 
tains its  admirable  harbour,  Gnstouni  towards  the 
west  in  the  fertile  fields  of  Elis ;  but  Patras,  a 
place  of  greater  trade  than  any  of  them  contains 
8,000  souts.  Maga-Spileon,  a  convent  partly  cut 
in  a  rock,  the  gloomy  lake  of  Stymphali  and  ma- 
ny other  places  renowned  in  history  are  situated 
in  the  interior  of  that  rich  peninsula,  of  which 
the  produce  in  corn,  grapes,  figs,  wine,  oil,  cot 
ton,  silk  and  many  other  articles  amounted  to 
fifteen  millions  of  piasters. 

The  Greeks, who  wander  among  the  ruins  of  their 
ancient  glory,  have  at  last  shaken  off  the  Turk- 
ish yoke  ;  heroic  deeds  both  on  land  and  sea, 
convinced  every  one  that  they  had  awaked  from 
their  long  lethargy,  but  as  in  ancient  times,  their 
efforts  have  been  enfeebled  by  internal  discord  ; 
the  modern  Greeks  have  unfortunately  inherited 
the  vanity,  inconstancy  and  treachery  of  their 
fathers.  Nature  has  not  denied  them  high  intel- 
lectual endowments  ;  poets  and  orators  are  borr 
amongst  them,  but  their  natural  abilities  are  nol 
improved  by  cultivation  :  sarcasm  and  raillery 
supersede  argument,  and  in  their  deliberations, 
a  frivolous  expression,  a  single  word  or  gesture  is 
sufficient  to  make  them  unmindful  of  their  most 
important  interests.  The  Moraites  are  less  vola- 
tile than  the  townsmen  of  Romelia,  and  better 
fitted  to  enjoy  the  blessings  of  freedom  under  a 
good  government.  The  Athenians  have  not  lost 
their  ancient  urbanity,  their  accent  is  more  har- 
monious than  any  other  in  Greece,  their  language 
is  less  diffuse,  and  for  that  reason  more  energetic. 
Their  appearance  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
their  ancestors,  the  women  of  Athens  are  still 
distinguished  by  their  light  figures,  the  oval 
form  of  the  face,  the  regular  contour,  the  straight 


line  that  marks  the  profile,  full  black  eyes,  high 
forehead,  red  lips,  small  hands  and  feet;  they 
are  equally  graceful  in  the  mnurnfiil  dance  of 
Ariadne  and  in  the  rapid  mazes  of  the  Romaikn. 
The  simplicity  jf  the  ancient  dress  is  in  some 
degree  retained  ;  a  white  tunic  descends  from  the 
neck  and  a  white  mantle  covers  the  arms  and  falls 


GRE 


347 


GRE 


ovftr  the  shoulders,  a  handkerchief  tied  loosely 
round  the  head  does  not  conceal  their  jet-black 
hair  ;  but  the  barbarous  empire  is  typified  in  a 
clumsy  and  ill-placed  girdle,  red  trowsers  and  a 
heavy  Turkish  cloak. 

The  Greek  revolution  broke  out  in  1821,  and  a 
National  Congress  assembled  at  Epidaurus  the 
bame  year.  On  the  1st  of  January ,  1822,  this  Con- 
gress published  a  constitution  for  the  Greek  na- 
tion. From  this  period  a  bloody  and  devastating 
war  was  waged  against  them  by  the  Turks  for  a 
period  of  seven  years.  At  length  the  govern- 
ments of  Russia,  France  and  Great  Britain  inter- 
fered. The  Turkish  marine  was  annihilated  at 
the  battle  of  Navarino,  a  French  army  occupied 
he  Morea,  and  Greece  became  an  independent 
state  under  the  protection  of  the  three  powers  in 
1829. 

Independent  Greece  comprises  the  Morea  and 
the  territory  without  the  isthmus,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  a  line  beginning  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Aspropotamus,  the  ancient  Achelous, 
and  passing  up  the  south-eastern  bank  of  that 
river  to  Angelo  Castron.  Thence  it  passes 
througii  the  lakes  Sacarovista  and  Vrachori,  to 
mount  .\rtoleria  and  thence  along  the  valley  of 
Caloiiri,  and  tlie  top  of  mount  CEta  to  the  gulf 
ofZeitoun.  The  western  Sporades  and  Cyclades 
are  also  included  ;  the  whole  forming  a  territory 
about  double  the  extent  of  the  state  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  containing  a  population  of  650,000. 
The  government  in  its  present  state  is  provision- 
al and  experimental.  During  the  war  it  was 
elective  and  republican,  but  the  three  protecting 
p-)wer3  have  recently  made  attempts  to  establish 
a  monarchy  in  Greece.  The  Prince  of  Sa.xe  Co- 
burg  was  offered  the  crown   but  declined  it. 

Grexce,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  2,574. 

GreegvlUe,  p.v.  Loudon  Co.  Va. 

Greene,  the  name  of  11  counties  in  different 
parts  of  the  United  States.  The  following  are 
the  States  in  which  they  are  situated,  with  the 
population  of  each  county  and  the  name  of  the 
chief  town. 

New  York,  20,525     Catskill. 

Pennsylvania,  W.  Dis.  18,028     Waynesburc. 
N.Carolina,  6,313     Snow  Hill.' 

Georgia,  12,551     Greenesborouorh. 

Alabama,  15,026     Erie. 

Mississippi,  1,849     Leaksville. 

Tennesiee,E.  14,410     Greenville. 

Kentucky,  13,718     Greensburg. 

Ohio,  15,084     Xenia. 

Indiana,  4,353     Bloomfield, 

Illinois,  7,664     CarroHton. 

Greene,  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  Kennebec 

:  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,324.     A  village  in  Chenango  Co. 

N.    Y.,    townships   in    Greene    and    Beaver   and 

Franklin    Cos.    Pa.  and  12    townships   in    Ohio. 

*^*  In  Maine  and  Ohio  the  above  name  is  spelt 
Green. 

Greenfield,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  62  m. 
fr.  Boston.     Pop.  946." 

Green  Bay,  an  arm  or  bay  of  Lake  Michigan, 
on  the  N.  W.  side,  about  90  m.  in  length.  At 
its  junction  with  the  lake  is  a  group  of" islands. 
The  bay  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  200  tons. 

Greenburg,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop 
2,195. 

Greenbush,  p.v.  Windsor  Co.  Vt. 

Greenbush,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson  opposite  Albany.     Pop.  3,216. 

Green  Castle,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Pa.  Also  a 
village  in  Fairfield  Co.  Ohio. 


Greenfield,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co,  N.  H.  Pop, 
946.  Also  a  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass  on  the  Con- 
necticut, 2u  m.  above  Northampton  Pop.  1,540. 
Also  a  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,151.  Also 
towns  and  villages  in  Bedford  and  Erie  Cos.  Pa., 
Nelson  Co.  Va.,  Fairfield,  Gallia  and  Highland 
Cos.  Ohio. 

Greenfield  Hill,  a  village  in  Fairfield  Co.  Conn. 
6  m.  W.  Bridgeport. 

Green  Hill,  p.v.  Campbell  Co.  Va. 

Greenland,  a  country  in  theN.  E.  part  of  Amer- 
ica, extending  probably  to  the  pole.  It  was  dis- 
covered in  the  tenth  century,  by  the  Nor  vegians, 
who  planted  a  colony  on  the  eastern  c  ast ;  and 
the  intercourse  between  this  colony  and  Denmark 
was  continued  till  the  beginning  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury :  in  tiiat  century,  by  the  gradual  .ncrease  of 
the  arctic  ice,  the  colony  became  cor  pletely  im- 
prisoned by  the  frozen  ocean  ;  while  on  the  W. 
a  range  of  mountains  and  plains,  covered  with 
perpetual  ice,  precluded  all  access.  This  settle- 
ment contained  several  churches  and  monaste- 
ries, and  is  said  to  have  extended  about  200  miles 
in  the  S.  E.  extremity.  In  more  recent  times  the 
western  coast  washed  by  the  waters  of  Davis' 
Straits  and  Baffin's  Bay,  was  chiefly  explored 
by  Davis  and  other  English  navigators;  but  there 
was  no  attempt  to  settle  a  colony.  In  1721,  a 
Norwegian  clergyman,  named  Egede,  proceeded 
to  this  dreary  countr}',  where  he  continued  till 
1735, preaching  to  the  natives;  and  his  benevo- 
lent example  has  been  since  followed  by  several 
missionaries.  The  country  is  said  to  be  inhabit- 
ed as  far  as  76.  N.  lat.  but  the  Danish  and  Mo- 
ravian settlements  are  chiefly  in  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity. 

This  country,  in  reality,  is  nothing  more  than  a 
mass  of  rocks  intermingled  with  immense  blocks 
of  ice,  thus  forming  at  once  the  image  of  chaos 
and  of  winter.  Icy  Peak,  an  enormous  mass  of 
ice,  rises  Hear  the  mouth  of  a  river,  and  diffuses 
such  a  brilliancy  through  the  air,  that  it  is  distinct- 
ly perceived  at  the  distance  of  more  than  ten 
leagues.  Icicles,  and  an  immense  vault,  give  this 
edifice  of  crystal  a  most  magic  appearance.  An 
uninterrupted  chain  of  mountains  traverses  the 
part  of  Greenland  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
There  are  innumerable  gulfs,  but  none  of  them 
advance  towards  the  eastern  coast.  The  three 
points  called  Stag's  Horn,  are  descried  at  sea  at  the 
distance  of  five-and-twenty  leagues.  The  rocks 
are  rent  into  fissures,  which,  in  general,  are  per- 
pendicular, and  are  rarely  more  than  half  a  yard 
in  breadth,  and  contain  a  great  quantity  of  spar, 
quartz,  talc,  and  garnets.  The  rocks  are  com- 
monly composed  of  granite,  clay  slate,  and  pot- 
stone,  arranged  in  vertical  beds.  The  Greenland 
.Museum  at  Copenhagen  has  received  from  this 
country  a  very  rich  mineral  of  copper  ore,  schist  us 
of  the  nature  of  mica,  a  coarse  marble,  and  ser- 
pentines, together  with  asbestos,  amianthus,  crys- 
tals, and  black  schorl.  Greenland  likewise  fur- 
nishes us  with  a  new  and  curious  mineral,  the 
fiuute  of  alumina.  A  vast  mine  of  sea-coal  has 
been  discovered  in  the  island  of  Disco  Three 
hot  springs  are  the  only  volcanic  indications  that 
have  hitherto  been  observed.  During  the  short 
season  of  summer,  the  air,  which  is  very  pure  on 
the  mainland,  is  obscured  in  Uie  islands  by  fogs. 
The  flitting  glimmer  of  the  aurora  borealis,  in  some 
degree  softens  the  gloomy  horror  of  the  polar  night 
What  has  been  termed  the  smoke  of  ice,  is  a  va 
pour  which  rises  from  the  revices  of  marine  ice  ' 
The  rare  occurrence  of  ra  '    the  small  quantity  of 


6RE 


■now,  ari3  the  intense  degree  of  cold  produced  by 
the  east-north-east  wind,  lead  us  to  suspect  that 
the  most  eastern  parts  of  Greenland  form  a  great 
archipelago,  incumbered  with  perpetual  ice,  which 
for  many  centuries,  has  been  piled  together  by  the 
winds  and  currents. 

There  is  some  land  that  admits  of  cultivation ; 
and  probably  barley  might  be  made  to  grow  in  the 
sauthern  part  of  the  country.  The  mountains  are 
covered  with  moss  to  the  north,  but  the  parts  that 
have  a  soutliern  exposure  produce  very  good  herbs, 
gooseberries,  and  other  berries,  in  abundance,  and 
a  few  little  willows  and  birch.  Not  far  from  Ju- 
lianshaal  .  is  a  valley  covered  with  birch  ;  but  the 
tallest  of  the  trees  are  only  eighteen  feet  high. 
Near  the  Danish  colonies  cabbages  and  turnips  are 
cultivated. 

The  most  remarkable. animal  of  this  region  is 
the  White  Lear,  the  largest  of  his  tribe.  These 
animals  are  sometimes  12  feet  in  length  and  are 
distinguished  for  their  tremendous  ferocity.   Some- 


348  ORR 

has  two  large  ivory  tusks  in  the  upper  jaw  which 
weigh  from  10  to  30  pounds  each.     They  are  hunt- 


times  they  are  seen  on  floating  ice  out  at  sea,  and 
are  often  in  this  manner  conveyed  to  Iceland.  At 
sea  they  prey  upon  fish,  seals,  and  the  carcases  of 
whales.  On  land  they  devour  deer  and  other 
animals,  yet  they  often  feed  upoji  berries.  In 
winter  they  dig  themselves  dens  under  the  snow 
or  ice  and  sleep  till  the  sun  appears  in  spring. 
Among  the  animal  kingdom  we  also  meet  with 
large  hares,  which  are  excellent  eating,  and  afford 
a  good  fur;  rein-deer  of  the  American  variety, 
great  numbers  of  foxes,  and  large  dogs,  that  howl 
instead  of  barking,  and  are  employed  by  the  Green^ 
landers  in  drawing  their  sledges.  An  immense 
number  of  aquatic  birds  live  near  the  rivers,  which 
abound  with  salmon. 

Turbots  and  small  herrings  swarm  in  every  di- 
rection in  the  sea.  The  natives  have  been  suppli- 
ed with  nets,  and  now  begin  to  experience  their 
utility.  In  north  or  west  Greenland,  the  Danes 
and  natives  go  in  companies  to  the  whale-fishing ; 
but  this  tumultuous,  and,  to  the  natives,  far  from 
lucrative  occupation,  spreads  vice  and  misery 
through  this  district.  The  natives  of  the  south 
confine  themselves  to  hunting  the  seal.  The  flesh 
of  this  animal  is  their  principal  food;  its  skin  fur- 
nishes them  with  dress,  and  at  the  same  time  they 
construct  their  boats  of  it ;  thread  is  made  of  its 
tendons,  and  its  bladder  is  converted  into  bottles  ; 
its  fat  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  butter, 
and  at  other  times  for  tallow  ;  and  even  the  blood 
itself  is  considered  by  the  Greenlander  as  excellent 
for  making  broth  ;  in  fact,  he  cannot  possibly  com- 
prehend how  any  one  can  live  witliout  the  sea-dog, 
which,  to  liim  ,  is  like  the  bread-fruit  tree  to  the 
Otaheitan,  or  wheat  to  the  inhabitants  of  Europe. 

The  Walrus,  or  Morse,  called  also  the  Sea  Cow, 
is  very  common  in  these  parts.  -  It  is  much  larger 
than  the  seal  and  is  generally  found  iti  company 
with  that  animal.     Like  the  elepiiant  the  Walrus 


ed  for  their  fat,  and  are  sometimes  encountered  yc 
herds  of  an  hundred.  When  wounded  they  be- 
come exceedingly  furious,  and  bite  the  lances  of 
the  hunters  in  pieces  with  their  teeth.  When  in 
great  numbers  they  will  sometimes  attack  boats 
and  attempt  to  overturn  them. 

The  Greenland  Company,  established  at  Copen- 
hagen, estimate  its  annual  revenue  at  104,000  rix- 
dollars,  (20,000  to  25,000  pounds  Sterling;)  ana 
the  exportations  alone  have  amounted  to  50,  or 
100,000  rix-doUars,  without  including  the  produce 
of  the  whale  fishery.  The  expenses  of  the  com- 
pany are  estimated  at  16,000  pounds  Sterling. 

The  natives  are  of  a  very  low  stature,  have  long 
black  hair,  small  eyes,  a  flat  face,  and  a  yellowish 
brown  skin,  evidently  indicating  them  to  be  a 
branch  of  the  Esquimaux  or  Samoiedes  of  America. 
This  connexion  is  particularly  proved  by  their  lan- 
guage, which  is  also  remarkable  for  the  copious- 
ness of  its  grammatical  forms. 

The  Greenlanders  have  not  preserved  any  posi 
five  trace  of  a  communication  with  the  Scandina- 
vian colony,  whose  establishments  they  invaded 
^nd  destroyed.  The  sun,  they  consider  to  be  a 
deified  female,  and  the  moon,  a  man,  conforma- 
bly with  the  belief  of  the  Goths,  which  diftereii 
from  that  of  the  other  Scandinavians;  but  as  we 
find  a  God  called  Lvnus,  or  Men,  among  even  the 
classical  nations  themselves,  this  analogy  either 
proves  too  much  or  nothing.  As  to  ourselves,  we 
have,  on  the  contrary,  recognized  in  the  Green- 
lander,  a  crowd  of  characteristic  circumstances, 
which  demonstrate  his  connexion  with  the  Esqui- 
maux, even  with  those  that  live  at  the  remotest 
distances  from  them.  The  fishing  implements 
employed  by  the  inhabitants  of  Russian  America, 
among  others,  are  made  exactly  like  those  of  the 
Greenlanders.  Both  of  these  people,  too,  make 
use  of  the  bladder  of  the  sea-dog,  distended  with 
wind,  and  attached  to  the  javelin  with  which  they 
strike  tlie  whale,  in  order  that  it  may  thus  serve 
to  prevent  the  animal,  when  once  he  is  wounded, 
from  remaining  any  length  of  time  plunged  under 
water.  A  similar  invention  observed  both  at  the 
eastern  and  western  extremity  of  North  America, 
must  lead  us  unavoidably  to  infer  that  an  habituai 
communication  is  kept  up  between  those  distant 
tribes.  The  little  boats  used  by  the  inhabitants 
of  Oonalaska,  in  Prince  William's  inlet,  (the 
Tchougatchian  Gulf  of  the  Russians,)  by  the  Es- 
quimaux of  Labrador  and  the  Greenlanders,  are 
ail  precisely  of  the  same  construction,  and  resem- 
ble a  box  formed  of  slight  branches  and  covered 
on  every  side  with  the  skin  of  the  sea-dog.  They 
are  twelve  feet  long,  but  only  a  foot  and  a  half 
wide.  In  the  middle  of  the  upper  surface  there  is 
a  hole  surrounded  by  a  wooden  hoop,  with  a  skin 
attached  to  it,  which  admits  of  being  drawn  to- 
gether like  a  purse,  by  means  of  a  thong.     It  is  in 


GRE 


349 


GKE 


this  hole  that  the  rower  places  himself.  Supplied 
with  a  single  oar,  which  is  very  thin,  three  or  four 
feet  long,  and  becoming  broader  at  the  two  sides, 
the  navigator,  or  to  speak  more  correctly,  the  man- 
fish,  paddling  rapidly  to  the  right  and  left,  advances 
in  a  straight  line  across  the  foaming  waves  in  the 
midst  of  the  tempest  itself,  without  incurring  more 
risk  than  the  whales  and  phocse  of  whom  he  is 
become  the  companion  and  rival.  This  invention, 
which  was  admired  by  Captain  Cook,  and  is  adopt- 
ed in  part  by  the  Norwegian  and  Danish  pilots, 
could  not  possibly  have  made  its  appearance  by 
mere  chance  under  exactly  the  same  form,  among 
all  the  tribes  of  the  northern  extremities  of  Ameri- 
ca. These  tribes  consequently,  must  have  the 
same  common  descent,  and  must  long  have  com- 
municated together. 
0  The  present  character  of  the  Greenlanders  is  an 

indefinable  mixture  of  good  and  bad  qualities  ; 
while  their  attachments  to  their  national  customs, 
opposes  the  influence  of  foreign  civilization.  The 
Greenlanders  bitterly  accuse  the  Danes  and  other 
navigators  of  having  brought  among  them  the 
double  scourge  of  small-pox  and  spirituous  liquors. 
The  present  well  regulated  Da.nish  administration 
follows  a  plan  of  cofenization  calculated  for  estab- 
lishing order  and  happiness ;  but  the  ancient 
defects  and  modern  vices  of  the  Greenlanders 
present-  great  obstacles  to  the  system.  Almost 
m  entirely  destitute  of  every  idea  of  religion  and  of 

§■  law,  our  religious  worship  appears  in  their  eyes, 

nothing  but  a  useless  ceremony,  while  they  look 
upon  our  criminal  punishments  as  an  unjust  abuse 
of  power.  The  malefactor  appears  to  them  to  be 
sufficiently  punished,  when  in  a  public  assembly, 
he  is  loaded  with  reproaches.  The  missionaries 
confess  that  the  conversion  of  the  Greenlanders 
advances  slowly,  and  exerts  but  little  influence 
over  their  moral  ideas.  Fot  some  years  back 
however,  the  preaching  of  natives  educated  as 
missionaries,  has  been  productive  of  a  happy 
change.  The  Moravians  have  also  succeeded  in 
a  remarkable  manner  in  engaging  the  affections, 
and  reforming  the  conduct  of  this  simple  people, 
who  are  gifted  with  considerable  quickness  of  per- 
ception. The  commercial  administration,  by  in- 
troducing numerical  calculation,  and  even  paper 
money,  have  given  them  new  notions  with  regard 
to  property.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  country, 
they  have  been  taught  to  make  barrels  and  con- 
struct boats.  The  name  of  their  ancient  divinity, 
Torngarsook,  to  whom  they  never  offered  any 
worship,  is  already  forgotten  as  well  as  the  malevo- 
lent goddess  without  a  name,  who  was  supposed 
to  inhabit  a  palace  at  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  guard- 
ed by  terrific  sea-dogs.  Even  a  kind  of  philosophy 
has  introduced  itself  among  tliem,  and  various 
new  opinions  exist  concerning  a  future  slate  and 
the  transmigration  of  souls.  The  freethinkers  of 
Greenland  v/ill  not  admit  the  prevalent  belief  that 
there  is  a  paradise,  where  the  soul  in  a  state  of 
happy  indolence,  is  nourished  with  the  heads  of 
sea-dogs.  The  priests  and  sorcerers,  called  ^«- 
gekok,  and  the  malevolent  enchanters  denomi- 
nated lUseets,  are  daily  losing  their  influence. 
Perhaps  the  period  may  not  be  far  distant,  when 
the  sublime  devotion  of  the  virtuous  Egede  will 
meet  with  its  reward,  and  a  Christian  and  civil- 
ized people  will  at  length  inhabit  this  memorable 
colony,  the  most  northern  that  the  Europeans  have 
ever  established.  A  mild  and  pure  glory  will  then 
recompense  Denmark  for  the  pecuniary  sacrifices 
which  this  struggle  with  the  elements  has  cost  her, 
a  struggle  into  which  she  has  been  drawn  by  a 


pious  zeai,and  the  influence  of  historical  recol- 
lections. 

Greenland,  p.t  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  5  m. 
from  Portsmouth.     Pop.  681. 

Grttmlaw,  a  town  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Ber- 
wickshire, though  a  small  place.  Here  are  the 
remains  of  two  religious  houses.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Blackadder,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Dunse,  and  36 
S.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Green  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the  Apalachian 
chain  in  Vermont,  extending  through  the  state 
from  N.  to  S.  In  the  southern  part  they  consti- 
tute a  single  range,  but  toward  the  centre  of  the 
state  they  divide  into  two  branches  and  pass  off" 
separately  into  Canada.  The  eastern  slope  of  tho 
mountains  is  watered  hy  the  tributaries  of  tiie 
Connecticut,  and  the  western  slope  by  the  streams 
falling  into  Lake  Champlain.  The  highest  point 
is  Kiilington  Peak,  near  Rutland,  3,924  feet  above 
the  sea.  Camels  Rump,  between  Montpelierand 
Burlington,  and  Mansfield  Mountain  in  the  same 
neighbourhood,  are  each  above  3,500  feet  high. 
Throughout  the  state  these  mountains  are  from 
10  to  15  miles  in  breadth  They  are  every  where 
intersected  with  valleys,  abounding  in  springs 
and  streams,  and  exhibiting  that  perpetual  verdure 
which  has  conferred  upon  them  their  name.  Their 
sides  are  completely  covered  with  woods,  and 
their  rocky  summits  are  clad  in  a  coat  of  green 
moss.  The  trees  appear  old,  but  small ;  they  are 
all  of  the  evergreen  sort,  pine,  spruce,  hemlock 
and  fir,  intermixed  with  shrubs  and  bushes. 
Vegetation  decreases  on  approaching  the  top  of 
the  mountains;  the  trees  diminish  in  size,  and  fre- 
quently terminate  in  a  shrubbery  of  spruce  and 
hemlock,  two  or  three  feet  high,  with  branches  so 
interwoven  as  to  prevent  all  passage  through  them. 
Trees  of  this  height  with  shrubs  and  vines  pro- 
ducing berries,  and  a  species  of  weed  called  win- 
ter grass,  mixed  with  the  moss  of  rocks,  are  all 
the  vegetation  which  the  mountains  produce. 
The  sides  of  the  mountains  are  generally  rugged 
and  irregular  ;  some  of  them  have  large  aper- 
tures and  caves.  The  thick,  green  moss  which 
coats  their  tops,  is  so  compact  and  firm,  and 
lies  in  such  extensive  beds,  as  to  reach  from  rock 
to  rock,  and  they  will  sometimes  bear  the  weight 
of  a  man  without  being  broken  through.  These 
immense  spongy  masses  receive  the  moisture  sup- 
plied by  the  clouds  and  rain,  and  while  a  part  of 
it  runs  down  the  sides  of  the  mountain,  much  of 
it  is  absorbed,  and  penetrates  the  whole  mass.  In 
this  manner,  several  of  these  mountains  are  con- 
tinually wet  on  their  tops,  and  have  large  marshy 
spots,  which  are  the  constant  resort  of  water 
fowl  during  the  warm  season.  The  roads  across 
them  are  frequently  wet  and  miry,  when  the 
valleys  below  are  dry. 

The  mountains  exhibit  but  few  rocky  or  sterile 
tracts,  and  affbrd  generally  excellent  pasturage 
for  sheep  and  cattle 

Greenock,  the  chief  sea-port  of  Scotland,  in  Ren- 
frewshire, at  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde,  with  a  small 
fort  for  the  defence  of  the  harbour.  Here  are  sev- 
eral dry  docks,  and  the  building  and  rigging  of 
ships  is  much  followed.  It  has  a  great  trade  ;  and 
the  fisheries,  particularly  for  herrings,  and  the 
Newfoundland  fishery,  are  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent.  In  1801  the  number  of  inhabitants  was 
17,458,  and  in  1821, 22,038.  It  is  24  miles  W.  by 
N.  of  Glasgow,  of  which  it  is  the  port.  Long.  4. 
47.  W.,  lat.  55.  56.  N. 

Green  River,  a  stream  of  Kentucky  falling  into 
the  Ohio,  about  250  m.  itx  length. 
2(3 


GRE 


350 


GRE 


Greensboreugk,  p.t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  30  m.  N. 
y.  Montpelier.  Pop.  7b'l.  Also  towns  in  Caro- 
line Co. Maryland,  Mecklenburg  Co.  Va.,  Guilford 
Co.  N.  C,  Green  Co.  Ala.,  and  Greene  Co.  Geo. 

Greeiisburgh,  p.t.  Westchedler  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,195.  Also  towns  in  Westmoreland  and  Green 
Cos.  Pa.,  Greene  Co.  Ken.  and  Decatur  Co.  ind. 

Greensted.  a  village  in  Essex,  Eng.  1  m.  W. 
of  Ongar,  remarkable  for  its  little  church,  (built 
prior  to  the  Conquest)  the  walls  of  which  are 
formed  of  the  trunks  of  trees. 

Greenville,  a  frontier  county  of  the  E.  District 
of  Virginia,  bounded  on  the  5r.  by  the  great  Not- 
toway river,  and  S.  by  North  Carolina  ;  super- 
fices  about  300  square  miles.  Pop.  7,117.  Hicks- 
ford  IS  the  chief  town. 

Greenbp,  a  frontier  county,  the  extreme  N.  E. 
point  of  Kentucky,  with  a  superfices  of  about 
800  SKjuare  miles.  Pop.  5,853.  Greenupsburg  is 
the  chief  town. 

Greenville,  a  district  at  the  N.  W.  extremity  of 
South  Carolina ;  superfices  about  GOO  square 
miles.  Pop.  16}476.  The  chief  town  of  the  same 
name  in  the  centre  of  the  county  is  95  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Columbia.* 

Greenville,  p.t.  Greene  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,565. 
Also  towns  and  villages  in  Providence  Co.  R.  I., 
Luzerne  and  Somerset  Cos.  Pa.,  Sussex  Co.  N.  J., 
Augusta  Co.  Va.,  Pitt  Co.  N.  C,  Greenville  and 
Darlington  Districts,  S.  C,  Greene  Co.  Tenn., 
Muhlenberg  Co.  Ken.,  Darke  Co.  Ohio,  Floyd 
Co.  Ind.,  Bond  Co.  Illinois,  Jefferson  Co.  Mis- 
sissippi and  Butler  Co.  Alabama. 

Greenwich,  formerly  a  district  town,  but  now  an 
appendage  to  the  British  metropolis.  It  is  seated  in 
the  county  of  Kent,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Thames, 
5  m.  below  London  Bridge.  It  is  celebrated  for 
its  hospital  for  wounded  and  decayed  seamen  of 
the  national  marine,  which  is  one  of  the  finest 
architectural  edifices  in  the  world.  The  buildings 
consists  of  four  distinct  piles,  two  along  the  bank 
ot  the  river,  with  a  noble  terrace  in  front  860 
feet  in  length  ;  between  these  two  piles  is  a  lawn 
270  feet  wide  ;  the  two  other  piles  are  built  behind, 
projecting  into  the  square  or  lawn,  so  as  to  form  a 
quadrangle  with  an  opening  in  the  centre,  which 
is  terminated  by  an  elegant  building  more  recent- 
ly erected  for  a  naval  school ;  behind  this  on  the 
summit  of  a  hill,  is  the  royal  observatory,  from 
whence  the  English  mariners  reckon  thoir  longi- 
tude :  a  beautiful  colonnade  adjoins  the  buildings 
in  the  interior  of  the  quadrangle,  and  immediate- 
ly contiguous  is  a  spacious  park  most  beautifully 
undulated  and  planted  with  trees,  affording  the 
most  delightful  promenades  and  interesting  pros- 
pects, whilst  the  liberality  and  economy  of  the 
establishment  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  the 
celebrity  it  has  acquired,  and  the  interest  inspired 
by  the  beauty  and  magnificence  of  the  edifice  and 
its  surrounding  objects.  Here  was  once  a  royal 
palace,  in  which  Edward  VI.  died,  and  queen 
Mary  and  queen  Elizabeth  were  born  :  it  has  been 
long  pulled  down,  and  on  part  of  its  site  now 
stands  the  house  belonging  to  the  ranger  of  the 
park.  Here  is  a  college,  for  the  maintenance  of 
20  decayed  housekeepers  ;  and  another  called 
Queen  Elizabeth  college.  In  1799,  the  chapel  qf 
the  hospital,  the  dining-hall,  and  eight  wards  were 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  but  the  whole  were  soon  re- 
built. The  town  is  irregularly  built,  and  with 
the  exception  of  the  church,  which  is  a  noble 
structure,  and  the  hospital,  has  nothing  to  recom- 
mend it  to  particular  notice.  Since  1820,  one  or 
two  new  churches  have  boen  built,  and  the  town 


fenerally  has  undergone  some  improvement, 
op.  in  1801,  14,339,  and  in  1821,  20,712.  See 
Bluckheath,  and  Deptford.  The  observatory  is  in 
thelat.  of50.  29.  N. 

Greenwich,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  813. 
Also  a  town  in  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  3,805. 
Also  2  towns  in  Kent  Co.  R.  I.  called  East  and 
West  Greenwich.  Pop.  of  the  former  ]  ,591 ;  of 
the  latter  1,817.  Also  a  town  in  Washington 
Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,850,  and  towns  in  Gloucester 
and  Cumberland  Cos.  N.  J.,  Berks  Co.  Pa.  and 
Charleston  District  S.  C. 

Greenwood,  a  township  of  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop 
694.     Also  a  town  in  Columbia  Co.  Pa. 

Greenshurg,  p. v.  Beaver  Co.  Pa. 

Gregstown,  a  village  of  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 

Greiffen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  on  a  small  lake 
of  its  name,  9  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Greiffenberg,  a  town  of  Brandenburgh,  in  the 
Ucker  Mark,  on  the  river  Sernitz,  13  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Prenzlo,  and  23  N.  N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Greiffenberg,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Jauer,  with  a  fortress  on  a  mountain.  It  is 
celebrated  for  its  linen  manufactures,  and  seated 
on  the  Queiss,  28  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lignitz. 

Greiffenhagen,  a  town  of  Further  Pomerania,  on 
the  river  Oder,  12  m.  S.  of  Stettin. 

Greifswalde.     See  Gripswald. 

Grein,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  28  m. 
E.  of  Lintz. 

Greit.     See   Graitz. 

Grenada,  an  island  in  the  West  Indies,  the  last 
of  the  Windward  Caribbees,  and  30  leagues  N.  W. 
of  Tobago.  It  is  20  m.  long,  and  13  broad,  finely 
wooded,  and  the  soil  suited  to  produce  sugar, 
tobacco,  and  indigo.  It  was  taken  from  the 
French  in  1762,  confirmed  to  the  English  in  1763, 
taken  by  the  French  in  1779,  and  restored  to  the 
English  in  1783.  In  1795,  the  French  landed 
some  troops,  and  caused  an  insurrection  in  this 
island,  which  was  not  finally  quelled  till  June 
1796.     St.  George  is  the  capital. 

GrenadiUas,  or  Grenadines,  a  cluster  of  islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  dependent  on  Grenada,  and 
situate  between  that  island  and  St.  Vincent. 
They  are  upwards  of  20  in  number,  most  of  them 
fertile,  and  capable  of  producing  cotton,  coffee, 
indigo,  and  sugar.  The  most  considerable  is 
Cariacou 

Grenade,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  seated  at  the  junction  of  the 
Save  with  the  Garonne,  17  m.  N.  W.  ef  Toulouse. 
Pop.  3,925. 

Grenoble,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Isere,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  fort- 
ified castle.  The  leather  and  gloves  that  are 
made  here  are  highly  esteemed.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Isere,  over  which  are  two  bridges  to  pass 
into  fhe  part  called  Perriere,  a  large  street  on  thf 
side  of  the  river.  It  is  the  head  quarters  of  the 
7lh  military  division,  and  seat  of  the  Cour  Royale 
for  the  department  of  the  Upper  Alps,  Dromr, 
and  Isere  ;  300  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris,  60  from 
Lyons,  and  100  due  W.  of  Turin.  Fop.  in  1822, 
23,602. 

Gretna-Green,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Dum- 
friesshire, near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  and  on  the 
borders  of  Cumterland.  It  has  long  been  famous 
for  the  clandestine  marriages  of  fugitive  lovers 
from  England,  which  are  usually  performed  by 
two  illiterate  and  drunken  mechanics  in  the  vil- 
lage, who  have  no  form  in  the  operation,  except- 
ing the  entry  of  the  name  of  the  parties  in  a 
school-boy's  copy-book.     All  their  inquiries  turn 


.« 


GRI 


351- 


GRO 


upon  the  lensrth  of  the  applicant's  purse,  that 
thej  may  know  how  to  regulate  their  demand ; 
as  they  are  not  usually  nice  as  to  fees,  any  sum 
from  half-a-crown  to  100  guineas  will  be  accept- 
ed, provided  in  all  cases  it  is  as  much  as  they  can 
get.     It  is  10  m.  N.  of  Carlisle. 

Greussen,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
gia,  on  the  river  Helbe,  15  m.  N.  of  Srfurt. 

GretjsriHv,  p. v.  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 

Gr'-ffi  ishurg.ip.v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va. 

Grimaud,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ofVar,  12  m.  S.W.  ofFrejus. 

Grimbergtn,  or  Grumherghpn,  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  Brabant,  with  an  abbey  and  a 
castle,  ()  m.  N.  of  Brussels. 

Gr'mnui,  or  Grutnma,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony, 
In  Misnia,  with  a  trade  in  wool,  linen,  thread,  and 
flannel,  seated  on  the  Mulda,  14  S.  E.  of  Leip- 
zig. 

.  Grhnmen,  a  town  of  Hither  Pomerania,  16  m. 
S.  of  Stralsund. 

Griinbsy,  a  borough  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  It 
has  a  large  church,  like  a  cathedral,  and  a  good 
'  trade  in  c.->al  and  salt.  The  harbour,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Huinber,  ha^  been  improved.  It  is  35  m. 
N.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and  1G8  N.  of  London.  It  re- 
turns two  members  to  parliament.  Pop.  in  1821, 
3,064. 

Grimsby,  a  town  of  Lincoln  Co.  Upper  Cana- 
da. 

Grindf.nwild .  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  B^rn,  seated  among  mountains,  at  the 
foot  of  a  celebrated  glacier,  5  m.  S.  E.  of  Thun. 

Grindon,  a  village  of  Eng.  in  that  part  of  Dur- 
ham called  Norhamshire,  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Berwick. 
To  the  S.  of  it,  at  a  place  called  Grindon  Rigg, 
are  4  upright  stone  pillars,  funeral  monuments 
of  the  chieftains  slain  in  a  famous  victory  gained 
here  over  the  Scots,  in  1-558,  by  the  earl  ot  North- 
umberland and  his  brother. 

Grinsfearf,£a.st,  aborough  in  Sussex,  Eng.  Here 
is  Sackville  college,a  large  stone  building,  founded 
by  the  duke  of  Dorset,  in  1616,  for  24  aged  per- 
sons of  both  sexes.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  20  m. 
N.  of  Lewes,  and  29  S.  of  London.  It  returns 
two  members  lo  parliament. 

Grinton,  a  mountainous  and  mineral  parish  in 
the  north  riding  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.  comprising 
the  four  townships  of  Grinton,  Melbecks,  Muker, 
and  Reith,  seated  near  the  head  waters  of  the 
Swale  river.  Pop.  of  the  parish  in  1820,  5,300. 
Grinton  is  8  and  Muker  about  20  m.  W.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

Gripswald,  or  Griefioalde,  a  town  of  Hither 
Pomerania,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  a  university. 
It  is  se.ated  on  the  river  Rik.  which  is  navio-able 
to  the  Baltic,  14  ra.  W.  of  Walgost,  and  22  S.  E. 
of  Stnilsund. 

GrisonSy  a  new  canton  of  Switzerland,  boui^ed 
on  the  S.  by  Milan  and  Venice.  E.  and  N.  by  Ty- 
rol, and  W.  by  U;e  cantons  of  Claris,  Uri,  and  Tes- 
«n.  It  formerly  included  the  Valteline,  and  the 
ccuntles  of  Cniaverna,  and  Bormio,  now  included 
in  the  Austrian  dominions.  The  country  was 
formerly  divided  mto  three  leagues,  namely,  the 
Grey  Lfagae,  the  League  ot  Gods  House,  and 
the  League  of  the  Ten  Jurisdictions;  each  of  them 
had  a  distinct  internal  government,  and  they  were 
connected  as  one  republic  by  an  annual  diet,  held 
alternately  at  the  towns  of  Coire,  Hantz,  and  Da- 
vos. But  in  1803,  the  constitution  was  changed 
by  the  French,  and  the  country  made  an  addi> 
tional  canton  of  Switzerland.  The  inhabitants, 
amounting  lo  about  73,000  are   partly  Calvinists 


and  partly  Catholics  ;  but  the  former  are  most  nn 
merous.  The  principal  subsistence  of  the  peas- 
antry is  by  breeding  oxen,  most  of  which  are  sent 
to  -Vlilan.  The  capital  is  Coire.  The  Rhine  and 
the  Inn  both  have  their  source  in  the  Grisons. 

Grodno,  the  principal  town,  tiiough  not  the 
capital,  of  Lithuania.  It  has  the  appearance  of  a 
decayed  town,  containing  a  mixture  of  wretched 
hovels,  falling  houses,  and  ruined  palaces,  with 
magnificent  gate  ^«ays,  remains  of  its  ancient  splen- 
dour. A»  few  habitations  in  good  repair,  make 
the  contrast  more  striding.  Here  is  a  college  and 
physic  garden.  In  the  new  palace,  built  by  Au- 
gustus III.  the  diets  were  sometimes 'leld  ;  par- 
ticularly the  last  in  1793,  which  was  compelled, 
at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  to  consent  to  the  sec- 
ond partition  of  Poland  ;  and  here,  in  1795,  Stan- 
islaus III.  formally  resigned  his  crown.  Grodno 
is  now  subject  to  Russia.  It  is  seated  partly  in  a 
plain,  on  the  river  Niemen,  andpartly  on  a  inoun- 
tain,  140  m.  N.  E.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  24.  25. 
E.,  lat.  53.  28.  N.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Grisicold,  a  township  of  N^w  London  Co. 
Conn,  on  the  Thames,  8  m.  below  Norwich.  Pop. 
2,212.  c 

Gruhnde.  a  town  of  Hanover,  neat  which  is  a 
monument  of  stone,  erected  in  memory  of  a  battle* 
fought  here  in  1421.     It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  9 
m.  S.  of  Hameln. 

GroU,  a  small  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelderland. 
A  duty  is  collected  here  on  all  merchandise  pass- 
ing through  it  for  Germany.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Slink,  20  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Zutphen. 

Gronfiines,  a  seigniory  of  Hampshire  Co.  U.  C. 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  45  m.  above  Quebec. 

GroningeTi,Xhe  most  N.  E.  province  of  Holland, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  East  Friesland,  W.  by 
Friesland,  N.  by  the  German  Ocean,  and  S.  by 
Drenthe  It  is  divided  into  2  parts,  called  Gron- 
ingen  and  Omelands.  .  The  excellency  of  this 
country  consists  in  pastures  which  feed  a  great 
Dtfmber  of  large  horses. 

Groningen.  a  city  of  Holland,  capital  of  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  citadel  and  uni- 
versity. It  is  seated  on  the  rivers  Hunse  and  Aa, 
and  has  a  communication,  by  a  canal,  with  a 
bay  of  the  German  Ocean,  at  the  distance  of  10 
m.  by  which  large  quantities  of  butter  are  export- 
ed. The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  20,000.  It 
is  96  m.  N.  E.  of  Amsterdam.  Long.  6.  35.  E., 
lat.  5:}.  12.  N. 

Grossa,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  near 
the  coast  of  Dalmatia.  25  m.  long  and  2  broad. 
Long.  15.  7.  E.,  lat.  44.  18.  N. 

Grossenhat/n,  or  Hayn,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxo- 
ny, in  Meissen,  with  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woolen  cloths,  seated  on  the  Roder,  Bra.  N  of 
Meissen. 

Grossetto,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese, 
with  a  castle,  situate  near  the  sea;  30  m.  S.  W. 
of  Sienne. 

Griitkau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  district  of 
Neisse.  The  forests  round  this  town  are  the  jomt 
property  of  all  the  inhabitants.  It  is  16  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Neisse,  and  30  S.  of  Breslau. 

Groton,  t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  45  m.  from  Con- 
cord. Pop.  689.  Also  a  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt. 
18  m.  E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  836.  Also  a  p.t.  Mid- 
dlesex Co.  Mass.  35  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,925. 
Also  a  p.t.  New  London  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  4,7r>0. 
Also  a  p.t.  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y  Pop.  3,597, 
and    a    township  in  Huron  Co.  Ohio 

Grove  Hill,  p. v.  Warren  Co.  N.  C. 

Groveland.nt.  J.Jvin£ston  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,703 


GUA 


352 


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Groyne.     See  Corunna. 

Grubenliagen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Hanover. 
The  castle  is  now  in  ruins.  It  is  7  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Eimbick. 

Grubenhagen,  a  principality  of  Iliinover,  at  the 
S.  extremity  of  the  circle  of  Ijower  Saxony,  com- 
prising a  portion  of  the  Hartz  mountains  The 
principal  towns  are  Osterode,  Grund,  Clausthal, 
Cellerfold,  &c. 

Grunberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate 
of  Hesse,  where  the  kings  of  tlie  Merolingian  race 
and  Charlemagne  held  their  court.  It  is  10  m.  E. 
of  Giesen. 

Grunberg,  or  Grumberg,  a  populous  town  of 
Silesia,  in  the  principality  of  Glogau,  surrounded 
with  vineyards.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth, 
and  a  great  trade  in  vinegar  and  dried  fruits.  It 
is  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Glogau. 

Grundc,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  mountains 
of  Hartz,  4  m.  W.  of  Clausthal. 

Grunhayn,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  Misnia, 
with  a  trade  in  copper  and  lead,  16  m.  S.  by  VV. 
of  Chemnitz. 

Gruningen,  a  town  in  the  canton  of  Zurich, 
Switzerland,  with  ja.  castle  on  an  elevated  rock, 
10  m.  S.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Grunstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  county  of  Leinintren,  22  m.  N.  N. 
W   of  Spire,  and  25  S.  of  Mentz. 

Gruyeres,  a  town  and  bailiwic  of  Switzerland, 
in  the  canton  of  Frisburg,  with  a  castle  on  a  hill. 
It  has  a  great  trade  in  cheese,  and  is  15  m.  S.  W. 
of  Frisburg. 

Gryfe,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
S.  W.  angle  of  Renfrewshire,  runs  over  several 
precipices  into  the  lower  country,  falling  into  the 
felack  Cart,  near  the  town  of  Paisley. 

Guadalaxara,  an  interior  province  of  Spain, 
forming  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  kingdom  of  New 
Castile.  Superfices  163  square  leagues,  with  a 
pop  in  1810,  of  121,115.  The  chief  town  of  the 
same  name  is  seated  on  the  banks  of  the  river 
Henares,  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Madrid.  It  has  a  wool- 
en manufacture.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Guadalaxara,  one  of  the  15  intendencies  or  di- 
visions of  Mexico,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Superfices  73,628  sq.  m.  with  a  pop. 
in  1803  of  630,.500.  It  is  intersected  by  the  San- 
tiago river,  or  Rio  Grande.  The  chief  town  of 
the  same  name  is  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Santiago,  in  the  lat.  of  21.  19.  N.,  70  m.  N.  of 
Chapala,  and  275  N.  W.  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Pop.  about  20,000. 

Guadaloupe,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura, 
with  a  celebrated  convent ;  seated  on  a  rivulet 
of  the  same  name,  34  m.  E.  by  N.  ofTruxillo. 

Guadaloupe,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carribean  isl- 
ands, in  the  West  Indies,  between  Antigxia  and 
Dominica.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
strait,  called  the  Salt  River.  At  this  place  the 
land  on  each  side  is  not  above  4  m.  broad,  .ind  by 
this  strait  the  sea  on  the  N.  W.  communicates 
with  that  on  the  S.  E.  The  S.  W.  part  is  60  m. 
long  and  24  broad  ;  and  tlie  N.  E.  part  is  much 
the  same.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  good,  and  well 
watered  near  the  sea,  by  rivulets,  which  fall  from 
the  mountains,  and  produces  large  quantities  of 
sugar,  cotton,  and  coffee.  On  this  island  is  a  vol- 
cano, called  the  mountain  of  Sulphur  ;  and  on  its 
E.  side  are  two  mouths,  which  open  into  a  pit  of 
sulphur  :  the  blacks  who  sell  brimstone  fetch  it 
from  this  pit.  The  French  settled  on  this  island 
in  1635.  It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1759, 
but  restored  in  1763 ;  again  taken  by  the  English 


in  1794,  but  evacuated  the  next  year.  The  Eng 
lish  again  took  it  in  1810 ;  and,  in  order  to  allure 
the  Swedes  into  the  late  coalition  against  France, 
gave  them  this  island.  It  was,  however,  by  the 
consent  of  Sweden,  restored  to  France  in  1814. 
Basseterre,  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  island, 
is  the  capital.     Lat.  16.  N.,  61.  48.  W.  long. 

Guadalquivir,  a  river  of  Spain  which  rises  in 
the  S.  part  of  New  ^astile,  flows  through  the 
kingdoms  of  Jaen,  Cordova,  and  Seville,  and  en- 
ters the  bay  of  Cadiz  at  San  Lucar,  after  a  course 
of  about  300  m. 

Guadarrama,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile. 
It  has  a  great  trade  in  cheese,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Guadarrama,  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Madrid." 

Guadiana,  a  river  which  rises  in  New  Castile, 
in  Spain,  crosses  Estremadura  into  Portugal,  and, 
separating  Algarve  from  Andalusia,  enters  the  bay 
of  Cadiz  at  Ayamonte. 

Guadix,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  contains  three  parishes  and  six 
convents,  and  is  situate  in  a  rich  country,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  .36  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Gran- 
ada. 

Guam,  the  chief  of  the  Ladrone  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  100  m.  in  circumference.  The 
Spaniards  have  a  garrison  here ;  but  the  inhabi- 
tants are  almost  all  natives  of  the  country,  and 
reputed  to  be  skilful  in  building  boats.  It  abounds 
with  excellent  fruit,  and  has  several  good  har 
hours.  Umata  is  the  capital.  Long.  143.  15.  E 
lat.  13.  10.  N. 

Gua.manga,  a  city  of  Peru,  capital  of  an  interior 
province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  famous  for  its 
mines  of  silver.  It  is  180  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Lima. 
Long.  74.  5.  W.,  lat.  13.  20.  S.  The  province  in 
1795  contained  111,.')59  inhabitants,  of  whom 
75,284  were  native  Indians,  and  29,620  Mestizoes. 

Guanahani,  or  Cat  Island,  orve  of  the  Bahama 
Islands,  the  first  land  of  America,  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1491,  and  named  by  him  St.  Salva- 
dor.    See  Bahamas. 

Gua.norc,  an  interior  town  of  Colombia,  seated 
on  a  branch  of  the  Apure  River,  195  m.  S.  W.  of 
Caracas,  and  130  E.  of  Merida.  Pop.  estimated 
at  12,000. 

Guanaxuato,  a  small  interior  province  of  Mexi- 
co, containing  only  6,878  sq.  m.  but  a  pop.  of  517, 
300 ;  it  is  the  most  densely  populated  part  of  the 
country,  and  is  considered  the  most  productive 
mineral  district  in  Mexico.  The  chief  city,  of 
the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  eastern  declivity 
o^the  Cordilleras,  upwards  of  6,800  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  in  the  lat.  of  21.  N.,  and  101.  55. 
of  W.  long.,  giving  a  mean  distance  from  the  city 
of  Mexico  of  190  geographical,  or  214  British 
statute  m.  Pop.  about  40,000,  exclusive  of  about 
30,000  more,  employed  in,  or  dependant  on,  the 
mi  "s  in  its  immediate  vicinity. 

Guancavelica,  an  interior  province  of  Peru,  E. 
of  the  maritime  range  of  tiie  Andes,  extending 
about  190  m.  from  N.  to  S.  between  the  lat.  of  12. 
20.  and  14.  30.  S.,  and  is  about  50  m.  in  mean 
breadth  ;  it  is  thinly  populated  but  has  mines  of 
quicksilver.  The  chief  city,  of  the  same  name 
is  seated  in  an  elevated  glen  of  the  Andes,  in  th( 
lat.  of  13.  5.  S.,  and  74.  35>  of  W,  long.,  170  m 
S.  E.  of  Lima. 

Guanuco,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  fruitfu 
district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  172  m.  N.  N.  E 
of  Lima. 

Gwirco.     See  Gagnete. 

Guarda,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  and  a 
bishop's  see.     It  is  strong  by  nature  and  art,  and 


GUA 


358 


QUA 


has  a  stately  cathedral,  138  m.  N.  E.    of  Lisbon. 

Guardafui.     See  Gardefan. 

Gmistalla,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
small  duchy,  included  in  that  of  Parma,  with  an 
ancient  decayed  castle.  It  is  seated  near  the  river 
Po,  19  m.  N.  E.  of  Parma. 

Guasteca.     See  Panuco. 

Guatemala,  a  province  of  South  America,  hav- 
ing about  400  m.  of  sea-coast  on  the  shore  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  between  the  lat.  of  14.  and  17.  N., 
being  from  30  to  50  in  breadth  ;  it  forms  part  of 
the  chain  of  territory  which  connects  the  two 
great  divisions  of  the  western  hemisphere,  and 
was  formerly  with  several  other  provinces  included 
in  the  government  of  Mexico ;  but,  since  the 
subversion  of  Spanish  authority  in  the  western 
world,  it  has  been  formed  into  an  independent  re- 
public, by  the  name  of  Central  America.  This  re- 
Snblic  is  bounded  N.  by  Chiapa  and  Yucatan  in 
Icxico,  and  the  bay  of  Honduras ;  E.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Nicaragua  and  Colombia,  and  S.  and  W. 
by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  contains  about  150,000 
sq.  m.  It  is  divided  into  5  states.  Guatemala, 
Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicaragua  and  Costa  Rica : 
these  are  subdivided  into  45  districts. 

The  name  of  Guatemala,  or  more  correctly 
Quaukitemallan,  that  is  to  say,  the  place  full  of 
trees,  originally  belonged  to  a  single  district.  The 
S'paniards  applied  it  to  a  Captain- Generalship, 
which  bore  the  title  of  kingdom,  and  to  one  single 
province,  comprehended  within  this  kingdom. 

The  province  of  Guatemala,  properly  so  called, 
extends  from  the  confines  of  Guaxaca  to  those  of 
Nicaragua,  along  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  climate 
m  general  is  hot  and  moist.  The  plains  are  fertile, 
both  in  American  and  European  fruit  of  a  delight- 
ful flavour.  The  maize  produces  300  for  one,  as 
w'.'ll  as  the  cocoa.  Indigo  of  a  superior  quality  is 
produced  there,  and  the  annotto  is  cultivated. 
The  forests  with  which  the  mountains  are  covered 
give  shelter  and  food  to  animals  that  nre  still  im- 
perfectly known ;  and  many  nondescript  shrubs 
are  met  with,  from  which  they  distil  valuable  bal- 
bams.  Many  ports  on  the  South  Sea  afford  this 
province  trreat  facility  for  carrying  on  an  advan- 
tageous commerce  with  Peru,  Terra  Firma,  and 
New  Spain.  The  coasts  abound  with  fish,  but 
fishing  is  not  followed  with  any  considerable  ac- 
tivity. Tliey  likewise  neglect  their  silver  mines, 
which  are  said  to  be  rich ;  but  they  collect  the 
sulphur  that  floats  on  thi>  surface  of  several  lakes. 
The  whole  province  is  filled  with  volcanoes,  and 
exceedingly  subject  to  earthquakes. 

Guatemala  is  the  capital,  and  is  the  see  of  an 
archbishop,  and  the  seat  of  a  University.  The 
ancient  city  was  destroyed  on  the  7th  June,  1777, 
by  one  of  the  most  tremendous  earthquakes  of 
which  wo  have  any  record.  From  the  3d  of  June 
the  agitated  sea  had  risen  from  its  bed  ;  the  two 
volcanoes  adjacent  to  the  town  appeared  to  boil ; 
one  of  them  shot  out  torrents  of  water,  the  other, 
waves  of  blazing  lava.  On  every  side  the  earth 
was  seen  to  gape  in  deep  fissures.  At  length,  after 
five  days  of  unutterable  anguish,  the  abyss  opened, 
and  the  town,  with  all  its  riches,  and  8.000  fam- 
ilies, was  instantly  swallowed  up,  while  torrents 
of  inud  and  sulphur,  rushing  over  the  ruins,  ob- 
literated forever  all  vestiges  of  its  former  existence. 
The  spot  is  now  indicated  by  a  frightful  desert. 
The  ne  v/  city  is  built  at  the  distance  of  four  leagues 
from  the  site  of  the  old  town.  We  must  not  omit 
noticing  Amat'ttlan,  or  the  town  of  letters,  so  call- 
ed in  consequen-e  of  the  talent  which  the  Indians, 
its  inhabitants,  displayed  for  carving  hieroglyphicg 
45 


on  the  bark  of  trees.  The  district  of  Soemmsco,  ef 
which  the  chief  place  is  Guaguetlan,  produces  the 
best  cocoa  of  all  America;  but  very  little  of  it  is 
met  with  in  commerce.  In  the  district  of  Quesalte- 
nango,  very  fine  alum  and  sulphur  are  found. 
Solola  produces  the  best  figs  in  the  kingdom,  and 
a  good  deal  of  cotton  is  spun  there.  Two  volca- 
noes are  met  with  in  the  vicinity,  the  one  called 
Atitun,  and  the  other  Solola.  The  district  of  Such- 
itepec,  fertile  in  annotto,  is  subject  to  excessive 
rains. 

In  the  forests  very  large  trees  are  met  with, 
from  which  a  fragrant  odour  is  diffnsed,  and  odori 
ferous  resin  distils.  DiflTerent  varieties  of  gum, 
balsam,  incense,  and  dragon's  blood  are  also  col- 
lected. Canes  of  a  hundred  feet  long  are  found, 
and  of  such  a  thickness,  that  from  one  knot  to 
another  twenty -five  pounds  of  water  are  contained. 
The  bees  of  this  region  make  a  very  liquid  honey, 
which,  after  becoming  acid,  is  made  use  of,  they 
say,  instead  of  orange  juice.  The  forests  are  in- 
fested with  wild  animals,  amongst  which  Alcedo 
distinguishes  the  Tapir  or  Daiita.  When  enraged, 
the  animal  shows  his  teeth  like  the  wild  boar,  and, 
it  is  asserted,  cuts  through  the  strongest  tree.  Its 
skin  is  six  fingers  thick,  and  when  dried,  resists 
every  kind  of  weapon.  Very  large  bears  are  also 
met  with. 

The  province  of  Honduras  is  very  little  known. 
It  extends  from  that  of  Vera  Paz  to  that  of  Nica- 
ragua. The  first  Spanish  navigators  perceiving 
a  great  number  of  pompions  floating  down  the 
banks  of  the  river,  called  it  the  Coast  of  HiLueras, 
that  is  to  say,  the  Coast  of  Pompions.  The  most 
western  part  of  this  province  contains  the  little 
Spanish  towns  of  Comayaguaand  of  Truxillo.  The 
latter  of  these  has  been  built  near  a  lake,  where 
floating  islands,  covered  with  large  trees,  move 
from  place  to  place  at  the  discretion  of  the  wind. 
Near  the  river  Silmn,  caverns  have  been  discovered, 
or  rather  immense  subterranean  galleries,  which 
run  under  several  mountains,  and  a])pear  to  have 
been  hollowed  out  by  ancient  currents.  The  in- 
terior of  the  country  is  inhabited  by  a  savage  and 
ferocious  nation,  the  Mosquito- Samhos.  The  coasts, 
especially  near  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios,  are  occupied 
by  another  tribe  of  Indians,  whom  the  English 
navigators    denominate    the     Coast    Mosquitoes 


^^BF^ 

^^^^Ty»-.  "^-"^iii^-iiy^^-iggFr^^^W^H 

This  appellation  originates  in  the  insupi^ortablf! 
cloud  of  mosquitoes,  or  stinging  flies,  that  here 
torment  the  wretched  inhabitants,  and  compel 
them  to  pass  one  part  of  the  year  in  boats  on  the 
river.  The  Mosquito  Indians  of  the  coast,  a  tribe 
governed  by  aristocratic  chiefs,  do  not  reckon 
more  than  fifteen  hundred  warriors.  We  are  un 
acquainted  with  their  notions  of  religion  ;  but,  ac- 
cording to  the  older  voyagers,  they  divided  the 
year  into  eighteen  months  and  twenty  davs ;  ana 
2g2 


GUA 


364. 


GUE 


they  termed  the  months  Toalar,  that  is  to  say,  a 
moveable  thing, — a  very  remarkable  denomina- 
tion, because  it  evidently  approaches  the  word  lol, 
by  which  the  ancient  Scandinavians  designated 
the  feast  that  terminated  the  year, — a  term  ap- 
parently analogous  with  tcheel  or  cijcle.  Similar 
divisions  of  the  year  into  eighteen  months  pre- 
vailed among  the  Aztecs  of  Mexico.  Each  month 
consisted  of  twenty  days,  and  five  complementary 
days  were  added  at  the  end  of  the  year,  which  was 
denominated  Cempohualilhuitl,  from  cemjwIiuaUi, 
twenty,  and  ilhuitl,  festival.  The  cazique  of  these 
Mosquitoes,  who  inhabit  the  coast  between  Black 
River  and  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios,  lately  sold  or 
transferred  that  territory  to  a  person  of  the  name 
of  Gregor  MacGregor,  who  had  attained  some 
notoriety  in  the  late  Colombian  struggle  for  lib- 
erty. 

According  to  the  respectable  testimony  of  Go- 
mara,  and  almost  all  the  accounts  and  maps  that 
have  been  published,  the  great  lake  of  Nicaragua, 
is  covered  with  beautiful  and  populous  islands, 
amongst  which  only  one  contains  a  volcano,named 
Ovio  thiit  always  continues  burning ;  it  has  no  out- 
let towards  the  South  Sea  ;  all  its  waters  descend- 
ing by  the  river  St.  John,  in  the  direction  of  the 
North  or  Atlantic  Sea.  This  river,  the  scene  of 
Nelson's  earliest  exploits,  forms  about  thirty  falls 
before  it  reaches  the  marshy  shores  of  the  sea, 
where  a  pestilential  air,  and  Indians  distinguished 
alike  for  their  perfidy  of  character,  and  the  feroci- 
ty of  their  disposition,  fill  the  most  intrepid  navi- 
gators with  alarm.  The  lake,  then,  is  situated  on 
a  plateau,  but  at  what  elevation.''  "  The  coast  of 
Nicoya,"  says  Dampier,"is  low.  and  covered  with 
shrubs.  To  reach  San  Leon  de  Nicaragua  one 
must  walk  twenty  miles  across  a  flat  country,  co- 
vered with  mangroves,  pasture  land,  and  planta- 
tions of  the  sugar  cane."  These  remarks  of  a  ju- 
dicious observer  appear  to  indicate  thnt  there  is 
no  considerable  chain  of  mountains  between  the 
Lake  of  Nicaragua  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
physical  geography  of  this  country  is  unquestion- 
ably possessed  of  great  interest,  and  yet  it  is  to- 
tally neglected. 

Among  the  numerous  volcanoes  of  this  country, 
that  of  Masaija,  three  leagues  (Castilian)  from 
Granada,  and  ten  from  Leon,  appears  to  be  the 
most  considerable.  Its  crater,  which  is  half  a 
league  in  circumference,  and  250  fathoms  in  depth, 
ejects  neither  cinders  nor  smoke.  The  matter, 
which  is  perpetually  boiling  within  it,  diff'uses  so 
intense  a  light  through  the  air  that  it  is  visible  at 
the  distance  of  20  leagues.  So  much,  in  fact, 
does  it  resemble  gold  in  a  state  of  fusion,  that  the 
first  Spaniards  actually  supposed  it  to  be  this  met- 
al, the  object  of  their  anxious  search;  and  stimu- 
lated by  their  avaricious  temerity,  vainly  attempt- 
ed to  seize,  with  iron  hooks,  some  of  this  very  sin- 
gular lava. 

No  mines  have  as  yet  been  discovered  in  the 
province  of  Nicaragua ;  but  it  is  fertile  in  every 
description  of  fruit, and  abounds  in  large  and  small 
cattle,  especially  in  mules  and  horses.  They  also 
carry  on  a  great  trade  in  cotton,  honey,  wax,  ani- 
seed, sugar,  cochineal,  cocoa,  jalt,  fish,  amber, 
turpentine,  and  petroleum,  together  with  different 
balsams  and  medicinal  drugs.  The  palm  trees 
grow  to  a  colossal  size.  Leon,  the  capital,  is  sit- 
uated on  the  margin  of  a  lake,  wiiich  empties  it- 
self into  the  Nicaragua.  It  inhabitants,  rich,  vo- 
luptuous, and  indolent,  derive  but  little  advantage 
from  the  excellent  port  of  Roalejo,  formed  by  a 
bay  of  the  South  Sea. 


The  province  of  Costa  Rica  contains  no  mines, 
and  hence  it  has  been  said  that  this  name  has 
been  ironically  applied  to  it ;  but  its  extensive 
forests  of  building  timber,  its  rich  pastures,  and 
picturesque  scenery,  afford  abundant  reasons  for 
this  appellation.  Cattle,  and  especially  hogs, 
swarm  here  to  an  extraordinary  degree.  In  tne 
Gulf  of  Salinas  the  muscle  yielding  purple  is 
caught. 

Guatemala  declared  itself  an  independent  state 
in  1823.  The  government  bears  a  close  resem- 
blance to  that  of  the  United  States.  The  Con- 
gress consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives. The  executive  are  a  President  and  Vice  Presi- 
dent chosen  for  4  years.  The  government  however  is 
little  more  than  nominal,  the  country  having  been 
lately  in  a  perpetual  state  of  turbulence  and  dis- 
sension.     The  population  is  about  1 ,800,000. 

Guatemala,  city,  the  capital  of  the  above  repub- 
lic, commonly  called  Guatemala  La  Nueva,  or 
New  Guatemala,  stands  on  a  little  stream  called  the 
Yacas  flowing  into  the  Pacific.  It  is  in  lat.  14.  40. 
N.  and  long.  91.  25.  W.  It  is  handsomely  built, 
with  regular  streets  and  many  elegant  public 
buildings.  It  was  greatly  damaged  in  1830  by  an 
earthquake.  Previous  to  that  event  it  contained 
40,000  inhabitants. 

Guaxaca,  a  province  of  the  chain  of  territory 
now  forming  the  republic  of  Guatemala,  compris- 
ing about  28,000  square  miles,  extending  from  sea 
to  sea.  The  chief  city  of  the  same  name  is  seat- 
ed on  the  banks  of  a  river,  which  falls  into  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  in  the  lat.  of  17.  15.  N.,  and  96. 
20.  of  W.  long.,  450  m.  N.  W.  of'the  city  of  Gua- 
temala. 

Gumijuil,  one  of  the  12  provinces  of  Colombia, 
according  to  the  division  of  1825,  bordering  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  comprising  the  S.  W.  part  of  the 
republic.  The  capital  or  chief  town  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  W.  bank  of  a  river  falling 
into  a  gulf  or  bay  of  the  same  name,  about  20  m. 
from  the  sea.  Guyaquil  is  the  sea-port  of  Quito, 
from  wiiich  it  is  distant  about  150  m.  S.  S.  W. 
The  surrounding  country  produces  an  abundance 
of  the  finest  cocoa,  of  which  large  quantities  are 
exported  to  all  parts  of  Europe.  Lat  2  11.  S., 
W.  long.  79.  40.  Pop.  about  20,000. 

Guayra  la,  or  Luguira,  a  sea-port  of  Colombia, 
on  the  shore  of  the  Carribean  sea,  and  in  the 
new  province  of  Venezuela.  It  is  in  lat.  10.  37. 
N.,  and  6(5.  58.  of  W.  long.,  7  m.  N.  of  the 
city  of  Leon  de  Caracas,  of  which  it  is  the  sea- 
port ;  it  exports  large  quantities  of  cocoa  to 
Europe,  and  mules  and  cattle  to  the  West  India 
Islands;  and  although  the  harbour  is  inconveni- 
ent, the  traffic  is  considerable.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Guben^  a  town  of  Lusatia,  capital  of  a  circle  of 
its  name,  which  yields  great  quantities  of  excel- 
lent red  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lubst  near  it<» 
conflux  with  the  Neisse,  24  m.  N.  E.  of  Cot- 
bus,  and  68  S.  E.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Gudensherg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Hesse,  10  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cassel. 

Guerande,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Loire,  with  a  considerable  trade  in  salt. 
It  is  3  m.  from  the  Atlantic,  and  40  W.  by  N.  of 
Nantes.     Pop.  7,252. 

Guerche,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  lUe  and  Vilaine,  20  m.  E.  S.  £.  of  Rennes 
Pop.  3,980. 

Gueret',  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Creuse.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Creuse, 
35  m.  N.  E.  of  Limoges,  and  ICO  S.  by  W.  of 
Paris.     Pop.  4,014. 


^ 


GUI 


355 


GUI 


Guernsey,  an  island  in  the  English  Channel, 
35  in.  S.  W.  of  Cape  la  Hogue,  a  promontory  of 
the  N.  coast  of  France.  It  formed  part  of  the 
dukedom  of  Normandy  ;  but  Henry  I.  of  England, 
annexed  it  to  Great  Britian,  to  which  it  has  ever 
since  continued  an  appendage,  although  the  lan- 
guage, dress,  manners,  and  form  of  government 
of  the  ancient  Normans  still  continues.  The  is- 
land is  about  36  m.  in  circumference,  well  de- 
fended by  natural  rocks  ;  the  surface  is  consider- 
ablv  varied,  generally  fertile,  and  breed  a  consid- 
erable number  of  small  cattle.  It  is  divided  into 
10  parishes,  which  in  1821  contained  an  aggre- 
gate population  of  20,827.  St.  Peter's  port,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  island,  in  lat.  49.  33.  N., 
and  2.  40.  of  W.  long.,  is  the  chief  place  of  the  is- 
land, containing  more  than  one  half  of  the  total 
population.  The  principal  point  of  intercourse 
with  England  is  Weymouth,  from  which  it  is  dis- 
tant 72  m. 

Guernsey,  an  interior  county  in  the  E.  part  of 
Ohio,  containing  about  650  square  m.  It  is  in- 
tersected by  Will's  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Musk- 
ingum. The  population,  which  in  1810  was  only 
3.S51,  in  1830  had  increased  to  18,036.  Cam- 
bridcre,  the  chief  town,  in  the  centre  of  the  coun- 
ty, is  85  m.  due  E.  of  Columbus. 

Gueta,  or  Hueta,  a  town  of  Spain  in  New  Cas- 
tile, 52  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Madrid. 

GugUniren,  a  town  of  Suabia  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wurteinberg,  situate  on  the  Zaber,  20  m.  N.  of 
Stuttgard. 

Guiana,  an  extensive  territory  of  South  Amer 
ica,  comprising  the  whole  country  between  the 
two  orreat  rivers  Amazon  and  Orinoco,  extending 
W.  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  through  16  degrees 
of  long.  Prior  to  the  war  between  England  and 
France,  which  commenced  in  1793,  this  extensive 
territory  was  divided  between  Portugal,  Spain, 
France,  and  Holland  ;  the  Portuguese  claimed  the 
whole  country  lying  N.  of  the  Amazons,  to  about 
1.  40.  of  N.  lat.  By  a  treaty  in  1801,  a  line  of 
demarcation  was  agreed  upon  between  France 
and  Portucral,  this  line  extended  from  the  island 
of  Carporv  in  the  lat.  above  mentioned,  through 
about  8  degrees  of  long.  From  this  line  French 
Guiana,  extends  along  the  coast  to  the  Maroni 
river,  in  the  lat.  of  5.  44.  N.,  giving  about  300  m. 
of  sea-coast,  but  westward  it  is  not  more  than  130 
m.  wide.  Duith  Guiana,  next  extends  along  the 
coast  from  the  river  Maroni  in  5.  44.  of  N.  lat.,  and 
53.  55.  of  W.  long.,  to  Cap«  Nassau,  in  7.  34.  N., 
and  58.  54.  of  W.  long,  giving  about  360  m.  of  sea- 
coast,  and  a  mean  breadth  of  about  170  m. :  and 
Spanish  Guiana  comprised  the  coast  from  the  river 
Maroni,  to  the  Delta  of  the  Orinoco,  and  all  the 
country  W.  of  Dutch  and  French  Guiana,  as  far 
as  the  68  degree  of  W.  long.  Portuguese  Guiana 
now  forms  part  of  the  empire  of  Brazil.  French 
Guiana  surrendered  to  the  EngHsh  in  1809,  but 
was  restored  at  the  peace  of  1814  ;  see  Cayenne 
The  Dutch  had  formed  four  settlements  upon 
their  portion  of  the  territory,  viz.  Surinam,  Ber- 
bice,  Demarara,  arid  Essequibo.  along  the  banks 
of  four  several  rivers  of  those  names,  which  also 
surrendered  to  the  English  during  the  war.  At 
the  peace  of  1814,  Surinam  was  restored  to  the 
Dutch,  and  all  the  rest  confirmed  to  England  by 
treaty.  The  greater  portion  of  this  vast  territory 
is  comprised  of  extensive  swamps  and  low  lands 
of  unbounded  fertility,  of  which  various  kinds  of 
animals,  reptiles,  and  insects,  are  the  chief  pos- 
sessors, the  human  inhabitants  being  very  limit- 
ed, except  upon  the  rivers  Surinam,  and  Demerara. 


The  coast,  from  its  lowness,  is  lubject  in  manj 
places  to  inundations  ;  the  land,  at  the  distance 
of  several  leagues  from  the  sea,  is  deluged  by  the 
tides.  The  sailor  loses  sight  of  the  capes  or 
promontories  at  a  short  way  from  the  shore  ;  but 
ships  can  approach  them  without  danger,  for  the 
distance  may  be  ascertained  with  sufficient  accu- 
racy by  means  of  the  sounding  line.  The  turbid 
appearance  of  the  sea  is  owing  to  the  great  quan- 
tity of  alluvial  matter  borne  down  by  rivers.  The 
mangrove  grows  on  the  low  grounds,  in  which 
the  sea  water  remains  stagnant;  several  fens  oi 
marshes,  occasioned  by  the  inundations  of  rivers, 
are  covered  with  reeds,  that  afford  shelter  to  the 
cayman  and  different  sorts  of  water  fowl.  The 
dry  season  lasts  from  the  end  of  July  to  Novem- 
ber, and  the  rainy  season  corresponds  with  the 
winter  months  in  Europe  ,  but  the  most  violent 
rains  fall  sometimes  in  January  and  February; 
the  weather  is  dry  and  agreeable  during  the  month 
of  March  and  the  beginning  of  May  ;  this  j)eriod 
has,  for  that  reason,  been  (^nominated  the  short 
summer.  The  whole  of  April  and  the  latter  part 
of  May  are  subject  to  continued  rains.  The  cli- 
mate of  Guiana  is  not  liable  to  tlie  excessive  heat 
of  the  East  Indies,  Senegambia,  or  the  Antilles. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  trees  which  bear  fruit 
during  the  whole  of  the  year  in  this  country, 
yield  more  abundant  crops  in  particular  seasons, 
as  the  orange,  the  lemon,  the  guava,  the  laurus 
persea,  the  sapota,  the  aniiona  and  others,  which 
grow  only  in  cultivated  lands.  The  trees  in  the 
woods  and  all  those  in  a  wild  state  bear  fruit  but 
once  a  year,  and  the  greater  number  of  them  at 
a  season  that  corresponds  with  our  spring ;  the 
most  remarkable  of  these  trees  are  the  grenadilla 
and  different  species  of  palms.  The  mango  and 
other  East  Indian  plants  thrive  in  Guiana,  nut  the 
fruits  of  Europe,  with  the  exception  of  the  grape, 
the  fig  and  pomegranate,  are  not  adapted  to  the 
climate.  The  first  European  settlers  observed 
in  this  county  three  specieT  of  the  coffee  tree,  the 
Coffea  guyanensis,  Coffea  pariculata,  and  Coffea 
occidentalis  ;  a  fourth  kind  from  Arabia  was  after- 
wards added  by  the  colonists.  Many  aromatic 
plants  were  imported  by  the  earlier  settlers ;  the 
country  produces  in  abundance  cloves,  cinnamon, 
and  different  sorts  of  pepper.  The  tree  which 
produces  the  Cashew  nut  bears  a  considerable  re- 


semblance to  the  walnut,  and  Ine  leaves  have 
nearly  the  same  scent.  It  bears  a  sort  of  apple  at 
the  end  of  which  grows  the  Cashew  nut,  enclosed 
in  two  shells,  between  which  is  a  native  inflam- 
mable oil,  so  caustic  as  to  blister  the  skin.  The 
kernel  has  a  fine  flavour,  and  is  used  to  give  a 


GUI 


356 


GUI 


pleasant  taste  to  chocolate  and  many  products  of 
cookery.  The  cocoa  tree  grows  spontaneously 
on  the  east  of  the  Oyapok  ;  indigo  and  vanilla  are 
indigenous  to  the  soil ;  manioc  and  cassada  are 
considered  the  best  alimentary  plants  ;  the  potato, 
the  igname,  two  kinds  of  millet  and  the  tayove 
are  also  very  nutritive. 

The  quadrupeds  of  Guiana  are  the  same  as 
those  of  Brazil  and  Paraguay.  M.  Bajon  states, 
that  the  jaguar  is  smaller  in  this  country  than  in 
any  other  part  of  America ;  he  adds,  that  it  can 
bring  an  ox  to  the  ground,  but  that  it  is  afraid  of 
man,  and  never  ventures  to  attack  him.  Sted- 
man  on  the  other  hand  observes,  that  these  ani- 
mals sometimes  carry  off  negro  women,  and  too 
frequently  their  children,  while  they  are  working 
in  the  fields.  The  cougar,  or  red  tiger  of  Suri- 
nam is  less  than  the  jaguar,  but  resembles  it  in 
its  hal)it3,  and  is  equally  ferocious.  The  tiger- 
cat  is  a  very  beautiful  animal  of  the  same  class ; 
it  is  not  much  larger  tlian  the  common  cat,  and 
of  a  yellow  colour  with  annulated  black  spots ; 
like  the  rest  of  its  kind,  it  is  lively,  mischievous, 
and  untatneable.  It  is  evident,  from  Stedman's 
account  of  the  jaguaretta,  that  he  supposes  it  to 
be  dilft-ront  from  Ihe  jaguar  ;  but  this  opinion  is 
contrary  to  the  common  one  and  to  that  of  the 
most  celebrated  naturalists,  who  consider  the 
jaguaretta  to  be  the  same  animal  as  the  jaguar. 
The  ant  bear  is  indigenous  to  the  country ;  the 
two  species,  which  are  best  known  are  the  ta- 
manda  and  the  tamanoir  ;  the  former  is  almost 
eight  feet  in  length  ;  it  attacks  the  jaguar,  and 
seldom  leaves  its  hold  without  destroying  it. 
The  cancrophagus,  or  dog-crab,  frequents  the  sea- 
shore and  uses  its  feet  very  dexterously  in  draw- 
ing shell-fish  out  of  their  cavities.      There  are 


many  species  of  monkeys  in  Guiana;  the  guata 
is,  perhaps,  the  most  remarkable  from  its  like- 
ness to  man  ;  a  fanciful  traveller  takes  notice  of 
a  striking  resemblance  between  these  animals 
and  Indian  old  women.  The  guata  has  short  ears, 
four  fingers  on  its  hands,  and  five  toes  on  its  feet ; 
the  extremity  of  its  tail  is  of  a  spiral  form,  and 
enables  it  to  suspend  itself  on  the  branches  of 
trees.  Some  naturalists  maintain  that  the  orang- 
outant;  has  been  observed  in  Guiana,  but  this  is 
by  no  means  certain,  and  many  well-informed 
travellers  are  of  a  different  opinion.  Three  spe- 
cies of  deer  are  said  to  be  indigenous  to  the  coun- 
try, and  one  of  these,  (the  rMriacon,)  resembles 
the  roe-buck  in  size  and  form.  The  agouti  and 
paca  are  considered  the  best  game  in  Guiana. 
The  cahiai  is  an  amphibious  animal  armed  with 
strong  tusks,  and  covered  with  bristles;  it  has 
been  classed  as  a  species  of  cavey  on  account  of 
its  not  having  a  tail.  The  peccary  or  Mexican 
hog  has  an  orifice  on  its  back  containing  a  fetid 
liquor  not  unlike  musk,  for  which  reason  it  has 
been  called  the  porcus  mosch.iferus ;  they  go  to- 
gether in  herds  and  sometimes  lay  waste  orchards 


aiid  cultivated  fields.     The  Indians  slioot  them 
with  poisoned  arrows. 

The  boa,  or,  as  it  is  called  in  the  country,  the 
aboma,  is  a  large  amphibious  snake  about  forty 
feet  in  length,  and  four  or  five  in  circumference  ; 
it  is  indifferent  as  to  its  prey,  and  destroys,  when 
hungry,  any  animal  that  comes  within  its  reach  ; 
the  negroes  consider  it  excellent  food,  and  its  fat 
is  converted  into  oil.  The  rattle  snake  and  dip- 
sas  are  the  most  noxious  reptiles  in  Guiana  ;  the 
sting  of  the  latter  is  not  always  fatal,  but  it  pro 
duces  fever  accompanied  with  excessive  thirst, 
from  which  circumstance  it  has  derived  its  name  ; 
Guiana  is  besides  infested  with  serpents,  lizards, 
and  alligators.  Waterton  the  traveller  has  given 
us  an  account  of  his  amusement  in  riding  upon 


the  back  of  one  of  these  latter  animals.  Those  that 
have  visited  Holland  and  Lower  Holstein,  may 
form  an  imperfect  notion  of  the  Dutch  and  British 
settlements  in  Guiana ; — a  vast  plain  covered  with 
plantations,  or  enamelled  with  a  rich  verdure, 
bounded  on  one  side  by  a  dark  ridge  of  impene- 
trable forests,  and  watered  on  the  other  by  the 
azure  billows  of  the  ocean.  This  garden,  between 
the  sea  and  the  desert,  is  intersected  by  a  great 
many  streams  confined  by  dikes,  and  separated 
from  each  other  by  excellent  roads  or  navigable 
canals.  Each  habitation  seems  to  be  a  village, 
from  the  number  of  small  buildings  attached  to 
it,  and  the  natural  beauties  of  the  country  form  a 
striking  contrast  with  its  rich  cultivation.  The 
revolted  negroes  have  established  several  petty 
republics  in  the  interior  ;  although  the  inhabit- 
ants of  these  states  go  naked,  they  live  in  abun- 
dance. They  make  their  butter  from  the  fat  of 
the  palm-tree  worm,  and  extract  good  oil  from 
the  pistachio  nut.  They  are  not  only  skilled  in 
the  chase,  but  are  expert  fishermen,  and  acquaint- 
ed with  the  art  of  curing  their  provisions.  Like 
the  Hindoos,  they  obtain  salt  from  the  ashes  of 
the  palm-tree  :  and  if  a  sufficient  quantity  of  that 
article  cannot  be  procured,  they  season  their  food 
with  red  pepper.  The  palm-tree  furnishes  them 
with  plenty  of  wine  ;  their  fields  are  covered  with 
rice,  manioc,  ignames  and  plantains.  The  mani- 
cole  supplies  them  with  all  the  materials  of  which 
their  huts  are  constructed  ;  their  cups  of  gourds 
are  made  from  the  calabash  tree,  and  a  sort  of 
net-work  woven  by  an  insect,  serves  them  for 
hats.  The  ncbecs  or  bancs,  so  common  in  the 
forests,  are  converted  into  cordage. 

Guienne,  a  late  province  of  France,  220  m.  long 
and  85  broad,  on  the  S.  W.  coast,  of  which  Bor 
deaux  was  the  capital.     It  now  forms  the  depart- 
ment  of  Gironde,  Lot   and  Garonne,  Dordogne, 
Lot,  and  Aveyron. 

Guildford,  a  borough  in  Surry,  Eng.     It  is  sea- 
ted on  the  Wey,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  had  a 


GUI 


357 


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castle  and  a  palace,  now  in  ruins ;  here  is  also 
part  of  a  monastery,  which  is  still  occupied.  The 
summer  assizes  are  alternately  held  here  and  at 
Croydon  ;  but  the  election  of  members  for  the 
county  is  always  held  here.  It  is  a  well  built 
town,  with  two  churches,  and  an  elegant  town 
hall.  The  Wey  is  navigable  to  the  Thames,  and 
the  trade  in  timber  and  corn  is  considerable.  It 
IS  23  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Croydon,  and  2:)  S.  W.  of 
London.  It  returns  two  members  to  parliament. 
Pop.  3,161. 

Guilford,  an  interior  county  of  North  Carolina, 
a  sq.  of  about  25  m.  each  way  ;  it  is  well  irrigated 
by    the    head  waters   of  Cape   Fear  river.    Pop. 
.     18,73.3.  Greensborough  is  the  chief  town. 
*  Guilford,    p.t.    Penobscot    Co.   Me.    Pop.   655. 

*  -  Also  a  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,827.  Also 
a  p.t.  of  Connecticut,  in  New  Haven  county,  sit- 
uate on  a  bay  in  Long  Island  Sound,  17  m.  E.  by 
S.  of  New  Haven.  Pop.  2,344.  Also  a  p.t.  Chenan- 
go Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,634.  Also  townships  in 
Franklin  Co.  Pa.  and  Medina  Co.  Ohio. 

Gulllac,  or  Gaillac,  a  town  of  France,  seated  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  river  Tarn,  in  the  department 
of  Tarn;  it  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect.  Pop.  7,310. 
It  is  35  m.  N.  E.  of  Toulouse,  and  15  W.  by  S.  of 
Alby. 

Gulmaraens,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre 
Douro  e  Minho,  which  has  formerly  been  the  res- 
idence of  its  kings.  It  is  divided  into  the  old 
and  new  town,  the  former  situate  on  an  eminence 
surrounded  by  walls.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of 
linen  in  liigh  estimation.  The  public  buildings 
are  magnificent,  and  the  collegiate  church  is  said 
to  be  founded  on  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Ceres. 
It  is  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Braga  and  25  N.  E.  of 
Oporto. 

Guinea,  Upper,  an  extensive  region  of  North 
Africa,  comprising  about  1,500  m.  of  sea  coast, 
from  Cape  Mesurado,  in  the  lat.  of  6.  26.  N.,  and 
10.  30.  of  W.  long.,  to  the  Calabar  river,  in  4.  10. 
N.,  and  6.  42.  of  E.  long.,  and  from  thence  S.  to 
the  equator  ;  of  the  interior  parts  of  this  country 
either  N.  or  S.  very  little  is  known.  The  coast 
of  Upper  Guinea,  from  Ca[)e  Mesurado,  to  Cape 
Palmas,  a  range  of  240  m.,  is  called  the  Grain 
Coast,  from  the  vast  quantity  of  grains  of  paradise 
or  Guinea  pepper  which  it  was  found  to  produce 
on  first  being  visited  by  Europeans-,  further  E. 
•  for  upwards  of  200  m.  is  called  the  Tooth  or  Ivory 
Coa.st,  from  the  large  quantity  of  fine  elephants 
teeth  which  are  brought  to  its  markets  ;  eastward 
of  the  Ivory  Coast  to  the  meridional  line,  is  cal- 
led tlie  Gold  Gold,  from  the  gold  dust  which  is 
found  in  its  rivers;  and  eastward  of  the  meridio- 
nal line  is  called  the  Slave  Coast,  from  the  exten- 
sive traffic  in  slaves  which  was  formerly  carried 
O.J  from  thence  by  the  English,  Spaniards,  French 
and  Americans,  to  the  West  Indies  and  America. 
This  extensive  tract  of  territory  is  occupied  by 
various  tribes  and  communities  of  negroes;  the 
most  numerous  are  the  Fantees  who  occupy 
the  coast  from  Cape  Mesurado  to  the  meridional 
line  ;  from  a  long  continued  intercourse  with  Eu- 
ropeans, the  Fantees  have  acquired  strong  trad- 
ing habits,  and  among  them  most  of  the  trading 
nations  of  Europe  have  formed  settlements  pro- 
tected by  forts.  In  the  rear  of  the  Fantees  are 
the  Ash.antees,  who,  although  they  appear  to  be 
one  people,  live  in  continued  hostility  with  each 
otiier.  North  of  the  Ashantees,  is  a  tribe  called 
the  Chambas,  who  are  represented  as  an  amiable 
and  industrious  people,  diligent  in  the  pursuit  of 
agriculture ;  and  it  was  from  this  peaceful  and 


social  occupation  from  which  the  Ashantees  were 
wont  to  drag  the  people'  to  the  coast  as  slaves, 
whea  that  traffic  was  carried  on  by  the  English. 
The  cessation  of  this  traffic  seems  to  be  the 
cause  of  the  revenge  of  the  Ashantees  who  acted 
as  robbe'-s  and  >'<rovers  to  the  inhabitants  on  the 
c(.ast,  their  enmity  being  extended  to  the  English 
whom  they  regard  as  the  cause  of  the  cessation  ; 
and  in  1823  and  1826,  they  waged  for  a  time  suc- 
cessful war  against  the  disciplire  and  skill  of  the 
British  arms.  The  principal  towns  or  trading 
station*  on  this  part  of  the  coast,  westward  of  t  re 
meridional  line,  are  Cape  Ciast  Castle,  Annama- 
boe,and  Anconah  :  eastward  of  the  meridional  line 
is  the  kingdom  of  Dahomey,  the  principal  town 
of  which,  on  the  coast,  is  Griwhee,  and  in  the 
interior  Ab(jmey,  dist.int  about  90  m.  The  peo- 
ple of  Dahomey  are  represented  as  fine  looking 
and  industrious,  their  helds  b»  inw  productive  in 
maize,  legumes,  and  yams,  and  their  pastures 
well  stocked  with  sheep,  goats,  and  cattle.  Great 
ravages  are  frequently  committed  among  them  by 
l<:opards  and  hyenas,  whilst  the  termes  or  white 
ants,  insidously  intrude  in  such  vast  numbers  into 
the  habitations  ot  tJie  people,  as  to  commit  tlie 
most  destructive  ravages  before  resistance  can  be 
anplied;  there  have  been  instances  of  their  devour- 
ing an  ox  in  n  smgle  night,  and  persons  debili- 
tated by  disease  are  liable  to  be  attacked  by  them.. 
Another  remarkable  animal  of  Dahomey  is  a  bat 
ol  enormous  size  ;  they  suspend  themselves  in 
thoiisands  by  their  claws,  to  the  branches  of  trees, 
immediate'y  contiguous  to  the  habitations  of  the 
people.  Eastward  of  Dahomey  on  the  banks  of 
a  .'iver  about  25  m.  from  the  sea,  is  the  town  ot 
Atdrah,  with  a  pop.  of  from  7  to  10,000,  which 
si^'ms  an  independent  or  free  town  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Hios,  a  powerful  and  numerous 
people,  whose  country  extends  180  to  300  m.  into 
tlie  interior.  The  country  around  Ardrah  is 
represented  as  exceedingly  beautiful  and  produc- 
tive in  every  variety  of  tropical  vegetation;  fur- 
ther east  is  the  town  of  I.,agos,  the  country  t> 
the  northward  of  which  is  inliabited  by  the  Jaboos, 
a  V'y  industrious  people,  who  manufacture  great 
q'laiiliues  of  cotton  cloth,  and  whose  country  is 
■well  ciiklivated,  and  rich  in  all  the  products  of 
agricuhure;  east  of  the  Jaboos  is  the  kingdom 
of^  Benin,  supposed  to  be  very  extensive,  the  cap- 
ital of  the  same  name  is  about  40  m.  from  the  coast, 
the  sea-port  being  Gatto;  further  east,  extending 
to  the  10th  degree  of  longitude,  are  the  kingdoms 
of  Warre,  and  Old  and  New  Calabar.  It  w<as 
from  this  part  of  the  coast  from  whence  the  most 
active  slave  trade  was  carried  on  by  the  English, 
a  people  from  the  interior  called  tiie  Heebas,  be- 
ing the  principal  victims,  and  tiie  town  of  Bonny 
the  principal  market.  Since  the  abandonment 
of  this  traffic  in  slaves  by  the  English,  the  inhab- 
itants of  this  coast  have  directed  their  attent'on 
tc  agriculture  and  commerce,  and  now  export  large 
quintites  of  palm  oil,  ivory  and  dye  woods.  From 
Old  Calabar  the  coast  extends  to  the  south,  which 
is  commonly  called   Lower  Guinea. 

Guinea,  Lower,  consists  of  Biafra,  Calbonga, 
]  >jpcz,  Malemba,  Loango,  Congo,  Benguela, 
&e.  &c.,  it  is  from  this  part  of  the  coast, 
from  whence  the  Brazilians  still  continue  to  draw 
30  or  40,000  slaves  annually.  Malemba,  in  the 
lat.  of5.24.  S.,  and  12.  20.ofE.  long.,  is  represent- 
ed as  having  a  very  salubrious  climate,  and  as 
affording  the  most  favourable  spot  on  the  whole 
western  coast  of  Africa  for  the  residence  of  Eu- 
ropeans.    Off  this  coast,  N.  of  the  equator,  are  the 


GUI  K>3 

islands  of  Fernando,  Po,  Princes,  and  St.  Thomas, 
which  also  afford  favourable  situations,  from 
whence  to  dispense  the  blessings  of  civilization 
and  social  order.  The  Pintado,  or  Guinea  Hen, 
now  well   known   and  domesticated    in  Europe 


GUI 


and   America,  was   originally   from  this  country 
and  is  still  found  wild  in  various  parts. 

All  the  rivers  are  filled  with  crocodiles,  called 
by  some  travellers  caymans  ;  they  are  generally 
So  feet  long,  according  to  Cavazzi ;  there  are 
some  also  which  never  enter  the  water,  but  hunt 
fowls,  sheep,  and  she-goats.  In  another  place, 
however,  he  states,  that  there  are  lizards  which 
differ  very  little  from  crocodiles.  Cameleons  are 
found  in  great  numbers,  and  are  considered  very 
venomous.  The  flying  lizard,  or  palm-rat,  a  pret- 
ty little  animal,  is  an  object  of  religious  worship ; 
the  rich  preserve  it  with  great  care,  aud  exhibit 
it  to  the  adoration  of  the  people,  who  offer  it  pre- 
sents.     Frogs  and  toads  are  of  an  enormous  size. 

Monstrous  serpents  infest  these  inhospitable 
countries.  The  boa,  or  boma,  in  length  from  25 
to  30  feet,  and  5  in  thickness,  darts  from  trees 
upin  men  and  animals,  swallowing  them  at  once, 
and  in  its  turn  becomes  a  prey  to  the  negroes,  who 
attack  it  during  its  digestion,  or  burn  it  by  setting 
fire  to  the  woods  at  the  termination  of  the  tains. 
It  wages  an  interminable  war  against  the  croco- 
diles. The  bile  of  another  species  of  serpent  is 
mortal  witliin  24  hours.  Travellers  who  are  fond 
of  the  marvellous,  represent  it  as  blind,  and  de- 
scribe it  with  2  heads  ;  they  mean  the  ampkisbaina,. 
The  mamba,  as  thick  as  a  man's  thigh,  is  20 
feet  long,  and  very  nimble.  It  instinctively 
chases  the  n'damba,  and  devours  it  whole  and 
alive.  This  last  is  only  an  ell  long,  with  a  wide 
and  flat  head  like  the  viper,  and  the  skin  beauti- 
fully spotted  ;  its  poison  is  very  subtle.  The 
n'bambi,  is  one  of  the  most  venomous ;  is  with 
difficulty  distinguished  from  the  trees  themselves, 
the  trunks  of  which  it  entwines,  lying  in  wait  for 
its  prey.  It  is  reported  that  the  touch  only  ofthe 
leTita,  a  variegated  viper,  is  followed  by  death,  but 
that  the  bite  of  the  animal  is  its  antidote.  The 
country  swarms  with  scorpions  and  centipedes  ; 
the  former  oflen  creep  inl  o  houses  and  books. 

The  fleas,  bugs,  and  flies  of  Europe,  are  not 
found  in  Guinea;  there  are,  however,  gnats  and 
moschetoes  in  abundance,  which  form  one  of  the 
plagues  ofthe  country.  The  sting  of  the  banzo, 
of  the  same  size  as  our  gadfly  is  said  to  be  mortal. 
Different  species  of  very  formidable  ants  infest 
both  men  and  animals.  Malefactors,  who  are 
sometimes  bound  and  exposed  to  them,  are  con- 
sumed to  the  bones  in  one  day.  The  insondior 
insongongi,  enter  the  trunk  of  elephants,  and 
cause  them  to  die  in  extreme  madness.  The  sting 
of  the  inzeni,  which  are  a  black  and  very  large 
•pecies,  produces  violent  pains  for  some  hours. 
The  salale  (ants,)  small,  round,  red,  and  white, 
or*   the  most  dangerous  ;    they  insinuata   them- 


selves every,  where,  and  destroy  linen,  merchan- 
dise, furniture,  and  even  houses,  the  wood  wqrk 
of  which  they  hdllow  out,  leaving  nothing  but  an 
external  shell.  According  to  Grandpre,  they 
have  the  instinct  to  fill  up  with  clay  the  stakes 
which  support  the  houses,  to  prevent  their  fall. 
Fire  alone,  and  marble,  can  resist  their  devouring 
teeth  ;  but  furniture  may  be  secured  by  placing 
the  feet  in  pans  of  water.  " 

In  a  country  so  infested  with  noisome  and  de- 
structive insects,  it  is  pleasant  to  know  that  one, 
at  least,  of  considerable  utility  exists  ;  it  is  a  sca- 
rabsEus,  of  the  size  of  a  cockchafer,   which   ccm-        ^ 
tributes  essentially  to  the  salubrity  of  the   atmoa, 
phere,    by  making  deep    holes,  and  buryintr  in     . 
them  all  impure  and  corruptible    matters  under       * 
ground ;  it  is  the  more  valuable    in    consequence  •  *■   . 
of  its  wonderful  fecundity.     Numberless  swarms    --*  ", 
of    bees    wander   in   the  forests,  occupying  the 
hollows  of  trees, — and  it  is  only  necessary  to  drive 
them  away    by    lighting   fires    under  them,   and 
thus  take  their  honey.    Grasshoppers  are  esteemed 
as  food  by  the  natives,  and  are  not  despised  even 
by  Europeans. 

The  ostrich  and  peacock  are  esteemed  by  the 
negroes.  In  Angola,  the  king  has  reserved  the 
sole  privilege  of  keeping  peacocks.  There  are 
both  brown  and  red  partridges,  which  iiave  the 
peculiarity  of  perching  upon  trees.  The  quail, 
pheasant,  thrush,  the  widow  and  cardinal  birds 
are  found  in  abundance.  The  cuckoo  differs 
from  ours  in  its  note.  The  Cuculus  indicator, 
found  in  every  part  ofthe  torrid  zone,  here  bears 
the  name  of  sengo.  The  parrot  varies  much  as  to 
size,  colour,  and  voice.  Very  different  from  those 
we  see  in  cages  ;  strong,  nimble,  and  bold,  they 
fly  with  great  rapidity,  and  are  very  formidable 
to  other  birds,  which  they  attack,  and  lacerate 
most  unmercifully  in  the  combat. 

The  different  species  of  the  turtle  doves, 
pigeons,  fowls,  ducks,  and  geese  of  this  country 
are  not  well  distinguished.  The  idle  disposition 
ofthe  natives  has  never  thought'  of  profiting  by 
the  use  of  the  eggs  of  fowls  in  domestic  economy. 
The  hen,  left  to  herself,  deposits  her  eggs  where 
she  pleases,  and  runs  undisturbed  about  the  fields 
with  her  chickens  in  search  of  food.  Among  the 
fisher  birds,  is  the  pelican,  the  puffin,  and  gulls 
of  every  variety.  The  skin  of  the  pelican,  ap- 
plied to  the  stomach,  is  said  to  restore  its  vigour      • 

It  is  astonishing  to  behold  the  immense  num- 
ber of  eagles,  vultures,  falcons,  hawks,  and  other 
birds  of  prey,  which  hover  over  the  woods  when 
set  on  fire  by  the  negroes,  and  snatch  from  the  ^ 
midst  ofthe  flames  quadrupeds  and  serpents  half 
roasted.  According  to  the  report  of  travellers, 
who  have  given  a  very  superficial  account  of 
birds,  the  number  of  owls,  screech  owls,  and  bats, 
is  also  considerable. 

Among  the  quadrupeds,  the  hippopotamus  af- 
fords the  negroes  an  agreeable  dish  ;  which,  on 
meagre  days,  is  not  unacceptable  to  Europeans. 
The,  wild  boar  {engalli,)  of  which  there  are  sev- 
eral varieties,  is  a  scourge  to  the  country.  The 
hog,  introduced  by  the  Portuguese,  is  less  remark- 
able for  its  size  than  for  the  goodness  of  its  flesh. 
The  blacks  rear  a  few  guinea-pigs.  Though 
originally  a  native  of  hot  climates,  this  animal 
lives  and  breeds  in  temperate  and  cold  countries. 
Its  skin  is  of  little  value,  and  the  flesh  although 
sometimes  eaten,  is  indifferent  food.  They  are 
so  cleanly  that  much  of  their  timeis'spent  in  lick- 
ing and  smoothing  each  other's  fur.  They  feed 
on  all  sorts  of  herbs,  especially  ob  parsley,  which 


4r 


GUI 


359 


GUZ 


thej  prefer  eyen  to  bran,  flour  or  bread.  They 
are  also  exceedingly  fond  of  apples  and  fruits. 
Like  the  rabbit  they  eat  precipitiJIely ;  little  at  a 


'--^^^"i:2> 


time,  but  very  often.  They  are  very  prolific  and 
multiply  astonishingly.  A  single  couple  will 
produce  one  thousand  in  a  year.  The  use  of 
the  horse,  the  ass,  and  the  mule  is  a  nullity  to 
the  negro,  who  dares  not  even  venture  to  mount 
them.  Whether  negroes  or  Portuguese,  the  in- 
habitants find  it  preferable  to  be  carried  about  in 
hammocks. 

Guinea,  JVcjc,  or  Papua,  an  island  of  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  to  the  N.  of  New-Holland,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Endeavour  Strait,  it  is 
next  in  size  to  New-Holland,  extending  S.  E. 
from  the  equator,  to  12.  S.  lat.,  and  from  131.  to 
1.53.  E.  long.,  a  length  of  more  than  1,200  miles,by 
a  medial  breadth  of  perhaps  300;  but  the  coasts  of 
the  eastern  part  are  far  from  being  completely  in- 
vestigated. The  northern  part  is  said  to  have 
been  discovered  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1528,  who 
had  sailed  from  Mexico  to  explore  the  Spice  Is- 
lands. The  coasts  are  generally  lofty  ;  and  in 
the  interior,  mountain  rises  above  mountain ;  but 
the  whole  appears  covered  with  such  luxuriance 
of  wood  and  herbage,  as  can  scarcely  be  conceiv- 
ed. The  cocoa,  sago,  bread-fruit,  and  plantain 
tree,  beside  most  of  the  trees,  shrubs,  and  plants, 
conmion  to  the  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
are  found  here  in  great  perfection.  This  island 
is  the  chosen  residence  of  the  singular  birds  of 
paradise,  which  breed  here  during  the  wet  mon- 
soon, and  in  the  dry  migrate  in  flocks  westward, 
to  the  smaller  islands,  particularly  Arroo.  Here 
are  also  elegant  parrots  ;  and  pigeons  that  almost 
equal  a  turkey  in  size.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
northern  part  are  called  Papous  :  whence  the  name 
of  the  country.  They  seem  to  have  the  true 
Malay  complexion  and  features;  but  in  general  are 
of  horrible  appearance,  and  great  ferocity.  Their 
language  and  habitations  resemble  thdse  of  Bor- 
,neo,  &c.  On  the  west  the  women  seem  the  most 
industrious  in  making  mats,  and  pots  of  clay, 
which  they  afterward  burn  with  dry  grass  or 
brushwood  ;  and  they  even  wield  the  axe,  while 
the  men  are  indolent,  or  engaged  in  the  chase  of 
wild  hogs.  In  the  interior  is  a  race  called  Hara- 
forus,  who  live  in  trees,  which  they  ascend  by  a 
notched  pole,  drawing  it  after  them  to  prevent 
surprise.  On  this  extensive  territory,  so  favoured 
by  nature,  there  is  no  European  settlement. 
The  chief  commerce  is  with  the  Malays  and 
Chinese,  from  whom  they  purchase  blue  and  red 
cloth,  axes,  knives,  and  other  instruments.  Their 
returns  are  ambergris,  tortoise-shell,  small  pearls, 
birds  of  paradise,  and  other  birds,  which  the  Papu- 
ans dry  with  great  skill.  Some  slaves  are  also  ex- 
ported, probably  captives  taken  in  intestine  wars. 

Guingamp,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cotes  du  Nord,  seated  on  the  Trieu,  18 
m.  S.  of  Treguier,  and  23  W.  by  N.  of  St.  Brieux. 
It  is  the  seat  of  a  prefect. 

Guipuzcoa,  a  district  of  Spain,  forming  the  N. 
W.  part  of  Biscay,  comprising  a  superfices  of  52 
sq.  leagues.  Pop.  in  1809,  104,491.  St.  Se- 
bastian is  the  capital. 


Guise,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Oise,  18  m.  E. 
of  St.  Quintin. 

Guislain,  St.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Hainault,  seated  in  marshy  land,  on  tQe  river 
Haine,  C  m.  W.  of  Mons. 

Gujunat,  or  Gujurat,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Lahore,  60  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lahore,  on  the  road 
to  Benares. 

Gumhinnen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  capital  of  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name  in  Lithuania.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Pissa, 
which  falls  into  the  Pregel,  75  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Ko- 
nigsberg.  The  superfices  of  the  government  of 
Gumbinnen,  comprises  upwards  of  6,000  square 
miles,  with  a  population  of  aoout  350,000.  Pop. 
of  the  town  about  5,000. 

Gvvi  Springs,  a  village  in  Orange  Co.  Va. 

Gumurginia,  a  populous  town  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Rumelia,  near  the  sea-coast,  190  m. 
due  W.  of  Constantinople. 

Gundelfingcn,  a  t^wn  of  Bavaria,  situate  on  the 
Brenz,  near  the  Danube,  17  m.  W.  S.  W.  o* 
Donawert. 

Guntoor,  a  district  of  Hindoostan,  formerly  the 
most  southern  of  the  circars,  intersected  by  the 
river  Kistnah,  on  the  western  coast  of  the  Bay 
of  Bengal.  Thechief  town  of  the  same  name  ia 
seated  S.  of  the  Kistnah,  45  m.  W.  by  N.  from 
Masulipatara.     See  Circars. 

Chintzhuro ,  a  town  of  Suabia,  with  a  castle. 
It  stands  on  the  river  Guntz,  near  its  conflux 
with  the  Danube,  6  m.  W.  of  Burgau,  and  14  E. 
ofUlm. 

Gunzenhansen,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the 
principality  of  Anspach,  seated  on  the  Altmuhl, 
near  a  forest,  16  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Anspach. 

Gurau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality  of 
Glogau,  with  good  cloth  manufactures,  and  a 
great  trade  in  corn.  In  1759  it  was  reduced  to  ashes 
by  the  Russians.  It  stands  on  an  eminence,  by 
the  river  Bartch,  19  m.  E.  of  Glogau. 

Gjtrci-,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Carinthia,  and 
lately  a  bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  river  Gurck, 
20  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Chirckfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Camiola, 
with  a  castle  on  a  hill,  situate  on  the  Save,  28  m. 
S.  E.  ofCilley. 

Gurgistan.     See  Georgia. 

Gurief,  or  Gouriev,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Astracan,  with  a  good  harbour; 
seated  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Ural,  210  miles  E.  by  N.  of  Astracan. 
Long.  51.  56.,  lat.  47.  37.  N. 

Gvrrah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Allahabad,  situate  near  the  river  Nerbuddah, 
190  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Allahabad.  Long.  80.  23.  E., 
lat.  23.  9.  N. 

Crurrumconda,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  lately 
subject  to  the  regent  of  Mysore,  but  ceded  bv  the 
Nizam  to  the  British  in  1799.  It  is  73  m.  N.  E. 
of  Bangalore,  and  112  W.  N.  W.  of  Madras 
Long.  78.  36.  E.,  lat.  13.  47.  N. 

Gustavus,  a  township  of  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Gustrow,  a  city  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Mecklenberg-Schwerin.  The  chief  courts  of 
judicature  for  the  duchy  are  held  here  ;  and  it 
has  an  elegant  ducal  palace.  It  is  situate  on  the 
Nebel,  29  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Schwerin.  Long.  12. 
13.  E.,  lat.  53.  47.  N. 

Gutta,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the  Wag, 
in  the  island  of  Schut,  16  m.  N.  W.  of  Comorn. 

Guzerat,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  which  is  a 
peninsula,  200  miles  long  and  140  broad,  formed 


HAC 


360 


HAD 


by  the  Arabian  Sea  and  the  gulfs  of  Cambay  and 
Cutch.  The  W.  part  is  mountainous  and  woody, 
and  inhabited  by  a  wild  hardy  race,  governed  by 
rajahs  of  their  own  ;  but  the  largest  and  finest  part 
is  included  within  tlie  extensive  empire  of  the 
Mahrattas.     Amedabad  is  the  capital. 

Gicalior,  a  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Agra,  situa- 
ted on  a  rock  about  four  miles  in  length,  but  nar- 
row, and  nearly  flat  on  the  top,  with  sides  almost 
perpendicular,  from  200  to  300  feet  above  the 
surrounding  plain.  The  rampart  conforms  to  the 
edge  of  the  precipice  all  around;  and  the  only 
entrance  is  by  steps  running  up  the  side  of  the 
rock,  defended  on  the  side  next  the  country  by  a 
wall  and  bastions.  The  area  within  is  full  of  no- 
ble buildings,  reservoirs  of  water,  wells,  and  cul- 
tivated land  ;  so  that  it  is  a  little  district  within 
itself.  At  the  N.  W.  foot  of  a  mountain  is  the 
town  which  is  well  built.  This  fortress  is  con- 
sidered as  the  Gibraltar  of  the  east ;  but,  in  1780, 
major  Popliam  took  it  by  an  unexpected  noctur- 


nal escalade,  and  in  1804,  it  capitulated  after  a 
practicable  breach  was  made  through  its  walls  by 
colonel  Henry^hite,  It  was  afterwards  given 
up  to  the  Mahrkttas  by  lord  Cornwallis.  It  is  80 
m.  S.  ofAgra.     Long.  78.  28.  E.,  lat.  26.  15.  N.       • 

Gicinnett,  a  county  of  Georgia.     Pop.   13,220.     • 
Lawrenceville  is  the  capital. 

Gy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of  the 
Upper  Saone.     Pop.  2,701. 

Gyfhorn,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Luneburg,  seated  near  the  junction  of 
the  Iser  with  the  Aller,  20  m.  N.  of  Brunswick, 

Gyon.     See  Gijon. 

Gyongyos,  a  town  of  Hungary,  21  m.  W.  S.  W 
ofErlau.     Pop.  8,000. 

Gyula,  or  Julia,  a  town  of  Hungary,  situated 
on  an  island  in  the  river  Kores,  or  Korash,  with 
a  castle.  Pop.  about  2,000.  It  is  92  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Colossvar. 

Gzat,  or  Ghjat,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Smolensk,  140  m.  E.  N.  £.  of  Smo- 
lensk 


H 


HA  A,  a  small  island  in  the  North  Sea,  near  the 
north  coast  of  Scotland,  three  miles  and  a  half  S. 
E.  of  Farout  Head. 

Haag-,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  county  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  26  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Munich.     Long.  12.  15.  E.,  lat.  48.  7.  N. 

Haarlem,  or  Hacrlcm.     See  Harlem. 

Haastrecht,  a  village  of  South  Holland,  3  m.  E. 
of  Gosida.  Pop.  about  1,200. 

Habergham,  Eves,  a  township  of  England,  in 
Lancashire,  2  rn.  W.  of  Burnly,  and  208  W.  N. 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  about  4,612. 

Hahelschwerdt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  county 
of  Glatz,  on  the  river  Neisse,  9  m.  S.  of  Glatz. 

Habolicketto ,  a  village  in  Hancock  Co.  Missis- 
sippi. 

Hucha.     See  Rio  de  la  Hacha. 

Hachenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  m  the  county 
of  Sayn,  with  a  castle,  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cob- 
lentz. 

Hacketstown,  a  town  of  New  Jersey,  in  Sussex 
county,  seated  on  the  Musconekunk,  22  m.  W.  of 
Morristown. 

Hackinsack,  a  town  of  New  Jersey,  chief  of 
Bergen  county,  with  a  Dutch  and  episcopal 
church,  and  a  flourishing  academy.  It  is  situate 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  New 
York. 

Hackney,  a  village  and  parish  of  Middlesex,  Eng. 
an  appendage  to  London,  2  m.  N.  E.  of  Shore- 
ditch  Church.  It  has  several  hamlets,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are.  Upper  and  Lower  Clapton  on 
the  north;  Dalston,  Shackwell,and  Kingsland  on 
the  west;  and  Homerton  on  the  east.  It  has  a 
handsome  modern  church,  begun  in  1792,  and  a 
chapel  of  ease  erected  in  1810.  The  term  Hack- 
ney Coach  was  derived  from  the  circumstance 
of  this  village  being  the  first  near  the  metropolis, 
that  was  accomodated  with  carriages  of  that  de- 
scription. It  has  a  receptacle  for  lunatics.  St. 
John's  palace,  an  ancient  edifice  in  Well  Street, 
IS  said  to  have  been  the  residence  of  the  prior  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  .  In  this  par- 
ish, south  of  Leabridge  are  the  Temple  Mills,  so 
called  from  having  formerly  belonged  to  the 
Knights  Templars      Pop.  22,494 


Haddam,  a  town  of  Connecticut,  in  Middlesex 
county,  on  the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  18 
m.  N.  by  E.  of  Saybrook.     Pop.  2,830. 

Hadenham,  two  parishes  of  England,  the  one 
in  Buckinghamshire,  47  m.  from  London;  the 
other  in  Cambridgeshire,  62  m.  from  London. 

Haddington,  a  royal  borough  of  Scotland,  capi- 
tal of  the  county  of  the  same  name  on  the  Tyne, 
17  m.  E.  of  Edinburgh,  and  the  first  stage  on  the 
road  to  London.  It  consists  of  four  principal 
streets,  which  intersect  each  other  at  nearly  right 
anorles,  and  has  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
coarse  woolen  cloth.  Part  of  a  monastery  here  is 
occupied  as  a  parish  church,  which  is  a  large  and 
venerable  building.  It  has  a  town  house  and 
county  hall ;  there  are  also  two  bridges  over  the 
Tyne.  The  site  of  the  ancient  abbey  of  Hadding- 
ton, is  about  a  mile  E.  of  the  town,  founded  in 
1178.  In  conjunction  with  Dunbar,  North  Ber- 
wick, Jedburgh,  and  Lauder,  it  sends  a  member 
to  parliament.  Here  the  celebrated  John  Knox 
was  born. 

Haddingtonshire,  or  East  Lothian,  of  which  the 
preceding  is  the  capital,  a  county  of  Scotland,  25 
m.  long  and  15  where  broadest ;  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Edinburghshire,  N.  by  the  Frith  of  Forth, 
E.  by  the  German  Ocean,  and  S.  by  Berwickshire, 
and  comprises  an  extent  of  about  297  sq.  m.  It 
is  divided  into  24  parishes,  and  contained  in  1801, 
apop.  of29,686,  and  in  1821,  35,127.  The  soil 
is  in  many  places  doubly  productive  ;  rich  crops 
are  raised  on  the  surface,  and  mines  of  coal  are 
inexhaustible.  Tiie  southern  part  is  mountainous, 
comprehending  the  north  side  of  Lammermuir 
hills;  but  these  high  grounds  feed  many  sheep 
It  is  inrersected  by  numerous  streams,  but  the 
principal  river  is  the  Tyne.  The  chief  towns  are 
the  three  royal  burghs  of  Haddington,  North  Ber- 
wick, and  Dunbar. 

Haadovjield,  p. v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J. 

Hadcnville,  a  village  in  Goochland  Co.  Va. 

Hadersleben,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Sleswick, 
with  a  citadel,  on  a  small  island,  in  a  narrow  bay 
of  the  Baltic,  30  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Ripen. 

Hadit,  or  Hadice,  a  town  of  Syria,  on  the  Eu- 
phrates, 115  m.  W.  of  Bagdad. 


«t 


HAI 


«G1 


HAL 


Hailley,  or  Hadleigh,  a  town  of  Suffolk,  Eng. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Bret,  20  ni.  At:£-  of  Bury,  and 
64  iN.  E.  of  London.     Pop.  in^ll,  2,929. 

Hadleij,  a  village  in  Essex,  I^^-  ^  ™-  ^-  ^-  °^ 
Rochona.  Here  are  some  ruins  of  a  castle,  on 
the  brow  of  a  hill,  on  a  channel  of  the  Thames  be- 
tween Canvey  island  and  the  shore. 
*  Hadleij,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Con- 
necticut, opposite  Northampton.  It  contains  an 
academy.  Pop.  1,886.  Also  a  town  in  Saratoga 
■     Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  829. 

Hadramaunt,  a  province  of  Arabia  Felix,  on 
the  sea-coast,  between  Yemen  on  the  W.,  and 
Oman  on  the  E.  Some  parts  are  dry  and  desert, 
others  are  extremely  fertile  with  well  watered 
valleys.  The  chief  products  are  frankincense, 
gum  arabic,  dragons  blood,  myrrh,  and  aloes. 
Shibam  is  the  capital. 

Hmmus,  a  famous  ridge  of  mountains  in  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  separating  Bulgaria  from  Romania. 

Haerlehecke,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders, on  the  Lys,  23  m.  S.  W.  of  Ghent,  on  the 
road  to  Courtray ,  from  which  it  is  distant  3  m. 
Pop.  in  1821,  about  3,000. 

Haff,  a  lake  or  bay  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania, 
divided  into  great  and  little,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Oder,  between  which  and  the  Baltic  are  situated 
the  islands  of  Usedom  and  Wallen.  It  is  36  m. 
in  length,  and  its  greatest  breadth  9. 

Hagen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of 
Mark.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  stands 
on  the  VoUme,  13  m.  S.  of  Dortmund. 

Hagerstown,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Maryland. 
It  is  a  handsome  town  with  the  houses  generally 
of  stone  and  brick.  The  territory  around  it  is 
fertile. 

Hagetman,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Landes,  18  m.  S.  of  Mont  de  Marsan,  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  which  are  some  silver  mines.     Pop.  in 
"    1821",  about  2,:350. 

Hairiar,  a  to  wn  of  Arabia  Deserta,  1 60  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Medina. 

Hague,  a  town  of  South  Holland,  which  may 
compare  with  the  handsomest  cities  in  Europe  in 
the  magnificence  of  its  palaces,  the  beauty  of  its 
streets,  the  pleasantness  of  its  situation,  and  the 
politeness  of  its  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  2  m. 
from  the  sea,  and  there  is  a  pavement  across  the 
sand  hills,  with  trees  on  each  side,  which  leads 
to  Scheveling'  on  the  sea-shore.  There  are  14 
churches  and  some  charitable  institutions.  The 
Castle  of  Ryswick,  from  which  tlie  treaty  known 
by  that  name  received  its  appellation,  is  al>out  a 
mile  and  a  half  S.  E.  of  the  town.  It  was  lately 
with  Brussels,  the  alternate  seat  of  government.  It 
suffered  greatly  by  the  revolution  under  Bona- 
parte, but  the  inhabitants  threw  off  the  French 
yoke  in  1813.  It  is  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Amsterdam, 
and  7  S.  by  W.  of  Leyden. 

Hague,  p  t.  Warren  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  721.  Al- 
so a  township  in  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  and  a 
village  in  Westmoreland  Co.  Va. 

Haguenau,  a  fortified   town  of  France,  in   the 
department  of  Lower  Rhine,  with  a  citadel ;  seat- 
;.   ed  on  the  Motter,  15  m.  N.  of  Strasburg.     There 
arc  manufactures  of  tobacco,  madder,  and  earth- 
enware. 

Haimlmrg,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  a  castle  on 
a  mountain,  near  the  south  bank  of  the  Danube, 
27  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Vienna.     Pop.  about  2,700. 

Haina,  or  laina,  a  river  of  St.  Domingo,  which 
falls  into  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  12  m.  W.  of  St. 
Domingo. 

Hoi-nan,  an  island  in  the  China  Sea,  to  the  N. 
46 


of  the  gulf  of  Tonquin,  and  to  the  S.  W.  of  th« 
province  of  Quangtong,  from  which  it  is  12  m. 
distant.  It  is  400  m.  in  circumference.  The  soil 
of  the  N.  part  is  level ;  but  in  the  S.  and  E.  are  . 
mountains,  among  which  are  valleys  that  produce' 
two  crops  of  rice  every  year.  There  are  mines 
of  gold  and  lapis  lazuli,  which  last  is  carried  to 
Canton,  to  paint  the  porcelain.  There  are  also 
several  kinds  of  wood,  the  most  valuable  of  which 
is  that  called  by  the  natives  hoali,  and  by  Euro- 
peans rose  or  violet  wood.  It  produces  the  same 
fruits  as  China,  beside  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  and 
indigo.  Among  the  animals  is  a  great  black  ape, 
with  features  resembling  those  of  the  human  face  ; 
but  the  common  sorts  of  apes  are  grey,  and  very 
ugly. 

Hainault,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands; 
bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by  Brabant,  N.  W.  by  Flan- 
ders, S.  W.  by  France,  and  E.  by  the  territories 
of  Liege  and  Namur  ;  it  comprises  an  extent  of 
1,700  sq.  m.,  and  is  intersected  by  the  Scheldt,  the 
Sambre,  and  the  Haine.  Its  mineral  productions 
are  considerable,  and  there  are  several  manufac- 
tures. The  chief  towns  are,  Tournay,  Mons,  and 
Charleroi.  It  was  formerly  divided  into  Austrian 
and  French  Hainault,  and  in  1814  was  ceded  by 
Austria  to  the  Netherlands,  in  1815  it  received  an 
accession  of  Beaun'ont,  Merbe,  Le  Chateau,  and 
Dour,  formerly  belonging  to  French  Hainault. 

Hajosh,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  Cumania  Minor, 
65  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Pest. 

Hajypoor,  the  chief  town  of  the  district  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  the  N.  E.  bank  of  the 
Ganges  at  its  confluence  with  the  Gunduck. 

Halasz,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  Cumania  Mi- 
nor, 17  m.  E.  of  Hajosh.     Pop.  about  8,700. 

Halberstadt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lower  Sax- 
ony, capital  of  the  principality  of  the  same  name, 
which  was  formerly  a  bishopric.  The  cathedral 
is  a  superb  structure  ;  here  are  three  regular  ab- 
beys, and  two  nunneries,  and  the  Lutherans  have 
-fit?  churches.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hotheim,  32 
m.  S.  E.  of  Brunswick  on  the  road  to  Leipzig. 

Haldensleben,  JS'ew,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  Duchy  of  Magdeburg,  on  the  river 
Ohra,  14  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of  Magdeburg. 

HaldeJtstein,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
country  of  Grisons,  seated  near  the  Rhine,  4  m. 
N.  of  Coire. 

Halen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
seated  on  the  river  Geet,  17  ra.  E.  JN.  E.  of 
Louvain. 

Hales,  a  village  of  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  2  m. 
N.  E.  of  Winchcomb ;  noted  for  the  remains  of  its 
abbey,  which  formerly  was  very  magnificent,  and 
had  great  privileges. 

Halesfard,  p. v.  Franklin  Co.  Va. 

Halesowen,  jin  insulated  town  of  Shropshire,  in 
Worcestershire,  Eng.  with  a  manufacture  of  nails, 
and  pearl  and  horn  buttons.  The  poet  Shenstone 
was  born  and  buried  here ;  and  near  it  is  the 
Leasowes,  in  the  decoration  of  which  his  whole 
fortune  was  spent.  It  is  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Kidder- 
minster, and  127  N.  W.  of  London. 

Halestcorth,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  It  has  a 
canal  to  Southwold,  and  is  seated  near  the  river 
Blyth,  28  m.  N.  E.  of  Ipswich,  and  101  of 
London. 

Haleysbridge,  p. v.  Southampton  Co.  Va. 

Halfmoon,  a  township  in  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Halibut  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific   Ocean, 
off  the  coast  of  Alaska,  so  named  by  Cook,  on  ac- 
count of  the  number  of  fish  of  that  name  caught 
here.     It  is  seven  leagues  in  circumference,  and 
2  11 


HAL 


sat 


HAM 


very  low  and  barren.    Long.  164.  15.  "W.,  lat.  64. 

58.  N. 

Halifax,  a  town  in  the  west  riding  of  Yorkshire, 
Eng.  It  is  a  very  large  parish,  containing  12 
chapels  of  ease;  the  inhabitants  are  principally 
employed  in  the  woolen  manufacture.  This  town 
is  the  great  mart  for  shalloons  and  worsted  stuffs 
in  great  variety.  It  has  a  market-house,  called 
Piece  Hall,  and  various  others  for  particular 
goods.  The  church  is  a  venerable  building,  and 
contains  a  number  of  ancient  monuments.  A 
handsome  new  church  was  built  in  1798.  It  is 
about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long,  and  is  seated  in 
a  hilly  country,  near  a  branch  of  the  Calder.  40 
m.  W.  S.  W.  of  York,  and  107  N.  bv  W.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  in  1801,  8,88G,  and  in  1821,  12,028. 

Halifax,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Nova  Scotia. 
It  stands  on  the  W.  side  of  Chebucto  bay,  which 
is  larore  enough  to  shelter  a  thousand  men  of  war. 
An  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  is  so  strong- 
ly fortified,  as  to  bid  defiance  to  all  attack,  and 
the  town  is  protected  on  the  land  side  by  a  fort, 
and  several  batteries,  which  render  it  impregnable. 
The  streets  are  parallel  and  at  right  angles.  At 
the  N.  extremity  is  the  king's  yard,  supplied  with 
stores  of  every  kind  for  the  royal  navy.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  above  15,000.  It  is  COO 
m.  N.  E.  by  E.  of  New  York,  and  90  E.  of  Anna- 
polis.    Lat.  44.  44.,  long.  63. 36. 

Halifax,  an  interior  county  of  North  Carolina, 
bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by  Roanoke,  near  the  north- 
ern boundary.  Pop.  17,738.  The  chief  town 
Halifax,  is  130  m.  N.  E.  by  E.  of  Raleigh. 

Halifax,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  North  Carolina,  and  bounded  on  the 
N.  E.  by  the  Roanoke.  Pop.  28,032.  Its  chief 
town.  Bannister,  is  134  m.  S.  W.  by  W.  of  Rich- 
mond. 

Halifax,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1 ,562.  Al- 
so a  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  709.  Also  a 
village  in  Dauphin  Co.  Pa.  Also  a  p.t.  Halifax 
Co.  N.  C.  on  the  Roanoke,  70  m.  from  the  sea. 

Halitz,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Lemberg,  with  a  castle.  Since  1773  it  has  been 
included  in  the  new  kingdom  of  Galicia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Dneister,  GO  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lem- 
berg. 

Halland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Gothland.  It  is  60  m.  along  the  coast, 
but  not  above  18  in  breadth.  The  country  is 
in  general  mountainous,  with  considerable 
woods  of  oak  and  birch.  Hamstadt  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Hallaton,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.  12  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Leicester,  90  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Halle,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Magdeburg,  with  a  famous  university.  It 
has  large  salt-works,  and  manufactures  of  starch, 
linen,  and  flannel.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Saale,  over  which  there  are  five  bridges,  18 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Leipzig,  and  46  S.  S.  E.  of 
Magdeburg. 

Halle,  a  town  of  Suabia,  noted  for  its  salt-pits, 
and  the  famous  protestant  league  concluded  here 
•in  1610.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kocher,  among  rocks 
and  mountains,  32  m.  N.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Halle,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol,  famous 
for  its  salt-mine  ;  seated  on  the  Inn,  6  m.  E.  N.  E 
oflnspruck. 

Halle,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hain- 
ault,  seated  on  the  Senne,  10  m.  S  S.  W  of 
Brussels. 

Hallein,  a  town  in  Bavaria,  in  the  duchy  of  Salz- 
burg ;   seated  on    the    Salza,   among  moantains 


that  abound  in  mines  of  salt,  8  m.  S.  by   E.  of 
Salzburg.  ^k 

/fa//e5;Brmo-,l^fown  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  C^lenberg,  at  the  source  of  the 
Haller,  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Hanover. 

HalloweU,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  on  the  Kennebec, 
40  m.  at  its  mouth.    Pop.   3,964.     It  has  a   con- 
siderable commerce  in  the  exportation  of  lumber. 
Hallstille,  p. v.  Montgomery    Co.  N.  Y.      Also 
a  village  in  Dauphin  Co.  N.  C. 

Halmstadt,   a  sea-port   of     Sweden,  capital  of 
Halland.     Here    are   flourishing   woolen    manu-       » 
factures,     and     a   profitable  salmon-fishery.      It      *: 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  the   Nissa,   on    a   bay   of 
the  Categat,  82  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gothenburg.  Long. 
12.  52.,  lat.  56.  40.  6  6.^ 

Halstead,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Coin,  16  m.  N.  of 
Chelmsford,  and  46  N.  E.  of  London. 

Haltercn,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Munster,  seated  on  the  Lippe,  22  m. 
S.  W.  of  Munster. 

Halton,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  It  had  a 
stately  castle,  belonging  to  the  duchy  of  Lancas- 
ter, which  maintained  a  large  jurisdiction  round 
it,  by  the  name  of  Halton  Fee  ;  birt  all  that  re- 
mains is  now  a  prison.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Mersey,  13  m.  N.  E.  of  Chester,  and  195  N. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Haltichilsth,  a  town  of  Northumberland,  Enor. 
seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  S.  branch  of  the  Tyne, 
35  m.  W.  of  Newcastle,  and  315  N.  by  W.  of 
London. 

Ham,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Mark.  It  is  a  place  of  good  trade, 
and  has  extensive  bleaching-grounds.  In  1761, 
the  French  were  defeated  near  this  place  by  the 
troops  of  Brunswick.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lippe, 
20  m.  W.  of  Lipstadt.  Long.  7.  57.  £.,  lat.  51 
40.  N. 

Ham,  West,  a  village  and  parish  of  England  in 
Essex,  on  the  river  Lea,  5  m.  from  the  Royal 
Exchange,  London.  In  1801,  the  pop.  was  re- 
turned at  1,960,  and  in  1821,  9,753. 

Ham,  a  town  of  France,   in   the    department  of 
Somme,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  the  Som- 
me,  70  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Paris. 
Ifnmadan,  See  J}madan. 

Haniuh,  a  town  of  Syria,  the  residence  of  the  ^ .« 
schiek,  with  the  title  of  emir.  The  best  houses, 
the  mosques,  and  the  castle,  are  built  of  black 
and  white  stones.  The  river  Assi,  formerly  call- 
ed Orontes,  runs  close  by  the  castle  and  fills  its 
ditches,  which  are  cut  deep  into  the  solid  rock 
The  inhabitants  have  a  trade  in  linen  of  their  . 
own  manufacture.  It  is  seated  among  hills,  78  m. 
S.  S.W.  of  Aleppo. 

Hamamet,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  on 
a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  37  in.  S.  of  Tunis. 
Long.  10.  15.  E.,  lat.  36.  13.  N. 

Hamhledon,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  15  m. 
S.  E.  of  Winchester. 

Hamburg,  a  free  and  imperial  city  of  Germa- 
ny, in  Lower  Saxony,  seated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Elbe,  about  55  m.  from  its  mouth,  consist- 
ing of  the  old  and  new  town  ;  both  nearly  of  an 
equal  size.  Most  of  the  houses  are  built  after  the 
manner  of  the  Dutch,  and  richly  furnished  with- 
in. The  principal  streets  of  the  old  town  have 
long  and  broad  canals,  which  are  filled  by  the 
tide.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Elbe  and  Alster, 
and  the  latter,  a  tributary  stream  of  the  Elbe, 
before  it  enters  the  town  by  sluices,  forms  a 
fine   basin.      Here   is  a    celebrated  college,  au 


HAM 


363 


UAM 


arsenal,  a  bank,  and  a  handsome  exchange. 
The  established  religion  is  JLj^heran,  but  all 
denominations  are  tolerated.  ^Beside  the  five 
principal  churches,  there  are  «Wen  smaller  ones 
for  p:irticular  occasions,  some  of  which  belong  to 
hospitals  of  which  there  are  a  great  number.  It 
has  a  libriury  containing  about  100,000  volumes. 
The  cathedral  of  Our  Lady  is  a  very  fine  structure. 
The  city  is  well  fortified,  and  on  the  ramparts  are 
handsome  walks,  planted  with  rows  of  trees. 
On  the  east  is  the  suburb  of  St.  George,  and  on 
the  west  the  Hamburger  Berg.  Hamburg,  from 
its  situation,  has  all  possible  advantages  for  for- 
eign and  domestic  trade ;  particularly  from  its 
couimunication,  by  the  Elbe,  with  some  of  the 
principal  navigable  rivers  of  Germany  ;  and  hence 
it  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  places  in  Europe. 
The  number  of  vessels  that  frequent  its  port  is 
about  2,000.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  sugar- 
refinery,  and  it  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
stockings,  gold  and  silver  lace,  silk,  linen,  hand- 
kerchiets,  sail-cloths,  thread,  ribands,  and  velvets. 
The  commerce  however,  received  a  severe  shock 
in  180(5;  and  since  that  the  city  itself  has  been 
almost  reduced  to  ruin.  Previous  to  the  year 
1806,  this  city  became  the  depot  of  all  the  con- 
tinental commerce,  and  numbers  of  merchants 
flocked  here  from  every  part  of  Europe,  bring- 
ing their  property  along  with  them,  as  to  a  place 
free  from  military  sway,  and  secure  from  the 
warlike  commotions  which  then  agitated  Europe  ; 
but  after  the  defeat  of  the  Prussians  at  the  battle 
of  Jena,  the  French  took  possession  of  it,  and  af- 
terwards annexed  it  to  the  empire.  In  1313,  on 
the  advance  of  the  Russians  into  Germany,  the 
French  evacuated  the  town,  and  the  Russians 
immediately  entered.  In  May  following,  the 
French  laid  siege  to  it  for  more  than  a  month, 
when  the  Russians  finding  it  impossible  to  defend 
it  any  longer,  retired.  The  French,  on  re-enter- 
ing, began  to  strengthen  the  fortification  ;  and 
after  the  battle  of  Leipzig,  the  commander, 
marshal  Davoust,  hearing  of  the  approach  of 
the  allies,  made  preparations  for  a  long  siege. 
For  this  purpose  he  destroyed  the  suburbs  and 
gardens ;  and  expelled  all  the  inhabitants  who 
■were  not  able  to  provide  provisions  for  six  months. 
On  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons,  however, 
the  French  garrison  was  withdrawn,  and  the 
place  delivered  up  to  the  allies  in  May,  1814  ; 
since  which  it  has  recovered  its  former  in- 
dependence and  activity.  This  city  suffered 
much  from  the  pestilential  cholera  in  the  autumn 
of  18:U.  Itis55m.  N.  E.  of  Bremeu,  and  40 
S.  W.  of  Lubeck.  Pop.  about  115,000.  Lat.  53. 
84.,  long.  9.  58. 

Hamburg,  p.t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,348.  Also 
villages  in  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  and  Berkes  Co.  Pa. 

Hamdrn,  p. v.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 

Hamellnirg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Fulda,  seated  on  the  Saale,  20  m.  W.  N. 
\V.  of  Schweinfurt. 

Hamctn,  a  strong  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  at 
the  extremity  of  the  duchy  of  Brunswick,  of 
which  it  is  the  key.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
stuffs,  silks  and  stockings.  The  fortress  surren- 
♦^  dered  to  the  French  in  1806.  It  is  situate  ».t  the 
confluence  of  the  Hamel  with  the  Weser,  28  m. 
S.  W.  of  Hanover. 

Ha-mi,  a  province  of  AVestern  Tartary,  sur- 
rounded by  deserts,  yet  accounted  one  of  the  most 
delightful  countries  in  the  world.  Its  rice  and 
fruits,  particularly  the  melons  and  dried  raisins, 
are  in  high  esteem  in  China.     It  is  tributary  to 


that  country ;  and  its  capital  is  of  the  same  name 
Long.  ;«1.  44.  E.,  lat.  42.  55.  N. 

Hamilton,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire, 
with  a  noble  seat  belonging  to  the  duke  of  that 
name.  It  has  a  trad«  in  cabinet  work,  and  the 
making  of  shoes  ;  and  the  women  are  famous  for 
the  spinning  of  linen  yarn,  and  making  thread 
lace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Avon,  near  its  conflux 
with  the  Clyde.  It  has  a  handsonje  parish  church, 
and  an  elegant  town  house  and  prison,  and  a 
commodious  market  place.  It  was  made  a  royal 
burcrh  in  1548  by  Queen  Mary.  It  is  11  m.  S.  E. 
of  Glasgow,  and  37  W.  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh. 
Pop.  in  1801,  5,008,  and  in  1821,  7,613. 

Hamilton,  a  county  of  East  Tennessee,  bounded 
on  the  S.  E.by  the  river  Tennessee.  Pop.  2,274. 
The  chief  town,  Brainerd,  is  102  m.  S.  E.  of 
Murfreesborough. 

Hamilton,  a  county  in  Ohio,  bounded  on  the  S. 
by  the  river  Ohio,  and  intersected  by  the  Great 
Miami  river.  Pop.  52,321.  Cincinnati  is  the 
chief  town. 

Hamilton,  is  also  the  name  of  a  county  in  New 
York.  Pop.  1,324.  The  court  house  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  county,  is  80  m.  N.  W.  by  N.  of  Alba- 
ny. There  are  several  townships  of  the  same 
name  in  Lower  Canada. 

Hamilton,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  N.  W. 
Salem.  Pop.  743.  Also  a  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  .3,220  Also  villages  in  St.  Lawrence  and 
Cataraugus  Cos.  N.  Y,  Also  townships  and  vil- 
lages in  T'ranklin  and  Northampton  Cos.  Pa.,  Mar- 
tin Co.  N.  C,  Warren  and  Franklin  Cos.  Ohio. 

Hamiltonville,  a  village  of  Huntington   Co.  Pa. 

Hampden,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
2,020. 

Hampden,  a  county  of  Massachusetts.  It  lies 
on  both  sides  of  Connecticut  river  and  is  bounded 
S.  by  the  state  of  Connecticut.  It  contains  585 
sq.  m.  and  a  pop.  of  31,640.  Springfield  is  the 
chief  town. 

Hammam,,  Leef,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis, celebrated  for  its  baths  ;  12  m.  W.  of  Cabes. 

Hammam,  Mcskoutcen,  a  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tunis,  with  a  celebrated  hot  bath,  seated  near 
a  mountain,  rich  in  lead  ore,  16  m.  S.   of  Tunis. 

Hammersmith^  a  large  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng; 
seated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames,  and  one 
of  the  appendages  of  the  metropolis,  3  m.  and 
a  half  west  of  Hyde  Park  Corner.  Here  also  is 
a  nunnery,  established  originallv  as  a  boarding 
schoo  1  for  young  ladies  of  the  lloman  Catholic 
persuasion ;  and  toward  the  river  are  a  number 
of  handsome  seats  and  villas.  Here  is  a  charity 
school,  a  workhouse,  and  several  places  ■  f  wor- 
ship for  dissenters.  The  chapel  is  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  town.  Here  also  was  the  celebrated 
villa  of  Brandenburg  House,  in  which  her  late 
majesty  Queen  Caroline  died.  Pop.  in  1801, 
5,600,  and  1821,  8,809. 

Hamont,  a  town  of  Netherlands  in  the  late  bish 
opric  of  Liege,  20  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Ruremonde. 

Hampshire,  a  maritime  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Berkshire,  E.  by  Surry  and 
Sussex,  S.  by  the  English  Channel,  W.  by  Dor- 
setshire and  Wiltshire.  It  is  nearly  square,  ex- 
cept a  projection  on  the  S.  W. ;  is  divided  into  39 
small  hundreds,  and  253  parishes  ;  and  has  one 
city,  Winchester,  and  20  market  towns.  It 
sends,  with  the  Isle  of  Wight,  26  members  to 
Parliament.  This  county  has  a  great  variety  of 
soils,  but  the  principal  part  is  chalk.  The  Dor- 
setshire border  has  large  tracts  of  heath ;  and  to- 
ward the  sea  are  great  quantities  of  marsh  land, 


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but  very  fertile ;  and  all  the  remainder  is  excellent 
land.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  populous 
counties  in  England.  On  tlie  downs,  of  which 
a  ridge  runs  almost  across  the  county,  are  fed 
plenty  of  sheep  :  but  the  stock  is  considerably  de- 
creased, owing  to  enclosures.  Besides  wheat, 
barley,  and  hops,  it  is  famous  for  bacon,  honey, 
and  timber ;  the  last  in  particular,  on  caccount  of 
its  great  woods,  of  which  the  principal  are  the 
New  Forest,  and  the  Forest  of  Bere.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Avon,  Test,  Itchen,  and  Stour. 
The  principal  harbours,  of  which  there  area  great 
number  along  the  coast,  are  Portsmouth  and  Yar- 
mouth. Southampton  is  deemed  the  county-town, 
but  the  assizes  ore  held  at  Wincliester.  SeeJVcw 
Forest  and  Wight. 

Hampshire,  JVeio.    See  Keio  Hampshire. 

Hampshiie,  a  county  in  Massachusetts,  inter- 
sected by  the  Connecticut  River,  bounded  by  the 
counties  of  Hampden,  Berkshire,  Franklin  and 
Worcester.  Its  chief  town,  Northampton,  94  m. 
W.  of  Boston,  is  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Connecticut.     Pop.  30,210. 

Hampshire,  a  county  in  the  W.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by  the  river  Potomac, 
and  by  the  counties  of  Morgan,  Frederic  and  Har- 
dy.    Pop.  11,279.     Its  chief  town  is  Romney. 

Hamp.itcad,  a  village  of  Middlesex,  Eng.  4  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  London,  from  Tyburn  turnpike, 
formerly  famous  for  its  medicinal  waters.  Itmtiy 
be  considered  one  of  the  appendages  of  the  me- 
tropolis, being  a  favourite  residence  of  the  mer- 
chants and  citizens.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  fine  heath  that  com- 
mands a  delightful  prospect ;  and  in  the  vicinity 
are  many  elegant  scats  and  villas.  In  the  win- 
dows of  an  ancient  edifice,  called  the  Chicken 
House,  are  painted  in  stained  glass,  portraits  of 
king  James  I.  and  the  duke  of  Buckingham,  of 
the  former  of  whom  it  is  said  to  have  been  a  hunt- 
ing seat. 

Hampstcad,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.,  30  m. 
W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  913. 

Hampstead,  p. v.  King  George  Co.  Va. 

Hampton,  a  sea-port  of  Virginia,  in  Elizabeth 
count}',  near  the  mouth  of  James  river,  29  m.  S. 
E.  of'Williamsburgh.  Long.  76.  17.  W.  lat.  37. 
5.  N.  • 

Hampton,  a  sea-port  of  New  Hampshire,  in 
Rockingham  county,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  near 
the  sea.  It  subsists  by  the  cod  and  mackerel  fish- 
eries ;  and  is  12  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Portsmouth. 
Long.  70.  45.  W.,  lat.  42.  55.  N.     Pop.  1,103. 

Hampton,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  Pop. 
1,101.  Also  a  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,069.  Also  a  town  of  Elizabeth  City  Co.  Va.  at 
the  mouth  of  James  River.  Hampton  Roads,  at 
this  place  afford  a  convenient  station  for  shipping 
ard  afforded  a  shelter  to  the  enemy's  blockading 
squadron  during  the  war  of  1812;  but  they  are 
now  strongly  fortified  against  any  hostile  intru- 
sion. 

Hamptonville,  p.t.  Surrey  Co.  N.  C. 

Hampton,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  13  m.  S.  W.  of 
Lor  Jon.  It  is  famous  for  a  royal  palace,  called 
Hampton  court,  originally  and  magnificently  built 
Dv  cardinal  Wolsey,  who  gave  it  to  Henry  VIII. 
Tf'he  remains  of  the  old  palace  are  only  some  of 
the  domestic  offices,  the  principal  part  being  taken 
down  in  1690,  and  the  present  palace  erected  by 
William  III.  Tiie  buildings,  gardens,  and  parks 
are  4  m.  in  circumference. 

Hanfiu,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 


Cassel,  capital  of  a  fertile  county  of  the  same 
name.  It  is  dlv^|d  into  the  old  and  new  town, 
and  in  the  formlHI  a  magnificent  castle.  It  has 
manufactures  o^Wolen  stuffs,  stockings,  porcelain 
and  tobacco;  and  a  trade  in  corn,  iron,  and  tim- 
ber. It  is  seated  on  the  Kintzig,  near  ifs  conflux 
with  the  Maine,  13  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Frankfort  on 
the  Maine.     Pop.  about  12,000. 

Hancock,  a  County  of  Maine  lying  on  the  coast 
round  Penobscot  Ba)'.  Pop.  24,347.  Castine  is 
the  chief  town.  Also  an  interior  County  of 
Georgia.  Pop.  11,822.  Sparta  is  the  chief  town. 
AlsoaCounty  of  Ohio.  Pop.  813.  Findlayisthe 
chief  town.  Also  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop 
1,961.  Pearlington  is  t)»e  capital.  Also  a  town 
in  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  II.  35  m.  from  Concord. 
Pop.  1,316:  in  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  472:  in 
Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1,053:  in  Delaware 
Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  766 :  and  in  Washington  Co. 
Maryland. 

Hancocksvillc,  p. v.  Union  Dis.  S.  C. 

Hang-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class, 
capital  of  the  province  of  Tche-kiang.  It  is  12 
m.  in  circumference,  exclusive  of  its  suburbs  ; 
contains  it  is  said  a  million  of  inhabitants,  and 
is  the  general  en)pnrium  of  all  articles  that  pass 
between  the  northern  and  southern  provinces. 
Here  are  extensive  shops  and  warehouses  ;  and  it 
has  a  great  trade  in  dj'ed  cottons  and  nankins, 
silks,  rice,  pnd  otlier  grain.  It  is  seated  between 
a  large  basin,  that  forms  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
grand  canal,  and  a  small  lake,  called  See-hou,700 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Peking.  Long.  120.  20.  E.,  lat.  30. 
20.  N. 

Haicliinsonville,  p. v.  Claiborne  Co.  Mississippi. 

Havnibai,  a  township  of  Oswego  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  1,794. 

Hanover,  a  territory  in  the  N.  of  Germany, 
bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by  the  river  Elbe,  N.W.  by 
the  German  Ocean,  S.  W.  by  Dutch  Friesland 
and  Prussian  Westphalia,  and  S.  E.  by  Saxony. 
Since  1815  it  has  been  divided  into  the  provinces 
of  Calenberg,  Gottingen,  Luneburg,  Hoj'a  and 
Diephollz,  Hildesheim,  Osnaburg,  Verden, 
Duchy  of  Bremen,  Bentheim,  East  Friesland, 
Lingen,  and  the  lordship  of  Meppen.  The  chief 
towns  are,  Hanover  the  capital,  Embden,  Hildes- 
heim, Luneburg,  Osnaburg,  Gottingen,  Zell, 
Clausthall,  Goslar,  Eimbeck,  and  Hameln.  In 
the  S.  is  the  mountainous  tract  of  the  Harlz,  cov- 
ered with  forests,  and  with  the  exception  of  which 
the  whole  country  is  a  vast  plain.  (See  article 
Hartz).  Towards  the  N.  are  numerous  barren 
heaths  ;  l-ut  the  valleys  in  the  S.  are  very  fertile. 
This  country  abounds  in  extensive  mines  of  sil- 
ver, iron,  ccpper  and  lead.  The  iron  mines  are 
the  most  valuable,  and  bring  annually  to  the  rev- 
enue about  £115,000  sterling.  The  principal  riv- 
ers are,  the  Elbe,  the  Weser,  and  the  Einbs  with 
their  tributary  streams,  and  the  chief  lakes, 
Steinheim  and  Dummer. 

The  corn  cultivated  isniuch  the  same  as  in  Brit- 
ain. The  extensive  heaths  of  Luneburg  produce 
honey  annually  to  the  amount  of  j£40,00().  The 
chief^manufactures  are  thread,  linen,  woolens,  pa- 
per, and  glass.  The  exports  are  linen,  iron,  cop- 
per, timber,  horses,  and  black  cattle.  The  imports 
are  linen,  broadcloth,  silk  and  jewelry. 

The  revenue  of  Hanover  is  about  £1,000,000. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Lutheran  ;  but 
all  denominations  are  tolerated.  The  Catholics 
amount  to  150,000,  and  the  Calvinists  to  40,000. 
In  every  village  elementary  schools  are  eslablish- 
e<l,  and  in  more  populous  places  academies,  or  high 


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365 


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schools,  which  are  well  conducted,  as  well  as  the 
university  of  Gottingen.  The  frankness,  sim- 
pHcity  and  hospitality,  mentione^by  Tacitus  as 
characteristic  of  the  ancient  Gsipnans,  is  still  a 
prominent  feature  in  the  manners  of  the  Hano- 
verians, particularly  the  inhabitants  of  the  heaths. 

Hanover  though  under  the  government  of 
Great  Britain  for  more  than  a  century,  has  under- 
gone no  political  incorporation.  At  the  diet  of 
Germany,  the  king  of  Hanover  occupies  the  fifth 
rank,  and  has  four  votes  at  the  general  assembly. 
The  king's  power  is  limited,  having  a  counterpoise 
in  the  nobility  of  Wolfenbuttel,  the  heads  of  the 
church  and  the  deputies  of  the  towns.  The  only 
order  of  knighthood,  is  that  of  the  Guelf,  institu- 
ted in  1815. 

HaTiover  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  king 
of  Prussia  in  1801,  and  invaded  by  Bonaparte 
in  1803,  and  in  1806  partly  ceded  to  the  Prussians. 
But  on  the  expulsion  of  the  French  in  1813,  the 
whole  electorate  was  restored  to  the  king  of  Great 
Britain ;  and  the  electoral  office  having  been  an- 
nulled, he  assumed,  in  1815,  the  title  of  king  of 
f  Hanover.  Population  of  the  whole  territory  about 
1,300,000,  of  whom  about  8,000  are  Jews. 

Hanover,  a  city  of  Germany,  and  capital  of  the 
above  kinordom.  It  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  half 
moon,  and  divided  by  the  river  Leine  into  the  old 
and  new  town.  The  old  town  presents  an  anti- 
quated appearance,  but  the  buildings  in  the  new 
town  are  in  a  better  style.  Hanover  contains  a 
considerable  number  of  public  buildings,  among 
which  are  the  elector's  palace,  and  the  public  li- 
brary ;  the  latter  founded  by  Leibnitz,  to  whom 
an  elegant  monument  has  been  erected  in  the 
town.  There  are  five  Lutheran  churches,  besides 
the  chapels  of  the  Calvinists  and  Catholics,  and  a 
Jewish  synagogue.  There  are  small  manufac- 
tures of  gold  and  silver  lace,  printing  of  cotton, 
linen,  brewing,  vinegar,  &c.  Pop.  25,000.  41  ra. 
W.  by  N.  Brunswick,  and  154  W.  of  Berlin. 

Hanover,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Con- 
necticut, 114  m.  fr.  Boston:  102  fr.  Portsmouth. 
Pop.  2,361.  In  this  pleasant  village  is  situated 
Dartmouth  College,  which  was  established  in 
1771.  Tlie  institution  at  present  comprises  a 
three  story  wooden  edifice  containing  34  rooms 
for  the  scholars  and  6  for  other  purposes  ;  a  brick 
structure  called  Medical  House,  75  feet  long  and 
3  stories  high,  containing  a  laboratory,  an  anatom- 
ical museum,  a  mineralogical  cabinet,  2  lecture 
rooms,  6  rooms  for  students  and  a  chapel ;  there  is 
also  a  greenhouse.  The  officers  are  a  President 
and  8  Professors.  The  college  library  contains 
6,000  vols,  and  there  are  8,000  in  the  students 
libraries.  The  number  of  students  in  1831  was 
150.  There  are  3  vacations  in  May,  August  and 
December  of  15  weeks.  Commencement  is  in 
August. 

Hanover,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1,300. 
Also  a  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,614. 
Also  a  village  in  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  And  towns 
in  Burlington  Co.  N.  J.  ;  Montgomery,  York,  Lu- 
lerne,  Lebanon,  Dauphin,  Northampton  and  Bea- 
ver Cos.  Pa. ;  Columbiana,  Harrison,  Butler  and 
Licking  Cos.  Ohio. 

Hanover,  a  town  of  Virginia,  in  a  cou*ty  of  the 
same  name,  situate  on  the  Pamunky,  the  S. 
branch  of  York  river,  22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Rich- 
mond. Pop.  of  the  county  in  1810,  15,082,  in 
1820,  15,267. 

Hanover,  J^ew,  a  large  island  in  the  South  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  opposite  the  N.  W.  extremity  of 
New  Ireland.     It  is  high  and  covered  with  trees, 


among   which  are   many   beautiful   plantations 
Lat.  of  W.  end,  2.  25.  long.  149.  6. 

Han-san.  See  Turon. 

Hanse  Towns,  the  name  of  certain  free  towns  of 
Germany,  which,  being  infested  with  pirates  and 
robbers,  entered  into  a  mutual  league  for  their 
protection.  This  association  is  supposed  to  have 
continued  from  the  13th  to  the  16th  century. 
It  consisted  at  first  of  only  two  towns,  but  it  so 
increased  in  strength  and  reputation,  that  at  last 
it  consisted  of  W3  cities.  Having  at  length 
proclaimed  war  against  Woldemar,  king  of  Den- 
mark, with  40  ships  and  12,000  troops,  several 
merchants  were  ordered  by  the  princes  of  their 
respective  kingdoms,  to  withdraw  their  effects, 
and  the  association  for  the  most  part  was  dissolved. 
Several  towns  in  Germany  still  retain  the  name, 
though  the  laws  by  which  they  are  governed  are 
annulled. 

Hanson,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1,030 

Han-tckong,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class, 
in  the  province  of  Chensi,  on  the  river  Han,  sur- 
rounded by  mountains  and  forests.  The  articles 
of  trade  are  honey,  wax,  musk,  and  cinnabar. 
Long.  106.  35.  E.,  lat.  32.  58.  N. 

Hanutje,  or  Hannut,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Brabant,  on  the  frontiers  of  Liege  and  Namur, 
20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Namur. 

Han-yang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class,  in 
the  province  of  Houquang.  It  is  seated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Han  with  the  Kiang-ku.  Long. 
113.  44.  E.,  lat.  30.  36.  N. 

Hapaee,  the  name  of  four  of  the  Friendly  Is- 
lands, in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  They  are  of  sim>liar 
height  and  appearance,  and  connected  by  a  reef 
of  coral  rocks,  dry  at  low  water.  The  planta- 
tions are  numerous  and  extensive.  These  islands 
extend  from  N.  to  S.  about  19  m.  and  lie  between 
174.  24.  and  174.  15.  W.  long.,  and  lat.  19.  39. 
and  19.  53.  S. 

Hapsai,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Revel,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  opposite  the  island 
of  Dago,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Revel. 

Hapsburcr,  an  ancient  castle  of  Switzerland,  on 
a  lofty  eminence,  near  Schintznach.  What  is 
left  of  it  is  now  inhabited  by  the  family  of  a 
peasant.  This  castle  was  the  cradle,  as  it  were,  of 
the  house  of  Austria,  whose  ancestors  may  be 
traced  back  to  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century, 
when  Rodolph,  count  of  Hapsburgh  was  elevated 
to  the  empire  ol  Germany  and  archduchy  of 
Austria. 

Haran,  or  Charan,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
Diarbek,  known  in  Scripture  as  the  country  of 
Laban.  To  this  place  Crassus  retired  after  his 
defeat  by  the  Parthians,  and  not  far  from  it  he 
was  killed.     It  is  25  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Orfa. 

Harborough,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eng. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Welland,  15  m.  S.  of  Leicester, 
and  83  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Harburg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  daoky  of 
Luneburg,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  silk,  stockings,  wax  and  tobacco  ;  and  a 
great  trade  in  timber  with  Hollanu.  In  1757 
It  was  taken  by  the  French,  and  retaken  the  same 
year  by  the  Hanoverians.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Seeve,  at  its  conflux  with  the  Elbe,  opposite  Ham- 
burg, 29  m.  N.  W.  of  Luneburg. 

Harcourt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  12  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Caen. 

Hadberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Stiria,  12 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Friedberg,  and  25.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Gratz. 

Hardegson,  a  town  'tf  the  province  of  Calen- 
2h2 


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366 


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berg,  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  leather, 
10  m.  N.  W.  of  Gottingen. 

Hardenberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Berg,  16  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Dusseldorf 

Hardenberg,  a  town  of  liolliind,  in  Overyssel, 
situate  on  tfie  Vecht,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Covoerden. 
Hardenioyck,  a  fortified  town  of  Holland,  in 
Gelderland,  with  a  university.  It  has  a  trade  in 
corn  and  wool,  and  is  seated  on  the  Zuider  Zee, 
30  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Arnheim,  and  33  E.  by  S.  of 
Amsterdam.     Long.  5.  8.  E.,  lat.  52.  20.  N. 

Hardiman,  a  county  of  West  Tennessee.  Pop. 
11,628.     Bolivar  is  the  capital. 

Hardin,  a.  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  13,1'18. 
Elizabethtown  is  the  capital.  Also  a  county  of 
W.Tennessee.  Pop.4,8(i7.  Savannah  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Also  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop  500.  Hardy  is  the  chief 
town.     Also  a  village  in  Shelby  Co.  Ohio. 

Hardinberg,  p. v.   Dearborn  Co.  Indiana. 

HardinsviUe,  p.v.  Hardin  Co.  Ten. 

Hardiston,  a  township  of  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

Hardwick,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,216. 
Also  a  township  of  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  Pop. 
1,885.  Towns  in  Warren  Co.  N.  J.  and  Ryan  Co. 
Geo. 

Hardy,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virginia, 
bordering  on  Maryland.  Pop.  6,798.  Its  chief 
town  is  Moorfield. 

Haretcood,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
on  the  river  Wharf,  8  m.  N.  of  Leeds,  and  204 
from  London.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient 
castle  ;  and  in  the  church  is  the  monument  of  Sir 
William  Gascoyne,  who  committed  Henry,  prince 
of  Wales,  to  prison,  for  affronting  him  while  he 
sat  administering  justice.  Near  it  is  Harewood- 
house,the  noble  seat  of  lord  Harewood.  Pop.  in 
1821,  1,063. 

Harfleur,  a  town  of  France,  ia  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine.  Its  fortifications  have  been  long 
demolished,  and  its  harbour  nearly  choked  up. 
It  stands  on  a  small  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Seine,  36  m.  N.  W.  of  Rouen.  Long.  0.  12.  E., 
lat.  49.  30.  N. 

Harford,  a  town  of  Maryland,  m  a  county  of 
the  same  name,  situate  on  Bush  river,  25  m.  E.  J*. 
E.  of  Baltimore.     Pop.  of  the  county  16,315. 

Harford,  p.t.  Susquehanna  Co.  Pa. 

Harihara,  or  Hurryhun,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Mysore,  with  a  fort,  in  which  is  a  celebrated 
temple.  It  stands  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Toom- 
buddra,  which  here  separates  Mysore  from  the 
country  of  Mahrattas.  In  the  vicinity  much  cot- 
ton wool  is  cleaned  and  spun  into  thread.  It  is 
130  m.  N.  E.  by  N.  of  Mangalere. 

Harlan,  a  county  of  Kentucky.     Pop.  2,928. 

Harlardturg,  a  village  in  Mercer  Co.  Pa. 

Harleigh,  a  town  of  Wales,  capital  of  Merioneth- 
shire. It  is  a  poor  place,  though  governed  by  a 
mayor,  and  has  a  castle,  built  by  Edward  I.  al- 
most entire,  on  a  rock,  projecting  into  St.  George's 
channel.  It  is  26  m.  S.  E.  of  Caernarvon,  and 
231  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Harlem,  Haarlem,  or  Haerlem,  a  fortified  city  of 
North  Holland,  memorable  for  the  siege  it  held 
out  against  the  Spaniards  in  1573,  for  10  months, 
before  it  capitulated.  It  has  broad  regular  streets, 
and  many  canals ;  and  is  noted  for  its  velvets, 
damasks,  worsted  stuffs,  and  bleaching-grounds. 
A  communication  has  been  opened  with  the  lake 
of  Harlem,  Amsterdam,  and  Leyden,  by  means 
of  navigable  canals.  It  was  formerly  strongly 
fortified,  but  public  promenades  have  been  formc^d 
of  the  ramparts.     The  chief  public  buildings  are 


the  stadthouse,  the  royal  palace,  and  some  char- 
itable institutions.  It  has  15  churches,  one  of 
which,  called  |he  great  church,  is  the  largest  in 
Holland,  and  tts  the  grandest  organ  in  Europe  , 
it  contains  8,000  pipes,  and  68  stops.  Harlem  is 
seated  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  12  m.  W.  of 
Amsterdam.     Long.  4.  37.  E.,  lat.  52.  22.  N. 

Harleston,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Wavenay,  16  m.  S  of  Norwich,  and  99  N.  E. 
of  London. 

Harlesville,  a  village  in  Marion  Dis.  S.  C. 

Harlem,  or  Haerlem,  a  village  in  Newyork  Co 
N.  J.  on  tiarlem  river,  7  m.  from  the  city.  Also 
a  township  in  Delaware  Co.   Ohio. 

Harligcn.a.  fortified  sea-port  of  Holland,  in  Frier 
land,  of  which,  next  to  Lewarden,  it  is  the  larg- 
est  and  most  populous.  It  has  flourishing  man- 
ufactures of  paper  and  canvass,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Zuider  Zee,  66  m.  N.  N.  £.  of  Amsterdam, 
and  15  W.  of  Lewarden.  Long.  5.  20  E.,  lat.  53 
10.  N. 

Hurlingcn,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 

Harlow,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  On  a  common 
2  m.  from  the  town,  is  a  famous  fair  on  the  9th 
September,  called  Harlow  Bush  fair,  much  re- 
sorted to  by  the  neighbouring  gentry.  It  is  23 
m.  E.  of  London. 

Harmony,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  925; 
also  a  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,988;  a 
p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. ;  a  village  of  Butler  Co.  Pa, ; 
a  township  of  Clarke  Co.  Ohio ;  a  villao-e  in 
York  district  S.  C.  and  a  village  in  Posey  Co. 
Indiana.  See  J^'ew  Harmony. 

Harper's  Ferry,  a  village  in  Jefferson  Co,  Va. 
on  the  Potomac,  at  the  spot  where  the  river 
breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge  Here  is  an 
armory  and  a  manufacture  of  muskets  established 
by  the  United  States. 

Har-pcr afield,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,936.     Also  a  town  in  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio. 

Harpersville,  a  village  in  Broome  Co.  N.  Y. 

Harpcth,  p.v.  Williamson  Co.  Ton. 

Harpcwell,  a  township  in  Cumberland  Co.  Me. 
Pop.  1,353 

Harlington,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Me.  Pop,  1,118. 
Also  a  township  in  Bergen  Co.  N.   J. 

Harponclly,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  Mysore  country. 
At  the  partition  of  tliis  country,  in  1799,  Harpon- 
nelly  was  ceded  to  the  Mahrattas.  It  is  26  m.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Bijangur. 

Harrington,  a  small  port  m  Cumberland,  Eng. 
on  a  creek  of  the  Irish  sea,  which  admits  vessels 
of  120  tons  burden  up  to  the  houses.  Coal,  lime, 
iron-stone,  and  fire-clay,  are  sent  hence  to  Ireland 
and  Scotland.  It  is  6  m.  N.  of  Whitehaven,  and 
8  W.  S.  W.  of  Cockermouth.  Pop.  in  1820, 
1,845. 

Harriorpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  east- 
ern extremity  of  Orissa,  capital  of  the  district  of 
Mohurbunge.  It  is  90  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cuttack, 
and  130  W.  S.  W.  of  Calcutta. 

Harrodsbiirg,  a  town  of  Kentucky,  in  Mercer 
county,  at  the  head  of  Salt  river,  30  m.  S.  of  Frank- 
fort. 

Harrow  on  the  Hill,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  on 
the  highest  hill  in  the  county,  commanding  a  de- 
lightful prospect  of  the  metropolis,  10  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  London.     It  has  a  celebrated  free  school. 

Harrotngate,a.  village  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  Eng.  2  m.  W.  of  Knaresborough.  It 
is  famous  for  medicinal  springs,  one  of  which  is 
chalybeate,  and  the  other  the  strongest  sulphure- 
ous water  in  Great  Britain.      Here  are  several 


HAR 


367 


HAR 


larire  buildings,  with  a  theatre,  &c.  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  numerous  visitants  in  the  sum- 
mer. It  is  211  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Pop.  in 
1801,  about], 195,  and  in  1821,  about  1,834. 

Hiirtetiste/m,  a  town  and  castle  of  Upper  Saxony, 
in  Misaia,  6  m.  S.  of  Zwickau. 

Hartford,  a  county  of  Connecticut,  lying  upon 
Connecticut  river,  with  the  northern  part  bound- 
ed by  Massachusetts.  It  contains  about  740 
sq.  tn.     Pop.  51,141.     Hartford    is  the  capital. 

Hartford,  city,  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
and  jointly  with  New-Haven,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  Connecticut.  It  stands  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  Connecticut  at  the  head  of  sloop  navi- 
g'ltion.  Pop.  9,780.  It  is  handsomly  built  and  con- 
tains many  fine  public  edifices,  among  which  are  a 
Gothic  church,  much  admired  for  its  architecture  ; 
a  stite  house,  a  deaf  and  dumb  asylum,  a  retreat 
for  the  insane,  and  a  seminary  called  Washington 
College.  This  institution  was  founded  in  ]82f3. 
It  has  9  instructers  and  70  students.  Its  libraries 
have  0,200  volumes.  It  has  3  vacations  in  April, 
August  and  December,  of  11  weeks.  Com- 
mencement is  in  August.  Hartford  enjoys  a  con- 
siderable commerce  with  Boston,  New  York  and 
the  southern  cities.  The  bookselling  trade  is 
carried  on  here  extensively,  and  there  is  much  in- 
land traffic  with  the  towns  on  the  Connecticut 
and  in  the  neighbourhood.  On  the  opposite  bank 
of  the  river  is  East  Hartford  which  is  connected 
with  the  city  by  a  bridge.  The  inhabitants  point 
out  to  the  stranger  an  ancient  oak  tree  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city  which  bears  the  name 
of  the  Charter  Oak,  from  the  following   circum- 


^fe^^'^^^fc 


m^ 


stance.  In  1686  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  sent  by 
James  IT.  to  seize  the  charters  of  the  New-Eng- 
land colonies.  On  arriving  at  Hartford  he  con- 
vened the  legislature  and  declared  his  mission. 
Delays  were  practised  till  evening,  when  the  in- 
strument was  brought  into  the  hall  and  laid  upon 
the  table,  but  before  Andros  could  lay  his  hand 
upon  it,  a  signal  was  given  and  all  the  lights 
were  immediately  overturned.  When  they  were 
re-lighted  the  charter  was  no-where  to  be  found. 
It  had  been  secretly  conveyed  away  and  hidden 
in  the  tree  above  mentioned,  where  it  remained 
safely  till  the  deposition  of  Andros  and  the  acces- 
sion of  King  William  III. 

Hartford,  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  in  Wash- 
ington Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,420;  in  Oxford  Co. 
Me.  Pop.  1,297;  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,044, 
and  towns  in  Pulaski  Co.  Geo.,  Ohio  Co.  Ken., 
Trumbull  and  Licking  Cos.  Ohio,  and  Dearborn 
Co.  Ind. 

Hartland,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  718. 
Also  a  town  in  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,503  ;  in 
Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,221 ;  and  in  Niagara 
Co    N.  Y.     Pop.  1,584.  * 


Hartleton,  p.t.  Union  Co.  Pa. 

HartsviUe,  villages  in  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  and  Sum 
ner  Co.  Ten. 

HartsviUe,  a  village  of  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y. 

Harticich,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.Y.     Pop.  2.772. 

Harrishurg,  the  seat  of  government  of  the  state 
of  Pennsylvania,  is  in  Daupiiin  Co.  and  situated 
on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  96  m. 
from  Philadelphia.  It  is  regularly  built  and  has 
a  handsome  state  house  and  other  public  edifices. 
A  bridge  here  crosses  the  Susquehanna.  Pop. 
4,311. 

Harrishurg,  is  also  the  name  of  a  township  in 
Lewis  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  712  ;  and  villages  in  Lan- 
caster Dis.  S.  C.  and  Ocatahoola  Parish,  I^oui- 
siana. 

Harrisborov.gh,a  village  of  Richmond  Co.  Geo. 

Harrison,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia, divided  into  East  and  West.  East  Harri- 
son iias  a  pop.  of  10,119,  West  Harrison  4,558. 
Clarksburg  is  the  seat  of  justice  for  both.  Also  a 
county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  13,180.  Also  a  coun- 
ty of  Ohio.  Pop.  20,920.  Cadiz  is  the  chief  town. 
Also  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  10,288.  Cory- 
don  is  the  capital.  Also  the  name  of  18  towns  in 
the  United  States,  13  of  which  are  in  Ohio. 

Harrisonburg,  p. v.  Rockland  Co.  Va. 

Harrisonviile,  p. v.  Monroe  Co.  Illinois. 

Harrisville,v'\\\a.ge.s  in  Butler  Co.  Pa.,  Bruns- 
wick Co.  Va.,  Harrison  and  Medina  Cos.  Ohio. 

Harrodsburg,  p. v.  Mercer  Co.  Kentucky. 

Hart,  a  county  of  Kentucky.     Pop.  5,292. 

Hartland,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  Near  it 
is  Hartland  abbey,  which  includes  the  siie  and 
some  portion  of  the  ancient  abbey.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Bristol  channel,  on  a  promontory  called 
Hartland  Point,  28  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Barnstaple, 
and  217  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Lat.  of  the  point 
55.  1.,  long.  4.  30. 

Hartlepool,  a  sea-port  of  Eng.  in  the  county  of 
Durham,  about  6  m.  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Tees. 
In  the  vicinity  are  coal  mines,  and  a  large  flour 
manufacture.  It  is  seated  on  the  German  Ocean, 
partly  surrounded  by  rocks  and  hills,  19  m.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Durham,  and  258  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Long.  1.10.  W.,  lat.  54.  41.  N. 

Hartley,  a  sea  port  in  Northumberland, Eng.  6  m. 
N.  W.  of  Tynemouth.  Its  prosperity  is  chiefly 
owing  to  the  mineral  productions  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood. A  haven  has  been  constructed  half  a 
mile  to  the  N.  whence  coal  is  shipped  to  London  ; 
and  a  canal  is  cut  through  a  solid  rock  to  the  har- 
bour. Here  are  also  large  salt,  copperas,  and 
glass  works.  About  a  mile  to  the  N.  W.  stands 
Seaton  Delavel,  a  magnificent  and  modern  struc- 
ture, equalled  by  few  in  the  kingdom,  the  interior 
of  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  a  few  years  ago. 

HartsviUe,  p. v.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  Also  a  p.v. 
Sumner  Co.  Tenn. 

Hartwick,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,772. 

Hartz,  a  mountainous  tract  lying  chiefly  in  the 
S.  of  Hanover,  extending  from  Goslar  to  Hartz- 
gerode,  70  m.  long,  and  20  broad.  It  is  part  of 
the  ancient  Sylva  Hercynia,  and  still  covered 
with  large  forests,  the  timber  of  which  is  of  great 
importance  in  supplying  the  numerous  mines,  and 
forges  with  fuel.  (See  Hanover.)  There  are  ma- 
ny natural  curiosities  in  the  Hartz.  The  caverns 
of  Scharsfeld  and  Baumann  are  the  most  interest- 
ing. The  magnetic  rocks  of  llsenstein,  and  the 
Brocken  or  Blocksberg  mountain  also  deserves  no- 
tice, the  latter  of  which  commands  a  prospect  of 
about  8,000  sq.  m. 

Hartzgerode,  or  Harzgerode,  a  town  of  Upper 


HAT 


968 


HAV 


Saxony,  in  the  principality  of  Anhalt-Bernburg, 
situate  near  the  Hartz  mountains.  It  has  a  mine- 
office  and  a  castle,  and  is  23  m.  S.  W.  of  Brenburo-. 
Pop.  about  1,800. 

Harvard,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.     Pop.  1,601. 

Harvard  University.     See  Cambridge. 

Hartcick,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass., on  Barnsta- 
ble Bay.     Pop.  2,464. 

Harwich,  a  sea-port  and  borough  on  the  coast 
of  Essex,  Eng.  It  has  a  capacious  harbour,  in 
which  a  great  number  of  the  largest  ships  may 
anchor,  and  a  convenient  dock  for  the  building  of 
men  of  war.  Much  company  resort  hither  for 
the  purpose  of  sea-bathing,  and  it  is  the  principal 
place  of  embarkation  for  Holland  and  Germany. 
The  entrance  into  the  harbour  is  defended  by  a 
battery  and  Languard  Fort.  The  town  is  seated 
on  a  tongue  of  land,  opposite  the  united  nioutlis 
of  the  Stour  and  Orwell,  which  are  navigable  12 
m.  above  the  town,  42  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Chelmsford, 
and  17  E.  N.  E.  of  London.  Long.  1. 13.  E.,  lat. 
51.  56.  N.    Pop.  about  4,010. 

Harwinton,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  Pop. 
1,516. 

Haslemere,  a  borough  in  Surry,  Eng.  12  m.  S. 
W.  of  Guildford,  and  42  of  London.  It  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.     Pop.  in  1821,  about  880. 

HasUngden,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  with 
considerable  manufactures  of  linen,  woolen,  and 
cotton  It  is  16  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Manchester,  and 
204  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Hnssdt,  a  fortified  town  of  Holland,  in  Ove- 
ryssel,  seated  on  the  Vecht,  6  m.  N.  of  Zwoll. 

Hasselt,  is  also  the  name  of  a  town  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, in  the  province  of  Liege,  15  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Mcestricht.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Hasscr,  or  Asocrghur,  a  town  and  fortress  of 
Hindoostan,  province  of  Candeish,  20  m.  N.  of 
Burhampoor. 

Hassfurt,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Wurtzburg,  on  the  N.  fZ.  bank  of  the  river 
Maine,  8  m.  E.  of  Schvveinfurt.  Pop.  about 
1,jOO. 

Hasslach,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  Brisgau,  on 
the  river  Kintzig,  14  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gengenbach, 
20  N.  E.  of  Friburg. 

Hastcnhcck,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  near  which  ihe  French  gain- 
ed a  victory  over  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  in  1757. 
It  is  5  m.  S.  E.  of  Hamelin. 

Hastings,  a  borough  on  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Sussex,  Eng.  It  is  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports, 
and  had  once  a  castle,  now  in  ruins.  The  harbour, 
formerly  of  much  consequence,  is  now  only  an 
indifferent  road  for  small  vessels.  The  town  is 
commanded  by  a  strong  fort,  has  two  churches, 
and  is  a  fashionable  watering  place,  which  is  now 
the  chief  source  of  its  prosperity.  In  1066,  a 
bloody  battle  was  fought  here,  between  Harold  II. 
of  England,  and  William,  duke  of  Normandy,  in 
which  the  former  lost  his  life  and  kingdom.  Has- 
tings sends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is 
seated  between  a  high  cliff  towards  tlie  sea,  and  a 
high  hill  towards  the  land  side,  24  m.  of  Lewes, 
and  64  S  S.  E.  of  London.  Long.  0.  38.  E.,  lat. 
50.  52.  N. 

Hatborough,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Hatchersville,  p.v.  Chesterfield  Co.  Va. 

Hatches,  p.v.  Onslow  Co.  N.  C.  Also  a  town- 
ship in  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Hatchy,  a  tributary  stream  of  the  Mississippi, 
which  it  joins  in  Tennessee. 

Hatfield,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  on  the  W. 
tide  of  the  Connecticut,  nearly  opposite  Hadley, 


to  which  place  there  is  a  ferry.     It  is  5  m.    of 
Northampton.     Pop.  893. 

Hatfield,  a  to\i|p  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  It  for- 
merly belonged  to  the  bishop  of  Ely,  m  whose 
palace  Elizabeth  resided,  and  was  thence  conduct- 
ed, on  the  death  of  Mary,  to  ascend  the  throne. 
She  procured  the  alienation  of  this  manor;  and 
James  I.  exchanged  it  with  Sir  Robert  Cecil,  af 
terwards  earl  of  Salisbury,  for  Theobald  ;  and  on 
the  site  of  the  episcopal  palace,  that  nobleman 
built  the  magnificent  seat  called  Hatfield-house. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Lea,  20  m.  N.  by  W.  ot 
London. 

HatJiaz,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  county  of 
Szaboltz,  11  m.  N.  of  Debretzin.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  are  about  4,000,  and  chiefly  Calvinists. 

Hatherley,  or  Hatherlcigh,  a  corporate  town  in 
Devonshire,  Eng.  with  a  woolen  manufacture. 
It  is  sealed  on  the  river  Oke,  28  m.  N.  W.  of  Exeter, 
and  200  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Hatras,  a  fort  and  tower  of  Hindoostan,  province 
of  Agra,  18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Coel,  and  35  N.  E.  of 
Agra. 

/fftttem,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Gelderland,  seated 
on  the  Yssel,  4  m.  S.  W.  of  Zwoll.  Pop.  about 
2,400. 

Hatteras,  a  cape  on  the  coast  of  North  Carolina, 
in  the  lat.  35.  7.  N.,  and  long.  75.  30.  It  is  beset 
with  dangerous  shoals. 

Hattigcn,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county 
of  Mark,  seated  on  the  Roer,  22  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Dusseldorf.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Hatvan,  a  town  and  fort  of  Upper  Hungary 
seated  on  a  mountain,  28  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Buda. 

Hatzfeld,  a  town   and   castle  of  Germany,   in 
Upper  Hesse,  capital  of  a  county   of  its  name 
seated  on  the  Eder,  17  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Marburg 
and  60  N.  E.  of  Coblentz. 

Havana,  a  city  and  sea-port  on  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Cuba,  two  m.  in  circumference,  and  the  capital 
of  the  island.  The  houses  are  elegant,  built  of 
stone,  and  there  are  11  churches  richly  ornament- 
ed, 2  hospitals,  a  dock-yard,  lazaretto,  and  other 
public  buildings.  The  harbour  is  capable  of  con 
taining  upwards  of  1,000  vessels,  and  the  entranc* 
which  is  so  narrow  that  only  one  ship  can  enter 
at  a  time,  is  defended  by  two  strong  forts,  called 
the  Moro  and  the  Puntal ;  there  are  also  many 
other  forts  and  platforms,  well  furnished  with  ar- 
tillery. A  citadel  of  great  strength  is  erected 
near  the  centre  of  the  town,  which  contains  the 
captain  general's  palace,  and  where  the  treasure 
is  deposited.  Here  all  the  ships  that  come  from 
the  Spanish  settlements  rendezvous  on  their  return 
to  Spain.  This  city  was  taken  by  the  English  in 
1762,  but  restored  to  the  Spaniards  in  1763.  It  is 
seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  harbour,  and  water- 
ed by  two  branches  of  the  river.  This  town  ex- 
ceeds, in  point  of  commerce,  every  other  town  in 
Spanish  America.  Pop.  about  70,000.  Lat.  of 
fort  Moro,  28.  9.,  long.  82.  15. 

Hcivant,  a  town  in  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Hamp- 
shire, Eng.  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Portsmouth,  and  66  S. 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  in  1821,  2,099. 

Havelberg,  a  town  in  Brandenberg,  in  the  mark 
of  Pregnitz,  seated  on  the  Havel,  near  its  conflux 
with  the  Elbe.  Many  vessels  for  the  navigation 
of  the  Elbe  are  built  here,  and  great  quantities  of 
wood  sent  hence  to  Hamburg.  It  is  37  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Brandenburg.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Havcrford,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.  Pa. 

Haverfordwest,  a  borough  of  Wales,  in  Pem 
brokeshire,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  high  hill.  It 
is  a  county  of  itself,  governed  by  a  mayor,  con 


HAV 


369 


HAT 


tains  three  parish  churclies,  and  has  a  considera- 
ble trade,  and  sends  one  member  to  parliament. 
The  assizes  and  county  gaol  are  kept  here ;  and 
it  had  once  a  wall  and  castle,  now  in  ruins,  the 
latter  built  in  the  reign  of  Stephen.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Cfeddnw,  which  is  navigable  for  vessels  of 
small  burden  as  high  as  the  bridge,  and  which  soon 
after  enters  a  creek  of  Milford  haven,  15  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  St.  David,  and  263  W.  by  N.  of  London. 
Long.  5.  0.  W.,  lat.  51.  50.  N. 

Haverhill,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Con- 
necticut, 3o  m.  N.  W.  of  Dartmouth  College. 
Pop.  2,153. 

Haverhill,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Merrimack, 
12  m.  above  Newburyport.  Pop.  3,912.  This  is 
a  pleasantly  situated  town  and  has  considerable 
ship  building  and  trade  by  the  river.  It  was  set- 
tled in  lt>40  and  suffered  much  in  the  early  Indian 
wars.  In  1698  the  Indians  attacked  and  set  fire 
to  the  town.  A  troop  of  them  approached  the 
house  of  a  Mr.  Dustan,  who  at  that  time  was 
abroad  in  the  fields.  He  flew  to  the  house,  which 
contained  his  wife  and  eight  children.  He  direct- 
ed the  children  to  escaj>e  as  fast  as  possible  while 
he  attempted  to  save  his  wife  who  was  sick  in  bed. 
Before  this  could  be  done,  the  savages  were  at 
hand.  He  flew  to  the  door,  mounted  his  horse, 
seized  his  gun  and  hastened  away  with  his  chil- 
dren.    The  Indians  pursued  and  fired  upon  them, 


but  Dustan  returned  the  fire  and  keeping  himself 
in  the  rear  of  his  troop  of  little  ones  held  the 
savages  at  bay  till  he  had  retreated  to  a  place  of 
safety.  Mrs.  Dustan  with  her  infant,  six  days 
old  and  their  nurse,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  In- 
dians. 

The  child  was  soon  dashed  against  a  tree  and 
killed.  The  Indians  divided  into  several  parties 
for  subsistence  ;  and  Mrs.  D.ustan  and  her  nurse, 
and  a  boy  taken  from  Worcester,  fell  to  the  lot  of 
a  family  of  twelve,  with  whom  they  travelled 
through  the  wilderness  to  an  island  at  the  mouth  of 
Contoocook  river,  in  the  town  of  Boscawen,  N. 
H.  wliere  they  encamped  for  the  night.  Just  be- 
fore daylight,  finding  the  whole  company  in  a  pro- 
found sleep,  she  arose  and  armed  herself  and  com- 
panions with  the  Indian  tomahawks,  which  they 
wielded  with  such  destructive  effect,  that  ten  of 
the  twelve  were  instantly  despatched  ;  one  woman 
esi,apiiig,  whom  they  thought  they  had  killed,  and 
a  favourite  buy  was  designedly  left.  They  took 
the  scalps  of  the  conquered  enemy,  and  taking 
a  canoe  for  their  own  use,  and  cutting  holes 
in  one  or  more  that  were  left,  to  prevent  pursuit, 
they  descended  the  river,  and  arrived  home  in 
safety.  She  received  a  reward  of  50  pounds  from 
the  treasury  of  the  colony'.  The  place  whence 
they  were  taken,  is  about  one  m.  north  of  the  town; 
it  is  still  owned  by  her  descendants,  and  part  ot 
the  house  is  still  standing. 
47 


Hareril,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  on  the  bordeni 
of  Essex,  with  a  manufacture  of  checks,  cottons, 
and  fustians.  It  is  16  m.  S.  W.  of  Bury,  and  59 
N.  E.  of  London. 

Haverstraw,  p.t.  Rockland  Co.  N.  T.,  on  the 
Hudson.     Pop.  2,306. 

Havre  de  Grace,  a  very  important  and  commer- 
cial sea-port  of  France,  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Seine,  with  a  strong  citadel,  a  good  arsenal,  and 
storehouses  for  the  construction  and  arming  of 
ships.  It  is  surrounded  by  lofty  walls,  and  large 
ditches  filled  with  water.  The  harbour  has  par- 
ticular advantages  above  all  others  on  the  coast ; 
for  the  water  does  not  begin  to  ebb  till  near  three 
hours  aft#r  the  full  tide.  It  is  capable  of  contain- 
ing a  great  number  of  the  largest  vessels.  This 
town  was  bombarded  by  the  English  in  1694  and 
1759.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  45 
m.  W.  of  Rouen,  and  112  N.  W.  of  Paris,  of  which 
it  is  the  sea-port.  Long.  0. 6.  E.,  lat.  49.  29.  N. 
Pop.  21,000. 

Havre  de  Grace,  a  town  of  Maryland,  in  Hart- 
ford county,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Susquehanna, 
at  the  head  of  Chesapeak  bay,  37  m.  N.  E.  of  Bal- 
timore. 

Hansen,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  Brisgan,  on  the 
river  Kintsig,  22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Friburff. 

Hausnickriertel,  on  the  quarter  of  ifausruck,  a 
circle  of  Upper  Austria,  bounded  on  the  N.  E.  by 
the  Danube,  S.  E.  by  the  quarter  of  Traun,  S.  W. 
by  Bavaria,  and  N.  W.  by  the  quarter  of  Inn, 
comprising  a  superficies  of  733  square  m.  Pop. 
about  109,000.     The  chief  town  is  Lintz. 

Hauterive,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Garonne,  seated  on  the  Arriege,  18  m. 
S.  of  Toulouse. 

Haioarden,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  with 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  earthenware,  and  a 
foundery  for  cannon.  On  an  eminence  between 
the  town  and  the  river  Dee,  are  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle.  It  is  7  m.  W.  of  Chester,  and  196 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Hawick,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburghshire, 
with  manufactures  of  carpeting,  woolen  stockings, 
and  tape.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tiviot,  where  it  re- 
ceives the  small  river  Slitridge,  by  which  it  is  di- 
vided into  two  parts,  and  over  which  there  are  two 
bridges.  It  has  a  parish  church,  and  three  chap- 
els for  dissenters.  It  is  21  m.  S.  W.  of  Kelso, 
and  47  S.  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh. 

Hatcke,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.,  2  Om.  S.  W. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  o2S. 

Hawkesbury,  a  river  of  New  Holland,  which 
empties  itself  into  Broken  Bay,  on  the  eastern 
coast.  It  is  navigable  upwards  of  100  m.  for  small 
vessels.     See  Broken  Bay. 

Haickskead,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  Here 
is  a  neat  town  house,  and  an  excellent  free  school, 
founded  by  archbishop  Sandys,  a  native  of  this 
place.  It  is  24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Lancaster,  and 
276  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

HaickiJis,  a  county  of  East  Tennessee,  border- 
ing on  Virginia,  watered  by  the  rivers  Holston 
and  Clinch.  Pop.  10,949.  Rogersville,  is  the 
chief  town. 

Haidey,   p.t.  Franklin    Co.  Mass.    Pop.  1,037. 

Haics-water,  a  lake  in  Westmorland,  Eng.  S.  of 
Penrith,  3  m.  long,  and  half  a  mile  over  income 
places.  It  is  almost  divided  in  the  middle  by  a 
promontory  of  inclosures,  so  that  it  consists  of  2 
sheets  of  water.  .  ' 

Hay,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Brecknockshiie.  It  had 
a  fine  castle,  now  demolished^  and  about  3  m.  be- 
low is  th«  ruin  of  Clifford  castle,  where  fair  Rosa- 


HEB 


376 


HEI 


mond  was  born.  Hay  is  seated  on  the  Wje,  over 
which  there  is  a  bridge, 15  m.  N.  E.  of  Brecknock, 
and  15fi  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Haycock,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 

Haijmurket,  p. v.  Prince  William  Co.  Va.  Also 
a.  village  in  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio. 

Hayes,  a  township  of  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Haye,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Indre  and  Loire.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Des  Car- 
tes, and  seated  on  the  Creuse,  25  m.  S.  of  Tours. 

Harjn.     See  Orossenha.yn. 

Hayjiiehen,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  30  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  about  2,450. 

Haysvillc,  p. v.  Franklin  Co.  N.  C. 

Haywood,  a  western  county  of  North  Carolina. 
Pop.  4,59').  Also  a  county  of  West  Tennessee. 
Pop.  5,356.     Brownville  is  the  capital. 

Haytcoodshorough,  p. v.  Chatham  Co.  N.  C. 

Hayti.     See  Domingo,  St. 

Hazehronck,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  18  m.  W.  of  Lisle,  and  19  S.  of  Dunkirk. 
Pop.  7,000. 

Headford,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Gahvay,42  m.  N.  of  Galway. 

Hean,  a  town  of  Tonquin,  on  the  river  Hoti,  20 
m.  S.  E.  of  Cachao,  and  GO  N.  W.  of  the  gulf  of 
Tonquin. 

Heap,  a  township  of  England,  in  Lancashire, 
3  m.  S.  K.  of  Bury,  and  194  N.  W.  by  N.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  in  1801,  4,283,  and  in  1821,  G,000. 

//ea«/t,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.    Pop.  1,199. 

Hebrides,  or  Western  Islands,  a  large  cluster  of 
islands,  situated  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Scotland,  extending  from  the  lat.  of 
55.  17.  N.,  to  58.  29.  They  are  upwards  of  300 
in  number,  and  contain  about  2,000,000  acres. 
The  chief  of  these  are,  Lewis  and  its  circumjacent 
islands,  belonging  to  Rosshire  ;  Harris,  N.  and 
S.  Uist,  Benbecuiar,  St.  Kilda,  Bara,  Sky,  Raaza 
and  Egg,  attached  to  Inverness-shire  ;  Cana,  Rum, 
Muck,  Coll,  Tirey,  Mull,  Jura,  Colonsay,  Isla, 
Gighu,  and  Cara,  belonging  to  Argyleshire  ;  and 
Bute,  Arran,  Greater  and  Less  Cambray,and  In- 
charmock,  which  compose  the  shire  of  Bute.  The 
ancient  history  of  the  Hebrides  is  connected  with 
much  uncertainty.  They  were  governed  by  inde- 
pendent princes  of  their  own,  until  the  destruction 
of  the  Picts,  by  Kenneth  II.,  and  for  several  cen- 
turies were  the  resort  of  pirates  ;  and  their  chief- 
tains were  long  lawless  and  seditious,  till  they 
were  at  last  brought  under  the  controul  of  the 
royal  power.  The  influence  of  the  independent 
chieftains  of  the  Western  Isles  was  completely 
destroyed  by  the  act  of  parliament  in  1748,  which 
abolished  all  heritable  jurisdictions.  About  86 
are  inhabited,  and  are  computed  to  contain  about 
70,000  inhabitants. 

Hebridees,  JVew,  islands  in  the  South  Pacific 
Ocean,  lying  between  14.  29.  and  20.  4.  S.  lat.,  and 
166.  41.  and  170.  21.  E.  long.  They  were  discover- 
ed by  Quiros,  in  1606,  and  considered  as  part  of  a 
southern  continent,  under  the  name  of  Tierra 
Australba,  del  Espiritu  Santo.  Bougainville  vis- 
ited them  in  17()8,  and  found  that  the  land  was 
not  connected  but  composed  of  islands,  which  he 
called  the-'Great  Cyclades.  Cook,  in  ]774,ascer- 
taine^tkefeTctent  and  situation  of  the  whole  group 
and^ftv^ihem  the  name  they  now  bear.  The 
^pHBcjpal .  Islands  are  Tierra  del  Espiritu  Santo, 
and  MaHi(y)llo,  -beside  several  of  less  note,  some 
of  whiA  are  fr«ri#18  to  25  leagues  in  circuit.  In 
generaMlfey  Sre"  Btrh^  and  mountainous,  abound- 
ing wfth  wbod,'w.'rar,  and  the  usual  productions 
of  the  tropical  islands.     The  inhabitants  are  of 


very  different  appearances  at  different  islands , 
but  are  chiefly  of  a  slender  make  and  dark  col- 
our, and  most  of  them  have  frizzled  hair.  Their 
canoes  and  houses  are  small,  and  poorly  construct  • 
ed ;  and  except  their  arms,  they  have  scarcely 
any  manufacture,  not  even  for  clothing.  They 
are,  however,  hospitable  and  good-natured,  when 
not  prompted  to  a  contrary  conduct  by  the  jeal- 
ousy which  the  unusual  appearance  of  European 
visitors  may  be  supposed  to  excite. 

Hebron,  a  town  of  Syria,  in  Palestine,  with  a 
Christian  church,  said  to  contain  the  tombs  of 
Abraham  and  Sarah,  to  which  the  Mahometans, 
as  well  as  Christians,  come  on  pilgrimage.  Con-  • 
stantine  built  a  church  here,  the  walls  of  which 
are  still  standing.     It  is  25  m.  S.  of  Jerusalem. 

Hebron,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  915.  Also 
a  town  in  Grafton  Co.  N  H.  Pop.  538.  Also  a 
p.t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,939.  Also  a  p.t. 
Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  50  m.  N.  E.  Albany. 
Pop.  2,685. 

Hechingen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Suabia,  which 
gives  name  to  a  branch  of  the  family  of  Hohen- 
zollern,  and  is  the  residence  of  the  prince.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Starzel,  4  m.  N.  of  Hohenzollern, 
and  30  S.  of  Stuttgard.     Pop.  about  2,600. 

Hecla,  Mount.     See  Iceland. 

Hector,  p.t.  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  5,212. 

Hcdemora,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Dalecarlia, 
with  a  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  seated  on  the 
Dahl,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Fahlun. 

Hedon,  a  borough  in  East  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Humber,  6  m.  E.  of 
Hull,  and  179  N.  by  W.  of  London.  It  sends 
two  members  to  parliament. 

Hedsjaz,  or  Hejaz,  a  division  of  Arabia,  ex- 
tending along  the  Red  Sea,  from  Arabia  Petrsea 
to  Yemen.  It  contains  Mecca,  the  capital,  and 
Medina. 

Heermund,  or  Hindmend,  a  river  of  Persia,  in 
the  province  of  Sigistan,  which  after  a  westerly 
course  of  about  400  m.  falls  into  the  lake  of 
Zereh  or  Durrah. 

Heidelberg,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 
Also  a  village  in  Lebanon  Co.  and  a  township  in 
York  Co.  Pa. 

Heidelberg,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Rhine,  with  a  celebrated  university.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woolen  stuffs,  carpets,  silk 
stockings,  velvet,  and  soap.  It  was  the  capital 
of  the  palatinate,  and  celebrated  for  a  great  tun, 
which  held  800  hogsheads.  The  city  has  undergone 
so  many  calamities  by  war  and  fire,  that  it  is  not 
so  large  as  formerly.  The  protestant  electoral 
house  becoming  extinct  in  1693,  a  bloody  war 
ensued,  in  which  the  castle  was  ruined,  and  the 
elector  removed  his  residence  to  Manheim. 
The  French  took  possession  of  this  town  in  1800, 
and  in  1803  it  was  given  to  the  elector  of  Baden. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  over  which  is  abridge, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Manheim,  and  52  S.  of  Frankfort. 
Pop.  about  10,000. 

Heidelsheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Rhine,  17  m.  S.  of  Heidelburg.  Pop.  about 
1,800. 

Heilbron,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  kingdom  or 
Wurtemberg.  It  is  a  handsome  place  situate  in 
a  country  yielding  good  wine,  and  derives  great 
advantages  from  its  baths.  It  stands  on  the 
Neckar,  25  m.  N.  of  Stuttgard.  Pop.  about 
6,000. 

Hcilbrunn,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Anspach,  with  a  medicinal  spring,  10 
ra.  £.  N.  E.  of  Anspach. 


HEL 


371 


aCL 


ffeiligenheil,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  pro- 
rince  of  Natangen.  It  is  famous  for  fine  beer 
and  white  bread,  and  seated  on  a  small  river 
which  soon  after  enters  the  Frisch  Haff,  32  ra.  S. 
W.  of  Konigsberg. 

ndligenbers,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Fufstenberg,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  Con- 
stance. 

Heiligcnhafen,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in 
Holstein,  seated  on  the  Baltic,  opposite  the  isl- 
and of  Femeren,  40  m.  N.  of  Lubec.  Lat.  54. 
27.  N.,  long.  10.48.  E. 

Hedigcnstadt,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  capi- 
tal of  the  territory  of  Eichfeld,  with  a  castle  and 
a  college.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Geisland  with  the  Leine,  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Got- 
tingen. 

He'dsbertr,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province 
of  Ermeland.  In  1703  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden 
fixed  his  head-quarters  here.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Alia,  45  m.  S.  of  Konigsberg. 

Helder,  a  town  of  North  Holland,  with  a  strong 
fort  which  defends  the  entrance  of  the  Texel. 
In  September,  1799,  the  fort  was  taken  by  the 
English,  and  the  whole  of  the  Dutch  fleet  lying 
in  the  Texel  surrendered  to  them,  for  the  service 
of  the  prince  of  Orange  ;  but  the  English  aban- 
doned the  fort  in  November  following.  It  is 
situate  on  the  N.  W.  point  of  the  province,  op- 
posite the  W.  end  of  Texel  island,  24  m.  N.  of 
Alcmaer,  and  45  N.  by  W.  of  Amsterdam.  Long. 
4.  34.  E.,  lat.  53.  0.  N. 

Helena,  p. v.  Phillips  Co.  Arkansas. 

Helena,  St.  an  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  27 
m.  in  circuit,  belonging  to  the  English  East  India 
Companv.  It  lies  between  the  continents  of 
Africa  and  Saulh  America,  about  1,200  m.  W.  of 
the  former,  and  1,800  E.  of  the  latter;  and  was 
disfovered  by  the  Portuguese,  in  1-501,  on  St. 
Helena's  day.  Afterward  the  Dutch  v/«re  In 
possession  of  it  till  1600,  when  they  were  ex- 
pelled by  the  English.  In  1673  the  Dutch  re- 
took it  by  surprise  ;  but  it  was  soon  after  recov- 
ered. It  has  some  high  mountains,  particularly 
one  called  Diana  Peak,  which  is  covered  with 
wood  to  tiie  very  top.  There  are  other  hills  also, 
which  bear  evident  marks  of  a  volcanic  origin, 
and  some  have  huge  rocks  of  lava,  and  a  kind  of 
half  vitrified  flags.  The  climate  of  St.  Helena 
is  temperate,  being  exempted  from  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold,  from  thunder  and  lightning 
and  hurricanes.  It  is  moist,  however,  and  only 
about  one  day  in  three  is  illumined  by  sunshine. 
The  interior  valleys  and  little  hills  are  covered 
with  verdure,  and  interspersed  with  gardens, 
orchards,  and  various  plantations.  There  are 
also  many  pastures,  surrounded  by  inclosures  of 
stone  and  filled  with  a  fine  breed  of  small  cattle,  and 
with  English  sheep  ;  goats  and  poultry  are  like- 
wise numerous.  Tlie  inhabitants  do  not  exceed 
3,000,  including  nearly  oOO  soldiers,  and  1,600 
blacks,  who  are  supplied  with  corn  and  manufac- 
tures by  the  Company's  ships  in  return  for  re- 
freshments. The  town,  called  James-town,  is 
small,  situated  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  island,  between  two  steep,  dreary 
mountains.  The  principal  street  is  well  built  and 
contains  about  30  houses,  at  the  top  of  which 
two  other  streets  branch  off"  to  the  east  and  west. 
In  the  latter  are  the  barracks,  the  hospital,  and 
several  shops,  stored  with  every  kind  of  com- 
modities. On  the  left  side  of  the  parade  are 
situated  the  govermnent-house  and  the  main 
guard-room,  in  the  former  of  which  the  gover- 


nor and  public  officers  reside.  The  church  is 
situated  in  front  of  the  gateway,  by  which  the 
town  is  entered,  and  near  it  there  is  a  small 
theatre.  St.  Helena  is  particularly  celebrated 
for  having  been  the  prison  of  Napoleon,  the  late 
emperor  of  France,  and  for  being  the  place  in 
which  he  breathed  his  last,  and  where  his  mortal 
remains  are  deposited.  He  died  in  May, 
1821.  Lat.  of  James-town,  16.  55.  S.,  long.  5.  43. 
Helena,  St.  one  of  a  cluster  of  islands  on  the 
coast  of  S.  Carolina,  composing  the  parish  of  St. 
Helena,  in  the  district  of  Beaufort.     Pop.  8,799 

Helens,  St.  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  at  the 
E.  end  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  2  m.  N.  E.  of  Bra- 
ding.  It  has  a  bay  or  road  of  considerable  note 
as  a  rendezvous  for  ships  that  are  outward 
bound. 

Helens,  St.  a  village  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  3  m. 
N.  E.  of  Prescot.  In  and  near  it  are  a  variety  of 
manufactures  ;  particularly  an  extensive  copper- 
work,  and  a  still  larger  one  at  Bavenhead,  for 
casting  plate-glass.  The  Sankey  canal  begins  at 
the  coalmines  here,  and  takes  a  circuitous  course 
by  Newton  to  the  Mersey,  below  "Warrington. 

Helier,  St.  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Jersey, 
seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  bay  of  St.  Anbin,  with 
a  harbour  and  a  stone  pier.  It  has  of  late  rapid- 
ly increased  from  a  small  village  to  a  respectable 
town.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  to  be  10,000, 
and  have  manufactures  of  woolen,  stockings,  and 
caps.  At  the  top  of  the  market-place  is  the  statue 
of  George  II. ;  and  in  the  church,  where  prayers 
are  read  alternately  in  English  and  French,  is  a 
monument  to  the  in^napry  of  major  Pierson,  wIjo 
fell  here'in  the  moment  of  victory.  Besides  the 
church  there  are  chapels  for  dissenters.  There 
are  three  gazettes  published  weekly  in  French, 
and  one  in  English.  Long.  1.  58.  W.,  lat.  49.  11. 
N.     See  Jersey. 

Helier,  St.  a  little  island  near  the  town  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  bay  of  St.  Aubin,  on  the  S. 
side  of  Jersey.  It  took  its  name  from  Elerius,  or 
Helier,  a  holy  man  who  lived  in  this  island,  and 
was  slain  by  the  Pagan  Normans.  His  cell,  with 
the  stone  bed,  is  still  shown  among  the  rocks; 
and  in  memory  of  him,  a  noble  abbey  was  founded 
here.  On  the  site  of  this  abbey  now  stands  Eliz- 
abeth castle,  the  residence  of  the  governor,  and 
garrison  of  Jersey.  It  occupies  the  whole  is- 
land, which  is  near  a  mile  in  circuit,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  the  sea  at  every  half  flood  ;  and  hence, 
at  low  water,  is  a  passage  to  the  town  of  St.  He- 
lier, called  the  Bridge,  half  a  mile  long,  formed 
of  sand  and  stones. 

Heligoland,  or  Helgoland,  a  group  of  small  is- 
lands in  the  German  Ocean,  off  the  coast  of  Den- 
mark, to  which  they  formerly  belonged  ;  but  now 
to  Great  Britian.  They  are  situated  about  28  m. 
from  the  Weser,  the  Elbe,  and  the  Eyder.  The 
principal  island  which  is  divided  into  the  Cliff 
and  Lowland,  is  about  2  m.  and  a  half  in  circum- 
ference, and  on  it  is  erected  a  light-house,  which 
is  visible  nearly  30  m.  distant.  Heligoland  has 
two  good  harbours,  and  to  the  east  of  the  smaller 
island,  called  the  Downs,  is  good  anchorage  in 
48  feet  of  water.  The  number  of  inhabitants  ia 
about  2,000  who  live  chiefly  by  fishing  and  acting 
as  pilots.  Lat.  of  the  light-house,  54. 11 .  N.,  long. 
7.55. 

Heliopolis,  or  Materea,  a  village  of  Egypt,  4  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Cairo,  where  the  French  gained  ade 
cisive  victory  over  the  Turks  in  1800.  Here  id 
a  celebrated  spring  of  fresh  water,  said  to  be  the 
only  one  in  Egypt;   and,  according  to  tradition 


HEL 


372 


HEN 


the  Holy  Family  came  here  on  their  flight 
from  Herod,  and  bathed  the  child  Jesus  in  this 
fountain. 

Hellam,  a  township  of  York  Co.  Pa. 

Hellcrstown,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 

HeUeh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Irak  Ara- 
oi,  situate  on  both  sides  of  the  Euphrates,  with  a 
bridge  of  communication.  It  is  supposed  to  stand 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Babylon.  The  surround- 
ing gardens  are  so  covered  with  fruit  trees,  par- 
ticularly palms,  that  the  town  appears  as  if  seated 
in  a  wood.  It  is  73  m.  S.  by  E  of  Bagdad.  Pop. 
about  12,000. 

IleUgate,  a  strait  near  the  W.  end  of  Long  Is- 
land Sound,  8  m.  N.  by  E.  of  New  York.  It  is 
narrow  and  crooked,  with  a  bed  of  rocks  extend- 
ing quite  across  ;  but,  at  proper  times  of  the  tide, 
ships  of  any  burden  may  pass  through  this 
straight. 

Hclliii,  a  town  of  Spain,  province  of  Murcia,  44 
m.  N.  W.  of  .Viurcia.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Helviershausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Low- 
er Hesse,  on  the  river  Diemel,  20  m.  N.  of  Cassel. 

Helmont,  a  town  of  Dutch  Brabant,  with  a 
strong  castle,  on  the  Aa,  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Bois  le 
Duc.°Pop.  about 25,000. 

Helmsdale,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  issues 
from  several  mountain-lakes  in  Sutherlandshire, 
and  rolls  over  its  rocky  bottom  to  the  Ord  of 
Caithness.  At  its  mouth  in  the  German  Ocean  is 
a  good  salmon  fishery. 

Helmsley,  a  town  in  the  north  riding  of  York- 
shire. It  h;i6  the  remains  of  a  castle,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Rye,  20  m.  N.  of  York,  and  218  N.  by 
W.  of  London.     Pop.  about  1,500. 

Hdmstadt.  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  with  a  university,  22  m.  E. 
of  Brunswick.     Pop.  5,300. 

Helsinhurgh,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen, 
seated  on  the  Sound,  nearly  opposite  Elsinore. 
Here  is  a  ferry  across  the  Sound  to  Denmark, 
and  it  has  manufactures  of  ribands,  hats,  and  boots. 
It  is  5  m.  N.  E.  of  Elsinore  and  32  N.  W.  of 
Lund.  Pop.  about  2,000.  Long.  12.  4S.  K.,  lat. 
56.  3.  N. 

^  Helsinfors,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  Finland, 
and  the  chief  town  in  tlie  province  of  Nyland. 
It  has  a  commodious  harbour  in  tlie  gulf  of  Fin- 
land, and  an  immense  fortress.  It  is  110  m.  E  S. 
E.  of  Abo.  Long.  25.  E.,  lat.  60.  5.  N.  Pop. 
3,200. 

Helsigia,  or  Hdaingland,  a  province  of  Swed- 
en, in  Nordland,  210  m.  in  length,  between  Dale- 
carlia  and  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  from  50  to  80 
in  breadth,  and  comprises  a  superficies  of  about 
4,470  square  miles.  It  has  extensive  forests  and 
many  iron  mines.  The  chief  articles  of  trade  are 
iron,  flax,  linen,  tallow,  butter,  tar,  deal,  and  tim- 
ber. Pop.  about  52,000.  The  principal  town  is 
Hudswickswald. 

Helston,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,Eng.  It  stands 
on  the  river  Loe,near  its  entrance  into  Mount  Bay, 
and  is  one  of  the  towns  appointed  for  the  coinage 
of  tin.  A  little  below  it  is  a  harbour,  where  ves- 
sels take  in  their  lading.  It  sends  two  members 
to  parliament.  It  is  11  m.  S.  W.  of  Falmouth, 
and  274  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Long.  5.  15.  E., 
lat.  50.  7.  N.    Pop.  about  2,000. 

Helvetia.   See   Sicitzerland. 

Helvoctslvys,  a  strong  sea-port  of  South  Holland, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Voorn.  Here  some 
of  the  Dutch  men  of  war  are  laid  up  in  ordinary ; 
and  it  is  the  general  port  for  the  English  packets 
from  Haxwicn  to  Holland.    It  surrendered  to  the 


French  in  1795;  and  is  7  m.  S.  by  W.  of  BrieL 
Long.4.0.E.,  lat.  51.46.  N. 

Hampsted,  or  Hemel  Hempsted,&coTpoTa.te  town 
in  Hertfordshire,  seated  among  hills  on  tlie  river 
Gade,  18  m.  W.  of  Hertford,  and  23  N.  W.  of 
London.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Hem,  a  city  of  Syria,  surrounded  by  walls  3  m. 
in  circuit ;  but  the  present  buildings  only  take 
up  about  a  quarter  of  the  area  in  the  N.  W.  quar- 
ter. To  the  S.  of  the  town  is  a  large  ruined  cas- 
tle, on  a  high  round  mount,  faced  with  stone. 
It  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  which  runs  into  the 
Orentes,  100  m.  S.  of  Aleppo. 

Htmpjield,  a  township  of  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 
Also  a  township  in  Westmoreland  Co.    Pa. 

Hempstead,  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  1,423. 
Arkansas  is  the  chief  town. 

Hempstead,  p.t.  Queens  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Is- 
land. Pop.  6,215. 

Henderson, Si  county  in  the  western  part  of  Ken- 
tucky, on  the  S.  E.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  and  inter- 
sected, by  the  Green  River.  Pop.  6,649.  Hen- 
dersonville  is  the  chief  town ;  138  ra.  W.  by  S.  of 
Frankfort. 

Henderson,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
8,741.  Lexington  is  the  capital. 

Henderson,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,428. 
Also  a  village  in  Montgomery  Co.  N.  C. 

Hendersonsville,  villages  in  Nottoway  Co.  Va., 
Newbury  Dis.  S.  C.  and  Sumner  Co.  Ten. 

Hendricksville,  p. v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Va. 

Heneagas,  Great  and  Little,  two  of  the  most 
southern  of  the  Bahama  Islands.  Lat.  of  the 
former,  S.  W.  point,  20.56.  N.,long.  73.  40.  W., 
lat.  of  the  latter,  W.  point,  21.  29.  N.,  long.  73.  6. 

Heng-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Hou-quang.  The  chief  manu- 
facture is  paper.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Heng, 
265  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Canton. 

Henin  Leitard,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Pas  de  Calais,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Douay.  Pop. 
about  2,400. 

Henley  upon  Thames,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire, 
Eng.  The  church  is  a  large  ancient  building, 
the  tower  of  which  was  built  by  Cardinal  Wolsey  ; 
the  houses  are  modern  and  the  streets  spacious 
The  principal  trade  is  in  corn,  flour,  malt 
and  beech  wood.  It  is  seated  on  the  Thames 
over  which  is  an  elegant  stone  bridge,  24  m.  S.  E. 
of  Oxford,  and  35  W.  of  London. 

Henley,  or  Henley  in  Jtrden,  a  town  in  War- 
wickshire, Eng.  seated  on  the  Alne,  15  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Birmingham,  and  101  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Henlopen,Cape,  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  entrance  of 
Delaware  Bay.     Lat.  38.  46.  N.,  long.  75.  12.  W. 

Henntberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  Some  ruins  of  the 
castle  of  its  ancient  counts  are  yet  to  be  seen.  It 
is  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Meinungen.  Pop.  of  the 
county,  which  comprises  a  surface  of  850  square 
m.  about  100,000. 

Hennebon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  with  a  great  trade  in  corn,  iron, 
honey,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Blavet,  6  m.  N. 
E.  of  L'Orient.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Henniker,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,725. 

Henrichemont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cher,  seated  on  the  Sauder,  15  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Bourges.     Pop.  about  2,987. 

Henrico,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of  Vir- 
ginia, bounded  on  the  S.  W.  by  James  River,  N. 
by  Hanover,  and  E.  by  Charles  city.  Pop.  28,798. 
Richmond  is  the  cliief  town. 


HER 


373 


•^*^ 


HER 


Henrietta,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,302.  fordshire  is  almost  entirely  an  agricultural  coun 
Henry,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia,  ty.  About  nine-tenths  of  the  land  are  in  a  stata 
•  bordering  on   North  Caxolina,  intersected  by  Ir-     of  cultivation,  and  it  excels  in  almost  every  de^ 


vine,  or  Smith's  River,  and  the  N.  and  S.  branch- 
es of  Mayo  River.  Pop.  7,100.  Its  chief  town, 
IS  Martinsville. 

Henry,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  bounded  on  the 
N.  W.  by  the  Ohio,  and  on  the  E.  by  Kentucky 
River.  Pop.  11,395.  Newcastle,  is  the  chief  town . 

Henry,  a  county  in  Alabama,  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  Chatahoochy  River,  which  separates  it  from 
Georgia,  and  watered  by  the  Choctaw  and  Yel- 
low Water.  Pop.  3,955.  Columbia  is  the  chief 
town. 

Henry,  Cape,  the  S.  cape  of  Virginia,  at  the 
entrance  of  Chesapeak  bay.  Long.  76.  12.,  lat.  36 
57. 

Heppenheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Rhine,  situate  on  the  Eisbach,  12  m. 
E.  of  Worms.     Pop.  3,200. 


partment  of  husbandry.  The  face  of  the  county 
is  rich  and  picturesque  ;  the  climate  is  mild  and 
the  soil  extremely  fertile,  which  arises  from  the 
subsoil  of  limestone  on  which  it  rests.  Hops  are 
cultivated,  and  the  apples  producing  the  cider, 
for  which  Herefordshire  is  celebrated,  grow  in 
greater  plenty  than  in  any  other  country.  Red 
and  yellow  ochres  are  often  met  with.  Fuller's 
earth  is  dug  near  Stoke,  and  on  the  borders  of 
Gloucestershire  iron  ore  is  found.  It  is  watered 
by  several  streams,  the  chief  of  which  are,  the 
Wye,  the  Munner  and  the  Lug.  Before  the 
invasion  of  the  Romans,  Herefordshire  was  in- 
habited by  the  Silures,  a  brave  {)eople,  who  long 
checked  the  progress  of  the  Roman  arms  ;  but  be- 
ing at  last  overcome ,they  retired  into  the  fastne.«ses 
of  Wales.      It    was  a  part  of  Mercia,  one   of  the 


Heptonstall ,  9.    township   in  the  west  riding  of    kinjrdoms  of  the  Saxon  Heptarchy.  Pop.  in  1811 
Yorkshire,  Eng.    8  m.  W.  of  Halifax.    Pop.  in     94,073,  and  1821,  103,231 


1821 ,  4,543. 

Herakli.     See    Ereldi. 

Herat,  a  city  of  Persia,  in  Chorasan,  or  Khoras- 
san,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capital.  The 
neighbouring  country  produces  excellent  fruit ; 
and  roses  are  in  such  plenty,  that  it  is  called  Sur- 
gultzar,  or  the  City  of  Roses,  it  has  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  carpets.  It  is  situate  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  300  m.  S.  -E.  of  Mesched,  on 
the  high  road  from  Persia  to  Hindoostan. 

Heratdt,  a  maritime  department  of  France,  so 
named  from  a  river  which  runs  into  the  gulf  of 
Lions,  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  part  of  the 
late  province  of  Languedoc  ;  and  the  capital  is 
Montpelier.  It  contains  2,830  sq.  m.  Pop.  about 
300,000. 

Herbenumt,  a  town  of  the  Netheplands,  in  Lux- 
emburg, with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
river  Semoy,  3  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Chiny. 

Herbiers,  Ifs,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  La  Vendee,  :35  m.  N.  E.  of  La  Roche. 

Herborn,  a  town  of  Grermany,  in  the  circle  of 
Upper  Rhine,  with  a  celebrated  Calvinist  acade- 
m  V,  and  manufacture  of  iron  ;  seated  on  the  Dille, 
8  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Dillenburg.  Pop.  about  2,000. 
Herculaneum,  an  ancient  city  of  Naples,  total- 
ly overwhelmed  by  an  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuv- 
ius, in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  the  emperor 
Titus.  Its  situation  was  long  doubtful  till  1711, 
when  something  of  this  city  was  discovered  by  a 
peasant  digging  a  well  in  his  garden  ;  and  from 
1738  to  the  present  time,  researches  being  fre- 
quently made  by  digging,  a  great  number  of  manu- 
script, paintings,  statues,  busts,  domestic  utensils, 
instruments  of  husbandry,  «Stc.  have  been  found. 
The  village  of  Portici  now  stands  on  part  of  its 
site.  It  is  5  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Naples.  See  Pompeii. 
Hercyna,  a  river  of  Greece  in  Bseotia,  with  two 
streams,  the  larger  called  by  the  ancient  Lethe, 
and  the  smaller  Mnemosyne. 

Herefordshire,  a  county  of  England,  bordering 
on  Wales,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Shropshire, 
E.  by  Worcestershire,  S.  by  Monmouthshire, 
and  Gloucestershire,  and  W.  by  the  counties 
of  Brecknock  and  Radnor.  It  contains  556,400 
acres,  and  is  divided  into  11  hundreds  and  221 
parishes.  It  has  one  city,  Hereford,  and  7  mar- 
ket towns,  Leominster,  Ross,  Weobly,  Ledbury, 
Kington,  Bromyard,  and  Pembridge,  and  sends 
8  members  to  parliament ;  two  for  the  city  of 
Hereford,  and  two  for  the  boroughs  of  Weoblv, 
and  Leominster  and  two  for  the  county.     Here- 


Hereford,  an  ancient  city,  and  chief  town  of 
Herefordshire,  Eng.  seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the 
Wye,  over  which  there  is  a  stone  bridge  of  six 
arches.  It  has  manufactures  of  gloves,  flannels, 
and  hats.  It  was  anciently  defended  by  a  castle, 
which  is  now  destroyed,  and  only  part  of  the 
walls  remain.  It  has  four  churches,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is  the  cathedral,  a  large  and  venera- 
ble structure,  and  there  are  also  several  places 
of  worship  for  dissenters.  It  has  also  an  infirma- 
ry, a  county  gaol,  a  house  of  correction,  and  a 
lunatic  asylum  and  a  free  grammar  school.  The 
city  is  in  general  well  built,  the  streets  wide, 
and  the  environs  delightful.  It  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  Hereford,  from  its  situation 
on  the  borders  of  Wales,  suflFered  much  fi-om  the 
wars  between  that  country  and  England,  and  in 
later  times,  from  the  contests  between  the  houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  and  the  civil  broils  in  the 
time  of  Charles  I.  It  is  135  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
London,  and  30  N.  W.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  in 
1811,  7,306,  and  in  1821,  9,090. 

Herenthals,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
bant, on  the  river  Nethe,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Lou- 
vain. 

Herford,  or  Herforden,  a  town  of  Westphalia, 
in  the  county  of  Ravensberg,  with  a  nunnery 
belonging  to  the  protestants  of  the  confession  of 
Augsburg.  It  has  a  trade  in  ale  and  linen,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Warra,  at  the  influx  of  the  Aa,  20 
m.  S.  W.  of  Minden,  and  11  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Ravensberg.   Pop.  about  6,000. 

Hericourt,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Saone,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Lure,  and  27  E. 
of  Vesoul. 

Herjadalen,  a  district  on  the  N.  of  Sweden,  now 
included  in  Gefleborgstsen,  and  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Norway,  and  N.  by  Jemptland.  It  con- 
sists of  an  extensive  valley  watered  by  the  Ljusna 
and  Ljugna.  It  is  mostly  covered  with  wood,  and 
abounds  in  cattle,  game,  and  fish.  Territorial 
extent  3,200  square  m.  with  a  pop.  of  only  4,000. 

Herinnes,  a  town  of  South  Brabant,  with  3,300 
inhabitants,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Brussels. 

Herisau,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Apjjenzel,  with  manufactures  of  fine  linen  and 
muslin,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Appenzel,  and  8  S.  W. 
of  St.  Gall.     Pop.  about  6,500. 

Heriura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mvsore, 
seated  on  the  Vedawati,  22  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Sera. 

Herkimer,  a  county  of  New- York   on  the   Mo- 
hawk  river.    Pop.  55,869.   The  chief  town  of 
2  I 


H£R 


374 


HES 


the   county  has  the   same  name  and  a  pop.  of 

•i,486. 

Herman,  a  township  of  Penobscot  Co.  Me. 
Poi).  535. 

Ilernianstadt,  a  strong  city  of  Transylvania, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  large  church,  built 
by  Maria  Theresa,  with  a  globe  and  steeple  not 
easily  described.  In  the  great  square  is  the 
house  of  the  governor,  in  the  best  German  style, 
containing  many  good  pictures.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Szeben,  230  m.  E.  S.  E.of  Buda,and  67  S.  S. 
E.  ofColover.     Pop.  1G,000. 

Hcrmsdorf,  two  large  villages  of  Silesia,  the 
one  38  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Breslaw,  and  the  other  40 
m.  W.  by  S.    of  the  same  place. 

Hermstadt,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Wolau,  on  the  river  Bartch,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Trachenberg,  and  38  N.  by  W.  of  Breslaw. 

HcrndoTsville,  p.t.  Scott  Co.  Ken. 

Hcrngrund,  or  Ilerrengrund,  a  town  of  Upper 
Hungary,  seated  among  mountains,  with  rich 
mines  of  copper,  28  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Schemnitz, 
and  4  N.  JS.  W.  of  Neushol. 

Hcr7iAM«,  a  village  in  Lusatia,  12  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Zittau.  It  was  founded  in  1722,  by  some  per- 
secuted Moravian  brethren  in  the  fields  belong- 
ing to  count  Zenzendorf,  who  they  considered  as 
their  bishop  and  father  ;  and  they  were  for  some 
time  called  Hernhutters,  as  this  place  continued 
their  principal  nursery. 

Hernosand,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  Angerma- 
nia,  situated  on  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia, 
which  is  joined  to  the  continent  by  a  bridge. 
It  was  formerly  a  staple  town,  and  has  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  linen.  In  1710,  1714,  and  1721,  it 
was  burned  by  the  Russians.  It  was  240  m.  N. 
oy  W.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  17.  53.  E.,  lat.  02. 
38.  N. 

Hernosand  is  also  the  name  of  an  extensive  gov- 
ernment of  Sweden,  of  which  the  preceding  is  the 
capital,  comprising  the  provinces  of  Angermann- 
land,  Jemptland,  and  Medelpad,  containing  18,- 
000  sq.  m.  with  only  100,000  inhabitants. 

Hero,  JVortk  and  South,  two  islands  in  Lake 
Champlain. 

Herstal,  or  Heristal,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands 
in  Leiare,  seated  on  the  Maese,  4  m.  N.  of  Leige. 
Pop.  4>50 

Hertford,  p. v.  Perquimans  Co.  N.  C. 

Hertford,  an  interior  county  of  England,  ex- 
tending in  a  north-easterly  direction,  about  32  m. 
in  length,  and  16  in  mean  breadth  ;  bounded  on 
the  S.  by  Middlesex,  E.  by  Essex,  N.  by  Cam- 
bridge, and  Bedford,  and  W.  by  Buckingham  and 
part  of  Bedford.  It  contains  337,920  acres,  is  di- 
vided into  eight  hundreds,  135  parishes,  and  has 
19  market  towns,  the  chief  of  which  are  St.  Al- 
bans, Hertford,  Ware,  and  Royston.  It  sends  six 
members  to  ptirliament,  two  for  the  county,  and 
two  for  each  of  the  two  boroughs.  The  north 
part  is  hilly,  forming  a  scattered  part  of  the  chalky 
ridge,  which  slopes  towards  London.  A  number 
of  clear  streams  take  their  rise  from  the  S.  side. 
Flint  stones  are  scattered  in  great  profusion  over 
the  face  of  this  county  ;  and  beds  of  chalk  are  fre- 
quently to  be  met  with.  The  soil,  however,  with 
the  aid  of  proper  culture,  is  favourable  to  wheat 
and  barley,  which  come  to  as  great  perfection 
here  as  in  any  part  of  the  kingdom.  The  W. 
part  is,  in  general,  a  tolerable  rich  soil  and  under 
excellent  cultivation.  The  principal  rivers  are, 
the  Lea,  Stort,  and  Coin,  and  the  artificial  one 
called  the  New  River.  The  Grand  Junction  Ca- 
nal passes  through  the  S.  extremity  of  the  coun- 


ty.    Corn  is  the  principal   object  of  agriculture, 
and  a  great  trade  in  malt  is  carried  on.     The  man-         • 
ufactures    are    inconsiderable.       Pop.    in    1821, 
129,714. 

Hertford,  or  Hartford,  a  borough,  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Hertfordshire,  with  a  market  on  Saturday. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Lea,  which  is  navigable    for 
barges,  as  it  was  once  for  ships.      In  879   the 
Danes  erected  two  forts  here,  for  security  of  their         d^ 
ships  ;  but  Alfred  turned  the  course  of  the  river, 
so  that  their  vessels  were  left  on    dry    ground. 
Edward,  the  eldest  son  of  Alfred,  built  a  castle         • 
here,  which  has  been  oflen  a  royal  residence. —        .' 
The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  had    for- 
merly five  churches,  but  now  only  two.     Here   is 
a  fine  hospital  belonging   to  Christ's  hospitul    iu 
London  ;  also  a  noble  shire  hall,  and  a  large  coun 
ty  gaol.     About  a  mile    to   the   E.   is  a  basin  of 
water  called  ChadweJl,  which  is  the  head  spring 
of  the    New  River,  and   at   the   distance  of  two 
miles  and  a  half  on  the  London  road   is  the  East 
India  College  for  the  education  of  100  students. — 
Hertford  is  21  m.  N.  of  London.      Pop.  in  1811 
3,900. 

Hertford,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,   border 
ing  on  Virginia,   and  bounded  on   the  N.  E.   by      ^  . 
Chowan   Paver.     Pop.  8,541.      Windsor  is   the 
capital. 

Hertzberg,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Grubenhagen,  with  manufactures  ot 
arms  and  iron  tools  ;  seated  near  the  Hartz  moun- 
tains, 21  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Goslar. 

Hertzberg,  a  town  of  the  duchy  of  Saxony,  with 
a  trade  in  saltpetre,  wool,  and  cloths  ;  seated  on 
the  Elster,  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Torgau,  and  28  S, 
E.  of  Wittemberg.  ^ 

Herve,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Liege,  8  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Limburg. 

Herzgovina,  a  large  tract  of  country  stretching 
along  the  east  shore  of  the  Adriatic,  from  N.  W. 
to  S.  E.  The  southern  part  belongs  to  the  Turks, 
and  the  rest  to  the  Austrians. 

Hesdin,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Pas  de  Calais,  seated  on  the  Canche 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Montreuil.  Pop.  including  the 
suburbs,  5,000. 

Hesse  Cassel,  a  territory  in  the  west  of  Ger- 
many, bounded  by  Hanover,  the  Prussian  States, 
Franconia,  Nassau,  and  Hesse  Darmstadt,  com- 
prising an  extent  of  4,350  square  miles.  The 
chief  towns  are  Cassel,  the  capital,  Marburgh, 
Fulda,  and  Hanau.  It  is  chiefly  composed  ot 
Upper  and  Lower  Hesse,  the  grand  duchy  of 
Fulda,  the  district  of  Hanau,  and  the  lordship  ot 
Schmalkalden.  The  country  is  rather  moun- 
tainous, and  produces  abundance  of  wood  and 
minerals,  among  which  are  copper,  silver,  iron, 
cobalt,  salt,  pitcoal,  and  marble.  Pop.  in  1817, 
was  545,000,  of  whom  the  greater  number  arfe 
Calvinists. 

Hesse  Darmstadt,  or  the  grand  duchy  ofHesse, 
a  district  of  Germany,  belonging  to  Hesse  Cassel, 
like  which  it  is  far  from  being  compact;  being  di- 
vided by  a  strip  of  land  into  two  parts,  stretching 
from  east  to  west.  It  contains  about  4,000  square 
miles.  The  chief  towns  are  Darmstadt  and  Gies- 
sen.  Its  acquisitions  by  the  French  revolution 
were  considerable.  It  is  mountainous  like  Hesso 
Cassel,  and  is  equally  productive  of  minerals. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Maine,  Lahn, 
Niddu,  and  the  letir.  Pop.  about  600,000,  of 
whom  the  greater  number  are  Lutherans. 

Hesse  Homhvrg,  a  small  principality  of  Ger- 
many, near  Frankfort,  belonging,  with  the  title 


HIG 


375 


HIM 


of  land^ave,  to  the  yonnger  branch  of  the  house 
of  Hesse  Darmstadt.     Pop.  about  21,000. 

Hettstadt,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  on  the 
Wipper,  9  m.  N.  of  Eisleben. 

Hiiekelejn,  or  Hoekelun,  a  town  of  South  Hol- 
land, seated  on  the  Linghe,5m.  N.  E.  of  Gorcum. 

Hcusden,  a  strong  town  of  South  Holland,  seat- 
ed on  the  Meuse,  with  a  castle.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1795;  and  is  8  m.  N.  W.  of  Bois 
le  Due. 

Hexham,  a  town  in  Northumberland,  Eng.  with 
a  trade  in  tanned  leather,  shoes,  and  gloves.  It 
had  formerly  a  famous  abbey,  some  parts  of 
which  yet  remain.  Near  this  place,  in  1463,  was 
fought  a  battle,  between  the  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster,  in  which  the  latter  was  defeated. — 
Hexham  is  seated  on  the  river  Tyne,  a  little  be- 
I'lW  the  junction  of  the  North  Tyne  with  the 
S.uth,  22  m.  VV.  of  Newcastle,  and  235  N.  N.  W. 
of  London.     Pop.  in  1811,  4,855. 

Hnjdenheim,  a  town  of  Suabia,  in  the  duchy 
of  Wirtembursr,  witli  a  castle,  on  the  river  Breuz, 
IGm.  N.  N.  E.ofUlm. 

Heydcnsfeld,  a  town  of  Franconia,  on  the  river 
Maine,  3  m.  S.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Hcymertsen,  a  town  in  the  circle  of  Lower 
Rhine,  situate  on  the  Erffl,  11  m.  S.  of  Cologne. 

Hc'jst-op-acn-Berg.  a  towa  of  the  Netherlands, 
m  South  Brabant,  on  the  Neelhes,  11  m.  N.  E. 
of  Mechlin.     Pop.  5,300. 

HitUslown,  a  village  of  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J. 

Hihemia,   p.v.  Callaway  Co.  Missouri. 

Hickman,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Duck  river.  Pop.  8,132.  Vernon 
is  the  capital. 

Hickman,  a  county  of  Kentucky.     Pop.  5,193. 

Hicksford,  p.v.  Greenville  Co.  Va. 

Hielmar,  a  lake  in  Sweden,  40  m.  in  length. 

Hieres,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Var,  seated  near  the  Med  iterranean  sea ;  but  its 
harbour  being  choked  up,  it  is  now  much  decay- 
ed. It  is  9  m.  E.  of  Toulon.  Lat.  43.  7.  N., 
long.  6.  7.  E, 

Hieres,  a  cluster  of  islands,  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an, on  the  coast  of  France,  opposite  the  town  of 
Hieres.  The  four  principal  ones  are  called  Por- 
querollos,  Porteros,  Bagueau,  and  Titan. 

Hierro.     See  Ferro. 

Higham  Ferrers,  a  borough  in  Northampton- 
shire, Eng.  It  had  formerly  a  castle,  now  in 
ruins  ;  and  is  seated  on  an  ascent,  near  the  river 
Nen,  25  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Coventry,  and  65  N.  N. 
W.  of  London. 

Highgute,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  con- 
tiguous to  London,  seated  on  a  hill,  five  miles 
and  a  half  N.  W.  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.  Here 
lord  chiefbaron  Cholmondely  built  a  free-school 
in  1.5G2,  which  was  enlarged  in  1570,  by  Sandys, 
bishop  of  London,  who  also  added  a  chapel.  In 
the  vicinity  are  several  elegant  villas,  the  resi- 
dences of  wealthy  citizens. 

Highland,  a  township  of  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio. 

Highlands,  an  appellation  applied  to  the  moun- 
tainous tract  in  the  N.  and  N.  W.  part  of  Scot- 
land, by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  the  Low- 
lands in  the  E.  and  S.  E.  It  is  divided  into  W. 
and  N.  Highlands,  the  former  comprehending  the 
shires  of  Argyle  and  Bute,  and  part  of  Perth  and 
Dumbarton,  with  the  islands  attached  to  them, 
and  the  latter  containing  the  shires  of  Inverness, 
Ross,  Sutherland,  the  districts  of  Atholl,  Ran- 
noch,  and  isles  of  Sky,  Lewis,  and  those  annexed 
to  Inverness,  and  Ross.  Its  extent  is  200  m.  in 
length,  and  90  in  mean  breadth.     The  proportion 


of  arable  land  is  small,  and  is  found  chiefly  on  the 
borders  of  the  lakes  and  rivers. 

Hightstown,  p.v.  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J. 

Higuey,  a  city  on  the  E.  part  of  the  island  of 
St.  Domingo,  formerly  of  some  importance,  but 
now  greatly  decayed.  It  is  situated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  90  m.  E.  by  N.  of  St.  Domingo. 

Hijellee,  the  chief  town  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name  in  Bengal,  seated  on  an  island  near  the 
western  bank  of  the  river  Hoogly,  near  its  mouth. 
It  has  an  extensive  salt-manufactory.  Lat.  21. 51. 
N.,  and  long.  88.  7. 

Hillturghauscn,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  in  the 
principality  of  Coburg.  It  is  subject  to  the  duke 
of  Saxe-Hiiburghausen,  who  has  a  palace  here, 
and  seated  on  the  Werra,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Co- 
burg. 

Hildfskeim,  a  city  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital  ol 
a  principality  of  the  same  name.  It  was  lately 
an  imperial  city,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  divided 
into  the  old  and  new  town,  and  seated  on  the 
Irneste,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Hanover. 

Hilliardstawn,  p.t.  Nash  Co.  N.  C.    ^ 

HilUiam,  p.t.  Overton  Co.  Tenn. 

HilLsborniigh,  a  county  of  New  Hampshire,  bor- 
dering on  Massachusetts.  Pop.  37,7G2.  Amherst 
is  the  capital. 

HUhhoTongh,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  Pop 
1 .7112.  Also  towns  and  villages  in  Somerset  Co 
N.  J.,  Caroline  Co.  Md.,  Loudon  Co.  Va., 
Orange  Co.  N.  C,  Jasper  Co.  Geo.,  Franklin 
Co.  Tenn.,  Highland  Co.  Ohio.,  Montgomery  Co. 
Illinois. 

Hillsborough,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Down,  20~m.  S.  W.  of  Belfast. 

Hillsdale,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,546 

H'Utun,  a  village  of  Charles  Co.  Marj'land. 

Hilton,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  S.  Carolina 
opposite  Beaufort  District,20  m.  long  and  5  broad. 

Hiltown,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Himmaleh,  a  vast  chain  of  mountains,  extend- 
ing from  the  7ord  degree  of  E.  long,  to  the  borders 
of  China,  and  separating  Hindoostan  from  Thibet 
and  Tartary. 

That  part  which  forms  the  northern  boundary 
of  India,  is  a  continuation  of  the  same  range  with 
that  to  the  west  of  the  Indus,  known  among  the 
Afghans  under  the  name  of  Hindoo  Coosh.  To 
the  east  of  that  river,  it  increases  in  height,  and 
assumes  a  character  of  additional  grandeur,  both 
from  that  circumstance  and  from  its  great  extent 
in  every  direction.  It  forms,  in  fact,  one  of  the 
sublimest  features  in  the  structure  of  the  old  con- 
tinent and  of  the  globe.  Here  a  long  range  of 
summits,  covered  with  perpetual  snow,  presents 
itself  to  the  Hindoo,  who  has  in  all  ages  raised 
towards  it  an  eye  of  religious  veneration.  All  the 
names  by  which  it  is  distinguished  are  derived 
from  the  Sanscrit  term  Hem,  signifying  snow. 
Hence  have  arisen  the  name  Imnus  and  Emodrts 
among  the  ancients,  and  Himmaleh,  Himadri, 
Himachal,  and  Himalaya,  of  the  moderns.  The 
river  Indus  passes  through  a  series  of  narrow  de- 
files in  lat.  55.  which  scarcely  offer  any  interrup- 
tion to  the  mountain  chain.  The  direction  of  the 
mountain  is  eastward,  as  far  as  the  north-east 
point  of  the  valley  of  Cashmere  :  from  this  point, 
its  direction  is  to  the  south-east,  extending  along 
the  sources  of  all  the  rivers  which  run  across  the 
Punjab  to  fall  into  the  Indus,  with  the  exception 
of  the  Sutledge,  which,  like  the  Indus  itself,  rises 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  range,  and  takes  its  passage 
across  its  breadth.  Pursuing  the  same  direction 
the  Himmaleh  mountains  cross  the  heads  of  the 


HIM 


376 


HIN 


Jamna,  the  Ganges,  and  their  numerous  tributary 
rivers.  Farther  east,  they  seem  to  be  penetrated 
by  several  rivers,  as  the  Gonduh,  the  Arum,  the 
Teesta,  and  Cosi,  and  the  Burrampooter.  The 
geography  of  the  countries  to  the  east  of  this  last 
river  is  so  little  known,  that  it  is  a  question 
whether  the  same  mountain  range  is  continued 
any  farther.  It  seems  agreed  that,  if  it  is  contin- 
ued, its  height  ceases  to  be  equally  great;  it  is 
probable,  however,  that  a  continuation  of  it  ex- 
tends along  the  northern  frontier  of  the  provinces 
of  Quang-si  and  Quang-tong  all  the  way  to  the 
Chinese  sea,  declining  gradually  as  it  advances  to 
the  east. 

The  following  are  the  heights  of  some  of  the 

Eiaks  which  have  been  ascertained  : 
hawalagivri,  or  the  White   Mountain, 
near  the  sources  of  the  Gonduk  river, 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,         -        -        26,862 
Jamootri,      ------         8r>,.')00 

Dhaiboon,  seen  from  Catmandoo,         -         24,708 
Another  peak  seen  from  the  same  capital,    24,62.') 
Another  near  to  the  preceding,     -         -         23,262 
A  third  in  the  same  vicinity,         -         -         23,052 
Peak  St.  George,         -        -         -        -        22,240 

Thus  the  Himmaleh  mountains  exceed  in  eleva- 
tion the  Andes  of  America  ;  that  of  Chimborazo, 
the  highest  of  tlie  latter,  not  exceeding  21,470 
feet  above  the  sea.  Through  this  stup(>ndous 
chain  there  are  different  passes,  but  all  of  them  la- 
borious to  travel,  and  some  highly  dangerous. 
One  of  the  most  practicable  is  that  which  in  its 
upper  part,  follows  the  bed  of  the  river  Sutledge. 
To  the  east  of  this,  there  are  some  practicable 
only  at  a  favourable  season,  and  where  the  trav- 
eller still  runs  the  hazard  of  being  caught  in  a 
fall  of  snow,  or  otherwise  perishing  with  cold. 
Through  the  whole  mountainous  tract,  and  even 
before  ascending  much  above  the  inhabited  parts, 
the  traveller  is  liable  to  be  attacked  with  an  alarm- 
ing failure  of  respiration,  from  the  great  rarity  of 
the  air,  an  affection  attributed  by  the  natives  to 
various  fanciful  and  sometimes  superstitious  cau- 
ses. Some  of  the  most  difficult  passes  are  occa- 
Bionally  traversed  by  marauding  parties  from  the 
one  side  of  the  Himmaleh  to  carry  off  the  properly 
of  the  inhabitants  on  the  other.  Such  passes  ex- 
ist between  Ncpaul  and  Thibet,or  that  stripe  lying 
close  to  the  north  side  of  the  Himmaleh  which  is 
inhabited  by  Bhootees,  and  may  probably  come 
under  the  name  of  Bootan,  a  name  of  which  we 
are  not  at  present  able  to  assign  the  exact  local 
extent.  Here  there  are  also  one  or  more  easier 
passes  chiefly  along  the  beds  of  the  rivers  Gon- 
duk, Arum,  and  Teesta.  Hence  armies  have 
crossed  from  Nepual  to  attack  the  territory  of  Thi- 
bet, and  a  Chinese  army  has  in  return  invaded 
and  subjugated  Nepaul.  The  difHcully  of  access 
to  these  regions,  heightens  the  ardour  of  the  ad- 
miring Hindoo,  actuated  in  some  degree  by  curi- 
Dsity,  but  much  more  by  superstition,  to  b'lthe 
himself  in  the  icy  streams  which  give  origin  to 
the  Ganges  or  its  mighty  tributaries  ;  to  contem- 
plate the  mystic  rock,  which  so  closely  resembles 
the  hind  quarters  of  a  bullock,  and  is  reputed  to 
have  been  the  result  of  a  holy  transmutation  of  a 
divine  being,  a  scene  where  it  is  reckoned  a  merit 
to  make  a  voluntary  sacrifice  of  life,  by  precipita- 
ting the  body  over  the  fatal  crag.  Superstition 
has  in  many  instances  chosen   to  cherish  its  pro- 

{(ensities  in  localities  signalized  as  the  origin  of 
arge  and  fertilizing  rivers.  No  where  is  this 
carried  so  far  as  in  this  mountainous  tract,  and  it 
must  be  confessed,  that  in  no  locality  is  the  sub- 


lime character  of  the  scenery  so  much  in  unison 
with  such  feelings.  In  the  Hindoo  Pantheon, 
Himmaleh  is  defined,  and  is  described  as  the  father 
of  the  Ganges,  and  of  her  sister  Ooma,  the  spouse 
of  the  destroying  power  Siva,  the  favourite  object 
of  propitiatory  adoration. 

Uinchinbrook  Isle,  an  island  on  the  west  coast 
of  America,  in  Prince  William's  Sound.  Lat. 
60.  24.  N  ,  and  long.  142.  35.  to  146.  10.  W. 

Hinchinbroo/c  Isle,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  Pacific. Ocean.  Long.  168.  38.  E.,  lat.  17.  85. 
S. 

Hinckley,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.  It 
has  a  large  church,  with  a  lofly  spire  ;  and  had 
formerly  a  castle  and  walls,  traces  of  which  are 
still  to  be  seen.  Here  is  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  common  stockings,  thread,  and  worsted 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  12  rn.  S.  W.  of  Lei« 
cester,  and  09  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Hindelopen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Friesland,  seated  on  the  Zuider  Zee,  21  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Lewarden. 

Hindia,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
countrv  of  tlie  same  name,  in  Candeish  ;  situate 
on  the'S.  bank  of  the  Nerbudda,  90  m.  N.  N.  £. 
of  Burhampour. 

Hindoostan,  or  India,  and  by  the  Aborigines, 
called  Bliaratta,  a  region  of  Asia,  which  com- 
prises all  the  countries  between  the  mountains  of 
Tartary  and  Thibet  on  the  N.,  Bootan,  Assam,  and 
the  bay  of  Bengal,  on  the  E.,  the  Indian  Ocean 
on  the  S.,  and  the  same  ocean  and  Persia  on  the 
W.  But  this  country  must  be  considered  under 
the  three  grand  divisions  of  Hindoostan  Proper, 
the  Deccan,  and  the  Peninsula.  Hindooston  Pro- 
per includes  the  provinces  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and 
all  those  that  lie  to  the  N.  of  the  river  Nerbudda ; 
the  principal  of  v/hich  are  Agimere,  Agra,  Alla- 
habad, Cashmere,  Dehli,  Guzerat,  Lahore,  Malwa, 
Moultan,  Oude,  and  Sindy.  The  Deccan  has  been 
extended  to  the  whole  region  S.  of  Hindoostan 
Proper  ;  but  in  its  most  restricted  sense,  it  means 
only  the  countries  situate  between  Hindoostan 
Proper  and  the  river  Kistna.  See  Deccan.  The 
tract  S.  of  the  river  Kistna,  is  generally  called  the 
Peninsula  ;  although  its  form  does  not  authorize 
that  appellation  :  it  includes  a  small  part  of  Gol- 
conda,  Mysore,  and  tiie  Carnatic,  with  Madura, 
and  other  smaller  districts ;  the  W.  coast  being 
called  tliat  of  Malabar,  and  the  E.  that  of  Coro- 
mandel.  The  sheiks  possess  Lahore,  part  of  Moul- 
tan and  Delhi;  the  king  of  Candahar,  Cashmere, 
Cabul,  Sindy,  and  part  of  Mijultan  ;  Berar  and 
Orissa,  Malwa,  Candeish,  Visiapour,  and  part  of 
Agimere  and  Guzerat,  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
Mahrattas  ;  and  the  nizarn  of  the  Deccan  posses- 
ses Golconda,  part  of  Dawlatabad  and  Berar. 

The  British  possessions  are  Bengal,  Bahar,  part 
of  Allahabad,  and  Orissa,  the  Nortliern  Circars^ 
the  Jaghire  in  the  Carnatic,  the  countries  north 
and  south  of  Calicut,  Bombay,  and  the  island  of 
Salsette.  The  allies  of  the  British  are  the  Rajahs 
of  Mysore,  Tanjore,  Madura,  Travancore,  Tritch- 
inopoly,  the  nabobs  of  Oude  and  Arcot,  and  the 
district  of  Cochin.  Tlie  principal  rivers  are  the 
Ganges,  the  Indus,  Nerbudda,  Puddar,  Taptee, 
Caggar,  Mahanada,  Godavery,  Kistna.  The  chief 
mountains  are  the  Himmaleh,  the  western  and 
eastern  Ghauts,  and  those  which  divide  Bengal 
from  Ava.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  upwards 
of  100,000,000,  of  which  the  greater  proportion 
are  idolaters,  and  are  divided  into  three  great 
sects;  the  first  worship  the  Triad,  Brahma, 
Vishnu,  and  Siva;  the  second  are  the  followers 


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3J77 


HIN 


of  Boodh,  whose  principal  tenet  is  the  doctrine  of 
transmigration ;    the    Jains   are    the    third,  who 
chiefly  worship  Pariswanath  ;  the  other  class  of 
inhabitants  are  Mahometans,  of  whom  there  are 
about  the  eighth  part  of  the  number  of  Hindoos. 
To  give  an  idea  of  the  modern  revolutions  in  the 
empire  of  Hindoostan,  it  is  proper  to  observe,  that 
from    a  pure  Hindoo  government,  it  became,  at 
last,  a  Mahometan  state,  and  continued  to  be  so, 
under  various  dynasties,  till  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century.     The  first  irruption  of  the  Maho- 
metans was  in  the  year  1000.     From  this   period 
the  provinces  of  Hindoostan  were  held  rather  as 
tributary  kingdoms,  than  as  provinces  of  the  same 
empire;  and  the  conquest  of  the  Deccan,  in  par- 
ticular, was  for  ages  an  object  of  considerable  im- 
portance   to  the   emperors.     In  1389   the  Mogul 
Tartars,  under  the  conduct  of  Timur,  or  Tamer- 
lane,  invaded    Hindoostan  ;  but  the  conquest  of 
the  country   was  not  effected  till  1525,  by  sultan 
Baber,  one  of  his  descendants,  who,  from  this  cir- 
cumstance, was  the  founder  of  the   Mongul   dy- 
nasty ;   and  hence  Hindoostan  has  been  called  the 
Mongul  Empire,  and  its  chief,  the  Great  Mogul. 
The  illustrious  Acbar,  his  son,  failed  in  his  attack 
upon  the   Deccan  ;  an  attempt  in  which  many  of 
his  successors  were  equally  unfortunate,  and  which 
tended,  in  the  sequel,  to  the  decline  and  dissolu 
tion  of  the  empire.     In  1615  emperor   Jehangire, 
his  son,  received   Sir  Thomas  Roe,  as  the   first 
English  ambassador,  and  the  Portuguese  had,  by 
this   time,  acquired    considerable  settlements  in 
Bengal  and  Guzerat.     In  the  reign  of  his  grand- 
son Aurungzebe,  which  lasted  from  1660  to  1707, 
the  empire  attained  its  full  extent ;  his  authority 
reached  from  10  to  35  degrees  in  lat.  and  nearly 
as  much  in  long.,  and  his  revenue  exceeded  32, 
000,000?.  sterling.     But  in  the  course  of  50  years 
after  his  death,  a  succession  of  weak  princes  and 
wicked  ministers  reduced  this  astonishing  empire 
to  very  narrow  limits,  and   deprived  it  of  all  its 
power   and    splendour.     In   consequence    of  the 
intrigues  of  the  nizamof  the  Deccan,  Nadir  Shah, 
the  Persian  usurper,  invaded  Hindoostan  in  1738. 
In  the  reign  of  Ahmed  Shah,  successor  of  Ma- 
homed Shah,   the   entire  division  of  the  empire 
took    place  ;  nothing  remaining  to   the  house  of 
Tamerlane  but  the    city  and    small    territory    of 
Delili.     The  last  imperial  army  was  defeated  by 
the  Rohillas,  in  1749.     The  Jats,  a  Hindoo  tribe, 
founded   a  state  in  Agra;  Oude  was  seized    by 
Mahomed  Kooli ;  and  the  Mahrattas,  beside  their 
ancient   domains  in  the  Deccan,  obtained  great 

Sart  of  Malwa,  Guzerat,  Berar,  and  Orissa.  The 
longul  empire  was  now  become  nearly  nominal ; 
and  the  emperors,  from  this  period,  must  be  re- 
garded as  of  no  political  consequence,  otherwise 
than  as  their  names  and  persons  were  made  use 
of,  by  different  parties,  to  promote  their  own 
views ;  for  the  name  and  person  of  the  emperor 
retains  a  considerable  degree  of  veneration  among 
the  bulk  of  the  people  in  Hindoostan.  Ahmed 
was  deposed  in  1753,  and  his  successor  was  de- 
posed and  murdered  in  1760.  He  was  succeeded, 
however,  by  his  son  Shah  Ahlum,  who  was  alter- 
nately dependent  on  the  contending  powers,  and 
more  particularly  upon  the  English,  who  obtained 
from  him  a  grant  of  the  provinces  of  Bengal,  Bahar, 
Orissa,  and  the  Circars.  This  prince  died  in  1806, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  second  son,  Acbar  Shah. 
The  Mahometans  or  Musselmans,  whom  the  Eng 
lish  improperly  call  Moors,  are  represented  to  he 
of  a  detestable  character.  The  Hindoos,  or  Gen 
toos,  are  of  a  black  complexion ;  their  hair  is  long, 


their  person  straight  and  elegant,  and  their  eoun 
tenance  open  and  pleasant.     They  differ  materiaUr 
from  all  other  nations,  by  bei-^ar  divided  into  tribes 
or   castes.      The    four    principal    tribes    are    tha 
Brahmins,  Soldiers,  Labourers,    and  Mechanics : 
and  these  are  subdivided  into  a  multiplicity  of  in- 
ferior distinctions.    There  are  Brahmins  of  variouu 
degrees  of  excellence,  who  have  the  care  of  reli- 
gion allotted  to  them,  and  are  held  sacred  by  tiio 
rest ;  some  of  these  acknowledge  the  errors  that 
have  crept  into  their  religion,  own  one  Supreme 
Being,  and   laugh  at  the  idolatry  of  the   multi- 
tude,  but  insist  upon  the  necessity  of  working 
upon  the  weaknesses  of  the  vulgar;  yet  the  gen- 
erality of  them  are  as  ignorant  as  the  laity.     Such 
as  are  not  engaged  ia  worldly  pursuits  are  a  very 
superstitious,  innocent  people,  who  promote  chai- 
ity  as  much  as  they  can,  both  to  man  and  beast; 
but  those  who  engage  in  the  world  are  generally 
the  worst  of  all  the  Gentoos ;  but,  persuaded  tliat 
the  waters  of  the  Ganges  will  purify  them  from 
their  sins,  and  being  exempt  from  the  utmost  ri- 
gour of  the  courts  of  justice  (under  the   Gentoo 
governments)  they  run  into  much  greater  exces- 
ses.    The  Soldiers  are  commonly  called  Rajah- 
poots ;  that  is,  descended  from  rajahs.     They  are 
much  more  robust  than  the  rest,  have  a  great  share 
of  courage,  and  a  nice  sense  of  military  honour, 
which  consists,  among  them,  in  fidelity  to  those 
they  serve.     Fighting  is  their   profession  ;    they 
readily  enter  into  the  service  of  any  that  will  pay 
them,   and   will  follow  wherever  he  leads ;  but 
should  their  leader  fall  in  the  battle,  their  cause  is 
at  an  end,  and  they  run  off"  the  field  without  any 
stain  of  their  reputation.     The  English  East  India 
Company  have  many  battalions  of  them  in  their 
service ;  they  are  called  Sepoys,  and  are  clothed 
and    disciplined  in  the  European  manner.     The 
Labourers  include  farmers,  and  all  who  cultivate 
the    land.      The  Mechanics    include    merchants, 
bankers,  and  all  who  follow  any  trade  ;  these  again 
are  subdivided  into  each  profession.  Besides  these, 
are  the  Hallachores,  who  cannot  be  called  a  tribe, 
being  rather  the  refuse  of  all  the  tribes.     They 
are  a  set  of  unhappy  wretches,  who  perform  all 
the  vilest  offices  of  life,  bury  the  dead,  and  carry 
away  every  thing  that  is  polluted.     All  the  dif- 
ferent tribes  are  kept  distinct  from  each  other  by 
insurmountable  barriers :    they    are  forbidden  to 
intermarry,  to  cohabit,  to  eat  with  each  other,  or 
even  to  drink  out  of  the  same  vessel  with  one  of 
another  tribe.     Every  deviation  from  these  points 
subjects  them  to  be  rejected  by  their  tribe,  renders 
them  polluted  forever,  and  obliges  them,  from  that 
instant,  to  herd  with  the  Hallachores.     The  men- 
bers  of  each  caste  adhere  invariably  to  the  profes- 
sion of  their  forefathers  ,  from  generation  to  gen- 
eration the  same  families  have  followed,  and  still 
continue  to  follow,  one  uniform  manner  of  life. 
To  this  may  be  ascribed  that  high  degree  of  per- 
fection conspicuous  in  many  of  the  Indian  man- 
ufactures ;  and  also  that  striking  peculiarity  in  the 
state  of  Hindoostan,  the  permanence  of  its  insti- 
tutions, and  the  immutability  in  the  manners  of 
the    inhabitants.      The    Hindoos   vie    with    the 
Chinese,  in  respect  to  the  antiquity  of  their  na 
tion.     Their  institutions  of  religion  form  a  com 
plete  system  of  superstition,  upheld  by  everything 
which  can  excite  the  reverence   of  the   people. 
The  temples  consecrated  to  their  deities  are  mag- 
nificent ;  their  religious  ceremonies  splended  ;  and 
the  absolute  dominion  which  the  Brahmins  have 
obtained  over  the  minds  of  the  people  is  support 
ed  by  the  command  of  the  immense  revenues  witk 
212 


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178 


HIN 


Tvhich   the  liberality  of  princes,  and  the  zeal  of 

pilgrims  and  devotees,  have  enriched  their  pago- 
das. The  dominion  of  religion  extends  to  a  thou- 
sand particulars  which,  in  other  countries,  are 
governed  by  the  civil  laws,  or  by  taste,  custom, 
and  fashion.  Their  dress,  their  food,  the  com- 
mon intercourses  of  life,  their  marriages,  and  pro- 
fessions, are  all  under  the  jurisdiction  of  religion. 
The  food  of  the  Hindoos  is  simple,  consisting 
chiefly  of  rice,  ghee  (a  kind  of  imperfect  butter), 
milii,  vegetables,  and  oriental  spices.  The  war- 
rior caste  may  eat  of  thn  riesh  of  goats,  sheep,  and 
poultry.  Other  supennjr  castes  may  eat  poultry 
aad  fish;  but  the  inferior  castes  are  prohibited  from 
eating  flesh  or  fish  of  any  kind.  Their  greatest 
luxury  consists  in  the  use  of  the  richest  spiceries 
and  perfumes,  of  which  the  great  people  are  very 
lavish.  They  esteem  milk  the  purest  of  food,  be- 
cause they  think  it  partakes  of  some  of  the  pro- 
perties of  the  nectar  of  their  gods,  and  because 
they  esteem  the  cow  itself  almost  as  a  divinity. 
Their  manners  are  gentle.  They  are  taught  by 
their  religion  that  matrimony  is  an  indispensable 
duty  in  every  man  who  does  not  entirely  separate 
himself  from  the  world  from  a  principle  of  devo- 
tion ;  and,  as  none  but  male  descendants  can  per- 
form the  obsequies  to  the  manes  of  their  ancestors, 
it  is  tliought  an  irreparable  calamity  to  die  with- 
eut  male  issue.  Scarcely  any  state  can  be  more 
degrading  than  that  of  Hindoo  females.  Till  three 
years  after  the  nuptial  age,  a  girl  is  entirely  at  the 
disposal  of  her  father.  When  married,  she  is  im- 
mured in  her  husband's  dwelling  ;  her  dependence 
upon  him  is  perpetual  and  entire  ;  she  is  not  per- 
mitted to  eat  in  his  presence,  and  is  considered 
not  as  a  companion  to  aid  him  in  enduring  the 
evils  of  life,  but  as  a  slave  to  bear  children,  and 
be  subsevient  to  his  rule.  Polygamy  is  tolerated  ; 
but  females,  except  among  the  Nairs,  are  not  per- 
piitted  to  marry  a  second  time.  A  husband  can 
dismiss  his  wife  at  any  time  ;  but  there  is  nothing 
that  can  dissolve  the  wife  from  her  matrimonial 
engagement.  The  inhuman  custom  of  women 
burning  themselves  on  the  funeral  pile  of  their 
deceased  husbands  has  however  been  recently 
prohibited  in  the  presidencies  of  Fort  William  and 
Madras ;  and  the  progress  of  Christianity  affords 
reason  to  hope  for  the  speedy  abolition  "of  other 
revolting  practices.  The  code  of  Gentoo  laws, 
with  their  sacred  books,  the  Veidam  and  the 
Shastah,  are  written  in  the  Sanscrit  language, 
which  is  very  copious  and  nervous,  although  the 
style  of  their  best  authors  is  wonderfully  concise. 
Hindoostan,  towards  the  N.,  is  pretty  temperate, 
but  hot  towards  tlie  S. ;  and  it  rains  almost  con- 
stantly for  three  months  in  the  year.  Its  pro- 
ducts are  diamonds  and  otlier  precious  stones, 
silks,  spices,  aromatics,  drugs,  maize,  rice,  and 
sugar ;  and  the  chief  manufactures  muslins  and 
calicoes. 

The  great  forests  and  marshy  districts  are  peo- 


district  he  inhabits.     The  mountain  bear  is  even 
more  terrible   than   the   tiger ;    he    inhabits    the 
Ghauts  and   is  probably  a  sort  of  hyaena.     The 
common  bear  is  found  in  the  forests  of  the  south, 
wolves  and  jackals  are  common  in   the  interior 
parts.     The  serval  or  panther  cat  which  inhabit? 
this  country  is  little  known.     The  lynx  and  car 
acal  inhabit  the  northern  provinces.     The  rhinoc 
eros  seeks  amid  the  mud  and  water  of  the  marsh 
es  a  shelter  from  the  scorching  heat  of  the  cli- 


pled  with  elephants.    The  tiger  is  common  in 
Malabar  and  Bengal  and  is  the  scourge  of  every 


mate.  He  is  a  much  rarer  animal  than  the  ele- 
phant, and  is  never  seen  in  troops  like  that  ani- 
mal. He  never  attacks  men  unless  when  provok- 
ed. Hindoostan  swarms  with  serpents,  and  almost 
every  river  and  lake  abounds  in  crocod  iles. 

Hindoostan,  p.v.  Martin  Co.  Indiana. 

Ilinesville,  p.v.   Patrick  Co.  Va. 

Hingham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.,  14  m.  W.  of 
Norwich,  and  99  N.  E.  of  London. 

Hingham,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.,  13  m.  S.  E 
Boston.  Pop.  3,357.  It  is  situated  on  a  small 
bay  communicating  with  Boston  harbour.  It  is 
actively  engaged  in  the  mackerel  fishery,  and  has 
long  been  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  buckets. 

Hing-hoa,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Fo-kien.  The  vicinity  furnishes 
abundance  of  rice,  lichi,  and  silk. 

Hinkley,  p.v.  Medina  Co.  Ohio. 

Hinsdale,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.,  96  m.  from 
Boston.  Pop.  937.  This  place  was  formerly  nam- 
ed Fort  Dummer  and  Bridgman's  Fort,  and  suffer- 
ed much  during  the  Indian  wars.  Also  a  p.t. 
Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  919. 

Hi  merger  sdnf,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  8 
m.  E.  of  Freyburgh. 

HinzHan,  Joanna,  or  Anjouan,  one  of  the  larg 
est  of  the  Comoro  Islands,  situated  off  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Africa.  It  is  of  a  triangular  form; 
and  the  whole  island  appears  to  have  undergone 
the  action  of  a  volcano,  the  rocks  being  every 
where  volcanized.  It  is  entirely  mountainous, 
but  is  covered  with  vegetation,  which  reaches 
even  to  the  summit  of  the  highest  conical  hill. 
The  coasts  can  be  approached  with  safety.  The 
sovereign  of  Hinzuan  takes  the  title  of  sultan, 
and  formerly  ruled  over  the  whole  group  of  tlie 
Comoro  Islands.  His  subjects  view  him  with  the 
most  profound  respect,  and  never  approach  him 
without  kneeling,  and  touching  the  earth  with 
their  forehead.  The  nobles  are  on  a  familiar  foot- 
ing with  the  king,  and  must  be  consulted  on  ma 
ny  occasions.  The  natives  are  in  general  tall,  ro 
bust,  and  well  made;  they  "have  long  black  hair, 
piercing  eyes,  and  are  of  a  colour  between  olive 
and  black.  They  profess  Mahomedism  ;  but  the 
native  African  worship  of  feticl-es  is  still  very 
prevalent.  They  are  courteou-  and  hospitable, 
and  all  shipwrecked  mariners  he  e  been  received 
with  the  greatest  kindness  The  "pine  apples  are 
most  delicious,  and  the  other  fruiis  are  excellent. 
Yams  and  sweet  potatoes  are  in  abundance  ;  also 
goats  and  poultry.  The  bullocks  are  of  a  moder- 
ate size,  are  excellent  food.  This  island  is  often 
frequented  by  Europeans,  and  particularly  by  Eng 


IKMk 


379 


HOG 


Iish  Teasels,  for  the  sake  of  procuring  water  and 
provisions.  The  commodities  in  demand  are 
arms,  toys,  looking-glasses,  shirts  and  blue  and 
red  cloth.  Saltam  is  the  capital.  Long.  41.  30. 
Clat.  12.  54.  S. 

Hio,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Grothland,  seat- 
ed on  the  lake  Wetter,  145  m.  S.  W.  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Hiorring,  a  decayed  town  of  Denmark,  in  N. 
Jutland,  27  m.  N.  N.  \\  .  of  Aalborg. 

Hiram,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1.026.  Also 
a  village  in  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Hirschberg,  a   town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 

principality   of    Jauer,    famous   for  its   mineral 

baths.   In  the  neighbourhood  are  extensive  bleach- 

>  ing-grounds,  and  next  to    Breslau  it  is   the    most 

'  considerable  trading  town  is  Silesia.     It  is  seated 

■  ©n  the  Bolder,  23  m.  S.  W.  of  Jauer. 

Hirschfeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Lower 
Hesse,  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name, 
depending  on  a  famous  abbey,  which  was  secular- 
ised in  a  favour  of  the  house  of  Hesse-Cassel.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Fulda,  34  m.  S.  by  £.  of  Cassel. 
Long.  9.  42.  E.,  lat.  50.  50.  N. 

Hirscholm,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Zealand,  with  a  castle,  12  m.  N.  of  Copen- 
hagen. 

Hischorn,  a  town  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  with  a 
castle  ;  seated  on  the  Neckar,  7  m.  E.  of  Hei- 
delberg. 

Hispaniola.     See  Domingo,  St. 

Hi^sar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country 
of  Dehli,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name  ; 
seated  near  the  river  Sursoory,  112  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Dehh.     Long.  75.  40.  E.,  lat.  29.  5.  N. 

Hit,  a  town  of  Syria,  near  which  is  a  spring  of 
naphtha  and  bitumen.  It  stands  on  a  river  of 
the  same  narae,  which  soon  after  joins  the  Eu- 
phrates, 100  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Bagdad. 

Hitchin,  a  town  of  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  with  a 
great  trade  in  malt.  It  has  a  handsome  parish 
church,  and  several  meeting-houses.  15  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Hertford,  and  34  N.  W.  of  London. 

Hithe,  or  Hythe,  a  borough  in  Kent,  Eng.  It 
is  one  of  the  principal  Cinque  Pons.  Near  it  are 
the  remains  of  Saltwood  Castle,  now  turned  into 
a  farm  house,  barns,  &c.  In  consequence  of  the 
harbour  becoming  gradually  choked  up,  the  trade 
declined  ;  and  the  town  itself  was  almost  annihi- 
lated by  pestilence  and  famine.  At  present,  how- 
ever, it  is  a  thriving  and  respectable  place.  It  is 
10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Dover,  and  68  S.  E.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Iloai-king,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Ho-nan.  320  m.  S.  W.  of  Peking.  Long.  112. 
34.  E.,lat.  35.  6.  S. 

Hoain-gan-foo,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Kian-nan.  It  is  seated  in  a  marshy,  and  in- 
closed by  a  triple  wall.  The  suburbs  extend  to 
the  distance  of  a  league  on  each  side  of  a  canal, 
and  from  their  extremity  a  kind  of  port  on  the 
Hoaag-ho.  The  canal,  being  above  the  level  of 
the  city,  occasions  perpetual  danger  of  inunda- 
tion. 515  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Peking.  Long.  118.  4. 
E.,  lat.  53.  30.  N. 

Hoan^ho,  a  large  river  of  Asia,  also  called  the 
Yellow  River,  from  the  quantity  of  clay  which  it 
devolves.  Its  sources  are  two  lakes,  situate 
among  the  mountains  of  that  part  of  Tartary 
known  by  the  name  of  Kokonor,  in  about  35.  N. 
lat.  It  pursues  a  N.  E.  direction  to  about  42.  N. 
lat.,  and  after  running  due  E.  it  suddenly  bends 
S.  penetrating  China  to  a  latitude  nearly  parallel 
to  its  aouice  ;  tuxd  then  it  pursues  an  easterly  di- 


rection till  it  enters  the  Eastern  Ocean,  100  m.  to 
the  N.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Kian-hu.  The  length 
of  its  course  is  estimated  at  2,000  m.  At  70  m. 
from  the  sea,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  great  ca- 
nal, the  breadth  is  little  more  than  a  mile ;  but 
it  is  so  rapid  and  shallow  as  to  be  scarcely  navi- 
gable. 

Hoboken,  a  village  in  Bergen  Co.  N.  J.,  on  the 
Hudson,  opposite  New  York,  and  noted  as  the 
spot  where  many  duels  have  been  fought. 

Hochberg,  a  castle  of  Baden,  situate  on  a  moun- 
tain, 2  m.  N.  E.  of  Emmeddingen. 

Hochst,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Nassau,  with 
an  extensive  tobacco  manufacture  ;  seated  on  the 
Maine,  6  m.  W.  of  Frankfort,  and  17  N.  E.  of 
Mentz. 

Hochstadt,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria,  fa- 
mous for  a  single  victory  gained  near  it  by  the 
duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1704,  and  which  the  En- 
glish call  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  from  a  village  3 
m.  S.  W.  of  this  place.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dan 
ube,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Donawert. 

Hochstadt,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavarian  Fran- 
conia,  in  the  principality  of  Bamberg,  on  the  riv- 
er Aisch,  2.'^m.  S.  S.  W".  of  Bamberg. 

Hockkncking,  a  river  of  Ohio,  flowing  into  the 
Ohio,  200  m.  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  navigable 
for  boats. 

Hocking,  an  interior  Co.  of  Ohio.  Pop.  4,606. 
Logan  is  the  chief  town.  Also  a  township  of 
Fairfield  Co.  Ohio. 

Hoddesdon,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed near  the  river  Lea,  4  m.  S.  E.  of  Herdford, 
and  17  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Hodeida,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  with  a 
harbour  for  small  vessels,  on  the  Red  Sea,  90  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Mocha.  Long.  43.  30.  E.,  lat.  14. 
10.  N. 

Hoei-tcheou,  a  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Kian-nan,  famous  for  its  tea,  varnish,  and  jap- 
aned  work,  625  m.  S.  of  Peking. 

Hoei-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Quang-ton,  1,010  m.  S.  of  Peking. 

Hoekelm.     See  Heukelum. 

Hoff,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principality  of 
Bayreuth,  with  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  and 
fine  paper.  The  adjacent  country  has  quarries 
of  excellent  marble.  It  stand  on  the  Saale,  32  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Bayreuth. 

Hoff",  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of  Ol- 
mutz,  with  a  great  trade  of  wool,  23  m.  N.  E.  of 
Olmutz. 

Hog  Island,  one  of  the  smaller  Shetland  islands 
near  the  coast  of  the  mainland. 

Hog  Island,  is  also  the  name  of  several  other 
islands  ;  one  in  Pamlico  Sound,  near  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina.  Long.  76.  36.  W.,  lat.  34.  56.  N. 
— on  the  E.  side  of  lake  Champlain,  9  m.  long 
and  about  3  broad  ;  near  the  coast  of  Virffinia. 
Long.  75.  42.  W.,  lat.  37.  30.  N. ;— in  Rhod"e  Isl- 
and, in  Narraganset  Bay,  2  m.  in  circumference  ; 
— in  the  Eastern  Sea,  near  the  coast  of  Palawan. 
Long.  U.  36.  E.,  lat.  10. 18.  N. ;— in  the  Eastern 
Sea,  40  m.  in  length,  and  3  in  breadth,  60  ni.  W. 
of  Sumatra.  Long.  95.  50.  E.,  lat.  2  30.  N. ;— in 
the  Eastern  Sea,  lying  ofi"the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
Java,  20  m.  in  circumference.  Long.  114.  55.  E., 
lat.  7.  5.  S.  ; — in  the  Eastern  Sea,  near  the  W. 
coast  of  Saleyer,  15  m.  in  length,  and  6  in  breadth. 
Long.  170.  45.  E.,  lat.  6.  12.  S— on  the  W.  coast 
of  India,  not  far  from  Pigeon  Island.  Long.  74. 
37.  E.,  lat.  14   2.  N. 

Hog  Islands,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  near  tha 
S.  W.  coast  of  Ireland,  and  county  of  Kerry,  be- 


•ilk.' 
HOL 


3S0 


HOL 


t-wneen   Ballinaskelling  Bay  and    the  mouth   of 
Kenmare  River,  4  m.  from  Hog's  Head. 

Hoganshurg,  p. v.  Franklin  Co.  N.  Y. 

Hogestotcn,  p. v.  Cumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Hague,  Cape  la,  the  N.  W.  point  of  Normandy 
near  which  Admiral  Rooke  burnt  13  French 
men  of  war,  in  16!)2.  Long.  1.  52.  W.,  lat.  49. 
45.  N. 

Hogenberg,  an  ancient  castle  of  Suabia,  in  a 
county  of  its  name, now  belonging  to  Wurtemberg; 
situate  near  the  source  of  the  Necker,  10  m.  S. 
E.  of  Rothweil. 

Hoheniitiden,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  near  which  the 
French  gained  a  great  victory  over  the  Austr'ans, 
in  1800.     It  is  22  m.  E.  of  Munich. 

HoherJohe,  or  Holach,  a  district  of  Franconia, 
abounding  in  wine,  corn,  wool,  and  cattle.  It 
now  belongs  to  the  kingdom  of  Wurtemburg. 
The  castle  of  its  ancient  counts  stood  close  by 
the  villageof  Holack,  near  Uffenheim.  The  chief 
town  is  Ohringen. 

Hohenmaut,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  river 
Meyta,  13  m.  E.  of  Chruddin. 

Hohenstein,  an  ancient  castle  of  Saxony,  situ- 
ate on  a  mountain,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  the 
village  of  Neustadt,  5  m.  N.  E.  of  Nordhau- 
sen. 

Hohentwiel,  a  fortregs  of  Wurtemberg ,surround- 
ed  by  the  county  of  Nullenberg.  Its  fortifica- 
tions were  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1800.  It 
stands  on  a  mountain,  9  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  ScafF- 
faausen. 

HokcnzoUern,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  a  princi- 
pality of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  a  moun- 
tain the  seat  of  the  ancient  counts  of  Hohenzollern. 
It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Neckar,  16  m.  S. 
by  W.  of  Tubingen.  Long.  9.  8.  E.,  lat.  48. 
2d.  N. 

Hohnslein,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  river  Mul- 
da,  11  m.  N.  E.  of  Zwickau. 

Hokesville,  p. v.  Lincoln  Co.  N.  C. 

Ho-Jeein,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Pe-tcheli,  situate  between  two 
rivers,  85  m.  S.  of  Peking.  Long.  IIG.  23.  E.,  lat. 
38.  40.  N. 

Hola,  a  town  of  Iceland,  and  a  bishop's  see,  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  on  the  N.  coast.  Long.  19. 
20.  W.,  lat.  65.40.  N. 

Holbfijich,  a  town  of  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  with  a 
considerable  trade  in  corn  and  wool.  12  m.  S. 
by  E.  of  Boston,  and  109  N.  by  E.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Holbeck,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Zealand,  with  a  good  harbour,  from  which 
great  quantities  of  corn  are  annually  exported.  30 
m.  W.  of  Copenhagen. 

Holden,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  6  m.  N.  of 
Worcester.     Pop.  1,718. 

HoLdsworthy,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed near  the  canal  from  Bude  harbour,  between 
two  branches  of  the  Tamer,  43  m.  W.,  by  N.  of 
Exeter,  and  214  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Holderness,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.,  on  Sqnam 
Lake.     Pop.  1,409. 

Hole  in  the  Wall,  a  village  of  Talbot  Co.  Mary- 
land. 

Holland,  an  important  province  of  the  Nether- 
lands, which  has  often  given  name  to  the  Seven 
United  Provinces.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts, 
North  and  South  Holland ;  and  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  and  W.  by  the  G«rman  Ocean,  on  the  E. 
by  the  Zuyder  Zee  and  the  ci-devant  state  of 
Utrecht,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Meuse,  and  Dutch 
Brabant ;  extending  from  lat   51.  40.  to  53.  10. 


N. ;  its  longitude  is  about  180  m.  E.  of  London. 
It  contains  90  walled  towns,  beside  many  others, 
and  above  400  villages.  Before  the  Revolution 
in  1796,  six  large  cities  had  seals  in  the  states 
general;  viz.,  Dort,  Haerlem,  Delft,  Leyden 
Amsterdam,  and  Gouda.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants was  estimated  at  800,000.  They  also  reach- 
ed this  number  in  1801  ;  but  in  1817  they  had 
been  reduced  by  the  war  to  748,000.  The  divi- 
sions into  the  two  governments  of  South  and 
North  Holland  was  recognised  by  the  constitu- 
tion of  1814:  the  former  contains  1,170  sq.m. 
with  389,000  inhabitants,  and  is  divided  into  the 
six  districts  of  the  Hague,  Leyden,  Rotterdam. 
Dort,  Gorcum,  and  the  Briel ;  while  Holland 
which  in  official  papers,  is  called  by  its  ancient 
name  of  West  Friesland,  contains  930  sq.  m. 
with  359,000  inhabitants,  and  is  divided  into  the 
four  districts  of  Amsterdam,  Haerlem,  Hoorn, 
and  Alkmaar.  The  whole  province  is  a  continu- 
ed flat;  and,  but  for  the  constant  care  in  forming 
ditches  and  canals,  it  would  be  hardly  -apable  of 
cultivation;  some  part  of  it  lies  even  lower  than 
the  sea,  from  which  it  is  secured  by  dikes,  25  or 
30  feet  high,  and  as  many  broad  at  the  top.  Tho 
climate  is  moist  and  variable,  and  in  various 
places,  {Jarticularly  in  North  Holland,  unfavora- 
ble to  health.  The  winters  are  severe,  and  the 
rivers  are  almost  every  season   rendered   unnavi- 

fable,  for  several  weeks  together,  by  the  ice. 
'he  soil  is  rich,  consisting  of  a  deep  fat  loam  ; 
but,  owing  to  the  humidity  of  both  soil  and  cli- 
mate, tillage  is  very  limited.  Wheat,  madder, 
tobacco,  hemp,  and  flax,  are  raised,  but  the  chief 
agricultural  wealth  of  the  country  consists  in 
the  pastures,  which  feed  great  number  of  cows ; 
the  making  of  butter  and  cheese  being  a  princi- 
pal occupation.  The  meadows  are  generally  un- 
der water  during  the  winter,  and  the  inhabitants 
only  discharge  them  from  it  by  mills  adapted  as 
in  the  fenny  parts  of  England  to  this  particular 
purpose. 


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^^^S 

The  natives  of  the  United  Provinces  are  of 
good  stature,  and  inclined  to  be  corpulent,  but 
they  are  remarkable  in  general  for  a  heavy,  awk- 
ward mien  ;  their  features  are  regular,  and  their 
complexions  fair.  The  better  sort  of  people 
imitate  the  French  fashions  in  their  dress  ;  but 
those  who  are  stamped  with  the  genuine  charac- 
ter of  their  native  country,  never  fail  to  load 
themselves  with  enormous  incumbrances  of 
clothes.  The  hats  of  the  woman  are  as  large  as 
tea-boards,  projecting  forward  on  each  side  so  as 
to  overshadow  face  and  body.     They  ar«  chiefly 


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of  straw,  with  two  broad  ribands,  not  tied,  but 
pendent  from  the  sides.  This  hat  forms  a  striking 
conf^rast  with  the  short  dress,  of.which  the  milk- 
maids sold  in  our  shops  is  a  faithful  picture.  Both 
men  and  women  wear  at  least  two  waistcoats, 
with  as  many  coats,  and  the  former  cover  their 
limbs  with  double  trowsers. 

The  dress  of  the  young  girls  is  the  most  singu- 
lar, especially  at  the  time  of  any  festival  or  hol- 
iday. In  speaking  of  these,  an  amusing  writer 
observes,  that  any  one  would  have  supposed  that 
the  figures  which  appeared  were  masques,  or  de- 
signed as  caricatures.  Imagine,  says  he,  a  short 
figure,  with  more  breadtli  than  goes  to  the  pro- 
portion of  elegance,  and  with  very  little  altera- 
tion in  the  width  downward  to  the  waist,  the  pet- 
ticoats descending  only  half  way  below  the  knee. 
Imagine  further,  a  round  small  face  covered  with 
a  hat  of  three  feet  in  diameter,  perfectly  circular, 
and  applied  t  j  the  head  in  a  part  contiguous  to 
the  circumference.  Then  conceive  a  number  of 
these  figures  in  motion,  brandishing  their  hori- 
zontal hats,  rolling  their  diminutive  ej'es,  and 
affecting  a  thousand  ridiculous  graces  under  cover 
of  this  extensive  canopy.  The  tout  ensemble  may 
bring  to  the  recollection  those  sculptural  vagaries 
in  which  human  figure  is  made  the  prop  of  a  ca- 
tliedral  seat,  the  support  of  a  wainscot  pulpit,  or 
the  stand  of  a  mahogany  table. 

The  Dutchman,  living  in  continual  danger  of 
inundation,  and  of  losing  not  only  the  fruits  of 
his  industry  but  his  life,  becomes  habitually  pro- 
vident. His  foresight  is  admirable,  his  persever- 
ance not  to  be  conquered,  and  his  labours,  unless 
seen,  cannot  be  credited.  They  astonish  the 
more,  when  the  phlegm  of  his  temper  and  the 
slowness  of  his  habits  are  considered.  View  the 
minuteness  of  his  economy,  the  solicitude  of  his 
precaution,  and  the  inflexibility  of  his  methodi- 
cal prudence  !  Who  would  not  pronounce  him  in- 
capable of  great  enterprise  .'  He  builds  himself  a 
dwelling  ;  it  is  a  hut  in  size,  and  it  is  a  palace  in 
neatness.  It  is  necessarily  situated  among  damps 
upon  a  flat,  and  perhaps  behind  the  bank  of  a 
sluggish  canal ;  yet  he  writes  upon  it,  "  My 
Goenege,  "  My  delight;  "  Landlust,  "  Country 
pleasures,  "  Land  figlU,  "  Country  prospect,  or 
some  other  inscription,  that  might  characterize  the 
vale  of  Tempe,  or  the  garden  of  Eden.  He  cuts  his 
trees  into  fantastic  forms,  hangs  his  awnings 
round  with  small  bells,  and  decorates  his  Sunday 
jacket  with  dozens  of  little  buttons.  Too  provi- 
dent to  waste  his  sweets,  he  cunningly  puts  a 
bit  of  sugar-candy  in  his  mouth,  and  drinks  his  tea 
as  it  melts;  one  morsel  serves,  let  him  drink  as  long 
as  he  pleases.  Around  him  is  every  token  of  care, 
caution,  and  cleanliness;  but  none  in  his  domestic 
Yiabits,  of  magnificence,  or  grandeur  of  design. 
The  Dutch  are  usually  distinguished  into  five 
classes ;  the  peasants  and  farmers ;  seafaring 
men  ;  merchants  and  tradesmen  ;  those  who  live 
upon  their  estates,  or  the  interest  of  their  money  ; 
and  military  officers.     The  civet  cat  which  is  a 


native  of  the  hottest  climate  of  Africa,  and  Asia, 
is  frequently  reared  in  Holland  where  a  great  pro- 


fit is  obtained  by  their  perfume.  The  civet  of 
Amsterdam  is  better  than  that  of  the  I.ievant  or 
East  Indies.  Holland  is  said  to  have  derived  its 
name  from  the  vast  and  thick  forests  of  wood  with 
which  it  was  at  one  time  covered  ;  Holtlant,  in 
German,  signifying  woodland.  In  the  middle 
ages  it  was  governed  by  its  counts  or  earls  ;  in  the 
loth  century  it  became  subject  to  the  house  of 
Burgundy  ;  it  passed  afterwards  to  Austria  ;  and 
finally  jomed  the  other  provinces  that  declared  for 
independence.  On  the  invasion  of  Holland  by 
the  French,  in  the  beginning  of  1795,  the  stadt- 
holder  with  his  family  took  refuge  in  England. 
Holland  was  subsequently  under  various  forms 
of  the  French  domination.  At  length  the  people 
became  weary  of  this  connexion.  The  events  of 
1S13  had  weakened  the  power  that  bound  them  ; 
the  people  rose  ;  their  fetters  were  broken  ;  and  a 
provisional  government  was  formed  at  Amster 
dam  on  the  18th  of  November.  William  Frede- 
rick, of  Nassau  and  Orange,  landed  from  Eng- 
land at  the  close  of  the  same  month,  entered 
Amsterdam  on  the  2nd  of  December,  and  was  pro- 
claimed Sovereign  Prince  of  the  United  Nether- 
lands, which  had  formerly  been  subject  to  the 
dukes  of  Burgundy,  were  re-united  under  the 
prince  of  Orange,  as  William  I.,  king  of  the 
Netherlands,  and  these  countries  continued 
under  one  government  till  1830.  For  an  ac- 
count of  the  revolution  of  that  year,  See  JVcfAer- 
lands. 

Holland,  a  strong  town  of  E.  Prussia,  seated 
near  the  river  Weeske,  14  m.  S.  S.  E.  ofElbing. 

Holland,  JVew,  an  island  of  the  South  i^'ucific 
Ocean,  and  the  largest  known  land  that  does  not 
bear  the  name  of  a  continent.  It  extends  from 
109.  to  153.  E.  lonir.,  and  from  11.  to  39.  S.  lat., 
or  2,730  m.  from  W.  to  E.,  and  1,960  from  N.  to  S. 
When  this  vast  island  was  first  discovered  is  un- 
certain. The  Portuguese  and  Spaniards  appear 
to  have  visited  it  in  the  sixteenth  century,  but  it 
was  the  Dutch  who  first  made  it  known  to  Europe. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  they 
traced  the  N.  and  W.  coasts ;  and  what  was 
deemed,  till  lately,  the  S.  extremity,  was  discov- 
ered by  Tasman  in  1642.  Captain  Cook,  in  1770, 
explored  the  E.  and  N.  E.  from  38,  S.,  and  ascer- 
tained its  separation  fromNew  Guinea ;  and  in, 
1773,  captain  Furneaux,  by  connecting  Tasman's 
discoveries  with  Cook's,  completed  tUe  circuit. 
But  the  supposed  S.  extremity,  which  Tasman 
discovered  by  the  name  of  Van  Diemen  Land, 
was  found,  in  1798,  to  be  an  island,  separated 
from  New  Holland  by  a  channel  forty  leagues 
wide,  named  from  the  discoverer.  Bass's  Strait 
Different  parts  of  the  coast  have  been  called  by 
the  names  of  the  discoverers,  &c.  The  eastern 
coast,  called  New  South  Wales,  was  taken  pos- 
session of  in  his  majesty's  name  by  captain  Cook, 
and  now  forms  a  part  of  the  British  dominions 
See  IVahs,  JVe,w  South. 

Holland,  a  township  of  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
422.  Also  apt.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  453, 
Also  a  p.t.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,070. 

Holley   p.t    Genesee  Co.  N.  Y. 

HoUulaysburg,  p. v.  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 

Hollis,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  7,501. 

HoUiston,  p.t.  Middles'ex  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1 ,304. 

HoUodale,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  the  county  of 
Sutherland,  which  rises  in  the  mountai-ns  on  the 
borders  of  Caithness  and  flows  N.  into  a  bay  of 
the  North  Sea,  forming,  for  several  miles,  in  the 
latter  part  of  its  course,  the  boundary  between 
the  two  counties. 


i.      >-' 


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Holm.  Cullram,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng. 
Bometimes  called  Holm-Abbey,  from  the  celebra- 
ted abbey  that  formerly  stood  here,  the  remains 
of  which  have  beon  converted  into  the  parish 
church.  It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wa- 
\er,  12  m.  N.  of  Cockermouth,  and  310  N.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Holmesburor,  p. v.  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa. 

Holmes's  Hole,  a  harbour  in  the  island  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  which  See. 

Holmesville,  p. v.   Pike   Co.  Missouri. 

Holstebroe,  a  town  of  Denmrak,  in  North  Jut- 
land, situate  on  a  shallow  river  which  runs  into 
tlie  North  Sea.  The  principal  trade  is  in  corn, 
oxen,  and  horses.  It  is  24  m.  W.  of  Wiburg, 
and  (58  N.  of  Ripen. 

Holstein,  a  dutchy  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Ger- 
many belonging  to  Denmark,  100  m.  long  and 
50  broad ;  bounded  N.  by  Sleswick,  E.  by  the 
Daltic  and  the  dutch  of  Saxe-Lauenburg,  S.  by 
tl»e  duckies  of  Bremen  of  Luneburg,  and  W.  by 
the  German  Ocean.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the 
Elbe,  the  Eyder,  and  the  Stor.  It  is  a  fruitful 
country,  and  well  seated  for  trade,  having  some 
considerable  harbours,  particularly  those  of  Ham- 
burg, Lubec,  and  Kiel ;  and  frorn  the  latter  is  a 
canal  to  the  Eyder  at  Rensburg,  by  which  there 
is  a  free  navagation  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.  Pop.  in  1818,  3<30,000,  most  of 
whom  are  Lutherans. 

Hotston,  a  river  of  the  United  States  which 
rises  in  the  Alleghany  mountains  in  Virginia,  and 
flows  S.  S.  W.  into  the  State  of  Tennessee,  where 
it  takes  a  more  Southerly  course  to  Knoxville, 
and  35  m.  below  that  town  is  joined  by  the  Clinch, 
when  their  united  waters  take  the  name  of  Ten- 
nessee. It  is  navigable  for  boats  of  25  tons  up- 
wards of  100  m.  On  its  banks  are  several  iron 
works;  and  the  adjacent  country  abounds  with 
iron  ore,  and  has  sundry  lead  mines. 

Holt,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  with  an  excellent 
free  school  founded  by  Sir  John  Gresham.  It  is 
situate  in  a  fertile  district,  24  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Norwich,  and  119  N.  E.  of  London. 

Holy  Island,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  England, 
6  m.  S.  E.  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed,  but  belong- 
ing to  the  county  of  Durham.  It  is  3  m.  long 
and  2  broad  ;  the  soil  rocky  and  full  of  stones  •, 
and  at  low  water  it  is  accessible  by  horses  and 
carriages.  It  has  a  town  called  Kilo,  and  a  castle  on 
a  high  rock,  under  which  is  a  commodious  har- 
bour, defended  by  a  block-house.  On  this  island  are 
considerable  remains  of  a  stately  monastery,  called 
Lindisfarne,  and  here  was  anciently  a  bishop's 
see,  removed  with  the  body  of  St.  Cuthbert,  first 
to  Chester  le  street,  and  afterwards  to  Durham. 

Holyhead,  a  seaport  and  cape  of  Wales,  in  the 
isle  of  Anglesey.  It  derives  its  principal  support 
from  the  expenditure  of  passengers  to  and  from 
Ireland,  being  the  usual  place  of  embarkation  for 
Dublin,  and  the  station  of  the  government  pack- 
ets to  and  from  that  city,  distant  about  20 
leagues.  In  the  neighbourhood  is  a  large  vein 
of  white  Fuller's  earth,  and  another  of  yellow. 
Among  the  principal  objects  of  interest  are  the 
venerable  ruins  of  a  hermitage,  two  chapels,  and 
the  remains  of  a  Dutch  wall ;  these,  with  the 
light-house  and  suspension  bridge,  attract  the  at- 
tention of  strangers.  The  church,  near  the  verge 
of  the  cliff,  is  a  handsome  structure  of  the  thir- 
teenth century  :  here  are  also  4  chapels  for  dis- 
senters, a  free  school,  and  some  almshouses.  Pop. 
n  18-21,  4,007.  267  m.  N  W.  of  London.  Long. 
4.  40  W.,  lat  53.  23.  N. 


Holyoke,  Mount,  an  eminence  near  Northamp- 
ton in  Massachusetts.  It  is  about  800  feet  high, 
and  may  be  easily  ascended  in  a  carriage.  On 
the  summit  is  a  building  erected  for  the  accomo- 
dation of  visitors  who  resort  hither  in  summer  to 
enjoy  the  beautiful  prospect  which  the  mountain 
affords.  Southwardly  is  seen  Connecticut  river, 
retiring  under  the  shade  of  Mount  Tom,  whiten- 
ed below  by  South  Hadley  Falls;  beyond  which 
is  the  hill  at  Springfield.  The  river  makes  seve- 
ral turns,  and  on  the  horizon  are  2  very  distant 
peaks,  which  are  supposed  to  be  East  and  West 
Rocks,  at  New-Haven,  about  70  m.  distant. 
NoHheast  is  seen  Monadnoc  Mountain  in  Ncm'- 
Hampshire  ;  and  the  view  toward  the  east  is  'w 
terrupted  by  the  neighbouring  peaks  of  Mount  4 
Holyoke.  North,  you  look  up  the  charming  val- 
ley of  the  Connecticut ;  bordered  by  distant  ranges 
of*^  hills  and  mountains,  varied  by  a  few  isolated 
peaks,  covered  with  the  richest  coat  of  vegetation, 
and  scattered  witli  villages  and  innumerable  farm 
houses.  The  river  makes  a  beautiful  serpentine 
course  from  where  it  first  appears  at  the  foot  of 
Sugar  Loaf  Mountain,  and  Mount  Toby,  until  it 
reaches  the  village  of  Hadley,  which  lies  in  full 
view ;  and  then  taking  a  bold  sweep  to  tl'.e  west, 
and  flowing  4  m.  it  returns  to  tlie  end  of  the 
street,  only  a  mile  distant  from  where  it  first  meets 
it.  The  whole  peninsula  is  rich  and  fertile, 
and  covered  with  cultivated  fields  of  wJieat, 
corn,  grass,  &c.  without  being  disfigured  by 
fences,  according  to  the  custom  prevalent  here- 
abouts ;  this  is  the  richest  sight  upon  the  river, 
particularly  when  viewed  in  connexion  with  the 
scene  immediately  below,  where  the  river  flows 
on,  almost  immediately  under  our  feet,  and  the 
western  shore  presents  the  extensive  Northampton 
meadows,  a  mile  wide.  Following  the  current 
with  the  eye,  in  the  West  south  west,  it  forms  a 
still  more  remarkable  peninsula,  although  one  of 
inferior  size  :  the  Hockanum  Bend  being  a  turn 
measuring  3  m.  in  circuit  while  the  isthmus  is  •*• 
only  46  rods  across,  or  150  yards.  In  the  com-  *■ . 
pass  ol^this  view,  from  the  north  to  the  west  and 
south,  numerous  village  spires  are  seen,  with  lev- 
el fields,  orchards,  and  gardens,  almost  without 
number;  and  the  whole  scene  is  so  bounded  with 
mountainous  ridges,  as  to  seem  to  justify  tho 
opinion  of  geologists,  who  say  that  it  was  onco 
covered  with  an  extensive  lake,  until  the  water 
forced  a  passage  between  Mounts  Tom  and  Holy- 
oke. Northampton  is  seen  about  west-north- 
west, with  Round  Hill  ;  and  towards  the  right, 
the  top  of  Saddle  Mountain,  in  the  distance. 
There  are  also  others  still  further  north,  particu- 
larly Haystack  and  Bare  Mountain.  More  than 
30  church  steeples  may  be  counted  here. 

Holywell,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  with 
a  market  on  Friday.  It  has  a  neat  parish  church- 
and  4  places  of  worship  for  dissenters.  From  its 
vicinity  to  the  mines,  and  the  extensive  manufac- 
tures carried  on  in  the  neighbourhood,  it  is  be 
come  the  most  flourishing  town  in  the  countv, 
Its  name  was  derived  from  the  famous  well  of  St. 
'Winifred,  concerning  which  so  many  fables 
and  superstitious  notions  have  prevailed,  bu* 
which  is  certainly  a  very  remarkable  spring, 
bursting  out  of  the  ground  with  great  impetuosi- 
ty, at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  and  discharging  upwards 
of  29  tons  of  water  every  minute.  The  waters 
have  long  since  lost  their  reputation  for  miracu 
lous  healing  powers,  but  are  much  esteemed  by 
the  manufacturer,  being  now  applied  to  the  pur 
pose  of  turning  several  mills  for  the  working  of 


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copper,  making  brass  wire,  paper,  and  snuff,  and 
spinning  cotton.  It  is  10  m.  E.  of  St.  Asaph,  and 
207  N.  W.  of  London. 

Holzapfel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau.  It  is  situate  on  the  Lahn,  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  on  which  is  the  tower  of  an  ancient 
castle,  the  original  seat  of  the  princes  of  Nassau, 
4  ra.  N.  E.  of  Nassau. 

Holzminden,  a  town  of  the  state  of  Brunswick, 
in  Wolfenbuttel,  with  considerable  iron  works. 
It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Holz  with  the 
Weser,  28  m.  N.  W.  of  Gottingen. 

Hiimburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cas- 
sel,  with  an  iron  forge  and  a  glass  manufacture, 
20  m.  S.  of  Cassel. — Also  a  town  of  Prussia,  in 
the  duchy  of  Berg,  48  m.  S.  E.  of  Dusseldorf — 
And  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  Deux  Fonts  ;  seated  on 
a  mountain,  5  m.  N.  \V.  of  Deux  Fonts. 

Ho-nan,  a  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  provinces  of  Pe-tcheli  and  Chsin-si,  E. 
b  '  Kiang-si  and  Chantong,  S.  by  Hou-quang,  and 
W.  by  Chensi.  As  every  thing  that  can  contri- 
bute to  render  a  country  delightful  is  found  in  this 
province,  and  as  it  is  situate  almost  in  the  centre 
of  the  empire,  the  Chinese  call  it  Tong-hoa,  The 
Middle  Flower.  Besides  Cai-fong,  its  capital,  it 
contains  eight  cities  of  the  first  class  and  102  of 
the  second  and  third. 

Honan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class,  in  the 
province  of  Honan,  360  m.  S.  W.  of  Peking. 
Long.  112.  9.  E.,  lat.  34.  44.  N. 

Honaicera,  or  Onore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Canara,  seated  in  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  which  spreads 
into  a  lake,  and  includes  a  number  of  islands.  It 
was  formerly  a  place  of  great  commerce,  but  was 
demolished  by  Tippoo  after  he  had  recovered  it  by 
the  treaty  of  Mangitlore.  Here  is  now  a  custom- 
house, and  a  few  shops  ;  also  some  merchants  who 
live  scattered  near  the  banks  of  the  lake,  and  sell 
rice,  pepper,  cocoa,  and  betelnuts,  &c,  to  the 
trading  vessels  that  come  from  Goa,  Rajaputra 
and  Bombay.  It  is  50  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Kandapura, 
and  84  S.  S.  E.  of  Goa. 

Hondtchoote,  a  town  of  France,  departmei;^  of 
Nord,near  which  a  part  of  the  allied  troops  were 
surprised  and  defeated  in  1793.  7  m.  S.  E.  of 
Dunkirk. 

Honduras,  a  province  of  lyjexico,  490  m.  long, 
and  1.50  broad  bounded  on  the  N.  by  a  bay  of 
its  name,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.by  Nicaragua,  and 
W.  by  Guatemala  and  Vera  Paz.  The  country 
consists  of  mountains,  valleys  and  plains,  water- 
ed by  numerous  rivers ;  and  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile. The  vineyards  bear  thrice  a  year,  and  the 
soil  in  many  parts  yields  3  crops  of  maize  ;  other 
productions  are  wheat,  peas,  cotton,  wool,  log- 
wood, with  excellent  pastures,  honey,  wax,  and 
provisions  of  all  kinds.  Honduras  was  formerly 
one  of  the  most  populous  countries  in  America, 
but  at  present,  though  so  fertile,  is  almost  desert- 
ed.     The  capital  is    Valladolid,  or  Comayuguas. 

Honduras  Bay,  is  that  gulf  of  the  Carribean 
Sea  between  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  and  Cape 
Honduras.  It  is  well  known  from  the  colonies 
settled  on  it  by  the  British  for  the  cutting  down 
of  mahogany  and  dye  woods.  The  trees°are  cut 
at  the  wet  season  of  the  year,  and  afterbeing  drag- 
ged from  the  forest  to  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  they 
are  made  into  rafts  and  floated  to  the  shore.  The 
growth  of  the  logwood  here  is  extremely  rapid,  so 
much  so  that  it  is  said  to  attain  maturity  in  5  or  6 
years,  when  it  is  cut  and  sent  to  Europe  in  logs. 
Besides  the  mahogany  and  logwood  tree,  Hondu- 
ras Bay,  produces  2  or  3  kin«&  of  the  mangrove, 


as  the  red,  white,  and  black.  Cedeira  are  large 
and  abundant,  and  are  commonly  used  in  ship- 
building. The  palmetto,  the  sapadilla,  and  the 
sea-grape  trees,  are  all  found  very  nseful ;  as  are 
also  the  bullet-tree,  the  iron-wood-tree,  the  cala- 
bash-tree, and  the  button-wood-tree.  The  althea 
grows  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  coast, 
and  is  generally  made  i  nto  rafts  for  floating  the 
log-wood  to  the  sea.  The  tree  tl»at  exudes  the 
resinous  substance  called  coutchouc,  or  elastic 
gum,  from  which  Indian-rubber  is  made,  grows 
plentifully  in  several  provinces  of  Guatemala, 
particularly  in  various  parts  of  Honduras.  In  ad- 
dition to  those  may  be  enumerated  the  locust-tree, 
the  fustic,  the  cocoa-nut-tree,  the  cabbage,  and 
the  silk-cotton-trees,  besides  which  both  trees 
and  shrubs  of  a  medicinal  nature  grow  in  great 
variety  and  profusion.  The  soil  which  has  been 
brought  under  cultivation  is  extremely  fertile,  and 
the  climate  is  superior  to  a  great  part  of  the  Amer- 
ican continent.  The  shores  abound  with  aquatic 
birds  of  different  kinds.  Myriads  of  swallows  are 
found  in  some  parts,  particularly  in  Honduras, 
during  the  periodical  rains.  The  humming-bird 
is  seen  in  most  of  its  splendid  varieties,  and  the 
oxilis,  one  of  the  most  minute  and  beautiful  of 
this  elegant  tribe,  is  very  common.  The  number 
offish,  insects,  and  reptiles,  is  also  great. 

Honey  Brook,  p.t.  Chester  Co.  Pa.  on  the  bead 
streams  of  the  Brandy  wine. 

Honeuscille,  p. v.  Shenandoah  Co.  Va. 

Honfieur,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Calvados.  The  harbour  is  very  capa- 
cious, at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine  ;  and  its  princi- 
pal trade  is  in  lace.  8  m.  N.  of  Pont  I'Eveque. 
and  110  N.  W.  of  Paris.  Long.  0.  15.  E.,  lat.  49 
24.  N. 

Honiton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  cele- 
brated for  the  manufacture  of  broad  lace.  The 
church  is  half  a  mile  from  the  town,  but  it  has  al- 
so a  chapel  belonging  to  the  establishment,  and 
three  meeting-houses  for  Independents,  Baptists, 
and  Presbyterians.  A  fire  happened  here  in  1747, 
which  consumed  three-fourths  of  the  town  ;  and 
another,  in  1705,  destroyed  nearly  180  buildings. 
It  is  situated  in  a  delightful  vale  on  the  river  • 
Otter,  )G  m.  E.  of  Exeter.     Market  on  Saturday. 

Hooghly,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  formed  by  the 
two  westernmost  branches  of  the  Ganges,  named 
the  Cosimbazar  and  Jellinghy,  which  unite  at 
Nuddea.  It  flows  by  Hooghly,  Chinsura,  Chan- 
dernagore,  and  Calcutta,  to  the  bay  of  Bengal, 
and  is  the  only  branch  of  the  Ganges  that  is  com- 
monly navigated  by  ships. 

Hooghly,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  now 
nearly  in  ruins,  but  possesing  many  vestiges  of 
fomer  greatness.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  it  was  the  great  mart  of  the 
export  trade  of  Bengal  to  Europe.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Hooghly,  25  m.  N.  of  Calcutta. 

Hoogstraten,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
bant, 15  m.  N.  of  Herentals. 

Hookertown,  p. v.  Greene  Co.  N.  C. 

Hookset,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Merri- 
mack, 52  m.  fr.  Boston.  Here  is  a  beautiful  cata- 
ract, round  which  a  canal  passes.     Pop.  880. 

Hookstown,  villages  in  Beaver  Co.  Pa.  Balti- 
more and  Talbot  Cos.  Md.  and  Greene  Co.  N.  C. 

Hoom,  or  Horn,  a  seaport  of  N.  Holland  on  the 
Zuyder  Zee,  with  manufactures  of  woolen  cloths 
and  carpets,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  cattle, 
butter,  cheese,  herrings,  and  other  fish.  20  m. 
N.  N.  £.  of  Amsterdam. 

Hoosack  Mountain,  a  ridge  in  the  western  part 


HOR 


384 


HOT 


of  Massachusette  passing  through  the  trtate  from 
Vermont  to  Connecticut. 

Hoosack,  a  stream  rising  in  Vermont  and  fal- 
ling into  the  Hudson,  8   m.  above  Lansinburg. 

Hope,  a  river  of  the  island  of  Jamaica,  which 
runs  into  the  sea  5  m.  S.  of  Kingston. 

ffo/»e,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,541.  Also 
towns  in  Durham  Co.  N.  C.  and  Gaspe  Co.  L.  C. 

Hope  jidvance  Bay,  a  bay  in  Hudson's  Strait, 
100  m.  W.  of  Cape  Cliidley. 

Hope  Bay,  a  bay  at  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Nootka 
Sound. — Also  a  bay  in  the  English  Channel,  on 
the  coast  of  Kent,  between  Sandwich  and  Rams- 
gate. 

Hope  Cape,  a  cape  of  Hudson's  Bay,  at  the  en- 
trance of  Repulse  Bay 

Hopefield,  p. v.  Phillips  Co.  Arkansas,  on  the 
Mississippi,  opposite  Chickasaw  Bluff. 

Hope  Islands,  two  small  islands  on  the  coast  of 
New  Holland.     Lat.  15.  41.  S. 

Hopeton,  p.t.  Yates  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop. 

Hopeioell,  the  name  of  13  towns  and  villages  in 
the  United  States,  viz.  in  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
8,20:2.  Cumberland  and  Huntingdon  Cos.  N.  J. 
York,  Washington,  Cumberland,  Bedford  and 
Huntingdon  Cos.  Pa.  Fauquier  Co.  Va.  York  Dis. 
S.  C.  Perry,  Licking,  and  Muskingum  Cos.  Ohio. 

Hopkins,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  5,763. 
Madison ville  is  the  capital. 

Hopkinsville,  a  township  of  Caledonia  Co.  Vt. 
Also  villages  in  Powhatan  Co.  Va.  and  Christian 
Co.  Ken. 

Hopkinton,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  on  Con- 
toocook  river.  Pop.  2,474.  Also  a  p.t.  Wash- 
ington Co.  R.  I.  pop.  1,777.  Also  a  p.t.  Mid- 
dlesex Co.  Mass.  Pop.  1 ,809.  Also  a  township 
in  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.   827. 

Horaidan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Farsistan,  76  m.  N.   W.   ofShiras. 

Horb,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  with  a  consider- 
able trade  in  woolen  (roods,  seated  on  the  Neck- 
ar,  51  m.  W.   S.  W.  of  Tubingen. 

Horeb,  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrea,  a  little  to 
the  W.  of  Mount  Sinai.  Plere  are  two  or  three 
fine  springs,  and  a  great  number  of  fruit-trees. 

Horn,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  a  trade  in  beer, 
made  of  oats  ;  seated  on  the  Tiffer,  48  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Vienna. 

Horn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  prov 
ince  of  Liege,  3  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Ruremonde. 

Horn,  Cape,  the  southern  extremity  of  South 
America,  forming  part  of  Hermite  Island,  on  the 
coast  of  Terra  del  Fuego.  Long.  68.  13.  W.,  lat. 
55.  58.  S. 

Hornachos,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estremadura, 
near  the  river  Malachel,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Merida. 

Hornbcrg,  a  town  of  Baden,  in  the  Black  For- 
est, with  a  fortress  on  a  mountain  ;  seated  on  the 
Gutlash,  12  ra.  N   W.  of  Rothweil. 

Hornlmrg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the 
Use,  8  m.  S.  of  Wolfenbuttel. 

Hornby,  a  small  town  in  Lancashire.  Eng.  situ- 
ated on  the  bank  of  the  Wenning,  9  m.  N.  E. 
Lancaster.  The  principal  object  of  attraction  is 
Hornby  Castle,  erected,  as  is  supposed,  by  Nicho- 
las deMont  Begons,80on  after  the  conquest.  Here 
was  formerly  a  weekly  market  on  Friday,  which 
has  merged  in  the  fair  for  cattle  every  alternate 
Tuesday. 

Horncastle,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  situated  in 
an  angle  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  Bane 
and  the  Waring,  with  a  market  on  Saturday.  It 
was  a  Roman  station,  and  part  of  the  wall  is  still 
remaining.    Here  are  a  church,  four  meeting-  hou- 


ses, a  dispensary,  &c.    21  m.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and 

136  N.  of  London. 

Hornellsviile,  p. v.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y. 

Hornsea,  a  town  in  E.   Yorkshire,  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  an  arm  of  the  sea,  and  much  resorted 
to  during  the  bathing  season.     Near  it  is  a  mere^  . 
two  m.  long  and  one  broad,   famous    for  its    pike 
and  eels.     16  m.  N.  of  Hull,  193  N.  of  London. 

Hornorsville,  p. v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va. 

Horntown,  p.v.  Accomac  Co.  Va. 

Horry,  an  eastern  District  of  South  Carolina. 
Pop.  5,323.     Conwayborough  is  the  Capital. 

Horseneck,  a  village  of  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Passaic. 

Horscns,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
on  the  Categat,  having  manufactures  of  woolen 
goods,  and  a  considerable  trade.  20  m.  S.  S.  W 
of  Arhusen. 

Horsham,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  Eng.     Here  is 
the  co.unty  gaol;  and  the  spring  assizes  are  held- 
here.     It  is  seated  on   the   Ad?ir,  20  m.   N.   W. 
Brighton,  and  36  S.  of  London. 

Horsham,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Horstmar,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  with  a  castle,  * 
and  a  collegiate  church  ;  seated  on  an  eminence 
15  m.  N.  W.  of  Munster. 

Hosick,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Hoosack 
river.     Pop.  3,582. 

Hot  Spring,  a  country  in  Arkansas.  Pop.  458. 
It  is  named  from  several  Springs  in  the  territory 
which  have  a  temperature  equal  to  that  of  boiling 
water.  The  water  has  no  mineral  properties  but 
is  remarkably  limpid. 

Hottentots,  Country  of  the,  a  large  region  in 
the  S.  extremity  of  Africa,  extending  N.  oy  W. 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  beyond  the  mouth 
of  Orange  River,  and  from  that  cape,  in  an  E.  N 
E.  direction,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Fish  Riv- 
er, which  parts  it  from  CafFraria.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  W.,  S.,  and  E.,  by  the  Atlantic,  Southern, 
and  Indian  oceans,  and  on  the  N.  by  regions  very 
little,  if  at  all  explored.  The  Hottentots  are  as 
tall  as  most  Europeans,  but  are  more  slender  ;  and 
the   characteristic  mark  of  this  nation  is,  the 


smallness  of  their  hands  and  feet,  compared  with 
the  other  parts  of  their  body.  Their  skin  is  of  a 
yellowish  brown  hue,  resembling  that  of  a  Euro- 
pean who  has  the  jaundice  in  a  high  degree. 
There  are  not  such  thick  lips  among  the  Hotten- 
tots as  among  their  neighbours  the  Negroes,  the 
Caflres,  and  the  Mozambiques  ;  and  their  mouth 
is  of  the  middling  size,  with  the  finest  set  of  teeth 
imaginable.  Their  heads  are  covered  with  hair 
more  woolly,  if  possible,  than  that  of  the  Negroes. 
With  respect  to  shape,  carriage,  and  every  mo 
tion,  their  whole  appearance  indicates  health  and 
content.  They  are  excellent  swimmers  and  dx 
vers,  and  practise  bathing  several  times  in  the 
day.    The  women  braid  or  plait  their  hair  as  an 


HAT 


386 


HOU 


additional  eleffance,  and  adorn  themselves  with 
necklaces  of  shells.  Both  the  men  and  women 
generally  go  bareheaded,  and  seldom  wear  any 
*  ^hoes.  Both  sexes  wear  rings  on  their  arms  and 
legs,  chiefly  made  of  thick  leather  straps,  cut  in  a 
circular  shape  ;  but  rings  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass, 
of  the  size  of  a  goose-quill,  are  considered  more 
genteel.  Girls  are  not  allowed  to  use  any  rings 
till  they  are  marriageable.  Their  habitations  are 
•  adapted  to  their  wandering  pastoral  life.  They 
"•  are  merely  huts,  resembling  a  round  beehive,  from 
18  to  24  feet  in  diameter,  and  so  low  that  a  mid- 
dle-sized man  cannot  stand  upright  in  them.  The 
fire-place  is  in  the  middle,  and  they  sit  or  lie 
round  it  in  a  circle.  The  low  door  is  the  only 
place  that  admits  the  light,  and  the  only  outlet 
that  is  left  for  the  smoke.  The  order  of  these 
huts  in  a  kraal,  or  clan,  is  most  frequently  in  the 
form  of  a  circle,  with  the  doors  inward  ;  by  which 
means  a  kind  of  yard  is  formed,  where  the  cattle 
are  kept  at  night.  Such  are  the  Hottentots  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  In  1778, 
lieutenant  Paterson  visited  a  Hottentot  village  in 
Little  Namaqua  Land,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the 
country  ;  it  consisted  of  19  huts  and  about  150  in- 
habitants. The  ensign  of  authority  worn  Dy 
their  chief  was  a  cane  with  a  brass  top,  given  to 
him  by  the  Dutch  East  India  Company.  The 
Hottentots  amused  them,  part  of  the  night,  with 
music  and  dancing :  their  visitors,  in  return, 
treated  them  with  tobacco  and  dacka,  or  hemp 
leaves,  which  they  prefer  even  to  tobacco.  Their 
music  was  produced  from  flutes,  made  ot  the  bark 
of  trees,  of  difierent  sizes.  The  men  form  them- 
selves into  a  circle,  with  their  flutes  ;  and  the 
women  dance  round  them.  Among  ether  tribes 
of  Hottentots  are  the  Bosjesmans,  who  inhabit 
the  mountains  in  the  interior  part  of  the  country, 
N.  E.  of  the  Cape,  and  live  by  hunting  and  plun- 
der. On  this  account  they  render  themselves 
odious  to  the  planters,  and  are  pursued  and  exter- 
minated like  wild  beasts,  or  made  slaves  of  when 
taken  alive.  Their  habitations  are  not  more 
agreeable  than  their  manners  or  ma.xims  ;  bushes 
and  clefts  in  rocks  serve  them  by  turns  for  dwell- 
ings. Many  of  these  savages  are  entirely  naked  ; 
but  some  of  them  cover  their  body  with  the  skin 
of  any  sort  of  animal.  Being  ignorant  of  agricul- 
ture, they  wander  over  hills  and  dales  after  cer- 
tain wild  roots,  berries,  and  plants,  which  they  eat 
raw  ;  also  caterpillars,  termites,  locusts,  gras-shop- 
pers,  snakes,  and  spiders.  Another  tnoe  of  Hot- 
tentots, near  the  mouth  of  Orange  River,  were 
observed  bv  lieutenant  Paterson,  in  his  journey 
to  the  N.  W.  in  1799.  Their  huts  wen-  loftier, 
and  thatched  with  grjiss ;  and  were  furnished 
with  stools  made  of  the  back-bones  of  the  gram- 
pus. Their  mode  of  living  is  in  the  highest  de- 
gree wretched,  and  they  are  apparently  the  most 
dirty  of  all  the  Hottentot  tribes.  Their  dress  is 
composed  of  the  skins  of  seals  and  jackals,  the 
flesh  of  which  they  eat.  When  a  grampus  is 
cast  ashore,  they  remove  their  huts  to  the  place, 
and  subsist  upon  it  as  long  as  any  part  remains. 
They  smear  their  skin  with  the  oil,  the  odor  of 
which  is  so  powerful  that  their  approach  may  be 
perceived  some  time  before  they  appear  in  view. 
To  the  N.  of  the  country  of  the  Bosjesmans,  and 
on  the  banks  of  Orange  River,  is  another  tribe 
called  Koras,  who  may  be  reckoned  to  rank  high- 
er than  any  of  the  other  Hottentots  known  in  the 
S.  of  Africa.  Their  features  are  of  a  superior 
cast ;  they  are  more  cleanly  in  their  appearance, 
and  neater  in  their  dress  and  domestic  utensils ; 
49 


their  huts  are  also  constructed  with  greater  care, 
and  with  a  view  of  being  more  durable.  They 
seem  to  be  a  mixed  breed,  between  the  Hottentot 
and  Caffre.  The  Hottentots,  in  general,  are 
described  as  a  mild,  simple,  affectionate,  and  in- 
oflensive  race ;  but  extremely  indolent  in  their 
habits,  and  limited  in  their  faculties.  Where, 
however,  any  sort  of  effort  has  been  made  to  cul- 
tivate their  powers,  and  give  them  a  feeling  of 
hope  and  liberty  in  their  occupations,  they  have 
been  found  active,  intelligent,  and  useful.  No 
traces  of  religion  appear  to  have  been  retained  by 
this  people.  But  Christianity  has  been  introduced, 
through  the  exertions  of  the  Moravians  and  other 
missionaries,  who  have  recently  endeavoured, 
with  some  degree  of  success,  to  ameliorate  the 
condition  even  of  some  of  the  wilder  tribes,  who 
inhabit  the  N.  and  N.  W.  of  the  colony.  '  The 
country  possessed  by  the  Europeans  is  considera 
ble;  extending  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  N.  to 
lat.  30,  and  E.  to  the  Great  Fish  River,  about 
550  m.  in  length,  and  230  in  breadth.  The  whole 
is  naturally  barren  and  mountainous  ;  but  tiie  in- 
dustrious Dutch  overcame  all  natural  difliculties, 
and  it  produces  not  only  a  sufficiency  of  all  the 
necessaries  of  life  for  the  inhabitants,  but  also  for 
the  refreshment  of  all  the  European  ships  that 
touch  at  the  Cape.  The  year  is  considered  as  di- 
vided into  two  seasons,  termed  monsoons  :  the  wet 
monsoon,  or  winter,  begins  in  March ;  and  the 
dry  one,  or  summer,  in  September.  Among  the 
quadrupeds  of  this  country  are  antelopesj*  which 
go  m  large  herds  ;  buffaloes ;  camelopardalises ; 
the  gemsbock,  a  species  of  antelope,  which  has 
remarkably  long  sharp  horns,  and,  when  attacked 
by  dogs,  will  sit  on  its  hind  quarters,  and  defend 
itself;  wild  dogs,  which  travel  in  herds,  and  are 
very  destructive  to  sheep ;  elephants  ;  elks  ;  hye- 
nas ;  the  koedo,  an  animal  rather  larger  than  a 
deer,  of  a  mouse  colour,  with  three  white  stripes 
over  the  back,  and  the  male  having  very  larore 
twisted  horns  ;  lions ;  jackals  ;  tigers  ;  the  quaggti, 
a  species  of  zebra,  but  more  tractable ;  rhinoce- 
roses ;  horses ;  domestic  horned  cattle  ;  common 
sheep,  and  a  peculiar  sf>ecies  of  sheep  covered 
with  hair  instead  of  wool.  The  hippopotamus, 
or  river-horse,  is  frequently  seen  here.  Among 
the  birds  are  vultures,  ostriches  (whose  egss  are 
excellent  food),  and  the  loxia,  a  species  of  gregari- 
ous bird.  Among  the  insects  are  a  species  of  ter- 
mites, which  do  no  injury  to  wood  as  in  the  East 
Indies,  but,  by  raising  a  number  of  hills,  they  im- 
pede the  progress  of  vegetation.  The  black  or 
rock  scorpion,  is  nearly  as  venomous  here  as  any 
of  the  serpent  tribe,  of  which  there  are  numerous 
kinds. 

Huuat,  an  island  of  France,  between  Belleisle 
and  the  continent.  It  is  10  m.  in  circumference, 
and  is  defended  by  a  fort. 

Houdain,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Fas 
de  Calais,  9  m.  S.  of  Bethune. 

Hmidan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise,  21  m.  W.  of  Versailles. 

Hounsjield,  a  township  of  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  3,415. 

Hounslow,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  Eng.,  situate 
on  the  edge  of  a  heath  of  the  same  name,  on 
which  are'  many  vestiges  of  ancient  encamp- 
ments, 10  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Hovsatonic ,  a  river  rising  in  Massachusetts  and 
flowing  through  Connecticut  into  Long  Island 
Sound.     It  is  navigable  for  small  vessels  12  m. 

HoustonvUle,   p. v.    Iredell   Co.  N.   C.     Also  a 
village  in  Pendleton  Uis.  S.  U 
2K 


HUB 


366 


HUD 


Hou-q%iang,  a  province  of  China,  which  occu- 
pies nearly  the  centre  of  the  empire,  and  ia  divi- 
ded into  two  parts,  the  N.  and  S.,  by  the  river 
Kian-ku.  It  is  a  flat,  open  country,  watered  by 
lakes,  canals,  and  rivers ;  and  lias  plenty  of  wild 
fowl  and  cattle.  The  soil  is  remarkably  fertile ; 
gold  is  found  in  the  sands  of  the  rivers ;  and  there 
16  such  a  variety  of  all  sorts  of  commodities  that 
it  is  called,  by  the  Chinese,  the  store-house  of  the 
empire.  It  contains  15  cities  of  the  first  class,  and 
114  of  the  second  and  third.  Vou-tchang  is  the 
capital. 

Ilourn,  Loch,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Scotland,  in  Inverness-shire,  extending  20  m. 
inland  from  the  sound  of  Skye. 

Houssa,  a  considerable  town  of  Negroland,  cap- 
ital of  a  country  of  the  same  name,  extending 
along  the  N.  side  of  the  Niger.  It  is  200  m.  if. 
of  Tombuctoo.     Long.  4.  20.  E.,  lat.  16.  10.  N. 

Hou-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class, 
in  the  province  of  Tche-kiang.  The  quantity  of 
silk  manufactured  here  is  almost  incredible,  and 
it  is  the  chief  place  for  making  writing  pencils. 
It  stands  near  a  large  lake,  called  Tai,  110  m.  S. 
E.  of  Nan-king.     Long.  120.  15.  E.,  lat.  30.  55.  N. 

Hotoard,  a  county  of  Missouri  Pop.  10,844. 
Fayette  is  the  Capital. 

Howard,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,364. 
Also  a  township  of  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Hoioden,  a  town  in  E.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It  gives 
name  to  a  small  district  called  Howdenshire.  The 
bishops  of  Durham  had  formerly  a  palace  here, 
the  remains  of  which  are  now  occupied  as  a  farm- 
house. Here  is  a  large  church,  like  a  cathedral, 
part  of  which  is  in  ruins.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Ouse,  and  surrounded  by  a  level  country  in  a 
high  state  of  cultivation,  21  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  York, 
and  175  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Howe,  Cape,  the  promontory  at  the  S.  E.  end 
of  New  Holland. 

Howell,  a  township  in  Monmouth  Co.  N.  Y. 

Howlurul,  a  township  of  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Hoxfer,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Prussian  states, 
on  the  Weser,  23  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Paderborn. 

Hoy,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  situate  between 
the  island  of  Pomona  and  the  N.  coast  of  Caithness- 
shire.  It  is  15  in.  long  and  6  broad.  Here  is  a 
stupendous  rock,  called  the  Beary ;  and  on  the 
W.  coast  is  a  great  conic  hill,  called  Hoy  Head, 
which  is  a  seamark.  Long.  3.  9.  W.,  lat.  58. 
46.  N. 

Hoya,  a  town  of  Hanover,  capital  of  acounty  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  37  m. 
N.  W.  of  Hanover.     Long.  9. 20.  E.,  lat.  52.  47.  N. 

Hoyer,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wick,  celebrated  for  its  oyster-fishery,  4  m.  W.  of 
Tonderen. 

Hoyersicerda,  a  town  and  castle  of  Lusatia,  on 
the  Black  Elster,  17  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bautzen. 

Hoym,  a  town  and  castle  of  Saxony,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Auhalt,  seated  on  the  Godel,  at  its 
junction  with  the  Selke  7  m.  E.  of  Quedlinburg. 

Hradisch,  a  town  of  Moravia,  capital  of  a  cir- 
cle of  the  same  name,  which  produces  excellent 
wine.  It  is  a  frontier  fortress  towards  Hungary, 
and  stands  on  an  island  in  the  river  Moraw,  30 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ohnutz.  Long.  17. 30.  E.,  lat.  49. 
7.  9. 

Hualiine,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  S. 
Pacific,  30  leagues  from  Tahiti.  It  is  21  m.  in 
compass,  and  has  a  commodious  harbour,  called 
Owharra  Bay,  on  the  W.  coast.  Long.  151.  8. 
VV  ,  lat.  16.  44.  S. 

Hubbard,  a  township  of  Trambull  Co.  Ohio. 


Hubbardston,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  45  m. 
W.Boston.     Pop.  1,674. 

Hubbardton,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt,  40  m.  N.  W. 
Windsor.     Pop.  865.  , 

Hubert,  St.,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Luxemburg,  with  a  celebrated  obbey,  seated  in 
the  forest  of  Ardennes,  on  the  rivulet  Homme,  14 
m.  W.  of  Bastogne. 

Hubertsberg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen, 
with  a  magnificent  hunting-seat,  built  by  Augus- 
tus HI.,  then  electoral  prince,  22  m.  E.  of  Leip 
zig. 

Huddersficld,  a  populous  and  flourishing  town 
in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Here  is  a  large  circular 
hall,  in  which  narrow  and  broad  cloths,  serges, 
kerseymeres,  &c.,  manufactured  in  the  town  and 
neighbourhood,  are  weekly  exposed  to  sale.  It 
stands  on  the  Colne,  3  m.  from  the  Calder,  from 
which  it  has  a  canal  to  Ashton-under-Line.  In 
addition  to  the  parish  church,  two  others  have 
been  erected — Trinity  Church,  in  J819,  and 
Christ  Church,  completed  in  1824  ;  and  there  are 
several  meeting-houses  for  the  different  denomi 
nations  of  dissenters.  The  charitable  institutions 
are  numerous,  and  a  mechanic's  institutute  was 
established  in  1825,  to  which  a  valuable  library 
has  since  been  attached.  It  is  41  rn.  S.  W.  of 
York,  25  N.  E.  of  Manchester,  and  189  N.  N. 
W.  of  London. 

Hudson's  Bay,  a  bay  of  North  America,  lying 
between  51.  and  69.  N.  lat.,  discovered  in  1610 
by  captain  Henry  Hudson.  The  entrance  of  the 
bay,  from  the  ocean,  is  between  Resolution  Isle 
on  the  N.  and  the  Labrador  coast  on  the  S.,  form- 
ing the  E.  extremity  of  the  strait  distinguished 
by  the  name  of  its  great  discoverer.  It  commu- 
nicates on  the  N.  by  two  straits  with  Baffin's  Bay  , 
on  the  E.  side  it  is  bordered  by  Labrador,  on  the 
S.  W.  by  New  South  Wales,  and  on  the  W.  by 
New  North  Wales.  These  countries,  included 
under  the  name  of  New  Britain,  abound  with 
animals  whose  skins  and  furs  are  far  superior  in 
quality  to  those  found  in  less  northerly  regions 
In  the  region  to  the  westward  Captain  Franklin 
discovered  that  beautiful  little  animal  which   he 


named  Parry's  Marmot  in  honour  of  the  celebrat- 
ed navigator  of  that  name.  It  bears  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  striped  squiril.  The  natives  are 
called  Esquimaux  and  northern  Indians  ;  and  are 
materially  different  from  the  southern  tribes.  In 
1670  a  charter  was  granted  to  a  company  for  the 
exclusive  trade  to  this  bay.  The  territories 
claimed  by  this  company  are  stated  by  some  wri- 
ters to  extend  from  70.  to  115.  of  W.  long,  and 
as  far  as  49.  S.  lat.,  thus  comprehending  a  length 


HUS 


387 


HUN 


■  of  1,300  or  1,400  geographical  m.  by  a  medial 
breadth  of  3oO  m.  Animated  by  a  prospect  of 
gain,  the  company  have  pushed  their  discoveries 
into  the  interior,  and  thus  has  a  knowledge  of 
these  vast  wilds  been  obtained!,  beyond  what  any 
other  motives  would  have  supplied.  In  Decem- 
ber, 1770,  Mr.  Hearne  set  out  from  Prince  of 
Wales  Fort  to  explore  a  river  that  the  Esqui- 
maux, who  came  to  the  company's  factories  to 
trade,  had  broughtto  their  knowledge,  and  which, 
on  account  of  much  copper  being  found  near  it 
had  obtained  the  name  of  Copper-mine  River. 
Under  the  convoy  of  those  Indians,  he  arrived 
at  this  river  in  June  1771,  and  traced  it  till  he 
came  in  sight  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  finding  it 
encumbered  with  shoals  and  a  bar  at  its  mouth, 
which  is  in  long.  119.  W.,  lat.  72.  N.  In  1789 
Mr.  Mackenzie,  another  officer  of  the  company, 
explored  the  country  still  more  to  the  W. ;  and 
entering  a  river  (now  called  after  his  name), 
which  is  the  outlet  of  the  Slave-lake,  he  traced 
it  to  its  mouth  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  where  it 
forms  a  wide  estuary  in  long.  135.  W.,  lat.  71. 
N.  Further  discoveries  have  been  made  by 
Capt.  Franklin. 

Hudson,  a  city  of  New  York,  in  Columbia 
county  with  considerable  manufacturing  busi- 
ness. The  streets  are  spacious,  and  cross  each 
other  at  right  angles ;  and  the  houses  are  sup- 
plied with  water  brought  in  pipes  from  a  spring 
2  m.  distant.  The  trade  is  considerable,  and 
vessels  of  the  largest  size  can  unload  here.  It  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  E.  side  of  Hud- 
son River,  Pop.  5,392.  30  m.  S.  of  Albany,  and 
120  N.  of  New  York. 

Hudson,  villages  in  Caswell  Co.,  N.  C.  and 
Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Hiulson,  a  river  of  the  United   States,   which 

S asses  its  whole  course  of  300  m.  in  the  state  of 
few  York.  It  rises  between  the  lakes  Ontario 
and  Champlain,  and  flows  S.  by  Albany,  and 
Hudson,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  New 
York.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Hudson,  and 
for  sloops  to  Albany,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  nav- 
igable streams  in  the  world. 

Hudwickstcald,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  the  chief 
town  of  Helsingia,  with  a  good  harbour,  on  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia.  The  inhabitants  carry  on,  an 
advantageous  trade  in  timber,  flax,  linen,  butter, 
fish,  &c.  185  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Stockholm.  Long. 
17.  4G.  E.,  lat.  62.  6.  N. 

'  Hue,  or  Huefo,  the  capital  of  Cochin  China, 
with  a  royal  palace.  The  inhabitants  blacken 
their  teeth,  thinking  it  a  shame  to  have  them 
white,  like  dogs.  It  is  seated  in  a  beautiful 
plain,  and  divided  into  two  parts  bv  a  largs  river, 
30  m.  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Chiiia  Sea.  Long. 
107.  25.  E.,  lat.  16.  25.  N. 

Huelva,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Atlantic,  between  the  mouths  of 
the  Odiel  and  Tinto,  53  m.  W.  of  Seville. 

Huen,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  with  one  scat- 
tered village,  3  m.  from  the  coast  of  Sweden,  and 
9  S.  S.  E.  of  Elsinore.  It  is  6  m.  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  was  ceded  by  the  Danes  to  the  Swedes, 
in  lGo8.    See  Uranibur^. 

Huesca,  an  old  fortified  town  in  the  N.  of  Ar- 
ragon,  in  Spain,  situated  in  a  plain  on  the  Isuela. 
Its  works  have  gone  into  ruins,but  it  is  still  a  bish- 
op's see,  has  a  university,  two  large  schools,  a  ca- 
thedral, and  6,800  inhabitants,  with  manufactures 
of  cloth  and  leather.     30  m.    N.  E.  of  Saragossa. 

Huescar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  a 
castle,  42  m.  N.  E  of  Guadix 


Htussen,  a  town  of  Holland,  in  Guelderland, 
seated  on  the  Rhine,  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Nimeguen. 

Hueta.     See  (xueta. 

Huednberg,  a  t»wn  of  the  Austrian  States,  in 
Carinthia,  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Huffingen,  a  town  of  Baden,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Furstenburgh  4  m.  N.  N.  \V.  of  Furs 
tenburg. 

Hull,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  on  a  peninsula 
at  the  extremity  of  Nantasket  Beach,  on  the  S.  side 
of  Boston  Bay.     Pop.  198. 

Hughesbtirgh.     See  Catawissa. 

Hull,  or  Kingston  upon  Hull,  a  borough  and  sea- 
port in  East  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Tlie  commerce  of 
this  place  is  considerable,  and  it  is  deemed  the 
fourth  port  in  the  kingdon.  Besides  its  commu- 
nication with  the  Yorkshire  rivers  and  canals,  it 
has  access  also  to  the  Trent,  and  all  its  branches  . 
so  ti'iat  it  has  the  itnport  and  export  trade  of  many 
of  the  northern  and  midland  counties.  The  for- 
eign trade  is  chiefly  to  the  Baltic  ;  but  it  is  also 
one  of  the  privileged  ports  for  trading  to  the  East 
Indies,  and  has  traffic  with  the  southern  parts 
of  Europe,  and  with  America.  More  ships  are  sent 
hence  to  Greenland  than  from  any  other  port,  that 
of  London  excepted.  The  harbour  is  artificial ; 
and  here  are  docks  for  building  and  repairing 
ships.  Among  the  public  buildings  are  the  Trini- 
ty-house, for  the  relief  of  seamen  and  their  wid- 
ows, an  armoury,  a  naval  storehouse,  a  custom- 
house and  an  exchange.  It  is  seated  on  the  north- 
ern side  of  the  Humber  about  20  m.  from  its 
mouth,  the  town  extending  almost  in  a  direct  line 
along  the  river  Hull,  and  lying  on  a  level  tract 
of  ground,  washed  on  two  of  its  sides  by  the  Hull 
and  the  Humber.  It  is  now  well  secured  from 
inunditions  by  embankments.  38  m.  S.  £.  of 
York,  and  171  N.  of  London. 

Hulledyepura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Cana- 
ra,  seated  in  a  plain  of  rice-ground  to  the  E.  of  a 
considerable  creek,  which  runs  N.  from  the  en- 
trance into  Honawera  Lake,  55  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Kandnpura. 

Hulmsmlle,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Hulpcn.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, 
10  m.  S.  E.  of  Brussels. 

Hulst,  a  town  of  tlie  Netherlands,  in  Dutch 
Brabant,  strong  by  its  situation  and  fortifications. 
It  was  shamefully  surrendered  to  the  French  in 
1747,  and  taken  by  them  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on 
a  plain,  which  may  be  overflowed,  and  on  a  ca- 
nal that  communicates  with  the  Scheldt,  15  m. 
W.  N.  W  of  Antwerp. 

Hultschin,  a  town  of  Silesia,  near  the  river  Op- 
pa,  13  m.  E.  of  Troppau. 

Humber,  a  river  formed  by  the  junction  of 
the  Trent  and  Ouse.  It  is  a  large  estuary,  which 
divides  Yorkshire  from  Lincolnshire,  and  enters 
the   Gorman  Ocean  at  Spurn  Head. 

Hummelstown,  a  township  of  Dauphin  Co. 
Pa. 

Humphreys,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
6,189,  Reynoldsburgh  is  the  capital. 

Humphreystille,  p.t.  New  Haven  Co.  Conn.  It 
has  manufactures  of  woolen.  Also  villages  in 
Chester  Co.  Pa.  and  Union  Dis.  S.  C. 

Hundsmarck,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  States,  in 
Styria,  near  the  river  Muehr,  17  r:.  W.  by  S.  of 
Judenbursj. 

Himefetd,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  district 
of  Fulda,  with  a  collegiate  church.  10  m.  N.  of 
Fulda. 

Hungary,  a  countr}'  of  Europe,  forming  an  im- 
portant part  of  tht  Austrian  dominions.    At  differ* 


HUJ^ 


388 


HUN 


ent  periods  this  name  has  been  applied  with  a  very 
different  signification.  In  the  fourteentli  and 
fifteenth  centuries  Hungary  comprised  part  of  mod- 
ern Poland  and  European  Turkey,  and  was  divi- 
ded into  ten  separate  governments,  or  kingdoms, 
viz.  Hungary  Proper,  Croatia,  Sclavonia,  Dal- 
matia,  Bosnia,  Bulgaria,  Moldavia,  Galicia,  and 
Lodomiria,  besides  the  principality  of  Tran- 
sylvania. Several  of  these  provinces  have  long 
since  been  detached  from  Hungary  ;  but  that 
country  has  still  a  close  political  and  military 
connexion  with  the  Austrian  provinces  of  Scla- 
vonia, Croatia,  and  Dalmatia.  This  kingdom 
(for  sucli  it  is  still  termed)  is  surrounded  by  moun- 
tams,  except  on  the  S.  where  its  frontier  is  along 
the  Danube  and  the  Drave.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  part  of  Germany,  N.  by  Galicia,  E.  by 
Transylvania  and  Wallachia,  and  S.  by  Turkey. 
Sclavonia,  and  Croatia;  and  has  a  territorial  ex- 
tent of  84,500  square  m.  It  vs^as  formerly  divided 
into  Upper  and  Lower  Hungary  ;  but  this  divi- 
sion has  been  superseded  by  that  of  the  following 
circles  : — I.  Circle  this  side  the  Danube  2.  Cir- 
cle beyond  the  Danube  ;  3.  Circle  this  side  the 
Theyss ;  4.  Circle  beyond  the  Theyss ;  5.  Prov- 
ince of  Sclavonia;  6.  Province  of  Croatia.  These 
are  divided  into  counties,  of  which  there  are 
thirteen  in  the  first  circle,  and  eleven  in  each  of  the 
others.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Danube,  the 
Drave,  the  Marosch,  the  March,  the  white  Kor- 
esch,  the  Izamos,  the  Theyss,  the  Waag,  and  the 
Temes.  The  chief  lakes  are  Balaton  and  Nieusi- 
cdl,  W. ;  Palitsch  on  the  S.  W.,  and  Grunsee  or  the 
Grun  Lake  among  the  Carpathians.  There  arealso 
several  extensive  marshes  here,  as  that  of  the  Isle 
of  Schut  on  the  W.  and  that  of  Saxetje  on  the  E. 
of  the  kingdom.  Tlae  climate  among  the  moun- 
tains is  ot  course  bleak  ;  but  in  the  S.  it  is  in 
general  mild  ;  in  the  sandy  districts  extremely 
Jiot;  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers  and  near  tlie 
marshes  there  is  much  humidity :  indeed  this  is 
a  prevailing  characteristic  of  the  climate  of  the 
level  part  of  Hungary.  The  country  abounds  in 
all  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  the  wine,  especial- 
ly that  called  Tokay,  is  excellent.  There  are 
mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  iron  ;  and  also 
of  opal  at  Czerweniza,  which  gem  is  peculiar  to 
this  country.  There  is  such  plenty  of  game  that 
hunting  is  allowed  to  all.  The  trade  princi- 
paily  consits  in  cattle,  hogs,  sheep,  flour,  wheat, 
rye,  wool,  and  wine  ;  and  these  are  almost  whol- 
ly sent  to  the  Austrian  provinces.  The  com- 
merce of  the  country  is  fettered  by  no  inter- 
nal taxes,  a  circumstance  of  which  the  Hun- 
gjirians  are  very  proud ;  but  the  Austrian 
government  has  environed  it  with  custom  houses, 
where  a  duty  of  one  and  one-third  per  cent,  is 
gathered  on  all  goods  that  pass  into  it  from  the 
other  Austrian  states.  We  may  thus  see  that  the 
encouragement  of  manufactures  within  the  king- 
dom will  never,  voluntarily  become  the  policy 
of  that  government.  The  kingdom  of  Hungary 
can  easily  raise  an  army  of  100,000  men.  The 
horsemen  are  called  Hussars,  and  the  foot  Hey- 
dukcs.  The  government  is  hereditary  in  the 
house  of  Austria,  and  the  established  religion  is 
popery,  though  there  are  a  great  number  of  pro- 
testants.  No  country  in  the  world  is  better  sup- 
plied with  mineral  waters  and  baths  ;  and  those 
of  Buda,  when  the  Turks  were  in  possession  of  it, 
were  reckoned  the  finest  in  Europe. 

Hungerford,  a  town  in  Berkshire  Eng.  with  a 
good  trade  by  its  canal  navigation.  John  ot 
Uaunt  granted  a  charter  by  the  gift  of  a  brass  bu- 


gle horn,  which  is  blown  annually  for  the  inhao 
itants  to  elect  the  constable,  who  is  the  chief  offi 
cer.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kennet,  22  ra.  S  S.  W 
of  Abingdon,  and  64  W.  of  London. 

//wTHwo-Men,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Upper  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Rhine.  The 
strong  fortress  of  Huninguen,  which  for  a  long 
time  held  out  against  the  allies  in  1815,  was  af- 
terwards demolished  in  consequence  of  a  stipula- 
tion in  the  treaty  of  Paris.  2  m.  N.  of  Basel,  and 
14  E.  of  Altkirch. 

Hunmanhy,  a  town  in  East  Yorjishire,  Eng. 
The  town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  rising 
ground,  surrounded  by  a  fine  wood  on  the  N.  W., 
within  two  miles  of  the  sea,  and  contains  many 
good  houses.  39  m.  N.  E.  of  York,  and  207  N.  ol 
London. 

Hunter,  p. v.  Greene  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,1(G0. 

Hunterdon,  a  county  of  New  Jersey,  on  the  Del- 
aware.    Pop.  31,006.     Trenton  is  the  chief  town. 

Hunterstown,  a  village  in  York  Co.  Pa.  and  a 
township  in  St.  Maurice  Co.  L.  C. 

Huntersville,  villages  in  Pocahontas  Co.  Va. 
and  Lincoln  Co.  N.  C. 

Huntingdon,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Hun- 
tingdonshire, Eng.  with  a  market  on  Saturday, 
and  a  great  trade  in  corn,  coals,  wood,  &.c.  It 
was  once  a  large  place,  said  to  have  had  15 
churches,  which  are  now  reduced  to  two  ;  and 
there  are  the  cemeteries  of  two  other  parishes,  in 
one  of  which  is  an  ancient  steeple.  Huntingdon 
is  the  birth-place  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Ouse,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridge 
to  Godmanchester,  16  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Cambridge 
and  59  N.  by  W,  of  London. 

Huntingdon,  a  county  in  the  W.  district  of  Pen- 
sylvania.  Pop.  27,159.  The  capital  has  the  same 
name. 

Huntingdon,  towns  in  Adams,  Luzerne  and 
Westmoreland  Cos.  Pa.  and  Carroll  Co.  Ten. 

Huntingdonshire,  a  county  of  England,  25  milee 
long  and  20  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  and 
N.  by  Northamptonshire,  E.  by  Cambridgeshire, 
and  S.  W.  by  Bedfordshire.  It  contains  240,000 
acres  ;  is  divided  into  four  hundreds,  and  107 
parislies ;  and  has  six  market  towns.  It  sends 
four  members  to  parliament.  The  principal  riv- 
ers are  the  Ouse  and  Nen.  The  S.  E.  part  con- 
sists of  beautiful  meadows.  The  middle  and  west- 
ern parts  are  fertile  in  corn,  and  adorned  with 
woods;  and  the  upland  part  was  anciently  a  fur- 
est,  peculiarly  adapted  for  hunting.  Tlie  N  E. 
part  consists  of  fens,  which  join  those  of  Ely  ; 
but  they  are  drained,  so  as  to  aff'ord  rich  pastur- 
age, and  even  large  crops  of  corn.  In  the  midst 
of  them  are  some  shallow  pools  abounding  with 
fish;  and  a  lake  six  miles  long  and  three  broad, 
called  Whittloseanicre.  The  principal  commod- 
ities are  corn,  malt,  and  cheese  ;  and  it  fattens 
abundance  of  cattle. 

Huntington,  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Va.  on  Onion 
river.  Poo.  929.  Also  apt.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn. 
Pop.  1,369.  A  p.t.  Sutiblk  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop, 
5,582.  Also  towns  in  Laurel  Dis.  S.  C,  Gallia, 
Ross  and  Brown  Cos.  Ohio. 

Huntingtown,  p. v.  Calvert  Co.  Maryland. 

Huntley,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
with  a  manufacture  of  linen  cloth;  seated  on  the 
Bogie,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Deveron,  35  m. 
N.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

Huntshurg,  a  village  in  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  near 
the  Canada  line.  Also  a  village  in  Geauga  Co. 
Onio. 

HuntsvUle,  villages  in  Otsego  Co.  N,  Y.,  Sur- 


ICE 


389 


ICE 


rey  Co.  N.  C,  Laurena  Die.  S.  C,  Madison  Co. 
Alab.,  and  Robertson  Co.  Tenn. 

Huntspill,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  7  m. 
N.  of  Bridgewater,  and  143  tV.  by  S.  of  London. 

Hurdwar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Dehli,  where  the  Ganges  first  enters  the 
country.  It  is  100  ra.  N.  by  E.  of  Dehli.  Long, 
78    23  E.,lat.  29.  55.  N. 

Huron,  a  lake  of  North  America,  which  lies 
between  80.  and  85.  W.  long.,  and  43.  and  48.  N. 
lat.  It  lias  a  communication  with  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Lake  Erie.  Its  shape  is  nearly  triangu- 
lar, 250  m.  in  length,  and  its  circumference  800 
miles.  On  the  N.  side  is  a  chain  of  islands  150 
miles  long,  called  Manitoualin  by  the  Indians, 
who  consider  them  as  sacred  :  on  the  S.  W.  is 
Saginau  Bay,  and  a  little  more  to  the  N.  W.  is 
Thunder  Bay  so  called  from  the  frequent  thunder 
that  IS  heard  there. 

Huron,  a  county  of  Ohio,  lying  upon  Lake 
Erie.     Pop.  13,345.     Norwalk  is  the  capital. 

Hurst  Castle,  a  fortress  in  Hampshire,  4  m.  S. 
of  Lymington.  It  stands  on  the  extreme  point 
of  a  neck  of  land,  about  a  mile  distant  from  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  In  this  castle  Charles  I.  was  con- 
fined previously  to  his  being  brought  to  trial. 

Hv^,  or  Hussu,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Moldavia,  the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop.  Here 
Peter  the  Great  made  peace  with  the  Turks  in 
1711.  It  is  situate  on  the  Pruth,  70  m.  S.  W.  of 
Bender.     Long.  28. 34.  E.,  lat.  46.  35.  N. 

Hussingahad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Malwah,  on  the  S  side  of  the  Nerbud- 
dah,  140ra.  N.  W.  ofNagpore.  Long.  77.  54. 
E.,lat.  22.  42.  N. 

Hussum,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  has  a  trade 
m  horses  and  oxen,  and  manufactures  of  leather, 
cotton,  and  linen.  It  stands  on  the  river  Ow  or 
Aue,  near  the  German  Ocean.  16  m.  W.  of  Sles- 
wick.    Long.  9.  20.  E.,  lat.  54.  36.  N. 

Huttany,n.  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Visiapour.  It  is  surrounded  by  mud  ram- 
parts, and  has  a  citadel,  and  a  spacious  caravan- 
sera.  30  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Visiapour.  Long.  75. 
6.  E.,  lat.  17. 5.  iN. 


Huttonsville,  p.v.  Randolph  Co.  Va. 

Huy,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  territory 
of  Liege,  with  many  paper  mills,  and  iron  foun- 
deries.  It  is  seated  on  the  Maese,  12  m.  W.  S 
W.  of  Liege. 

Hyannis,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.,  on  the  S. 
side  of  Cape  Cod. 

Hijattstown,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Maryland. 

Hyde,  a  county  of  North  Carolina,  lying  on 
Pamlico  Sonnd.  Pop.  6,177.  Lake  Landing  is 
the  seat  of  justice. 

Hyde  Park,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson.  Pop.  2,554.  Also  a  village  in  Halifax 
Co.  N.  C. 

Hyderabad,  a  populous  city  of  Hindoostan,  cap- 
ital of  Golconda,  and  the  metropolis  of  the  Dec- 
can.  The  suburbs,  which  are  very  large,  are  oc- 
cupied by  merchants  and  tradesmen.  It  stands 
in  a  plain,  on  a  river  that  runs  into  the  Kistna, 
310  ni.  N.  N.  W.  of  Madras.  Long.  78.  52.  E., 
lat.  17.  Hi.  N. 

Hyderabad,  a  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Sinde,  and  the  usual  residence  of  the 
prince  of  Sinde;  situate  near  the  Indus,  6  m.  E. 
of  Nusserpour,  and  62  N.  E.  of  Tatta. 

Hydra,  a  small  island  of  Independent  Greece, 
the  ancient  Aristeia.  It  lies  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
the  Morea  about  3  m.  from  the  shore.  It  is  a 
barren  rock,  but  was  an  important  naval  station  of 
the  Greeks  during  the  war  of  the  revolution. 
The  town  of  the  same  name  contains  13,000  in- 
habitants. The  houses  are  built  on  the  side  of  a 
rocky  hill  and  make  a  very  picturesque  appearance* 
The  inhabitants  are  enterprising,  and  engaged 
altogether  in  naval  aflairs.  A  Greek  newspaper 
is  printed  here. 

Hypolite,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gard,  seated  on  the  Vidourle,  near  its 
source,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Alais. 

Hypolite,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Doubs,  on  the  river  Doubs,  40  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Besaneon. 

Hys,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  Arabian 
Irak,  on  the  Eiphrates,  120  m.  S.  of  Bagdad. 

Hythe.     See  Hithe. 


IBARRA,  the  capital  of  a  fertile  province  of  the 
same  name  in  South  America,  is  situated  on  an 
extensive  and  delightful  plain,  watered  on  the 
E.  by  the  river  Taguando,  and  W.  by  Ajavi.  The 
streets  are  wide  and  convenient,  and  the  buildings 
of  good  construction.     42  m.  N.  E.  from  Quito. 

Iberville,  an  outlet  for  the  overflowing  waters 
of  the  Mississippi,  during  the  seasons  of  inunda- 
tion, entering  Lalie  Maurepas. 

Iberville,  a  parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  7,050. 
The  chief  town  has  the  same  name. 

Iberia,  Kew,  a  village  of  Louisiana,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Attakapas,  200  m.  W.  of  New  Orleans. 

Iberian  Mountains,  the  most  extensive  mountain 
range  of  Spain,  beginning  to  the  W.  of  the  Ebro, 
and  extending  to  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 

Ibiza.     See  Ivica. 

Iburg,  a  email  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  princi- 
pality ofOsnaburg,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Osnaburg. 

Iceland,  an  island  of  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean, 
belonging  to  Denmark,  extending  according  to 
Henderson  from  lat.  63.  20.  to  67.  20.,  and  be- 


tween 15.  30.  and  22.  yj.  W.  long.  It  is  of  an  ir- 
regular oval  figure,  about  380  m.  in  length,  and 
230  in  its  greatest  brea>l'li.  For  two  months  to- 
gether the  sun  never  sets  ;  and  in  the  winter  it 
never  rises  for  the  same  space, at  least  not  entirely. 
The  coast  is  indented  all  round  with  numerous 
deep  gulfs,  bays,  and  creeks,  several  of  which  form 
excellent  harbours.  The  island  is  mountainous, 
stony,  and  barren  ;  but  in  some  places  there  are 
excellent  pastures.  The  chief  rivers  are  in  the 
E.  part ;  the  Skalfanda.  Oxarfird,  and  Bruna,  all 
flowing  from  S.  to  N.  Some  are  white  with  lime, 
others  smell  of  sulphur.  The  principal  moun- 
tains, clothed  with  perpetual  snow,  are  called 
Yokuls;  and  of  these  Snafial,  hanging  over  the 
sea  on  the  S.  W.  coast,  is  esteemed  the  highest, 
being  computed  at  6,860  feet.  Mount  Hecla,  about 
2,000  feet  in  height,  \n  the  most  noted,  and  is  a 
volcano  :  there  are  also  several  other  volcanoes 
and  the  convulsions  caused  by  them  in  1783  were 
so  dreadful  and  multiplied  that  it  was  feared  the 
island  would  fall  to  pieces ;  the  eruptions  were 
2k2 


10A 


390 


ILH 


the  most  tremendous  of  any  recorded  in  history. 
The  last  eruption,  which  was  less  terrific  in  its 
consequences,  occurred  in  December  1821.  The 
climate  is  not  extremely  cold,  but  the  seasons  are 
variable.  The  sea,  at  a  small  distance  from  the 
shores,  is  seldom  frozen  ;  and  very  little  ice  is  ever 
seen  near  the  W.  coast,  notwithstanding  is  prox- 
imity to  Greenland.  Iceland  is  governed  as  a 
dependency  of  Denmark,  and  is  divided  into  four 

Erovinces,  19  shires,  and  184  parishes.  The  in- 
abitants  were  estimated  at  50,092  in  1824.  Their 
houses  are  at  a  distance  from  each  other,  and 
many  of  them  deep  in  the  ground ;  but  they  are 
all  miserable  hovels  of  turf,  without  windows,  and 
those  of  the  common  class  are  such  wretched  dens 


that  it  is  wonderful  how  anything  in  the  human 
form  can  breathe  in  them.  The  Danes  trade  with 
the  natives  for  hides,  tallow,  train  oil,  whalebone, 
and  seahorses'  teeth,  which  are  as  good  as  ivory. 
The  established  religion  is  the  Lutheran,  and 
there  are  300  churches  in  the  island.  The  dis- 
tressing scarcity  of  bibles  which  had  long  pre- 
vailed, was  relieved,  in  1815,  by  a  liberal  distri- 
bution from  Britain,  which  were  received  with  the 
greatest  thankfulness.  The  principal  school,  held 
at  a  place  called  Bessestadt,  near  the  W.  coast, 
has  three  masters,  who  teach  the  classics,  the- 
ology, and  the  Danish  language  ;  and  societies 
have  been  formed  for  the  cultivation  of  literature. 

Icolmkill,  or  lona,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  near  the 
S  .W.  point  of  the  isle  of  Mull,  only  4  m.  long, 
and  one  broad.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  angustine 
nunnery,  monastery,  and  cathedral,  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  St.  Columba,  about  the  year  735  ; 
also  a  small  ch-yiel  dedicated  to  St.  Oran,  con- 
taining many  marble  tombstones  of  the  great  lords 
of  the  isles ;  and  adjoining  it  is  a  cemetery,  in 
which  many  ancient  kings  of  Scotland,  Ireland, 
and  Norway,  are  buried.  Other  ruins  of  monas- 
tic and  druidical  edifices  can  be  traced  ;  and  many 
places  are  pointed  out,  noted  for  particular  acts 
of  St.  Columba.  This  island  was  the  retreat  of 
learning,  during  the  Gothic  ignorance  which  per- 
vaded Europe,  after  the  overthrow  of  the  Roinan 
Empire ;  and  the  seminary  whence  issued  those 
pious  monks  and  laymen  who  again  revived 
learning,  and  propagated  Christianity  through 
many  kingdoms  of  Europe. 

Ida,  a  lofty  and  pointed  mountain  in  the  middle 
of  the  island  of  Candia,  famous  in  ancient  times 
as  being  tne  place  on  which  Jupiter  was  brought 
up,  ana  wbere  there  was  a  temple  dedicated  to 
C^hele. 


Ida,  a  mountain  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  140  m.  to 
the  W.  of  Olympus. 

Idanha  a  JVcuva,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  3 
m.  S.  W.  of  Idanha  a  Velha. 

Idanha  a  Vellia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira. 
The  French  took  it  by  assault  in  1704.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ponsul,  25  m.  E.  of  Castel  Branco. 
Long.  fi.  14.  W.,  lat.  39.  39.  N. 

Idria,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Carnio- 
la,  celebrated  for  its  rich  quicksilver  mines,  20 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Gorz. 

Idstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau,  with  a  castle,  the  residence  of  the 
duke ;  situate  in  a  district  containing  several 
forests  and  iron  works,  16  m.  N.  of  Mentz,  22.  S 
W.  of  Wetzlar. 

If,  an  island  in  the  Mediteranean,  on  the  coast 
of  France,  the  most  eastern  of  the  three  before 
the  harbour  of  Marseilles,  and  well  fortified. 

Itrlau,  a  fortified  town  of  Moravia,  capi-tal  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  with  two  convents  and 
a  college.  Good  cloth  is  manufactured  here,  and 
the  commerce  in  corn  and  hemp  is  considerable. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Igla,  40  m.  W.  N.W.  of  Brinn. 
Long.  15.  32.  E.,  lat.  49.  28.  E. 

Iglesias,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  37  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cagliari.  Long 
8.  39.  E.,  lat.  39.  18.  N. 

Uior.  See  Johore. 

Ikery,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  lor- 
merly  the  capital  of  a  principality.  It  was  of  a 
great  size,  surrounded  by  three  concentric  walls; 
but,  the  court  being  removed  to  Nagara,  the  in- 
habitants willi  ngly  followed,  and  the  town  was 
depopulated. 

Ila.     See  Ma. 

llak,  or  Jalak,  a  town  of  Nubia,  on  the  Nile, 
supposed  by  some  to  be  the  ancient  Meroe.  Long. 
34.  30.  E.,  lat.  18.  48.  N 

Ilanz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Grisons, 
capital  of  the  Grey  League.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  23  m.  S.  W.  of  Coire. 

Ilchester,  or  Ivelchester,  a  borough  in  Somer- 
setshire, with  a  market  on  Wednesday.  It  is  a 
place  of  great  antiquity, and  the  birth-plnce  of  the 
celebrated  Roger  Bacon.  The  election  of  the 
county  members  is  held  here,  and  here  also  is  the 
county  gaol.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ivel,  IG  m.  S. 
by  W.  of  Wells,  and  122  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Ildefonso,  St.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
noted  for  a  magnificent  summer  palace,  built  by 
Philip  V. ;  and  for  a  large  manufacture  of  glass, 
belonging  to  the  crown.  It  is  5  m.  N.  of  Uzeda, 
and  40N.  W.  of  Madrid. 

Ildefonso,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Guaxaca.  seated  on  a  mountain,  70  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Guaxaca. 

Ilderton,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng.  4 
m.  S.  of  Wooler.  On  a  hill  near  it  is  a  .semicircu- 
lar encampment,  defended  by  two  high  rampiers 
of  earth,  and  a  deep  fosse,  with  an  inner  circle  of 
stones,  which  appear  uncemented.  The  area  is 
about  100  yards  diameter,  and  contains  many  re- 
mains of  buildings. 

Ilfracomb,  a  sea-port  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  It 
has  a  spacious  natural  basin,  with  a  good  pier 
and  quay,  projecting  into  the  Bristol  Channel. 
This  port  employs  a  number  of  brigs  and  sloops, 
chiefly  in  carrying  ore  from  Cornwall,  coal  from 
Wales,  and  corn  from  Bristol;  also  a  number  of  fish- 
inff  skiffs.  It  is  49  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Exeter,  and  202 
W.  of  London. 

Ilheos,  a  province  of  Brazil,  S.  of  that  of  All 
Saints  Bay.     Its  chief  town  of  the  same  name  is 


ILL 


8»l 


ILL 


■eated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  llheos,  130  m.  S. 
S.  W.  of  St.  Salvador.  Long.  40.  15.  W.,  lat.  14 
55.  S. 

//AmcA,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  Palatinate  of 
Cracow,  remarkable  for  its  silver  and  lead  mines, 
15  m.  N.  W   of  Cracow. 

lUe,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  on  the  river  Teck,  10  m.  W. 
of  Perpigiian. 

Ille-et-Vilaine,  a  departmentof  France,  contain- 
ing partof  tiie  late  province  of  Bretagne.  It  takes 
its°name  from  two  rivers,  which  unite  at  Rennes, 
the  capital  of  the  department. 

Iller,  a  river  of  Germanj',  which  rises  in  Tyrol, 
runs  N.  through  Bavaria,  and  joins  the  Danube 
near  Uhn. 

fllescas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  15  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Madrid,  and  15.  N.  N.  E.  of  Toledo. 

Illinois,  a  river  of  North  America,  formed  by 
the  junction  of  several  streams  near  the  S.  end  of 
Lake  Michegan  :  after  taking  a  S.  W.  coarse  of 
250  m.  it  enters  the  Mississippi,  30  m.  above  the 
influx  of  the  Missouri. 

Illinois,  one  the  United  States,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  N.  W.  Territory.  E.  by  Indiana.  S.  by 
Kentucky  and  W.  by  the  State  and  Territory  of 
Mi^sjuri.  It  extends  from  37.  to42  30.  .\.  lat. 
and  from  87.  17.  to  91.  50.  W.  long.  350  m.  in 
length  and  ICO  in  mean  breadth  and  containing 
56,000  sq.  m.  The  Mississippi  washes  its  western, 
and  the  Ohio  its  southern  border,  and  it  is  travers- 
ed by  the  Illinois  and  Kaskaskia  rivers.  The  N. 
E.  corner  touches  upon  Lake  Michigan.  This 
•  State  is  not  traversed  by  any  ranges  of  hills  or 
mountains ;  the  surface  in  general  is  level,  but  in 
a  few  instances  uneven,  and  approaching  to  hilly. 
It  may  be  arranged  under  three  general  heads. 
1.  The  all uvions^of  rivers,  which  are  from  one  to 
eight  rn.  in  width,  in  son^ip  places  elevated,  and 
in° others  low,  and  subject  to  inundation.  Tliey 
consist  of  an  intermixture  of  woods  and  prairie. 
The  soil  is  almost  invariably  fertile — such  are  the 
ranks,  on  the  Mississippi,  Wabash,  Illinois, 
Kaskaskia,  Ax.  2.  .A.fler  leaving  the  alluvions, 
and  rising  to  the  *  bluffs'  which  bound  them,  is  a 
tract  of  level  land,  elevated  from  fifty  to  one  hun- 
dred feet,  and  which  is  sometimes  called  '  table 
land.'  The  greater  proportion  of  this  is  prairie, 
which  m  some  places  is  dry,  and  in  others  wet 
and  marshy,  depending  upon  the  convexity  or 
"oncavity  of  the  surface.  Tlie  soil  is  less  fertile 
1,'iaji  that  of  the  alluvions,  but  is  generally  prefer- 
erl  by  emigrants.  The  tract  of  country  between 
the  Mississippi  and  Kaskaskia  rivers  belongs  to 
this  class.  3.  In  the  interior  and  towards  the 
n  jrthern  part  of  the  State,  the  country  becomes 
rouifh  and  uneven.  It  consists  of  an  intermixture 
of  woods  and  prairies,  diversified  with  gentle  or 
ahr-jpt  slopes,  sometimes  attaining  the  elevation 
o*' hills,  and  irrigated  with  a  number  of  streams. 
The  most  of  the  country  which  lies  south  of  a  line 
•Jrawn  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Kaskaskia,  is  covered  with  timber. 
A  verv  few  prairies,  and  those  inconsiderable  in 
point  of  size,  may  be  found  immediately  south 
of  this  line.  Crossing  that  line,  the  timber  is 
found  to  decrease  in  quantity,  and  the  prairies  to 
expand ;  yet  the  latter  are  still  comparatively 
small,  wholly  unconnected  with  each  other,  and 
their  outlines  distinctly  marked  by  the  thick  for- 
ests which  surround  and  separate  them.  Advanc- 
ing to  the  north,  the  prairie  surface  begins  to 
prcdommate ;  the  prairies  now  become  lar»e,  and 
conununicate    with    each    other    like    a   chain  of 


lakes,  by  means  of  numerous  avenues  or  viatas; 
still,  however,  the  traveller  is  surrounded  by  tim- 
ber ;  his  eye  never  loses  sight  of  the  deep  green 
outline,  throwing  out  its  capes  and  headlands ; 
though  he  sees  no  more  than  dense  forests  and 
large  trees,  whose  deep  shade  almost  appalled  him 
in  tiie  south.  Travelling  on  from  the  centre  of 
the  State  to  its  northern  limit,  we  find  ourselves 
surrounded  by  one  vast  prairie.  In  the  country 
over  wliich  we  have  passed,  the  forest  is  inter- 
spersed with  these  interesting  plains  ;  here,  tlie 
prairie  is  studded  with  groves  and  copses,  and 
the  streams  fringed  with  strips  of  woodland.  The 
eye  sometimes  wanders  over  immense  plains  cov- 
ered with  grass,  discovering  no  other  oh]ei  t  on 
which  to  rest,  and  finding  no  limit  to  its  vision 
but  the  distant  horizon  ;  while  more  frequently  it 
wanders  from  grove  to  grove,  and  from  one  point 
of  woodland  to  another,  charmed  and  refreshed 
by  an  endless  variety  of  rural  beauty.  The 
growth  of  the  bottom  lands  consists  of  black  wal- 
nut, ash  of  several  species,  hackberry,elm,  (white, 
red,  and  slippery.)  sugar-maple,  honey-locust, 
buck-eye,  catalpa,  sycamore,  cottonwood,  peccan, 
hickory,  mulberry,  several  oaks — as,  over  cup, 
bur  oak,  swamp  or  water  oak,  white,  red  or  Span- 
ish oak  ;  and  of  the  shrubbery  are  red-bud,  papaw, 
grape  vine,  dogwood,  spice  bush,  hazle,  green- 
brier,  &c.  Along  the  margin  of  the  streams,  the 
sycamore  and  cottonwood  often  predominate,  and 
attain  to  an  amazing  size.  The  cottonwood  is  of 
rapid  growth,  a  light,  white  wood,  sometimes 
u.sed  for  rails,  shingles,  and  scantlings,  not  last- 
ing, nor  of  no  great  value.  Its  dry,  light  wood  is 
much  used  in  steam-boats. 

The  northern  portion  of  Illinois  is  said  to  be 
inexhaustibly  rich  in  mineral  productions,  while 
coal,  secondary  limestone,  and  sandstone,  are 
found  in  every  part.  Iron  ore  is  often  found  in 
the  southern  parts  of  the  State,  and  is  said  to  ex- 
ist in  considerable  quantities  near  the  rapids  of 
Illinois.  Native  copper  in  small  quantities  has 
been  found  on  Muddy  river,  in  Jackson  county, 
and  back  of  Harrison ville,  in  the  bluffs  of  Mun- 
roe  county.  One  mass  weighing  seven  pounds 
was  found  detached  at  the  latter  place.  A  shaft 
was  sunk  forty  feet  deep  in  1817,  in  search  of  this 
metal,  but  without  success.  Red  oxide  of  iron, 
and  oxide  of  copper  were  dug  out.  Crystalized 
gypsum  has  been  found  in  small  quantities  in  St. 
Clair  county.  Quartz  crystals  exist  in  Gallatin 
county.  Silver  is  supposed  to  exist  in  St.  Clair 
county,  2  m.  from  Rock-Spring,  from  whence 
Silver  creek  derives  its  name.  In  the  early  set- 
tlements by  the  French,  a  shaft  was  sunk  here, 
and  tradition  tells  of  large  quantities  of  the  pre- 
cious metal  being  obtained.  In  1828,  many  jjer- 
sons  in  this  vicinity  commenced  digging,  and  be- 
gan to  dream  of  immense  fortunes,  which  however 
vanished  during  the  following  winter.  They  dug 
up  considerable  quantities  of  hornblende  the 
shining  specula  of  which  were  mistaken  for  sil- 
ver. Lead  is  found  in  vast  quantities  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Illinois,  and  the  adjacent  territory. 
Here  are  the  richest  lead  mines  hitherto  discover- 
ed on  the  globe.  This  portion  of  country  lies 
principally  north  of  Rock  river  and  south  of  the 
Wisconsin.  Dubuque's  and  other  rich  mines, 
are  west  of  the  Mississippi.  There  i.<!  scarcely 
a  county  m  the  State,  but  what  can  furnish  coal 
in  reasonable  quantities.  Large  beds  are  saia  to 
exist  near  the  junction  of  Fox  river  with  the  Illi- 
nois, and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  rapids  of  the  latter. 
Salt  is  found  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  held  ia 


IME 


392 


IND 


Eoltition  in  the  springs.  The  manufacture  of  salt 
by  boiling  and  evaporation  is  carried  on  in  Galla- 
tin county,  12  m.  W.  N.  W.  from  Shawneetown  ; 
in  Jackson  county,  near  Brownsville ;  and  in 
Vermilion  county,  near  Danville.  The  springs 
and  land  are  owend  by  the  State,  and  the  works 
leased.  A  coarse  marble,  much  used  in  building, 
IS  dug  froiii  quarries  near  Alton,  on  the  Mississip- 
pi, where  large  bodies  exist.  Scattered  over  the 
surface  of  the  prairies,  are  large  masses  of  rock, 
of  granitic  formation,  roundish  in  form,  usually 
Called  by  the  people  lost  rocks.  They  will  weigh 
from  one  thousand  to  ten  or  twelve  thousand 
pounds,  and  are  entirely  detached,  and  frequently 
are  found  several  miles  distant  from  any  quarry. 
There  has  never  been  a  quarry  of  granite  dis- 
covered in  the  State. 

Agriculture  is  thrivmg,  but  education  in  Illi- 
nois is  still  in  its  infancy,  and  many  of  the  settlers 
have  no  proper  view  of  its  necessity  and  impor- 
tance. Many  adults,  epecially  females,  are  una- 
ble to  read  or  write,  and  many  more,  who  are  able 
to  read  a  little,  cannot  readily  understand  what 
they  attempt  to  read,  and  therefore  take  no  pleas- 
ure in  books  and  study.  Common  schools  are  usu- 
ally taught  some  part  of  the  year  in  most  of  the 
settlements,  but  more  frequently  by  teachers  whol- 
I}'  incompetent  to  the  task.  The  Methodists  are 
the  most  numerous  religious  sect.  This  state  is 
divided  in  52  counties,  and  has  a  pop.  of  157,575, 
of  whom  746  are  slaves.  The  capital  is  Vandalia. 
The  state  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1818. 
The  legislature  is  composed  of  a  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives  called  the  General  Assembly. 
The  Senates  are  chosen  for  4  years  and  the  Rep- 
resentatives for  2.  The  governor  is  chosen  for  4 
years.  Elections  are  popular,  and  suffrage  is 
uni  ersal.  In  the  northern  part  are  many  Indian 
tribes,  as  the  Kaskas,  Sauks,  Foxes,  Potawotam- 
ies,  &c. 

Ilm,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  a  river  of  its  name, 
13  m.  N.  W.  of  Rudolstadt,  and  14  S.  by  E.  of 
Erfurt. 

Ilvien,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Novogorod,  48  miles  long,  and  from  12  to  18 
broad.  Near  it  stands  the  city  of  Novogorod.  It 
communicates  with  lake  Ladoga,  by  the  river 
Volkhof 

Rmcnau,  a  town  of  Saxe-Weimar,  in  Henne- 
berg.  Near  it  is  a  mineral  spring  ;  also  a  copper 
and  silver  mine.  It  is  seated  near  the  source  of 
the  Ilm  17  m.  E.  S.  E.  ofSmalkalden. 

flminister,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  narrow  cloths.  It  is  seated 
among  hills,  near  the  river  llle,  26  m.  S.  W.  of 
Wells,  and  136  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

IlslpAj,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  seated  between 
two  hills,  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Reading,  and  54  W.  of 
London. 

list,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in.  Friesland, 
seatec'  on  the  Weymer,  12  m.  S.  of  Lewarden. 

Ilstrop,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland, 
27  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gotheburg. 

Ilten,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  province  of 
Luneburg,  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Zell. 

Iltzhofen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  8  m.  N. 
E.  of  Halle. 

Imhro,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
about  20  m.  in  circumference.  It  is  mountainous 
and  woodv,  and  affords  plenty  of  game.  Long. 
25.  44.  E.,"lat.  40.  10.  N. 

Imrritia,  a  country  of  Asia,  Jyjng  E.  of  the 
Black  Sea;  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Turkey,  W.  by 
Mingrelia,  N.  by  Osseta,  and  E.  by    Georgia,  of 


which  it  is  properly  speaking,  a  part.  The  inhab 
itants  estimated  at  not  more  than  20,000  families, 
are  scattered  over  the  country  in  small  hamlet.'?. 
They  send  yearly  considerable  quantities  of  wine 
to  the  neighbouring  parts  of  Georgia,  in  leathern 
bags,  carried  by  horses  :  but  they  are  without 
manufactures,  verv  poor  and  misefable,  and  cruei- 
ly  treated  by  their  landlord.  Cutais,  or  Cotatis, 
is    the  capital. 

Immcnstadt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle 
of  the  Upper  Danube,  situate  on  a  small  river 
which  soon  afler  joins  the  Iller,  12  m.  S.  of  Kemp- 
ton. 

ImoJa,  an  episcopal  town  of  Italy,  in  the  dele- 
gation of  Ravenna,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  is 
surrounded  by  walls,  towers,  and  ditches  ;  con- 
tains 16  churches  and  17  convents  ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Santerno,  13  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Ravenna 
and  45  N.  N.  E.  of  Florence. 

Inchbroyock,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  in  For- 
farshire, within  the  mouth  of  the  South  Esk,  neai 
Montrose,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a  draw- 
bridge. It  has  also  a  large  and  convenient  dry 
dock. 

Inchcolm,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  in  the 
frith  of  Forth,  near  the  village  of  Aberdour,  on 
the  coast  of  Fife.  Here  is  the  ruins  of  a  famous 
monastery,  founded  by  Alexander  I.  in  1123,  to 
commemorate  the  hospitable  treatment  he  receiv- 
ed here  from  a  hermit. 

Inchgarvie,  a  small  island  of  the  frith  of  Forth, 
nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  passage  over  the 
Queensferry. 

Inchkeith,  a  small  island  of  the  frith  of  Forth 
lying  midway  between  the  ports  of  Leith  and 
Kinghorn.  Here  is  a  light-house,  and  also  a 
ruinous  fort. 

Inchmarnock,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  on 
the  S.  W.  side  of  Bute.  The  ruins  of  a  chapel 
dedicated  to  St.  Marnock  are  still  to  be  seen  ; 
and  on  the  W.  side  are  vast  strata  of  coral  and 
shells. 

Ind/d,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Medelpadia,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  16  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Sundia- 
wald. 

Indapour  See  fndrapour. 

Inden  Hotun,a,  town  of  Chinese  Tartary  capital 
of  the  Mantcheou  Tartars,  420  m.  E.  N.  £.  of 
Pekin. 

Independence,  a  township  in  Alleghany  Co. 
N.  Y.  Pop.  877.  Also  townships  in  Sussex  Co. 
N.  J.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio  and  Bond  Co.  Illi- 
nois. 

India,  or  Hind,  a  contraction  of  Hindoostan, 
is  a  name  often  given  to  that  region  of  Asia  ly- 
ing to  the  S.  of  Tartary,  and  between  Persia  and 
China,  with  its  independent  islands.  It  contains, 
besides  Hindoostan,  the  Birman  Empire,  Sium, 
Cochin  China,  Tonquin,  Thibet,  Japan,  and  Cey- 
lon ;  but  is  now,  in  its  geographical  features,  more 
usally,  and  far  more  properly,  described  undei 
those  respective  heads,  which  see. 

Indiana,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded  N 
by  Michigan  Territory,  E.  by  Ohio,  S.  by  Ken 
tucky :  and  W.  by  Illinois.  It  extends  from  37. 
45.  to  41.  50.  N.  lat.  and  from  84.  42  to  87.  49.  W 
long.  It  is  287  m.  long,  and  255  broad,  and  con- 
tains 36.000  sq.  m.  It  is  washed  on  the  Southern 
boundary  by  the  Ohio  and  traver.sed  by  the  Whit« 
and  Wabash  rivers. 

There  are  no  mountains  in  Indiana  ;  the  conn 
try,  however,  is  more  hilly  than  Illinois,  parti';u 
larly  towards  the  Ohio  river.     A  range  of  hilli 


IND 


393 


INI) 


called  tbe  Knobs,  extends  from  the  falls  of  the 
Ohio  to  the  Wabash,  in  a  south-west  direction, 
which,  in  many  places,  produces  a  broken  and 
uneven  surface.  North  of  those  hills  lie  the  flat 
woods,  70  in.  wide.  Bordering  on  all  the  princi- 
pal streams,  except  the  Ohio,  there  are  strips  of 
bottom  and  prairie  land  ;  both  together  from  3  to 
6  m.  in  width.  Between  the  Wabash  and  lake 
Michigan,  the  country  is  mostly  champaign, 
abounding  alternately  with  wood-lands,  prairies, 
lakes  and  swamps.  A  range  of  hills  runs  parallel 
with  the  Ohio,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Mi- 
ami to  Blue  river,  alternately  approaching  to 
within  a  few  rods,  and  recedin  i  to  the  distance  of 
2  m.  Immediately  below  Blue  river,  the  hills 
disappear,  and  there  is  presented  to  view  an  im- 
mense tract  of  level  land,  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  timber.  North  of  the  W  abash,  between 
Tippecanoe  and  Ouitanon,  the  banks  of  the 
streams  are  high,  abrupt  and  broken,  and  the  land 
except  the  prairies,  is  well  timbered.  Between 
the  Plein  and  Theakiki,  the  country  is  flit,  wet 
and  swampy,  intersperesd  with  prairies  of  an  in- 
ferior soil. "  The  sources  of  rivers  are  generally 
in  swamps  or  lakes  and  the  country  around  them 
is  low,  and  too  wet  for  cultivation.  There  are 
two  kinds  of  prairies, — the  river  and  the  upland 
prairies.  The  former  are  bottoms,  destitute  of 
timber  and  are  said  to  exhibit  vestiges  of  former 
cultivation  ;  the  latter  are  from  30  to  100  feet 
more  elevated,  and  are  far  more  numerous  and 
extensive.  Some  of  them  are  not  larger  than  a 
common  field,  while  others  extend  farther  than 
the  eye  can  reach.  They  are  usually  bounded  by 
heavy-timbered  forests,  and  not  unfrequently 
adorned  with  copses  of  small  trees.  In  spring 
and  summer,  they  are  covered  with  a  luxuriant 
growth  of  grass  and  fragrant  flowers,  from  six  to 
eight  feet  high.  The  soil  of  these  plains  is  often 
as  deep  and  fertile  as  the  best  bottoms.  The 
intervals  bordering  on  the  Wabash  are  particularly 
rich.  Wells  have  been  dug  in  them,  where  the 
vegetable  soil  was  22  feet  deep,  under  which  was 
a  stratum  of  fine  white  sand.  The  ordinary  depth 
is  from  two  to  five  feet.  The  principal  produc- 
tions of  this  state  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye, 
oats,  barley,  buck-wheat,  potatoes,  pulse,  beef, 
pork,  butter,  whiskey  and  peach  brandy.  There 
are  salt  springs  in  different  parts,  but  they  are 
little  used.  The  salt  is  more  cheaply  obtained 
from  the  neighbouring  States.  Coal,  iron,  and 
copper  are  found  in  some  places. 

The  climate  is  generally  healthy  and  pleas- 
ant, closely  resembling  that  of  Ohio.  The  Wa- 
bash is  frozen  over  in  tne  winter,  so  that  it  may 
be  safely  crossed  on  the  ice.  This  state  abounds 
with  large  caverns,  the  most  celebrated  of  which 
is  called  the  Epsom.  Salts  Cave,  from  the  quantity 
of  that  mineral  which  it  contains.  The  hill,  in 
which  the  cave  is  situated,  is  about  400  feet  high 
from  the  base  to  the  most  elevated  point ;  and  the 
prospect  to  the  south-east,  in  a  clear  day,  is  ex- 
ceedingly fine,  commanding  an  extensive  view  of 
the  hills  and  valleys  bordering  on  Big  Blue  river. 
The  top  of  the  hill  is  covered  principally  with 
oak  and  chesnut.  The  side  to  the  south-east  is 
mantled  with  cedar.  The  entrance  is  about  mid- 
way from  the  base  to  the  summit,  and  the  surface 
of  the  cave  preserves  in  general,  about  that  ele- 
vation. After  entering  the  cave  by  an  aperture 
of  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  wide,  and  in  height,  in 
one  place,  three  or  four  feet,  you  descend  with 
easy  and  gradual  steps  into  a  large  and  spacious 
room,  which  continues  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile, 
50 


pretty  nearly  of  the  same  appearance,  varying  in 
height  from  eight  to  thirty  feet,  and  in  breadth 
from  ten  to  twenty.  In  this  distance  the  roof  is, 
in  some  places  arched  ;  in  others  a  plane  and  in 
one  place,  particularly,  it  resembles  an  inside 
view  of  the  roof  of  a  house.  At  the  distance 
above  named,  the  cave  forks ;  but  the  right  hand 
fork  soon  terminates,  while  the  left  rises  by  a 
flight  of  rocky  stairs,  nearly  10  feet  high,  into 
another  story,  and  pursues  a  course  at  this  place 
nearly  south-east.  Here  the  roof  commences  a 
regular  arch,  the  height  of  which,  from  the  floor, 
varies  from  5  to  8  feet  and  the  width  of  the  cave 
from  6  to  12  feet ;  which  continues  to  what  is 
called  the  creeping  place,  from  the  circumstance 
of  the  visitor's  crawling  10  or  12  feet  into  the  next 
large  room.  From  this  place  to  the  Pillar,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  one  mile  and  a  quarter,  the  visitor 
finds  an  alternate  succession  of  large  and  small 
rooms,  variously  decorated  ;  sometimes  mounting 
elevated  points  bj'  gradual  or  difficult  ascents,  ana 
again  descending  as  far  below  ;  sometimes  travel- 
ling on  a  pavement,  or  climbing  over  huge  piles 
of  rocks,  detached  from  the  roof  by  some  convul- 
sion of  nature  ;  and  thus  continues  his  route,  un- 
til he  arrives  at  the  pillar. 

The  aspect  of  this  large  and  stately  white  col- 
umn, as  it  comes  in  sight  from  the  dim  reflection 
of  the  torches,  is  grand  and  impressive.  Visitors 
have  seldom  pushed  their  enquiries  further  than 
two  or  three  hundred  yards  beyond  this  pillar. 
This  column  is  about  fifteen  feet  in  diameter, 
from  twenty  to  thirty  in  height,  and  regularly 
reeded  from  the  top  to  the  bottom.  In  the  vicin- 
ity of  this  spot  are  some  inferior  pillars  of  the 
same  appearance  and  texture.  Chemically  speak- 
ing, it  is  difficult  to  say  what  are  the  constituent 
parts  of  these  columns,  but  lime  appears  to  be  the 
base.  Epsom  salts,  abounds  throughout  this  cave 
in  almost  its  whole  extent,  in  a  manner  which, 
has  no  parallel  in  the  history  of  that  article.  This 
neutral  salt  is  found  in  a  great  variety  of  forms, 
and  in  many  different  stages  of  formation,  some- 
times in  lumps,  varying  from  one  to  ten  pounds 
in  weight.  The  earth  exhibits  a  shining  appear 
ance,  from  the  numerous  particles  interspersed 
throughout  the  huge  piles  of  dirt  collected  in  dif 
ferent  parts  of  the  cave.  The  walls  are  covered 
in  difierent  places  with  the  same  article,  and  re- 
production goes  on  rapidly.  With  a  view  to  as- 
certain this,  a  visitor  removed  from  iv  particular 
place  every  vestige  of  salt,  and  in  four  or  five 
weeks  the  place  was  covered  with  small  needle 
shaped  crystals,  exhibiting  the  appearance  of 
frost.  The  quality  of  the  salt  in  this  cave  is  in- 
ferior to  none.  The  worst  earth  that  has  been 
tried,  will  yield  four  pounds  of  salt  to  the  bushel, 
and  the  best,  from  twenty  to  twenty  five  pounds. 
This  quantity  is  inexhaustible.  The  next  pro- 
duction is  the  nitrate  of  lime,  or  saltpetre  earth. 
There  are  vast  quantities  of  this.  There  are  also 
large  quantities  of  the  nitrate  of  alumine,  or  ni- 
trate of  argil,  which  will  yield  as  much  nitrate  of 
potash,  or  saltpetre,  in  proportion  to  the  quantities 
of  earth,  as  the  nitrate  of  lime.  The  three  arti- 
cles above  enumerated,  are  first  in  quantity  and 
importance  ;  but  there  are  several  others,  which 
deserve  notice  as  subjects  if  philosophical  curiosi- 
ty. The  sulphate  of  limf ,  or  plaster  of  Paris,  is 
to  be  seen  variously  formed  ;  ponderous,  crystal- 
ized  and  impalpable  or  soft,  light,  and  rather  spon- 
gy. Vestiges  of  the  sulphate  of  iron  are  also  to  be 
seen  in  o;  e  or  two  places.  Small  specimens 
of  the   ca.bonate,  also  the  nitrate  of  magnesia. 


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have  been  founa.     The  rocks  in   the  cave  princi- 

Fially  consist  of  carbonate  of  lime,  or  common 
ime  stone.  Near  the  forks  of  the  cave  are  two 
specimens  of  painting,  probably  of  Indian  origin. 
The  one  appears  to  be  a  savage,  with  something 
like  a  bow  in  his  hand,  and  furnishes  the  hint,  that 
it  was  done  when  that  instrument  of  death  was  in 
use.  The  other  is  so  HjUcIi  defaced,  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  say  what  it  was  intended  to  represent. 
This  state  is  divided  into  G4  counties!  The 
pop.  is  341,582.  In  the  N.  part  are  many  Pota- 
wotamies  and  Chippeway  Indians.  There  are  no 
slaves.  The  Slate  was  admitted  into  the  union 
in  1816.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives,  styled  the  General  As- 
semblv.  The  Senators  are  chosen  for  3  years  and 
the  Representative  for  I.  The  Governor  is  cho- 
sen for  3  years.  Suffrage  is  universal.  The  cap- 
ital of  the  state  is  Indianapolis.  There  is  a  col- 
lege at  Bloomington,  and  provision  is  made  by 
the  state  for  the  support  of  schools. 

Indiana,  a  county  of  the  Western  District  of 
Pennsylvania.  Pop.  14,251.  The  chief  town  has  the 
same  name.     Also  a  town  in  Alleghany  Co.  Pa. 

Indianapolis,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Indiana 
is  situated  in  Marion  county  on  White  River  in 
the  centre  of  the  state.  It  has  but  recently  been 
established. 

Indian  Old  Toicn,  a  settlement  of  Penobscot 
India"**,  on  an  island  in  Penobscot  river  Maine,  a 
little  ajove  the  great  falls.  It  consists  of  about 
500  souls. 

Indian  Town,  villages  in  Dorchester  Co.  Md. 
Cur- .uck  Co.  N.  C.  and  Williamsburg  Dis.  S.  C. 
itcdies,  East,  the  name  given  by  Europeans  to 
that  vast  tract  of  country  in  Asia  which  is  situ- 
ated to  the  S.  of  Tartary,  between  Persia  and  Chi- 
na (see  Hindoostan,)  as  well  as  to  a  great  num- 
ber of  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  extending 
from  the  peninsula  of  Hindoostan  as  far  E.  as 
New  Guinea,  and  from  the  bay  of  Bengal  and 
the  China  Sea  as  far  S.  as  New  Holland.  The 
most  western  of  them  are  the  Maldives,  and  the 
most  eastern  the  Moluccas  ;  between  which  are 
several  very  large  ones,  as  Ceylon,  Sumatra,  Ja- 
va, Borneo,  and  Celebes  ;  besides  many  others  of 
considerable  importance  as  to  riches,  though  much 
inferior  in  e.xtent. 

Indies,  West,  a  denomination  under  which  is 
comprehended  a  large  chain  of  islands  extended 
in  a  curve  from  the  Florida  shore  on  the  north- 
ern peninsula  of  America  to  the  gulf  of  Venezuela 
on  the  southern.  Columbus  gave  this  name  to 
them  under  the  notion  that  they  formed  part  of 
the  Indian  continent,  which  it  was  his  object  in 
iiis  first  voyage  to  find  ;  and  this  opinion  was  so 
general  that  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  king  and 
queen  of  Castile,  in  their  ratification  of  an  agree- 
ment granted  to  Columbus,  upon  his  return,  gave 
them  the  name  of  Indies.  Even  after  the  error 
which  gave  rise  to  this  opinion  was  detected,  and 
the  position  of  the  New  World  was  ascertained, 
the  name  has  remained,  and  the  appellation  of 
West  Indies  is  given  by  all  the  people  of  Europe 
to  these  islands,  and  that  of  Indians  to  the  in- 
habitants, not  only  of  tliese  islands,  but  of  the 
continent  of  America.  The  principal  of  these 
islands  are  Curacao,  Tj'nidad,  Tobago,  Grenada, 
St.  Vincent,  Barbadoe  i,  Martinique,  Dominica, 
Marie  Galante,  Guadal  -upe,  Antigua,  Barbuda, 
St.  Christopher,  St.  Etstatia,  St.  Bartholomew, 
St.  Martin,  Anguilla.  St.  Thomas,  Porto-Rico, 
St.  Domingo,  Jamaica,  Cuba,  and  the  Bahamas. 
Most  of  the    Antilles  are  situated  under  the 


tropic  of  Cancer,  and  there  is  not  much  difference 
in  their  climate ;  accurate  observations  made  on 
any  one  of  them  may  be  applied  with  little  variation 
to  them  all.     The  spring  begins  about  the  month  ' 
of  May;  the  savannas  then  change  their  ru.sset 


hue,  and  the  trees  are  adorned  with  a  verdant 
foliage.  The  periodical  rains  from  the  south  may 
at  this  time  be  expected  ;  they  fall  generally  about 
noon,  and  occasion  a  rapid  and  luxuriant  vegeta- 
tion. The  thermometer  varies  considerably;  it  falls 
sometimes  six  or  eight  degrees  after  the  diurnal 
rains  ;  but  its  medium  height  may  be  stated  at  78 
of  Fahrenheit.  After  these  showers  have  continu- 
ed for  a  short  period,  the  tropical  summer  appears 
in  all  its  splendour.  Clouds  are  seldom  seen  in 
the  sky  ;  the  heat  of  the  sun  is  only  rendered 
supportable  by  the  sea  breeze,  which  blows  regu- 
larly from  the  south-east  during  the  greatest  part 
of  the  day.  The  nights  are  calm  and  serene, 
the  moon  shines  more  brightly  than  in  Europe, 
and  emits  a  light  that  enables  man  to  read  the 
smallest  print  ;  its  absence  is,  in  some  degree, 
compensated  by  the  planets,  and  above  all  by  the 
luminous  effulgence  of  the  galaxy.  From  the 
middle  of  August  to  the  end  of  September,  the 
thermometer  rises  frequently  above  90,the  refresh- 
incr  sea  breeze  is  then  interrupted,  and  frequent 
caTins  announce  the  approach  of  the  great  periodi- 
cal rains.  Fiery  clouds  are  seen  in  the  atmos- 
phere, and  the  mountains  appear  less  distant  to 
the  spectator  than  at  other  seasons  of  the  year. 
The  rain  falls  in  torrents  about  the  beginning  of 
October,  the  rivers  overflow  their  banks,  and  a 
great  portion  of  the  low  grounds  are  submerged. 
The  rain  that  fell  in  Barbadoes  in  the  year  1754, 
is  said  to  have  exceeded  87  inches.  The  moisture 
of  the  atmosphere  is  so  great,  that  iron  and  otlier 
metals  easily  oxydated  are  covered  with  rust. 
This  humidity  continues  under  a  burning  sun  ; — 
the  inhabitants,  (say  some  writers,)  live  in  a  va- 
pour bath  ;  it  may  be  proved,  without  using  this 
simile,  that  a  residence  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
country  at  this  season  is  disngreeable,  unwhole 
some,  and  dangerous  to  a  European.  A  gradusw 
relaxation  of  the  system  diminishes  the  activity 
of  the  vital  functions,  and  produces  at  last  a  gen- 
eral atony. 

It  has  been  observed  by  travellers  that  most  of 
the  wild  animals  indigenous  to  the  West  Indies 
are  of  a  small  size,  as  the  Vespertilio  molussus, 
the  Viverra  caudivolvula,  and  the  Mus  pilorides. 
Lizards  and  different  sorts  of  serpents  are  not  un 
common  ;  but  the  greatest  number  of  them  are 
harmless,  and,  with  the  exception  of  Martinique 
and  St.  Lucia,  no  scorpions  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Lesser  Antilles.  This  noxious  reptile  is  frequent- 
ly observed  in  Porto  Rico,  and  it  exists  probably  in 
all  the  larger  islands.  The  cayman  haunts  the 
stagnant  waters,  and  negroes  are  sometimes  ex- 


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395 


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posed  to  its  murderous  bite.  The  parrot  and  its 
various  species  from  the  macaw  to  the  paroquet 
frequent  the  forests  ;  aquatic  birds  in  unnumbered 
flocks  enliven  the  shores.  The  colibri  or  hum- 
ming-bird is  the  sportive  inhabitant  of  these  warm 
climes  ;  it  seldom  remains  long  in  the  same  place, 
but  is  seen  for  a  moment  on  the  blossoms  of  the 
orange  or  lime  tree,  and  displays  in  its  golden 
plumage  the  brightest  tints  of  the  emerald  and  the 
ruby.  Trees  similar  to  those  that  we  have  ad- 
mired in  other  tropical  countries  grow  in  equal 
luxuriance  on  these  islands.  The  Banana,  which 
in  iis  full  growth  appears  like  a  cluster  of  trees, 
is  at  first  weak,  and  requires  the  support  of  a 
neighbouring  plant.  A  canoe  made  from  a  single 
trunk  of  the  wild  cotton  tree,  has  been  known  to 
contain  a  hundred  persons,  and  the  leaf  of  a  par- 
ticular kind  of  palm  tree  affords  a  shade  to  five  or 
six  men.  Tlie  royal  palmetto  or  mountain-cabbage 
grows  to  the  extraordinary  height  of  two  hundred 
Feet,  and  its  verdant  summit  is  shaken  by  the 
slightest  breeze.  '■ 

Miuiy  of  the  plantations  are  enclosed  by  rows  of 
Camp«achy  and  Brazilian  trees  ;  the  corab  is  as 
much  prized  for  its  thick  shade  as  for  its  excellent 
fruit,  and  the  fibrous  bark  of  the  great  cecropia  is 
converted  into  strong  cordage.  The  trees  most 
valuable  on  account  of  their  timber,  are  the  tam- 
arindus,  the  cedar,  the  Spanish  mountain  ash,  the 
iron  tree,  and  the  laurus  chloroxylon,  which  is 
well  adapted  for  the  construction  of  mills.  The 
dwellings  of  the  settlers  are  shaded  by  orange, 
lemon,  and  pomegranate  trees,  that  fill  the  air  with 
the  perfume  of  their  flowers,  while  their  branches 
are  loaded  with  fruit.  The  apple,  the  peach,  and 
the  grape  ripen  in  the  mountains.  The  date,  the 
sapala,  and  sapotilla.  the  mammee.  several  orien- 
tal fruits,  the  rose  apple,  the  guava,  the  munga 
and  different  species  of  spondias  and  annonas  grow 
on  the  sultry  plains. 

The  heiglits  are  covered  in  many  places  with 
groves  of  tile  Myrtus  pimenta,  and  no  other  shrub 
grows  under  its  fragrant  shade.  The  ignama  and 
potato  are  the  principal  food  of  the  negroes  ;  ma- 
nioc and  angola  pulse  have  been  imported  from 
Africa.  But  the  West  Indian  planter  is  wholly 
occupied  in  ministering  to  the  wants  or  luxuries 
of  Europeans  ;  were  it  not  for  the  immense  sup- 
plies of  corn  brought  annually  from  Canada  and 
the  United  States,  these  fertile  islands  might  be 
desolated  by  famine.     Sugar  is  the  great  staple 


sidered  in  many  re-spects  superior  to  the  common 
Creole  plant. 

A  field  of  canes  is  in  arrmo  or  full  bloom  about 
the  month  of  November.  At  this  period  of  its 
growth  there  are  few  objects  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom  that  can  vie  with  it  in  beauty.  The  canes 
are  seldom  lower  than  three  feet  and  sometimes 
higher  than  eight;  this  difference  proceeds  from 
the  nature  of  the  soil  and  the  mode  of  cultivation 

A  ripe  field  may  be  compared  to  an  immense 
sheet  of  waving  gold  tinged  by  the  sun'  s  rays 
with  the  finest  purple.  The  stem  with  its  narrow 
depending  leaves  is  at  first  of  a  dark  green  colour 
but  changes  as  it  ripens  to  a  bright  yellow ;  an 
arrow  or  silver  wand  sprouts  from  its  summit,  and 
grows  generally  to  the  height  of  four  or  five  feet ; 
the  apex  is  covered  with  clusters  of  white  and 
blue  flowers  not  unlike  tufts  of  feathers.  The 
finest  plantations  are  sometimes  destroyed  by  fire, 
a  calamity  which  occurs  too  frequently  in  these 
islands.  No  conflagration  is  more  rapid,  none 
more  alarming ;  those  who  have  witnessed  such 
scenes  can  best  describe  them.  The  hopes  and 
fortune  of  the  husbandman,  the  painful  toil  of 
many  hundred  slaves,  the  labour  of  years  are  in  a 
few  moments  destroyed.  If  a  plantation  is  by  any 
accident  set  on  fire,  the  inhabitants  sound  the 
alarm  shell,  and  the  shrill  blast  is  repeated  from 
the  neighbouring  hills.  Rolling  smoke,  spread- 
ing flames,  and  cracking  reeds  are  sometimes  the 
first  indications  of  danger.  Louder  notes  are  af- 
terwards heard  from  a  distance  ;  bands  of  negroes 
hasten  to  the  flames,  their  fears  and  exertions,  the 
cruelty  of  their  overseers,  the  noisy  impatiel'^of 
the  planters,  groups  of  horses  and  mules  mSVnig 
in  the  back  ground  increase  the  efl'cct  of  so  sub- 
lime a  picture. 

The  cotton  plant  flourishes  on  dry  and  rocky 
lands,  if  they  have  not  been  too  much  exhausted 
by  former  cultivation.  Dryness  is  of  great  advan- 
tage to  it  in  all  its  stages  ;  when  the  slirub  is  in 
blossom  or  when  the  pods  begin  to  unfold,  the 
plant  is  rendered  completely  useless  by  heavy 
rains.  These  observations  apply  to  every  species, 
but  more  particularly  to  that  sort  which  is  culti- 
vated by  the  French  settlers.  There  are  several 
varieties  of  this  shrub,  all  of  them  resemble  each 
other  ;  the  best  are  the  green  seed,  the  Brazilian, 
and  the  French  or  small  sqed. 

There  is  but  one  species  of  the  coffee  tree  here  ; 
it  is  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  Arabia  Felix.     This 


commodity  of  the  West  Indies ;  the  cane  was 
transported  hither  from  the  eastern  continent  by 
Columbus  in  his  second  voyage.  The  Otaheite 
cane  has  been  generally  introduced  into  the  An- 
tilles since  the  time  of  Captain  Cook ;  it  is  con- 


plant  was  brought  to  Batavia,  from  thence  to  Am- 
sterdam and  Paris,  and  afterwards  transplanted  to 
Surinam  and  Martinique.  It  seldom  bears  fruit 
before  the  third  season,  and  sometimes  not  until 


IND 


396 


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the  fifth  or  sixth  ;  it  never  lasts  more  than  thirty 
years,  and  frequently  decays  long  before  that  time. 
A  single  plant  may  produce  from  one  to  four 
pounds  of  coffee. 

These  islands  were  the  resort  of  the  Buccaneers, 
those  celebrated  freebooters,  so  noted  and  formi- 
dable  during  the   seventeenth   century.     These 


bold  adventurers  attacked,  in  small  numbers,  and 
virith  small  means,  but  with  an  intrepidity  which 
bade  defiance  to  danger,  not  only  single  merchant 
vessels,  but  several  of  them  together,  and  some- 
times armed  ships  Their  common  mode  of  at- 
tack was  by  boarding  They  directed  their  efforts 
especially  against  the  Spanish  ships  which  sailed 
for  Europe  laden  with  the  treasures  of  America. 
By  the  repeated  losses  which  they  suffered,  the 
Spaniards  were  at  last  so  discouraged,  that  they 
seldom  offered  a  serious  resistance.  Their  man- 
ner of  dividing  their  booty  was  remarkable.  Every 
one  who  had  a  share  in  the  expedition  swore  that 
he  had  reserved  nothing  of  the  plunder.  A  false 
oath  was  of  extremely  rare  occurrence,  and  was 
punished  by  banishment  to  an  uninhabited  island. 
The  wounded  first  received  their  share,  which 
was  greater  according  to  the  severity  of  their 
wounds.  The  remainder  was  divided  into  equal 
parts,  and  distributed  by  lot.  The  leader  received 
more  than  the  others  only  when  he  had  particu- 
larly distinguished  himself.  Those  who  had  per- 
ished in  the  expedition  were  not  forgotten.  Their 
part  was  given  to  their  relations  or  friends,  and, 
in  default  of  them,  to  the  poor  and  to  the  church. 
Religion  was  strangely  blended  with  their  vices, 
and  they  always  began  their  enterprises  with  a 
prayer.  The  wealth  which  they  acq-iired  was 
spent  in  gambling  and  debauchery,  for  it  was  the 
principle  of  these  adventurers  to  enjoy  the  pre- 
sent and  not  care  lor  the  future.  The  climate 
and  their  mode  of  life  gradually  diminished  their 
number,  and  the  vigorous  measures  of  the 
English  and  French  governments  at  last  put  an 
enato  their  outrages,  which  had,  perhaps,  been 
purposely  tolerated. 

/rt(iore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Malwah,  capital  of  one  of  the  Poonah  Mah- 
ratta  chiefs,  who  was  defeated  by  the  British  in 
1804,  and  his  successor  compelled  to  enter  into 
an  eiiiagement  to  renounce  all  connexion  with 
the  enemies  of  the  British,and  to  furnish,  when  re- 
quired, 3,000  cavalry.  It  is  seated  on  a  river 
that  flows  into  the  Nerbuddah,  28  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Ougein.     Long.  76.  11.  E.,  lat.  22.  5.  N. 

Indrapour,  a  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  Suma- 
tra, capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  IGO 
in.  N.  W.  of  Bercoolen. 

/nrfrc,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  ci-devant  province  of  Berry.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  river,  which  rises  in  this  department 
flows  into  that  of  Indre-et-Loire,  and  joins  the 


Loire  4  m.  below  the  influx  of  the  Cher.  Its 
area  is  estimated  at  5.8(39  sq.  m. ;  its  pop.  205,000 
Chateauroux  is  the  capital. 

Indre-ct- Loire,  a  departuient  of  France,  includ- 
ing almost  the  whole  of  the  province  of  lou- 
raine  and  bounded  by  the  departments  of  the 
Loire-et-Cher,  the  Indre,  the  Vienne,  and  the 
Maine.  It  consists  mostly  of  fine  plains,  inter- 
spersed, however,  with  small  hiils,  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Loire,  the  Vienne,  the  Cher,  and 
the  Indre.     Tours  is  the  capital. 

Indus,  or  Sindn,  a  great  river  of  Asia,  having 
its  source  in  a  range'of  mountains  of  Tartary.  be- 
tween 38.  and  39.  of  of  N.  lat.  From  Tliibet  it 
takes  a  S.  W.  course,  and  enters  Hindoostan  in 
about  35.  N.  lat.  It  has  always  been  considered 
as  the  western  barrier  of  Hindoostan.  60  m.  from 
its  source  it  is  joined  by  the  Cabul,  when  it  is  no 
longer  fordable.  Between  25.  and  26.  of  lat.  it  en 
ters  the  province  of  Sinde,  and  here  we  find  it 
again  divided  into  two  considerable  branches  ;  the 
principal  or  western  divided  into  numerous 
streams,  which  form  a  Delta  similar  to  that  of  the 
Nile  or  Ganges  :  they  are,  however,  very  shallow 
and  only  navigable  by  boats.  It  is  said  to  be  1,350 
m.  in  length  and  some  parts  of  it  are  capable  of 
bearing  vessels  of  200  tons.  But  there  is  very 
little  commerce  transported  by  it.  Its  water  is 
very  wholesome.  On  the  E.  of  this  river  is  a 
great  sandy  desert,  extending  nearly  500  ra.  in 
length,  and  from  60  to  150  in  breadth. 

Industry,  p.t.    Somerset  Co.    Me.      Pop.    902. 

IngJefingen,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  on  the 
Kocher,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Mergentheim. 

Ingelheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Salva, 
9  m.  E.  of  Bingen. 

Inglchorough,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of 
England,  in  Yorkshire,  8  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Settle 
It  is  2,361  feet  above  the  level  of  sea. 

Inghsville,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  Va. 

Inirleton,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire,  Eng.  at 
the  foot  of  Ingleborough  mountain.  It  is  tolera- 
bly well  built,  and  has  manufactures  of  cotton 
yarn.  Near  it  are  several  collieries,  which  supply 
the  surrounding  country  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tance with  coals.  10  in.  W.  N.  W.  of  Settle,  and 
245  N.  W.  of  London. 

Inglis  Island,  an  island  on  the  N.  coast  of  New 
Holland,  near  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Car- 
pentaria. 

Ingolstadt,  a  town  of  Bavaria.  It  is  one  of  the 
strongest  places  in  Germany,  surrounded  by  a 
morass.  The  houses  are  built  of  stone,  and  the 
streets  are  large.  Here  was  fi^rmerly  a  universi- 
ty, which  in  1800  was  transferred  to  Landshut. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  9  m.  E.  of  Neuburg, 
and  45  N.  by  W.  of  Munich.  Long.  11.  25  E., 
lat.  48.  4G.  N. 

Ingra/iam  Islands,  a  cluster  of  islands,  seven  in 
number,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by 
Captain  Ingraham,  of  Boston,  in  1791,  and  named 
Washington,  Adams,  Lincoln,  Federal,  Franklin, 
Hancock,  and  Knox.  Federal  island  (or  Noolie- 
va)  is  considered  the  largest,  most  populous,  and 
fertile.  They  appear  generally  to  be  diversifi- 
ed with  hills  and  valleys,  and  to  be  well  wooded. 
Most  of  them  are  inhabited, and  the  people  resem- 
ble those  of  the  Marquesas. 

Ingrande,  a  town  of  France  in  th«  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  situate  on  the  Loire,  15  m.  W.  S. 
W.  (if  Angers. 

Inare,  n  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
the  Loiret,  4  m.  N.  W.  of  Orleans. 


INV 


397 


ION 


Jnishannon,  a  town  of  Ireland  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  with  a  considerable  linen  manufacture ; 
seated    on    the  Bandon,  7    m.  N.  W.  of  Kinsale. 

Inn,  a  large  river  of  Austria,  which  rises  in 
the  Swiss  canton  of  Grisons,  flows  N.  E.  through 
Tyrol  and  Bavaria,  and  joins  the  Danube  at  Pas- 
sau,  where  it  is  nearly  900  feet  wide.  It  become 
navigable  at  Hall,  in  the  Tyrol,  and  its  whole 
course  is  more  than  250  m. 

1  anaconda,  a  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Guntoor  circar,  situate  on  a  hill,  46  m.  N.  W.  of 
Ongole. 

Tnscli,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
26  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

Inspruck,  a  fortified  town  of  Austria,  capital  of 
Tyrol,  with  a  strong  ca.stle,  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  archdukes  of  Austria.  The  princi- 
pal manufacture  is  that  of  cotton,  but  it  has  also 
manufactures  of  silk  and  woolen  stuffs,  and  all 
kinds  of  glass  wares  ;  and  the  transit  trade  from 
Germany  to  Italy  is  considerable.  Inspruck  was 
entered  by  the  French  in  1805,  and  was  the  scene 
of  several  heroic  efforts  of  the  Tyrolese  against 
the  French  and  Bavarians  in  1809.  It  is 
seated  in  a  pleasant  valley,  on  the  river  Inn,  62 
m.  S.  of  Munich. 

Inslerberg,  a  town  and  circle  of  East  Prussia, 
on  the  Angerap,  in  the  government  of  Gumbin- 
nen.  Its  chief  trade  is  in  corn  and  linseed. 
The  circle  is  of  great  extent,  comprehending  a 
pop.  of  1 50,000.  Part  of  it  is  covered  with  forests, 
but  the  soil  of  the  rest  is  fertile,  and  pastures  are 
extensive  :  manufactures  are  hardly  known  here. 
The  town  is  50  m.  E.  of  Konigsberg;  and  con- 
tains 5,300  inhabitants. 

Interlachen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
baili  wic  of  the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Bern, 
23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Lucern,  and  32  S.  E.  of 
Bern. 

Invcrary,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  of  the  coun- 
ty-town of  Argyleshire,  situate  on  the  N.  W. 
side  of  Loch  Fyne,  and  the  influx  of  the  Aray. 
It  has  some  manufactures  and  a  trade  in  wool,tim- 
ber,  and  oak  bark;  but  its  chief  support  is  from 
the  herring  fishery.  Near  the  town  is  Invera- 
ry  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  duke  of  Argyle  ;  and  in 
the  neighbourhood  is  a  considerable  iron-work. 
The  planting  around  Inverary  is  very  extensive 
and  admirablv  variegated.  45  m.  N.  W.  of  Glas- 
gow, and  75 'W.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh. 

Inverbervie,     See  Bervie. 

Invergondon,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Ross- 
shire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  frith  of  Cromarty,  8 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Tain.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  and 
a  regular  ferry  over  the  frith  to  the  town  of 
Cromarty. 

Inverkeithing,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  Scot- 
'and,  in  Fifeshire,  with  a  considerable  trade  in 
uoal  ana  salt.  Before  the  entrance  of  the  har- 
bour is  a  bay,  which  affords  safe  anchorage  for 
ships  of  any  burden  in  all  winds.  The  harbour 
itself  is  commodious,  and  has  two  quays.  It  is 
situate  on  the  N.  side  of  the  frith  of  Forth,  18. 
m.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh. 

Inverleighen,  a  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  ri- 
ver Tweed,  at  the  influx  of  the  Leithen,  5  m.  E. 
of  Peebles.  Here  is  an  extensive  woolen  manu- 
facture ;  and  near  it  is  a  sulphurous  spring. 

Intemess,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  situate  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  Ness,  near  its  entrance  into  the  frith 
of  Murray.  It  has  a  commodious  harbour,  and  a 
good  salmon  fishery.  The  trade  is  very  consid- 
erable, and  the   town  is  rapidly  improving.     The 


principal  manufactures  are  those  of  hemp  and 
flax  ;  and  there  are  also  woolen  and  other  manu- 
factures, tanneries,  brick  works,  &c.,  which 
furnish  employment  to  many  of  the  inhabitants. 
On  an  eminence  are  the  ruins  of  the  old  castle, 
demolished  by  the  rebels  in  1746;  and  over  the 
Ness  is  a  stone  bridge  of  seven  arches.  The  court- 
house, nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  is  a  mod- 
ern building,  with  a  fine  tower,  terminated  by 
an  elegant  spire,  which  sustained  considerable 
injury  from  the  earthquake  in  1816.  Near  this 
town,  on  CuUoden  Heath,  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land gained  a  decisive  victorv  over  the  rebels  ia 
1746.  To  the  W.  of  the  town  is  the  hill  of  Craig 
Phatric,  on  the  summit  of  which  are  the  exten- 
sive remains  of  a  vitrified  fort,  so  called  from  the 
marks  of  fusion  which  the  cement  and  stones  ex- 
hibit. Inverness  is  50  m.  N.  E.  of  Fort  William, 
and  156  N.  of  Edinburgh. 

Jnverve^s-shire,  the  most  extensive  county  of 
Scotland;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Boss-shire  ;  E. 
by  the  countries  of  Nairne,  Murray,  and  Aber- 
deen ;  S.  by  those  of  Perth,  and  Argyle  ;  and  W. 
by  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  also  includes  several 
of  the  Hebrides.  Independent  of  the  islands,  it 
is  80  m.  long  and  50  broad.  It  comprehends  the 
district  of  Badenoch,  Lochaber,  and  Glenaly, 
which  are  subdivided  into  32  parishes.  The 
principal  towns  are  Inverness,  Fort  William  (or 
Inverlochy),  and  .Fort  Augustus.  The  N.  part 
is  mountainous  and  barren,  and  supposed  to  be 
the  most  elevated  ground  in  Scotland.  This 
county  has  several  considerable  lakes,  and  is  di- 
vided, in  a  manner,  into  two  equal  parts,  by  those 
of  Ness,  Oich,  Lochy,  and  Lochiel,  united  by 
the  Caledonian  Canal,  which  forms  a  communica 
tion  between  the  two  seas.  The  extensive  plains 
which  surround  the  lakes  are,  in  general,  fertile  ; 
the  high  grounds  feed  many  sheep  and  black  cat- 
tle, numerous  herds  of  goats  are  found  in  every 
district.  The  mountains  and  forests  are  inhabit- 
ed by  immense  numbers  of  red  iind  roe  deer  ;  the 
alpine  and  common  hare,  and  other  game,  are 
also  abundant.  Limestone,  iron-ore,  and  some 
traces  of  different  minerals  have  been  found  in 
this  county,  with  beautiful  rock  crystals  of  vari 
ous  tints  ;  but  no  mines  have  hitherto  been  work- 
ed with  much  success.  The  principal  rivers  are 
'the  Spey,  the  Beauly,   the   Ness,  and  the  Lochy. 

Inverness,  a  township  of  Buckingham  Co.  L.  C. 

Inverugie,a,  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Aberdeenshire  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ugie,  1  m. 
N.  of  Peterhead.  It  has  an  extensive  bleach  field, 
and  a  considerable  brewery.  Near  it  are  the  ruins 
of  Inverugie  Castle. 

Inverury,  an  ancient  borough  of  Scotland,  in 
Aberdeenshire,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Don 
and  the  Ury,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

lona.    See  Icolmhill. 

Ionia,  p.v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Ionian  Islands,  a  recently  constituted  republic 
of  Europe,  comprising,  besides  a  number  of  islets, 
the  7  principal  islands  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zan- 
te,  Santa  Maura,  Ithaca,  or  Thiaki,  Cerigo,  and 
Paxo  ;  of  which  Corfu,  lying  opposite  to  Albania 
is  the  most  northerly.  The  teritorial  extent  of 
this  small  state  is  estimated  at  about  1,500  sq.  m. 
The  climate  is  in  general  mild,  but  the  transitions 
from  heat  to  cold  are  sudden  :  hot  and  score'  lag 
winds  are  sometimes  destructive  to  vegetR.t:on ; 
and  at  certain  seasons  there  are  violent  rains  and 
thunder.  They  are  all  subject  to  slight  earth- 
quakes, which  are  sometimes  confined  to  a  single 
island.  The  soil  in  the  plains  and  valleys  is  ter- 
2L 


^ 


€«►. 


IRE 


398 


IRE 


tile  in  vines,  corn,  olives,  currants,  cotton,  honey 
\vax,&c.  Pasturage  is  in  general  scanty;  goats 
and  sheep  are  reared  in  considerable  number  ;  but 
horses  and  cattle  are  brovight  from  the  continent. 
The  wild  animals  are  foxes,  hares,  and  rabbits. 
Prior  to  the  French  revolutiom  these  islands  were 
subject  to  Venice,  but  were  ceded  to  PVance  by 
tlie  treaty  of  Campo  Formio  (1797.)  After  re- 
j»eatedly  changing  masters,  the  republic  was  plac- 
ed under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain  by  tlie 
arrangements  of  the  congress  of  Vienna  ;  and  a 
constitution  for  this  small  state  was  drawn  up  and 
ratified  by  the  British  government  in  July,  1817. 

IpSf  a  town  of  Austria,  near  the  conflux  of  the 
Ips  with  the  Danube,  22  m.  W.  of  St.  Polten. 

Ipsala,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Roma- 
nia, and  a  Greek  archbishop's  sea.  Near  it  are 
mines  of  alum  :  and  red  wine  is  an  article  of  com- 
merce. It  is  seated  on  the  Marissa,  43  m.  S  of 
Adrianople. 

Ipsara,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
15  m.  N.  W.  of  the  island  of  Scio.  To  the  W.  is 
another  small  island,  called  Anti-Ipsara. 

Ipshcim,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Bayreuth,  17  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Anspach. 

Ipswich,  a  borough  and  principal  town  of  Suf- 
folk, Eng.  It  was  once  surrounded  by  a  wall, 
traces  of  which  are  yet  to  be  seen.  It  is  irregu- 
larly built,  and  has  declined  from  its  former  con- 
sequence ,  but  now  contains  12  parish  churches, 
several  meeting-houses  for  dissenters,  a  library, 
several  hospitals,  a  free-school,  a  commodious 
market-place,  a  guildhall,  a  custom-house,  and  a 
county  jdil.  Much  corn  and  malt  are  sent  hence 
to  Jjondon,  and  great  quantities  of  timber  were 
formerly  sent  to  the  king's  dockyard  at  Chatham. 
It  has  a  considerable  coasting  trade,  a  small 
share  of  foreign  commerce,  and  sends  ships  to 
Greenland.  Vessels  of  large  burden  are  obliged 
to  stop  at  some  distance  below  the  town.  It  is 
the  birthplace  of  cardinal  Wolsey  ;  and  is  seated 
on  the  Orwell,  26  m.  S.  E.  of  Bury  St.  Edmund, 
and  C9  N.  E.  of  London. 

Ipswich,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Massachusetts,  situa- 
ted on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  about  a  mile 
from  the  sea.  23  m.  N.  E.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
2,951.  The  manufacture  of  lace  is  carried  on  in 
this  town  to  a  considerable  extent. 

Ira,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  442.  Also  a  p.t. 
Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,198. 

Irasburg,  p.t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  860. 

Irahatty.     See  Irratcaddy. 

Irac,  a  province  of  Persia,  comprehending  the 
greater  part  of  the  ancient  Media.  It  is  bounded 
S.  by  Fars  and  Khuzistan,  E.  by  Khorassan  and 
the  Great  Salt  Desert,  W.  by  Kurdistan,  and  N. 
by  Azerbijan,  Ghilan,  and  Mazanderan,  and  divi- 
ded into  five  districts,  Ispahan,  Tehraun,  Naen, 
MuUager,  and  Kermanshaw. 

Irac-Arabi  (the  ancient  Chaidea),  a  province  of 
Turkey  in  Asia,  bounded  W.  by  the  desert  of 
Arabia,  N.  by  Kurdistan  and  Diarbeck,  E.  by 
Khuzistan,  and  S.  by  the  gulf  of  Persia  and  Ara- 
bia.    Bagdad  is  the  captal. 

Irhit,  or  Irhitikaia,  a  town  of  Rusia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Perm,  an  the  river  Irbit,  and  the  fron- 
tiers of  Siberia.  In  the  vicinity  is  a  large  iron- 
work, which  yields  nearly  2,000  tons  of  iron  a 
year.     142  m.  N.  E.  of  Ekaterinenburg. 

Ireby,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  seated  in  a 
valley,  at  the  source  of  the  Ellen.  10  m.  N.  E. 
of  Cockermouth,  303  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Iredell,  a  county  of  North  Carolina.  Pop. 
15,262.     Statesville  is  the  chief  town 


Ireland,  the  second  in  magnitude  of  the  British- 
Isles,  is  situated  to  the  W.  of  Great  Britian,  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  W. 
and  S.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  E.  by  the 
North  Channel,  the  Irish  Sea,  and  St.  George's 
Cliannel,  which  separate  it  from  England.  Its 
greatest  length  is  about  300  m.  and  its  maximum 
breadth  about  110  m.  The  superficial  contents 
are  estimated  at  about  20,000,000  of  English  acres. 
Ireland  is  divided  into  four  provinces  ;  namel7,Ul 
ster,  to  the  N.,  Leinster  to  the  E.,  Munster  to  the 
S.,  and  Connaught  to  the  \V.;  and  these  are 
subdivided  into  32  counties.  Ulster  contains  thf 
counties  of  Down,  Armagh,  Monaghan,  Cabff-, 
Antrim,  Londonderry,  Tyrone,  Fermanagh,  and 
Donegal ;  Leinster  has  those  of  Dublin,  Louth, 
Wicklow ,  Wexford,  Longford,  East  Meath,  West 
Meath,  King's  county.  Queen's  county,  Kilken- 
ny, Killdare,  and  Carlow :  Munster  includes 
Clare,  Cork.  Kerry,  Limerick,  Tipperary,  and 
Waterford  ;  and  Connaught  has  Leitrim,  Ros- 
common, Mayo,  Sligo,  and  Galway.  The  cli- 
mate of  Ireland  is  mild  and  temperate,  but  more 
humid  than  in  England.  It  is  on  the  whole,  of  a 
mountainous  character,  but  well  watered  with 
lakes  and  rivers  ;  and  the  soil,  in  most  parts  is 
very  good  and  fertile  :  even  in  those  places  where 
the  bogs  and  morasses  have  been  drained,  there 
is  good  meadow  ground.  It  produces  corn  and 
hemp,  in  great  plenty.  The  cultivation  of 
flax  is  so  abundant  as  to  afford  nearly  the  whole 


supply  of  the  great  linen  manufactures  of  the  coun- 
try; there  are  so  many  cattle  tliat  beef  and  but- 
ter are  exported  to  foreign  parts ;  and  not  only 
the  English,  but  other  ships,  frequently  come  to 
be  victualled  here.  The  otiier  commodities  are 
hides,  wool,  t.allow,  wood,  salt,  honey,  and  wax. 
The  commerce  and  manufactures  have  for  many 
years  been  greatly  on  tlie  increase  :  the  staple 
branch  of  industry  is  the  manufacture  of  fine  lin-. 
en  cloth,  which  is  brought  to  great  perfection. 
This  countr}'  is  well  situate  for  Ibrt  ign  trade  on 
account  of  its  many  secure  and  commodious  bays 
and  harbours.  Its  principal  lakes  are  Lough 
Lean,  Lough  Ern,  Lough  Ncag)i,and  Lough  Cor- 
rib  ;  and  its  chief  rivers  are  the  Shannon,  LifFey, 
Boyne,  Suire,  Nore,  Barrow,  Blackwater,  and 
Lee.  The  mineral  productions  of  Ireland,  which 
were  little  known  till  of  late,  are  now  fast  rising 
into  importance.  The  mining  companies  r^ent- 
ly  formed  are  nearly  all  of  them  eminently  sue 
cesful  :  copper,  lead,  iron,  antimony,  and  Molyb- 
denum, are  now  obtained  :  and  some  of  tlie  mines 
are  very  productive.  In  the  royalty  of  Glend 
alough,  in  the  county  of  Wicklow,  are  two  veins 


IRK 


399 


ISE 


of  rich  lead  ore,  at  one  of  which  the  lead  is  raised 
at  an  expense  of  £1.  5s.  per  ton,  and  within  12 
fathoms  two  parallel  veins,  equally  rich,  were  dis- 
covered in  1827.  There  are  likewise  productive 
colleries  and  quarries  of  marble,  slate,  and  free- 
stone ;  and  numerous  mineral  springs,  chiefly 
chalybeate.  Formerly  this  kingdom  had  a  par- 
liament, which  was  subordinate  to  that  of  Great 
Britain  ;  but,  in  1800,  it  was  deemed  expedient 
for  the  welfare  of  Ireland  that  it  should  be  uni- 
ted to  great  Britain.  The  two  parliaments  pass- 
ed acts  for  that  purpose,  and  the  two  kingdoms, 
at  the  commencement  of  1801,  were  styled  the 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  : 
and  32  peers  (four  of  them  bishops)  and  100  com- 
moners of  Ireland  are  elected  to  represent  that 
country  in  the  Imperial  Parliament,  assembled  in 
England.  The  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  as  well 
as  the  council,  are  appointed  from  time  to  time,  by 
the  king.  The  country  people  in  Ireland,  are 
remarkably  hospitable  and  very  warm  in  all  their 
affections.  The  peasantry  in  general,  are  how- 
ever sunk  in  poverty  and  ignorance.  Their  diet 
consists  chiefly  of  coarse  bread,  potatoes  and  but- 
termilk ;  the  favourite  liquor  is  whiskey  (usque- 
baugh), a  distillation  from  corn  ;  and  the  rural  cot- 
tage is  a  wretched  hovel  of  mud.  Education  has 
been  much  neglected,  and  still  continues  to  be 
discountenanced  by  the  Catholic  clergy.  Great 
efforts  have  been  made  for  some  years  past  to  re- 
move this,  chiefly  by  two  societies  established  in 
Britain,  who  have  under  their  patronage  a  great 
number  of  schools,  in  a  highly  prosperous  state. 
The  established  religion  is  the  same  as  in  Eng- 
land, but  the  great  majority  of  the  people  are 
Catholics.  The  latter  were  long  excluded  from  all 
civil  and  military  distinction.  This  system  of  in- 
tolerance, however,  no  longer  exists;  and  there 
is  reason  to  hope  that  Ireland  will  speedily  occu- 
py its  proper  rank  among  European  nations,  and 
that  the  British  government  will  liberally  encour- 
age its  growing  literature,  commerce,  agricul- 
ture, and  manufactures. 

Ireland,  JVew,  a  long  narrow  island  of  the  East- 
ern seas,  N.  of  New  Britain,  extending  from  N. 
W.  to  S.  E.  about  190  m.  and  in  general  very  nar- 
row. The  natives  are  Papuas,  who  go  entirely 
naked,  smearing  their  faces,  and  powdering  their 
heads  with  white  clay ;  their  huts  have  only 
an  opening  to  crawl  in  on  their  hands  and  knees. 
Their  canoes,  however  are  neatly  formed  of  a  sin- 
gle tree,  sometimes  90  feet  long,  and  furnished 
with  outriggers.     See  Britain,  J\'ew. 

Ireland,  p. v.  Hampden  Co.  Mass. 

Irishtown.     See  Kilkenny. 

Irjab,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  in  Cabul,  seated 
oear  a  western  branch  of  the  Indus,  111  m.  S. 
S.  VV.  of  Cabul. 

Irken,  or  Irkien.     See  Yarkan. 

Irkutsk,  the  largest  and  least  populous  govern- 
ment of  the  Russian  empire,  comprising  all  the 
E.  part  of  Siberia,  from  the  Northern  Ocean  to 
the  frontiers  of  Chinese  Tartary,  and  from  the 
boundaries  of  the  government  of  Tobolsk  to  the 
Eastern  Ocean.  This  large  territory  was  grad- 
ually conquered  »rid  apn^opriated  by  the  Russians, 
in  their  desultory  excursion  from  Tobolsk.  It  is 
divided  into  four  provinces  of  i  kutsk,  Nertchinsk 
Yakutsk,  and  Okhotsk. 

Irkutsk,  a  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  same  name,  and  the  see  of  a 
bish^.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commercial 
importance,  from  the  caravans  passing  through  it 
which  trade  to  China,  aiid  from  its  being  the  seat 


of  supreme  jurisdiction  over  eastern  Siberia. 
There  are  several  churches  and  other  edifices  of 
stone,  and  the  wooden  houses  are  large  and  con- 
venient. The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  12,000 
It  stands  on  the  river  Angara,  near  the  lake  Bai 
kal,  UOu  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Tobolsk. 

Iruqnois.     See    Lawrence,  St. 

Irraicaddtf,  or  Irabatly,  a  considerable  river  of 
Asia,  which  rises  in  Thibet,  flows  S.  through  the 
kingdom  of  Birmah  and  Pegu,  and  enters  the  bay 
of  Bengal  by  several  mouths.  On  its  banks  are 
produced  great  quantities  of  the  finest  teak  timber, 
so  much  esteeined  in  ship-building.  The  princi 
pal  market  tor  this  valuable  timber  is  Rangoon, 
at  the  most  eastern  mouth  of  the  river 

Irtyscit,  a  river  of  Siberia,  which  issues  from 
the  lake  Saisan,  in  Chinese  Tartary,  runs  N.  W. 
between  the  two  countries  above  300  m.,  then 
flov.'s  by  Omsk,  Tobolsk,  and  Samarof,  below 
which  it  joins  the  Ob}'. 

Irviil.e,  p.v.  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio. 

Irvine,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  which 
passes  by  Newmills  and  Kilmarnock  to  the  town 
of  Irvine,  below  which  it  enters  the  frith  of 
Clyde. 

Irrine,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire 
The  chief  trade  is  the  exporting  of  coals  to  Ire 
land.  Here  is  a  dock-yard,  a  large  tan-work,  and 
manufactures  of  carpets,  muslins,  silks,  lawns, 
&c.  It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ir 
vine,  10  m.  N.  of  Ayr,  and  24  S.  W.  of  Glasgow 

IrtceU,  a  river  in  Lancashire  Eng.,  which  rises 
above  Bolton,  flows  thence  to  Manchester,  and 
joins  the  Mersey,  below  Flixton. 

Irwin,  a  county  of  Georgia  bounding  upon 
Florida.     Pop.  1,180. 

Is  sur  Title,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'Or,  seated  on  the  Tille,  12  m.  N 
of  Dijon. 

Isabella,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Hispaniola, 
founded  by  Christopher  Columbus  in  1493 
Long.  71.  2.  W.,  lat.  19.  55.  N. 

IsbdlsviUe,  p.v.  Todd  Co.  Ken. 

Isckia,  an  island  of  Naples,  15  m.in  circuit,  ly- 
ing 3  m.  oft"  the  coast  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  It  ia 
mountainous  ;  but  abounds  in  minerals,  sulphur 
fruits,  and  excellent  wines.  It  was  taken  by  a 
British  and  Sicilian  force  in  1807.  Fresh  water 
is  scarce,  and  the  rain  is  collected  in  cisterns, 
hut  the  air  is  healthy,  and  there  are  several  hot 
batiis,  on  which  accounts  it  is  much  resorted  to 
by  invalids. 

Ischia,  an  episcopal  city  of  Naples,  capital  of 
the  above  island,  with  a  strong  fort.  It  stands 
upon  a  rock,  which  is  joined  to  the  island  by  a 
bridge,  and  is  like  a  pyramid  of  houses  piled  one 
upon  another.  At  tlie  end  of  the  bridge,  next 
the  city,  are  iron  gates,  which  open  into  a  subter- 
ranean passage,  through  which  the  city  is  enter- 
ed.    Long.  14.2.  E.,  lat.  40,  41.  N. 

IserJiiirir,  Upper,  a  principality  of  Germany,  on 
the  borders  of  Hanau,  subject  partly  to  Hesse- 
Cassel,  partly  to  Hesse-Darmstadt.  It  is  general 
ly  fertile,  and  contains  217  sq.  in.,  and  47,500  in- 
habitants. 

Iscnburg,  JVeic,  a  small  town   in   the  foregoing 
principality,  3  m.  S.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 
Isco,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Bresciano,  on  tlie  S.  E 
side  of  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Brescia. 

her,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  which  rises  on  the  con- 
fines of  Tyrol,  and,  passing  by  Munich  and 
Landshut,  joins  the  Danube,  between  Straubing 
and  Passau. 


ISL 


4(Hr 


ISD 


her,  or  Isar  (Circle  of),  one  of  the  modern  di- 
visions  of  Bavaria,  bounded  partly  by  the  circles 
of  the  Re^en  and  the  Upper  Danube,  partly  by  the 
Austrian  states.  It  comprises  most  of  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  old  duchy  of  Bavaria,  and  is  divi- 
ded into  26  districts;  its  chief  town,  Munich,  be- 
ing the  capital  of  the  kingdom.  The  S.  is  moun- 
tainous, and  consequently  cold:  the  N.  forms  a 
large  plain,  with  few  elevations,  possessin;r  great 
fertility.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Inn,  the 
Iser,  and  the  Lech. 

Isere,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  late  province  of  Dauphiny.  It  is  so  named 
from  a  river,  which  rises  in  Savoy,  crosses  this 
department  by  Grenoble,  Moirans,  and  St.  Mar- 
cellin,  and  joins  the  Rhone  above  Valence 
Grenoble  is  the  capital. 

Iscrlohn,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Mark,  with  manufactures  of  iron,  tin, 
velvets,  silks,  and  stuffs.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Buaren,  41  m.  E.  by  JN    of  Dusseldorf. 

hernia,  a  tov\n  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Apennines.  In  1805  it  suftt-red  much 
by  an  earthquake,  12  m.  W.  of  Molise. 

higny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Calvados,  15  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Bayeux. 

hinglass,  r.  N.  II.  flows  into  the  Cocheco 
his.     See  Thames. 

Ma,  or  Ila,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
Hebrides,  to  the  S.  W.  of  Jura,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  narrow  channel,  called  the  Sound 
of  fsla.  It  is  21  m.  long,  and  15  broad.  On  the 
E.  side  the  surface  is  hilly,  and  covered  with 
heath,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  island  is  flat, 
and,  when  uncultivated,  covered  with  a  fine  green 
sward.  In  the  centre  of  the  island  is  Loch  Fin- 
lacran,  about  3  m.  in  circuit,  with  an  islet  of  the 
same  name  in  the  middle  where  the  great  lord  of 
the  isles  resided,  but  the  palaces  and  ofiices  are 
now  in  ruins.  Isla  has  mines  of  iron,  lead,  cop- 
per, emery,  quicksilver,  and  black-lead  ;  with  im- 
mense stores  of  limestone,  marl,  coral,  and  shell- 
sand,  for  manure.  Much  flax  is  raised  here,  a 
great  number  of  cattle  fed,  and  a  large  quantity 
of  whiskey  distilled.  The  principal  village  is  Bow- 
more,  which  has  a  convenient  harbour  and  quay. 
hlamabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
capital  of  the  country  of  Chittagong  ;  situate  on 
the  Currumpooly,  near  its  entrance  into  the  bay 
of  Bengal.  Long.  91.  55.  E.,  lat.  22.  22.  N. 
hland  Creek,  a  township  of  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio. 
hlands,  Bay  of,  a  bay  of  New  Zealand,  at  the 
N.  extremity  of  the  most  northern  of  tlie  two  isl- 
ands that  go  under  that  name.  In  1772  M.  Du- 
fresne  Marion,  with  two  French  sloops,  put  into 
this  bay,  and  with  28  of  his  crew,  was  murdered 
by  the  natives. 

hie  Jldam,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Seine-et-Oise,  seated  on  the  Oise,  20  m. 
N   by  W.  of  Paris. 

hlf,  aux  JVoix,  an  island  in  Sorel  river.  Lower 
Canada,  about  10  m.  from  Lake  Champlain. 

hie  Bouchard,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  surrounded  by  the  Vienne, 
21  m.S.S.W.  of  Tours. 

hie  Dieu,  a  small  island  of  France,  14  m.  from 
the  coast  of  Poitou.  It  was  taken  by  the  English 
in  1795,  but  soon  after  evacuated. 
hie  de  France.  See  France  hie  of. 
hie  fourdain,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Gers,  seated  on  an  island  in  the  river 
Save,  8  m.  N.  of  Lombez. 

hleharough,  a  township  of  Waldo  Co.  Me. 
Pop.  674. 


hlc  of  Wight,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of 
Virginia.  Pop.  10,417.  Smithfield  is  the  chief 
town.     Sec  also  Wight. 

hies  of  Shoals,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  neai 
the  coast  of  N.  Hampshire,  between  Newburyport 
and  Portsmouth,  belonging  to  New  Hampshire 
and  Maine.  The  New  Hampshire  portion  con- 
stitutes the  township  of  Gosport.  They  are  bar- 
ren heaps  of  sand  and  rocks,  with  hardly  a  green 
eod  upon  them,  yet  were  once  populous  and 
wealthy.  The  inhabitants  live  solely  by  fishing, 
and  the  hie  of  Shoals  Dun  Fish  are  well  known 
as  the  best  cured  cod  in  the  world.  They  have 
now  about  100  inhabitants,  and  a  lighthouse  has 
been  recently  built  here.  A  cave  is  still  shewn 
upon  one  of  them  in  which  one  of  the  female  in- 
habitants secreted  herself  when  the  islands  were 
invaded  by  the  Indians.  The  celebrated  Captain 
Smith  discovered  these  islands,  and  they  were 
formerly  called  Smith's  Isles.  The  New  Eng 
land  Sea  Serpent,  that  mysterious  monster,  whose 
full  length  portrait  has  been  shadowed  forth  in 
the  narration  of  many  a  wondering  spectator,  but 
whose  absolute  non-entity  is  still  maintained  by 
the  perversity  of  scepticism — was  accustomed  to 


make  these  shores  his  favourite  resort.  Recently 
his  visits,  like  the  portentous  humps  upon  his 
back,  have  been  few  and  far  between. 

hleworth,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Thames,  9  m.  W.  of  London.  Fere  are 
many  elegant  villas  ;  and  near  it  is  Sion-house, 
the  magnificent  seat  of  the  duke  of  Northumber- 
land. 

h'lincrtmi,  a  large  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng. 
N.  of  London,  to  which  it  is  now  contiguous. 
The  New  River  is  received  at  the  S.  W.  end  of  it 
into  a  large  reservoir, whence  its  water  is  convey- 
ed in  pipes,  to  all  parts  of  the  metropolis.  Near 
this  is  a  spring  of  chalybeate  water,  called  New 
Tunbridjre  Wells.  To  the  E.  of  the  town  is  a 
manufacture  of  white  lead. 

hlip,  p.t.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  y.  on  Long  Island.- 
Pon.  1 ,6.53. 

hmail,  a  strong  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bessarabia.  The  Russians  took  it  by  storm  in 
17!K)  i  and  it  is  said  that  the  long  siege,  and  the 
capture  did  not  cost  them  fewer  than  20,000  men. 
The  brave  garrison  merited  the  highest  honours, 
but  they  were  massacred  by  the  Russians  :  and 
the  city  was  abandoned  to  the  i^ry  of  the  bruta. 
soldiery.  Ismail  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Danube,  140  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Bender. 

hrnid,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  sid#  of  a 
hill  overlooking  the  gulfof  Nicomedia.  Long.  29 
34.  E.,  lat.  40.  39.  N. 

Isuik,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  and 
a  (Jreek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  the  ancient  Nice, 
famous  for  the  general  council  held  here  in  325. 
Nothing  remains  of  its  ancient  splendour  but  an 


ITA 


401 


ITA 


3qtiedact.  The  Jews  inhabit  the  greater  part 
of  it;  and  silk  forms  the  principal  article  of  trade. 
It  is  seated  in  a  country  fertile  in  corn  and  wine, 
60  in.  S.  E.  of  Constantinople. 

Isny,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg',  with  an  abbey, 
called  St.  Greorge,  whose  abbot  was  a  state  of  the 
empire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Isny,  18  m.  N.  E.  of 
Lindau. 

Isordskick,  or  Kroczka,  a  town  of  Servia,  14  m. 
S.  E.  of  Belgrade. 

Ispahan,  a  city  of  Persia,  long  the  capital  of  the 
Persian  monarchy,  is  situated  in  the  province  of 
Irak,  and  was  formerly  celebrated  as  the  finest 
city  in  the  East.  It  stands  in  the  middle  of  a  plain, 
surrounded  on  all  sides  by  mountains  at  8  m.  dis- 
tance, which  rise  gradually  in  the  form  of  an  am- 
phitheatre. There  is  no  river  except  a  small  one 
called  Sanderut,  which  supplies  almost  all  the 
houses  with  water,  and  over  which  are  several  fine 
bridges.  There  are  160  mosques,  1 ,800  large  car- 
avanseras,  and  above  260  public  baths.  The  streets 
are  not  paved,  but  are  generally  clean,  on  account 
of  the  dryness  of  the  air;  for  it  seldom  rains  or 
snows  here.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at 
not  more  than  200,000,  having  been  greatly  de- 
populated by  the  intestine  broils  and  civil  wars 
with  which  this  kingdom  has  been  almost  torn  to 
pieces.  This  city  is  the  emporium  of  the  inland 
commerce  of  Persia,  being  the  medium  of  com- 
munication with  India,  Cabul,  and  Turkey.  It  is 
265  m.  N.  E.  of  Bassorah,  and  300  S.  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Israel's  River,  N.  H.  a  beautiful  stream  formed 
by  the  cataracts  which  descend  from  the  White 
Mountains.  It  falls  into  the  Connecticut  at  Lan- 
caster. 

Issel.     See  Yssel. 

Isengeaux,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Loire,  17  m.  N.  E.  of  Puy. 

Issequibo,  or  Essequcho,  a  settlement  extending 
alonj  the  banks  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in 
Dutch  Guiana,  and  contiguous  to  that  of  Deme- 
rara,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  tiie  river 
Borassierri.  It  was  taken  from  the  Dutch  during 
the  late  wars,  and  was  finally  ceded  to  Britain  in 
1814.  It  is  extremely  fertile,  and  is  well  cultivated. 
The  Issequibo  River  is  20  m.  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  more  than  300  in  length. 

Issoudun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre,with  a  brisk  trade  in  wood,  cattle,  cloth, 
hats,  and  stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the  Theole, 
17  m.  S.  W.  of  Bourges,  and  135  S.  of  Paris. 

Istapa,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Culiacan,  40  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Culiacan. 

Istria,  a  peninsula  of  Italy,  between  the  bay  of 
Trieste  and  the  Quarnaro  Isles,  bounded  bv  Friuli 
on  the  W.  and  Carniola  on  the  N.,  being  200  m. 
in  circumference.  The  air  is  unwholesome,  es- 
pecially near  the  coast ;  but  the  soil  is  fertile.  Oil 
and  wine  are  abundant,  and  there  are  some  pro- 
ductive quarries  of  fine  marble.  The  chief  riches 
of  the  country,  however,  consits  in  its  vast  and 
valuable  forests.  One  part  of  it  belonged  formerly 
to  the  Venetians  ;  but  the  whole  was  ceded  to  the 
emperor  by  the  treaty  of  Presburg,  in  1805.  In 
1809  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  Napoleon  ;  but  was 
re-conquered  by  the  Austrians  in  1814,  and  now 
forms'  the  southern  division  of  Austrian  lllyria. 
The  inhabitants  (about  140,000)  are  chiefly  oc- 
cupied in  agncultiire,  rearing  bees,  fishm^,  and  the 
manufacture  of  silk,  leather,  tallow,  and   salt. 

Italy,    one  of  the    finest    and    most    celebrated 
countries  of  Europe,  lying  between  7.   and   10.  E. 
long.,  and    between  37.  and  46.  N.  lat.    On  the 
SI 


N.  N.  W.,  and  N.  E.,  it  is  bounded  by  France, 
Switzerland,  the  country  of  Ihe  Orisons,  and 
Germany;  on  the  E.  by  the  Adriatic  Sea;  and 
on  the  S.  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean  ;  its  fig 
ure  bearing  some  resemblance  to  a  boot.  Iti 
length  from  Aosta  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  in  Sa 
voy,  to  the  utmost  verge  of  Calabria,  is  about  600 
m.  but  its  breadth  is  very  unequal,  being  in  soin»* 
places  nearly  400  m.  in  others  not  above  25  or 
30.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire, and,  afterwards,  of  that  more  astonishing 
usurpation,  the  dominion  of  the  pope.  In  the 
middle  ages  the  kingdom  of  Lombardy  and  that 
of  Naples  held  the  two  extremes,  and  the  Eccle- 
siastical and  Tuscan  states  occupied  the  centre. 
In  more  modern  times  the  northern  part  became 
divided  into  a  great  number  of  states,  differing 
considerable  in  their  extent  and  importance.  By 
the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio,  in  1797,  the  Vene- 
tian territories  to  the  E.  and  N.  of  the  river 
Adige  were  ceded  to  Austaia;  and  the  remain- 
der of  the  Venetian  states,  with  the  duchies  of 
Modena,  Milan,  and  Mantua,  the  principality  of 
Massa,  and  the  three  legations  of  Ferrara,  Bo- 
logna, and  Romagna,  in  the  p<'>pe"s  dominions, 
were  erected  into  a  government  by  the  French, 
and  called  the  Cisalpine  Republic.  This  repub- 
lic was  overturned  in  1799,  but  restored  afler  the 
battle  ofMarenga,  in  1800.  In  1802  it  receiveeda 
new  constitution,  under  the  name  of  the  Italian 
Republic,  and  Bonaparte,  then  first  consul  of 
France,  was  elected  president.  In  1805  the  Ital- 
ian Republic  was  erected  into  a  kingdom,  and  the 
emperor  of  France  assumed  the  title  of  king  of 
Italy.  In  December  following,  the  Austrian 
part  of  the  Venetian  states  was  added  to  its  terito- 
ries,  by  the  treaty  of  Presburg.  The  kingdom 
was  divided  into  departments,  and  the  city  of 
Milan  was  the  capital.  But  the  subsequent  chan- 
ges which  took  place  in  Europe  again  deranged 
the  political  situation  of  this  country.  The  king- 
dom of  Italy  was  overturned  ;  and  the  country  is 
now  divided  into  the  following  states  : — The« 
Lombardo- Venetian  kingdom,  the  kingdom  of 
Sardinia,  the  States  of  the  Church,  or  pope's 
dominions,  the  Two  Sicilies,  the  grand  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  the  states  of  Modena,  the  states  of  Par- 
ma, the  duchy  of  Lucca,  and  the  republic  of  San 
Marino. 

Italy,  as  to  climate,  has  been  divided  into  four 
separate  regions.  The  first  of  these  embraces  the 
basin  of  the  Po,  extending  about  260  m.  in  length, 
and  150  in  its  greatest  breadth  ;  being  bounded  by 
the  Alps  and  Apennines  on  the  N.  W.  and  S.,  and 
open  to  the  Adriatic  on  the  E.  Here  the  almos 
phere  is  uniformly  serene  and  briijht ;  and,  be- 
'(ag  tempered  by  refreshing  breezes  from  the  adja- 
cent heights,  the  climate  is  altogether  one  of  the 
most  salubrious  and  delightful  in  the  whole  world. 
The  second  region  includes  the  Tuscan  and  Ro- 
man territories,  being  screened  on  the  N.  bv  the 
Apennines,  and  more  exposed  to  the  heats  of 
summer  than  to  the  rigors  of  the  winter.  Frost 
and  snow  are  here  experienced  ;  but  the  temper- 
ature is  sufficient  to  mature  the  orange,  the  fig, 
and  similar  fruits.  The  third  district  contains 
Campania  Felix,  and  its  dependencies,  where 
the  vegetable  treasures  of  nature  are  also  found 
in  the  greatest  perfection,  the  air  uniformly  mild 
and  serene,  and  a  peculiar  glow  of  l)eauty  per- 
vades the  landscape.  The  fourth  division  extends 
from  the  Apennines  to  the  Adriatic,  and  embraces 
the  southern  districts  of  the  peninsula.  Here  the 
aloe,  the  palm,  and  other  prMuctions  of  a  south 
2l8 


ITA 


408 


IVE 


*fn  climate  flourish ;  but,  when  the  sirocco  blows, 
tne  heats  are  overcoming  to  a  s  tranger  from  al- 
most any  other  part  of  Europe.  The  climate 
of  Italv  also  experiences  much  diversity  from 
elevation  and  local  circumstances.  The  general 
aspect  of  the  country  is  highly  beautiful  and  pic- 
1uresq\ie.  The  Alps  and  Apennines  diversify  this 
j>oninsula  with  almost  every  possible  combination 
of  hill  and  valley,  rivers,  lakes,  and  romantic 
scsenery.  Northern  Italy  is  broken  into  bold  and 
rugged  acclivities  by  the  former,  from  the  south- 
ern face  of  which  decsend  the  streams  that  form 
the  Po  and  various  other  classical  rivers.  To- 
wards the  southern  extremity  of  Italy,  the  Apen- 
nines diverge  into  two  branches,  one  of  which 
advances  eastward  to  Capo  de  Leuca,  and  the  oth- 
er southward  to  the  straits  of  Messina.  Several 
detatched  mountains,  among  which  is  the  celebra- 
ted Vesuvius,  here  over-hang  the  gulf  of  Naples, 
and  discharge  their  liquid  fires  into  its  waters 
The  Apennines  are,  in  many  parts,  clothed  with 
trees  to  their  summits ;  in  other  places  tliey  are 
more  precipitous,  and  attain  the  altitude  of  ice  and 
snow.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Po,  Tiber, 
Adige,  Brenta,  Piave,and  Tagliamento,  and  there 
are  several  fine  lakes,  as  the  Maggiore,  Lugano, 
Como,  Garda.  Perugia,  Bracciano,  and  Celano. 
The  soil,  in  general,  is  very  fertile.  It  produces 
a  great  variety  of  wines,  and  the  best  oil  in  Eu- 
rope ;  excellent  silk  in  abundance  ;  corn  of  all 
sorts  but  not  in  such  plenty  as  in  other  countries  ; 
oranges,  lemons,  citrons,  pomegranates,  almonds, 
raisins,  sugar,  figs,  peache§,  apricot"?,  pears,  apples, 
filberts,  chesnuts,  &c.  The  olive  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  productions  of  Italy.  The  Tuscans 
were  the  first  that  exported  olive  oil  in  any  quanti- 
ty ,on  which  account  U  is  still  called,  Florence  oil. 
Tliere  is  something  peculiarly  mild  and  graceful 
in  the  appearance  of  the  olive  tree,  even  apart 
from  its  associations.  The  leaves  are  somewhat 
like  those  of  the  willow,  only  they  are  more  soft 


portation  ;  and  great  sums  of  money  are  expended 
by  travellers  in  the  purchase  of  pictures,  curiosi- 
ties, relics,  antiquities,  &c.  No  country  has  pro- 
duced better,  politicians,  historians,  poets,  musi- 
cians, painters,  and  sculptors  ;  that  is,  since  the 
revival  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  exclusive  of  those 
of  ancient  times.  The  Italians  are  generally  well 
proportioned;  but  of  their  complexion  they  can- 
not boast.  Witli  respect  to  dress  they  follow 
the  fashions  of  the  countries  on   which  they  bor- 


and  delicate.  The  flowers  are  as  delicate  as  the 
leaves.  They  come  in  little  spikes  from  buds 
between  the  leaf  stalks  and  spikes.  The  ma 
tured-wood  of  the  olive  is  hard  and  compact 
though  rather  brittle,  and  has  the  pith  obliterated 
like  box.  Its  colour  is  reddish,  and  it  takes  a 
fine  gloss,  on  which  accounts  the  ancients  carved 
it  into  statues  of  their  gods.  The  moderns  make 
it  into  snuffboxes  and  other  trinkets.  This  coun- 
try also  yields  good  pastures,  abounds  with  cattle, 
sheep,  goats,  buffviloes,  wild  boars,  mulss,  and 
horses.  The  forests  are  well  stored  with  game  ; 
and  the  mountains  have  not  only  mines  of  iron, 
lead,  alum,  sulphur,  marble  of  all  sorts,  alabaster, 
jasper,  porphyry,  &c.,  but  also  gold  and  silver, 
with  a  great  variety  of  aromatic  herbs,  trees, 
shrubs,  and  evergreens.  Wine,  oil,  perfumes, 
fruits,  and  silks,  are  the  principal  articles  ofex- 


der,  or  to  which  they  are  subject.  They  are  ve- 
ry affable,  courteous,  ingenious,  sober,  and  ready- 
witted  ;  but  extremely  jealous,  vindictive,  lasiv- 
ious,  ceremonious,  and  superstitious  Masquer 
des,  gaming,  horse-races,  and  conversazione  or 
assemblies,  are  the  chief  diversions  of  the  Italians, 
excepting  religious  exhibitions,  in  which  they  are 
pompous  beyond  all  other  nations.  The  establish- 
ed religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic,  but  all  other 
sects  are  now  tolerated  :  the  number  of  archbish- 
ops in  the  whole  country  is  38 ;  and  that  of  the 
suffragans  indefinite,  as  may  be  truly  added  of 
the  inferior  ecclesiastics.  Their  language,  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  Latin,  is  remarkable  for  its  smooth- 
ness, and  is  said  to  be  spoken  in  its  greatest  pu- 
rity at  Florence.  Further  particulars  of  this 
country  will  be  found  under  the  names  of  its  par- 
ticular divisions,  as  JVaples.  &c. 

Italy,  Austrian.  See  Lombardo-  Venetian  King' 
dom. 

Italy,  p.t.  Yates  Co.  N.  Y      Pop.  1,092. 

Itamarca.     See  Tamarica. 

Itclten,or  Aire,  a  river  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  which 
enters  the  bay  of  Southampton,  at  the  town  of 
that  name. 

Ithaca,  or  Tliiaki,  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands.  It 
is  as  rugged  and  barren  as  it  was  in  the  times  of 
Ulysses,  who  was  a  native  of  this  island.  It  has 
about  8,000  inhabitants,  who  are  the  most  indus- 
trious in  the  Ionian  Islands. 

Ithaca,  p.t.  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Cayuga 
Lake.  Pop.  5,270.  It  has  several  manufactories, 
and  is  surrounded  by  beautiful  scenery.  There 
are  some  beautiful  cataracts  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. 

Itzekoe,  a  town  of  Germanv,  in  Holstein,  be- 
longing to  Denmark,  with  a  fortress.  A  duty  is 
exacted  here  from  all  ships  coming  up  the  Stoer, 
on  which  river  it  is  seated,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Gluckstadt,  and  31    N.  W.  of  Hamburg. 

Ivangorod.     See  Narva. 

Ivanitz,  a  town  of  Croatia,  seated  on  the  IjOnia,  ■ 
42  m.  N.  E.  of  Carlstadt. 

hdchester.     See  II Chester. 

Ives,  St., a.  borough  in  Cornwall, Eng.  seated  on  a 


JAO 


403 


JAE 


bay  of  the  same  name,  celebrated  for  its  extensive 
pilchard  fishery.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayoi;,  and 
h;is  a  market  on  Wednesday.  The  church  is  a 
handsome  building  close  to  the  sea.  Here  are  al- 
so meeting-houses  for  Independents  and  Metho- 
dists, and  a  good  grammar  school,  founded  by 
Charles  I.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  is  Tregan- 
ny  Castle  ;  and  one  mile  from  this  mansion  on 
the  summit  of  a  lofty  hill,  is  a  pyramid  erected  by 
the  late  J.  Knoll,  esq.,  who  died  in  1811,  and  di- 
rected by  will  that  at  the  end  of  every  5  years  an 
old  woman,  and  10  girls  under  14  years  of  age, 
dressed  in  white  and  accompanied  by  music, 
should  walk  in  processsion  from  the  market-house 
to  this  pyramid,  vvhi»re  they  should  dance,  and 
sing  the  100th  Psalm.  For  this  he  bequeathed 
certain  freeholds,  and  vested  them  in  the  minis- 
ter, to  whom  and  the  port  collector  he  bequeath- 
ed £10  for  a  dinner.  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Penzance, 
and  277  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

loes,  St.,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng.with  a 
market  on  Monday  ;  seated  on  the  river  Ouse,  6 
m.  S.  E.  of  Huntingdon,  and  59  N.  by  W.  of 
London. 

loiQii,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean,  56  m.  S. 
W.  of  Majorca.  It  is  about  60  m.  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  mountainous  ;  but  fertile  in  corn  and 
fruits.  A  great  quantity  of  salt  is  made  here, 
highly  esteemed  for  its  whiteness.  The  capital, 
of  the  same  name,  which  stands  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  island,  is  well  fortified,  and  has  a  convenient 
harbour.     Long.  1.  25.  E.,  lat.  38.  52.  N. 


Ivingkoe,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  Enof. 
with  manufactures  of  bonelace.  It  is  6  m.  S.  W. 
of  Dunstable,  and  33  N.  W.  of  London. 

Icera,  an  ancient  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  fort, 
citadel,  and  castle.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  con- 
tains a  cathedral,  four  other  churches,  and  several 
religious  houses.  It  is  seated  on  the  Doria,  be- 
tween two  hills,  20  ra.  N.  of  Turin.  Lonw.  7.  48 
E.,  lat.  45.22.  N. 

Ivry,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  with  a  late  Benedictine  abbey  ;  seated  on 
the  Eure,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Evreux,  and  50  N.  W. 
of  Paris. 

hry,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cote  'd  Or,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Arnay  le  Due. 

Ixworth,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  with  a  market 
on  Friday,  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Bury  St.  Edmund,  and 
77  N.  E.' of  London. 

Izery,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveiron,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Vabres. 

Izeron,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Rhone, 
10  m.  S.  W.  of  Lyons. 

Izininsk,  a  town  of  Sibera,  in  the  province  of 
Okhotsk,  defended  by  lofty  palisades,  and  wooden 
bastions,  provided  with  cannon  and  military 
stores.  The  commerce  consists  of  furs,  and  the 
skins  of  reindeer.  It  is  seated  on  the  Izengen,  15 
m.  from  its  mouth,  and  520  N.  E.  ofOkhotsk. 

Izquintenanno,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Chiapa.  The  country  about  it  produces 
cotton  and  a  great  number  of  pine-apples.  It  is 
100  m.  S.  E.  of  Chiapa. 


JAALONO,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Marne,  9  m.  W.  of  Chalons. 

Jabaz,  n.  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
SO  m.  N.  W.  of  Angora. 

JabJunkau,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Teschen,  on  the  river  Elsa,  with  a  fort  near 
it,  called  Jablunkau  Schauz,  which  defends  a 
defile  toward  Hungary.  It  is  seated  between 
high  mountains,  11  m.  S.  S.  E.of  Teschen. 

Jacca,  a  town  of  Spain,  formerly  the  capital  of 
Arragon,  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
among  the  Pyrenees.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and 
is  defended  by  a  citadel.  45  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Saragossa. 

Jaci  d'  AmiUa,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Dem- 
ona,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Catania. 

Jackson,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  9,000.  Jeffer- 
son is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  5,974, 
the  chief  town  has  the  same  name  ;  a  county  of 
Indiana.  Pop.  4,894.  Brownstown  is  the  capital ; 
a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  1,827.  Brownsville  is 
the  capital ;  a  county  of  West  Tennessee.  Pop. 
9,902.  Gainesborough  is  the  capital,  a  county  of 
Alabama.  Pop.  12,172  ;  a  county  of  Mississippi. 
Pop.  1,789.  Also  the  name  of  24  towns  and  vil- 
lages, namely  in  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,054.  Lebanon  Co.  Pa.,  Jackson, Franklin,  Wayne, 
Pickaway,  Pike,  Knox,  Champaign,  Monroe, 
Stark,  Perry,  Montgomery,  Preble,  and  Mus- 
kingum Cos.  Ohio,  Jackson  Co.  Ind.,  Cape 
Girardeau  Co.  Miss.  Madison  Co.  Ten.,  Clark 
Co.  Alab.,  Hinds,  Co.  Miss.,  and  Feliciana 
Parish,  Lou. 

Jacksonborouvh,  villages  in  C  jlleton  Dis.  S.  C, 
Scnven  Co.  Greo.,  Campbell,  Co.  Ten. 


Jacksonburg,  p. v.   B  utler  Co.  Ohio. 

Jacksonville,  p. v.  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y.,  Lehigh 
Co.  Pa.,  Hood  Co.  Va.,  Telfair  Co.  Geo.,  Duvall 
Co.  £.  Florida,  Fairfield,  Adair,  and  Belmont 
Cos.  Ohio,  and  Morgan  Co.  Illinois. 

Jacobsburg,  p.t.  Belmont  Co.  Ohio.  21  m.  from 
Wheeling. 

Jaaibsdorf,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  Pom- 
erania,  3m.S.  E.  of  Jacobshagan  and8E.ofZachan. 

Jacobshagon,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states, 
in  Pomerania,    14  m.  S.    of  Daber. 

Jacobstadt,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  with 
a  convenient  harbour,  and  a  thriving  trade.  50 
m.  N.  N.  E.  ofWasa. 

Jacobstown,  p. v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  Y.  15  m.  S. 
Trenton. 

Jacurso,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra,  8 
m.  W.  of  Squillace. 

Jaen,9.  province  of  the  eastern  part  of  Andalu- 
sia, surrounded  by  the  provinces  of  La  Mancha, 
Murcia,  Granada,  and  Cardova.  Its  territorial 
extent  is  4,760  sq.  m. ;  and  its  pop.  about  207,000. 
This  province,  though  badly  cultivated,  produ- 
ces wine,  oil,  silk,  and  corn,  especially  along  the 
Guadalaquivir,  which  is  the  largest  river  in  the 
province.  Jaen  was  formerly  a  kingdom ;  and 
the  king  of  Spain,  still  takes  the  title  of  king  of 
Jaen,  although  it  is  now  included  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Andalusia. 

Jaen,  a  fortified  city  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
capital  of  the  above  province.  It  is  a  bishop's 
see,  and  the  residence  of  the  magistracy  of  the 
province.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
on  the  river  Guadalbulon,  36  in.  N.  ot  Grana- 
da. 


^ 


JAG 


404 


JAM 


Jafa,  a  fertile  country  of  Arabia,  N.  W.  of 
Aden  and  of  Hadramaut ;  it  was  formerly  under 
the  dominion  of  the  imam  ;  but  in  the  end  of  the 
17th  century  the  inhabitants  made  themselves 
independent,  and  are  now  governed  by  three 
petty  chif^fs,  who  have  also  conquered  a  part  of 
tJie  province  of  Hadramaut. 

J'iffa.  anciently  called  Joppa,  a  town  of  Asia, 
in  Palestine,  situated  near  the  coast  of  the  Med- 
iterranean, with  a  small  citadel.  It  was  formerly 
a  celebrated  city,  and  is  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  Scriptures.  It  has  long  been  inhabited  by 
Turks  and  Arabs,  with  a  mixture  of  Greeks,  Maro- 
nites,  and  Armenians,  The  houses  are  small 
and  surrounded  with  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
walls  and  towers.  The  Franks,  Greeks,  and 
Armenians  have  small  convents  for  the  reception 
of  pilgrims  of  different  nations.  The  principal 
comm^erce  is  in  grain,  particularly  rice  from 
Egypt  Jaffa  was  laid  waste  in  the  crusades,  and 
afterwards  destroyed  by  an  earthquake.  In  pro- 
fane history  it  is  said  to  be  the  place  whence 
Perseus  delivered  Andromeda.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French,  under  Bonaparte,  in  February  1739, 
but  they  held  possession  40  days  only.  It  is  12 
m.  N.  W.  of  Gaza,  and  33  W.  of  Jerusalem. 

Jaffna,  a.  town  of  Ceylon,  capital  of  Jaffnapa- 
tam,  whence  are  exported  great  quantities  of  to- 
bacco, and  some  elephants,  which  are  accounted 
the  most  docile  of  any  in  the  world.  The  Dutch 
took  it  from  the  Portuguese  in  1G58  ;  and  it  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1795.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river  navigable  fo~r  large  boats,  100  m.  N.  of  Can- 
dy.    Long.  80.  10.  E.,  lat.  9.  45.  N. 

Jafnapatam,  a  district  in  the  N.  part  of  Ceylon 
fertile  in  fruit  and  vegetables,  and  said  to  be  the 
most  populous  and  healthy  in  the  island.  Sever- 
al small  islands  are  politically  connected  with 
this  district;  and  between  it  and  the  Candian 
provinces  are  numerous  woods,  inhabited  by  a 
savage  race,  called  Vaddahs,  supposed  to  be  the 
aborigines  of  the  country. 

Jaffrabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river,  noted  for  large  oysters, 
37  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Diu. 

Jascrnaut.  See  Jvgs^rnavt. 
Jaffrey.  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  C>2  m.  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,353.  In  this  town  is  Monadnock 
Mountain,  which  see.  Near  the  mountain  is  the 
Monadnock  mineral  spring,  which  is  slightly  im- 
pregnated with  carbonate  of  iron  and  sulphate 
of  soda.  Yellow  ochre  is  thrown  out  by  the 
spring,  and  many  tons  of  it  have  been  exported. 
Here  are  also  cotton  and  woolen  manufactures, 
oil  mills,  &c. 

JaserndorJ,  a  town  and  castle  of  Silesia,  seated 
on  the  Oppa,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Troppau.  Long.  17. 
44.  E.,  lat.  50.  0.  N. 

Jago,  St.,  the  most  fertile  province  of  Chile, 
extending  45  m.  in  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  36 
in  breadth  from  N.  to  S.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
E.  by  the  Andes,  W.  by  Melipilla,  N  by  the  prov- 
ince of  .Aconcagua,  and  S.  by  the  river  Maypo. 
Corn,  wine,  and  fruits  are  produced  here  in  great 
quantities.  The  mountains  abound  in  the  pre- 
cious metals,  and  here  are  also  mines  of  copper, 
tin,  and  lead  The  province  is  watered  by  the 
Mapacho,  and  Colina,  and  several  other  fine 
streams. 

Jago,  St.,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  Besides  the  cathedral,  there 
are  three  parish  churches,  and  8  monasteries. 
The  inhabitants,  about  46,000,  are  chiefly  native 
Americans   and    Spaniards.     Here    are    several 


canals,  and  a  dike,  by  means  of  which  they  water 
the  gardens,  and  cool  the  streets.  It  is  seated  in 
a  beautiful  plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  on 
the  river  Mapocho,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
bridge  which  connects  several  suburbs  with  the 
city.  The  commerce  is  considerable,  and  the 
markets  are  well  supplied  with  all  kinds  of  pro- 
visons.  53m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Valparaiso.  Long.  69. 
48.  W.,  lat.  33.  15.  S. 

Ja<ro,  St.,  a  handsome  town  of  Mexico,  capital 
of  Veragua.  It  has  an  elegant  hospital,  and 
stands  in  a  fertile  country,  which  produces  maize, 
plantains,  &c.,  with  abundance  of  cattle.  110  m. 
S.  W.  of  Porto  Bello. 

Jago,  St.  a  fortified  sea-port  on  the   S.  coast  of 
Cuba,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  good  harbour; 
situate  on  a  bay,  about  6  m.  from  the  sea.      Long 
76.  10.  W.,  lat."  20.  5.  S. 

Jago,  de  los  Cavalleros,  St.,  a  town  of  Hispaniola, 
in  a  fertile  soil,  on  the  river  St.  Jago,  70  m. 
from  its  mouth,  and  90  N.  N.  W.  of  St.  Domingo. 

Jago  de  Compostella,  St.    See  Compostella. 

Jago  de  Jos  Valles,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Guasteca,  seated  on  the  river  Panuco, 
170  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Mexico. 

Jago  de  la  Vega,  St.     See  Spanish-totcn. 

Jagodina,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ser 
via,  seated  on  the  Morava,  60  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bel 
grade 

Jaisza,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia, 
with  a  strong  citadel,  seated  on  the  Plena,  50  m 
N.  E.  of  Serai. 

Jajgur,  a  tuwn  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  cap- 
ital of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  province 
of  Agimere.  The  district  contains  upwards  of  80 
villages,  chiefly  inhabited  by  a  predatory  tribe  of 
Hindoos  called  Meena. 

Jakutskoi.     See  Yakutsk. 

Jalalabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country 
of  Cabul,  situate  on  the  Kameh,  60  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Cabul. 

Jallindar,a.  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  in  the  country  of  Lahore. 
80  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Lahore.  Long.  74.  10.  E.,  lat. 
30.  50.'N. 

Jaloffs,  or  Oualoffs,  a  people  of  Africa,  who  oc- 
cupy great  part  of  the  country  between  the  lower 
part  of  the  Gambia  and  that  of  the  Senegal. 
Their  territory  is  estimated  at  4,800  square  miles. 
They  are  celebrated  as  hunters  and  warriors ; 
and  the  cotton  cloth  which  they  manufacture  is 
superior,  both  in  quality  and  colour,  to  that  of  the 
Mandingos. 

Jalonitza,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Wa- 
lachia,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  95  m.  S.  W. 
of  Ismail. 

Jalmir,a.  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country  of 
Agimere,  situate  on  a  mountain  difficult  of  access, 
85  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Cheitore. 

Jamagorod,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Petersburg,  with  a  strong  fort,  seated  on 
the  Jama,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Narva. 

Jamaica,  the  most  considerable  and  valuable  of 
the  British  West  India  islands,  discovered  by 
Columbus,  in  1494.  It  lies  30  leagues  W.  of  St. 
Domingo,  nearly  the  same  distance  S.  of  Cuba, 
and  is  of  an  oval  figure,  150  miles  long  and  40 
broad,  containing  4,080,000  acres.  An  elevated 
ridge,  called  the  Blue  Mountains,  runs  lengthwise 
from  E.  to  W.,  whence  numerous  rivers  take 
their  rise  on  both  sides ;  and  though  none  of  them 
are  navigable  for  barges,  yet  the  sugars  are  car- 
ried upon  many  of  them  in  canoes  from  the  re 
mote  plantations  to  the  seaside  :  some  of  them 


MH 


405 


JAM 


run  under  ground  for  a  considerable  space,  par- 
ticularly the  Cobre  and  Pedra.  The  year  is 
distinguished  into  two  seasons,  the  wet  and  dry ; 
but  the  rains  are  not  so  frequent  as  formerly, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  owing  to  the  cutting 
down  of  the  woods.  About  nine  in  the  morning 
it  is  so  intolerably  hot  that  it  would  be  difficult  to 
live,  if  the  easterly  breeze  did  not  rise  to  cool  the 
air.  Sometimes  the  nights  are  pretty  cool,  and 
there  are  great  dews,  which  are  deemed  unwhole- 
some, especially  to  new  comers.  The  months  of 
July,  August,  and  September,  are  called  the 
hurricane  months,  because  then  they  are  the 
most  frequent;  and  there  is  lightning  almost 
every  night.  The  best  houses  are  generally  built 
low,  on  account  of  the  hurricanes  and  earth- 
quakes ;  and  the  negroes'  huts,  made  of  reeds, 
will  hold  only  two  or  three  persons.  The  valleys 
are  embellished  with  plantations,  so  well  laid  out, 
and  with  such  a  variety  of  fruit-trees,  as  to  m&.ke 
the  country  look  like  a  paradise.  Horned  cattle, 
hogs,  and  "sheep  are  plentiful;  but  the  servants 
generally  feed  upon  Irish  salt-beef,  and  the  ne- 
groes have  herrings  and  salt-fish.  The  general 
produce  of  this  island  is  sugar,  rum,  molasses, 
ginger,  cotton,  indigo,  pimento,  cocoa,  coffee, 
several  kinds  of  wood,  and  medicinal  drugs.  It 
has  some  tobacco,  but  not  good,  and  used  only 
by  the  ne.2Toes  ;  also  maize,  Guinea  corn,  and 
peas  of  various  kinds,  with  variety  of  roots. 
Fruits  are  in  great  plenty,  such  as  oranges, 
lemons,  sliaddocks,  citrons,  pomegranates,  pme- 
apples,  prickly-pears,  melons,  pompions,  guavas. 
and  many  others.  The  plaintain  which  Jamaica  in 
common  with  the  other  West  India  islands  pro- 
duces in  abundance,  is  one  of  the  most  agreeable 
and  nutritious  vegetables  in  the  world.     It  grows 


in  a  herbaceous  form  about  4  feet  in  height,  and 
produces  clusters  of  fruit  filled  with  a  luscious 
sweet  pulp.  The  banana  is  very  similar  to  the 
plaintain  but  not  so  sweet.  Jamaica  can  boast  of  a 
botanical  garden,  containing  the  rarest  collection  of 
curious  trees  and  plants,  perhaps  in  the  world.  The 
whole  island  is  divided  into  three  counties,  Mid- 
dlesex, Surry,  and  Cornwall,  and  these  into  20 
parishes,  or  districts,  6  towns,  and  27  villages. 
The  legislature  is  composed  of  the  governor,  a 
council  of  12  nominated  by  the  crown,  and  a 
house  of  assembly  consisting  of  43  members 
elected  by  the  freeholders.  The  first  settlement 
on  this  island  was  made,  in  1509,  by  the  Span- 
iards, who  were  cruel  to  the  natives;  but  it  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  1650.  and  a  colony  soon 
after  formed  by  disbanded  soldiers  from  the  par- 
liamentary army,  who  were  governed  by  military 
laws  till  the  restoration.  The  tranquillity  of  this 
colony  has  been  occasionally  disturbed  by  the  in- 
roads of  the  Maroons,  or  original  natives,  who, 
however,  were  completely  quelled  in  1796 ;  and 
Bince  that  period  the  colony  has  rapidly  increased 


in  importance.  There  is  an  ecclesiastical  estab- 
lishment in  this  island,  consisting  of  19  beneficed 
clergymen,  but  the  slate  of  religion  has  long  been 
deplorable.  Within  the  last  few  years,  however, 
considerable  efforts  have  been  made  by  mission- 
aries and  others ;  and  though  the  principal  men 
of  the  island  have  manifested  much  opposition, 
yet  these  efforts  have  already  been  crowned  with 
very  considerable  success.  The  government  of 
Jamaica  is  one  of  the  richest  places,  next  to  that 
of  Ireland,  in  the  disposal  of  the  crown :  the 
standing  salary  is  2,5001.,  and  the  assembly  com- 
monly vote  as  much  more  to  the  governor,  which, 
with  other  perquisites,  make  it  little  less  than 
10,0001.  a  year.  Spanish  Town  is  the  seat  of 
government,  but  Kingston  is  the  capital. 

Jamaica,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  35  m.  S.  W. 
Windsor.  Ipop.  1,523.  Also  a  p.t.  Queens  Co.  N. 
Y.  on  Long  Island.     Pop.  2,376. 

Jamalabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Camara, 
with  a  fort  on  the  summit  of  an  immense  ruck, 
which  is  accessible  only  by  one  narrow  way. 
The  town  stands  on  the  banks  of  a  river,  30  ni. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Mangalore. 

Jamaina,  a  town  of  Arabia,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  lying  W.  of  the  province  of 
Bahrein.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Astan,  140  m. 
S.  W.  of  Lachsa. 

Jamhi,  the  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name 
on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  with 
a  trade  in  gold  dust,  pepper,  and  canes.  The 
town  is  large,  and  situate  inland,  on  a  river  navi- 
gable fi^r  boats,  160  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bencoolen. 

Jambo,  a  town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  with  a  good 
harbour,  on  the  Red  Sea,  72  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Medi- 
na. 

James,  a  river  of  Virginia,  which  rises  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge  of  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, and,  flowing  E.  through  the  state,  enters 
Chesapeak  Bay,  near  Hampton.  It  is  270  m.  in 
length  and  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  125  tons 
nearly  to  Richmond. 

James  Bay.     See  Hudson's  Bay. 

James  Island,  an  island  of  Africa,  30  m.  up  the 
river  Gambia,  and  3  m.  from  its  nearest  shore. 
Here  the  English  have  a  fort  and  factory.  Long. 
16.  0.  W.,  lat.  13.  15.  N. 

James  Island,  an  island  of  South  Carolina, 
on  the  S.  side  of  Charleston  harbour,  opposite 
Charleston. 

Jamestown,  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Also  an 
ancient  town  in  James  City  Co.  Va.  on  James 
River,  and  the  first  English  settlement  in  the 
Stale  Nothing  remains  of  it  but  a  few  ruins. 
Also  a  town  in  Newport  Co.  R.  I.  Pop.  414.  Vil- 
lages in  Prince  Edward  Co.  Va.,  Guilford  Co.  N. 
C,  Green  Co.  Ohio,  and  St.  Louis  Co.  Missouri. 

Jamestown,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Leitrim,  seated  on  the  Shannon,  5  m.  S.  by  E. 
of  Carrick,  and  73  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Jamets,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Meuse,  12  m.  S.  of  Stenay. 

JamesvUle,  p. v.  Onondago  Co.  N.  Y.  Also  a 
village  in  Sumter  District  S.  C. 

Jamtland,  a  province  of  Sweden  bodering  on 
Norway,  nearly  of  a  circular  form,  and  70  m.  in 
length,  and  60  in  breadth.  The  western  part  is 
mountanious.  The  eastern  is  a  fine  champaign 
country,  watered  with  several  lakes  and  rivers, 
whichabound  with  fish.  The  country  produces 
excellent  oats  and  abounds  in  good  turnips.  The 
pastures  are  extensive  and  of  excellent  quality, 
but  are  much  neglected.  It  contains  alum  quar- 
ries, sandstone,  slate,  the  lapis  oUarius,  fine  rock 


JAP 


406 


JAP 


crystal,  and  lead  ore.  The  inhabitants  carry  on 
considerable  trade  with  the  Norwegians. 

Janeiro.     See  Rio  Janeiro. 

Janiia,  a  province  of  European  Turkey,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Macedonia,  E.  by  tiie  Archipela- 
go, S.  by  Livadia,  and  W.  by  Albania.  It  is  the 
Thessaly  of  the  ancients  and  Larissa  is  the  capital. 

Jaima,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  the 
province  of  the  same  name,  62  m.  W.  of  Larissa. 

Janville,  a  town  of  France,  department  ofEure- 
et-Loire,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Chartres. 

Japan,  an  extensive  empire  in  the  most  eastern 
part  of  Asia,  extending  from  long.  131.  to  ]4*2.  E. 
and  from  lat.  30.  to  41.  N.  It  consists  of  three 
large  islands  (the  superficial  extent  of  which  is 
estimated  at  90,000  sq.  m.),  and  several  smaller 
islands.  The  whole  empire  is  divided  into  seven 
principal  districts,  which  are  subdivided  into  70 
provinces  ;  and  the  pop.  is  in  proportion  to  ex- 
tent, deemed  equal  to  that  of  China.  It  is  the 
richest  country  in  the  world  for  gold ;  there  are 
also  rich  silver  mines,  and  fine  copper  is  the  main 
source  of  the  wealth  of  many  provinces.  It  pro- 
duces a  great  deal  of  rice,  which  is  the  principal 
article  of  subsistence  ;  millet,  wheat,  and  barley, 
are  also  cultivated  to  a  small  extent.  Turnips, 
carrots,  melons,  cucumbers,  &c.,  all  grow  spon- 
taneously. Cedars  are  common,  and  so  large 
that  they  are  proper  for  the  masts  of  ships  and 
columns  for  temples.  The  mulberry  tree,  the 
laurel,  the  tree  slirub,  and  camphire  tree  are  also 
common  ;  but  the  most  remarkable  is  the  varnish 
tree  (rhus  vernix),  the  juice  of  which  is  used  to 
varnish,  or  (as  we  call  it)  japan  their  furniture. 
The  rocks  and  most  barren  places  are  cultivated 
and  produce  a  variety  of  fruits,  plants,  and  roots. 
The  woods  and  forests,  and  long  ridges  of  moun- 
tains, with  which  the  country  is  intersected,  pro- 
duce good  pasturage,  and  are  stocked  with  deer, 
oxen,  buffaloes,  and  a  few  horses  ;  but  there  are  no 
sheep  nor  goats.  Here  are  large  quantities  of 
fine  porcelain,  silk,  and  skins,  as  also  red  pearls, 
which  are  not  in  less  esteem  than  the  white.  The 
Japanese  are  of  a  yellowish  complexion  all  over  ; 


their  heads  are  in  general  large,  their  necks  short 
and  their  hair  which  is  naturally  black  and  thick, 
is  rendered  shining  by  the  use  of  oils  ;  their  eyes 
are  small,  of  dark  brown  colour,  and  sunk  deep  in 
the  head,  and  the  eyelids  form  in  the  great  angle 
of  the  eye  a  deep  furrow,  which  discriminates 
them  from  other  nations  ;  their  eyebrows  are  also 
placed  somewhat  higher  ;  and  their  noses  though 
not  flat,  are  thick  and  short.  They  are  naturally 
ingenious,  and  liave  a  high  character  for  honesty 
and  veracity.     Their  common  drinks  are  all  hot ; 


they  uncover  their  feet  out  of  respect,  are  fond  of 
black  teeth,  and  get  on  horseback  on  the  left  side 
Their  houses  are  of  wood,  coloured  white,  and 
never  exceed  two  stories  in  height.  The  inte- 
rior is  divided  into  apartments  at  pleasure,  by 
moveable  partitions  sliding  in  grooves.  They 
have  neither  tables,  beds,  nor  chairs,  but  sit  and 
lie  on  carpets  and  mats.  The  dress  consists  of 
trowsers,  and  a  loose  robe  of  silk  or  cotton,  fas- 
tened by  a  girdle  the  number  being  increased  accor- 
ding to  the  coldness  of  the  weather:  stockings  are 
not  used;  and  the  shoes  are  commonly  of  rice  straw. 
The  mathematical  and  piiysical  sciences  are  yet 
in  their  infancy,  but  are  highly  esteemed  among 
them  ;  and  they  have  several  schools  at  dili?rent 
places,  in  which  are  taught  arithmetic,  rhetoric, 
poetry,  history,  and  astronomy.  Some  of  their 
arts  and  manufactures  even  surpass  those  of  Eu- 
rope. They  formerly  carried  on  a  considerable 
trade  with  the  neighbouring  countries ;  but  now 
all  communications  are  forbidden,  except  with  the 
Chinese  and  Dutch ;  and  with  them  only  at  the 
port  of  Nangasaki.  The  merchandise  brought  by 
the  Dutcli ;  are  spices,  sugar,  linen  and  woolea 
cloth,  elephants'  teeth,  and  haberdashery  wares; 
for  which  they  receive  gold,  silver,  copper,  rice, 
tea,  fine  porcelain,  cabinets,  and  other  japnnned 
and  lackered  wares.  Japan  was  formerly  divided 
into  a  great  many  small  kingdoms,  which  still  re- 
tain their  ancient  names,  but  they  were  at  length 
swallowed  up  in  one,  to  which  all  the  rest  are  be- 
come either  subject  or  tributary.  The  tributary 
princes,  amounting  to  between  50  and  60,  are 
vested  with  the  regal  dignity,  and  are  absolute  in 
their  respective  territories  ;  but  they  are  entirely 
subject  to  the  emperor,  who  can  depose,  or  even 
condemn  them  to  death,  if  he  thinks  proper.  The 
laws  are  extremely  severe  and  cruel :  and  the 
people  are  doubly  slaves,  first  to  their  own  princes 
and  then  to  the  emperor,  who  has  power  of  life 
and  death  over  them  all.  Anciently  the  emperor 
was  likewise  sovereign  pontiff,  under  the  title  of 
of  Dairo,  and  in  fact  worshipped  by  all  his  sub- 
jects ;  but  in  the  civil  wars  which  occurred  on 
the  minority  of  one  of  them,  in  1150,  one  of  the 
competitors  for  the  crown  assumed  the  ecclesias- 
tical government,  retaining  the  same  title ;  while 
the  other,  who  ruled  in  civil  affairs,  was  called 
Cnbo.  From  that  time  the  dairo  has  only  been  at 
the  head  of  religious  matters,  while  the  cubo  or 
secular  emperor  bears  an  absolute  dominion  over 
all  civil  And  military  affairs.  The  former  still 
lives  in  great  state  and  grandeur  at  Meaco  ;  and 
the  latter  pays  him  a  kind  of  homage,  as  if  he  act- 
ed only  as  his  deputy  or  viceroy  ;  but,  in  reality 
the  cubo  is  now  the  real  monarch  of  Japan,  and 
the  dairo  only  as  his  high  priest.  The  Japanese 
are  as  fabulous  as  the  Chinese  in  the  antiquity  of 
their  empire  ;  but  the  certain  period  bcrins  with 
the  hereditary  succession  of  the  ecclesiastical 
emperors,  from  the  year  660  before  the  christian 
epoch.  The  religion  of  the  country  is  paganism  ; 
but  there  are  two  different  sects.  There  was 
once  a  great  number  of  christians  in  different 
parts  of  the  empire;  but,  in  1638  they  underwent 
great  persecutions  and  all  who  professed  Christian- 
ity were  either  put  to  death  or  forced  to  revert  back 
to  paganism.  The  capital  of  the  empire  is  Jeddo. 
Japara,  a  sea-port  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Java,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  was  the  capital 
of  a  considerable  kingdom,  till  the  Dutch  made 
themselves  masters  of  it;  and  now  they  have  a 
colony  here,  and  a  considerable  trade.  253  m.  E. 
by  S.  of  Batavia.    Long.  110.  45.  E.,  lat.  6. 20.  S, 


■^ 


JAU 


407 


JAV 


Jaqaemd,  a  town  of  St.  Domingo,  on  a  bay  of 
its  name,  on  the  S.  coast,  32  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  rort 
au  Prince. 

Jaques,  a  navigable  river  of  Louisiana,  which 
falls  into  the  Missouri. 

Jaques  Cartier,  a  river  of  Canada,  so  called 
from  the  navigator  who  first  explored  the  St.  Law- 
rence, into  which  it  falls  in  long.  71.  41.  W.,  lat. 
46.  38.  N. 

Jargeau,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ofLoiret.  Tt  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1438, 
and  retaken  by  Joan  of  Arc  the  next  year.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Loire,  10  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Orleans. 

Jarisbtrg,  a  town  of  Norway,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict abounding  in  mines,  in  the  diocese  of  Ag- 
gerhuys,  5  m.  N.  of  Tonsberg. 

Jarnac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Charente.  Near  this  place  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
afterwards  Henry  \\\.,  obtained  a  victory  over 
the  Huguenots,  in  1569.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cha- 
rente, 20  m.  W.  of  Angouleme. 

Jaromitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on  the 
Elbe,  9  m.  N.  of  Konigingratz. 

Jaron,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  celebrated 
for  abundance  of  palm-trees,  and  their  excellent 
fruits.  89  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Shiras.  Long.  53.  10. 
E.,  lat.  28.  15.  N. 

Jaroslau,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Red  Russia, 
with  a  strong  citadel.  A  battle  was  gained  here, 
by  the  Swedes,  in  1656,  after  which  they  took  the 
town.  It  is  included  in  the  kingdom  of  Galicia, 
and  seated  on  the  Saine,  55  m.  W.  of  Lemberg. 
Long.  22.43.  E.,  bit.  50.4.  N. 

Jarosl-arl,  or  Jaroslav,  a  governmen  tof  Russia, 
formerly  a  province  of  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow. Its  territorial  extent  is  estimated  at  about 
14,000  sq.  m.  and  its  inhabitants  at  800,000.  It  is 
divided  into  10  circles,  exclusive  of  the  level  call- 
ed the  Steppes  of  Jaroslav.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Wolga,  the  Schekna,  and  Mologa.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  cattle  and  wood.  The  capital, 
of  the  same  name,  is  a  large  commercial  place, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  numerous  manufactures. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Wolga,  145  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Moscow. 

Jastnitz,  a  town  of  Hither  Pomerania,  seated  on 
the  Oder,  10  m.  N.  of  Stettin. 

Jasque,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Mecran,  which  gives  name  to  a  cape  in  the  gulf 
of  Ormus.     Long.  57.  4.  E.,  lat.  55.  40.  N. 

Ja*S(/,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  capital  of 
Moldavia,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  trade 
"n  flax,  corn,  hides,  wool,  wax,  honey,  tallow, 
and  canvass,  large  quantities  of  which  are  made 
•n  the  town  and  sent  to  Constantinople.  In 
i.'53  it  was  destroyed  by  fire ;  it  was  subsequent- 
ly rebuilt  and  well  fortified  ;  but  in  1788  the  for 
<ifications  were  demolished,  excepting  a  small 
fort.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  12,000. 
it  has  been  several  times  taken  in  the  wars  be- 
tween the  Turks  and  the  Russians  or  Austrians. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Pruth,  170  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
i^'icharest,  and  370  N.  of  Constantinople. 

Jaucr,  a  town  of  Silesia,  capital  of  a  principal. 
.ty  of  the  same  name,  with  a  citadel,  and  a  large 
uquare,  surrounded  by  piazzas.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  woolen  and  cotton,  and  a  trade  in  flax 
and  yarn.  It  is  sealed  in  a  fine  country  on  the 
rivulet  Jauer.  35  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Breslau.  Lonor. 
16.  23.  E.,lat.  51.2.  N. 

Jaulnaes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ot  Vienne,  6  m.  N.  of  Poitiers. 

Jaunt,  a  river  of  Brazil,  in  Matto-Grosso, 
which  rises  in  the  plains  of  Parexis,  in  long.  58. 


30.  W.,  lat.  14. 42.  S.,  and,  after  a  lon^  S.  and  S. 
E.  course  falls  into  the  Paragu.ay  inlr.t.  16.24. 
S.  At  its  mouth  is  erected  a  beautiful  pyramid 
of  marble,  bearing  inscriptions  commemorative 
of  the  treaty  between  Spain  and  Portugal,  whina 
defined  the  boundaries  of  their  respective  territo- 
ries. On  its  banks  are  extensive  salt-pits,  from 
which  the  province  of  Matto-Grosso  derives 
large  quantities  of  salt. 

Java,  an  island  of  the  E  Indies,  lying  to  the 
S.  of  Borneo,  and  separated  at  its  W.  end  from 
Sumatra,  by  the  strait  of  Sunda.  It  is  some- 
times called  Great  Java,  to  distinguish  it  from 
Bali,  by  some  named  Little  Java  ;  and  is  640  m. 
in  length,  and  of  various  breadth,  extending 
from  105.  to  116.  E.  long.,  and  6.  to  9.  S.  lat. 
The  land  is  low,  and  in  some  places  marshy, 
near  the  shore,  which  renders  the  air  unhealthy  ; 
but  it  rises  in  a  gradual  slope  towards  the  inte- 
rior of  the  country,  admitting  in  its  ascent  eve- 
ry variety  of  situation  and  verdure.  Rice  is  the 
staple  production  of  the  island,  and  is  exported 
in  considerable  quantity.  Sugar,  pepper,  cotton, 
and  coffee,  are  produced  in  abundance.  Indigo, 
of  a  very  superior  quality,  is  also  cultivated  ; 
and  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  Bengal  grain,  thrive 
well,  and  might  be  produced  in  great  abundance, 
if  due  attention  were  bestowed  on  their  culture. 
The  N.  coast  has  a  great  many  commodious 
creeks,  bays,  harbours,  and  towns,  with  many  little 
islands  near  the  shore.  The  inhabitants  are 
chiefly  Javanese  ;  next  to  these  are  the  Malays  ; 
and  in  the  sea-ports  a  considerable  number  of 
Chinese  are  settled.  The  Javanese  inhabit  all 
the  interior  parts  of  the  island,  and  are  in  gener- 
al the  cultivstors  of  the  soil.  They  are  de- 
scribed as  a  barbarous,  proud  and  fierce  people,  of 
a  brown  complexion,  short,  coal-black  hair,  large 
cheeks,  small  eyes,  and  large  eyebrows.  The 
men  are  very  robust  and  strong  limbed  ;  the  women 
are  small,  but  of  pleasing  countenance,  and  in 
some  districts  they  are  really  beautiful.  Tlie  men 
wear  a  piece  of  calico,  which  is  the  principal 
manufacture  of  the  island,  wrapt  two  or  three 
times  round  their  middle  ;  and  the  women  wear 
them  from  their  arirpits  down  to  tiieir  knees  ; 
but  all  other  parts  are  bare.  The  men  have  two 
or  three  wives,  and  several  concubines,  according 
to  their  circumstances.  The  Javanese  appear, 
from  remains  of  temples  and  inscriptions,  to  be 
of  Hindoo  descent,  and  their  language  is  quite 
distinct  from  that  of  the  Malays  :  but  the  pro- 
fessed religion  of  both  is  Mahomedism.  The 
Malays  principally  inhabit  along  the  coast.  They 
are  not  so  well  featured  as  the  Javanese  ;  but 
the  men  are  often  very  muscular  and  well  made. 
They  are  generally  indolent,  but  at  the  same  time 
restless,  vindictive,  and  treacherous.  The  Chi- 
nese are  distinguished  by  their  habits  of  indus- 
try, and  generally  by  their  wealth.  Many  of 
them  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  with  their  na- 
tive country,  and  the  several  islands  of  the  eas- 
tern archipelago.  They  intermarry  with  the  Ja- 
vanese and  Malays,  and  purchase  female  slaves 
for  wives  and  concubines.  This  island  has  very 
high  mountains,  particularly  the  Pepper  Moun- 
tain on  the  S.  side;  it  has,  likewise,  impassable  for- 
ests and  wildernesses  ;  but  to  the  N.,  between 
Bataviaand  Bantam,  is  a  very  populous  country, 
full  of  rice  fields,  and  plenty  of  salt  and  pepjjer,  be- 
sides most  sorts  of  fruits  proper  to  the  climate. 
Here  are  also  plenty  of  hogs,  beeves,  and  sheep, 
with  other  tame  animals  ;  and  likewise  fowl,  wild 
and   tame,  in  grreat  abundance.     In  the  woods  at) 


JEA 


40S 


JEF 


•aTffe  tigers,  rhinoceroses,  and  other  wild  beasts  ; 
and  in  the  rivers  are  crocodiles.  The  Babiroussa 
is  a  sort  of  hog,  yet  instead  of  bristles  he  is  cov- 
ered with  a  soft  short  hair  like  wool.  Herds  of 
them  are  found  together  and  are  easily  discover- 


ed in  consequence  of  their  strong  odour.  Their 
enormous  tusks  are  of  a  beautiful  ivory,  smoother 
and  finer  than  that  of  the  elephant.  The  serene 
season  is  from  May  till  November ;  and  then  the 
rains  begin,  which  lay  the  low  grounds  under 
water,  kill  the  insects,  and  continue  till  Ma:rch, 
when  they  commence  sowing,  and  in  July  the 
sugar  and  rice  begin  to  ripen  ;  but  September 
and  October  are  the  best  months  for  all  sorts  of 
fruits,  ^va  has  a  river  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains, ;uM,  dividing  itself  into  many  branches, 
waters  the  circumjacent  country  :  these  after- 
wards reunite,  and  pass  through  -Batavia,  divid- 
ing it  into  two  parts.  For  more  than  a  century 
Java  was  under  the  dominion  of  the  Dutch.  In 
1811  it  was  captured  by  the  British,  under  Sir 
Samuel  Auchmuty,  and  many  important  im- 
provements were  adopted  in  its  internal  admin- 
istration. Government  also  did  much  to  pro- 
mote agricultural  improvements,  and  the  country 
prospered  and  enjoyed  tranquillity.  Since  it  has 
been  restored  to  the  Dutch.  They  appear ,however, 
ti  have  reverted  to  their  former  wretclied  system, 
as  they  have  been  engaged  in  quelling  insurrec- 
tions, which  there  is  little  doubt  were  provoked 
by  their  arbitrary  and  vexatious  exactions.  Bata- 
via is  the  capital. 

JdTt,  one  of  the  four  circles  or  departments  of 
Wurtemberg,  deriving  its  name  from  the  river 
Jaxt,  having  Baden  on  the  W.and  Bavaria  on  the 
E.  It  conjprisesa  superficial  area  of  above  14,00 
square  m.,  with  a  pop.  of  260,000  :  the  name  was 
formerly  given  to  a  province  not  half  the  extent. 

Jaxt,  a  river  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg  which 
rises  in  the  county  of  Oettingen,  and,  after  flow- 
'ng  through  the  principality  of  Elwangen,  falls 
into  the  i^eckar  opposite  to  Wimpfen,  in  Hesse - 
Darmstadt. 

Jaxtbe.rg,  a  small  town  of  Wurtemberg,  on  the 
river  Jaxt,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Mergentheim. 

Jay,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  20  m.  N.  E.  Paris. 
Pop.  ]  ,276.  Also  a  township  in  Orleans  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  196.  Also  a  town  in  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
Saratoga  river.     Pop.  ]  ,279. 

Jean,  St ,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Moselle,  seated  on  the  Sarre,  12  m.  W.  of  Deux 
Fonts. 

Jean  d'  Angely,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  famous  for  its  brandy. 
It  was  taken  from  the  Huguenots,  in  1621,  by 
Louis  Xin.,  who  demolished  the  fortifications. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Bontonne,  17  m.  N.  E.  of 
Saintes,  and  37  S.  E.  of  Rochelle. 

Jean  de  Losne,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Cote  d'  Or,  celebrated  for  the  bravery  of 
its  inhabitants,  in  opposing  the  imperial  count 
Gallas,  at  the  head  of  a  numerous  army,  in  1635. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Saone,  15  m.  S.  S.  E  of  Dijon 


Jean  de  Luz,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  depjirtment 
of  Lower  Pyrenees,  the  last  next  Spain  with  a 
harbour.  It  owes  its  opulence  to  the  cod  and 
whale  fishery,  and  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  near 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Bayonne. 
Long.  1.  40.  W.,  lat.  43.  25.  N. 

Jean  de  Maurienne,  St.,  a.  town  of  Savoy,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Maurienne,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  seated  on  the  river  Arc,  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Grenoble.     Long.  6.  20.  E.,  lat.  45.  17.  N. 

Jean  de  Pied  de  Port,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  defended  by  a  cita- 
del, upon  an  eminence,  at  the  entrance  of  those 
passages,  or  defiles,  in  the  Pyrenees,  which,  in 
this  country,  are  called  Ports.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Nive,"20  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bayonne,  and  30  N. 
E.  of  Pampeluna. 

Jed,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburghshire 
which  rises  on  the  borders  of  England,  and  joins 
the  Teviot,  a  little  below  Jedburg.  On  its  banks 
are  several  large  caverns,  which  were  the  hiding 
places  of  ancient  border-warriors. 

Jedburgh  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Rox- 
burghshire. Here  is  the  ruin  of  a  fine  abbey,  part 
of  which  has  been  made  the  parish  church.  A 
variety  of  woolen  manufactures  are  carried  on 
here,  and  the  vicinity  is  notea  for  its  orchards.  It 
is  situated  on  the  Jed.  near  its  conflux  with  the 
Teviot,  42  m.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Jedo,  or  Jcddo,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Ja- 
pan, situate  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  Niphon,  the 
largest  of  the  Japanese  Islands.  The  city  has 
neither  walls  nor  ramparts,  is  9  m.  in  length,  and 
6  in  breadth,  and  contains  1,000,000  inhabitants. 
The  houses  are  built  of  earth,  and  boarded  on  the 
out  side,  to  prevent  the  rains  from  destroying  the 
walls.  In  every  street  is  an  iron  gate,  which  is 
shut  up  in  the  night  and  a  kind  of  custom-house, 
or  magazine,  for  merchandize.  The  imperial  pal- 
ace is  surrounded  by  walls  and  ditches,  with 
drawbridges,  forming  of  itself  a  considerable 
town,  in  the  middle  of  the  city.  Where  the  em- 
peror resides  are  three  towers,  nine  stories  high, 
each  covered  with  plates  of  gold ;  and  the  hall  of 
audience  is  supported  by  pillars  of  massy  gold. 
Near  the  palace  are  several  others,  where  the  re- 
lations of  the  emperor  live.  The  empress  has  a 
palace  of  her  own,  and  there  are  twenty  small 
ones  for  the  concubines.  Besides  which,  all  the 
princes  of  the  empire,  who  are  obliged  to  make  it 
their  residence  during  half  the  year,  have  each  a 
palace  in  the  city,  with  a  handsome  garden.  The 
houses  of  the  common  class  are  nothing  but  ground 
floor,  the  rooms  parted  by  folding  screens,  so  that 
they  can  be  made  larger  or  smaller  at  pleasure. 
Jedo  is  seated  in  a  plain  at  the  head  of  a  fine  bay, 
and  a  river,  which  passes  through  it  supplies  sev- 
eral canals.     Long.  139.  30.  E.,  lat.  36.  10.  N. 

Jefferson,  a  county  of  NewYork  lying  on  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  Pop.  48,515. 
Watertown  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  W. 
District  of  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  2,225.  Brookvilla 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  W.  District  of 
Virginia.  Pop.  12,927.  Charleston  is  the  capital. 
A  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  7,309.  Louisville  is 
the  capital.  A  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  6,855. 
Elyton  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Mississippi. 
Pop.  9,755.  Fayette  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  the  E.  District  of  Tennessee.  Pop.  11,799. 
Dandridge  is  the  capital.  A  parish  of  Louisiana, 
Pop.  6,846.  Coquille  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  Kentucky.  Pop.  24,002.  Louisville  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  22,489.  Steu- 
benville  is  the  capital.    A  county    of  Indiana. 


JER 


409 


JER 


Pop.  11 ,465.  Madison  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Il- 
linois. Pop.  2,555.  Mount  Vernon  istiie  capital. 
A  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  2,586.  Herculaneum 
is  the  capital.  A  count}'  of  Florida.  Pop.  3,312. 
Monticello  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Arkansas. 
Pop.  772. 

Jeferson,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,074.  p.t. 
Coos  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  49».  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N. 
;  Y.  Pop.  1,743.  Also  towns  and  villages  in  Morris 
Co.  N.  J.,  Greene  Co.  Pa.,  Powhatan  Co.  Va., 
Ashe  Co.  N.  C,  Camden  and  Jackson  Cos.  Geo., 
Rutherford  Co.  Ten.,  Pike  and  Cole  Cos. 
Missouri,   and  13  towns  in  Ohio. 

Jeffersonton,  p. v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va. 

Jeffersontown,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Ken. 

Jefersonville,  p.t.  Clarke  Co.  Indiana,  nearly  op- 
posite Louisville,  Ken 

Jegni-kevi,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nato- 
lia,  ai  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Degnizlu. 

Jeunipanrtola,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Bulgaria,  70  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Distra. 

Jehud,  or  Joud,  mountains  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Hindoostan,  extending  eastward  from  Attock 
to  Behnbur.  They  are  part  of  the  territory  of 
the  mountaineers  called  Gickers,  Gehkers,or  Ka- 
kares . 

Jekyl,  a  small  island  of  N.  America,  on  the 
coast  of  Georgia,  S.  of  the  island  of  St.  Simon. 

Jellasore,  a  town  of  Bengal  seated  on  the  Su- 
baureeka,  50  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Midnapour. 

Jellinghy,  a  town  of  Bengal,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Ganges,  where  a  branch,  called  the  Jelling- 
hy  River,  separates  from  the  main  stream.  25  m. 
E.  by  S.  of  Moorshedabad. 

Jemappee,  See  Gemappes, 

Jemarroio,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  Gambia,  about  120  m.  from  the  sea  The 
inhabitants  are  chiefly  Mahomedans. 

Jena,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar,  with  a  castle  and  a  cele- 
brated university.  Near  this  place  in  1806,  there 
was  a  general  action  between  the  French  and 
Prussians,  in  which  the  latter  were  defeated  with 
immense  loss.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saale,  10  m.  S. 
S   E.  of  Weimar.     Long.  11.  34.  E.,  lat.  50.  55.  N. 

Jenisa.    See  Yenisei. 

Jeniskoi.     See  Yeniseisk. 

Jenitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principality, 
of  Anhalt-Dessau,  situate  on  the  Muldau,  2  m.  N. 
E.  of  Dessau. 

Jenitza,  a  town  of'  European  Turkey,  in  Mace- 
donia, situate  on  a  lake  which  communicates  with 
the  gulf  of  Salonichi,  by  a  canal  12  m.  long.  It  is 
24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Salonichi. 

Jenkinton,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Jenner,  a  township  of  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Jennersville,  p. v.  Chester  Co.  Pa 

Jennings,  a  county  of  Indiana  Pop.  3,950. 
Vernon  is  the  capital. 

Jeremie,  a  town  and  cape  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
southern  peninsula  of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo. 
Tho  town  is  situate  on  an  eminence,  in  a  fertile 
soil,  particularly  excellent  for  the  culture  of  cof- 
fee, 5  m.  W.  of  St.  Domingo.  Long.  73.  14.  W. 
lat.  18.42.  N. 

Jericho,  a  town  of  Syria,  in  Palestine,  once  a  fa- 
mous city.  It  is  now  called  Herubi  by  the  Arabs, 
and  contains  only  a  few  wretched  huts,  where 
some  beggarly  Arabs  reside.  It  is  5  m.  W.  of  the 
river  Jordan  and  20    E.  by  N.  of  Jerusalem. 

Jericho,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Magdeburg,  situate  on  the  Elbe,  32  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Magdeburg. 

Jericho,  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  on  Onion  Riv- 
52 


er,  12   m.    S.  Burlington.      Pop.  1,654.     Also  a 
p.v.   Queens  Co.   N.  Y. 

Jermah,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan,  dis- 
tinguished by  the  numerous  herds  of  sheep  antl 
goats  that  feed  around  it,  and  by  many  majestic 
ruins,  that  exhibit  to  the  inhabitants  of  its  clay- 
built  cottages  vestiges  oi  greatness  to  which  they 
are  perfectly  indifferent.  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Mour- 
zouk. 

Jeromestoicn,  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Ohio.  92  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus. 

Jersey,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,391. 
Also  a  township  in  Licking  Co.  Ohio. 

Jersey  City,  a  village  at  Paulus's  Hook,  Bergen 
Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  New  York. 

Jerseytotcn,  p.v.  Columbia  Co.  Pa. 

Jersey,  JS'ew.     See  JYeto  Jersey. 

Jersey,  an  island  in  the  English  Channel,  18  m 
from  the  coast  of  Nounar.dy  in  France,  and  84  S 
of  Portland  in  Dorsetshire.  It  is  subject  to  the 
English,  but  is  still  governed  by  the  ancient  Nor- 
man laws.  It  is  30  m  in  circumference  and  dfTi- 
cull  of  access,  on  account  of  rocks,  sands,  and  the 
forts  erected  for  its  defence.  It  produces  excel- 
lent butter  and  honey,  and  the  S.  part  of  the  isl- 
and is  nearly  covered  with  apple  trees  for  cider. 
The  commerce  of  Jersey  extends  to  almost  every 
European  nation  and  also  to  America.  It  exports  to 
Enorland  great  quantities  of  cider;  also  fruits,  pota- 
toes and  cattle  ;  and  in  return  imports  corn,  flour, 
seeds,  coals,  cloth,  linen,  glass,  &c.  A  number  of 
ships  are  engaged  in  the  Newfoundland  fishery.  In 
1812,  59  vessels,  altogether  of  6000  tons  burden,and 
navigated  by  550  seamen,  belonged  to  the  island. 

Jerusalem,  an  ancient  and  famous  town  of  Asia, 
formerly  capital  of  Judea.  It  was  taken  by  Neb- 
uchadnezzar in  the  11th  year  of  Zedekiah,  when 
the  Jews  were  led  captive  to  Babylon.  It  was  af 
terwards  taken  by  the  Romans,  and  destroyed, 
together  with  the  temple,  70  years  after  the  birth 
of  Christ,  after  sustaining  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able sieges  in  history.  The  emperor  Adrian  built 
a  new  city  near  its  ruins.  It  was  taken  by  the 
Persians  in  614,  and  by  the  Saracens  in  636.  In 
1099  it  was  retaken  by  the  Crusaders,  who  found- 
ed a  new  kingdom,  which  lasted  88  years,  under 
9  kings.  Saladin,  king  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  obtain- 
ed possession  of  it  in  1187.  The  Turks  who  drove 
away  the  Saracens  in  1217,  have  retained  it  ever 
since,  and  call  it  El  Kods,  that  is,  the  H0I3'  City.  It 
is  now  inhabited  by  Turks,  Arabs,  Jews  and  Chris- 
tians. It  stands  on  a  high  rock  with  steep  ascents 
on  every  side  except  to  the  N.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded with  valleys  encompassed  with  moun 
tains,  so  that  it  seems  to  stand  in  the  middle  of 
an  amphitheatre.  The  principal  object  of  vene- 
ration is  the  church  of  the  holy  sepulchre,  a  very 
handsome  building,  3,000  feet  long  and  nearly 
200  broad.  It  is  supposed  to  comprehend  within 
these  limits  the  scene  of  all  the  great  events  of  the 
crucifixion,  entombment,  and  resurrection  of 
Christ.  The  chapel  is  cut  out  of  the  rock,  and 
lamps  are  kept  constantly  burning  in  it.  The 
whole  is  covered  with  white  marble,  both  within 
and  without ;  and  on  the  outside  there  are  10  fine 
columns  of  the  same.  It  is  covered  with  a  plat- 
form, the  middle  of  which  fbrms  a  small  dome  six 
feet  in  height,  covered  with  lead,  and  supported 
by  12  columns  of  porphyry,  placed  by  pairs  on  the 
platform,  and  forming  6  arches,  which  have  3 
lamps  under  each.  Before  the  gate  of  the  sepul- 
chre is  a  silver  lamp,  so  large  that  2  men  cannot 
fathom  it.  On  Good  Friday,  all  the  parts  of  our 
Saviour's  passion  are  solemnized  in  this  church 
2M 


^m 


JBfV 


410 


JOH 


Pilgrirns  flock  hither  from  various  parts,  and  the 
inhabitants  accomodate  them  with  lodging  and 
provisions,  which  is  their  chief  business,  and  a 
bashaw,  with  a  guard  of  janissaries,  always  re- 
sides here  to  protect  them  from  the  insults  of 
the  Arabs.  The  manufactures  of  Jerusalem 
are  almost  confined  to  one  branch,  that  of  beads, 
crosses,  shells,  and  other  objects  supposed  to  de- 
rive their  sanctity  from  their  local  origin.  These 
articles  receive  a  species  of  benediction  in  the 
church  of  the  sepulchre ;  and  they  are  bought 
even  by  those  who  are  most  sensible  of  their  in- 
significance, aa  they  form  acceptable  presents  to 
all  the  inhabitants  of  Greek  and  Catholic  coun- 
tries. Jerusalem  is  politically  included  in  the  oa- 
chalic  of  Damascus  ;  but  the  surrounding  terri- 
tory forms  a  kind  of  independent  district.  112  m. 
S.  W.  of  Damascus,  45  from  the  Mediterranean. 
Long.  35.  20.  E.,  lat.  31.  47.  N. 

JerwsaZem,  p. V.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  Also  a  vil- 
lage in  Queens  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Island.  Also 
a  village  of  Southampton  Co.  Va. 

Jesl,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  states  of  the  church, 
seated  on  the  river  Esino,  10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  An- 
Gona. 

Jessamine,  a  county  of  Kentucky,  on  Kentucky 
river.     Pop.  9,961.  Nicholasville  is  the  capital. 

Jesselmere,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Agimere, 
governed  by  an  independent  chief.  70  m.  W.  by 
N.  of  Bickaneer. 

Jesso,  a  large  island,  lying  between  those  of  Ni- 
phon  and  Saghalien.  It  is  150  m.  in  length,  and 
from  80  to  220  in  breadth  :  the  narrow  part  is  in 
the  S.,  towards  Niphon.  It  is  full  of  woods  ;  and 
the  natives,  who  live  by  fishing  and  hunting,  are 
strong,  robust,  savage,  and  slovenly,  when  com- 
pared to  the  Japanese.  Here  are  some  Japanese 
colonies,  and  the  island  is  generally  deemed  sub- 
ject to  Japan  ;  but  it  may  be  rather  considered  as 
a  foreign  conquest  than  as  a  part  of  the  civilized 
empire.  Matsmai  is  the  capital.  The  S.  point  is 
in  long.  142.  30.  W.,  lat.  40.  50.  N. 

Jessorc,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  capi- 
t.al  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Boirub,  and  on  the  high  road  from 
Calcutta  to  Dacca.  It  was  at  this  spot  that  the 
pestilential  cholera  broke  out  in  1817,  which  from 
that  time  till  1832  ravaged  a  great  part  of  Europe 
and  nearly  the  whole  of  Asia. 

Jercr,  a  small  district  of  Germany,  situated 
between  East  Friesland  and  the  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg. Though  surrounded  by  Westphalia,  it 
was  never  included  in  any  circle  of  the  empire. 
It  was  ceded  to  Oldenburg  in  1814. 

Jcver,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Oldenburg,  34  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Oldenburg. 

Jidda,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia  Felix,  on  the  Red 
Sea,  in  a  barren,  sandy  district,  destitute  of  fresh 
water.  A  very  considerable  trade  is  carried  on 
!>ere,  this  city  being  a  mart  between  Egypt  and 
India.  The  ships  from  Suez  seldom  proceed 
further  than  this  port,  and  those,  from  India  are 
not  suffered  to  advance  to  Suez.  The  English 
ire  permitted  to  trade  here  ;  but,  in  consequence 
of  the  numerous  exactions  to  which  they  aresub- 
[ected,  the  trade  has  greatly  declined.  By  the 
treaty  with  the  Porte  the  duty  is  5  per  cent.,  but 
under  various  pretences  it  is  raised  to  12.  34  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Mecca,  of  which  it  is  the  port. 
Long  39.  15.  E.,  lat.  2L  29.  N. 

Jinbala,  a  town  of  Negroland,  capital  of  an  is- 
'md  so  called,  which  is  formed  by  two  branches 
»f  the  Niger  that  separate  at  leaving  the  lake  Dib- 


ble, and  unite  again  about  15  m.  from  Tombuctoo 
The  town  is  a  resting  place  for  traders  between 
Tombuctoo  and  the  western  parts  of  the  country 
It  stands  on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Niger,  80  m 
S.  W.  of  Tombuctoo.      Long.  0.  lO.'fc.,  lat.  at,. 

4,  N. 

Jionpour,a.  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  cir- 
car  of  the  same  name,  in  Allahabad.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Goomty  ;  and  not  far  from  the  conflux  of 
that  river  with  the  Ganges  is  the  fort  of  Jionpour, 
on  a  high  bank  commanding  the  bridge  over  the 
Goomty.  This  place  was  at  one  time  the  seat  of 
an  empire  ;  and  sultan  Shirk!  built  the  great  mus- 
jud,  or  mausolc-um,  which  is  still  remaining.  Tiie 
stone  bridge  over  the  Goomty  consists  of  sixteen 
pointed  arches  ;  and  on  the  top  of  it  are  many  lit- 
tle shops  on  both  sides.  It  was  built  in  1567,  anc* 
has  hitherto  withstood  the  force  of  the  stream, 
which,  in  the  time  of  the  rains,  frequently  flows 
over  the  bridge ;  and  in  1774  a  brigade  of  the 
British  army  passed  over  it  in  boats.  Jionpour  ia 
48  m.  N.  W.  of  Benares.  Long.  82.  55.  E.,  lat 
25.  45.  N. 

Joachim,  a  village  in  Jefferson  Co.  Missouri. 

Joachim^thal,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Saatz,  noted  for  its  mines  and  a  manufacture  of 
lace.     15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Elnbogen. 

Joachimsthal,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the 
Ucker  mark,  36  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Joanna.     See  Hinzuan. 

Joannina,  or  Janina,  or  Janina,  a  city  of  Euro- 
pean Turkey,  and  the  capital  of  Albania,  stand? 
upon  the  banks  of  a  lake,  the  ancient  Acherusia, 
the  waters  of  which  are  discharged  into  a  subter- 
ranean abyss.  The  town  is  2  m.  in  length  and 
half  a  m.  in  breadth  and  contains  a  pop.  of  40,000 
engaged  in  the  exportation  of  oil,  wool,  corn, 
tobacco,  and  the  importation  of  manufactured 
goods.  This  place  was  the  capital  of  the  celebrated 
Ali  Pacha,  and  was  visited  by  Lord  Byron  in  bis 
early  travels  in  the  East. 

Jobstown,  p  V.  Burlington  Co.  N.  Y. 
Jozktrrim.,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  province   of  the 
Rhine,  situate  on  an  eminence,  near  the  Rhine, 
9  m.  S.  E.  of  Landau. 

Johan-georgen-sladI ,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the 
circle  of  Erzgebirge,  celebrated  for  its  mines, 
and  for  a  considerable  manufacture  of  lace.  13 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Zwickau. 

Johannesburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Nassau,  celebrated  for  the  vineyards  in 
its  environs,  which  were  bestowed  by  the  emperor 
on  prince  Metternich  in  1316.  It  has  a  citadel, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Pych,  near  the  lake 
Spirding,  95  miles  S.  E.  of  Konigsberg,  and  13 
W.  of  Mentz.  Long.  22.  39.  E,,  lat.  53.  16.  N. 

John,  a  township  of  Franklin  Co.  Missouri. 

Johnsburg,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  985. 

John,  St.,  one  of  the  Philipoine  islands,  E.  <.'/ 
Mindanao.     Long.  126.  32.  E.,  lat.  9.  30.  N. 

John,  St.,  a  small  island  in  the  W.  Indies,  N. 
of  St.  Croix,  belonging  to  the  Danes.  It  has  3 
town  and  spacious  harbour. 

John,  St.,  or  Prince  Edward,  an  island  in  tht 

5.  part  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  having  New 
Brunswick  on  the  W.,  Nova  Scotia  on  the  S. 
and  Cape  Breton  on  the  E.  It  is  60  miles  long 
and  30  broad,  and  fertile,  with  several  streams 
In  1745  it  surrendered,  with  Cape  Breton,  to  the 
English.     The  capital  is  Charlotte  Town. 

John,  St.,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  the  district  of  Maine,  flows  N.  E.  into  New 
Brunswick,  where  it  soon  takes  a  S.  S.  E.  course, 
and  enters  the  bay  of  Fundy,  at  the  city  of  S' 


JON 


411 


JUA 


John.  It  IS  navigable  60  m.  for  sloops  of  50 
tons,  and  about  200  for  boats  ;  and  affords  a  com- 
mon and  near  route  from  the  province  of  New 
;jj^.  Brunswick  to  Quebec. 

John,  St.,  a  city  of  New  Brunswick,  situate  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  St  John,  in  the  bay  of 
Fundy.  It  stands  in  a  high  situation  and  is  regu- 
-  )arly  built.  The  harbour  is  open  throughout  the 
year  and  the  city  carries  on  an  extensive  com- 
merce.    Long.  (x>.  15.  W.,  lat.  45.  12.  N. 

John,  St.,  the  chief  town  of  Newfoundland,  sit- 
uate on  the  E.  side  of  the  island.  It  has  a  good 
harbour,  entirely  land-locked,  and  defended  by 
several  forts,  in  one  of  which  the  governor  of  the 
island  resides.  This  town  suffered  very  severely 
by  repeated  fires  during  the  years  1816,  ltJ17,  and 
1818.     Long.  52.  26.  W.,  lat.  47.  32.  N. 

Jokn,  St.,  the  capital  of  Antigua.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  regular  towns  in  the  VV.  Indies,  and  has 
the  most  commodious  harbour  in  the  Leeward  isl- 
ands.    Long.  62.  4.  VV.,  lat.  17.  4.  N. 

John,  St.,  a  town  and  fort  of  Lower  Canada, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  Chambly  or  Richelieu  River,  at 
the  N.  end  of  Lake  Charaplain.  In  17iKi  it  was 
made  the  sole  port  of  entry  and  clearance  for  all 

foods  imported  from  the  U.  States  into  Canada, 
t  is  20  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Montreal,  and  110  N.  by  E. 
of  Crown  Point.  Long.  73.  20.  VV.,  lat.  45. 25.  N. 
e      John  d'  Acre,  St.     See  Acre. 

Johnshaven,  a.  village  of  Scotland,  in  Kincard- 
•  ineshire,  with  a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  4  m.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Bervie.  It  was  formerly  a  great  fishing 
town,  but  is  now  more  noted  for  an  extensive  man- 
ufacture of  canvas. 

Johnson,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  on  Lamoil  river. 
Pop.  1,070. 

Johnson,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  1,596. 
Vienna  is  the  capital. 

Johnsonburg,  p. v.  Warren  Co.  N.  J.  74  m.  N. 
Trenton. 

Johnston,  a  county  of  North  Carolina.  Pop. 
10,938.     Smithfield  is  the  capital. 

Johnston,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  1. 5  m.  N.  Prov- 
idence. Pop.  2,1)4.  Also  a  township  of  Trum- 
bull Co.  Ohio.     Pop.  400. 

Johnstown,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.Y.  25  m.  N. 
W.  Schenectady.  Pop.  7,700.  Also  a  p.v.  Cam- 
bria Co.  Pa.  and  a  p.t.  Licking  Co.  Ohio. 

Johnstown,  a  town  of  Upper  Canada,  extending 
nearly  a  m.  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  50 
m.  N.  E.  of  Kingston,  and  100  S.  W.  of  Mon- 
treal.    Long.  75.  10.  W.,  lat.  44.  42.  N. 

Johnstown,  St.,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Donegal,  on  the  river  Foyle,  5  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of 'Londonderry. 

Johor,  or  Jor,  a  town  of  the  peninsula  of  Ma- 
laya, destroyed  by  the  Portuguese  in  1603,  but 
subsequently  rebuilt ;  it  is  seated  near  the  S.  coast, 
150  m.  S.  £.  of  Malacca.  Long.  103.  30.  E.,  lat. 
1.35.  N. 

Joigny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne,  surrounded  by  thick  walls,  and  seated  near 
the  Yonne,  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Sens. 

Joinville,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Marne,  situate  on  the  Marne, 
25  m.  S.  W.of  Bar-le-Duc,and  125  S.  E.  of  Paris. 
Long.  5.  20.  E.,  lat.  43.  20.  N. 

Jotucar,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  7  m.  N. 
E.  ofMotril. 

Jonasville,  a  village  of  Alleghany  Co.  Maryland. 

Jones,  a  county  of  North  Carolina.  Pop.  5,628. 
Trenton  is  the  capital.  Also  a  county  of  Georgia. 
Pop.  13,342.     Clinton  is  the  capital. 

Jonesborough,  a  town  of  Tennessee,  capital  of 


the  county  of  Washington,  seated  near  the  foot  of 
the  Iron  mountains,  »6  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Knoxville. 
Long.  ft2.  40.  W.,  lat.  36.  8.  N. 

Junesborough,  a  village  in  Jefferson  Co.  Alab. 

Joncsburg,  p.v.  Camden  Co.  N.  C.  and  Union 
Co.  Illinois. 

Jonkioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smaland,  and 
the  seat  of  justice  for  Gothland.  It  has  a  strong 
citadel,  and  a  manufacture  of  arms.  The  houses 
are  chiefly  of  wood ;  and  on  the  roof  are  spread 
layers  of  birch  bark,  covered  with  turf  or  moss, 
many  of  them  producing  herbage,  and  some  orna- 
mented with  flowers.  It  is  seated  near  the  S.  end 
of  the  lake  Welter,  80  ra.  W.  N.  VV.  of  Calmar. 

Jijodpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  tiie  province  of  Agi- 
mere.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  trade  by  means 
of  caravans  witli  Guzerat  and  tlie  Deccan.  The 
rajah  is  now  one  of  the  British  allies.  It  is  seated 
near  a  branch  of  the  Pudda,  100  m.  W.  S.  VV.  of 
Agunere.     Long.  73.  18.  E.,  lat.  26.  8.  N. 

Juj/pa,  a  village  of  Hartford  Co.  Maryland,  16 
m.  N.  E.  Baltimore. 

Jordan,  a  river  of  Syria,  which  rises  in  Mount 
Libanus,  and  flows  S.  through  the  lake  of  Tiberias, 
to  the  Dead  Sea. 

Jordan,  a  village  of  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y  on  the 
Erie  Canal,    10  m.  N.  Skenealeles. 

Jorjan,  or  Korgan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Astera- 
bad,  bordering  on  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is  60  m. 
E.  by  N.  of  Asterabad,  and  320  W.  of  Mesched. 
Long.  56.  5.  E.,  lat.  15.  56.  N. 

Jorkau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saatz,  celebrated  for  its  breweries.  On  a  moun- 
tain by  the  town  is  the  magnificent  castle  of 
Rothenhaus.     5  m.  N.  of  Commotua. 

Josselin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Morbihan,  25  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Vannes. 

Jouarre,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Marne,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Meaux,  and  35 
E.  of  Paris. 

Joud.     See  Jchut. 

Joue,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre-et- 
Loire,  3  m.  S.  of  Tours. 

Joue  du  Plaid,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Orne,  5  ra.  S.  W.  of  Argentan. 

Jougue,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Doubs,  8 
m.  S.  of  Montarlier,  and  22  E.  S.  E.  of  Salins. 

Jougues,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Mouths 
of  the  Rhone,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Aix. 

Joura,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
10  m.  in  circuit,  and   2  S.  W.  of  Andros. 

Jouy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  3  m.  S.  of  Versailles. 

Jouy  le  Chatel,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Provins. 

Jouy  sur  Morin,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Meaux. 

Jotix  Mount.     See  Jura  Mount. 

Joyeuse,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
deche,  seated  on  the  Beaune,  27  m.  S.  W.  of 
Privas. 

Juan,  St.,  or  Desarmadero,  a  river  of  Mexico, 
which  is  the  outlet  of  the  lake  Nicaragua.  It 
flows,  from  the  S.  E.  corner  of  the  lake,  in  an 
easterly  direction,  between  the  province  of  Nica- 
ragua and  Costa  Rica,  into  the  Carribean  Sea. 

Juan,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Nicaragua,  situate  at  the  head  of  the  river  St. 
Juan,  110  m.  E.  of  Nicaragua.  Long.  84.  45  W. 
lat.  11.  15.  N. 

Juan  de  Fuca,  Strait  of,  a  large  bay  or  gulf  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  W.  coast  of  N.  America. 
The  entrance  is  in  long.  124.  55.  W.,  lat.  48. 25.  N 


JVO 


412 


JCL 


Jttan  de  la  Frontera,  St.,  a  town  of  Chile.  Its 
territory  contains  mines  of  gold,  and  a  kind  of 
almonds  that  are  very  delicate.  It  is  seated  near 
the  lake  Guanacho,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Andes, 
150  m.  N.  of  Mendoza.  Long.  68.  40.  W.,  lat.  31. 
W.  S.  ^ 

Juan  de  Porto  Rico,  St.,  thfe  capital  of  the  isl- 
and of  Porto  Rico,  with  a  good  harbour,  defended 
by  several  forts.  It  is  a  bishop's  see  ;  and  is  well 
built,  and  better  inhabited  than  most  of  the 
Spanish  towns.  It  was  taken  by  sir  Francis 
Drake,  and  afterwards  by  the  earl  of  Cumber- 
land ;  but,  losing  most  of  his  men  by  sickness, 
he  was  obliged  to  abandon  it.  In  ICl.'j  the  Dutch 
took  and  plundered  this  city,  but  could  not  retain 
it.  It  stands  on  a  peninsula,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the 
island.     Long.  (36.  45.  W.,  lat.  1«.  29.  N. 

Juan  dr.  Ulua,  St.,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf 
of  Mexico      See   Vera  Cruz. 

Juan  Fernnndcz,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
36  leaorues  eastward  of  the  island  of  Masafuero, 
and  3bO  W.  of  the  continent  It  is  supposed  to 
have  been  inhabited  by  a  Spaniard,  whose  name 
it  retains  ;  but  it  is  more  remarkable  for  having 
been  the  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch- 
man, whose  life  and  adventures  furnished  De 
Foe  with  the  ground-work  of  that  admirable  no- 
vel, Robinson  Crusoe.  The  island  is  about  40 
m.  in  circumference,  and  at  a  distance  appears 
like  a  naked  rock  ;  but  there  are  intersecting  val- 
leys covered  with  wood,  and  a  great  number  of 
g  )ats  on  the  side  of  every  hill.  In  1766  a  set- 
tlement was  made  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  N. 
and  highest  part  of  this  island,  at  Cumberland 
Bay,  which  is  defended  by  batteries.  The  town  is 
fiituate  in  a  fine  valley,  between  two  high  hills,  and 
every  house  has  a  garden,  with  arbors  shaded  with 
vines.     Long.  78.  52.  W.,  lat.  33.  40.  S. 

Juho,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Ajan, 
with   a  capital  of  the  same    name,  subject  to  the 
Portuguese.     Long.  43.  20.  E.,  lat.  0.  50.  N. 
Jucatan.     See  Yucatan. 

Judenhurg,  a  town  of  Upper  Styria,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  a  handsome  cas- 
tle. The  public  buildings,  with  the  square,  are 
magnificent.  This  town  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1797.  It  suffered  dreadfully  from  fire  in  1807 
and  1818.  It  is  seated  on  the  Muer,  40  m.  W.  of 
Gratz.     Long.  14.  24.  E.,  lat.  47.  10.  iN. 

Judith,  Point,  the  Cape  at  the  entrance  of  Nar- 
raganset  Bay  on  the  West.  Here  is  a  light 
house. 

Judoinne,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  i-n  S. 
Brabant,  near  which  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Geele,  13  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Louvain. 

Jundispore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bahar,  20  m.  from  Patna. 

Juggernaut,  a  place  of  Hindoo  worship,  on  the 
coast  of  Orissa,  district  of  Cuttack^  with  a  pop.  es- 
timated at  30,000.  It  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
places  in  India.  All  the  land  within  20  m  is  consid- 
ered holy  ;  but  the  most  sacred  spot  is  enclosed 
with  a  stone  wall  21  feet  high,  and  forms  nearly  a 
square,  being  656  feet  long  and  026  wide.  Within 
this  area  are  about  50  temples,  dedicated  to  various 
idols;  but  the  most  conspicuous  buildings  consist 
of  one  lofty  stone  lower,  184  feet  high  and  28  1-2 
feet  square  inside,  and  two  adjoining  stone  build- 
ings with  pyramidal  roofs.  The  tower  is  oc- 
cupied by  the  idol  Juggernaut,  his  brother  Bul- 
budra,  and  his  sister  Subudra,  and  the  other 
buildings  are  used  for  purposes  connected  with 
the  worship.     Adjoining  is  also  a  low  building  ou 


pillars  (with  a  fabulous  animal  in  the  centre;' 
which  is  intended  as  an  awning  to  shelter  the 
entrance  from  the  rays  of  the  sun ;  and  after  this 
is  another,  where  the  food  prepared  by  the  pilgrims 
is  dailjr  brought  previous    to  distribution.     The 
temple  of  Juggernaut  was  erected  by  rajah  Anung 
Bheem,    in    A.    D.   1198;  it   was    taken    by   tiie 
British,   together  with  the  town,  in  1803.     The 
roofs  are   ornamented  in   a  singular  style,   with 
representations  of  monsters :    the    walls    of  the 
temples,  which  are  not  visible  beyond  the  enclo- 
sure, are  covered   with  statues  of  stone.      Each 
side  of  the  boundary  wall  has  a  large  gateway  in 
the   centre ;    but  the   grand    entrance  is  in    tha 
eastern   face.     The   idol  Juggernaut  is   made  of 
wood,  and  is  probably  the  coarsest  image  in  tht> 
country,  having  a  frightful  black  visage,  with  a 
distended    mouth.      The    figure  docs  not  extend 
below  the  loins,  and  it  has   no  hands,   but   two 
stumps  in  lieu  of  arms,  on  which  the  priests  oc- 
casionally fasten   hands  of  gold :  a  Ciiristian  is 
almost  led  to  think  that  it  was  an  attempt  to  see 
how  low  idolatry  could  debase  the  human  mind. 
When  two  new  moons  occur  in  Assaur  (part  of 
June  and  July),  which  is  said  to  happen   about 
once   in   17  years,  a  new  idol   is  always  made. 
After  the  wood   is   made  into   a  proper  form   by 
common    carpenters,    it   is    entrusted    to   certain 
priests,    who    are    protected    from   all    intrusion. 
The   process  is  a  great  mystery.      One   man   is 
selected  to  take  out  of  the  old  idol  a  small  box, 
said  to  contain  the  spirit,  which  is  conveyed  in- 
side   the    new ;    and    tlie   man   who  does  this  is 
always  removed  from  the  world  before  the  end  of 
the    year.      On    certain  festivals   the   images  of 
Juggernaut,  Bulbudra,  and  Subudra,  are  superbly 
dressed    and    placed    in   an    immense    moveable 
tower,  which  the  pilgrims  drag  to  a  certain  dis- 
tance, and  then  return  t<'  the  temple.       During 
these  processions  many  of  the  infatuated  devotees 
fall  under  the  wheels  of  the  machine,  and   are 
crushed  to  death.     There  are  two  principal  festi 
vals  (the  Swinging  and  Car  festivals)  and  eleven 
minor  ones  annually.     The  concourse  of  pilgrims 
to  this  shrine  is  immense  ;  and  the  revenue  de- 
rived from  them  by  the  British   government  is 
said  to  exceed  £12,000  per  annum.     A  road  has 
been  recently  completed  from  Calcutta  to  Jug- 
gernaut, great  part  of  the   expense  being  paid  by 
a  rich  Hindoo  (rajah  Sookmoy  Roy)  on  condition 
that  the  road  should  be  named  after  him.     Jug- 
gernaut is  seated  a  few  m.   N.   E.   of  the   Chilka 
Lake,  300  m.  from  Calcutta.     Long.  85.  54.  E., 
lat„  19.  49.  N. 

JuLfar,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of 
Oman,  situate  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  100 
m.  N.  W.  of  Oman.  Long.  56.  14.  E.,  lat.  25. 
55.  N. 

Julien,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  18  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Lons  le  Saulnier. 

Julien  du  Sault,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Yonne,  seated  between  two  moun- 
tains, covered  with  vines,  near  the  river  Yonne, 
6  m.  N.  W.  of  Joigny. 

Juliers,  a  very  fertile  duchy  of  Westphalia, 
now  forming  part  of  the  Prussian  province  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  adjacent  to  the  territories  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  Liege,  and  Cologne.  It  contains 
1,600  square  m.  and  200,000  inhabitants.  Flax  is 
cultivated,  and  made  into  fine  linen,  which  is  sent 
to  Holland,  and  afterwards  sold  as  the  fabric  of 
that  country;  there  are  also  manufactures  of, 
cloth,  ribands,  brass,  iron,  and  wire.  This  duchy 
was  ceded,  in  1648,  to  the  palatine  of  Neuburg 


KAO 


413 


KAF 


m  whose  family  it  continued  cTown  to  the  peace 
of  Luneville,  when  it  was  given  to  France,  but  in 
1815  it  was  transferred  to  Prussia. 

Jtiliatown,  p  v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  Y. 
Tuliers,  a  small  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
the  government  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  formerly 
capital  of  the  preceding  duchy ;  seated  on  the 
Roer,  22  m.  W.  of  Cologne.  Long.  6.  25.  E., 
lat.  50.  55.  N. 

Jtdiusburg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a 
castle,  4  m.  N.  of  Oels. 

JaineUa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Murcia,  22  m.  S.  VV.  of  Murcia. 

Jitiniege,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  with  a  late  celebrated  Benedictine 
abbey  ;  seated  on  the  Seine,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Rouen. 

Jiimmoo,  or  Jumho,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  a  flourishing  district  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  governed  by  an  independent  Hindoo 
chief:  it  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  being 
seated  on  the  banks  of  a  small  river  on  the  high 
road  from  Cashmere,  to  Dehli.  80  m.  N.  E.  of 
Lahore. 

Jumna,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Serinaghur,  flows  S.  E.  by  Dehli 
and  Agra,  and  joins  the  Ganges  at  Allahabad. 

Junagur,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Guzerat,  170  m.  S.  W.  of  Amedabad.  Long.  70. 
33.  E.,  lat  21.  48.  N. 

Juniaia,  r.  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  from 
the  west.  It  rises  by  several  head  streams  in 
Bedford  county,  and  joins  the  Susquehanna  10 
m.  above  Harrisburg.  Its  banks  are  rocky  and 
precipitous,  and  the  scenery  along  its  course  is 
very  picturesque. 

Juniata,  a  township  of  Perry  Co.  Pa.  on  the 
above  river,  20  m.  from  Harrisburg. 

Junius,  p.t.   Seneca  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,581. 

Junien,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  with  manufactures  of 
woolens,  leather,  hats,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the 
nver  Vienne,  20  m.  W.  of  Limoges. 

Junkseilan,  or  Junkseylon,  an  island  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  near  the  S  W.  coast  of  Siam,  about 
(iO  m.  long  and  from  10  to  20  broad.  The  soil  is 
luxuriant,  and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in  ivory 
and  tin.  The  principal  town,  of  the  same  name, 
is  situate  on  the  N.  part  of  the  island,  and  has  a 
harbour  capable  of  receiving  vessels  of  a  moderate 
size.     Long.  98.  0.  E.,  lat.  8.  10.  N. 

Jura,  one  of  the  western  isles  of  Scotland,  N. 
E.  of  the  island  of  Islay,  on  the  coast  of  Argyle- 
shire.  It  is  26  m.  long,  and  7  broad,  and  is  com- 
posed of  huge  naked  rocks,  piled  one  on  another 
m  the  utmost  disorder.  The  mountainous  ridges 
occupy  the  centre  of  the  island,  extending  along 
its  whole  length,  and  terminating  in  four  moun- 
tains, called  the  Paps  of  Jura,  which  areof  acon- 
io  form  and  of  stupendous  height.  The  west  side 
of  the  island  is  uninhabited.  The  whole  of  the 
£.  side  forms  a  pleasing  scene,  and  the  coast  is 
indented  with  bays  and  harbours.  The  only  pro- 
ducts are  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  and  flax.  A  few 
wild  roes  are  still  seen  here. 

Jura,  a  department  of  France,  including  part  of 


the  late  province  of  Franche  Comte.  It  contain* 
mines  of  iron  of  a  superior  quality,  mines  of  cop- 
per and  lead,  and  many  quarries  of  black  marble, 
jasper,  aud  alabaster.  It  takes  its  name  from 
Mount  Jura.     Lons  le  Saulnier  is  the  capital. 

Jura,  Mount,  a  chain  of  mountains  which  be- 
gins in  the  canton  of  Zurich,  in  Switzerland,  ex- 
tends along  the  Rhine  into  the  canton  of  Soleure 
and  the  principality  of  Neufchatel,  branches  out 
toward  the  Pays  de  Vaud,  separates  liiat  country 
from  France,  and  continues  beyond  the  frontiers 
of  the  Genevois  as  far  as  the  Rhone.  In  the 
Pays  de  Vaud  this  chain  forms  many  elevated  al- 
leys ;  particularly  one  on  the  top  of  that  part  call- 
ed Mount  Joux,  which  is  watered  by  two  pictur- 
esque lakes,  the  large^-t  called  Joux,  and  the  oth- 
er Brenet.  These  mountains  have  different 
names  in  different  parts  of  their  course  in  Swi*.z- 
«rland. 

Jussey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Upper  Saone,  situate  on  the  Amance,  17  m.  N. 
W.  of  Vesoul 

Jussy,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Yonne,  5  m.  S.  of  Auxerre. 

Justin,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
ofLandes,27  m.  W.  of  Condom. 

Juterhock,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  provii.ce 
of  Brandenijurg,  where  in  1813  a  battle  was  fought 
between  the  French  and  the  allies.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Rohrbach,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Wittenberg. 

Juthia.     See  Siam. 

Jutland,  a  province  of  Denmark,  bounded  on 
all  sides  by  the  sea,  except  towards  the  S.,  where 
its  boundary  is  the  duchy  of  Sleswick.  The  name 
Jutland,  was  formerly  applied  to  the  whole  penin- 
sula forming  the  mainland  of  the  Danish  domin- 
ions, but  it  is  now  confined  to  the  northern  part 
of  the  peninsula,  extending  from  55.  to  58.  N.  lat. 
It  is  Kbout  180  m.  in  length,  and  from  70  to  90  in 
breadth  ;  and  is  divided  into  four  dioceses  or  dis- 
tricts, each  of  which  has  a  bishop  and  governor. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Lutheran.  The 
country  i»  generally  low,  and,  except  the  rocks 
on  the  E.  coast,  presents  little  picturesque  scene- 
ry. In  the  E.  are  fine  woods  of  oak,  beech,  fir, 
<fec.  The  middle  part  consists  of  heaths  and 
moors,  with  some  arable  land  :  it  affords  good 
pasture  for  oxen,  sheep,  and  goats.  The  other 
parts  are  fertile,  and  yield  large  crops  of  grain 
(principally  rye,)  which  together  with  horses  and 
beavers,  are  annually  exported  to  Sweden,  Nor- 
way, and  Holland.  The  air  is  cold,  especially  to 
wards  the  North  Sea,  but  the  inhabitants  are  vig 
orous  and  robust.  It  is  the  only  province  of  Den- 
mark which  contains  useful  minerals  ;  and  even 
here  they  are  confined  to  iron,  limestone,  and 
marble. 

Jyenagur,  or  Jyepour,  a  fortified  town  of  Hin- 
doostan, capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  province  of  Agimere.  It  is  a  place  of 
great  wealth,  being  the  staple  for  goods  that  are 
brought  from  the  neighbouring  provinces  ;  and 
is  reckoned  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  reg- 
ular towns  of  Hindoostan.  120  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Agra.     Long.  75.  40.  E.,  lat.  26.56.  N. 


K 


KADHEMA,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia,  in  the  prov-    bay  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  170  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lach 
Tince  of  Bahrein.     The  inhabitants  are  chiefly     sa.     Long.  47.  36.  E..  lat.  28  40.  N 
employed  in  the  pearl  fishery.    It  is  seated  on  a        Kafraria.    See  Caff)  aria. 

2m  :) 


RAL 


414 


KAM 


Kahia,  a  town  of  Grermany,  in  Altenburg,  seat- 
ed on  the  Saale,  8  m.  S.  of  Jena. 

Knhlenberg,  a  mountain  of  Austria,  extending 
along  the  Danube  to  the  W.  of  Vienna,  and  form- 
ing the  commencement  of  the  Kahlengebirge 
range,  which  is  a  branch  of  the  Noric  Alps. 

Kahone,  a  town  of  Western  Africa,  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Bur-Salum.  It  is  seated  on  a 
small  river  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic. 

Kuia,  a  small  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  near 
Lutzen,  celebrated  as  the  scene  of  much  fighting 
un  2nd  of  May,  1813,  between  the  French  and  the 
allied  Russian  and  Prussian  army. 

Kain.     See  Kin. 

Kairwan.     See  Cairoan. 

Kaisarieh,  or  Kaisarijah,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor, 
the  ancient  capital  of  Cappadocia,  then  called  Ce- 
sarea.  It  is  surrounded  with  walls,  5  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, and  defended  by  a  castle.  The  in- 
habitants, estimated  at  25,000,  carry  on  an  exten- 
sive trade,  and  it  is  Ihe  resort  of  merchants  from 
all  parts  of  Asia  Minor  and  Syria.  It  is  sit- 
uate at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  always  capped  with 
snow,  130  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Cogni. 

Kaket,  a  town  of  the  country  of  Georgia,  in  a 
proviJice  of  its  name,  which  comprehends  a  part 
of  the  ancient  Iberia.  It  is  situate  near  Mount 
Caucasus,  45  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Teflis,  and  120  N. 
W.  of  Derbend. 

Kalau,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lusatia,  with  a 
great  trade  in  wool.     11  m.  S.  E.  of  Luckau. 

Kalhat,  a  town  of  Arabia,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  at  its  entrance  into  the  gulf  of  Ormus,  80 
m.  S.  E.  of  Mascat. 

Kalisch,  one  of  the  eight  palatinates  of  Rus- 
sian Poland,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Prussian  Po- 
land, and  on  the  three  other  sides  by  the  palati- 
nates of  Sendomir,  Cracow,  and  Masovia. 

Kalisch, n  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  the  above 
palatinate,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  linen,  and 
leather.  It  is  surrounded  by  morasses  and  wails, 
has  a  collegiate  and  ten  other  churches,  four  re- 
ligious houses,  and  a  Catholic  high  school.  66 
m.  N.  W.  of  Breslau. 

Kalka  Pira,  a.  river  of  Chinese  Tartary,  which 
gives  name  to  a  tribe  of  Monguls,  inhabiting  the 
country  N.  of  the  Mongul  Tartars,  properly  so 
called,  which  stretches  as  far  as  the  kingdom  of 
the  Eluths,  and  is  nearly  300  leagues  in  extent 
from  E.  to  W. 

Kallingburg,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle 
of  Zealand,  seated  on  an  inlet  of  the  Great  Belt, 
with  the  best  harbour,  next  to  Copenhagen,  on 
the  island.  55  m.  W.  by  N.  Copenhagen.  Long. 
11.  11.  E.,lat.  55.47.  N. 

Kalmacs,  a  nation  of  Tartars,  inhabiting  that 
part  of  the  Russian  government  of  Caucasia 
which  lies  between  the  Volga  and  the  Ural,  to- 
ward the  Caspian  Sea.  They  all  live  in  tents, 
and  remove  from  place  to  place  in  quest  of  pastur- 
age for  their  numerous  cattle,  consisting  of  hor- 
ses, camels,  cows,  and  sheep.  They  neither  sow 
nor  reap,  nor  make  hay  for  their  cattle,  so  that 
they  live  without  bread,  or  any  sort  of  vegetable  ; 
and,  in  winter,  their  cattle  fare  like  the  wild 
beasts.  Their  food  is  flesh  (especially  that  of 
horses),  fish,  wild  fowls, and  venison;  and  they 
have  great  plenty  of  milk,  butter,  and  cheese  ; 
but  mare's  milk  is  the  most  esteemed,  and  from  it 
they  make  a  strong  spirit,  to  which  they  are  par- 
tial. They  are  divided  into  a  number  of  hordes 
or  clans,  each  under  its  own  particular  khan,  and 
all  acknowledge  the  authority  of  one  principal 
khan,  who  is  called  Orchicurtikhan,  or   the  king 


of  kings,  and  derives  his  pedigree  from  the  great 
Tamerlane.  All  of  them,  however,  have  submit- 
ted to  the  government  of  Russia,  or  live  under  its 
protection.  They  are  pagans,  and  believe  in 
transmigration  of  souls.  In  person,  manners, 
and  customs,  they  resemble  the  ancient  Sycthians, 
from  whom  they  are  descended.     See  Tartary. 

Kalmunz,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Nab  with  the  Vilz,  12  ra.  N.  N.  W 
of  Ratisbon. 

Kaluga,  a  government  of  the  Russian  empire, 
formerly  a  province  in  the  government  of  Mos- 
cow. Its  principal  town,  of  the  same  name,  is 
seated  on  the  Occa,  107  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Mos- 
cow. 

Kamakura,  an  island  of  Japan,  3  m.  in  circum 
ference,  lying  on  the  S.  coast  of  Niphon.  It  is 
surrounded  with  very  high  and  steep  rocks,  and 
is  used  as  a  place  of  exile  for  state  prisoners. 

Kamalia,  a  town  of  Negroland,  in  the  country 
of  Mandingo.  The  inhabitants  are  partly  pagans 
and  partly  Maliomedans,  and  have  manufactures 
of  cotton,  leather,  and    iron. 

Kambala,  a  ridge  of  mountains  in  Thibet,  be- 
tween the  lake  Palte,  and  the  river  Burrampoo- 
ter. 

Kamenitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  27  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Bechin. 

Ketminieck,  astrong  town  of  Russian  Poland,  cap- 
ital of  Podolia,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle. 
When  the  Russians  seized  part  of  the  Polish  ter- 
ritories, in  1793,  this  fortress  held  out  a  long  time 
but  at  last  surrendered  to  their  arms.  The  castle 
is  seated  on  a  craggy  rock.  85  m.  W.  of  Bra- 
claw. 

Kamnitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  manufac- 
tures of  stockings,  glass,  and  linen  ;  also  several 
bleachfields.     21m.  N.  N.  E.  ofLeitmeriz. 

Kamtschalka,  a  peninsula  on  the  eastern  coast 
of  Asia,  extending  from  52.  to  63.  of  N.  lat. 
long,  of  its  extremity  to  the  S.  being  156.  45.  E. 
The  isthmus  joining  it  to  the  continent  on  the  N. 
lies  between  the  gulf  of  Olutorsh  and  Penshink  ; 
and  its  extremity  to  the  S.  is  Cape  Lopatka.  Its 
greatest  breadth  is  236,  computed  m.,  being  from 
the  mouth  of  the  river  Tigril  to  that  of  the  river 
Kamtschatka ;  and  towards  each  extremity  it 
gradually  becomes  narrower.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  N.  Pacific  Ocean  to  the  S.  and  E. ;  and  by 
the  sea  of  Okhotsk  to  the  W.  A  chain  of  liigh 
mountains  from  N.  to  S.  extends  the  whole  lengln 
of  the  peninsula,  and  almost  equally  divides  it; 
whence  several  rivers  rise,  and  take  their  course 
into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  sea  of  Okhotsk. 
Stunted  trees  are  thinly  scattered  over  the  whole 
face  of  the  country,  whose  bottoms  are  mossy, 
with  a  mixture  of  low  heath  ;  the  whole  resem- 
bling Newfoundland  in  a  most  striking  degree 
The  severity  of  the  climate  is  in  proportion  to 
the  sterility  of  the  soil.  Four  months,  commenc 
ing  at  midsummer,  may  be  considered  as  formings 
their  spring,  summer,  and  autumn  :  the  rest  of 
the  year  is  all  dreary  winter.  They  have  great  ^jp 
quantities  of  wholesome  vegetables  in  a  wild  state  .  ^ 
such  as  chervil,  garlic,  onions,  angelica,  and  wild 
celery,  with  some  excellent  turnips,  and  turnip 
radishes,  upon  a  few  spots  of  ground  in  the  val- 
leys ;  and  this  is  the  utmost  extent  of  their  gar- 
den cultivation.  A  variety  of  wild  berries,  which 
are  gathered  at  proper  seasons  and  preserved  by 
mashing  them  into  a  thick  jam,  constitute  a  con 
siderable  part  of  the  winter  provisions,  serving  as 
a  general  sauce  to  their  dried  fish,  the  main  arti- 
cle of  food.     The  forests  abound  in  wild  animals. 


KAN 


415 


KAS 


particularly  the  bear;  and  wild  fowl  are  also 
plentiful.  The  people  of  Kamtschatka  may  be 
said  to  consist  of  three  sorts,  the  Kaintschadales 
the  Russians,  and  Cossacks,  and  a  mixture  produc- 
ed by  their  intermarriages.  Tiie  habitations  of 
the  natives  consist  of  three  different  kinds,  which 
they  call  jourts,  balagans,  and  log-houses.  They 
inliabit  tiie  first  in  the  winter,  and  the  second  in 
the  summer  ;  in  the  third,  introduced  by  the  Rus- 
siaus.only  the  wealthy  people  reside.  The  exter- 
nal appearance  of  a  jourt  resembles  a  round,  squat 
hillock;  a  hole  serving  for  a  chimney,  window, 
and  door,  is  left  in  the  centre,  and  the  inhabitants 
go  in  and  out  by  the  assistance  of  a  long  pole, 
having  notches  deep  enough  to  afford  a  little  se- 
curity for  the  toe.  The  upper  garment  of  the 
Kamtschadales  resemble  a  wagoner's  frock  ;  if 
for  summer  wear  it  is  made  of  nankeen;  if  intended 
for  winter  it  is  made  of  skin,  having  one  side 
tanned,  and  the  hair  preserved  on  the  other, 
which  is  worn  innermost ;  a  close  jacket  of  nan- 
keen, or  other  cotton  stuff,  is  the  next  under  this  ; 
and,  beneath  that,  a  shirt  made  of  thin  Persian 
silk,  of  any  colour.  They  wear  long  breeches, 
and  boots,  made  of  skins,  with  the  hair  innermost. 
They  have  also  a  fur  cap,  with  two  flaps,  that 
are  usually  tied  up  close  to  the  head,  but  allow- 
ed to  fall  round  the  shoulders  in  rough  weather. 
A  species  of  dog,  resembling  the  mountain  or 
shepherd  dog  of  Europe,  is  used  for  the  purposes  of 
labor  and  draught.  None  of  the  inhabitants  keep 
fewer  than  five  of  these  dogs,  which  in  winter 
are  fed  upon  offals  or  decayed  fish  :  in  summer, 
when  their  services  are  not  required,  they  are  left 
to  range  overthe  country  and  provide  for  them- 
selves ;  but  on  the  approach  of  winter  they  re- 
turn home  in  the  most  punctual  manner.  They 
are  harnessed  to  a  sledge,  two  abreast,  with  one 
well  trained  in  front  as  a  leader,  and  are  used  both 
for  travelling  and  for  conveying  all  sorts  of  com- 
modities from  place  to  place.  The  Russians  made 
themselves  masters  of  the  whole  of  this  peninsula 
in  170G;  but  the  government  they  have  establish- 
ed is  exceedingly  mild,  the  inhabitants  being  per- 
mitted to  choose  their  own  .magistrates.  Skins 
and  furs  form  the  only  articles  of  trade,  in  return 
for  which  they  import  brandy  (the  introduction 
of  which  has  been  attended  with  the  most  de- 
structive effects),  nankeens,  and  other  Chinese 
stuffs,  together  with  various  commodities  of  Rus- 
sian and  European  manufacture. 

Kamtsckutkoi,  Kiznei,  a  town  of  Siberia,  capital 
of  Kamtschatka,  with  a  citadel,  arsenal,  and  bar- 
racks It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  river 
Kamtschatka,  20  m.  from  its  mouth.  Long.  161 
',1.  E.,  lat.  50.  30.  N. 

Katn-tschatkoi,  Verchni,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in 
Kamtschatka,  on  the  river  Kamtschatka,  120  m. 
S.  W.  of.Niznej  Kamtschatkoi. 

Kanakica,  or  Kenhaioa,GretU,a.  river  of  Virginia. 
It  rises  iti  Nortli  Carolina  and  flows  North  and 
Northwesterly  to  the  Ohio  at  Point  Pleasant.  It 
is  400  m  long.  The  Little  Kanakwa  flows  into 
the  Ohio  at  rarkersburg  12  m.  below  Marietta. 
Kandahar.  See  Candahar. 
Kenem,  a  town  of  the  empire  of  Bornou,  in  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  where  are  bred  mul- 
titudes of  cattle  and  horses.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Gazel,  150  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bornou. 

Kangaroo  Island,  an  island  on  the  S.  coast  of 
^(ew  Holland,  discovered  by  captain  Flinders, 
and  so  named  from  the  number  of  kangaroos  found 
on  it,  which  were  extremely  tame.  Kangaroo 
Head  ia  in  long.  137.  58.  E.,  lat.  35.  43.  S. 


Kanisca,  a  strong  town  of  Lower  Hungary 
capital  of  the  county  of  Salawar  ;  seated  on  the 
Drave,  100  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Vienna.  Long.  17.  40. 
E.,  lat.  46.  55.  N. 

Kansas,  r.  a  branch  of  the  Missouri  from  the 
south  west  between  the  Platte  and  the  Arkansas. 
It  is  formed  of  several  branches,  which  interlock 
with  the  head  streams  of  the  above  rivers,  and 
flowing  easterly  400  m.  unite  into  a  single  stream 
half  a  m.  in  width.  This  flows  100  in.  further  and 
joins  the  Missouri  at  a  point  v/hich  constitutes  the 
western  limit  of  the  State  of  Missouri. 

Kan-tcJieou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si.  Its  district  contains  12 
cities  of  the  third  class;  and  the  soil  produces  a 
great  number  of  trees,  whence  distils  a  fine  var- 
nish, reckoned  the  best  in  China.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Kan-kiang,  840  m.  S.  of  Peking.  Long.  115. 
2.  E.,  lat.  25.  52.  N 

Kao-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quangtong.  In  its  vicinity  is  found 
a  kind  of  marble,  that  represents  naturall}',  rivers, 
mountains,  landscapes,  and  trees  :  it  is  cut  into 
leaves,  and  made  into  tables,  »fcc.  Kao-tcheou 
stands  on  a  navigable  river,  36  m.  from  the  sea, 
and  1,130  S.  S.  W.  of  Peking. 

Kaposwiir,  a  fort  of  Lower  Hungary,  on   the 
river  Kapos,  which  washes  its  walls.     It  is  55  m. 
W.  of  Tolna.     Long.  18.  13.  E.,  lat.  46.  31.  N. 
Karahissar.     See  Aphiom. 

Karsubanur,  a  town  of  the  Crimea,  noted  for 
its  noble  antique  bath,  and  an  ancient  manufac- 
ture of  leather  from  the  skins  of  Tauric  goats.  It 
is  situate  on  the  Karasu,  in  a  delightful  valley, 
34  m.  W.  ofCaffa. 

Karek,  or  Garak,  an  island  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  gulf  of  Persia,  5  m.  long  and  2  broad  ;  where 
ships  bound  for  Bassora  generally  call  for  pilots. 
Long.  50.  26.  E.,  lat.  2.9.  15.  N. 

Karleby,  Gamla,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  E. 
Bothnia,  with  a  trade  in  hemp,  salt,  and  ship- 
building; seated  on  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  near  the 
influx  of  the  river  Karleby,  90  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
ChristinesUdt.  Long.  22.  "20.  E.,  lat.  63.  56.  N. 
Karleby,  J^y,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Bothnia, 
on  the  river  Lappojock,  6  m.  from  the  sea,  and  20 
S.  of  Gamla  Karleby. 

Kasan,  the  ancient  Bulgaria,  a  government  of 
European  Russia,  lying  on  both  sides  the  Volga, 
between  46.  20.  and  49.  40.  of  E.  long.,  and  54. 
and  57.  of  N.  lat.,  and  bounded  by  the  govern- 
ments of  Viatka,  Orenburg,  Niznei-Novgorod,  and 
Simbirsk.  Its  extent  is  22,000  square  m.;  its 
pop.  about  850,000,  partly  Russians  and  partly 
Tartars,  though  of  very  mixed  origin.  It  is  water- 
ed by  the  Volga,  the  Kama,  the  Sura,  the  Viatka, 
and  the  Kasanka,  besides  smaller  streams  and  a 
great  number  of  Lakes.  It  was  formerly  an  inde- 
pendent kingdom,  belonging  to  the  Kalmucs,  to 
whom  the  dukes  of  Moscow,  with  other  petty 
principalities  of  Russia,  were  tributary.  But,  in 
1552,  it  was  conquered  by  Ivan  Bassilowitz  II., 
and  annexed  to  Russia. 

Kasan,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  forego- 
ing government,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  has 
an  antique  Tartar  fortress,  built  of  stone,  several 
churches, and  11  convents;  and  there  are  several 
suburbs,  one  of  them  inhabited  by  Tartars.  At 
one  end  of  the  city  is  a  manufacture  of  cloth  for 
the  army.  It  has  also  manufactures  of  woolen, 
cotton,  lace  and  earthenware,  with  large  soap 
works  wnd  tanneries  ;  and  carries  on  an  extensive 
trade.  At  a  short  distance  from  Kasan  is  a  new 
admiralty    establishment  ,    with     a   navigation 


Kl^fl 


416 


KEN 


Bchool,  magazines,  and  a  dock-yard,  where  galliots 
are  constructed,  and  sent  down  the  Volga  to  the 
Caspian  Sea.  It  is  seated  on  the  rivulet  Kasanka, 
where  it  enters  the  Volga,  420.  m.  E.  of  Moscow. 
Long.  4<J.  20.  E.,  lat.  55.  48.  N. 

Kataba,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  with  a 
citadel ;  situate  in  a  fertile  country,  near  a  river, 
which  runs  into  the  sea  at  Aden.  75  m.  N.  of 
Aden.     Long.  44.  3t).  E.,  lat.  13.  54.  N. 

Katif,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of 
Bahrem.  It  is  built  of  rock  salt,  and  stands  on 
the  gulf  of  Persia,  95  ra.  N.  of  Lachsa.  Long 
48.  ;id.  E.,lat.  27.  40.  N. 

Kau/beurcii,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavariji., 
with  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  fustian,  and 
leather.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wertach,  38  m.  S. 
by  W.  of  Augsburg. 

Kauga,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  empire  of  Bornou.  It  is  seated  on  a 
Vu-ire  lake,  280  in.  S.  by  E.  of  Bornou.  Long.  23. 
30.°E.,  lat.  15.  20.  N. 

Kaiikeban,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  situate 
on  an  almost  inaccessible  mountain.  20  m.  W. 
Sana. 

Kaunitz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Moravia  on  the 
river  IglaU  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Brinn. 

Kaurzim,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle 
jf  the  same  name,  which  produces  much  timber. 
It  stands  on  a  river  which  runs  into  the  Elbe,  26 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Prague. 

Katje  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  W.  coast  of  N.  America,  30  m.  long 
and  4  broad,  discovered  by  Cook  in  1778.  Its  M. 
E.  point  is  a  naked  rock,  considerably  elevated  : 
the  other  parts  abound  in  small  valleys,  filled  with 
pine-tree.s,  but  of  no  extraordinary  growth.  Long. 
144.  48.  W.,  lat.  59.  56.  N. 

KayserAautern,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  pal- 
atinate of  the  Rhine.  In  1793  it  was  taken  by 
the  French,  who  the  year  following  were  sur- 
prised in  their  entrenchments  near  it,  by  the  Aus- 
trians,  and  defeated.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lauter, 
28  m.  S.  W .  of  Worms.  Long.  7.  50.  E.,  lat.  49. 
27.  N. 

Kaijserstuhl,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
county  oi'  Baden,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Zurzack. 

Kuynerwert,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Cologne,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  7  m.  N.  N.  W. 
ofDusseldorf 

hazimiem,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  iiublin,  with  a  castle,  situate  on  a  hill,  on  the 
Vistula,  25  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lublin. 

Kazrooa,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Farsistan,  of  con- 
siderable extent,  but  many  parts  of  it  are  in  ruins. 
70  m.  VV.  S.  VV.  of  Shiras. 

Keslio.     See  Ciishao. 

Kcdteslon,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  Eng  with  a 
medicinal  spring,  much  resorted  to  in  summer, 
and  the  elegant  seat  of  the  earl  of  Scarsdale 
5  m.  N   N.  W.  of  Derby. 

Keff,  or  Keffta,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  with  a  citadel ;  situate  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  with  a  plentiful  source  of  water,  70  n\.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Tunis. 

K(f.l,  a  village  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Irac 
Arabi,  14  m.  S.  of  Hillah  ;  celebrated  for  the 
Uimb  of  the  prophet  Ezekiel,  which  is  annually 
visited  by  a  number  of  Jews. 

Kelil,  a  strong  fortress  of  Germany,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  over  which  is  a  bridge  to  Strasburg  ; 
it  is  an  important  pass  between  France  and  Ger- 
many. It  was  ceded  by  France  at  the  peace  of 
Eeawick,  1697,  and  conferred  on  the  margrave 


of  Baden.  During  the  war  with  Germany  the 
French  repeatedly  besieged  and  took  it:  in  1798 
it  fell  into  their  hands,  and  they  retained  posses- 
sion till  18U4,  when  it  was  restored  to  the  grand 
duke  of  Baden. 

Keighley,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  with 
a  market  on  Wednesday,  and  manufactures  of 
woolen  cloths,  cottons,and  lindseys.  The  town  is 
nearly  all  built  of  stone  ;  and  the  church,  which 
was  rebuilt  in  1805,  is  a  spacious  and  handsome 
structure.  Here  is  a  free  grammar  school,  found- 
ed in  1716;  also  a  mechanics' institute,  with  a 
good  library ,established  in  1826.  The  town  is  well 
supplied  with  water  from  two  fine  springs  to  the 
E.  and  W.,  under  an  act  obtained  in  1816.  It  is 
seated  in- a  deep  valley,  at  the  junction  of  two 
small  rivulets,  which  discharge  themselves  about 
a  mile  below  into  the  river  Aire.  12  m.  N.  of 
Halifax,  and  202  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Keith,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Banffshire,  with 
manufactures  of  flax.  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cullen, 
and  46  N.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

Kelbra,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  near  the 
river  Helm,  10  m.  S.  of  Stolburg. 

Kd/ieiin,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria,  with  a 
Franciscan  convent,  a  considerifhie  brewery,  and 
extensive  magazines  of  salt.  It  is  situate  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Altmuhl  and  Danube,  10  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Ratisbon. 

Kells,  a  borough  of  Ireland  in  E.  Meath,  on 
the  river  Black  water,  12  m.  N.  by   W.  of  Trim. 

Kellyvale,  a  township  of  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
314. 

Kelso,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburghshire, 
with  a  bridge  over  the  Tweed,  below  the  influx 
of  the  Teviot.  The  abbey,  magnificent  ruins  of 
which  still  remain,  was  founded  by  David  I. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  carpeting,  flannels, 
leather,  linen,  and  shoes.  It  is  10  m.  N.  JN.  E.  of 
Jedburg,  and  20  S.  W.  of  Berwick. 

Kemi,  or  Kiemi.     See  Kimi. 

Kemmoo,  a  town  of  Negroland,  capital  of  a 
country  lying  to  the  W.  of  Bambarra.  It  is  340 
m.  W.   of  Sego.     Long.   7.  46.  W.,  lat.  14.    15. 

/iTcmp^eiWe,  p. V.  Princeton  Co.  Va.  16  m.  S.  E 
Norfolk. 

Kempten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
with  a  late  princely  abbey  of  the  Benedictine 
order.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  linen,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Iller,  45  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Augsburg,  and 
50  S.  by  E.  of  Ulm. 

Kempville,  p. v.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y. 

Ken,  a  river  in  Westmoreland,  Eng.  which 
flows  by  Kendal,  and  enters  the  sandy  wash  of 
Lancashire,  called  Morecambe  Bay.  It  has  a 
cataract  near  its  mouth,  which  obstructs  the  nav- 
igation. 

Ken,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Kirkcudbrightshire,  flows  to  New 
Galloway,  thence  expands  into  a  lake,  4  m.  long 
and  one  broad,  and  then  joins  the  river  Dee. 

Kendal,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  Eng.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Ken,  over  which  are  two  stone  • 
bridges,  and  one  of  wood  leading  to  the  castle, 
which  is  now  in  ruins.  It  has  a  spacious  church 
and  two  chapels  belonging  to  the  establishment, 
and  no  fewer  than  10  meeting-houses  for  dissen- 
ters. Besides  tlie  free  sciiool,  which  is  well  en- 
dowed and  has  some  exhibitions  to  Queen's  Col- 
lege in  Oxford,  there  is  a  large  national  school, 
and  also  a  school  of  industry,  «fec.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  kerseymeres,  linsey  woolsey,  ser- 
ges, baizes,  knit  woolen  caps  and  jackets,  carpet- 
ings  of  varioua  textures,  waistcoatings,  &.c. ;  and 


KEN 


417 


KEN 


in  the  neighbourhood  are  gunpowder  works,  corn 
and  paper  mills,  dye  works,  &c.  It  has  seven 
trading  companies,  who  have  each  a  hall  :  and 
the  trade,  notwithstanding  the  disadvantage 
of  its  river  for  water  carriage,  is  very  consid- 
erable. It  is  44  m.  S.  of  Carlisle,  and  261  N.  of 
London.     Long.  2.  52.  W.,  lat.  54.  15.  N. 

Kenilworth,  a  town  in  Warwi(  ihire,  Eng.  Its 
church  is  an  ancient  edifice  ;  as  i  there  are  two 
dissenting  meeting-houses,  a  fne  .'  school,  and  a 
school  of  industry.  Here  was  i  famous  castle, 
the  remains  of  which  form  one  of  the  most  pic- 
turesque objects  in  the  kingd</m.  It  is  5  m.  N. 
of  Warwick,  and  96  N.  W.  of  London. 

Kenmare,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  ihe  county  of 
Kerry,  at  the  head  of  a  river  or  bay  of  the  same 
oame".  26  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Tralee. 

Kennet,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises  among 
the  chalky  hills  in  Wiltshire,  becomes  navigable 
at  Newbury  in  Berkshire,  and  joins  the  Thames 
at  Sunning. 

Kensinnton,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  1  m. 
W.  of  London.  Here  is  a  royal  palace,  which 
until  the  reign  of  George  III.,  was  a  favourite 
residence  of  the  kmg  of  England.  King  William, 
Queen  Mary,  Queen  Anne,  and  George  II.  died 
here.  The  gardens  now  form  a  fashionable  and 
extensive  promenade  having  been  gradually  aug- 
mented to  3  1-2  m.  in   circumference. 

Kasington,  t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  45  m.  fr. 
Boston.     Pop.  717. 

Kent,  a  county  of  England,  55  m.  long  and  23 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Thames  and 
the  German  Ocean,  E.  by  the  same  Ocean,  S.  E. 
and  S.  by  the  English  Channel  and  Sussex,  and 
W.  by  Surrey.  It  con  \ins  J)35,600  acres  ;  is  di- 
vided into  63  hundred*,  and  414  parishes  ;  has 
two  cities,  Canterbury  and  Rochester,  and  24 
market  towns;  and  sends  18  members  to  parlia- 
ment. In  the  soil  and  face  of  the  country  there  is  a 
great  diversity.  The  banks  of  the  Thames  are  low 
and  marshy,  but  backed  by  a  range  of  chalky  em- 
inences, sometimes  rising  to  a  moderate  height. 
This  kind  of  hard  chalky  soil,  inclining  to  barren- 
ness, extends  to  the  N.  K.  extremity  of  the  coun- 
ty, and  thence  round  to  Dover,exhibiting  its  nature 
in  the  lofty  white  cliffs  which  here  bound  the  is- 
land, and  produce  that  striking  appearance  at  sea 
which  gave  it  the  name  of  Albion.  The  S.  part 
of  Kent,  called  the  Weald,  is  a  flat  and  woody 
tract  of  a  clayey  soil,  and  fertile.  The  midland 
and  western  districts  are  a  mixture  of  hill  and 
vale,  arable  and  pa.sture,  equal  in  pleasantness  to 
any  part  of  England.  The  minerals  of  this  coun- 
ty, consists  chiefly  of  chalk,  flint,  ragstone,  and 
pvrites ;  and  the  only  mineral  water  of  any  note 
IS  that  of  Tunbridge  Wells.  The  manufactures 
are  few,  and  mostly  of  the  coarser  kinds,  but 
every  branch  of  agriculture  is  extensively  pros- 
ecuted with  ability  and  success.  Besides  the 
usual  objects  of  agriculture,  the  county  produces 
large  quantities  of  hops,  fruit  of  various  kinds 
(especially  cherries  and  apples,  of  which  there 
are  large  orchards  for  the  London  markets),  and 
madder  for  dyeing.  The  country  inland  from  Do- 
ver, consisting  chiefly  of  open  downs,  is  excellent 
for  the  feeding  of  sheep ;  and  many  bullocks  are 
fattened  to  an  extraordinary  size  in  Romney 
Marsh.  The  principal  rivers,  besides  the  Thames 
are  the  Medway,  Darent,  Stour,  Cray,  and  Rother. 

KendxUl,  a  village  in  Perry  township,  Stark 
Co.  Ohio,  with  a  woolen  manufactory. 

Kennebec,  a  river  of  the  State  of  Maine,  flowing 
into  the  Atlantic,  formea  by  two  branches,  one  of 
53 


which  rises  in  Moosehead  Lake,  and  the  otb«r 
in  the  highlands  on  the  north  of  the  State.  It  is 
300  m.  in  length  and  is  navigable  for  ships  12  and 
for  boats  60  m. 

Kennebec,  a  county  of  Maine  on  the  above  riv 
er.     Pop.  52,491.     Augusta  is  the  capital. 

Kennebunk,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.,  at  the  mouth  ot 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  25  m.  S.  W.  Portland. 
It  has  some  trade  in  lumber.  Pop.  2,233.  Ken- 
nebunk  Port  has  an  additional  pop.  of  2,763. 

Kent,  a  county  of  Rhode  Island  in  the  centre  ol 
the  State.  Pop.  12,784.  East  Greenwich  is  the 
capital.  Also  a  central  county  of  Delaware. 
Pop.  19,911.  Dover  is  the  capital.  Also  acoun* 
ty  in  the  northern  i>art  of  Maryland,  on  the  east- 
ern shore  of  the  Chesapeake.  Pop.  10,502.  Ches- 
tertown  is  the  capital.  Also  a  county  of  Lower 
Canada  lying  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  Mon- 
treal. Also  a  county  of  Upper  Canada  extend- 
ing to  the  N.  and  W.  without  any  defined  limits. 

Kent,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn,  on  the  Housa- 
tonic,  44  m.  W.  Hartford.  Pop.  2,001.  Also  a 
p.t.  Putnam  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,928. 

Kent  Island,  in  the  northern  part  of  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  It  contains  about  30,000  acres  and 
is  comprised  within  the  county  of  Queen  Anne. 

Kentucky,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Ohio;  E.  by  Virginia, 
S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  Missouri.  It  extends 
from  36  30.  to  39.  10.  N.  lat.  and  from  81.  50.  to 
89.  26.  W.  long.  Is  300  m.  in  length  from  E.  to 
W.  and  150  in  mean  breadth,  and  contains  42,000 
sq.  m.  It  is  washed  by  the  Ohio  on  the  whole  of 
its  northern  limit  and  traversed  by  the  Licking, 
Kentucky  and  Green  rivers.  The  Cumberland 
and  Tennessee  intersect  the  western  extremity. 
The  former  rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state 
and  passes  into  Tennessee  after  which  it  returns, 
and  flows  through  Kentucky  into  the  Ohio.  The 
eastern  boundary  is  formed  by  the  Cumberland 
Mountains,  and  the  eastern  portion  of  the  state  is 
generally  mountainous.  The  soil  rests  upon  a 
bed  of  limestone  from  3  to  10  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. This  substance  is  also  mixed  up  in  the  soil 
and  imparts  to  it  a  warm  and  exciting  quality 
which  with  the  help  of  moisture  gives  a  remarka- 
ble freshness  and  vigour  to  the  vegetation.  The 
centre  of  the  state  contains  a  tract  of  150  m.  in 
length  and  50  in  breadth,  which  for  beauty  of  land- 
scape and  richness  of  soil  surpasses  any  region 
of  the  same  extent  in  the  western  country.  Along 
the  Ohio  between  Salt  and  Green  rivers  is  a  large 
tract  called  the  '  barrens'  on  account  of  its  defi- 
ciency in  wood,  yet  here  the  land  is  generally 
good,  and  covered  with  grass.  In  many  parts  of 
the  state  however,  there  are  not  wanting  sterile 
and  mountainous  tracts  unfit  for  cultivation.  The 
general  appearance  of  the  county  is  remarkably 
picturesque,  being  diversified  by  hills  and  dales 
in  the  most  charming  manner.  The  woods  have 
a  delightful  appearance  and  resemble  groves  pro- 
miscuously arranged  by  art  for  the  effect  of  a 
pleasure  ground.  The  trees  are  walnut,  cherry, 
honey-locust,  buckeye,  pawpaw  maple,  cotton 
wood,  mulberry,  elm,  ash,  hawthorn,  sycamore, 
&c.  In  the  early  part  of  spring  the  woods  are 
covered  with  the  purple  flower  of  the  red  bud  and 
the  white  blossoms  of  the  dogwood.  Grape  vines  ol 
prodigious  size  climb  the  trees,  and  in  early  times 
the  country  was  covered  with  a  thick  canebrake. 

This  state  does  not  furnish  many  mineral  pro- 
ductions, yet  it  is  said  to  contain  much  iron  and 
some  lead  and  coal.  Salt  springs  are  common, 
but  little  salt  is  manufactured  from  them.     Ther* 


KEN 


418 


KEN 


are  sov\e  medicinal  springs  near  Lexington, 
and  Harrodsbuig.  The  suriace  of  tlie  country 
in  many  parts  exhibits  remarkable  cavities  or  de- 
pressions called  sink-holes  ;  these  are  something 
in  tlie  shape  of  inverted  cones,  'and  appear  to  be 
caused  by  perforations  in  the  limestone  rock  be- 
neath, which  have  occasioned  the  soil  above  to 
sink.  The  sound  of  running  water  has  sometimes 
been  heard  at  the  bottom  of  these  cones.  But  the 
most  remarkable  natural  curiosity  is  the  Mam- 
rnolh  Cace,  near  Green  River,  which  has  been 
traversed  for  Ifi  m.  under  tlie  earth  vvitlioul  reach- 
ing the  end.  The  sides  and  roof  are  formed  of  a 
smooth  limestone  rock  perfectly  white.  Some  of 
Its  apartments  are  8  acres  in  extent  and  100  feet 
high  Others  contain  columns  of  brilliant  spar  and 
stalactites  GO  or  70  feet  in  height.  Tlie  earth  in 
the  cave  is  strongly  imprcgiiaiod  witii  saltpetre, 
and  here  was  found  some  years  since  an  Indian 
mummy   in  perfect  preservation. 

The  wheat  raised  in  this  state  is  of  the  finest 
kind.  Maize  is  produced  in  great  abundance. 
Hemp  and  tobacco,  are,  next  to  flour,  the  staple 
productions  ol"  tlie  country.  Some  cotton  is  also 
cultivated.  The  manufactures  are  woolen  and 
rotten  cloth,  cordage,  bagging,  maple  sugar, 
saltpetre,  paper,  whiskey,  leather,  &c.  The  trade 
of  the  slate  is  very  flourishing.  Agricultural 
and  manufactured  products  are  exported  by  steam- 
boats and  other  river  craft  to  New  Orleans,  and 
herds  of  cattle  arc  driven  across  the  mountains  to 
the  Atlantic  States. 

The  legislature  of  Kentucky  is  styled  the  Gen- 
eral Jlssemhbj,  and  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives.  Tlie  Senators  are  chosen  for 
4  years  and  the  representatives  for  one.  The 
Governor  is  chosen  for  4  years  ;  one  fourth  of 
the  Senators  are  renewed  annually.  Elections 
are  popular,  and  suftrage  is  universal.  Frankfort 
is  the  seat  of  government,  and  Louisville  is  the 
largest  town.  The  other  large  towns  are  Lexing- 
ton and  Maysville.  There  are  colleges  at  Lex- 
ington, Danville,  Augusta,  Princeton,  Bardstown, 
and  Georgetown.  The  Baptists  are  the  most  nu- 
merous religious  sect:  they  have  2.SD  ministers ; 
the  Methodists  77;  the  Presbyterians  70;  the 
catholics  30  and  the  Episcopalians  5.  The  state 
is  divided  into  83  counties,  and  contains  a  popu- 
lation of088,844,of  whom  above  lf)5,350  are  slaves. 
This  state  was  originally  a  part  of  Virginia 
and  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state  in 
1792.  The  first  settlement  within  its  limits  was 
made   by   the  celebrated  Daniel  Boone  in  1775. 


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He  was  a  native  of  Maryland,  and  as  early  as 
176!)  made  a  visit  to  this  country.  In  1770  he 
wa*"  living  alone  in  the  woods,  the  only  white 
man  in  Kentucky.  The  next  year  he  with  his 
brother  explored  the  country  as  far  as  Cumber- 


land river,  and  in  1773  Boone  had  collected  a 
company  of  45  persons  who  attempted  to  form 
a  settlement  but  they  were  attacked  by  the  Indi- 
ans and  lost  their  cattle.  In  1775  he  built  a  fort 
on  the  spot  where  Boonsborough  now  stands,  and 
this  was  the  first  effectual  settlement  in  the  state 
Boone  was  afterwads  taken  prisoner  by  tlie  sava 
ges  but  escaped  and  arrived  at  Boonsborough 
after  a  journey  of  160  m.  through  the  woods 
which  he  performed  in  4  da}!s,  eating  but 
a  single  meal  in  that  time.  He  was  after- 
wards actively  engaged  in  warfare  with  the 
Indians  wlio  continually  annoyed  the  early 
settlers  with  hostilities.  Being  subsequently  vex- 
ed with  law  suits  respecting  his  title  to  the  land 
in  his  possession,  he  retired  to  the  banks  of 
the  Missouri  ;  and  led  a  solitary  life  among  the 
forests.  "  We  saw  him"  sa3's  Mr.  Flint  '■  on 
those  banks  with  thin  grey  hair,  a  high  fore- 
head, a  keen  eye,  a  cheerful  expression,  a  singu- 
larly bold  conformation  of  countenance  and 
breast,  and  a  sharp  and  commanding  voice,  and 
with  a  creed  for  the  future,  embracing  not  many 
articles  beyond  his  red  rival  hunters.  He  apjieared 
to  us  the  same  Daniel  Boone,  if  we  may  use  the 
expression,  jerked  and  dried  to  high  preservation, 
that  we  had  figured,  as  the  wanderer  in  the  woods, 
and  the  slayer  of  bears  and  Indians,  lie  could 
no  longer  well  descry  the  wild  turkey  on  the 
trees,  but  his  eye  still  kindled  at  the  "hunter's 
tale,  and  he  remarked  that  the  population  on 
that  part  of  the  Missouri  was  becoming  too  dense, 
and  the  farms  too  near  each  other,  for  comfortable 
range,  and  that  he  never  wished  to  reside  in  a 
place  where  he  could  not  fell  trees  enough  into 
his  yard  to  keep  up  his  winter  fire.  Dim  as  was 
his  eye,  with  age,  it  would  not  have  been  diffi- 
cult, we  apprehend,  to  have  obtained  hiin  as  a  vol- 
unteer on  a  hunting  expedition  over  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  No  man  ever  exemplified  more 
strongly  the  ruling  passion  strong  in  death."  He 
died  in"]  822  aged  85. 

Kentucky  River,  ris  es  among  the  mountains  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Kentucky,  and  flows  north 
westerly  into  the  Ohio.  It  is  a  very  rapid  stream 
and  for  a  great  part  of  its  course  flows  between 
high  and  perpendicular  cliffs  of  limestone.  It 
has  a  navigation  of  150  in.  and  at  its  mouth  is  450 
feet  in  width. 

Keppel  Bay.  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  New  Hol- 
land, which  communicates  with  Port  Curtis. 

Kercolan^ ,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about 
80  miles  in  circumference.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  diversified  with  steep  hills  and  extensive 
valleys,  and  is  every  where  covered  Vv'itli  trees 
and  verdure.  The  inhabitants  are  Malays.  Long. 
126.  30.  E.,Iat.  4.28.  N. 

Kerguelen's  Land,  an  island  in  the  Southern 
Ocean,  which,  on  account  of  its  sterility,  captain 
Cook,  who  visited  it  in  1779,  would  have  denomi- 
nated the  Island  of  Desolation,  but  tha.,  he  was 
unwilling  to  rob  M.  Kerguelen  of  the  honour  of 
its  bearing  his  name.  On  the  N.  £.  coast  is  a 
good  and  safe  bay,  named  Christmas  Harbour 
Long.  69.  30.  E.,  lat.  49.  )H).  S. 

Kerlcvk,  a  town  bf  Curdistan,  the  capilcil  of  a 
government,  and  residence  of  a  pacha.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  walls,  and  defended  by  a  castle,  135 
m.  S.  S.  E.  ofBetlis. 

Kerman,  the  ancient  Caramania,  a  province  ol 

Persia,  lying  on  the  gulf  of  Persia.     The  northern 

part   is  barren,   but  towards  the   S.   the  land  ii 

fertile. 

Kerman,  or  Sirgan,  a  city  of  Persia  capital  of 


KSX 


419 


KID 


the  foregoing  province,  celebrated  for  its  beautiful 
pottery,  carpets,  and  stuffs.  It  is  120  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Gombron.     Long.  55.  15.  E.,  lat.  29.  20.  N. 

Kernesville,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 

Kerpen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in  the 
duchy  of  Juliers.  It  has  a  collegiate  church,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Erft,  10  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Juliers. 

Kerrscille,  a  village  in  Lawrence  Co.  Ohio. 

Kerry,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Munster,  bounded  on  ihe  E.  by  the  counties  of 
Limerick  and  Cork,  W.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
N.  by  the  Shannon,  which  separates  it  from 
Thomond,  and  S.  by  Desmond  and  the  Ocean. 
Its  greatest  length  is  about  67  m.  and  its  maximum 
breadth  62,  comprising  about  1,040,437  statute 
acres,  or  1,631)  square  m.  The  southern  part  is 
plain,  and  fertile  in  corn  ;  but  the  greater  part  is 
mountainous,  and  chiefly  adapted  for  grazing. 
Considerable  quantities  of  beef,  butter,  hides,  and 
tallow,  are  exported  from  its  excellent  harbours. 
Tralee  is  the  capital. 

Kerry,  a  parish  of  Wales,  in  Montgomeryshire, 
situate  in  a  beautiful  vale  of  the  same  name,  3  m. 
from  Newton. 

Kershaw,  a  District  of  South  Carolina.  Pop. 
13,515.     Camden  is  the  capital. 

Kcrtch,  a  sea-port  and  fortress  on  the  £.  coast  of 
the  Crimea.  The  fortress  is  of  great  importance, 
as  one  of  those  commanding  the  passage  which 
forms  the  coiumunication  between  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  sea  of  Asoph.  It  is  60  m  N.  N.  E.  of 
Caffa.     Long.  36.  24.  E  ,  lat.  45.  15.  N. 

Keschhn,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia  Felix,  in  Hadra- 
maut,  80  m.  E.  of  Shibam.  Long.  50.  50.  E., 
lat.  15.  25.  N. 

Kesh,  or  Schs,  a  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  in 
Bukharia,  once  the  ordinary  summer  residence 
of  Timur,  who  surrounded  it  with  walls,  and 
built  a  new  palace  in  1379.  It  is  30  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Sam^rcandi 

Kc.ssel,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Antwerp,  with  a  handsome  castle,  seated 
on  the  Maese,  7  m.  N.  of  Ruremonde. 

Kesseldorf,  a  village  of  Saxony,  7  m.  W.  of 
Dresden,  celebrated  for  a  victory  gained  by  the 
king  of  Prussia  over  the  Saxons,  in  1745. 

Keswick,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng. ;  seated 
in  a  vale  of  its  name,  near  tlie  rapid  river  Greta. 
This  vale  is  much  visited  bv  the  admirers  of  na- 
ture :  here  is  the  lake  of  Keswick,  or  Derwent- 
water;  and  to  the  N.  of  this  soars  the  lofty 
mountain  Skiddaw,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
in  England.  Keswick  has  manufactures  of 
cotton,  linen,  and  coarse  woolen  goods,  and  an 
establishment  for  making  some  of  the  finer  tex- 
tures has  been  recently  opened.  About  a  mile 
and  a  half  to  the  S.  of  the  town  is  a  remarkable 
arrangement  of  rude  granite  stones,  wliich  form 
a  circle,  called  the  Druids'  temple.  It  is  25  m. 
N.  W.  of  Kendal,  and  293  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Kettering,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
with  manufactures  of  tammies,  serges,  lutestrings, 
&c.  It  is  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Northampton,  and  74 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Kei/sckberg,  or  Kiade,  a  town  of  Prussian  Sax- 
ony. 6  m.  S.  E.  of  Mersburg. 

JCe70,  a  village  in  Surrey ,°Eng.  6  m.  W.  by  S. 
■oT  London.  The  royal  palace  of  Kew,  taken 
down- in  1823,  was  a  favorite  retreat  of  George 
III.,  who  enlarged  the  gardens,  and  united  them 
with  those  of  Richmond.  The  bot^mic  garden, 
chiefly  for  exotics,  is  one  of  the  finest"in  the 
world. 

Kexholm.     Sea  fViburjr. 


Kexkofm,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  formeifjr 
the  capital  of  the  Swedish  province  of  Carelia 
and  now  of  a  Russian  government.  It  is  seated 
on  two  islands  in  the  River  Woxon,  which  here 
flows  into  lake  Ladoga.  90  miles  N.  of  Peters- 
burg.    Long.  30.  25.  E.,  lat.  61.  3.  N. 

Keynsham,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  with 
a  trade  in  malt :  seated  on  the  Chew,  at  its  con- 
flux with  the  Avon,  5  m.  S.  E.  of  Bristol,  and 
114  W.  of  London. 

Keysville,  a  village  of  Charlotte  Co.  Va.  70  m. 
S.  W.  Richmond. 

Key-lVest,  a.  small  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
near  the  southern  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
East  Florida.  A  settlement  was  made  here  by 
the  United  States  government  with  the  design 
of  making  it  a  naval  station,  but  it  has  been 
abandoned,  from  the  unhealthiness  of  the  spot. 

Kkarlioff,  or  Charkoio,  a  town  of  European 
Russia,  capital  of  a  government  of  the  same 
name  :  seated  on  the  small  rivers  Kharkoff  and 
Lapan,  400  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Moscow. 

Khorassan.     See  Cho. 

K/tvm.     See  Cam. 

Kia-king,  a  city  of  China,  of  ihe  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Tche-kiang.  Canals  are  cut 
through  most  of  the  streets ;  and  passengers  are 
sheltered  from  the  sun  and  rain  by  beautiful 
piazzas.  The  silk  manufactures  are  very  exten- 
sive, and  the  trade  considerable.  It  is  590  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Pekin.     Long.  120.  14.  E.,  lat.  30  50.  N. 

Kiakta, n.io\vn  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutsk.  It  has  a  considerable  fur  trade 
and  is  the  centre  of  the  Russian  and  Chinese  coio 
merce.  It  stands  on  a  small  river,  near  its  conflu* 
with  the  Sclenga,  75  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Sclcnginsk 
Long.  106.  30.  E.,  lat.  50.  20.  N. 

Kiangari,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nalolia, 
chief  place  of  a  sangiacat,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock 
230  m.  E.  of  Bursa.  Long.  34.  47.  E.,  lat.  39.  56. 
N.    _  _         ^ 

Kiang-nan,  a  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
W.  by  Ho  nan,  S.  by  Tche-kiang  and  Kian-si,  E. 
by  the  gulf  of  Nan-king,  and  N.  by  Chantong.  It 
is  of  vast  extent,  and  contains  14  cities  of  the  first 
rank,  and  93  of  the  second  and  third,  which  are  all 
places  of  considerable  trade,  the  whole  country 
being  intersected  by  lakes,  rivers,  and  canals. 
Its  silks,  cottons,  japanned  goods,  and  paper,  are 
in  high  esteem.     Nan-king  is  the  capital. 

Kiang-si,  a  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Kiang-nan,  W.  by  Houqnang,  S.  by  Quang- 
tong,  and  E.  by  Fokien  and  Tche-kiang.  The 
N.  part  contains  the  great  Po-yang  lake,  and  some 
extensive  morasses ;  the  middle  and  S.  parts  are 
mountainous,  but  intermixed  with  fertile  and 
well  cultivated  valleys.  It  contains  13  cities  of 
the  first  rank,  and  78  of  the  second  and  third.  It 
is  celebrated  for  its  porcelain,  which  is  the  finest 
and  most  valuable  of  the  empire.  Nan-tchang  is 
the  capital. 

Kiun-ku,  or  Yavg-tse-kiang,  the  largest  river  of 
Asia.  It  flows  E.  during  the  first  part  of  itj 
course  along  the  borders  of  China,  after  which  it 
enters  the  empire,  and  passing  through  the  grand 
central  provinces  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Irong-ming, 
in  the  eastern  sea. 

Kihurg,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Zurich,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  TheofT,  14 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Kickapoos,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  Illinois  and  the 
neighborhood.     They  have  about  600  wairiors. 

Kidderminster,  a  corporate  town  in  Worcester- 
shire, Eng.     It  has  long  been  celebrated  for  it* 


kiL 


420 


KIL 


carpet  manufacture,  which  has  been  brought  to 
grreat  jjerfection.  A  fine  specimen  of  carpet  weav- 
ing', delineating  the  Descent  from  the  Cross,  is 
placed  over  the  altar  m  St.  George's  chapel,  re- 
cently erected.  The  Staffordshire  and  Worcester- 
shire canal  passes  this  place.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Stour,  14  m.  S.  E.  ot  Bridgenorth,  and  126 
N.  W.  of  London. 

KUlge,  or  Kej,  a  fortified  town  of  Persia,  capital 
of  the  province  of  Mecran,  seated  on  the  Nehenk, 
530  m.  S.  W.  of  Candahar.  Long.  63.  20.  E.,  lat 
26.  15.  N. 

Kidtr ell y, a,  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermarthenshire. 
It  stands  on  a  creek  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  and 
has  a  canal  to  some  collieries,  whence  coal  is 
brought  down  and  exported.  Ilere  are  also  an 
iron  foundery  and  a  tin  mill.  On  the  opposite 
bank  of  the  creek,  where  the  old  town  formerly 
stood,  are  the  remains  of  a  castle.  It  is  8  m.  S.  of 
Caermarthen,  and  220  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Kiel,  a  strong  town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  with  a  castle,  and  a  university. 
It  stands  on  a  peninsula,  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic, 
and  has  a  commodious  harbour  for  ships  of  the 
largest  size.  It  is  one  of  the  most  commercial 
places  in  Holstein ;  and  its  trade  is  augmented  by 
means  of  the  Eyder  canal  to  Rendsburg.  Kiel  is 
37  m.  N.  W.  of  Lubec,  and  46  N.  by  E.  of  Ham- 
burg    Long.  10.  16.  E.,  lat.  54.  21.  N. 

Kien-niiijr ,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank  in 
the  province  of  Fo-kien.  At  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest of  China  by  the  Tartars  it  sustained  two 
sieges,  and  was  at  last  taken,  and  all  the  inhabi- 
tants put  to  the  sword.  It  was  afterwards  re-es- 
tablished by  the  Tartars,  and  is  now  a  place  of 
considerable  trade.  It  stands  on  the  river  Min- 
Iio,  260  m.  S.  E.  of  Nan-king.  Long.  117.  2.  E., 
lat.  27.  5.  N 

Kien-txhang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  in  a  fertile 
country,  340  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Nan-king.  Long. 
118.  20.E.,  Iat27.  35.  N. 

Kieou-kiang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-si,  situate  on  the  Kian- 
ku,  immediately  above  the  influx  of  the  Poyang- 
hou.  It  is  the  rendezvous  of  all  the  barks  which 
pass  to  and  from  other  places  in  this  province,  and 
the  provinces  of  Kiang-nan  and  Hou-quang.  It  is 
250  m.  S.  W.  of  Nan-king.  Long.  116.  0.  E.,  lat. 
29.  64.  N. 

Killiarchan,  a  village  of  Scotland,  on  the  W. 
side  of  Loch  Winnoch,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Renfrew. 
It  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  weavers,  and  has  exten- 
sive bleach  fields. 

Kilbride,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire, 
noted  for  its  cotton  manufactures,  and  for  being 
the  birthplace  of  Dr.  William  Hunter  and  his 
brother  John,  celebrated  anatomists.  It  is  6  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Glasgow. 

Kilcalmoncll,  a  town  of  Scotland,in  Argyleshire. 
17  m.  N.  of  Campbelton. 

Kilfiu,  St.  one  of  the  Hebrides,  28  m.  to  the 
W.  of  North  Uist.  It  is  3  m.  long  and  2  broad, 
fenced  about  with  one  continued  perpendicular 
face  of  rock,  of  prodigious  height,  except  at  the 
landing  place  on  the  S.  E.,  where  there  is  a  nar- 
row and  steep  passage  to  a  vill.age  on  the  top  of 
a  rock.  The  surface  of  the  island  is  hilly  ;  but  it 
feeds  many  sheep,  and  produces  plenty  of  barley 
and  potatoes.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  live  chief- 
ly  by  fishing,  and  catching  wild  fowl.  In  the 
latter  employment,  they  are  incredibly  adventu- 
rous. Being  let  down  by  a  rope  from  the  summit 
o<  the  precipitous  rocks,  they  clamber  along  their 


fronts  m  search  of  the  eggs  and  nests  of  various 
birds.  St.  Kilda  is  the  most  remote  of  the  Heb- 
rides, and  is  about  140  m.  from  the  nearest  point 
of  the  mainland  of  Scotland.  Long.  8.  23.  W.,  lat. 
57    43.  N. 

Kildare,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Leinster,  about  37  m.  long,  and  from  12  to  20 
broad;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Dublin  and  Wick- 
low,  W.  by  King's  county,  and  Queen's  county, 
N.  by  East  Meath,  and  S.  by  Carlow.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Liffey,  Barrow,  and  Boyne.  It 
is  a  very  fertile  and  arable  country.  It  sends  2 
members  to  the  imperial  parliament. 

Kildare,^  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  fore- 
going county,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  chieflr 
supported  by  frequent  horseraces  on  what  is  cab 
ed  the  Curragh,  a  fine  turfy  plain,  containing  up 
wards  of  5,000  acres,  which  feeds  a  great  number 
of  sheep.  27  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  Long.  6  57. 
W.,lat.  53.  9.  N. 

Kilfenora,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Clare,  and  a  bishop's  see  united  with  Killa 
loe.     12  m.'  N.  W.  of  Ennis. 

Kilgarron,  a  town  of  Wales  in  Pembrokeshire, 
now  inhabited  principally  by  fishermen.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  and  celebrated  cas- 
tle, on  a  high  rock.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tivy,  30 
m.  N.  of  Pembroke,  and  231  W.  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Kilham,  a  parish  in  East  Yorkshire,  Eng.  31  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  York. 

Kilia,  a  fortified  town  of  European  Russia,  in 
Bessarabia,  with  a  good  trade  in  wool,  goat's  hair, 
tallow,  wine,  corn,  &c.  It  is  situated  on  the  most 
northern  branch  of  the  Danube,  86  m.  S.  W.  oi 
Bialogorod. 

Kilkenny,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Leinster,  about  40  m.  long  and  20 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Carlow  and  Wex- 
ford, W.  by  Tipperary,  N.  by  Queen's  county, 
and  S.  by  Waterford.  It  sends  2  members  to  par- 
liament. The  surface  is  in  general  level  and  the 
soil  fertile.  It  is  particularly  noted  for  its  coal 
which  makes  no  smoke  in  burning.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Barrow,  Suire,  and  Nore. 

Kilkenny,  a  city  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  above 
county,  situate  on  the  river  Nore,  over  which  are 
two  bridges.  Irishtown,  on  the  E.  side  ol'the  riv- 
er, is  joined  to  it,  and  both  together  form  a  large 
and  pleasant  place.  It  had  formerly  a  bishop  ;  and 
the  cathedral,  which  stands  in  Irishtown,  bf  longs 
to  the  bishop  of  Ossory.  The  chief  manufactures 
are  coarse  woolens  and  fine  blankets.  20  m.  N. 
of  Waterford.     Long.  7  32.  W.  lat.  52.  36.  N. 

Kilkenny,  t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  among  the  White 
Mountains.  Pop.  27.  Also  a  village  in  St.  I^aw 
rence  Co.  N.  Y.  and  a  township  in  Leinster  Co 
Lower  Canada. 

Killala,  a  sea-port  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Mayo  and  a  bishop's  see  united  with  Achonry. 
It  stands  on  a  fine  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  to  which 
it  gives  name.  24  m.  N.  of  Castlebar.  Long 
9.  4.  W.,  lat.  54.  8.  N. 

Killaloc,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Clare,  and  a  bishop's  see  united  with  Kilfenora. ' 
It  is  seated  on    the  Shannon,    over  which    is    a 
bridge  of  19  arches,  10  m.  N.   N.  E.  of  Limerick. 

Killarney,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kerry,  much  frequented  on  account  of  the  ad- 
joining lake.     14  m.  S.  E.  of  Tralee. 

Killarney,  a  beautiful  lake  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Kerry,  otherwise  called  Lough  Lean, 
from  its  being  surrounded  by  high  mountains.  It 
is  divided  into  three  parts,  called  the  Lower.  Mid- 


KIL 


421 


RiM 


die,  and  Upper  Lake.  The  northern,  or  lower 
lake,  is  G  m.  long  and  3  broad.  On  the  side  of 
one  of  the  mountains  is  O'SuUivan's  Cascade 
which  falls  about  70  feet  into  the  lake  with  a 
tremendous  roar  ;  and  opposite  this  cascade  is  the 
island  of  Innisfallen.  The  promontory  of  Muc- 
russ  divides  the  upper  from  the  Lower  lake,  and, 
■  on  passing  round  its  extremity  into  the  upper  lake, 
there  is  a  celebrated  rock,  called  the  Eagle's  Nest, 
_.f  which  produces  wonderful  echoes.  The  upper 
■'5  lake  is  4  m.  long  and  2  broad,  and  from  the  moun- 
.ains  descend  a  number  of  beautiful  cascades.  The 
islands  in  this  lake  are  numerous,  and  afford  an 
amazing  variety  of  picturesque  views.  The  cen- 
tre lake  is  small  in  comparison  with  the  other  two, 
ind  cannot  boast  of  equal  variety  ;  but  the  shores 
are  indented  with  bays,  surrounded  by  dark  groves 
of  trees  The  E.  boundary  is  formed  by  the  base 
of  Mangerton,  down  the  steep  side  of  which  de- 
•Bcends  a  cascade,  visible  for  150  yards  :  this  fall 
'of  water  is  supplied  by  a  circular  lake,  near  the 
summit  of  the  mountain,  called  the  Devil's  Punch- 
bowl, which  is  considered  one  of  the  greatest 
curiosities  of  Killarney. 

Kilicullen,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare,  on  the  river  LifFey,  over  which  is  a  bridge. 
9  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Kildare,  and  25  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

KUlingly,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  45  m.  E. 
Hartford.     Pop.  3,261 . 

Killington  Peak.     See  Green  Mountains. 

KUlingworth,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Conn,  on  Long 
'Island  Sound,  26  m.  E.  ISew  Haven.     Pop.  2,483. 

Killmallock,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Limerick,  formerly  one  of  the  best  built  inland 
towns  in  the  kingdom,  but  much  decayed.  16  m. 
S.  of  Lim^erick. 

KiUony,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Sligo,  6  m.  S.  of  Sligo. 

KUlou<rh,  or  Port  St.  Ann,  a  seaport  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Down,  to  the  N.  of  St.  John's 
Point,  in  the  Irish  Sea.  A  rock  stands  in  the 
middle  of  the  entrance  of  its  harbour,  covered  at 
half  flood.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  salt.  6  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Downpatrick.  Long.  5.  40.  W.,  lat. 
54.  14.  N. 

KUlybegs,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
Donegal,  with  a  spacious  harbonr  on  the  N.  side 
of  Donegal  Bay.     12  m.  N.  W.  of  Ballyshannon. 

Killylenoh.  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Down,  with  a  linen  and  thread  manufacture.  The 
celebrated  Sir  Hans  Sloane  was  born  in  this  town; 
It  is  seated  on  an  arm  of  Strangford  Lough,  35  m; 
N.  E.of  Newry. 

Kj7macrfM«»/i,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
■)f  Gal  way,  an  old  episcopal  see,  united  to  Clonfert. 
The  ruins  of  the  cathedral,  a  monastery,  &c.,  de- 
note its  former  consequence.     12  ni.  N.  of  Ennis. 

Kilmacthomas,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Waterford,  12  m.  W.  S   W  ofWaterford 

Kilmainham,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  a  valley, 
about  half  a  m.  W.  of  Dublin.  It  has  a  session- 
house,  a  gaol,  a  foundling  hospital,  and  an  hos- 
pital for  invalid  soldiers.  Here  the  knights  for 
the  county  of  Dublin  are  elected ;  and  it  was  the 
•  seat  of  government  before  the  castle  at  Dublin 
was  appropriated  to  that  purpose. 

Kilmarnock,  a  populous  and  flourishing  town 
of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire.  It  is  the  principal  man- 
ufacturing town  in  the  county,  and  carries  on  an 
extensive  trade :  its  chief  manufactures  are  car- 
pets, serges,  blankets,  tartans,  and  other  woolen 
goods,  saddlery,  leather,  &c.  Near  it  are  the  re- 
mains of  Dean  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  earls  of  Kil- 
marnock, in  the  desolate  condition  to  which  it  was 


reduced  by  lire  m  1735.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Irvine,  11  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ayr,  and  20  S.  S.  W. 
of  Glasgow.     Long.  4.  28.  W.,  lat.  55. 40.  N. 

Kilmarnock,  p. v.  Lancaster  Co.  Va. 

KUmaurs,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  for- 
merly celebrated  for  its  cutlery.  2  m.  N.  W.  of 
Kilmarnock. 

KUmore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Cavan,  and,  with  Armagh,  a  bishop's  see.  3  m. 
S.  W.  of  Cavan. 

Kilrenny,  a  parish  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  on 
the  frith  of  Forth. 

Kilsyth,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Stirlingshire, 
inhabited  chiefly  by  weavers  employed  by  the 
Glascow  manufacturers.  It  is  situate  on  the 
Great  North  Road  from  Edinburgh  and  Stirling 
to  Glascow,  15  m.  S  W.  of  Stirling,  and  13  N. 
E.  of  Glascow. 

Kilwinning,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire. 
Here  is  the  elegant  seat  of  the  Montgomery  family, 
Eglington  Castle  ;  also  some  remains  of  a  mag 
nificent  monastery,  which  was  erected  here  lu 
1140.  The  vicinity  abounds  in  limestone  and 
coal.  It  is  seated  on  the  Garnock,  over  which  is 
a  stone  bridge,  5  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Irvine. 

Kimberton,  p. v.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Kimbericorth,  a  village  in  West  Yorkshire  Eug. 
2  m.  W.  of  Rotherham. 

Kimbolton,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng. 
Here  is  a  castle,  the  seat  of  the  duke  of  Manches- 
ter, where  queen  Catherine  resided  for  some  time 
after  her  divorce  from  Henry  VIII.  63  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  London. 

Kimi,  or  Kiemi,  a  town  of  Russian  Lapland,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
gulf  of  Bothnia,  10  m.  E.  of  Tornea. 

Kin,  Kain,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Seistan,  situate  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  60  m 
S.  S.  W  of  Herat. 

Kinhurg.  a  fortress  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Taurida,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the 
Dnieper.  It  has  been  frequently  attacked  by  the 
Turks,  by  land  and  sea,  but  without  success.  18 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Oczakow,  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Dnieper. 

Kincardine,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
with  a  commodious  harbour,  and  a  good  road  in 
the  frith  of  Forth.  Ship-building  is  carried  on  to 
a  great  extent,  and  the  coasting  and  foreign  trade 
is  considerable.  5  m.  S.  E.  of  Alloa,  and  22  S.  by 
W.  of  Perth. 

iTi/ifcarrfinc,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Rossshir©, 
with  a  small  harbour,  on  the  frith  of  Dornoch,  »4 
m.  W.  by  N.  of  Tain. 

'  Kincardine,  O'necl,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ab«r 
deenshire,  seated  on  the  river  Dee,  23  m.  W.  by 
S.  of  Aberdeen. 

Kincardineshire,  or  Meams,  a  county  of  Scot- 
land, bounded  on  the  N.  W.  and  N.  by  Aberdeen- 
shire, E.  by  the  German  Ocean,  and  S.  and  W. 
by  Angusshire.  lis  length  along  the  coast  is  30 
m.  and  its  greatest  breadth  about  24.  The  N.  W. 
part  is  mountainous,  and  chiefly  adapted  for  pas- 
ture ;  but  to  the  S.  of  the  Grampians  the  surface 
is  in  general  fertile.  The  small  village  of  Kincar- 
dine 9.m.  S.  W.  of  Stonehaven,  was  formerly  the 
capital  but  Stonehaven  is  now  the  county- town. 

Kinderhook,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y.  on  tho 
Hudson  20  m.  S.  Albany.     Pop.  2,706. 

Kineton.     See  Kington. 

King  and  Queen,  a  county  in  the  E.  district  of 
Virginia.     Pop.  11,644. 

King  George,  a  county  in  the  E.  district  of 
Virginia.     Pop.  3,397. 

2  N 


KIN 


42S 


KIN 


King  Creek,  a  village  in  Barnwell  District  S.  C. 

Kingfield,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  554. 

King  George  the  Third  Sou7td,  a  harbour  on  the 
S.  W.  coast  of  New  Holland  discovered  by  cap- 
tain Vancouver  in  1791.  It  is  safe,  and  easy  of 
o,cces3  any  where  between  its  outer  points  of  en- 
trance, Bald-head  and  Mount  Gardener,  11  m. 
distant  from  each  other.  Long.  118.  17  E.,  lat., 
35.5.  S. 

King  George  Sound,  the  name  given  by  captain 
Cook,  in  1778,  to  the  bay  which  he  discovered  on 
the  W.  coast  of  North  America,  in  long.  126.  48. 
W.,  and  lat.  49.  33.  N.  but  the  natives  call  it 
Nootka ;  the  name  now  generally  adopted  by  the 
English.  It  is  notsituate  on  the  continent,  as 
Cook  had  reason  to  suppose,  but  on  an  island,  to 
which  captain  Vancouver,  in  1792,  gave  the  name 
of  Quadra  and  Vancouver  Island.  In  1786  a  few 
British  merchants  in  the  East  Indies  formed  a 
settlement  in  this  place  to  supply  the  Chinese 
market  with  furs ;  but  the  Spaniards  in  1789,  cap- 
tured two  English  vessels,  and  took  possession  of 
the  settlement.  The  British  ministry  made  their 
demand  of  reparation,  and  the  affair  was  ami- 
cably terminated  by  a  convention. 

Kin-gan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  Kan-kiang, 
800  m.  S.ofPekin.  Long.  115.  10  E.,  lat.  27. 
16.  N.  .        .    '   . 

Kindkorn,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
on  the  frith  of  Forth,  nearly  opposite  Leith.  It 
joins  with  Burntisland,  Kirkaldy,  and  Dysart  in 
returning  two  members  to  parliament.  It  has 
two  harbours,  one  below  the  town,  and  the  other 
halfa  mile  W.  at  Pettycur,  for  the  passage  boats 
between  this  place  and  Leith.  The  manufac- 
ture of  thread  stockings,  and  the  spinning  of 
cotton  and  flax,  were  fomerly  carried  on  here  to 
some  extent,  but  owing  to  the  depression  of 
trade  the  former  is  given  up  and  the  latter  is 
not  prosecuted  with  any  great  activity.  9  m.  N. 
by  W.  of  Leith. 

Kintrsborough  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.  50. 
m.  N.  W.  Albany. 

Kings  Cou.nly,  a  county  of  New  York,  compris- 
ing the  west  end  of  Long  Island.  Pop.  20,537. 
Flatbush  is  the  capital. 

Kinshuror,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson  90  m  E.  Albany.    Pop.  2,606. 

Kings  County,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Leinster,  43  m.  long  and  about  39  in  its 
greatest  breadth;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  West 
Meatli,  E.  by  Kildare,  S.  by  Queen's  County  and 
Tipperary,  and  W.  by  the  Shannon,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Galway  and  Roscommon.  It  is  di- 
vided into  52  parishes,  contains  about  1.30,000 
inhabitants,  and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Shannon,  and  the 
Greater  and  Little  Brosna  ;  and  the  grand  canal 
croses  the  N.  part  of  the  county.  It  is  not  so  well 
cultivated  as  some  of  the  other  counties,  but  tlie 
soil  is  tolerably  fertile.  The  capital  is  Philips- 
town. 

King's  Langley,  a  village  in  Hertfordshire,  where 
Henry  III.  occasionally  resided.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Gade,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Alban's. 

Kingsbridge,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  seat- 
ed on  a  branch  of  the  Salcomb  River,  over  which 
is  a  bridge  to  Dodbrook,  34  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Exeter, 
and  208  W.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Kingsclere,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  with  a 
oreat  trade  in  malt.  It  was  the  residence  of 
some  of  our  Saxon  kings.  54  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
London. 


Kingscliff,  a  parish  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
12  m.  W.  of  Peterborough. 

Kingsessing,  a  township  of  Philadelphia  Co. 
Pa. 

King's  Mountain,  a  mountain  in  Lincoln  Coun- 
ty in  the  western  part  of  North  Carolina.  A 
battle  was  fought  here  Oct.  7.  1780  between  a 
body  of  American  militia  and  a  party  of  British 
and  Tories  in  which  the  latter  were  defeated 
and  nearly  the   whole  killed  or  taken  prisoners. 

Kingsteig,  a  strong  fortress  of  Norway.  See 
Fredericstadt. 

Kingston,  a  corporate  town  in  Surrey,  Eng. 
At  a  national  council  held  here,  in  the  year  838, 
king  Egbert,  and  his  son  Athelwolf,  were  pres 
ent;  and  several  of  the  Saxon  monarchs  were 
crowned  here.  This  town  sent  two  members  to 
parliament  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  II.  and  III. 
but  was  disfranchised  by  the  desire  of  the  inhab 
itants.  Queen  Elizabeth  founded  here  a  free- 
school ;  and  the  spring  assizes  are  held  at  this 
place.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Thames,  over 
which  it  had  an  ancient  wooden  bridge,  now  re- 
placed by  one  of  stone.     10  m.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Kingston  a  sea-port  of  Jamaica,  in  the  West 
Indies,  situate  on  the  N.  side  of  Port  Royal  Bay. 
It  was  built  in  1798,  after  the  great  earthquake 
which  destroyed  the  town  of  Port  Royal,  and  ta 
1803  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  It  is  a  place  of 
good  trade  being  much  resorted  to  by  ships  com- 
ing to  load  and  unload  their  cargoes  ;  and  of  late 
years  it  has  been  greatly  enlarged  by  the  addition 
of  many  handsome  houses.  Pop.  including  18,000 
slrves,  33,00o.  It  is  10  m.  E.  of  Spanish  Town. 
Long.  76.  40  W.,  lat.  18.  3.  N. 

Kingston,  the  capital  of  St.  Vincent,  in  the 
West  Indies,  situate  at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  the 
same  on  the  S.  W.  shore  of  the  island. 

Kingston,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  adjoin- 
ing Exeter.  Pop.  999.  Also  a  township  of  Ad 
dison  Co.  Vt.  25  m.  S.  W.  Montpelier.  Pop. 
803.  A  p.t.  Plyrauoth  Co.  Mass.  on  Plymouth  Bay. 
4.  m.  N.  W.  Plymouth.  Pop.  3,322.  A  p.t.  Ulster 
Co.  N.  Y.  formerly  Espus.  It  stands  on  the  Hud- 
son, 55m.  below  Albany.  Pop.  4,170.  Also  towns 
and  villages  in  Middlesex  Co.  N.J.  Luzerne  Co  .Pa. 
Talbut  and  Somerset  Cos.  Md.  Delaware  and  Ross 
Cos.  Ohio.  Roane  Co.  Ten.  and  Morgan  Co.  Geo. 

Kingston,  the  largest  and  most  populous  town 
of  Upper  Canada,  with  a  good  harbour.  Here 
the  king's  stores  are  kept  and  guarded.  Vessels 
from  Lower  Canada  go  no  further  than  this  place  ; 
and  hence  to  York,  Niagara,  &c.  Stores  and 
merchendise  are  conveyed  in  boats.  It  is  seated 
on  Lake  Ontario,  and  its  outlet  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence, 190  m.  W.  of  Montreal.  Long.  75. 41.  W., 
lat.  44.  8.  N. 

Kingston  on  Hull.     See  Hull. 

King-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Ilou-quang.  It  is  considered 
one  of  the  keys  of  the  empire,  is  well  fortified,  and 
has  a  large  Tartar  garrison.  It  stands  on  the 
Kian-ku,  620  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Peking.  Long.  111. 
37.  E.,  lat.  30,  26.  N. 

Kina-te-tching,  a  town  of  China,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kiang-si,  famous  for  its  beautiful  por- 
celain. It  is  computed  to  contain  above  1,000, 
000  of  inhabitants,  and  extends  4  m.  along  the 
banks  of  a  river  which  here  forms  a  kind  of  liar- 
bour.  655  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  115.  54.  E. 
lat.  29.  25.  N. 

Kington,  or  Kincton,  a  town  of  Warwickshire, 
Eng.  King  John  kept  his  court  in  a  cabtle  he 
erected  here.     85  m.  N.  W.  of   London. 


KIN 


423 


KIR 


Kin^on,  or  Kyneton,  an  ancient  town  in  Here- 
"ordshire,  Eng.  with  a  considerable  clothing 
trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  Arrow,  under  Bradnor 
Mountain,  19  m.  S.  W.  of  Hereford,  and  150  W. 
by  N.  of  London. 

King-tree,  p. v.  Williamsburg  District  S.  C.  64 
m.  N.  Charleston. 

Kinsville,  p.v.  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio  on  Lake 
Erie. 

King  William,  a  county  of  the  Eastern  District 
of  VirVinia.     Pop.  9,812. 

Klngicood,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 
-n  tiie  Delaware,  also  a  p.  v.    Preston  Co.  Va. 

Kin-hoa,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Tche-kianw,  on  the  banks  of  a  fine  river,  into 
which  several  little  streams  discharge  themselves. 
It  has  a  great  trade  in  dried  plums  and  hams ; 
and  is  famous  for  good  rice-wine  and  very  white 
candles  :  the  latter  are  made  of  a  substance  obtain- 
ed from  little  shrubs  with  a  white  flower,  not 
unlike  jessamine.  It  is  190  m.  S.  by.  E.  of  Nan- 
king.    Long.  119.    10.  E.,  lat.  29.  16  N. 

Kinnaird  Head,  a  lofty  promontory  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  about  a  mile 
to  the  N.  of  the  town  of  Fraserburg.  Here  is  a 
castle  4  stories  \ii<rh,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a 
'ighthouse.      Long.  1.  46.  W.  lat.  57.    39.  N. 

Kinnoul,  a  parish  of  i^cotland,  in  Perthshire, 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Tay, with  the  remains  of  an 
ancient  castle.  It  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  hill  of 
Kinnoul,  vvhicli  is  particularly  famous  for  its  fine 
agates,  and  also  abounds  with  many   rare  plants. 

Kinross,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Kin- 
ross-shire, seated  in  a  plain,  screened  on  the  N. 
by  the  Ochil  Hills,  and  on  the  river  Leven,  be- 
fore it  enters  Loch  Leven.  It  has  a  manufacture 
of  cotton  and  coarse  linens.  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Edinburgh.     Long.  3.  9.  W.,  lat.  56.  7.  N. 

Kinross-shire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  surrounded 
by  the  shires  of  Perth  and  Fife,  and  almost  cir- 
cular, about  30  m.  in  circumference.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  four  parishes  and  containsabout  7,000  in- 
habitants. The  central  part  is  occupied  by  Loch 
Leven,  and  the  country  around  has  a  rich  appear- 
ance. It  sends  one  member  to  parliament  alter- 
nately with  the  county' of  Clackmannan. 

Kinsale,  a  seaport  and  borough  of  Ireland,  in 
the  county  of  Cork.  It  is  a  maritime  arsenal, 
contains  10,000  inhabitants,  and  has  an  excellent 
harbour,  defended  by  a  strong  fort.  In  times  of 
war  it  is  very  much  frequented  by  E.  and  W.  India 
fleets,  on  which  account  the  leases  of  the  inhabi- 
tants oblige  them  to  pay  double  rent  during  these 
seasons.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the-  Ban- 
don,  13  ni.  S.  of  Cork.  Long.  8.  28.  W.,  lat. 
51.  42.  N. 

KinsaJe,  p.v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Va.  on  the 
Potomac  near  Chesapeak  Bay. 

Kinsman,  p.t.  Trumball  Co."  Ohio  180  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus.     Pop.  720. 

Kinston,  p.t.  Lenoir  Co.  N.  C.  on  the  Neuse, 
40  m.  above  Newbern. 

KirUcldng,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Loo-choo, 
in  the  China  Sea,  and  of  all  the  islands  under 
that  appellation.  The  king's  palace,  reckoned 
to  be  four  leagues  in  circumference,  is  built  on 
a  neighbouring  mountain.  Long.  127.  30.  E., 
lat.  26.  2.   N. 

Kin-tong,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Yun-nan.  The  surrounding  country 
is  mountainous,  but  the  valleys  yield  abundance 
of  rice.  It  Is  seated  on  the  Pa-pien,  750  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Canton.  Long.  100.  40.  E.,  lat.  24. 
30.  N 


iTmtorc,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen 
shire,  on  the  river  Don,  13  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Aber- 
deen. 

Kintyre.     See  Cantyre. 

Kin-yan^,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Chen-si.  It  has  always  been  deemed  as  a  bar- 
rier against  the  incursions  of  the  Tartars,  and  is 
strongly  fortified.  The  country  around  is  very 
fruitful.  560  m.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Lonir.  107.  30. 
E.,lat.  36.6.  N. 

Kin-xjuen,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Quang-si.  It  is  seated  on  a  fine  river,  but  sur- 
rounded with  craggy  mountains,  inhabited  by  a 
rude  and  savage  race  of  people.  310  m.  W.  by 
N.  of  Canton.     Long.  108.  15.  E.,  lat.  25.  28.  N. 

Kinzaa,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  Pa.  350  m.  N.  W. 
Harrisburg. 

Kiov,  or  Kioto,  a  government  of  the  Russian 
empire,  being  part  of  the  Ukraine,  or  Little  Rus- 
sia. It  was  once  a  duchy,  belonging  to  the  great 
dukes  of  Russia,  and  Kiov  was  their  capital. 
This  country  was  conquered  by  the  Tartars,  and 
came  again  into  the  possession  of  the  great 
dukes  but  was  overrun  and  possesed  by  the  Cossacs. 
under  the  protection  of  Poland.  In  1664  the 
natives,  discontented  with  John  Casimir,  king 
of  Poland,  submitted  to  Russia,  and  have  ever 
since  remained  subject  to  that  empire.  This  gov- 
ernment is  divided  into  12  circles,  and  contains 
about  1,000,000  of  inhabitants. 

Kiov,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  capital  of  the 
foregoing  government,  and  a  Greek  archbishop's 
see,  with  a  castle.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  Town, 
the  Lower  Town,  and  the  fortress  of  Petscherski, 
all  connected  by  intrenchments.  Here  are  cata- 
combs of  considerable  extent,  dug,  as  it  would 
seem,  through  a  mass  of  hardened  clay.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Dnieper,  180  ni.  N.  E.  of  Kaminieck 
and  335  E.  S.  E.  of  Warsaw. 

Kio-fcou,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Chan-tong  and  district  of  Yen-tcheou.  It  was 
the  birthplace  of  Confucius,  several  monuments 
to  whose  memory  are  still  lo  be  seen  here. 

Kioae,  or  Koge,  a  seaport  of  Denmark,  in  the 
isle  of  Zealand.  The  English  defeated  the  Danes 
here,  and  took  the  town  in  1807.  It  is  10  m.  S 
W.  of  Copenhagen.  Lon?.  12. 15.  E.,  lat.  55.  30.  N. 

Kioping,  or  Koping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
government  of  Westeraas,  18  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Westeraas. 

Kippen,  a  parish  and  village  of  Scotland,  in 
Stirlingshire,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Forth,  9  m. 
W.  of  Stirling. 

Kirbij  Lonsdale,  a  town  in  Westmoreland  Eng., 
with  manufactures  of  carpets  and  blankets.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Loyne,  over  which  is  a  curious  an- 
cient stone  bridge  of  three  arches.  12  m.  S.  E. 
of  Kendal,  and  252  N.  W.  of  London. 

Kirby  Moorside,  a  town  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
There  are  several  interesting  ruins  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood ;  and  in  the  village  of  Kirkdale,  2  m. 
hence,  many  fossil  animal  remains  were  discov- 
ered in  1820.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Dow,  29 
m.  N.  of  York,  and  221  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Kirby  Stephen,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  Eng. 
The  woolen  manufacture  is  the  chief  trade  here, 
but  there  is  also  one  silk  factory  in  the  town,  and 
many  of  the  inhabitants  are  employed  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  stockings.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Eden,  3  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Appleby,  and  266  N.  N. 
W.  of  London. 

Kirchberg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Wurtemberg,  in 
a  district  of  the  same  name ;  seated  on  the  Her,  9 
m.  S.  ofUlm. 


KIR 


424 


MT 


Kirchbem,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  with  a  castli? 
on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Jaxt,  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Rotenburg. 

Kirchhern,  a  town  in  the  Prussian  province  of 
the  Lower  Rhine,  41  m.  W.  of  Mentz. 

Kirchein,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Mindel, 
29  m.  E.  S.  E.  ofUlm. 

Kirchhayn,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
Lusatia  ;  seated  on  the  Bober,  18  ni.  S.  of  Luckau 

Kirchhcim,a.  town  of  Wurtemberg,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  river  Lauter,  18  m.  S.E.  ofStuttgard. 

Kirdorf,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, 42  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cassel. 

Kiri.n,  a  government  of  Eastern  Tarlary,  en- 
closed between  the  sea  of  Japan,  the  northern 
frontier  of  Corea,  and  the  river  of  Saghalien. 
The  climate  is  extremely  cold ;  and,  from  the 
number  of  forests  by  which  it  is  covered,  the 
country  is  thinly  inhabited.  The  valuable  plant 
ginseng  grows  here ;  and  the  emperor  of  China 
s?nds  liither  the  criminals  banished  by  the  laws. 

Kirin,  a  city  of  eastern  Tartary,  capital  of  the 
foregoing  province,  and  the  residence  of  a  Mand- 
shur  general,  who  is  invested  with  the  authority 
of  a  viceroy.  It  is  situate  on  the  river  Songari, 
which  is  here  called  Kirin,  540  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Pekin.     Long.  126.  20.  E.,  lat.  43.  20.  N. 

Kirkcaldy,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
with  a  good  harbour.  Here  are  a  dock  yard  for 
small  vessels  and  manufactures  of  checks,  tick- 
ing, cotton,  and  leather.  This  was  the  birth-place 
oflhe  celebrated  Dr.  Adam  Smith,  author  of  the 
*  Wealth  of  Nations.'  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  frith  of  Forth,  11  m.  N.  of  Leith. 

Kirkcudbright,  a  borough  and  seaport  of  Scot- 
land, capital  of  its  name,  with  a  castle.  The  har- 
bour will  admit  ships  of  any  burden  to  come  up 
to  the  town,  and  yet  it  has  no  considerable  trade 
or  manufacture.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the   Dee,  28   m.  S.   W.  of  Dumfries. 

Kirkcudbrightshire,  or  East  Galloway,  a  county 
of  Scotland,  45  m.  long  and  30  broad;  bounded 
on  the  N.  W.  by  Ayrshire,-  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Dum- 
fries-shire, S.  by  Solway  Frith  and  the  Irish  Sea, 
and  W.  by  Wigtonsliire.  It  is  divided  into  23  par- 
ishes, contains  33,600  inhabitants,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  The  northern  parts  are 
mountainous  and  uncultivated  ;  but  there  is  some 
fertile  land  on  the  sides  of  the  rivers,  and  it  feeds 
a  oreat  number  of  cattle  and  sheep.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Dee,  Fleet,  Cree,  and  Orr. 

Kirkham,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  The  an- 
cient church  was  taken  down  in  1822,  except  the 
tower,  and  rebuilt  by  a  subscribed  rate.  The 
manufactures,  which  are  increasing  in  importance, 
are  sail  cloth,  cordage,  coarse  linens,  cottons,  &c; 
It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ribble.  23  m. 
S.  of  Lancaster,  and  226  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Kirkintilloch,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbar- 
tonshire, with  manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton  ; 
seated  near  the  junction  of  the  Luggie  with  the 
Kelvin,  7  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Glasgow. 

Kirkless,  a  village  in  W.Yorkshire  Eng.  situate 
on  the  Calder,  3  ni.  from  Huddersfield.  In  the 
park  near  it  is  the  monument  of  the  famous  Rob- 
in Hood. 

Kirkoswald,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  On 
an  elevated  spot,  a  little  E.  of  the  town,  are  the 
ruins  of  a  castle  ;  and  on  another  eminence,  3  m. 
to  the  S.,  is  the  famous  druidical  monument  called 
Long  Meg  and  her  daughters.  Kirkoswald  is 
seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Croglin  witli  the 
Eden,  9  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Penrith,  and  292  N.  W. 
of  London. 


Kirkpatrick,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbarton 
shire  5  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dumbarton.  The  vestiges  of 
of  the  Roman  wall,  built  by  Antoninus, extena  from 
the  Clyde  at  this  place  to  Abercorn  on  the  frith  o 
Forth.  It  is  called,  by  the  country  people,  Gra 
ham's  Dike. 

Kirkton,  or  Kirton,  a  town   in   Lincolnshire 
Eng;  situate  on  the  top  of  a  hill,  20  m.  N.  of  Li» 
coin,  and  147  N.  by  W  of  London. 
Kirkville,  p. v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y. 
KirksviUc,  p. v.  Mecklenberg  Co.  N.  C.  150  m. 
S.  W-  Raleigh. 

Kirkwood,  a  township  of  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 
Kirkwall,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Po- 
mona, the  principal  island  of  the  Orkneys.  It  la 
built  on  a  neck  of  land,  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
island  ;  and  the  most  striking  object  is  the  stately 
cathedral  of  St.  Magnus  opposite  which  is  the 
bishop's  palace,  now  called  a  castle.  The  harbour 
is  excellent,  with  a  good  outer  road,  defended  by 
a  fortification.  Here  are  manufactures  of  linen 
and  cotton  ;  and  great  quantities  of  kelp  are  ex 
ported.  It  is  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Thurso,  in  Caith 
ness-shire. 

Kirn,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of  Lower 
Rhine,  situate  on  the  Nahe,  42  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Coblentz. 

Kirrymuir,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Forfarshire, 
with  considerable  manufactures  of  brown  and 
coarse  linens.  It  is  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Forfar,  and 
16  N.  of  Dundee. 

Kirshehr,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
formerly  a  considerable  city,  called  Diocaesarea. 
Salt  is  made  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  is  84  m. 
N.  E.  of  Cogni.  Long.  34.  15.  E.,  lat.  39.  10.  N. 
Kirsova,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, seated  on  the  Danube,  76  m.  S.  W.  of  Is* 
mael.     Long.  28.  4.  E.,  lat.  44.  47.  N. 

Kiskiminitas,  a  branch  of  Alleghany  river  in 
Pennsylvania,  On  this  stream  are  many  salt 
springs.  There  is  a  village  of  this  name  in  West* 
"moreland  Co.  Pa. 

Kirtland.  p.t.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio.  165  m.  N,  E. 
Columbus  Pop.  1,010. 

Kismich,  or  Kisme,  a  fertile  island  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  60  m.  long  and  12 
broad,  separated  by  a  narrow  channel  from  the 
continent  of  Persia.  Its  E.  end  is  12  m.  S.  of 
Gombron. 

Kissingen,  a  town  of  the  Bavarian  states,  in 
Franconia,  in  the  environs  of  which  are  some 
medicinal  and  salt  springs.  32  m.  N.  of  Wurzburg. 
Kistna,  or  Krishna,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which 
rises  in  the  Sukhien.  Mountains,  not  far  to  the  S 
of  Poona,  flows  E.  about  500  m.  forming  the 
boundary  between  the  Deccan  and  the  Peninsula. 
,  and  enters  the  bay  of  Bengal  by  several  mouths, 
to  the  S.  of  Masulipatam.  Owing  to  the  accu 
mulation  of  sand  at  its  mouths,  it  is  not  navigable 
for  ships  ;  but  its  inundations  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  the  fertility  of  the  country  through 
which  it  passes. 

Kistnagheri,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan 
in  the  province  of  Barramaul.  Since  it  came  into 
the  possession  of  the  British,  in  1792,  it  has  been 
dismantled  to  save  the  expense  of  a  garrison.  It 
is  situate  on  a  rock  nearly  700  feet  in  height,  54 
m.  S.  E,  of  Bangalore,  and  66  W.  S.  W.of  Arcot. 
Kitta.nniny,  a  township  of  Armstrong  Co  Pa. 
40  m.  N.  E.  Pittsburg. 

Kittatinny  Mountains,  the  name  given  to  a 
branch  of  the  Apalachian  chain,  in  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania. 

Kittery,  p. v.  York  Co.  Me.  ait  the  mouth  of  Pin- 


KNI 


425 


KOE 


eataqn  a  river  opposite  Portsmouth.     Pop.  2,202. 

Kitzbichl,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Tyrol,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  are  mines  of  cop- 
per and  silver.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Acha, 
11  m.  S.  E.  of  Kufstein. 

Kitzintren,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  on  the 
river  Maine,  10  m.  E    S.  E.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Kiun-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
capital  of  the  island  of  Hainan,  on  the  N.  coast, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Limou.  It  stands  on  a  prom- 
ontory, and  ships  often  anchor  under  its  walls. 
Lon^.  109.  38.  E.,  lat.  20.  N. 

KitUaja.  or  Cutaja,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
capital  of  Natolia.  Near  it  are  some  warm  baths, 
much  esteemed  in  several  disorders.  It  is  situate 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Pursak, 
136  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Constantinople. 

Kladrau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Pilsen,  near  the  river  Misa,  20  m.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Klattau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  considerable  woolen 
manufacture.  Part  of  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in 
1810.     It  is  69  m.  S.  W.  of  Prague. 

Klingeistown,  p. v.  Schuylkill  Co.  Pa. 

KHngnau,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  district 
of  Baden,  on  the  river  Aar,  7  m.  N.  of  Baden. 

Kruipdale,  a  district  of  Argyleshire,  Scotland, 
about  20  m.  long,  and  16  broad.  It  is  situate  be- 
tween the  isthmus  of  Crinan  and  Tarbert,  and  is 
divided  into  the  parishes  of  N.  and  S.  Knapdale. 

Knappsliurgh,  p. v.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y. 

Knare.sborough,  a  borough  in  W.  Yorkshire, 
Eng. .  It  is  the  ancient  seat  of  the  linen  manufac- 
ture, which  is  now  carried  on  to  a  great  extent. 
Here  is  a  famous  spring,  of  a  strong  petrifying 
quality,  called  the  Dropping  Well,  which  falls  in 
drops  from  the  top  of  a  rock.  The  town  is  situate 
at  the  top  of  a  rocky  mountain,  at  the  foot  of 
which  runs  the  river  Nidd.  19  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
York,  and  197  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Knighton,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Radnorshire, 
seated  on  the  Teme,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Radnor,  and 
158  N.  W.  of  London. 

Knightshridge ,  a  village  in  Middlesex,Eng.  now 
forming  part  of  the  suburbs  of  London.  Here 
are  extensive  barracks  for  soldiers,  and  a  consid- 
erable manufacture  of  painted  floor  cloths. 

Kniphausen,    a   sea-port  of   Germany,    in   the 

fraud  duchy  of  Oldenburg,  seated  on  the  Jade, 
9  m.  E.  ofEmbden. 
Knisteneaux,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  North  Ameri- 
ca who  occupy  a  part  of  the  British  territory  to 
the  North  of  the  lakes  of  Canada.  The  Knisteneaux, 
denominated  Cristinaux  by  the  ancient  Canadians, 
and  Kdlistonxms  by  some  modern  writers — Crers 
by  the  English,  wander  over,  or  inhabit  all  the 
country  to  the  south  of  the  lake  of  the  Mountains, 
as  far  as  the  lakes  of  Canada,  and  from  Hudson's 
Bay  to  lake  Winnipeg.  The  Knisteneaux  are  of  a 
moderate  stature,  nre  well  proportioned,  and  pos- 
sess a  remarkable  degree  of  activity.  Black  and 
piercing  eyes  animate  their  agreeable  and  open 
countenance.  They  paint  their  face  of  different 
colours.  They  wear  asimple  and  convenient  dress, 
cut  and  ornamented  with  taste  ;  but  sometimes 
they  hunt,  even  during  the  severest  cold,  almost 
entirely  naked.  It  appears  that  of  all  the  savages 
of  North  America,the  Knisteneaux  have  the  hand- 
somest women.  Their  figure  is  well  proportioned, 
and  the  regularity  of  their  features  would  obtain 
them  admiration,  even  in  Europe.  Their  com- 
plexion is  not  so  dark  as  that  of  other  savage 
women  .  because  their  habits  are  much  more  clean- 
ly. These  Indians  are  naturally  mild,  honest 
54 


generous,  and  hospitable,  when  the  pernicious  nse 
of  spirituous  liquors  has  not  changed  their  natural 
disposition.  They  do  not  look  upon  chastity,  how- 
ever, as  a  virtue^  nor  do  they  imagine  that  con- 


jugal fidelity  is  at  all  necessary  to  the  happiness 
of  the  married  state.  Accordingly  they  offer  their 
wives  to  strangers,  and  exchange  them  with  each 
other,  as  Cato  is  said  to  have  done.  The  fogs 
which  cover  their  marshes,  are  believed  to  be  the 
spirits  of  their  deceased  companions. 

Knittelfeld,  or  KnitterfeJdt,  a  town  of  Austria, 
on  the  river  Muhr,  98  in.  S   W.  of  Vienna. 

Knoclopher,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kilkenny,  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Kilkenny,  and  63  S. 
W.  of  Dublin. 

Knottingley,  an  extensive  and  populous  village 
in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  on  the  river  Aire,  3  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Pontefract,  noted  for  its  great  production 
of  limestone. 

Knoidton,  a  township  of  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

lifnoz,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  17,124.  Mount 
Vernon  is  the  capital.  Alsoa  county  of  Kentucky. 
Pop.  4,321.  Barboursville  is  the  capital.  Also 
a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop  14,498.  Knox- 
ville  is  the  capital.  Also  a  county  of  Indiana. 
Pop.  6,557.     Vincennes  is  the  capital. 

Knox,  p.t.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  W.  Albany. 
Pop.  2,186.  Also  townships  in  Columbia  and  Jef- 
ferson Cos.  Ohio. 

Knoxvilte,  a  town  of  Tennessee,  capital  of  Knox 
cou-ty.  Here  is  a  college,  established  by  gov- 
ernment. It  stands  on  the  river  Holston,  22  m. 
above  its  junction  with  the  Tennessee,  and  200  S. 
by  E.  of  Frankfort.  Long.  84.  8.  W.,  lat.  35. 
58.  N.  Also  villages  in  Crawford  Co.  Geo.,  and 
Jefferson  Co.  Ohio. 

Knutsford,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  Here  are 
some  cotton-mills,  and  manufactures  of  shag  vel- 
vets, &c.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Birken, 
25  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Chester  and  175  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Koang-sin,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Kiang-si.  Here  are  manufactures  of  good  paper, 
and  the  best  candles  in  the  empire.  It  is  250  m. 
S.  bv  W.  of  Nanking.  Long.  118.  20.  E.,  lat.  28. 
30.  N. 

Kori-lcheou,  a  province  of  China,  near  the  S.  W. 
extremity  of  the  empire.  It  is  almost  a  desert, 
and  full  of  precipitous  mountains,  inhabited  by 
barbarous  races,  whom  the  Chinese  have  never 
been  able  fully  to  subdue.  In  the  mountains  there 
are  mines  of*^  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  mercury. 
The  horses  are  the  best  in  China ;  and  exceU^ot 
2n2 


5t«0N 


426 


KOO 


game  abounds.  Staffs  are  made  of  a  certain  herb 
which  resembles  hemp,  and  are  very  much  suited 
for  summer  clothes.     The  capital  is  Koei-yang. 

Koei-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Se-tchuen.  It  is  very  rich,  and  carries  on  a  great 
trade.  It  stanas  on  the  great  river  Kian-ku,  637 
m .  S  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long  109.  50.  E.,  lat.  31. 
10.  N. 

Koei-yang,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Koei-tcheou.     It  is  built  partly  of  earth 
and  partly  of  bricks,  and  is  surrounded  bv  steep 
mountains.     Long.  108.  30.  E.,  lat.  27.  40."N. 
Kone.     See  Kione. 

Kohistan,  a  district  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Mecran,  possessed  by  a  powerful  chief,  who  re- 
sides at  Bun  poor. 

Kohkelan,  a  mountainous  district  of  Hindoostan , 
hi  the  province  of  Lahore,  on  the  western  side  of 
the  Jhylum  River,  possessed  by  pettv  chiefs,  who 
are  subject  either  to  the  Seiks  or  Afghans. 

Kottonor,  or  Hohonor,  a  country  of  Tnrtary,  on 
the  borders  of  China,  inhabited  by  a  tribe  of  Kal- 
mucks called  Sifans.  It  contains  a  large  lake  of 
the  same  name. 

Kola,  a  town  of  Russian  Lapland,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Archangel.  It  has  a  good  harbour  on 
the  river  Kola,  near  a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  the 
Frozen  Ocenn.     Long.  32.  30.  E..  lat.  68.  20  N. 

Kol.in,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Kaur- 
zim,  with  a  castle.  A  little  to  the  W.  of  this  place, 
in  ]7")7,  the  Austrians  gained  a  victory  over  the 
Prussians.     26  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Prague. 

Koiivan,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  government  of 
Tomsk.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  some  very 
productive  copper  mines,  with  some  silver  and 
gold.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Berd,  at  its  conflux 
with  the  Oby,  480  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Tobolsk.  Long. 
81.  20.  E.,   lat.  55.  28.  N. 

Kolkokro,  a  lake  in  the  peninsula  of  Kamt- 
schatka,  connected  with  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  said  to  be  112  m.  in  circumference,  and 
abounds  with  sea  calves. 

Kolomna,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Moscow,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  trade  in  corn, 
tallow,  salt  bf-ef,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Occa, 
near  the  influx  of  the  Moskwa,  65  m.  S.  E.  of 
Moscow. 
Kom.     See  Com. 

Kong,  a  kingdom  of  Central  Africa,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Guinea,  from  wliich  it  is  sepairated  by  a 
ridge  of  mountains.  The  country  is  populous, 
and  abounds  in  horses  and  elephants. 

Konar,  a  town  of  Africa,  capital  of  <he  above 
Xingdo'm,  230  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Sego.  Long.  3.  20. 
W.;  lat.  11.20.  N. 

Konsshertr,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Aggerhuys,  formerly  celebrated  for  the 
richest  silver  mines  in  Europe.  It  is  situate  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  Lowe,  36  m.  S.  W.  of  Chris- 
tiana.    Long.  10.  0.  E.,  lat.  .59.  40.  N. 

Kongmoinffer,  a  town  of  Norway,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Sweden,  near  the  river  Glomme,  at  the 
foot  of  a  steep  rock,  on  which  is  a  strong  citadel. 
42  m.  N.  E  of  Christiana.  Long.  12.  8.  E.,  lat. 
60.  12.  N. 

Kong-tchang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the'province  of  Chen-si.  It  stands  on  the  river 
Hoei,  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  where  a 
totnb  is  seen,  which  the  Chinese  pretend  to  be  that 
of  Fohi.  Long.  104.  20.  E.,  lat.  34.  56.  N. 
Konirh,  or  Koineh.  See  Cogni. 
Koni^ingratz,  a  fortified  town  of  Bohemia,  cap- 
ital of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's 


see.  It  has  a  spacious,  handsome  market-plac* 
an  elegant  cathedral,  and  many  other  handsome 
buildings.  In  1762  a  body  of  Prussian  troops  en- 
tered the  town,  and  laid  the  greatest  part  of  it  in 
ashes.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  44  m.  E.  of  Prague. 
Long.  15.  40.  E.,  lat.  50.  10.  N. 

Konigshcr g,  n.  goxernmeni  Q?  i\\e  Prussian  states, 
comprehendmg  the  N.  and  W.  parts  of  the  pro- 
vince of  E.  Prussia,  and  corresponding  nearly  to 
E.  Prussia  Proper.  It  comprises  a  superficial  area 
of  8,900.  sq.  m.  with  491,000  inhabitants. 

Konigshrrg,  the  capital  of  E.  Prussia,  with  a 
university,  a  magnificent  palace,  and  a  public  li- 
brary. The  town-house,  the  exchange,  the  royal 
mint,  and  the  cathedral  are  fine  structures.  The 
tower  of  the  castle  is  very  high,  whence  there  i«i 
a  beautiful  prospect.  The  wall  which  encloses 
the  city  and  suburbs  is  9  m.  in  circumference,  but 
more  than  half  this  space  consists  of  gardens  and 
corn  fields,  the  pop.  of  the  whole  not  exceeding 
5.5,000,  who  are  principally  of  the  Lutheran  reli- 
gion. Many  of  the  houses  are  large  and  elegant; 
and  the  trade  is  very  considerable.  No  ships 
drawinjr  more  than  8  feet  water  can  pass  the  bar 
of  the  river,  so  that  large  vessels  anchor  at  Pillau, 
a  small  town  on  the  Baltic.  Konigsberg,  though 
fortified,  is  not  capable  of  making  any  serious  re- 
sistance. It  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1758; 
and  in  June,  1807,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
French ;  but,  since  the  overthrow  of  Bonaparte, 
it  has  been  under  the  dominion  of  Prussia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Pregel,  near  its  entrance  into  the 
Frisch  Haff".  170  m.  N.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  20. 
45.  E.,  lat.  54.  42.  N. 

Konigslurir,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cas 
sel,  AG  "m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Mentz. 

Konigshrrg,  a  town  and  castle  of  the  Bava- 
rian states,  in  Franconia.  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Bam 
berg. 

Konigsherg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Troppau,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Troppau. 
Koninsberg,  a  town  of  Hungry,  seated  on  the 
river  Gran,  70  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Presburg. 

Konigsherg,  a  well  built  town  of  Prussia'59  m 
N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Konigshof,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bohemia  seated 
on  the  Elbe,  14  m.  N.  of  Konigingratz. 

Konigshofen,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  on 
the  river  Saale,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Bamberg. 

Konigslvttcr ,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  with  a  celebrated  abbey.  It  i« 
seated  on  the  rivulet  Lutter,  16  m.  E.  of  Bruns 
wick. 

Konigztr.in,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Bohemia.  A  garrison  is  constantly  maintained 
in  the  fort,  which  stands  on  a  mountain,  and  is 
deemed  impregnable.  The  town  has  manufactures 
of  woolen  and  linen,  and  is  seated  on  the  Elb^ 
16  m.  S.  E.  of  Dresden.  Long.  14.  )4.  E.,  lat.' 
50.  54.  N. 

Knnigstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Nassau,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  11  m.  N.  W. 
of  Frankfort. 

Konitz,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Culm. 

Konkodoo,  a  country  of  W.  Africa,  bordering  ou 
Jallonkadvo,  Satadoo,  and  Dentila.  It  is  full  of 
steep  mountains,  which,  however,  are  cultivated 
even  to  the  summit.  The  streams  which  descend 
from  these  mountains  impregnate  the  sand  and 
earth  with  gold  dust,  which  the  natives  separate 
by  a  mechanical  process. 

Koonjoor,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  oi  a 
circar,  in  the  province  of  Orissa.     66  m.  N.  N 


KOR 


427 


KRA 


W.  of  Catlack,  and  163  W.  S.  W.  of  Calcutta. 
Long.  85.  38.  E.,  lat.  21.  52.  N. 

Kooshaub,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Lahore, 
seated  on  the  Belut,  88  in.  W.  of  Lahore.  Long. 
71.  20.  E.,  lat.  30.55.  N. 

Kopys,  a  fortified  town  of  European  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Mohilef;  seated  on  the  Dnie- 
per. 28  m.  N.  of  Mohilet. 

Kordofan,  a  country  of  central  Africa,  situated 
to  the  W.  of  the  Bahr-el-Abiad,  between  the 
kingdom  of  Darfur  and  that  of  Sennaar.  It  is 
sometimes  independent,  and  sometimes  subject  to 
the  one  or  the  other  of  these  states.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  said  to  be  extremely  licentious  in  their 
manners,  and  cherish  a  most  inveterate  enmity 
against  those  of  Darfur.     Ibeii  is  the  capital. 

Korfakan,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Oman,  on  a  bay 
of  the  gulfof  Ornius,  110  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Rostek. 

Korgan.     See  Jorjan. 

Koriacs,  a  people  of  Siberia,  who  inhabit  that 
part  of  the  government  of  Okhotsk  which  lies 
around  the  gulf  of  Penginskaia,  and  N.  as  far  as 
the  banks  of  the  Anadir.  They  are  divided  into 
two  sorts.  Those  called  simply  Koriacs  have  a 
fixed  residence,  and  the  resemblance  between 
them  and  the  Kamtschadales  is  very  striking. 
The  others  are  wanderers,  and  are  known  by  the 
appellation  of  Reindeer  Koriacs ;  they  roam  in 
detached  parties  over  these  vast  deserts,  and  are 
noted  hunters  and  robbers.  Their  only  property 
consists  in  their  herds  of  reindeer,  which  they 
maintain  by  conducting  them  to  those  cantons 
that  abound  with  moss  ;  and,  when  these  pas- 
tures are  exhausted,  they  wander  in  search  of 
others.  The  number  of  fixed  Koriacs  scarcely 
exceeds  900  ;  and,  though  it  is  not  easy  to  calcu- 
late that  of  the  wandering  Koriacs,  it  is  imagined 
that  they  do  not  much  exceed  this  amount.  The 
features  of  the  majority  of  the  Koriacs  are  not 
Asiatic  ;  and  they  miffht  be  considered  as  Euro- 
peans, but  for  their  low  stature,  their  ill  shape, 
and  the  color  of  their  skin.  In  general  the  wo- 
men have  sunken  eyes,  flat  noses,  and  prominent 
cheeks,  and  in  going  about  they  carry  their  chil- 
dren in  a  kind  of  net  or  basket  arched  over,  in 
which  tho  infant  is  placed  in  a  sitting  posture, 
and  sheltered  from  the  weather.  They  acknow- 
ledge a  Supreme  Being,  the  creator  of  all  things. 
He  is  supposed  to  inhabit  the  sun,  whose  burning 
orb  they  consider  as  the  throne  or  palace  of  the 
Lord  of  Nature.  They  neither  fear  nor  worship 
him:  goodness,  they  say,  is  his  essence;  and  it 
is  impossible  he  should  do  any  injury.  Tlie  prin- 
ciple of  evil  they  consider  as  a  malignant  spirit, 
who  divides  with  the  good  Being  the  empire  of 
nature.  As  the  one  is  intent  on  the  happiness  of 
mankind,  the  otber  endeavours  to  render  them 
unhappy.  Diseases,  tempests^  famine,  calamities 
of  every  kind,  are  his  works,  and  the  instru- 
ments of  his  vengeance.  To  pacify  his  wrath, 
they  offer  to  him  various  animals,  the  first  fruits 
of  tiieir  hunting  and  fishing,  and  whatever  they 
possess  that  is  most  valuable  ;  but  there  is  no 
temple  set  apart  for  his  votaries,  who  conceive 
that  they  render  him  propitious  by  piously  getting 
drunk  in  their  jourts  ;  for  drunkenness  is  become 
with  these  people  a  religious  practice,  and  the 
basis  of  all  their  solemnities. 

KnrlnrM,  a  valley  in  tiie  island  of  Sumatra, 
behind  the  range  of  mountains  which  forms  the 
boundary  of  the  countries  of  Anak,  Sungei,  and 
Indrapoor.  It  contains  a  fine  lake,  which  abounds 
with  fish,  and  its  banks  are  covered  with  villa- 
ges. 


Koros  Black,  a  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises 
in  the  palatinate  of  Bihar,  and  falls  into  the 
Theyss,  near  Czongrad,  in  the  palatinate  of  Bek- 
esch. 

Korotscha,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Kursk,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name 
with  a  manufacture  of  saltpetre.  44  m.  S.  E.  of 
Kursk. 

Korsor.     See   Corsoer. 

Kortright,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  T.  Pop 
2,873. 

Kosel,  or  Kosta,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussia,  in 
Silesia,  on  the  river  Oder,  17  m.  N.  of  Ratibor. 

Kosie,  a  considerable  kingdom  of  Western  Af 
rica,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Lagos, 
about  60  m.  from  its  mouth.  By  this  situation 
the  jjeople  of  Kosie  command  the  trade  of  all  the 
slaves  which  are  brought  down  the  river;  and 
they  prevent  all  communication  between  the  tra- 
ders of  Lagos  and  those  of  the  interior.  The 
capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  said  to  be  of  great 
extent,  and  its  buildings  are  described  as  resem- 
bling those  of  Coomassie,  the  capital  of  Ashantee. 

Koslof.     See  Eupatoria. 

Kostroma,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  govern- 
ment of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  and  situate  on  a  riv- 
er of  the  same  name,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Vol- 
ga. 380  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Petersburg.  Long.  41. 
14.  E.,  lat.  57.  40.  N. 

Kotla,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Findoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Agimere,  seated  on  the  Chumbul. 
Long.  75.  49.  E.,  lat.  25  15.  N. 

Kottokolee,  a  city  of  Central  Africa,  capital  of 
a  country  of  the  same  name,  of  which  the  situa- 
tion and  extent  are  not  accurately  known. 

Kotun,  a  city  of  Usbeck  Tartary,  in  Cashgur, 
110  m.  S.  E.  of  Ireken.  Long.  81.  36.  E.,  lat.  37. 
50.  N. 

Koue-te,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Ho-nan.  It  is  seated  in  a  vast  plain, 
between  2  large  rivers.  312  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
115.29.  E.,  lat.  34.  30.  N. 

Kous,  or  Coss,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  E.  bank 
of  the  Nile,  once  a  place  of  great  wealth  and  trade 
being  the  staple  of  commerce  between  th'f  Nile 
and  the  Red  Sea.  18  m.  S.  of  Dendera,  and  45. 
N.  N.E.  ofEsne. 

Kowno,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  with  a 
brisk  trade,  particularly  in  honey,  wax,  &c.  It  is 
seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Wilna,  and  Niemen, 
66  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Wilna. 

Kozi'ov,  a  large  town  of  European  Russia,  in 
the  government  of  Tambov.  The  chief  trade  is 
in  cattle,  which  are  sold  to  the  Don  Cossacs,  and 
in  tallow  and  salt  meat,  which  are  sent  to  Mos- 
cow. It  is  seated  on  the  Voronet,  48  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Tambov. 

Krainbuia,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Ino 
5  ni.  N.  E.  of  Burkhansen. 

Krainhurg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Car- 
niola,  with  a  castle  seated  on  the  Save,  20  m.  N. 
W.  of  Laubach. 

Kranichfe.'d,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
palitv  of  Saxe-Gotha,  on  the  river  Ilm,  12  m.  S. 
E.  of  Erfurt. 

Krappitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a 
castle,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Prudnitz  with  the 
Oder,  14  m.  S.  of  Oppelon. 

Krasnoiarsk,  a  flourishing  town  of  Asiatic  Rus- 
aia,  in  the  government  of  Tomsk  with  a  trade  in 
furs,  and  a  considerable  transit  of  commodities 
for  the  trade  with  China  and  Siberia,  the  great 
road  from  Tomsk  to  Irkutsk  passing  through  it> 


kUB 


428 


KUO 


It  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  which  falls  into  the 
Yenisei. 

Krasnoiarsk,  a  town  and  capital  of  a  district  in 
the  government  of  Aslracan,  Asiatic  Russia.  It 
is  situated  on  an  island  formed  by  branches  of  the 
Volga.     Long.  48.  30.  E.,  lat.  46.  30.  N. 

KrusnoslaiB,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Lublin,  26  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Chelm. 

Kraupen,ai  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Leutmeritz.  It  has  considerable  tin  mines  id  its 
vicinity,  and  is  17  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Leutmeritz. 

Krauthcim,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  In 
Baden,  on  the  river  Jaxt,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Mergen- 
theim. 

Kreiderville,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 

Krekith,  a  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Caernar- 
vonshire, seated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  near  Traeth- 
Arnawar  Bay,  where  a  castle  formerly  stood,  now 
in  ruins.  13  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Caernarvon,  and  234 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Krempe,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Holstein,  seat- 
ed on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  5  m.  N.  of  Gluck- 
stadt. 

Krems,  or  Crems,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  alum 
works,  and  manufactures  of  velvet,  silk  stuffs, 
and  excellent  thread.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  at  its  conflux  with  the  Danube, 
48  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Vienna.  Long.  15.  36.  E., 
lat.  18.  24.  iN. 

Kmnbertr.     See  Cronennerg. 

Kropp,  a  large  manufacturing  village  of  Aus- 
trian Illyria,  in  Carniola,  circle  of  Laucach,  seat- 
ed on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Kiotosckin,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussian  Po- 
land, near  the  borders  of  Silesia,  28  m.  W.  of 
Kalisch. 

Krotzka,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Servia, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Danube,  15  m.  S.  E.  of 
Belgrade. 

Krumlau.    See   Crumlau. 

Kruszwlca,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Brzesc,  with  a  castle,  noted  for  be- 
ing the  birthplace  of  Piast,  who  from  the  station 
of  a  private  citizen,  was  elected  king  of  Poland 
in  the  year  842.  It  is  seated  on  a  lake  called 
Goplo,  which  supplies  the  Netz  with  a  great 
part  of  its  water.      28  m.  W.  of   Brzesc    Litov. 

Ktcifa,  a  small  walled  town  of  Syria,  on  the 
borders  of  the  desert,  supposed  to  be  the  ancient 
Adarisi,  22  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Damascus. 

Kua.ra,  a  province  of  Abyssinia,  situated  near 
the  banks  of  the  Bahr-el-Abiad.  It  is  very  moun- 
tainous and  unwholesome,  but  abounds  in  gold, 
which  is  brought  from  the  neighbouring  coun- 
tries. The  governor  is  one  of  the  great  officers 
of  state,  and  has  absolute  power  in  his  own 
province. 

Kuhbees,  a  city  of  Persia,  in  Seistan,  in  the 
midst  of  a  great  sandy  desert,  on  the  road  from 
Kerman  to   Herat.     160  m.  S.  E.  of  Yezd. 

Kuhesha,  a  strong  town  of  Asia,  in  Daghistan, 
situate  on  a  hill,  between  high  mountains.  Its 
inhabitants  call  themselves  Franki  (Franks,  a 
name  common  in  the  E.  to  all  Europeans),  and 
form  a  republic.  They  are  excellent  artists,  and 
make  very  good  fire-arms,  sabres  and  several  arti- 
cles in  goid  and  silver,  for  exportation.  They 
have,  likewise,  for  their  own  defence,  small  cop- 
per cannons,  of  three  pounds  calibre,  cast  by 
themselves.  They  coin  Turkish  and  Persian 
silver  money,  and  even  rubles,  which  readily  pass 
current,  because  they  are  of  the  full  weight  and 
value.  Kubesha  is  considered  as  a  neutral  town, 
where  the  neighbouring  princes  can  deposit  their 


treasure  with  safety.  In  1725  it  acknowledjed 
the  sovereignty  of^  Russia,  but  without  paying 
any  tribute.     Long.  47.  49.  E.,  lat.  42.  30.  N. 

KuJ/in,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  Bannat, 
opposite  Semendrla,  with  2,400  inhabitants,  who 
carry  on  a  brisk  trade  with  Turkey. 

Kuhin,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  district  of 
the  Tsaikists.  Long.  19.  18.  E.,  lat.  49.  14. 
N. 

Kufstein,  a  strong  town  of  Austria,  in  the  Tyrol, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French  and  Bavarians  in  1805.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Inn,  on  the  frontiers  of  Bavaria,  A^  ra.  S.  S 
E.  of  Munich.  Long.  12.  15.  E.,  lat.  47.  30 
N. 

KuUa,  a  country  of  Central  Africa,  to  the  S.  E 
of  Wangara,  traversed  by  a  river  of  the  same 
name.  It  was  represented  to  Browne  as  an  im 
portant  state,  but  he  did  not  enter  it. 

Kulsheim,  or  Kulzheim,  a  town  of  Baden,  in  the 
principality  of  Leiningen,  40  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Heid- 
elberg. 

Kumania,  Great  and  Little,  two  districts  in  the 
central  part  of  Hungary,  separated  from  each 
other  by  a  considerable  tract  of  country  as  well 
as  by  the  river  Theyss.  Great  Kumania  comprises 
a  superficialextent  of  420  sq.  m.  with  13.000  in- 
habitants. Little  Kumania  is  however  the  more 
extensive  district,  comprising  an  area  of  1,000 
sq.  m.,  and  a  pop.  of  41,000.  The  Calvinlst  is 
the  prevailing  religion  in  both  districts. 

Kundapvra,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Canara, 
and  the  chief  place  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
province.  It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  which  here  expands  into  a 
lakej  and  forms  a  number  of  Islands.  It  is  the 
port  for  all  goods  coming  from,  or  going  to  Naga- 
ra ;  but  the  bar  will  not  admit  vessels  that  draw 
more  than  12  feet.  It  is  30  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Mangalore.      Long.    74.  45.    E.,    lat.  14.  24.  N. 

Kunersdorf,  a  village  of  Brandenburw,  in  the 
Middle  Mark,  3  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder.  Here,  in  1759,  was  fought  one  of  the  most 
bloody  battles  on  record  between  the  Prussians 
and  Russians,  in  which  the  king  of  Prussia, after 
a  great  slaughter  of  the  enemy  for  upwards  of 
six  hours,  was  in  the  end  obliged  to  quit  the 
field  with  the  loss  of  all  his  cannon  and  20,000 
men. 

Kunka,  a  district  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Orissa,  situate  on  the  sea-coast,  near  the 
Point  Palmyras.  Being  much  intersected  by 
rivers,  the  rajah  successfully  maintained  his  inde- 
pendence agaln.?t  the  Mahrattas,  but  surrendered 
to  the  British  In   1805. 

Kunkagur,  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  and 
the  residence  of  the  rajah,  situate  on  the  sea 
coast.     Long.  87.  5.  E.,  lat.  20.  50.  N. 

Kunting,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconla,  in  the 
principality  of  Eichstadt,  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Schwarz,ach  with  the  Altmuhl,  12  m  N.  E.  of 
Eichstadt. 

Kungee,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Dehll,  and  district  of  of  Slrhind.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  mud  wall  and  deep  ditch,  but  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1809,  withont  resis- 
tance. 

Kuno,a.  fortress  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of  Nip- 
hon  60  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Jeddo. 

Kunowitz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  Olschowa 
37m.S.  by  E.  ofOlmutz. 

Kuopin,a.  town  of  Sweden,  m  Finland,  capital 
of  Savolax,  and  that  part  of  Carelia  remaining  to 
Sweden.     It  is  situate  on  the  W.  side  of  an  ex 


KUR 


429 


KTR 


tensive  lake  200  m  S.  E.  of  Ulea.    Long.  29. 10. 
E.,  lat.  63.  20.  N. 

Kufferberg,  a  mine-town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in 
the  principaTity  of  Jauer,  on  the  river  Bober,  17 
•n.  N.  W.  of  Jauer. 

Kur,  (the  ancient  Cyrus),  a  river  of  Persia, 
which  rises  in  the  Caucasian  Mountains,  passes 
by  Tefflis,  and  flows  S.  E.  to  the  Caspian  Sea. 
At  its  mouth  are  several  inlets,  liable  to  be  over- 
flowed in  the  spring. 

Karda,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Guzerat.  near  the  N.  W.  frontier,  about  3  m. 
S .  of  Theraud. 

Kurdistan,  a  country  lying  partly  in  Armenia 
and  partly  in  Persia,  along  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
river  Tigris,  and  comprehending  great  part  of 
ancient  Assyria.  Its  limits  are  not  precisely  as- 
certained ;  but  it  may  be  viewed  as  bounded  or 
the  N.  by  Armenia,  on  the  E.  by  Persia,  on  tha 
S.  by  Arabian  and  Persian  Irak,  and  on  the  W 
by  Diarbekir,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  Alge- 
zira.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  viz..  Lower 
Kurdistan,  or  the  western  division,  which  is  in- 
cluded in  the  pachalic  of  Bagdad,  and  corres- 
fonds  nearly  to  the  whole  of  the  ancient  Assyria 
roper;  and  Ardelan,  which  extends  from  the 
small  river  Sharook  to  the  Turkish  district  of 
Zohaub.  The  surface  is  diversified  by  mountains 
and  valleys  ;  and  the  soil  is  in  some  places  fertile 
and  well  cultivated  ;  but  it  abounds  with  deserts, 
and,  except  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  towns, 
is  barren  and  desolate.  Wheat  and  barley  are 
the  grains  most  commonly  raised.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  not  subject  either  to  the  Turks  or  Per- 
sians. Some  live  in  towns  and  villages,  and 
others  rove  from  place  to  place,  having  tents  like 
the  wild  Arabs,  and  being  robbers  like  them.  The 
tribes  are  ruled  by  a  number  of  their  own  princes 
or  chiefs.  They  are  proud  of  their  descent;  and 
demand  a  premium  for  their  daughters  on  giving 
them  in  marriage.  Their  character  and  circum- 
stances seem  to  have  undergone  little  change 
since  the  most  remote  times.  Xenophon  is  sup- 
posed to  refer  to  them  under  the  name  of  Cardu- 
chai,  a  people  who  opposed  the  retreat  of  the 
10,000  Greeks.  Their  religion  is  partly  Chris- 
tianity and  partly  Mahomedism.  Altunkupri  is 
the  capital.  The  chief  towns  are  Kerkook,  Soly- 
mania,  Beltis,  Erbile,  Amadia,  Sennah,  &c. 

Kureh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nato- 
lia,  34  m.  W.  of  Sinob. 

Kuriles,  a  long  chain  of  islands  at  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Asia,  extending  from  the  southern 
point  of  Kamtschatka  to  the  isles  of  Jesso  or 
Matsmai,  an  island  of  Japan.  They  lie  between 
42.  and  51.  of  N.  lat.,  and  the  whole  length  of 
\he  range  is  said  to  be  nearly  900  m.  Exclu- 
di»'e  of  the  very  small  ones,  they  are  22  in  num- 
ber. They  are  annexed  to  the  government  of 
Irkutsk,  and  pay  a  tribute  of  furs  and  sea  calves, 
which  is  collected  every  three  years;  the  Rus- 
sian authority  however  can  only  be  considered  as 
extending  over  19,  the  three  most  southerly  be- 
longing rather  to  Japan.  The  northernmost, 
called  Shoomska,  is  three  leagues  from  Cape  Lo- 
patka  :  the  next,  named  Paramousic,  is  consid- 
erably larger  than  Shoomska.  Those  two  islands 
were  first  visited  by  the  Russians,  in  1713,  and 
the  rest  have  been  gradually  discovered  since  that 
period.  Some  of  these  islands  are  fertile,  wooded 
and  abound  in  fish  and  game ;  while  others  are 
destitute  of  water  and  uninhabitable,  but  are  occa- 
sionally visited  by  the  islanders  for  the  sake  of 
hunting  foxes  and  otters.     The  natives  are  ve  y 


hairy,  wear  long  beard,  and  live  entirely  upon 
seals,  fish,  and  the  produce  of  the  chase.  They 
are  hospitable  and  docile  ;  but  pusillanimous  and 
unable  to  support  misfortune  with  fortitude. 
Their  houses  and  customs  resemble  those  of  the 
Kamtschatdales.  They  have  some  trade  with  the 
Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Russians. 

Kuron,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  Asiatic  Turkey. 
See   Tamus. 

Kursk,  a  considerable  town  of  European  Rus- 
sia, capital  of  a  government  of  the  same  name. 
It  has  16,000  inhabitants,  a  Protestant  consistory, 
and  16  churches.  The  export  trade  is  very  con- 
siderable, amounting  to  about  £150,000  sterling 
per  annum.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tuskara, 
240  m.  S.  of  Moscow.  Long.  37.  8.  E.,  lat.  51, 
40.  N. 

Kusistan,  or  Chusistan,  a  province  of  Persia, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Irac-Agemi,  E.  by  Farsis- 
tan,  S.  by  the  gulf  of  Persia,  and  W.  by  Ira»^- 
Arabi.  The  N.  part  is  mountainous,  the  S.  flat 
and  marshy.     Tostar  is  the  capital. 

Kutah.     See  Chiutaja. 

Kuttenhcrg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  near  a 
mountain,  in  which  are  silver  mines.  5  m.  N. 
W.  of  Czaslau. 

Kultore,  a  celebrated  town  and  fortress  of  the 
N.  of  India,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  province  of  Cafiristan.  It  is  situated  on 
the  summit  of  a  perpendicular  rock,  and  was  with 
great  difliculty  taken  by  Timur  in  the  end  of  the 
14th  century.  100  m.  N.  E.  of  Cabul,  and  280 
N.  W.  of  Lahore.  Long.  70.  17.  E.,  lat.  35. 
27.  N. 

Kuty,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Galicia, 
on  the  Czeremosz,  with  extensive  manufactures 
o    Russia  leather.     01  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Halicz. 

Kuynder,a.  town  and  fortress  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Friesland,  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Zuyder  Zee,  23  m. 
S.  of  Lewarden.     Long.  5.  32.  E.,  lat.  52.  41.  N. 

Kuzneck,  a  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  in  the  government  of 
Kolivan.  It  has  manufactures  of  iron,  and  stands 
on  the  Tom,  at  the  influx  of  the  Kondoma,  130 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Kolivan.  Long.  85.  50.  E.,  lat, 
54.  16.  N. 

Kylmrg,  a  bailiwic  of  Switzerland,  including 
the  whole  of  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  canton  of  Zu- 
rich. It  is  divided  into  47  parishes,  and  is  pro- 
ductive, particularly  in  fruit  and  wine. 

Kylhurg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
the  Lower  Rhine,  situated  on  the  river  Kyll,  30 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Luxemburg. 

Kyll,  a  small  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  be- 
tween the  frontiers  of  Limburg  and  Juliers,  and 
falls   into  the  Moselle,  4  m.  below  Treves. 

Kymmencnord,  an  extensive  province  of  Finland 
equal  in  extent  lo  the  half  of  Scotland,  but  con- 
taining only  115,000  inhabitants.  It  extends 
along  the  river  Kymmene. 

Kyn,  a  small  island  in  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast 
of  Russia,  about  5  m.  in  length,  40  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Riga. 

Kyndee,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
ofBahar,  and  district  of  Ramgur.  Long.  86.  5. 
£.,lat.  24.  15.  N. 

Kyneton.     See  Kington. 

Kyranur,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  province  of  Gundwaneh.  It  belongs  to  one 
of  the  Goand  chiefs,  who  is  tributary  to  the  rajah 
of  Nagpore.  It  is  situate  near  the  Lucknow 
Hills,  95  m  S.  E.  of  Ruttunpore.  Long.  81.  32. 
E.,lat.  21.  27  N. 


LAB 


430 


LAC 


Kyranty,  &  town   of  Bengal,  in  the  district  of  Morung,  and  W.  by    Nepaul.     It  was  conquered 

Cooch   Bahar,  on   the  Durlah  River.     Long.  88.  by  the  rajah  of  Nepaul  in  1769,  but  is  very  little 

50  E.,  lat.  26.  45.  N.  known  to  Europeans. 

Kyraut,  a  district  of  Hindoostan,  bounded  N.  by  Kyritz,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  Bran- 

the  Himmaleh  Mountains,  E.  by  Bootan,  S.  by  denburg.     46  m.  N.  W.  of  Berlin. 


LAAB,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  on  the  river 
Toya,  39  rn.  N.  by  W.  of  V.'enna.  Long.  16.  20. 
E.,  lat.  48.  43.  N. 

Laos,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Carniola, 
with  a  trad«  in  salt,  leather,  and  horses.  12  m. 
S.  of  Laubach. 

Lausphe,  or  Lasp/ie,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
Prussian  states,  seated  on  the  Lahn,  75  m.  E.  of 
Cologne. 

iMudia,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  seated  on 
the  Adirge,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.of  Ferrara. 

Laber,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  in  Franconia,  which 
rises  near  Neumark.  and  falls  into  the  Danube  at 
Sinzing,  above  Rati^bon. 

Labfs,  a  t'jwn  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  with 
manufactures  of  cloth  ;  seated  on  the  Reca,  35  m . 
N.  E.  ofStargard. 

Labia,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Servia, 
70m.S.  W.  ofNissa. 

Labiau,  a  town  of  East  Prussia,  with  a  strong 
castle,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Deine,  near  the 
Curische  Haff,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 

Labrador,  a  country  of  North  America,  on  the 
E.  side  of  Hudson  Bay.  The  general  aspect  of 
the  country  is  most  dreary  :  the  surface  is  moun- 
tainous and  rugged,  and  covered  with  large  stones, 
and  the  soil  is  poor.  Coarse  plants,  adapted  to 
the  nourishment  of  deer  and  goats  and  other 
wild  animals,  are  its  chief  productions.  The  cli- 
mate, in  only  lat.  47.  N.,  is  excessively  cold  dur- 
ing winter.  The  ice  begins  to  disappear  in  May, 
and  about  the  middle  of  July  conunences  hot 
weather,  which  at  times  is  such  as  to  scorch  the 
face  of  the  huntern.  Mock  suns  and  halos  are 
not  unfrequent ;  and  the  night  is  enlivened  by 
the  aurora  borealis,  which  spreads  over  the  whole 
sky.  No  country  is  better  furnished  with  large, 
safe,  and  convenient  harbours,  or  supplied  with 
better  water.  The  numerous  islands  along  the 
E.  coast  abound  with  eider  ducks  and  other  wa 
terfowl,  and  also  with  hares,  foxes,  and  dee;. 
The  animals  are  not  numerous  ;  the  most  com- 
mon are  reindeer,  bears,  wolves,  tigers,  foxes, 
beavers,  otters,  lynxes,  martens,  ermines,  wild 
cats.  The  Labrador  jumping  mouse  is  common 
to  this  country  and  to  all  the  interior  as  far  as 
Slave  lake.  Eagles,  hawks,  owls,  geese,  bustards, 
ducks,  partridges,  and  all  kinds  of  wild  fowl  are 
numerous.  The  fishes  are  whales,  morses,  seals, 
cod,  and  a  white  fish  preferable  to  herrings  ;  and 
in  the  rivers  and  fresh  waters  are  pike,  perch, 
carp,  trout,  &c.  During  the  3  months  of  summer 
there  is  a  variety  in  the  color  of  the  several  ani- 
mals, but  in  winter  everything,  animate  and  in- 
animate, is  white.  The  trees  of  Labrador  are 
mere  shrubs,  with  the  exception  of  the  black, 
white,  and  red  spruce,  silver  fir,  birch,  and  aspen. 
A  few  vegetables  are  produced,  and  various  kinds 
of  fruit.  A  beautiful  spar,  called  Labrador  stone, 
was  discovered  by  the  Moravian  Missionaries, 
who  have  successuilly  exerted  themselves  in  im- 
proving the  condition  of  the  natives.  They  have 
now  3  settlements  on  these  inhospitable   shores, 


the  total  pop.  of  which  is  about  600.  The  natives 
are  called  Esquimaux.  They  have  no  fixed  aboc'->, 
but  rove  from  place  to  place,  and  sometimes  coine 
as  far  as  Newfoundland.  Tliey  are  of  a  difFeren. 
race  from  the  other  native  Americans  ;  for  the 
other  tribes  have  no  beards,  but  these  have  them 
so  thick  and  large  that  it  is  diflScult  to  discover  ' 
any  feature  of  their  faces;  they  are  likewise  the 
only  savages  that  eat  their  food  in  a  raw  state. 
They  are  of  a  middling  stature,  generally  robust, 
lazy,  and  of  a  brown  color.  Their  head  isr  large, 
and  their  face  round  and  flat ;  they  have  thick 
lips,  a  flat  nose,  long  black  hair,  large  shoulders, 
and  uncommonly  small  feet.  They  are  always 
well  clothed;  forthere  is  nothing  to  be  seen  but  part 
of  their  faces  and  their  hands.  They  have  a  sort  of 
shirt  made  of  the  guts  offish,  with  a  coat  of  bear 
or  bird  skins,  and  a  cap  on  their  head.  They  have 
likewise  breeches  made  of  skins,  with  the  hair  in- 
wards, and  covered  with  furs  without ;  also  two 
pair  of  boots,  one  over  another,  of  the  same 
sort  of  skins.  In  summer,  they  have  nothing 
to  cover  them  in  the  night ;  and  in  the  winter, 
they  lodge  in  tents  made  of  hides,  or  in  caves. 
The  dress  of  the  women  is  nearly  the  same  as  that 
of  the  men.  They  are  very  superstitious,  and 
have  some  sort  of  sacrifices  They  acknowledge 
two  invisible  essences  j  the  one  has  the  origin  of 
good  ;  the  other,  to  whom  they  pay  the  most  hom- 
age, as  the  origin  of  every  species  of  evil.  Their 
chief  employment  is  hunting  and  fishing.  Tliey 
are  very  covetous ;  and  pay  so  little  regard  to 
private  property  as  to  take  every  advantage  of 
bodily  strength  to  rob  their  neighbours,  not  only 
of  their  goods  but  their  wives.  In  other  respects 
they  are  the  mildest  tribe,  or  nation,  that  is  to  be 
found  on  the  borders  of  Hudson  Bay.  Murder, 
which  is  so  common  among  all  the  tribes  of  south- 
ern Indians,  is  seldom  heard  of  among  them.  A 
murderer  is  shunned  and  detested  by  all  the  tribe 
and  is  forsaken  even  by  his  relations  and  former 
friends.  The  women  perform  the  most  laborious 
offices  ;  they  pitch  the  tents,  carry  or  haul  bur- 
dens, make  or  mend  clothes,  and  prepare  the  vict- 
uals. When  any  thing  is  prepared  for  eating,  the 
wives  and  daughters  are  never  served  till  all  the 
males  have  taken  what  they  think  proper. 

Laby,  a  considerable  town  of  Western  Africa, 
in  the  kingdom  of  Foota  Jalloo.  It  is  upwards  of 
2  m.  in  circumference  and  contains  5,0(0  inhabi- 
tants, who  are  employed  in  the  manufactuie  of 
narrow  cloths,  and  various  articles  in  iron,  silver, 
wood,  leather,  &c.,  and  carry  on  a  good  trade 
with  Tombuctoo,  which  is  four  months'  journey 
beyond. 

Laccadives,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  In- 
dian Sea,  lying  W.  of  the  coast  of  Malabar,  dis- 
covered by  Vasco  de  Gama,  in  1449.  They  are 
32  in  number  :  and  are  inhabited  hy  a  race  of 
Mahomedans  called  Moplays,  whose  chief  tralfic 
is  in  the  produce  of  the  cocoa  palm,  such  as  oil, 
cables,  and  cordage;  and  in  dried  fish.  These 
are  sent  to  the  continent  of  India,  whence  they 


**» 


LAD 


431 


LAH 


E 


,et  rice,  &c.,  in  return;  and  also  to  Mascat,  in 
arge  boats,  which  bring  back  dates  and  coffee. 
Calpeny,  one  of  the  largest,  is  170  m.  W.  of  Co- 
chin.    Long.  73,  32.  E.,  lat.  10.  0.  N. 
LMcedogna.     See  Cedogna. 

Lacepedes  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  on  the  N. 
W.  coast  of  New  Holland  :  the  largest  is  about  9 
m.  long.  A  long  chain  of  rocky  reefs  and  great 
sand-banks  proceed  from  their  termination. 
Many  whales,  sea  serpents,  and  fishes  of  different 
kinds,  are  seen  in  the  surrounding  sea.  Long. 
117.  8.  E.,  lat.  16.  43.  S. 

Lacfodery,  mountains  of  Ireland,  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  country  of  Kerry,  12  m.  E.  of  Tralee. 

LMchen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Schweitz,  near  which  are  some  mineral  springs, 
and  petrifactions :  it  is  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Zurich. 

Lachen,  a  large  village  of  the  Bavarian  circle 
of  the  Rhine,  district  of  Spire,  3  m.  S.  E.  of  Neu- 
stadt. 

Lachsa,  or  Lascha,  a  division  of  Arabia,  occu- 
pying nearly  the  whole  of  the  southwestern  coast 
of  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  extending  to  a  consid- 
erable distance  inland.  Great  part  of  the  interior 
consists  of  sandy  plains ;  but  the  coast  is  fertile, 
and  well  peopled.  The  chief  productions  are 
dates,  rice,  and  cotton.  The  asses  and  camels 
are  esteemed  to  be  of  an  excellent  breed,  and 
some  thousands  of  the  latter  are  annually  exported 
to  Syria.  The  extensive  piracies  committed  by 
the  inhabitants  of  this  country  were  so  intolerable 
tint  in  1809  the  British  fitted  out  an  expedition 
for  the  purpose  of  chastising  them.  They  sailed 
to  Ras-el-Khima,  the  principal  port  on  this  coast, 
which  they  took  by  assault,  burned  70  vessels, 
and  made  considerable  plunder.  Lacsha  was 
formerly  subject  to  Turkey,  but  the  inhabitants 
have  now  shaken  off  the  yoke,  and  their  sheik  is 
one  of  the  most  powerful  princes  of  Arabia. 

L/ichsa,  a  city  of  Arabia,  capital  of  the  above 
province,  and  the  residence  of  the  sheik.  It  is 
well  built,  and  seated  on  the  Astan,  which  flows 
into  a  considerable  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  op- 
posite the  isle  of  Bahrein.  Long.  48.  40.  E.,  lat. 
26.  20.  N. 

Lack,  a  town  in  Mifflin  Co.  Pa. 
Lackawanna,  or  Lackaioannock,  a  small  stream 
in  Pennsylvania  flowing  into  the  Susquehanna. 
In  this  neighborhood  are  large  coal  mines,  for  a 
description  of  which  see  Pennsylvania. 

Lackaioaken,  a  small  stream  of  Penns)'lvania 
flowing  into  the  Delaware  174  m.  above  Phila- 
delphia. Also  the  name  of  a  township  in  Pike 
Co.  Pa.  on  the  above  stream. 

Laconia,  p. v.  Harrison  Co.  Indiana. 
Ladenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden, 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  8  m.  N.  W.  of  Heidelberg. 
Ladona,  a  lake  of  Russia,  between  the  gulf  of 
Finland  and  the  lake  Onega.  It  is  140  m.  long 
and  80  broad.  The  shores  of  the  lake  are  flat, 
but  the  navigation  is  very  dangerous  on  account 
of  quicksands.  This  induced  Peter  I.  to  cause  a 
canal  to  be  cut  from  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  this 
lake  to  the  river  Neva,  by  which  it  has  a  commu- 
nication with  the  gulf  of  Finland.  It  was  begun 
in  1718,  and  finished  in  1732 ;  and  is  67  m.  long, 
and  70  feet  broad. 

Ladona,  j\ew,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Petersburg,  seated  on  the  Volkhof,  be- 
tween the  lake  and  canal  of  liadoga.  Old  Ladoga, 
an  inconsiderable  place,  is  higher  up  the  Volkhof. 
New  Ladoga  is  56  m.  E.  of  Petersburg.  Long. 
31.  42.  E.,  lat.  60.  0.  N. 


Ladrones,  or  Marian  Islands,  islands  of  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  lying  between  145.  and  148.  E.  Ion., 
and  between  13.  and  22.  N.  lat.  They  were  dis- 
covered by  Magellan  in  1521.  He  touched  first 
at  the  island  of  Guam,  where  the  natives  stole 
some  of  his  goods,  which  caused  him  to  name 
these  islands  the  Ladrones,  or  Islands  of  Thieves. 
Besides  the  other  fruits  natural  to  the  soil  and 
climate,  nere  is  the  bread-fruit  tree  in  abundance. 
The  names  of  the  principal  islands  are  Say  pan, 
Tinian,  Guam,  and  Rota. 

Ladrones,  is  also  the  name  of  a  cluster  of  small 
islands  in  the  gulf  of  Sa,  at  the  southern  extremi- 
ty of  China.  They  are  the  resort  of  pirates,  who 
have  long  set  the  naval  power  of  China  at  defiance. 
In  1805  they  had  acquired  possession  of  the  whole 
island  of  Hainan  and  the  southern  part  of  For- 
mosa. 

La  FargeviUe,  p.v.  Jefierson  Co.  N.  Y. 

Lafayette,  a  parish  of  Louisiana  Pop.  5,606 
Vermilionville  is  the  capital. 

Lafourche,  a  bay  on,  or  river  of  Louisiana,  one 
of  the  mouths  of  the  Mississippi. 

Lafourche  Interior,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana,  lying 
upon  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Pop.  5,500.  Thiba- 
deauville  is  the  capital. 

Lanvasco,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont,  24  m.  S.  of  Turin. 

Lagny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  with  a  late  famous  Benedictine 
abbey  ;  seated  on  the  Marne,  15  m.  E.  of  Paris. 

Lagos,  a  seaport  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva,  with 
a  castle.  Here  the  English  fleet  bound  to  the 
Mediterranean  usually  take  in  fresh  water.  OflF 
the  cape  near  this  town,  in  1759,  admiral  Bosca- 
wen  defeated  a  French  fleet.  It  is  130  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Lisbon. 

Laguna.     See  Ckristophe  de  Laguna,  St. 

Lagunes  of  Venice,  the  marshes  or  lakes  in  Italy 
on  which  Venice  is  seated.  They  communicate 
with  the  sea,  and  are  the  security  of  the  city. 
There  are  about  60  islands  in  these  Lagunes, 
which  together  make  a  bishop's  see.  Eurano  is 
the  most  considerable,  next  to  those  on  which 
Venice  stands. 

Lahn,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  Hes- 
se-Cassel,  and  flowing  by  Marburg,  Wetzlar,  and 
Nassau,  falls  into  the  Rhine  above  Coblentz. 

Lahn,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  Silesia, 
near  which  is  the  castle  of  Lahnhaus.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Bober,  10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Hirschberg. 

Laholm,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  Holland,  with 
a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Laga,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Categat,  12  m.  S.  S.'  E.  of  Halmstadt. 
Long.  12.  56.  E.,  lat.  56.  31.  N. 

Lahore,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  Candahar,  N.  by  Cashmere,  E.  by 
Sirinagur  and  Dehli,  and  S.  by  Moultan.  It  is 
of\en  called  Panjab,  or  the  country  of  Five  Rivers. 
Jt  is  extensive  and  fertile;  aftbrding,  in  addition 
to  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  wine,  sugar,  and  cot- 
ton wool.  In  the  tract  between  the  Indus  and 
the  Chelum  are  salt  mines,  which  afford  pieces  of 
rock  salt,  hard  enough  to  be  formed  into  vessels, 
&c.     See  Panjab. 

Lahore,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the 
above  province,  and  of  the  country  of  the  Seiks. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  Mahomedan  conquer- 
ors of  Hindoostan,  before  they  had  established 
themselves  in  the  central  parts  of  the  country ; 
and  owes  its  chief  improvements  to  Humaioon, 
the  father  of  Acar,  who  made  it  his  residence 
during  a  part  of  his  troublesome  reign.  The  city 
and  its  suburbs  form  a  circumference  of  7  m      It 


LAM 


432 


IOlH 


in  Burronnded  by  walls  of  brick,  and  adorned  with 
beautiful  edifices  and  gardens.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  cotton  cloths  and  stuffs  of  all  kinds, 
and  of  very  curious  carpets.  It  is  situate  on  the 
S.  bank  of  the  Rauvee,  210  m.  S.  of  Cashmere. 

La.hr,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Baden,  which  was  only  a  village  in  1780 ;  but 
is  now  an  active  manufacturing  town.  The  man- 
ufactures are  of  woolens,  linens,  cotton,  tobacco, 
and  leather.     18.  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Strasbiirg. 

Laino.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra,  near 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  19  m.  W.  N,  W.  of 
Cassano. 

Lairdsville,  p.v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 

Lake,  towns  in  Stark,  Wayne  and  Logan  Cos- 
Ohio. 

Lake  Pleasant,  a  township  of  Hamilton  Co.  N. 
Y.     Pop.  266. 

Lai-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Chang-tong,  with  a  convenient 
harbour  on  the  Yellow  Sea.  It  stands  on  a  pro- 
montory, 255  m.  S.  E.  of  Pekin. 

Laland,  an  island  of  Denmark,  situated  at  the 
entrance  into  the  Baltic,  near  the  coast  of  Zea- 
land. It  is  about  60  m.  in  length  by  14  in  breadth, 
and  is  reckoned  the  most  fertile  spot  in  the  Danish 
dominions.  It  produces  plenty  of  all  sorts  of  grain , 
particularly  wheat  and  peas.  The  climate,  how- 
ever, is  considered  unhealthy,  on  account  of  the 
damp.  Laland  forms  a  part  of  the  bishopric  of 
Funen.     Naxkow  is  the  capital. 

Laland,  an  island  near  the  N.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Sumatra,  in  the  strait  of  Malacca.  Long.  99. 
20.  E.,  lat.  1.  4.5.  N. 

Lamhach,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  Traun,  24 
m.  S.  S.  W.  ofLaintz. 

LamhaJle,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Cotes  du  Nord,  with  a  good  trade  in  cattle, 
linen,  and  parchment.  11  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  St. 
Brieux. 

Lamhayeque,  a  town  on  the  coast  of  Peru,  with 
upwards  of  10,000  inhabitants,  the  generality  of 
whom  are  poor  Spaniards.  Mulattoes,  and  Indians. 
It  is  95  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  truxiUo.  Long.  79.  35. 
W. ,  lat.  6.  45.  S. 

Lambesc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  12  m.  N.  of  Aix. 

Lambeth,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  on  the  River 
Thames,  opposite  Westminster.  Here  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  has  an  ancient  palace.  By 
the  vast  increase  of  buildings,  Lambeth  is  now 
joined  to  the  metropolis,  in  a  direction  to  each  of 
the  three  bridges.  Here  are  numerous  extensive 
manufactories,  and  various  places  of  public  amuse- 
ment, particularly  the  celebrated  Vauxhall  Gar- 
dens. 

Lamhourn,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  seated  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  15  ra.  S.  W.  of  Abing- 
don, and  65  W.  of  London. 

Lamego,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  strong  citadel,  two  cathedral 
churches,  and  four  convents.  Here  the  states  as- 
sembled to  confirm  the  election  of  Alfonzo  Hen- 
riquez,  the  first  king  of  Portugal,  and  enacted  the 
fundamental  laws,  now  forgotten.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Balsamao,  50  m.  E.  of  Oporto.  Long.  7.  30. 
W.,  lat.  41.  12.  N. 

Lamermuir,  a  mountainous  ridge  in  Scotland, 
which  divides  the  county  of  Berwick  from  that  of 
Haddington  for  above  20  m.,  and  terminates  on 
the  W.  at  SoutraHill,  which  is  elevated  1,000  feet 
above  the  sea  level.  These  hills  are  bleak  and 
barren,  affording  but  scanty  pasture  for  sheep. 
Lamlash,  a  town  of  Scotland,  on  the  S.  E.  coast 


of  the  isle  of  Arran,  on  a  bay  of  its  name,  which 
forms  an  excellent  harbour  for  vessels  of  any  size. 
It  is  sheltered  from  the  sea  by  a  lofty  islet,  2  m. 
long,  called  Holy  Isle. 

Lamail,  or  LamaiUe,  a  river  of  Vermont,  ris- 
ing in  Caledonia  county  and  flowing  into  Lake 
Champlain  opposite  the  southern  extremity  of 
South  Hero. 

Lampa,  an  extensive  and  mountainous  district 
of  Peru,  in  the  intendancy  of  Cuzco.  The  cli- 
mate is  cold,  and  it  is  ch'.eSy  valuable  for  its  pas- 
tures. The  chief  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  90 
m.  S.  of  Cuzco.     Long.  81.  44.  W.,  lat.  16.  55 

Lampangui,  a  lofty  mountain  of  the  Chilian 
Andes,  celebrated  for  its  rich  mines.  240  m.  from 
Valparaiso. 

Lumpedosa,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  be- 
tween the  coast  of  Tunis  and  the  island  of  Malta. 
It  is  about  21  m.  in  circuit,  and  is  pleasant  and 
fertile  ;  but  it  is  uninhabited.  It  has  an  excellent 
harbour,  sheltered  from  all  winds  except  the  N. 
Long.  12.  24.  E.,  lat.  35.  40.  N. 

Lampertheim,  a  village  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt.     9  m.  S.  E.  of  worms. 

Lampeter,  a  towship  of  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

Lampon,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict belonging  to  the  king  of  Bantam.  The  Dutch 
have  a  resident  here.  It  is  situate  on  a  bay  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  strait  of  Sunda,  180  m.  S.  E. 
of  Bencoolen.  Long.  104.  15.  E.,  lat.  5.  40.  N. 

Lamprey,  a  river  of  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  fall 
ing  into  Great  Bay  at  Durham. 

Lampsaco,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
celebrated  for  its  wine  ;  seated  on  the  sea  of  Mar- 
mora, 6  m.  from  the  Dardanelles. 

Lamspringe,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Hitdersheim,  situate  at  the  source  of  the 
rivulet  Lame,  17  m.  S.  of  Hildersheim. 

Lanark,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  and  the  county- 
town  of  Lanarkshire.  Since  the  intoduction  of 
the  cotton  manufacture,  many  new  houses  have 
been  built.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  near 
the  river  Clyde,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Glasgow,  and 
30  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Long.  3. 43.  W.,  lat.  55. 
42.  N. 

Lanarkshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  N. 
and  N.  W.  by  Renfrew,  Dumbarton,  and  Stirling, 
N.  E.  by  Linlithgow  and  Edinburgh,  E.  by  Pee- 
bles, S.  by  Dumfries  and  S.  W.  by  Ayrshire.  It 
is  52  m.  in  its  greatest  length,  and  33  in  its  great- 
est breath,  comprising  a  superficial  extent  of  870 
sq.  m.,  or  556,800  English  acres.  On  the  whole, 
it  is  mountainous  and  heathy,  but  pleasant  and 
agreeably  diversified,  exhibiting  landscapes  inier- 
mingled  with  wood  and  water,  hill  and  dale.  It 
contains  as  much  curious,  romantic,  and  varied 
scenery,  as  any  in  Scotland;  but  the  falls  of  the 
Clyde  are  particularly  interesting  to  a  stranger. 
The  climate  is  rather  moist,  and  the  S.  W.  wind 
is  the  most  prevalent.  The  county  is  divided  in- 
to three  districts,  called  the  Upper  Middle,  and 
Lower  wards,  and  contains  41  parishes.  The  riv- 
er Clyde  runs  through  the  whole  extent  of  the 
county,  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal  parts. 
It  abounds  in  lead,  iron,  and  coal. 

Lancashire,  a  maritime  county  of  England, 
bounded  S.  by  Cheshire,  E.  by  Yorkshire,  N.  by 
Westmoreland,  and  W.  by  the  Irish  Sea.  It  is  74 
m.  from  N.  to  S.,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  44  m. 
It  contains  1,155,840  acres  ;  is  divided  into  6  hun- 
dreds, and  63  parishes  ;  has  27  market  towns , 
and  sends  14  members  to  parliament.  It  is  a  coun- 
ty-palatine, under  the  title  of  the  Dutchy  of  Lan 


LAN 


433 


LAN 


caster  :  the  only  duchy  of  EnglatVu  (that  of  Corn- 
wall excepted)  which  is  not  merely  titular.  This 
county  comprises  a  variety  of  soil  and  face  of 
country  ;  but  upon  the  whole,  is  one  of  the  least 
favoured  by  nature.  The  hundred  of  Furness, 
which  is  separated  from  the  rest  by  Morecambe 
bay,  is  a  wild  and  rugged  region,  stored  with 
quantities  of  iron  ore  and  slate,  and  covered  with 
a  growth  of  underwood,  which  is  cut  in  succes- 
sion, and  made  into  charcoal.  The  E.  part,  be- 
tween the  Ribble  and  the  Mersey,  comprising  the 
ancient  forests  of  Wyresdale  and  Bowland,  is 
mountainous  and  generally  barren ;  but  the  S. 
part  of  the  tract  between  these  two  rivers  is  flat. 
Much  of  this  is  a  fertile  country,  though  occaison- 
ally  deformed  by  black  turf  bogs,  here  called  mos- 
ses, some  of  which  are  of  large  extent,  and  impass- 
able in  wet  seasons.  In  the  N.  E.  part  of  this  di- 
vision are  some  lofty  hills,  the  most  noted  of  which 
is  Pendle  Hill.  The  remaining  part  is  varied 
with  hill,  dale,  and  moor.  Among  its  products, 
is  a  species  of  coal,  called  cannel,  highly  valua- 
ble as  fuel,  and  capable  of  being  manufactured  in- 
to candlesticks,  cups,  snuff-boxes,  &c.  As  a  com- 
mercial and  manufacturing  county,  it  is  superi- 
to  any  other  in  the  kingdom.  Its  principal  man- 
ufactures are  linen,  silk,  woolen,  and  cotton 
goods,  shalloons,  bays,  serges,  tapes,  hardware, 
plate-glass,  «&c.  Of  the  commerce  of  this  county, 
it  may  suffice  to  observe  that  Liverpool  is  the  sec- 
ond port  in  the  kingdom.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Mersey,  Irwell,  Ribble,  Loyne,  Levern, 
Wyre,  Hoeder,  Roche,  Duddon,  Winster,  and 
Ken ;  and  it  has  two  considerable  lakes,  Winan- 
dermere  and  Coniston-mere.  It  has  numerous 
canals,  and  had  the  honour  of  exhibiting  the  first 
regular  one  in  the  kingdom,  which  was  begun  by 
the  duke  of  Bridgewater  in  1758. 

Lancaster,  di  borough  and  the  capital  of  Lai»cas- 
shire.  It  is  seated  on  the  Loyne,  or  Lune,  which 
forms  a  port  for  vessels  of  moderate  burden.  Tlie 
parish  church  of  St.  Mary  is  a  fine  structure,  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  summit  of  which  is  a  no- 
ble castle,  serving  both  as  the  shire-house  and  the 
county  goal.  Here  are  also  two  chapels  belong- 
ing to  the  establishment,  and  several  dissenting 
meeting-houses.  On  the  top  of  the  castle  is  a 
square  tower,  called  John  of  Gaunt's  Chair, 
whence  there  is  an  extensive  prospect.  Among 
the  modern  iriiprovements  are  an  extensive  quay, 
with  large  warehouses,  and  a  commodious  and  el- 
egant bridge  over  the  river,  in  place  of  the  old 
one,  now  in  ruins.  The  canal  from  Kendal,  winds 
round  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  and  is  conveyed 
over  the  river  by  an  aqueduct  of  5  arches,  each  of 
70  feet  span.  Besides  numerous  other  charities, 
there  is  a  count}'  lunatic  asylum,  a  handsome 
stone  erection  on  Lancaster  Moor,  opened  in  1816. 
It  has  a  chapel  attached,  and  the  hospital  is  capa- 
ble of  accommodating  300  patients.  5  m.  from 
this  place  is  Dunald-milUhole,  a  cave  at  the  foot 
of  a  mountain,  into  which  a  large  brook  runs  and 
passes  2  m.  under  ground  before  it  appears  again  : 
some  of  its  vaults  are  so  high  that  they  resemble 
the  roof  of  a  church,  and  in  other  parts  so  low  tiiat 
they  can  be  passed  only  by  creeping  on  the  hands 
and  feet.  Lancaster  depends  for  its  support  princi- 
pally on  its  trade  and  manufactures  and  the  county 
business.  The  merchants  trade  chiefly  to  Ameri- 
ca, the  West  Indies,  and  the  Baltic.  It  is  noted 
for  the  making  of  mahogany  cabinet  ware,  and 
has  manufactures  of  sail  cloth,  cordage,  linens, 
&c.  The  cotton  manufacture  is  also  gaining 
jpound.  and  ship-building  is  carried  on  to  a  con- 
55 


siderable  extent.     It  is  53  m.  N.  W.  of  Manches- 
ter, and  240  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Lancaster,  a  handsome  town  of  Pennsylvania, 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a 
pleasant  and  flourishing  place,  situate  in  a  fertile 
and  well  cultivated  country,  and  contains  a  court 
house,  a  jail,  two  banks,  and  nine  places  of  wor- 
ship. A  college  was  founded  here  in  1787,  but 
the  buildings  are  now  appropriated  to  schools 
Here  are  manufactures  of  guns  and  other  hard- 
ware ;  and  about  a  mile  distant  is  a  large  cotton 
manufactory.  The  town  has  considerable  trade, 
which  increases  with  the  population  of  the  sur- 
rounding country.  It  is  seated  near  Conestoga 
Creek,  which  runs  into  the  Susquehanna,  Gl  m. 
W  by  N.  of  Philadelphia.  Long.  76.  32.  W., 
lat.  40.  2.  N. 

Lancaster,  a  county  in  the  E.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Pop.  76,558,  the  capital  has  the  same 
name.  Also  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  4,800.  Ako  a  District  of  South 
Carolina.     Pop.  10,361. 

Lancaster,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Connec- 
ticut, 40  m.  above  Dartmouth  College.  Pop. 
1,187.  Also  a  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  a  branch 
of  Nashua  river  36  m.  N.  W.  Boston  Pop.  2,016 
Also  a  p.v.  Fairfield.  Co  O^io,  apt.  Garrard  Co 
Ken.  a  p.v.  Smith  Co.  Ten.  and  a  township  in 
Glengary  Co.  U.  C. 

Landaff,  a  township  of  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  on 
the  Connecticut,  62  m.  N.  Concord.  Pop.  951. 
Laner.rota,  one  of  the  Canary  isles,  30  m.  long 
and  10  broad.  It  is  very  high,  and  has  a  good 
harbour  at  the  N.  E.  end.  Long.  13.  26.  W.,  lat. 
29.  14.  N. 

LancianOjO.  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citra, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  an  arch- 
bishop's see,  and  has  a  good  trade,  and  two  great 
annual  fairs.  84  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Naples.  Long. 
14.  30.  E.,  lat.  42.  16.  N. 

Landau,  a  small  but  strong  town  of  the  Bava- 
rian circle  of  the  Rhine,  well  known  in  mlitary 
history.  It  was  formerly  imperial,  but  was  ceded 
to  Louis  XIV.  in  1680,  and  afterwards  fortified 
by  Vauban.  In  1702,  3,  4,  and  13,  it  was  alter 
nately  taken  by  the  Austrian  and  French,  but 
was  confirmed  to  France  at  tlie  peace  of  1713. 
In  1793  it  was  attacked  but  without  success  by 
the  Prussians  and  Austrians.  The  French  ceded 
it  to  Bavaria  in  1815.  It  is  seated  on  the  Queich 
56  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Strasburg,  and  347  N.  E.  of 
Paris.     Long.  8.  7.  E.,  lat.  49.  12.  N. 

Landau,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria,  situate  on 
an  eminence  on  the  Iser.  Long.  12.  37.  E.,  lat. 
48.  36.  N. 

Landau,  a  small  town  of  Germany,  in  West- 
phalia, near  the  Watter.  Long.  9.  5.  E.,  lat.  51. 
12.  N. 

Landeck,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
county  of  Glatz.     27  m.  S.  W.  of  Neisse. 

Landelles,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Calvados,  seated  on  the  Vire,  28  m.  S.  W.  ot 
Caen. 

Lararfcw,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Bra- 
bant, famous  for  an  obstinate  battle  fought  near 
it  in  1693,  in  which  the  French  under  marshal 
Luxemburg  defeated  the  allies  commanded  by 
William  HI.  of  England,  and  also  for  a  battle  in 
1793  in  which  the  French  were  defeated  by  the 
Austrians.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Becke,  19 
m.  S.  E.  of  Louvain. 

Landernau,  a  seaport  of  France,  in  the  depart 
ment  of  Finisterre,  with  considerable   manufac 
tures  of  linen,  leather,  and  paper.     It  is  seated- 
30 


LAN 


434 


LAN 


at  the  mouth  of  the  Elhorn,  23  m.  N.  E.  of  Brest. 

Landeron,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Neufchatel,  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  lake 
Neufchatel  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Neufchatel. 

Lnndes,  a  department  of  France,  bounded  W. 
by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  its  other  sides  by  the  de- 
partments of  Gironde,  Lot-et- Garonne,  Gers,  and 
Lower  Pyrenees.  It  is  divided  into  the  three  ar- 
rondisseraents  of  Mont  de  Marsan,  Dax,  and  St. 
Sever,  and  has  an  area  of  3,700  sq.  m.,  with 
250,000  inhabitants.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Adour  and  the  Douze,  which  traverse  it  from  E. 
to  W.  To  the  S.  of  these  rivers  the  soil  is  tolera- 
bly fertile,  producing  wine,  fruit,  and  corn,  but 
on  the  N.  it  is  perfectly  sterile.  The  forests  are 
extensive  ;  and  the  climate  is  generally  warm. 
The  exports  are  wood,  turpentine,  tar,  wax,  cat- 
tle, wool,  and  brandy. 

Landisburg,  p.v.  Perry  Co.  Pa. 

Landrecy,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Nord.  It  was  beseiged  in  vain  by 
prince  Eugene,  in  1712.  In  1794  it  was  taken 
by  the  allies  ;  but  shortly  after  evacuated.  It  was 
one  of  the  barrier  fortresses  occupied  by  the  al- 
lies after  the  second  treaty  of  Paris.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Sambre,  18  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Cambray,  and 
19  S.  by  E.  of  Valenciennes. 

Landria<ro,a.  town  of  Italy  in  the  Milanese,  11 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Milan. 

Landsberg,  a  town  of  Bradenburg,  in  the  New 
Mark,  with  a  considerable  trade  in  cloths  and 
wool.  In  1758  it  was  taken  by  the  Russians.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Warta,  23  m.  N.  E.  of  Custrin. 

Landsberg,  a  town  of  Upper  Bavaria,  with  a 
castle  near  the  river  Lech,  30  m.  S.  of  Augsburg. 

Landscron,  a  town  and  fort  of  Poland,  in  the 
palatinate  of  Cracow,  24  m.  S.  of  Cracow. 

Landscrona,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Sweden,  in 
Schonen,  seated  on  an  island  near  the  Sound, 
with  a  good  harbour  between  the  continent  and  a 
small  island.  It  is  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Lund,  and  21 
N.  N.  E.  of  Copenhagen.  Long.  12.  51.  E.,  lat. 
55.  53.  N. 

Lands-end,  a  promontory  in  Cornwall,  and  the 
most  westerly  point  of  Great  Britian.  It  is  a  vast 
aggregate  of  Moorstone,  and  on  the  outermost 
rocks  at  low  water  are  to  be  seen  vains  of  lead 
and  copper.     Long.  5.  42.  W.,  lat.  50.  4.  N. 

Landsford.  p. v.  Chester  District  S.  C. 

Landshut,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  palace,  a 
collegiate  church,  and  a  beautiful  convent :  the 
last  is  now  occupied  by  the  university,  which 
was  removed  thither  from  Ingolstadt  in  1800. 
Brewing  and  distilling  are  carried  on  here  to  a 
considerable  extent,  and  there  are  manufactures 
of  cloth,  leather,  and  watches.  Upon  an  adjoin- 
ing mountain  is  the  ancient  castle  of  Trausnitz. 
It  is  seated  on  an  island  in  the  river  Iser,  32  m. 
N.  E.  of  Munich.     Long.  12.  6.  E.,  lat.  43.  30.  N. 

Landshut,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Schweidnitz.  It  has  a  flourishing 
iinen  trade,  and  is  seated  on  the  Bober,  22  m.  S. 
VV   of  Scheweidnitz. 

Lanilshut,n.  town  of  Moravia  seated  on  the  Mo- 
rau,  on  the  confines  of  Hungary  and  Austria,  36 
m.  S.  E.  of  Brunn. 

Landstraas,  or  Landtrost,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Illyria,  in  Carnolia,  with  a  castle  and  a  Cister- 
cian convent ;  situate  on  an  island  in  the  river 
Gurk,  30  m.  S  by  W.  Cilley. 

Lane,  a  river  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Ker- 
ry, whose  waters,  being  confined  by  a  great  ledge 
of  rocks,  from  the  lakes  of  Killarney.  It  runs 
from  Lough  Lane,  into  Castlcmain  Bay. 


Lanebourg,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  m 
Savoy,  in  the  province  of  Marienne.  It  stands 
on  the  Arve,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cenis,  and  is 
so  shut  up  with  hills  that  the  sun  is  scarcely  visi- 
ble from  November  to  January,  20  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Susa. 

Lane-end,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  noted 
for  its  extensive  potteries,  by  which  it  has  greatly 
increased  of  late  years.  It  contains  two  good 
market  houses,  two  churches,  several  meeting- 
houses for  dissenters,  a  catholic  chapel,  an  Eng- 
lish charity  school,  a  mechanic's  institute,  &c. 
5  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Newcastle-under-Lyne. 

Lanemezan,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Pyrenees,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Tarbe. 

Lanepax,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Gers,  II 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Condom. 

Lanercost,  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  situate  in  a  romantic  valley,  13 
m.  N.E.  of  Carlisle. 

Lanesborougk,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Longford,  situate  on  the  Shannon,  ovtr  which 
is  a  fine  stone  bridge,  7  m.  S.  of  Longford,  and  02 
W.  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Lamesborough,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  14  m. 
N.  Lenox.  Pop.  1,192.  Here  are  valuable  marble 
quarries. 

iMnesville,  p. v.  Susquehannah  Co.  Pa. 

Langanico,  the  ancient  Olympia,  a  town  of 
Independent  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  situate  on  the 
small  river  Carbon,  the  ancient  Alpneus.  It  was 
once  a  city  of  great  note,  near  which  the  famous 
Olympian  games  were  celebrated  ;  and  here  was  a 
fine  temple  of  Jupiter  Olympus,  with  a  celebrated 
image  of  that  god,  50  cubits  high,  which  was  reck- 
oned one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the  world.  It 
is  now  an  inconsideraole  place.  32  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Chiarenza,  and  60  S.  W.  of  Co  inth. 

Langdon,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Con- 
necticut. 40  m.  W.  Concord.     Pop.  667. 

Langeac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Upper  Loire,  seated  near  the  Allier,  12  m.  S 
of  Brioud. 

Langeais,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  In 
dre-et- Loire,  noted  for  the  culture  of  melons, 
seated  on  the  Loire,  12  m.  W.  of  Tours. 

Langeland,  a  fertile  island  of  Denmark,  in  the 
S.  part  of  the  Great  Belt.  It  is  33  m.  long,  but 
scarcely  5  broad.  The  principal  town  is  Rud- 
kioping. 

Lansgenau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  >f 
Konigingratz,  on  the  Little  Elbe,  with  some  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  cambric  and  gauze. 

Langenau,    Upper  and  Lmcer,  two    populous 
vilages  of  Prussia,  in  Silesia,  11  m.  S.  of  Glatz. 

Lano-e7irtM,a  longand  straggling  village  of  Gt-r 
many,  in  Wurtemberg.  It  contains  3,600  inhab- 
itants, are  mostly  weavers,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  ofUlm. 

Langenberg ,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Cleves  and  Berg.     15  m.  N.  E.  of  Dusseldorf 

Langenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtem- 
berg, with  a  magnificent  castle ;  seated  on  the 
river  Jaxt.     32  m.  W.  of  Anspach. 

Langensalza,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  capital 
of  Thuringia,  with  a  castle,  and  manufactures 
of  silk,  woolen,  cotton,  &c.  It  stands  on  the  Sal- 
za,  near  its  confluX  with  tiie  Unstrut,  14  m.  W 
by  N.  of  Erfurth.  Long.  10.  42.  E.,  lat.  51.  5.  N. 
fMugenlhal,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can 
ton  of  Bern,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  are 
some  medicinal  springs.     18  m.  N.  E.  of  Bern. 

Langcnzenn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
on  the  river  Zenn,  and  near  the  Rednitz,  20  id. 
N.  E.  of  Anspach. 


LAO 


43S 


LAP 


Langholm,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfriesshire, 
with  an  extensive  cotton  manufacture ;  seated 
on  the  Esk,  on  the  borders  of  England,  20  m.  N. 
by  W.  of  Carlisle. 

Langonge,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lozere,  21  m.  N.  E.  of  Mende. 

LMngon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gi 
ronde,  with  an  extensive  trade  in  wine  and 
brandy.  It  has  a  good  harbour  and  is  seated  on 
the  Garonne,  10  m.  N.  of  Bazas. 

Langport,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.,  situ- 
ate on  a  hill,  by  the  river  Parrett,  which  is  navi- 
table  for  baro-es  to  the  Bristol  Channel.  10  m. 
.  E.  of  Bridge  water,  and  128  W.  by  S.  of 
London. 

Langres,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Marne.  Its  cutlery  wares  are  in  high  esteem. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  source  of  the 
Marne,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Dijon.  Long.  5.  19.  E., 
lat.  47.  52.  N. 

Languard  Fort,  a  strong  fort  of  England,  situ- 
ate on  a  sandy  point  of  land  on  the  Suffolk  side 
of  the  harbour  of  Harwich,  but  within  the  limits 
of  Essex.  At  high  water  it  is  surrounded  by  the 
sea,  and  becomes  an  island  nearly  a  m.  from  the 
shore.  It  was  erected  for  the  defence  of  the  port 
of  Harwich,  and  has  a  garrison,  under  the  com- 
mand of  a  governor. 

iMnguedoc,  a  province  of  the  S.  of  France,  di- 
vided at  the  revolution  into  the  departments  of 
Upper  Garonne,  Aude,  Herault,  Gard,  Lozere, 
and  Ardeche.  It  extends  on  the  E.  to  the  Rhone, 
and  W.  to  the  border  of  Gascony,  and  comprises 
a  superficial  extent  of  16,000  sq.  m.  The  Upper 
or  Western  Languedoc  had  Toulouse  for  its  capi- 
tal ;  and  the  Lower  or  Eastern,  Montpelier. 

Lanier,  a  township  of  Preble  Co.  Ohio. 

Lanjan,  or  Lanckang,  a  city,  and  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom  of  Laos,  at  least  of  the  southern 
part,  to  which  it  gives  name.  The  king's  palace 
18  said  to  be  of  vast  extent,  and  the  houses  of  the 

fxandees  are  also  large,  and  highly  ornamented, 
t  is  situate  on  the  W.  side  of  the  river  Mecon, 
400  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cambodia.  Long.  101.  38. 
E.,  lat.  18.  30.  N. 

Lanmeur,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Finisterre,  6  m.  N.  E.  of  Morlaix. 

Lannltis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Finisterre  19  m.  N.  of  Brest. 

Lanrion,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Coles 
du  Nord,  with  a  trade  in  wine,  hemp,  and  butter. 
In  the  neighbourhood  are  mines  of  iron  and  sil- 
ver. It  is  seated  on  the  Guer,  39  m.  W.  N.  W 
of  St.  Brieux.  Long.  3.  27.  W.,  lat.  48.  44. 
N. 

Lanrtoy,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
6  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Lisle. 

Lansargues,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Herault,  9  m.  W.  of  Montpelier. 

Lansdown,  a  mountain  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
4  m.  from  Bath,  813  feet  high. 

Lansing,  a  township  of  Tompkin's  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  4,020. 

Lansinburgh,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  It 
contains  four  churches,  a  court-house,  a  jail,  and 
an  academy  ;  and  is  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Hudson,  opposite  the  S.  branch  of  the  Mohawk, 
9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Albany.     Pop.  2,663. 

Lazno,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, on  the  river  Stura,  over  which  is  an  ele- 
gant bridge,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Turin. 

Lao,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  25  m.  W. 
of  HavannaL. 

Lao,  or  Leao,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  second 


rank,  in  the  province  of  Chan-si.     Long.  119,  57 
E.,  lat.  37.  4.  N. 

Laon,  a  decayed  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Aisne,  with  a  castle.  The  princi- 
pal trade  consists  in  corn  and  wine.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  a  battle  fought  under  its  walls,  between 
the  French  and  allies,  in  March,  1814.  It  is 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Ardon,  77  m.  N. 
E.  of  Paris.     Long.  3.  43.  E.,  lat.  49.  34.  N. 

Laos,  a  kingdom  of  India  beyond  the  Ganges, 
extending  from  12  to  18.  N.  lat.,  and  bounded  by 
Laktho,  Siam,  Cambodia,  Tonquin,  and  Cochin- 
China,  to  the  last  of  which  it  is  nominally  sub- 
ject. It  is  surrounded  by  mountains  covered 
with  forests  ;  but  the  country  is  in  general  flat, 
and  the  soil  fertile,  being  watered  by  numerous 
rivulets  from  the  mountains  and  a  number  of 
canals  from  the  Mecon,  which  flows  from  N.  to 
S.  through  the  whole  region.  It  abounds  in  rice, 
fruit,  honey,  wax,  and  cotton  ;  and  the  principal 
drugs  are  benzoin  and  lac.  Gold  and  silver  are 
found  in  certain  places  of  the  river ;  and  it  has 
mines  of  iron,  lead,  and  tin.  It  is  very  thinly  in- 
habited, the  greater  part  of  the  population  con- 
sisting of  migrating  tribes,  who  wage  an  almost 
constant  internal  warfare.  The  religion,  lan- 
guage, and  manners  are  much  the  same  as  in 
Siam.     Lanjan  is  the  capital. 

Lapland,  a  northern  region  of  Europe,  now  he- 
longing  to  Russia  and  Sweden,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  the  Arctic  Ocean,  E.  by  the  White  Sea,  S.  by 
Sweden,  and   W.   by    Norway  and  the  Atlantic. 
It  was  formerly  divided  into  three  parts,  Russian, 
Swedish,  and    Danish  (or  Norwegian)  Lapland. 
The  first,  the  most  dreary  region  of  the  wliole, 
consisted  of  three  districts,  Bellamoreskoi,  Mare- 
manskoi,  and  Terskoi ;  but  these  are  now  all  in- 
cluded in  the  general  appellation  of  the  circle  of 
Kola,  which  includes  also  the  tract  on  the  E.  of 
the   Torneo   called    Kemi-Lapmark,    which    was 
ceded  by  Sweden  in  1809.     Swedish  Lapland,  or 
Lapland  Proper,  is  subdivided  into  six  provinces, 
now  comprised  in  the  government  of  Umea.     Nor- 
wegian Lapland,  or  Finmark,  the  most  northerly 
of  all,  now  belongs  also  to  Sweden.     The  general 
aspect  of  LapLand  is  mountainous.     The  principal 
rivers  are,  the  Tornea.  which  issues  from  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  and,  after  a  course  of  300  m., 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia  ;  the  Tana,  and  the 
Alten,  both  of  which  fall  into  the  Frozen  Ocean. 
The  lakes  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  very 
extensive.     The  maritime  districts  are  of  uniform 
and  rather  mild  temperature  ;  but  in  the  interior 
the  winter  is  intensely  cold  :  in  the  most  northern 
parts  the  sun  remains  below  the  horizon  from  the 
20th  of  November  to  the   10th  of  January ;  and 
the  whole  country  is  covered  with  snow  and  ice 
from  the  beginning  of  September  to  the  middle  of 
March.    In  summer  the  sun  continues  two  months 
above  the  horizon  ;  and  in  the  valleys  and  plains 
the  heat  is  excessive,  favoring  the  production  of 
numerous  insects,  particularly  moschetoes,  which 
greatly  infest  the  inhabitants.     Barley  is  the  com- 
mon grain,  but  rye  and  oats  are  also  cultivated  in 
some  places,  and  a  few  culinary  vegetables  are 
raised.     The  trees  are  fir,  birch,  larch,  and  small 
beech,  which  form  vast  though  not  thick  forests. 
Metals  and  minerals  are  found  in  abundance  :  gold 
has  been  found  at  Suappavara  ;  copper,  iron,  lead, 
zinc,  and  plumbago,  are  found  in  various  places ; 
and  in  the  S.  of  Swedish  Lapland  several  mines 
are  wrought.     Among  the  other  internal  produc- 
tions of  this  country  are  limestone,  marble,  gyp- 
sum, rock-crystal,  jasper,  amethysts,  and  garueta 


LAP 


436 


LAS 


The  animals  of  this  country  are  much  the  same  as 
tho«!e  of  Norway  ;  but  the  rein-deer  may  more 
properly  be  said  to  belong  to  Lapland.  The  sin- 
gular usefulness  of  this  animal  in  a  great  measure 
recompenses  the  Laplander  for  the  privation  of 
the  other  comforts  of  life.  The  rein-deer  in  sum- 
mer live  upon  leaves  and  grass,  and  in  winter  upon 
moss,  which  they  dig  up  from  under  the  snow; 
yet  upon  such  scanty  fare  they  will  perform  a 
journey  of  inconceivable  length.  The  animal  is 
fixed  to  a  kind  of  sledge,  shaped  like  a  small  boat, 
in  which  the  traveller,  well  secured  from  cold,  is 
laced  down  ;  and  taking  the  reins,  which  are  fas- 
tened to  the  horns  of  the  animal,  in  one  hand, 
and  a  kind  of  bludgeon,  to  keep  the  carriage  clear 
of  ice  and  snow,  in  the  other,  he  sets  out,  and  con- 
tinues his  journey  with  incredible  speed,  the  ani- 
mals choosing  the  road  and  directing  their  course 
with  very  little  trouble  to  the  traveller.  Their 
milk  and  cheese  are  nutritive  and  pleasant ;  their 
flesh  is  well  tasted  food,  whether  fresh  or  dried  ; 
their  skin  forms  excellent  clothing  both  for  the 
bed  and  body  ;  and  their  intestines  and  tendons 
supply  their  masters  with  thread  and  cordage. 

The  Laplanders  are  rather  lower  in  stature  than 
the  more  southern  Europeans.  The  men  are  of  a 
swarthy  and  dark  complexion  ;  their  hair  is  black 
and  short,  their  mouth  wide,  and  their  cheek  hol- 
low, with  a  longish  pointed  chin.  The  women  are 
in  general  well  made,  complaisant,  chaste,and  ex- 
tremely nervous.  In  their  manner  of  life  the  Lap- 
landers are  divided  into  fishers  and  mountaineers. 
The  former,  in  summer,  fix  their  habitations  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  some  lake,  from  which  they 
draw  their  subsistence,  and  in  winter  live  in  the 
woods.  The  latter  seek  their  support  on  the  moun- 
tains, and  possess  herds  of  rein-deer  more  or  less 
numerous.  They  are  active  and  expert  in  the 
chase;  and  the  introduction  of  fire-arms  has  al- 
most abolished  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow. 
Besides  looking  after  the  rein-deer,  the  fishery, 
and  the  chase,  the  men  are  employed  in  making 
canoes,  sledges,  harness,  cups,  bowls,  &c. ;  and 
the  women  in  making  nets,  drying  the  fish  and 
meat,  milking  the  deer,  making  cheese,  and  tan- 
ning hides.  Like  the  Icelanders,  they  consider 
their  country  the  finest  in  the  universe.  They 
live  in  tents  composed  of  several  poles  or  beams 
of  wood,  which  meet  at  the  top  and  support  each 
other  ;  the  fire-place  consists  of  a  few  stones,  and 
is  always  in  the  middle  of  the  hut,  a  hole  being 
at  the  top  for  the  smoke  to  pass.  When  travelling, 
and  exposed  to  the  inclemency  of  the  weather, 
they  throw  a  covering  over  the  head,  neck,  and 
shoulders,  leaving  only  a  small  opening,  through 
which  they  see  and  breathe.  In  their  dress  they 
use  no  kind  of  linen.  The  men  wear  close  breeches, 
reaching  down  to  their  shoes,  which  are  made  of 
untanned  leather,  pointed  and  turned  up  before. 
Their  doublet  is  made  to  fit  their  shape  ;  it  is  open 
at  the  breast,  and  over  it  they  WvJar  a  close  coat, 
with  narrow  sleeves,  the  skirts  of  which  reach 
down  to  the  knees  and  are  fastened  round  them 
by  a  leathern  girdle,  ornamented  with  plates  of 
tin  and  brass.  To  this  girdle  they  tie  their  knives 
instruments  for  making  fire,  pipes,  and  other 
smoking  apparatus.  The  dress  of  the  women  is 
the  same  as  that  of  the  men,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  ornamental  peculiarities.  All  the  Swedish 
and  Norwegian,  as  well  as  the  greater  number  of 
the  Russian  Laplanders,  bear  the  name  of  Chris- 
tians ;  but  their  religion  is  full  of  superstition,  and 
a  compound  of  Christian  and  Pagan  ceremonies. 
Their  language  has  an  afiinity  with  the  Finnish, 


but  is  greatly  intermixed  with  others.  They  trade 
with  the  Swedes  and  Norwegians,  whom  they 
supply  with  the  skins  and  furs  of  quadrupeds,  such 
as  ermines,  sables,  martens,  squirrels,  foxes  of 
various  colors,  bears,  lynxes,  and  wolves  ;  and  re- 
ceive in  return  meal,  cloth,  spirituous  liquors,  to* 
bacco,  and  various  utensils. 

lAiprairie,  a  Seignory  of  Huntingdon  Co.  L. 
C.  on  the  St.  Lawrence  opposite  Montreal. 

Lar,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  Laristan,  with  jt 
a  castle  on  a  rock,  chiefly  celebrated  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  muskets  and  cloth.  It  was  once  a 
maarnificent  city,  but  is  now  in  ruins.  Some  hand- 
some houses  still  remain,  and  the  bazar  is  said  to 
be  the  noblest  structure  of  the  kind  in  Persia 
Long.  43.  40.  E.,  lat.  27.  30.  N. 

Larachra,  or  Laraish,  a  strong  town  in  the  king- 
dom of  Fez,  with  a  castle  and  a  good  harbour. 
Here  are  magazines  for  the  refitting  of  vessels, 
but  no  docks  for  building.  It  is  seated  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Lucos,  46  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Tangier. 

Laredo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  with  a  good 
harbour,  30  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Bilbao. 

JLaro^o,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  on  a 
bay  of  tlie  same  name,  at  the  opening  of  ihe  frith 
of  Forth,  which  is  a  safe  roadstead  for  ships  of  all 
descriptions.  The  town  has  a  manufacture  of  lin- 
en and  checks.     8.m.  S.  S   W.  of  S'.    Andrew. 

Largs,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  with  a 
samll  harbour  cm  the  frith  of  Clyde.  It  is  memo- 
rable for  the  defeat  of  the  Norwegians,  in  their 
last  invasion  of  this  county,  in  12G3.  It  is  15  m. 
N.  W.  of  Irvine. 

Larino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  25  m. 
-E.  N.  E.  of  Molise. 

Larissa,  a  town  of  Greece,  capital  of  Thessaly 
and  an  archbishop's  see  ,  with  a  palace,  and  some 
handsome  mosques.  It  was  famous  as  the  resi- 
dence of  Achilles,  and  retains  its  former  name. 
The  inhabitants,  estimated  at  25,000,  carry  on  a 
large  trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  Peneus,  75  m.  S. 
by  W.  of  Salonica.  Long.  22.  47.  E.,  lat.  39.  48  N. 

Laristan,  a  small  province  of  Persia,  extcndinor 
along  the  northern  shore  of  of  the  Persian  Gulf 
The  soil  is  so  impregnated  with  acrid  substances, 
and  so  destitute  of  water,  that  it  is  the  most  un- 
productive province  of  the  kingdom.  Those  who 
inhabit  the  coast  are  addicted  to  piracy,  and  live 
under  their  own  sheiks,  paying  the  king  only  a 
trifling  tribute.     Lar  is  the  capital. 

Lame,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  An- 
trim, at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
8  m.  N.  of  Carrickfergns. 

Larnica,  a  town  of  Cyprus,  the  second  in  the 
island,  and  the  emporium  of  its  commerce,  the 
bay  on  which  it  is  situated  forming  one  of  the 
best  roadsteads  in  the  island.  It  has  no  good  wa- 
ter but  is  supplied  from  a  distance  by  an  aqueduct 
Long.  33.  45.  E.  lat.  34.  50.  N. 

Lurry  Bundar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  N. 
branch  of  the  Indus,  called  the  Pitta.  56  m.  W. 
of  Tatta.     Long.  66.  42.  E.  lat.  24.  43.  N. 

Larta.     See  Arta. 

Larvigen,  or  Launnigen,  a  sea-port  of  Norway, 
in  the  bishopric  of  Christiania.  It  is  a  place  of 
considerable  trade,  and  has  productive  iron  works. 
It  stands  at  the  conflux  of  two  rivers,  near  the 
sea,  74  m.  S.S.  W.  of  Christiania. 

La  Salle,  a  seignory  of  Huntingdon  Co.  L.  C 
12m.S.  Montreal. 

Lasenbourg,  a  town  of  Savoy,  on  the  river  Arc, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Cenis,  the  passage  of  which 
is  the  principal  support  of  the  inhabitants.     The 


LAU 


437 


LAO 


Bun  IS  bidden  from  the  inhabitants  of  this  town, 
by  the  mountains,  during  two  months  in  the  year. 
It  is  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  ofSusa. 

Lassa,  or  Lahassa,  a  city  of  Asia,  capital  of 
Great  Thibet.  It  is  not  large,  but  the  houses  are 
spacious  and  built  of  stone.  About  7  m.  to  the  E. 
of  the  city,  is  the  mountain  of  Putala,  on  the  sum- 
mit of  which  is  the  palace  of  the  grand  Lama, 
the  higii  priest  of  Thibet,  whose  authority  is  as 
great  over  almost  all  the  regions  of  Tartary  and 
Thibet  as  that  of  the  pope  was  formerly  over  Eu- 
rope. Lassa  is  seated  on  a  spacious  plain,  on  a 
river  that  flows  S.  into  the  Sanpoo,  680  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Calcutta.  Long.  91.  25.  E.,lat.  29. 
30.  N. 

Lassahr,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  on  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  33  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Stral- 
Bund. 

Lassam,  a  town  of  Java,  on  the  N.  coast, 
through  which  flows  a  fine  navigable  river.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade.  419  ra.  E.  of  Bata- 
via. 

Lnssay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Mayenne,  12  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Mayenne. 

Lasselsville,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y. 

Lastres,  a  town  of  Spain,  iu  Asturias,  near  a 
eape  of  the  same  name,  on  the  bay  of  Biscay. 
35  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Oviedo. 

Laswaree,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Dehli,  where  a  desperate  battle  was  fought 
in  1803,  between  the  British  under  long  Lake, 
and  the  Mahrattas  under  Dowlat  Row  Scindia, 
in  which  the  latter  were  totally  defeated. 

Labacunna,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name.  The  streets  are  broad  and 
straight ;  the  houses  only  one  story  high,  and 
arched,  on  account  of  the  frequency  of  earth- 
quakes, one  of  which  overturned  the  whole  place 
in  1698.  It  contains  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
baize,  &c.,  and  exports  great  qxiantities  of  salt 
pork  :  the  vicinity  is  n  jted  for  making  fine  red 
earthenware.  50  m.  S.  of  Quito.  Long.  18.  16. 
W.,  lat.  0.  56.  S. 

Latakia,  the  ancient  Laodicea,  a  seaport  of 
Syria,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  beautiful  re- 
mains of  antiquity,  and  a  considerable  trade,  es- 
pecially in  tobacco  though  the  harbour  is  become 
too  shallow  for  large  vessels.  It  stands  on  the  S. 
side  of  a  small  penmsula,  75  m.  S.  W.  of  Aleppo. 
Long.  24.  30.  E.,  lat.  35.  40.  N. 

Latimore,  a  township  of  Adams  Co.  Pa. 

Lallakoo,  Old  and  JVew,  two  towns  in  CafFaria 
about  900  m.  N.  E.  of  Cape  Town.  They  are 
about  50  m.  apart,  and  are  inhabited  by  a  sav- 
age race  called  Bootshuanas,  or  Matchappees.  See 
Leelakoo . 

Lattij  Airhany,  a  barren  district  of  Hindoostan 
between  the  provinces  of  Agimere  and  Moultan, 
inhabited  by  a  tribe  of  Hindoos,  supposed  to  be 
the  aborigines  of  the  country. 

Lniibach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, with  a  castles,  10  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Giessen. 

Lauhach,  one  of  the  two  governments  of  Aus- 
trian Illyria,  containing  nearly  640,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  is  divided  into  the  circle  of  Laubach, 
Newstadtl,  Adelsberg,  Clagenfurt,  and  Vil- 
lach. 

Laubach,  or  Laybach,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian 
Illyiia,  capital  of  the  preceding  government.  The 
castle,  called  the  Old  Fort,  stands  on  a  mountain, 
and  is  now  used  ouly  for  a  prison.  It  has  manu- 
factures ofsilk,  leather,  and  excellent  cloth,  fn 
1821  a  congress  was  held  here  for  deliberating 
on  the  aflTairs  of  Italy,  and  attended  by  the  em- 


m 


perors  of  Russia  and  Austria.  It  its  seated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  38  m.  S.  E.  of  Clagen- 
furt.    Long.  14.  35.  E.,  lat.  46.  11.  N. 

Lauban,  a  walled  town  of  Upper  Lusatia,  on 
the  frontiers  of  Silesia.  It  has  a  good  trade  in 
cloth,  yarn,  and  linen,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Queiss,  14  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Gorlitz. 

L/iuda,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in  Baden, 
on  the  river  Tauber,  18.  m.  S.  W.  of  Wurtz- 
burg. 

Lauder,  an  ancient  royal  burgh  of  Scotland,  in 
Berwickshire.  The  castle,  originally  built  by 
Edward  I.  as  a  fortress,  is  now  the  seat  of  the  earl 
of  Lauderdale.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  21  m.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

L«Mrferrfn/e,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  11,782 
Florence  is  the  capital. 

Lauenburg,  a  duchy  in  the  N.  of  Germany,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  adjacent  to  Hamburgh 
and  included  since  1815  in  the  Danish  dominions, 
of  which  it  forms  the  southern  extremity. 

Lauenburg,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  duchy. 
There  is  only  one  wing  of  the  ancient  castle, 
where  the  dukes  resided,  now  remaining.  Great 
quantities  of  merchandise  are  sent  hence  to  Lubec, 
by  means  of  the  Steckenitz.  It  stands  on  (be 
Elbe  and  Steckenitz,  35  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Hamburgb. 
Long.  10.  50.  E.,  lat.  53.  22.  N. 

Lauenburg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania, 
on  the  Leba,  37  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Dantzic.  Long. 
17.  48.  E.,  lat.  54.  27.  N. 

Lauff'en  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the  duchy  of 
Salzburg,  with  a  fine  castle,  seated  on  the  Salza, 
12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Salzburg. 

Lauffen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Zurich,  with  a  castle.  Here  is  a  celebrated 
cataract  of  the  Rhine,  the  perpendicular  height 
of  which  is  about  60  feet,  in  the  breadth  300.  It 
is  3  m.  S.  by  W.  of  SchafFhausen. 

Lniiffenbuig,  a  strong  town  in  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Germany,  with  a  ca-'tle.  It  is  seated 
on  a  rock,  on  the  Rhine,  which  divides  it  in  two 
parts.  Here  is  a  small  cataract,  noted  for  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery.  26  m.  W.  Schafiliausea. 
Long.  8.  2.  E.,  lat.  47.  35.  N. 

Laughlinton,  a  village  of  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa. 
23  m.  E.  Greenburg. 

Lfiwrht.on.  a  village  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  on 
a  high"  hill,  6  m.  E"  S.  E.  of  Rotherham.  It  is 
noted  for  its  church,  whose  curious  tower  and 
spire  are  seen  at  the  distance  of  60  m. 

Lauingen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Neuberg,  seated  on  the  Danube, 3  m.  W.  of 
Dillingen. 

Lnunceston,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Com 
wall,  Eng.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  ou 
the  Attery,  which  falls  into  the  Tamar,  3  m.  be 
low  the  town,  28  m.  N.  of  Plvmoiilh,  and  214 
W.  by  S.  of  London.  Long  4.  12  W.,  lat.  50. 
38.  N. 

Launceston,  a  town  of  Van  Diemen's  Land 
capital  of  Port  Dalrymple,  seated  at  the  junction 
of  the  Esk  and  Tamar,  and  containing  400  inhab- 
itants. 

Launy,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  near  the  river  Eper, 
10  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Saaz. 

Laupen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Sanden  and  Sense, 
5  m.  S.  W.  of  Bern. 

Laurel,  p. v.  Sussex  Co.  Del. 

Laurel  Mountains,  one  of  the  western  Apa- 
lachian  ranges  in  Pennsylvania.  They  are  of  a 
moderate  height  and  covered  on  the  eastern  side 
with  laurel  trees. 

2o2 


LAY 


438 


LEA 


Laurenceourg,  villages  in  Armstrong  Co.  Pa. 
Franklin  Co.  Ken.  arva  Dearborn  Co.  Indiana. 

Laurens,  a  district  of  South  Carolina.  Pop. 
20,863.  Also  a  county  of  Greorgia  on  the  Oconee 
river.     Pop.  5,578.   Dublin  is  tne  capital. 

Laurens,  a  township  of  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,231. 

Laurensville,  p. v.  Laurens  Dis.  S.  C. 

Lauirnuen,  a  town  of  Germany,  on  the  river 
Laur,  11  m.  N.  E.  of  Schweinfurt. 

Laurington,  a  village  of  Marlborourgh  Dis.S.  C. 

Laurvin,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
Aggerhuys,  55  m.  S.  of  Christiania. 

Lausanne,  a  city  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Pays  de  Vaud,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with 
a  famous  college.  It  stands  on  a  very  uneven 
tract  of  land,  formed  by  three  small  hills ;  and 
lofty  parts  afford  the  most  subline  views  in  na- 
ture. The  cathedral,  the  town-house,  and  other 
public  buildings,  are  magnificent,  30  m.  N.  E. 
of  Geneva,  and  42  S.  W.  of  Bern.  Long.  6.  45. 
E.,lat.  46.  31.  N. 

Lausanne,  a  township  of  Northampton,  Co.  Pa. 
on  the  Lehigh. 

Lautcnburg,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  in  the  pala- 
tinate of  Culm,  4  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Culm 

Lauter,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  Vosges  moun- 
tains, and  forms  the  boundary  between  France 
and  Germany,  on  the  W.  of  the  Rhine,  into 
v/hich  it  falls  at  Lauterburg. 

Lauterbach,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Saatz,  noted  for  excellent  tin  mines.  9  m.  S. 
y.  W.  of  Carlsbad. 

Lauterbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar,  with  a  trade  in  linen  and 
woolen  cloth  ;  seated  on  the  Vogelsberg,  15  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Fulda. 

Lauterbrunn,  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  6  m.  S.  of  Interlachen.  It  is 
seated  in  a  romantic  valley  of  the  same  name, 
celebrated  for  its  cataract,  called  Staubbach. 

Lauterburg,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Rhine.  It  stands  on  the  Lauter,  near  its 
conflux  with  the  Rhine,  14  m.  S.  of  Laudau. 

Laugerte,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lot,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Cahors. 

Laugun,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lot-et- Garonne,  17  m.  N.  E.  of  Marmande. 

ImvuI,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  old 
vvall,  and  has  two  old  castles,  five  churches,  and 
three  hospitals,  with  a  monastery  established  in 
1815.  Linen  of  all  kinds  and  qualities  is  manu- 
factured here ;  and  the  neighbouring  quarries 
produce  green  marble,or  black,  veined  with  white. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mayenne,  40  m.  W.  of  Mans. 
Long.  0.  45.  W.,  lat.  48.  5.  N. 

Laramunde,  a  small  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in 
Lower  Carinthia,  seated  on  the  Drave,  23  m.  E. 
of  Clagenfurt. 

Laveld,  or  Lafeld,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  province  of  Liege,  4  m.  W.  of  Maestricht. 
In  1747  the  French  obtained  a  victory  here  over 
the  allies,  commanded  by  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land. 

Lavello,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  90  m. 
E.  by  N.  of  Naples. 

LnvevJiam,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  with  manu- 
factures of  hempen  cloth  and  woolen  yarn.  Here 
is  a  spacious  market  place,  with  a  cross  in  the 
Cfntre;  but  the  market  has  long  been  disused. 
The  town  is  situate  on  an  eminence,  at  the  foot 
of  which  runs  the  river  Breton,  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Bury  St.  Edmund,  and  62  N.  E.  of  London 


Lavenza,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  principality  o' 
Massa,  with  a  citadel ;  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Lavenza,  on  the  gulf  of  Genoa,  6  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Massa. 

Lavington,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng,  4  m.  S. 
of  Devizes,  and  90  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Lavis,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Tyrol, 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Lavis  with  the  Adige,  7  m. 
N.  of  Trent. 

Lavoro,  Terra  di,  a  province  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Naples,  bordered  on  the  W.  by  the  Tuscan 
Sea  ;  and  containing  1,720  square  m.  with  520,000 
inhabitants.  It  is  proper  for  tillage,  whence  it 
took  its  name ;  and  is  fertile  in  excellent  wines 
and  fruits.  There  are  also  mineral  springs,  atu' 
mines  of  sulphur.  Capua  is  the  capital,  and  Gae- 
ta  is  the  chief  sea-port. 

Lawrence,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  5,360  Bur- 
lington is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Indiana  Pop. 
9,237.  Bedford  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  W, 
Tennessee  Pop.  5,412.  Lawrenceburgh  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  2,806. 
Jackson  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Mississippi. 
Pop.  5,321.  Monticello  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  Alabama.  Pop.  14,984.  Moulton  is  the  capital. 
A  country  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  3,897.  Louisa  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  3,661.  Law- 
renceville  is  the  capital. 

LawreTice,  towns  and  villages  in  Stark,  Tuscar- 
awas and  Washington  Cos.  Ohio.  Hunterdon  Co. 
N.  Y.  and  Clearfield  Co.  Pa. 

Lawrenceburg,  towns  in  Armstrong  Co.  Pa.  and 
Dearborn  Co.  Indiana. 

Lawrenceville,  villages  in  Tioga,  Alleghany  Co. 
Pa.  Nansemond  Co.  Va.,  Montgomery  Co.  N.  C, 
Gwinnett  Co.  Geo.,  Madison  Co.  Ohio. 

Lawrence,  St.,  a  large  river  of  North  America, 
proceeding  from  Lake  Ontario,  from  which  it  runs 
700  m.  to  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  in  the  Atlan- 
tic. Its  mouth  is  100  m.  wide  ;  and  it  is  navigable 
for  ships  of  war  as  far  as  Quebec,  which  is  360 
m.  and  vessels  from  Europe  ascend  to  Montreal 
which  is  180  m.  further.  In  its  course  it  forms  a 
great  variety  of  bays,  harbours,  and  islands,  many 
of  which  are  fruitful  and  extremely  pleasant 
See  (Quebec,  Montreal,  &c. 

Lawrence,  St.,  Gulf  of,  is  formed  between  the* 
western  part  of  Newfoundland,  the  eastern  shores 
of  Labrador,  the  eastern  extremity  of  ihe  province 
of  New  Brunswick,  part  of  the  province  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  It  com- 
municates with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  three  dif- 
ferent passages. 

Lawrence-krk,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Kincar- 
dineshire, with  manufactures  of  lawn,  cambric, 
thread,  &c.,  and  a  large  bleach-field.  It  is  seated 
on  the  small  river  Leuther,  8  m.  N.  of  Montrose. 

Lawstitle,  p.t.  Susquelianna  Co.  Pa.  10  m.  N. 
Montrose. 

Laicgersville,  p. v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y. 

Laxcmburg,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  a  palace, 
seated  on  the  Snechat,  17  m.  S.  of  Vienna. 

Laybach.     See  Lauhach. 

Lea,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises  near  Lu- 
ton, in  Bedfordshire,  flows  to  Hertford  and  Ware, 
and,  dividing  Essex  from  Hertfordshire  and  Mid-    ' 
dlesex,  enters  the  Thames  below  Blackwall.  % 

Leacock,  p.t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  56  m.  W.  Phil-  '^- 
adelphia. 

Lead  mines.  This  name  is  given  to  a  tract  of 
country  on  the  Upper  Mississippi  which  contains 
inexhaustible  quantities  of  lead  ore.  The  tract 
is  more  than  200  ra.  in  extent.  The  chi,:.'f  mines 
are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Galena  in  the  North 


LEA 


439 


LEC 


Western  part  of  Illinois.  Here  are  the  richest 
lead  mines  hitherto  discovered  on  the  globe.  This 
portion  of  country  lies  principally  north  of  Rock 
river  and  south  of  the  Wisconsin.  Dubuque  s, 
and  other  rich  mines,  are  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
Native  copper,  in  large  quantities,  exists  in  this 
rejrion,  especially  at  the  mouth  of  Plum  creek 
and  on  the  Peekalonokee.  Plum  creek  is  a 
small  creek,  of  Illinois  about  40  miles  above 
Rock  river,  which  runs  into  the  Mississippi. 
Peekatonokee  is  a  branch  of  Rock  river.  For 
many  years  the  Indians,  and  some  of  the  French 
hunters  and  traders,  had  been  accustomed  to  dig 
Jead  in  these  regions.  They  never  penetrated 
much  below  the  surface,  but  obtained  considera- 
ble quantities  of  the  ore,  which  they  sold  to  the  tra- 
ders. In  1823,  the  late  Col.  James  Johnson,  of 
Great  Crossings,  Ky.  obtained  a  lease  of  the  United 
States  Government,  and  made  arrangements  to 
prosecute  the  business  of  smelting,  with  con- 
siderable force,  which  he  did  the  following  sea- 
son. This  attracted  the  attention  of  enterprising 
men  in  Ilhnois,  Missouri,  and  other  Stales.  Some 
went  on  in  1826,  more  followed  in  1827,  and  in 
1828  tlie  country  was  almost  literally  filled  with 
miners,  smelters,  merchants,  speculators,  &c. 
Such  was  the  crowd  of  adventurers  in  1829,  in 
this  hitherto  almost  unknown  and  desolate  region, 
that  the  lead  business  was  greatly  overdone,  and 
the  market  for  awhile  nearly  destroyed.  Fortunes 
were  made  almost  upon  a  turn  of  the  spade,  and 
.ost  with  equal  facility.  The  business  is  now  re- 
viving, and  probably  will  be  prosecuted  in  fu- 
ture more  in  proportion  to  the  demand  for  lead. 
The  following  table  shows  the  amount  of  lead 
made  annually  at  these  diggings,  from  1821,  to 
Sept.30, 1830.   Pounds  of  lead  made  from  1821,  to 

Sept.  30,  1823,       335,130 
Do.  for  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1824,        175,220 
Do.  do.  do.        1825,        664,530 

Do.  do.  dn.         1826,       953  842 

Do.  do.  do.        1827,    5,182,180 

Do.  do.  do.        1823,  11,105.810 

Do.  do.  do.        182<),  13,343,150 

Do.  do.  do.        1830,    8,323,098 

Total,  40,088,860 

The  government  formerly  received  ten  per 
cent,  in  lead,  for  rent.  It  is  now  reduced  to  six 
per  cent.  These  lands  will  soon  be  surveyed, 
and  probably  sold,  which  will  add  greatly  to  the 
stability  and   prosperity  of  the  mining  business. 

LeadhiUs,  a.  villnge  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire, 
situate  amid  mountains,  in  which  are  rich  mines 
of  lead.  Here  is  a  public  library,  fitted  up  by  the 
miners,  who  work  only  eight  hours  in  a  day,  and 
employ  much  of  their  spare  time  in  reading.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  the  highest  inhabited  place  in 
Britain,  being  about  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  It  is  situate  on  the  road  from  Glasgow 
to  Dumfries,  18  m.  S.  of  Lanark,  and  44  S.  of 
Glasgow. 

Lcadville,  p.v.  Randolph  Co.  Pa. 

Leakesville,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C.  105  m. 
N.  W.  Raleigh. 

Lcanu.ngton  Priors,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
Eng.  Here  are  some  saline  springs,  with  warm 
and  cold  baths,  a  pump-room,  and  other  accom- 
modations for  genteel  company.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Learn,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Avon,  2  m.  E.  of  Warwick  and  89  N.  W.  of  London. 

Leao-tong.     See  Chen-yang. 
m       Leasburg,  p.v.  Caswell  Co.  N.  C.  84  m.  N,  W. 
Aaleigh. 


Leat/ierhrad,  a  town  in  Surrey,  Eng.  Here  ig 
a  bridge  of  14  arches  over  the  river  Mole,  which 
a  little  above  is  said  to  make  its  re-appearance 
above  ground.     18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Lcatkes- water,  or  Wlthburn,  a  fine  lake  in  Cum 
berland,  Eng.  lying  S.  E.  of  Keswick.  It  is  nar- 
row and  irregular,  about  4  m.  in  length,  skirting 
the  foot  of  Helvellyn,  and  receiving  numerous 
torrents  from  that  huge  mountain.  The  singular 
beauty  of  this  lake  is  its  being  almost  intersected 
in  the  middle  by  two  peninsulas,  which  are  joined 
by  a  neat  wooden  bridge.  Its  outlet  at  '.he  N. 
end  joins  the  river  Greeta,  which  runs  into  the 
Derwent  below  Keswick. 

Lf.avenicorth ,  p.v.  Crawford  Co.    Indiana. 

Leba,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  which,  after  forming  a 
lake  15  m.  in  circumference,  enters  the  Baltic 
Sea.     16  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Luenburg. 

Lfbanon,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,391.  p.t. 
Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,868.  p.t.  New  London 
Co.  Conn.  Pop.  2,552.  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop  2,249.  p.t.  Huntingdon  Co.  N.  Y.  p.t.  Leba- 
non Co.  Pa.  25  m.  N.  E.  Harrisburg.  Also 
towns  and  villages  in  Russell  Co.  Va.  Washing- 
ton Co.  Geo.,  Warren,  Meigs,  and  Ashtabula  Cos. 
Ohio.  Washington  Co.  Ken.,  Wilson  Co.  Tenn. 
and  St.  Clair  Co.  Illinois. 

Lebanan,  a  countv  of  the  E.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  20,o46.      Lebanon  is  the  capital. 

Lebida,  a  sea-port  of  Africa,  in  the  territory  of 
Tripoli,  with  a  good  harbour  and  an  old  castle. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  30  m.  S.  E. 
of  Tripoli. 

Lebrixa,  or  Lebrija,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, with  a  castle,  seated  in  a  territory  abound- 
ing in  olive-trees  that  produce  the  best  oil  in 
Spain,  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Seville. 

Lehis,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg,  seat- 
ed on  the  Oder,  5  m.  N.  of  Frankfort. 

Lrxnsello,  a  town  in  the  state  of  Genoa,  22  m. 
N.  E.  of  Genoa. 

Lecce,  a  city  of  Naples,  in  Otranto,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  governor  of 
the  province,  which  by  some  is  called  Lecce  in- 
stead of  Otranto.  17  m.  N.  W.  of  Otranto,  and 
195  E.  S.  E.  of  Naples.  Long.  18.  20.  E.,  lat.  40. 
36.  N. 

Lecco,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Milan- 
ese, with  several  flourishing  manufactures.  It  is 
seated  on  the  E.  branch  of  the  lake  Como,  15  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Como.  Long.  9.  23.  E.,  lat.  45.  5. 
N.  _ 

Lech,  a  river  of  the  Bavarian  states,  which  rises 
in  Tvrol,  divides  Suabia  from  Bavaria,  and  enters 
the  Danube  below  Donawert. 

Lechlade,  or  Letckhide,  a  town  in  Gloucester- 
shire, Eng.  A  canal  from  the  Severn  joins  the 
Thames  near  this  town,  and  the  traffic  here,  on 
both,  is  considerable  in  cheese,  corn,  and  coal. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lech  with 
the  Thames,  as  in.  E.  bv  S.  of  Gloucester,  and  76 
W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Lechnitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
province  of  Oppeln.  Near  it  is  the  convent  of 
St.  Annenburg,  much  resorted  to  by  pilgrims.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Oder,  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Op- 
peln. 

Leek,  a  river  of  Netherlands,  which  branches  off 
from  the  Rhine  at  Deurstede,  and  enters  the 
Maese,  10  m.  E.  of  Rotterdam. 

Lectoure,  a  strong  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gers,  with  manufactures  of  leather,  and  some 
trade  in  corn  and  wine.     It  in  situate  on  a  moua* 


LEE 


440 


LbH 


tain,  near  the  river   Gers,  16  m.   N.   of  Auch. 
Long.  0.  37.  E.,  lat.  43.  56.  N. 

Ledlmry,  a  town  in  Herefordshire  Eng.  with 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  ropes  and  sacliing. 
The  navigable  canal  from  Gloucester  to  Hereford 
passes  by  this  town,  which  is  situate  near  the  S. 
extremitj' of  the  Malvern  Hills.  16  m.  E.  of 
Hereford,  and  129  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Ledesma,  a  small  but  strong  town  of  Spain,  in 
Leon,  seated  on  the  Torraes,  20  m.  S.  W.  of 
Salamanca. 

Lee,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  on  the  con- 
fines of  Kerry,  flows  E.  to  Corls,  and  falls  into 
Cork  Harbour. 

Lee,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  G,46l.  Jonesville  is  the  capital.  Also  a 
township  of  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,009. 
p.t.  Berksliire  Co.  Mass.  140  m.  W.  Boston. 
Pop.  1 ,825.  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,514. 
township  in  Athens  Co.  Ohio. 

Leeds,  a  flourishing  town  in  West  Yorkshire, 
Eng.  It  stands  on  the  river  Aire,  over  which  is 
a  stately  stone  bridge.  It  is  the  principal  of  the 
clothiwg  towns  in  Yorkshire,  and  the  mart  for  the 
colored  and  white  broad  cloths,  of  which  vast 
quantities  are  sold  in  its  two  cloth  halls,  within  the 
space  of  an  hour,  without  the  least  confusion. 
Leeds  has  flourishing  manufactures  of  carpets ; 
al«o  some  mills  for  the  cutting  of  tobacco,  and 
several  potteries.  In  the  neighbourhood  are 
numerous  collieries,  and  great  quantities  of  coal 
are  sent  to  York  and  Hull.  3  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
the  town,  on  the  river  Aire,  stands  the  remains 
of  that  venerable  pile,  Kirkstal  Abbey,  embower- 
ed in  groves  of  oak.  A  canal  passes  hence  to 
Liverpool,  by  which  and  the  river  this  town  has 
a  communication  with  the  Irish  Sea  and  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.  24  m.  S.  W.  of  York,  and  189  N. 
W.  of  London.     Long.  1 .  34.  W.,  lat.  53.  48:  N. 

Leeds,  a  parish  in  Kent,  Eng.  which  had  form- 
erly a  castle  and  a  priory  :  some  ruins  of  the  lat- 
ter still  remain.,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Maidstone  and  40 
from  London. 

Leeds,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,685.  Also 
a  village  in  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  coast. 

Leedsto  n,  p. v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Va.  105  m. 
W.  Washington. 

Leefotro,  the  most  fertile  of  the  Hapaee  islands, 
in  the  South  Pacific.  It  is  not  above  7  m.  in 
length,  and  only  2  or  3  in  breadth,  but  is  superior 
in  many  respects  to  Annamooka.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  treacherous,  and  have  frequently  attemp 
ted  to  seize  European  vessels.  Long.  185.  49.  E., 
lat.  19.  49.  S. 

Leek,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  It  has  a 
brisk  trade,  and  manufactures  of  bandanna  and 
other  handkerchiefs,  ribands,  twist,  and  buttons. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Churnet,  21  ra.  N.  of  StaflTord 
and  154  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Leer,  or  Lehr,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  East 
Friesland,  on  the  river  Leda,  which  soon  alter 
joins  the  Ems.     14  m.  S.  E.  of  Emden. 

Leerdam,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  South 
Holland,  seated  on  the  Ling'i/',  11  m.  S.  of 
Utrecht. 

Leerort,  a  fortress  of  Hanover,  in  East  Friesland, 
sealed  at  the  conflux  of  the  Leda  with  the  Ems, 
10  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Emden. 

Leers,  or  Liers,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  territory  of  Liege,  near  which  the  allies  were 
defeated  by  the  French  in  1746.  4  m.  N.  of 
Liege . 

Leershurg,  p.t.  Loudon  Co.  Va.  46  m.  N.  W. 
Alexandria,  also   towns  in  Harrison   Co.   Ken., 


Washington  Co.  Ten.,  Tuscarawas,   Champaign  " 
and  HigTiland  Cos.  Ohio. 

LeeviUe,  p. v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y.,  p. v.  Camp- 
bell Co.  Va.,  p.v.  Lexington  Dis.  S.  C,  p. v. 
Lawrence  Co.  Indiana. 

Leetukoo,  or  Lattakoo,  a  town  of  Southern  Africa. 
The  old  town  of  this  name  was  until  lately  the  most 
remote  place  known  in  the  Botshuana  country. 
The  inhabitants,  when  visited  by  Mr.  Campbell  and 
others  in  1813,  appeared  to  have  made  consider- 
able progress  in  the  arts  and  civilization.  Soon 
after  they  removed  to  a  more  suitable  situation, 
several  miles  distant,  in  a  southern  direction,  and 
founded  New  Leetakoo.  On  his  return,  in  1820,  ' 
he  found  this  new  town  occupied  by  about  8,000 
persons,  collected  from  various  tribes.  The 
women  perform  most  of  the  agricultural  labor ; 
while  the  men  milk  the  cows,  make  the  clothes, 
and  go  to  war.  New  Leetakoo  is  800  m.  N.  E.- 
of  Cape  Town. 

Lectoicn,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  Va. 

Leeuice,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
South  Brabant.  It  is  seated  in  a  morass  on  the 
river  Geete,  12  m.  E.  of  Louvain. 

Leeward  Islands,  such  of  the  Carribee  Islands 
in  the  West  Indies,  as  commence  at  Porto  Rico, 
and  extend  to  Dominica. 

Lefooga.     See  Leefpgo. 

Legkorn,  a  strong  city  of  Italy  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Tuscany,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  is  the  greatest  commercial 
depot  of  Italy.  The  Jews,  who  are  numerous 
and  rich,  have  a  handsome  synagogue  and  schools  ; 
the  Greeks  and  Armenians  have  churciies  of  their 
own  ;  and  no  religion  is  disturbed.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  computed  at  66,000.  The  town  is  sup- 
plied with  excellent  water  brought  from  the  moun-  ' 
tains  of  Colognole  by  means  of  a  long  and  expen- 
sive aqueduct,  constructed  by  government.  The 
streets  are  wide  and  straight,  and  almost  all  the 
houses  of  the  same  height.  There  are  so  many 
canals,  that  some  have  given  it  the  title  of  New 
Venice.  At  a  little  distance  is  a  light-house,  on 
a  small  island.  The  trade  consists  of  foreign 
goods,  as  cotton,  sugar,  cocoa,  spices,  sulphur, 
and  alum;  and  in  home  productions,  as  essences, 
oils,  wine,  straw  hats,  cloth,  juniper  berries, 
oranges,  lambs'  and  goats'  skins,  and  coral.  In 
1741  this  city  suffered  greatly  by  an  earthquake. 
The  neighbouring  marsiies  have  been  rendered 
fit  for  culture  by  means  of  canals,  which  have  al- 
so been  useful  in  dissipating  the  noxious  effluvia : 
but  the  air  is  still  far  from  healthy.  140  m.  N. 
W.  of  Rome,  and  46  W.  of  Florence.  Long.  10. 
17.  E.,  lat.  43.  33.  N. 

Lcgnano,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
Veronese,  with  a  fortress  regularly  constructed. 
The  town  is  populous,  and  carries  on  a  considera- 
ble trade,  particularly  in  grain,  which  is  greatly 
facilitated  by  means  of  a  canal  from  the  Adige  to 
the  Po.  It  is  seated  on  the  Adige,  22  m.  fcJ.  E. 
of  Verona. 

Leilmitz,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Low- 
er Styria,  seated  on   the  Sulm,  16  m.  S.  of  Gnatz. 

Leki.gk,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania  running  into 
the  Delaware  from  the  N.  W.  In  this  neigh- 
bourhood are  large  coal  mines,  for  an  account  of 
which  see  Pennsijlvania. 

Lehlgk,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Pennsyl 
vania  lying  upon  the  river  above  mentioned.  Pop 
22,2()().     Allentown  is  the  capital. 

Lekighton,  a  village  of  Northampton  Co  Pa 
on  the  Lehigh,  36  m.  N.  W.  Easton.  # 

Leicester,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Leices- 


-■?' 


LEI 


441 


LEI 


la 


tershire,  Eng.  In  the  civil  wars  the  walls  were 
in  a  great  measure  demolished  ;  the  castle  was 
also  dismantled,  the  hall  and  kitchen  bein<r  the 
only  parts  that  are  left  entire.  It  has  Gchur'ches, 
18  meeting-houses  for  the  different  denominations 
of  dissenters,  several  hospitals,  a  free  school  and 
three  charity  schools.  In  1821  an  act  was  passed 
for  lighting  the  town  withgas,  which  has  since 
been  carried  into  effect.  The  principal  manufac- 
ture is  that  of  stockings,  of  which  several  years 
ago  the  value  amounted  to  £60,000  annually,  and 
it  has  of  late  much  increased.  A  canal  passes 
hence  by  Loughborough  to  the  river  Trent.  At 
a  parliament  held  here,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V., 
the  first  law  was  made  for  the  burning  of  heretics. 
In  the  meadows  near  the  town  are  the  ruins  of 
an  abbey,  in  which  Cardinal  Wolsey  died.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Soar,  2i  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Derby, 
and  9G  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  1.  8.  W., 
lat.  53.  :3S.  N. 

L'ACcs tershire,  a  county  of  England,  bounded 
on  ths  N.  by  Derbyshire  and  Nottinghamshire, 
E.  by  the  counties  of  Lincoln  and  Rutland.  S.  by 
Nirthamptonshire,  and  W.  by  Warwickshire  and 
Staffordshire.'  It  is  about  45  m.  long  and  39  broad, 
contains  51 ,456  statute  acres,  is  divided  into  six 
hundreds  and  196  parishes,  has  12  market  towns, 
aid  sends  four  members  to  parliament.  The  cli- 
mate is  temperate  and  the  county  is  well  watered. 
The  chief  rivers  are  the  Avon,  Soar,  Swift, 
Wreke,  Anker,  and  Welland ;  and  it  has  three 
distinct  lines  of  canal  navigation.  The  soil,  in 
reneral,  affjrds  great  quantities  of  rich  grazing 
and  and  is  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  culture  of 
beans.  Toward  the  N.  W.,  the  Bardon- Hills 
rise  to  a  great  height ;  and  in  their  neighbour- 
hood is  Sherwood  Forest,  a  rough  and  open  tract: 
further  to  the  N.  W.  are  valuable  coal  mines. 
The  manufacture  of  stockings,  the  principal  one 
in  the  county,  is  very  considerable  ;  but  it  may 
be  considered  rather  an  agricultural  than  a  man- 
ufacturing county.  It  is  famous  for  its  breed  of 
large  black  cart  horses,  numbers  of  which  are 
continually  sent  to  London,  and  for  its  fine  neat 
cattle  and  sheep :  the  latter,  owing  to  the  great  care 
paid  to  crossing  the  breed  and  other  modes  of  im- 
provement, have  been  brought  to  an  astonishing  de- 
gree of  excellence.  More  than  half  the  land  is  con- 
stantly in  pasture,  and  most  of  the  rest  maintained 
in  tillacre  is  also  rendered  subservient  to  the  rear- 
ing of  cattle.  The  principal  object  of  the  gra- 
ziers here  is  to  fatten  their  cattle  for  the  butcher, 
but  the  dairy  is  also  in  some  places  attended  to  ; 
and  great  quantities  of  cheese  are  annually  ex- 
pjrted.  Tiie  Stilton  cheese  is  made  in  this  coun- 
ty, near  Mellon  Mowbray. 

Leicester,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  46  m.  S.  W. 
B  >ston.  Pop.  1,782.  Here  is  a  manufactory  of 
wool  cards.  Also  a  township  of  Jjivinir.ston 
C ).  N.  Y.  on  the  Genesee.  Pop.  2.042.  Also 
a  township  of  Addison  Co.  Vt.  oa  Otter  Creek. 
42  m.  N.  W.  Windsor.     Pop.  638. 

Leigh,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  with  consid- 
erable manufactures,  particularly  of  fine  jeans,  in 
imitation  of  those  of  India,  fustians,  and  other  cot- 
ton articles  ;  and  a  great  traffic  by  its  canal  navi- 
gation. 12  m.  W.  of  Manchester,  and  198  N.  W. 
of  London 

Leiirh,  a  small  sea-portin  Essex,  Eng.  opposite 
the  E.  extremity  of  Canvey  Island.  It  is  noted 
for  ovslers,  and  has  a  good  road  for  shipping.  18 
m.  S".  S.  E.  of  Chelmsford,  and  39  E.  of  London. 
Leigh,  a  parish  of  England,  in  Worcestershire 
4  1-2  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Worcester. 
56 


Leighhn,  Old,  a  decayed  town  of  Ireland,  in  thii 
county  of  Carlow,  9  m.  N.  E.  of  Kilkenny. 

Leighhn  Bridge,  a  village  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Carlow,  with  tne  ruins  of  an  ancient 
abbey,  and  also  of  a  strong  castle ;  seated  on  the 
river  Barrow,  7  m.  S.  of  Carlow. 

Leighton  Buzzard,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng. 
The  trade  consists  in  corn,  cattle,  lace,  platted 
st'Taw,  «!k.c.  About  half  a  m.  distant  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  Roman  camp.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse, 
18  m.  S.  of  Bedford  and  41  N.  W.  of  London. 

Lein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Nas- 
sau, 4  m.  N.  E.  of  Welburg. 

Leiningen,  a  small  town  of  the  Bavarian  circle 
of  the  Rhine,  30  m.  S.  of  Mentz. 

Leinster,^  province  of  Ireland,  104  m.  long  and 
56  broad ;  bounde-d  on  the  E.  and  S.  by  St. 
George's  Channel.  W.  by  Connaught  and  Muns- 
ter  and  N.  by  Ulster.  It  contains  the  counties  of 
Carlow,  Dublin,  Kildare,  Kilkenny,  King's  coun- 
ty, Longford,  Lough,  East  Meath,  West  Meath, 
Wexford,  and  Wicklow.  Dublin  is  the  capital. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Boyne,  the  Barrow, 
the  Liffey,  the  Noire,  and  the  May. 

Leipa,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  manufactures 
of  porcelain,  glass,  fine  cloth,  and  cotton.  47  m. 
S.  E.  of  Dresden. 

Leipheim,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  S.  bank  of 
the  Danube,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Ulm. 

Leipiiic,  a  walled  tov^-n  of  Morvaria,  near  the 
river  Beczwa,  14  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Olumtz. 

Leipzig,  Circle  of,  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  bounded  E.  by  the  circle  of  Meissen,  S. 
by  that  of  the  Erzebirge  and  the  principality  of 
Altenburg,  and  W,  and  N.  by  the  Prussian  part 
of  Saxony.  It  comprises  14  bailiwics,  and  is  the 
seat  of  considerable  manufactures. 

Leipzig,  a  city  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of  Meisu 
sen,  with  a  famous  university,  and  a  strong  cita- 
del, called  Pleyssenburg.  It  carries  on  a  consid- 
erable trade  ;  and  has  three  great  fairs  every  year, 
which  last  a  fortnight  each.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants exceeds  30,000  ;  and  the  principal  man- 
ufactures are  silk,  gold,  and  silver  stuffs,  linen 
and  cotton  printing,  leather,  and  paper.  There 
are  six  handsome  colleges  belonging  to  the  univer- 
sity, besides  the  private  colleges;  and  the  exchange 
is  a  fine  structure.  Leipzig  was  taken  by  the 
Prussians  in  1745  and  1756.  The  Austrians,  in 
1756,  besieged  it  in  vain  ;  they  took  it  two  years 
after,  but  were  soon  obliged  to  give  it  up.  Leip- 
zig is  celebrated  for  two  of  the  greatest  battles 
recorded  in  history  having  been  fought  in  its  vi- 
cinity, between  the  French  and  allied  armies,  on 
the  16th  and  18th  of  October,  1813,  which  were 
followed  by  the  capture  of  the  town  and  the 
rear-guard  of  the  French  army,  on  the  follow- 
ing morning,  and  also  the  king  of  Saxony  and 
his  family,  who  were  made  prisoners.  It  is  seat- 
ed in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Pleysse,  64  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Dresden,  90  S.  W.  of  Berlin,  and  180 
N.  E.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  Long.  12.  21. 
E.,  lat.  51.  19.  N. 

Tjeiria,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  an 
eminence.  77  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Long. 
8.  34.  W.,  lat.  39.  48   N. 

Liisziiig,  a  town  of  Saxony,  m  Meissen,  with 
manufactures  of  cloth,  lace,  stockings,  &c.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Mulda,  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Leip 
zig  and  32  N.   W.  of  Dresden. 

\eith,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  on  the  frith  o< 
Forth.  2  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Edinburgh,  of  which  it  is 
the  port.     It  is  situate  at  the   mouth  of  the  river 


*:■  *., 


LEM 


442 


LEO 


Leith,  which  torras  the  harbour,  and  divides  the 
town  into  N.  and  S.  Leith,  which  communicate 
by  two  draw-bridges.  The  harbour  is  secured  by 
a  noble  stone  pier,  and  it  is  accommodated  with 
wet  and  dry  docks  and  other  conveniences  for 
ship-building,  which  is  carried  on  to  a  considera- 
ble extent.  Here  are  also  manufactures  of  ropes, 
canvas,  carpets,  glass,  shoes,  leather,  soap,  and 
candles,  and  several  iron  forges.  There  are  three 
churches,  an  episcopal  chapel,  three  meeting- 
houses, a  magnificent  banking-house,  an  hospital 
for  disabled  seaman,  rebuilt  in  1817,  and  numer- 
ous charities.  A  little  to  the  E.  of  the  town  are 
the  baths,  which  are  constructed  upon  a  grand 
scale,  and  in  a  style  of  great  elegance.  The  har- 
bour is  defended  by  a  martello  tower  and  to  the 
W  of  the  citadrtl  is  a  b.attery  for  the  protection  of 
the  shipping.  The  commerce  of  Leith  is  very  con- 
siderable ;  and  the  vessels  employed  in  the  Lon- 
don trade  are,  in  general,  of  a  large  size  ;  but  the 
largest  ships  are  those  employed  in  the  Green- 
^  land  whale  fishery.     To  foreign  parts  are  export- 

ed lead, glass  ware,  linen,  woolen  stuflTs,  and  a 
variety  of  other  goods.  Long.  2.  56.  W.,  lat.  55. 
54.  N. 

Leitmeritz.     See    Leutmeritz. 

LeUomisckel.     See  Leutmlschel. 

Leitrim,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
<  Jonnaught,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Donegal  Bay, 
N.  E.  by  Fermanagh,  E.  by  Cavan,  S.  E.  by 
Longford,  S.  W.  by  Roscommon,  and  W.  by 
Sligri.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  54  English  m., 
and  its  maximum  breadth  20.  It  contains  21  par- 
ishes, and  an  area  of  407,260  English  acres.  Tlie 
northern  parts  are  mountainous  and  uncultivated 
but  they  abound  with  inexhaustible  veins  of  lead, 
iron,  and  copper  ore,  and  have  likewise  some  coal 
mines.  The  S.  is  level  and  fertile.  The  county 
is  traversed  by  the  river  Shannon,  abounds  with 
small  lakes  and  rivers,  has  some  productive  iron- 
works, and  feeds  great  herds  of  cattle.  It  re- 
turns two  members  to  the  imperial  parliament. 
Carrick  is  the  capital. 

Leitrim,  a  village  of  Ireland,  from  which  the 
preceding  county  has  its  name,  and  formerly  a 
place  of  some  note.  It  is  seated  on  the  Shannon, 
4  m.  N.  of  Carrick,  and  82  W.  N.  W.  of  Dub- 
lin 

Leinslip,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare.  It  has  a  noble  castle  with  large  gardens, 
on  one  side  of  which  is  a  fine  waterfall,  called 
the  Salmon  Leap.  Near  it  is  the  ruins  of  the 
church  and  castle  of  Confy.  It  is  seated  on  the 
LifTey,  8  ra.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Lr.mburg,  or  Leopold,  a  town  of  Austrian  Po- 
land, formerly  the  capital  of  Red  Russia,  and  now 
of  Galicia  and  Ladomeria.  It  is  well  fortified, 
and  defended  by  two  citadels,  one  of  which  is  on 
an  eminence  without  the  city.  The  cathedral, 
churches,  and  public  buildings  are  magnificent; 
and  the  inhabitants,  computed  at  44,000,  of  whom 
14,000  are  Jews,  carry  on  a  considerable  trade, 
ft  is  the  see  of  a  Roman  Catholic  archbishop,  and 
has  also  an  Armenian  and  Russian  bishop.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Pelton,  72  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Chelm,  and 
159  E.  of  Cracow.  Long.  24.  26.  E.,  lat.  49.  51. 
N. 

Lemgow,a.  town  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia,  and 
in  the  principality  of  Lippe-Detmold,  with  some 
cloth  and  stuff  manufactures,  and  a  considerable 
trade  in  printing  and  bookselling.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Beya,  17  m.  S.  of  Minden. 
»■!,  Lemnos,  or  Stalimene.,  an  island  of  the  Archi- 

pelago, lying  near  .ju?  «tr*it  of  Gallipoli,  15  in. 


long  and  11  broad.  The  poets  made  it  sacred  to 
Vulcan,  who  was  hence  called  Lemnius  Pat^r. 
It  was  also  celebrated  for  its  labyrinth,  of  which 
not  a  trace  remains.  The  air  is  pure,  and  tlie 
produce  consists  of  corn,  oil,  cotton,  and  a  v.-irie- 
ty  of  fruits.  It  has  two  harbours  on  the  S.  coast 
and  an  extensive  roadstead  *!  the  N.  Its  capi- 
tal is  of  the  same  name,  and  is  a  metropolitan  see. 
Long.  25    28.  E.,  lat.  40.  3.  N. 

Lempster,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N,  H.  40  m.  W. 
Concord.     Pop.  999. 

Lem'tngton,  a  township  of  Essex  Co.  Vt.  on 
the  Connecticut,6.5  m.  N.  E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  182 

Lemon,  a  township  of  Butler  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Miami.  Pop.  2,870.  It  contains  the  villages  of 
Middleton  and  Monroe. 

Lend,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutsk,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  to 
the  N.  W.  of  the  lake  Baikal,  flows  N.  and  N.  E, 
to  Yakutsk,  where  it  is  5  m.  wide,  and  proceed- 
ing  N.  N.  W.,  enters  the  Frozen  Ocean  by  sever-' 
al  mouths. 

Lenawee,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  1,591. 
Tecuinseh  is  the  capital. 

Lenczicz,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  with  a  fort 
on  a  rock.  It  stands  in  a  morass  on  the  river 
Biusa,  77  m.  W.  of  Warsaw,  and  110  N.  by  W, 
of  Cracow. 

Lenham,  a  decayed  market  town  in  Kent,  Eng. 
seated  on  an  eminence,  at  the  source  of  the  Len, 
10  m.  E.  of  Maidstone,  and  44  S.  E.  of  Lon- 
don, 

Lennep,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
province  of  Cleves  and  Berg,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  20.  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dusseldorf. 

Lenoir,  a  county  of'North  Carolina.  Pop.  7,935. 
Kingston  is  the  capital. 

Lenox,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  6  m.  S.  Pitts- 
field,  and  147  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,355.  It  is  a 
very  neatly  built  town  and  has  manufactures  of 
woolen  and  iron.  Also  a  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  Oneida  Lake.  Pop.  5,039.  Also  towns  in  Sus- 
quehanna Co.  Pa.  and  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio. 

Lenox,  a  county  of  Upper  Canada  lying  upon 
the  Bay  of  Quinte  on  Lake  Ontario. 

Lenox   Castle,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C. 

Lenoxville,  p.t.  Carteret  Co.  N.  C.  on  Core 
Sound. 

LeTis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas  de 
Calais,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Douay. 

Lentini,  an  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Noto.  It  is  a  small  remainder  of  the  ancient 
Leontium,  and  situate  at  the  foot  of  a  height,  oa 
the  top  of  which  Charles  V.  built  a  new  town, 
called  Carlentini.  Lentini  was  greatly  damaged 
by  an  earthquake  in  1693.  It  is  seated  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Catania. 

Lentzhura-,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Aargau,  with  a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  lin- 
en, cotton,  tobacco,  «&c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Aa, 
6  m.  E.  of  Aargau. 

Lenfzen,  atown  of  the  Prussian  province  of  Bran- 
denburg, near  the  Elbe,  74  m.  N.  W.  of  Berlin. 

Leohen,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Upper 
Styria,  situate  on  the  Muhr,  20  m.  N.  W.  of 
Gratz. 

Leobschuz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a 
trade  in  corn  and  yarn,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Jagern- 
dorf. 

.  Leogane,  a  town  and  fort,  with  a  good  harbour 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  S.  peninsula  of  St.  Domin- 
go.    It  w.as   taken  by  the  British  in  J  796.  26   ra. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Port  au  Prince.     Long.  72.  37.  W 
lat.  18.  38.  N. 


LE? 


443 


LE3 


Leomin iter,  vl borough  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng. 
with  a  trade  in  cloth,  gloves,  hats,  hops,  leather, 
cider,  &c.  The  church  is  spacious,  and  has  a 
beautitui  altar-piece  by  Rubens.  Here  are  also 
four  meeting-houses,  two  charity  schools,and  two 
free  schools,  one  of  them  endowed  by  Queen  Mary. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Luw,  26  m.  W.  of  Worcester 
and  1:57  N.  W.  of  London. 

Leominster,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  20  m.  N. 
Worcester,  on  Nashua  river.  Pop.  1,861.  It  has 
manufactures  of  combs  and  other  articles. 

Lton,  an  important  N.  W.  division  of  Spain, 
still  retaining  the  title  of  a  kingdom,  bounded  on 
the  JN.  by  Asturias,  W.  by  Galicia  and  Portugal, 

5.  by  Estremadura,  and  E.  by  Old  Castile.  It  is 
200  in.  long  and  170  broad,  and  divided  into  al- 
most two  equal  parts  by  the  River  Duero.  It  is 
divided  into  the  districts  of  Leon,  Salamanca,  Pa- 
lencia,   Zamora,  Toro,  and  Valladolid. 

Leon,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  was  formerly  richer  i>i)d  more  popu- 
lous than  at  present.  Its  cathef'ral  which  is  ad- 
mired for  its  elegant  lightness,  contains  the  tomb 
of  37  kings  and  one  emperor.  171  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Midrid.    Long.  5.  3d.  W.,  lat.  42.  36.  N. 

Leon,  Isle  of,  an  msulated  tract  on  the  S.  W. 
coast  of  Spain,  separated  from  the  mainland  by  a 
canal  and  nver,  10  m.  in  length,  and  from  20  to 
30  feet  in  depth.  The  defence  thus  afforded 
against  an  enemy  in  possession  of  the  mainland 
(as  vvds  the  case  of  the  French  in  1810)  is  farther 
strengthened  by  the  salt  marshes,  which  extend 
to  the  eastward,  and  are  impassable  except  along 
a  causeway.     See  Cadiz. 

Leon,  a  town  on  the  above  island.  The  popu- 
lation including  St.  Carlos,  is  said  to  amount  to 
40,000,  whose  chief  support  arises  from  the  works 
carried  on  at  the  neighbouring  arsenal  and  dock- 
yard  of  Caracas.     11    m.  S.  E.  of  Cadiz.  Long. 

6.  12.  W.,  lat.  36.  27.  N. 

Leon,  a  city  of  Guatemala,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Nicaragua.  In  the  vicinity  is  a  mountain 
with  a  volcano,  which  sometimes  ozcasions  earth- 
quakes. It  is  a  commercial  place,  seated  near 
tlie  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  lake  Nicaragua,  30  m. 
from  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Long.  87.20.  W.,  lat.  12. 
30.  N. 

Leon,  New,  a  province  in  the  S.  part  of  New 
Mexico,  having  the  gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  E.,  Pa- 
nuco  on  the  S.,  and  New  Biscay  on  the  W.  It 
is  little  known. 

Leonard,  St.,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Upper  Vienne,  with  manufactures  of 
paper  and  cloth  ;  seated  on  the  Vienne,  10  m. 
N.  E.  Limoges  and  195  S.  of  Paris. 

Lconardstown,  p.v  St.  Mary's  Co.  Maryland, 
on  the  Potomac,  (^  m..  S.  E.  Washington. 

LeoTiardsville,  p.v.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  95  m.  N. 
W.  Albany. 

Leonberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wurtemberg,  situate  on  the  Glem,  6  m.  W.  of 
Stuttgard. 

Leopoldstadt,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hungary, 
seated  on  the  Waag,  56  m.  E.  of  Vienne. 

Lcpnnto,  a  sea-port  of  Greece,  in  Livadia,  and 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  surrounded  with  high 
walls,  and  defended  by  a  castle  on  an  eminence. 
The  produce  of  the  adjacent  country  is  wine,  oil, 
corn,  rice,  leather,  and  tobacco.  It  is  seated  at 
the  entrance  of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  100  m. 
W.  N  W.  of  Athens  and  360  S.  W.  of  Constan- 
tinople.    Long.  22.  E.,  lat.  38.  30.  N. 

Leper's  Isle,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean.    Long.  168.  5.  E.  lat.  15.  23.  S. 


Le  Ray,  a  township  of  Jefferson  Co.  N.  T.  20 
m.  N.  E.  Sackett's  Harbour.  Pop.  3,430. 

Lerena,  or  IJerena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura, at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  and  the  source 
of  the  Malachel,  50  m.  S.  of  Meridaand  63  N.  of 
Seville.     Long  5.  59.  W  ,  lat.  38.  7.  N. 

Lerida  (the  Ilerda  of  Lucan) ,  an  ancient  town 
of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a 
university  and  a  castle.  Near  this  place  are  the 
remains  of  a  palace  of  the  kings  of  Arragon.  It 
is  seated  on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Segra,  69  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Saragossa  and  200  N.  W.  of  Madrid.  Long 
0.  25.  E.,  lat.  41.  32.  N. 

Lerins,  two  islands  in  the  Mediterranean,  or 
the  coast  of  France,  5  m.  from  Antibes.  That 
nearest  the  coast,  which  is  the  larger  island,  is 
called  St.  Margaret ;  the  smaller  is  called  St.  Ho- 
norat,  and  has  a  Benedictine  abbey. 

Lerma,  a  town  of  ''pain,  in  the  province  of 
Burgos,  with  a  palace,  seated  on  the  Arlanza,  23 
m.  S.  of  Burgos. 

Lernica,  a  town  of  Cyprus,  formerly  a  large 
city,  as  appears  from  its  ruins.  It  is  situate  on  the 
S.  coast  of  the  island,  wiiere  there  is  a  good  road, 
and  a  small  fort,  for  its  defence,  30  m.  S.  W.  of 
Famagusta. 

*  Le  Hoy,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  10  m.  E.  Bata- 
via.  Pop.  3,909.  Also  a  township  of  Geauga  Co. 
Ohio. 

Lerwick,  a  town  of  Scotland,  capital  of  the 
Shetland  Islands,  situate  014  the  spacious  harbour 
called  Brassa  Sound.  It  is  the  rendezvous  of  the 
fishing  busses  and  vessels  employed  in  the  her- 
ring fishery.  Near  the  N.  end  of  the  tov^n  is 
Fort  Charlotte,  which  comma.nds,  the  N.  entrance 
to  Brassa  Sound.     Long.  0.  56.  W.,  lat. 60.  12.  N. 

Lescar,  a  town  of  France,  d^'p.artment  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  seated  on  a  hill,  3  m.  N.  W.  of  Pau  and 
42  S.  E.  of  Bayonne. 

Lesquistan,  or  Daghistan.     See  Dagkistan. 

Lesitrnau, a.  town  of  France, departmentofAude, 
11  m.  vV.  of  Narbonne. 

Lestwa,  an«island  in  Ihe  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia,  65  m.  long  and  14  broad.  It 
contains  great  quantities  of  different  kinds  of  mar- 
ble and  produces  wine,  oil,  figs,  almonds,  oranges, 
saffron,  aloes,  honey,  &c  ,  in  great  abundance  > 
but  salt-fish  is  the  chief  article  of  commerce.  The 
capita],  of  the  same  name,  has  a  good  harbour,  and 
contains  1 .200  inhabitants.  20  m.  S.  of  Spalatro. 
Long.  16.  20.  E.,  lat.  43.  33.  N. 

Leskeard,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  leather  and  yarn.  It  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  best  built  towns  in  the  country, 
had  formerly  a  castle,  now  in  ruins,  and  is  one  of 
the  coinage  towns  for  tin.  Besides  the  church 
which  is  a  large  and  noble  edifice,  here  are  three 
places  of  worship  for  dissenters,  a  free  grammar 
school,  two  national  schools,  and  a  charity  school 
for  poor  children.  In  the  vicinity  are  several  ex- 
tensive sheep-walks.  16  m.  N.  W.  of  Plymouth 
and  225  W.  by  S.  of  London.  Long.  4.  42.  W., 
lat.  50.  27.  N. 

Lesparre,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gi 
ronde,  near  which  are  found  transparent  pebble*, 
known  by  the  name  of  Medoc  stones.  It  is  13  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Bordeaux. 

Lessines,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hain 
ault,  famous  for  its  linen  manufacture ;  seated  on 
the  Dender,  28  m.  S.  W.  of  Brussels. 

Lesticithiel,  or  Lostwithiel,  a  borough  in  Corn 
wall,  Eng.  with  a  tolerable  woolen  manufacture 
Here  is  the  stannary  goal,  and  the  county  courls 
are  held  here.    It  is  seated  on  the  river  Fowey, 


LEV 


444 


LEW 


which  was  formerly  navigable,  but  is  now  choked 
up  with  sand.  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Truro  and  232  W. 
by  S.  of  London. 

Lctart,  a  townsliip  of  Meigs  Co.  Ohio. 

Lettere,  a  town  of  Naples,  seated  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Salerno. 

Letterkenny,  a  township  of  Franklm  Co.  Pa. 
5  m.  N.  W.  Chambersbug. 

Leubus,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a  cele- 
brated Cistercian  abbey  ;  seated  on  the  Oder,  30 
m.  N.N.  W.  of  Breslau. 

Leucate,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
situate  near  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  N.  side  of -a 
lake  of  tlie  same  name,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Perpignan. 

Leuch,  or  Leuk,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
Valais,  much  frequented  on  account  of  its  hot 
mineral  springs.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence  near 
the  Rhone,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Sion. 

Leiise,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hainault, 
seated  on  the  Dender,  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Mons. 

Leutkirch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemburg, 
with  two  suburl)s,  and  a  good  linen  trade.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Eschach,  whicli  runs  into  the  Iller, 
22  m.  N.  E.  of  Lindau. 

Leutmeritz,  or  Leitiaeritz,  a  town  of  Bohemia, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  The  circle 
is  such  a  delightful  country  that  it  is  called  the 
Bohemian  Paradise  ;  it  produces  excellent  wine, 
and  contains  warm  baths,  tin-mines,  and  precious 
stones.  The  town  is  well  built  and  populous,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  3Gm.  N.  E.  of  Prague. 
Long.  14.  17.  E.,  lat.  50.32.  N. 

Leutviischel ,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Chrudim,  with  manufactures  of  cloths  and  dye- 
stuffs,  and  extensive  distilleries.  20  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Chrudim. 

Leutch,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Car- 
niola,  8  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Idria. 

Lcvana,  p. v.  Brown  Co.  Ohio. 

Levant.  This  word  properly  signifies  the  East ; 
but  it  is  used,  when  speaking  of  trade,  for  Tur- 
key, in  Asia,  comprehending  Natolia,  Syria,  the 
island  of  Cyprus,  &c.  The  Levani  Sea  means 
the  E.  part  of  the  Mediterranean. 

Levant,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  10  m.  N.  W. 
Bangor.      Pop.  747. 

Levek.     See  Cambodia. 

Leven,  a  river  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  which  issues 
from  the  S.  extremity  of  Windermere- water,  and 
flows  into  Morecambe  Bay. 

Leten,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbartonshire, 
which  issues  from  Loch  Lomond,  and  enters  the 
estuary  of  the  Clyde  below  Dumbarton. 

Leven,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  Kin- 
ross-shire, flows  through  Loch  Leven,  and  crosses 
Fifeshire  to  the  town  of  Leven,  where  it  enters 
Largo  Bay. 

Lrven,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  with  a 
good  harbour,  and  some  sliare  in  the  coasting  and 
Baltic  trade.  It  stands  on  the  W.  side  of  Largo 
Bay,  at  the  influx  of  the  river  Leven,  7  m.  N.  E. 
of  Dysart. 

Leven,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Kinross- 
shire,  upwards  of  10  m.  in  circumference,  and 
somewhat  of  a  circular  form.  It  has  several 
small  islnnds,  on  one  of  which  is  a  ruinous  castle, 
where  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  was  confined  by  the 
confederate  lords,  after  she  had  separated  from 
Bothwell ;  and  on  another,  named  St.  Serfs  Isle, 
is  the  ruin  of  a  priory.  On  the  E.  side  of  the 
lake,  near  its  outlet,  stands  the  ruinous  monastery 
of  Portmoak. 

LeBcnirorth,  a  village  in  Crawford  Co.  Indiana, 
•n  the  Oliio.  68  m.  below  Louisville. 


Leverett,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  S.  E, 
Greenfield.    Pop.  939. 

Levenings,  a  village  of  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa.  8  m 
N.  W.  Philadelphia. 

Levroux,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre, 
11  m.  N.  of  Chateauroux. 

Lewarden,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
capital  of  Friesland.  It  has  several  canals  in  the 
streets,  which,  being  continued  to  the  sea,  and  to 
the  most  considerable  towns  in  the  province,  are 
a  great  assistance  to  its  trade.  Many  of  the  build- 
ings, as  well  public  as  private,  are  magnificent. 
It  IS  seated  on  the  Ee,  28  m.  W.  of  Groningen. 
Long.  5.  48.  E.,  lat.  53.  13.  N. 

Lewentz,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Gran. 

Leices,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  Eng.  It  had  far 
merly  12  parish  churches,  now  reduced  to  six,  in- 
cluding those  of  the  adjoining  villages  of  South- 
over  and  Cliff.  It  is  a  very  ancient  place,  and 
vestiges  of  its  walls  and  castle,  and  of  an  extensive 
priory,  still  remain.  Here  are  7  meeting-houses 
for  dissenters ;  also  a  handsome  county-liall,  a 
free  grammar  school,  a  good  charity  school,  sev- 
eral charitable  institutions,  and  a  theatre.  On  a 
hill,  about  a  mile  from  the  town,  is  the  race 
ground,  which  is  accounted  one  of  the  best  in 
England.  Near  this  town  was  fought  a  battle  in 
1263,  when  Henry  III.  and  his  son  (afterward 
Edward  I.)  were  made  prisoners  by  the  earl  of 
Leicester.  Lewes  is  situate  at  the  edge  of  the 
South  Downs,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Brighton,  and  49  S. 
of  London.     Long.  0.  2.  E.,  lat  50.  55.  N. 

Leiois,  one  of  the  most  considerable  of  the 
Western  Islands  of  Scotland,  parted  by  two  arms 
of  the  sea  into  two  divisions,  the  southern  ot 
which  is  called  Harris,  and  the  northern  Lewis  : 
the  former  is  annexed  to  the  county  of  Inverness, 
but  Lewis  belongs  to  Ross-shire.  It  is  about  60 
m.  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  10  to  15  in 
breadth.  The  country  in  general  is  wild,  bleak, 
bare  of  wood,  and  little  fitted  for  cultivation. 
Bear,  oats,  peas,  rye,  and  potatoes,  are  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil.  The  hills  are  covered  with 
heath,  which  affords  shelter  for  various  sorts  of 
game.  The  lake  and  streams  abound  with  salmon, 
large  red  trout,  &c.,  and  there  are  good  fisheries 
on  the  W.  coast,  which  is  annually  visited  by 
millions  of  herrings.  The  inhabitants  amount  to 
13,942,  whose  principal  employment  is  the  rearing 
of  sheep  and  black  cattle,  and  the  fishery.  There 
are  several  small  villages,  but  Stornaway  is  the 
only  town.  The  promontory  at  the  N.  extremity 
of  the  island  is  called  the  Butt  of  Lewis.  Long. 
6.  32.  E.,  lat.  58.  33.  N. 

Leicis,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  14,958.  Mar- 
tinsburg  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  W.  Dis- 
trict of  Virginia  Pop.  6,241.  Weston  is  the  capi- 
tal. A  county  of  Kentucky  on  the  Ohio.  Pop. 
5,206.  Ciarkesburg  is  the  capital. 

Lewis,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Vt.  60  m.  N.  E.  Montpe- 
lier,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  6  m.  N.  Elizabethtown. 
Pop.  1,305.  p.t.  Brown  Co.  Ohio.  Pop.  2,022. 

Lewisberry,  p  v.  York  Co.  Pa. 

Lewisburg,  p.t.  Green  Brier  Co.  Va.  250  m.  W. 
Richmond,  p. v.  Union  Co.Pa.on  the  Susquehanna, 
7  m.  above  Northumberland,  p. v.  Muhlenburg 
Co.  Ken.  on  Green  River. 

Lewisham,  a  village  in  Kent.  Eng.  which  from 
its  pleasant  situation,  and  its  proximity  to  the 
metropolis,  has  become  the  residence  of  several 
opulent  citizens,  who  have  many  elegant  houses 
here.     5  m.  E.  of  London. 

Lewiston,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  at  the  falls  of 


LEY 


445 


LIB 


the  Androscoggin,  30  m.  W.  Wiscasset.  Pop, 
1,549.  Also  a  p.t.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Niagara 
river  opposite  Queenstown,  at  the  head  of  ship 
navigation  from  Lake  Ontario.  Pop.  1^28.  p.t 
Montgomery  Co.  Missouri. 

Leteistown,  p.t.  Sussex  Co.  Del.  on  Delaware 
Bay,  3  m.  within  Cape  Henlopen.  This  town 
was  bombarded  by  the  British  fleet  during  the  late 
war,  but  without  any  effect.  Salt  is  made  here 
by  solar  evaporation.  Also  a  p. v.  Mifflin  Co.  Pa. 
on  the  Juniata,  55  m.  N.  W.  Harrisburg. 

Letcisville,  p. v.  Brunswick  Co.  Va.  70  m.  S. 
Richmond,  p.v.  Chester  Dis.  S.  C.  72  m.  N. 
Columbia,  p.v.  Blount  Co.  Tenn.  176  m.  E. 
Murfreesborough. 

Lexington,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  11  m.  N 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,541.  This  town  will  be  ever 
memorable  in  American  history,  as  the  spot  where 
the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the  revolutionary  con 
flict.  This  took  place  on  the  19th  April  1775.  A 
monument  has  been  erected  on  the  green  at  Lex- 
ington in  commemoration  of  the  event. 

Lexington,  a  town  of  Kentucky,  chief  of  Fay 
ette  county,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the  state 
It  has  six  edifices  for  public  worship,  a  university, 
and  a  court-house.  The  trade  is  considerable,  and 
the  manufactures  numerous  and  flourishing.  Pop. 
6,104.  Near  this  town  are  to  be  seen  curious 
sepulchres,  full  of  human  skeletons,  which  are 
fabricated  in  a  method  totally  different  from  that 
now  practised  by  the  Indians.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood are  the  remains  of  two  ancient  fortifications, 
with  ditches  and  bastions ;  one  containing  about 
six  acres  of  land,  and  the  other  nearly  three. 
Pieces  of  earthen  vessels,  a  manufacture  with 
which  the  Indians  were  never  acquainted,  have 
also  been  ploughed  up  near  Lexington.  These, 
with  the  fbrtifications  and  the  sepulchres,  have 
been  urged  as  an  argument  that  this  country  was 
formerly  inhabited  by  a  people  farther  advanced 
in  the  arts  of  life  than  the  present  Indians.  Lex- 
ington stands  in  a  fine  tract  of  country,  on  the 
head  waters  of  Elkhorn  River,  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Frankfort,  the  present  capital.  Long.  84.  55.  W. 
lat.  38.  15.  N.  Transylvania  University  at  this 
place  was  founded  in  1798.  It  has  6  instructers 
and  93  students  Its  libraries  have  3,850  volumes. 
It  has  2  vacations  in  spring  and  autumn.  Com- 
mencement is  in  September. 

Lexington,  p.t.  Greene,  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,248. 
p.t.  Henderson  Co.  Tenn.,  Rowan,  Co.  N.  C,  Og- 
lethorpe Co.  Greo.,  Erie  Co.  Pa.,  Richland  and 
Stark,  Co,  Ohio.  Scott  Cos.  Indiana  and  Boone 
Co.  Missouri. 

Lexington,  a  town  of  Virginia,  chief  of  Rock- 
bridge county,  situate  near  the  N.  branch  of 
James  River,  150  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Richmond. 
Washington  College  at  this  place  was  founded  in 
1812.  It  has  23  students  ;  the  library  is  small.  It 
has  2  vacations  in  autumn  and  winter.  Com- 
mencement is  in  April. 

Lexintrton.  a  District  of  South  Carolina.  Pop. 
9,076. 

Leyden,  a  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Hol- 
land, seated  on  the  ancient  bed  of  the  Rhine, 
which  here  almost  expires  in  a  number  of  small 
channels.  It  is  famous  for  the  long  siege  it  sus- 
tained in  1574,  against  the  Spaniaids,  during 
which  6,000  of  the  inhabitants  died  of  famine  and 
pestilence.  In  honour  of  this  siege  a  university 
was  founded  in  1575,  celebrated  for  its  colleges, 
botanical  garden,  anatomical  theatre,  astronomical 
observatory,  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  valua- 
ble library :  in  1807  it  was  almost  destroved  by 


the  blowing  up  of  a  vessel  loaded  with  gunpow- 
der. The  principal  church  is  a  superb  structure, 
and  the  old  castle,  town-house,  custom-house 
and  house  for  orphans,  deserve  notice.  Here  arc 
excellent  manufactures  of  soap  and  indigo ;  and 
the  vicinity  produces  the  best  Dutch  butter  and 
cheese.  It  stands  on  50  islands,  and  has  145 
bridges,  the  greatest  part  built  of  freestone.  '  The 
inhabitants  are  estimated  at  50,000.  Leyden  is  4 
m.  E.  of  the  German  Ocean,  and  20  S.  W.  of 
Amsterdam.     Long.  4.  28.  E.,  lat.  52.  8.  N. 

Leyde.n,  a  town  of  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  117  m. 
N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  796.  Also  a  p.t.  Lewis  Co. 
N.  Y.  33  m.  N.  Utica.     Pop.  1,502. 

Leypa,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  tlie  circle  of  Leut- 
meritz,  seated  on  the  Pubietz,  23  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Leutmeritz. 

Leyta,  one  of  the  Philipoines,  aboat  40  leagues 
in  length,  and  95  in  circumference.  Its  soil  on 
the  E.  side,  is  very  fertile  :  but  the  high  moun- 
tains that  interseet  it  from  E.  to  W.  occasion  so 
great  an  alteration  in  the  climate,  thai,  when 
the  inhabitants  of  one  part  of  the  island  reap,  the 
others  sow  ,  and  they  have  two  plentiful  harvests 
in  the  year,  to  which  the  rivers  descending  from 
the  mountains  not  a  little  contribute.  The  isl- 
and contains  9,000  inhabitants,  who  pay  tribute 
in  rice,  wax,  &c.  Long.  124.  40.  E.,  lat.  10.  50. 
N. 

Liam-po.     See  Mittg-po. 

Libanus,  or  Lebanon,  a.  lofty  mountain  of  Syria, 
extending  from  the  vicinity  of  Tripoli  to  the  bor- 
ders of  Palestine,  about  30  or  40  m.  from  the  sea. 
Its  height  is  very  considerable,  the  summit  is  cov- 
ered with  snow  a  great  part  of  the  year.  Few 
specimens  now  remain  of  those  magnificent  ce- 
dars for  which  it  was  once  so  celebrated.  Near 
Damascus  there  are  immense  caverns,  one  of 
which  can  contain  4,000  men.  To  the  E.  is  a 
parallel  chain  called  Antilibanus. 

Libatta,  a  town  of  Guinea,  in  the  country  ef 
Gabon,  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  120  m.  N.  W.  of  Sette.  Long.  8.  54. 
E.,lat.  0.  58   S. 

Libau,  a  town  of  Courland,  on  the  Baltic,  with 
a  harbour  for  small  ships.  The  chief  articles  of 
commere  are  hemp  and  linseed.  It  is  seated  on 
a  peninsula,  50  m  .  N.  of  Memel,  and  80  W.  of 
Mittau.     Long.  21.  25.  E.,  lat.  56.  30.  N. 

Liberia,  a  district  on  the  coast  of  Africa  so  nam- 
ed from  its  being  colonized  by  liberated  captives 
and  free  people  of  colour.  Under  the  auspices  of 
a  colonization  society,  in  America,  the  first  set- 
tlers proceeded  to  Africa  in  1822.  Cape  Mesu- 
rado,  in  lat.  6.  18.  N.,  was  purchased  of  the  na- 
tives ;  the  plan  of  a  town,  afterwards  called  Mon- 
rovia, was  formed  ;  and  as  fresh  emigrants  arriv- 
ed they  purchased  additional  tracts  of  country. 
The  greater  part  of  the  early  settlers  from  Amer- 
ica were  men  of  eminent  piety,  and  their  just, 
humane,  and  benevolent  policy,  has  given  them 
an  uncommon  influence  over  the  native  tribes. 
In  1827  this  sable  community  had  risen  complete- 
ly above  the  pressure  of  urgent  necessities.  Mon- 
rovia was  rapidly  improving  in  accommodations 
and  increasing  in  magnitude,  and  several  fresh 
towns  were  already  springing  up.  The  soil  is 
extremely  fertile  :  the  natives  of  the  country, 
without  tools,  without  skill,  and  with  little  labour, 
raising  more  grain  and  vegetables  than  they  can 
consume  and  often  more  than  they  can  sell. 
Cattle,  swii:<»,  fowls,  ducks,  goats,  and  sheep, 
thrive  without  feeding,  and  require  no  other  care 
than  to  keep  them  .rom  straving.  Cotton,  coffee, 
2P 


LIT 


446 


UE 


indigo,  and  sugar-cane,  are  all  the  spontaneous 
growth  of  tlie  forests,  and  may  be  cultivated  at 
pleasure,  to  any  extent,  by  such  as  are  disposed. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  rice,  Indian  corn,  Gui- 
nea corn,  millet,  and  too  many  species  of  fruits 
and  vegetables  to  be  enumerated.  Add  to  all 
this  that  winter  is  here  unknown,  the  hills  and 
plaints  are  covered  with  perpetual  verdure,  and 
nature  is  constantly  pouring  her  treasures,  all  the 
year  round,  into  the  laps  of  the  industrious.  The 
trade  and  commerce  extend  to  the  coast,  to  the 
interior  parts  of  the  continent,  and  to  foreign 
vessels,  and  is  already  valuable  and  fast  increa- 
sing. The  chief  exports  are  rice,  palm  oil,  ivory, 
tortoise  shell,  dyewoods,  gold,  hides,  wax,  and  a 
small  amount  of  coffee.  The  imports  consist  of 
the  products  and  manufactures  of  the  four  quar- 
ters of  the  world.  The  harbour  is  seldom  clear 
of  European  and  American  shipping;  and  the 
bustle  and  thronging  of  the  streets  show  some- 
thing already  of  the  activity  of  the  smaller  sea- 
ports of  the  United  States.  Mechanics  of  nearly 
every  trade  are  carrying  on  their  various  occupa- 
tions, and  not  a  child  or  youth  in  the  colony  but 
is  provided  with  an  appropriate  school.  The 
most  recent  accounts  from  Liberia  are  exceeding- 
ly encouraging  as  to  tlie  health,  commerce,  and 
prosperity  of  the  colony.  Fresh  emigrants  are 
constantly  arriving,  who  are  immediately  suppli- 
ed with  employment,  or  if  sick,  removed  to  a 
spacious  Infirmary.  The  piety  of  the  first  settlers 
has  continued  to  spread,  and  the  standard  of  mor- 
als consequently  remains  high.  The  Sabbath  is 
carefully  regarded,  and  Sunday  schools  have 
been  established  for  the  bensfit  of  the  native 
children.  The  cheerful  abodes  of  civilization  and 
happiness — the  flourishing  settlements — the  sound 
of  Christian  instruction,  and  scenes  of  Christian 
worship,  which  are  heard  and  seen  in  this  land  of 
brooding  pagan  darkness — a  thousand  contented 
freemen,  united  in  founding  a  new  Christian 
empire,  happy  themselves,  and  the  instrument  of 
happiness  to  others — while  they  refresh  the  hearts 
cannot  fail  to  encourage  the  brightest  anticipa- 
tions of  Christian  Philanthropists. 

[Jherf.y,  a  county  in  the  E.  part  of  Georgia,  with 
7,2.34  inhabitants  ;  the  chief  town  is  Ricebr)rough. 

Liberty,  a  township  of  Sullivan  Co.  JS.  Y.  on 
the  Delaware.  Pop.  1 ,277.  Also  towns  and  vil- 
lage in  Adams  and  Tioga  Cos.  Pa.,  Bedford  Co. 
Va.,  Trumbull,  Delaware,  Fairfield,  Highland 
Clinton,  Crawford,  Butler,  Jefl^erson  and  Mont- 
gomery Cos.  Ohio,  Union  Co.  Indiana,  Casey  Co. 
Ken.,  Marion  and  Smith  Cos  Ten.,  and  Amite  Co. 
Mississippi. 

Liberty  Hall,  p. v.  Pittsylvania  Co.  Va .,  Pendle- 
ton Dis.  S.  C.  and  Morgan  Co.  Geo. 

Liberty  Hill,  p. v.  Kershaw  Dis.  S.  C.  and 
Green  Co.  Alab. 

Libertytotcn,  p. v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryland. 

Liberthen,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  rich  mines 
of  copper  and  iron,  and  productive  springs  of 
blue  vitriol.     122  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Vienna. 

Liboncro,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the  Lufuna,  near 
the  sea,  50  m.  S.  S.  W.ofBombi. 

Libourne,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gi- 
ronde,  with  manufactures  of  light  woolen  stuffs, 
and  a  trade  in  wine  and  brandy  It  is  seated  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Iller  with  the  Dordogne,  20  m. 
K.  N.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

LiihficUl.     See  Litchfield. 

Litchstcl.l,  or  Litchstollcn,  a  town  of  Switzerland, 
m  the  canton  of  Basel,  seated  on  the  Ergetz,  7ni. 
S   E.  of  Basel 


Lichtenau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Caa- 
sel,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Cassel. 

Lichtenau,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  territory 
of  Nuremberg,  with  a  fortress  on  the  Bezel,  6  in. 
E.  of  Anspacn. 

Lichtenberg,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Bayreuth.  In  the  neighbourhood  are 
medicinal  springs,  quarries  of  marble,  and  mines 
of  copper  and  iron.  It  is  seated  on  the  Selbnitz, 
18  m.  N.E.  ofCulmbach. 

LiclUcvfels,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  with 
a  trade  in  timber ;  seated  on  the  Maine,  15  m.  N. 
E.  of  Bamberg. 

Lichtenstein,  a  town  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  St 
Gall,  seated  on  the  Thur,  27  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Zurich 
Long.  9.  5.  E.,  lat.  47. 16.  N. 

Lischtenstcin,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Erzgebirge,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  6  m.  N.  E. 
of  Zwickau. 

Lichtenvord,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Guelderland,  42  m.  S.  of  Leipzig. 

Lick,  a  township  of  Jackson  Co.  Ohio,  so  nam- 
ed from  the  number  of  salt  licks  within  its  limits. 

Licking,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio,  falling  into  that 
river  opposite   Cincinnati. 

Licking,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  20,864.  New- 
ark is  the  capital.  Also  towns  in  Licking  and 
Muskingum  Cos.  Ohio. 

Lickville,  p.v.  Greenville  Dis.  S.  C. 

Licola,  a  lake  of  Naples,  formerly  famous  for 
excellent  fish  ;  but,  in  1538,  an  earthquake  hap- 
pened, which  changed  one  part  of  it  into  a  moun- 
tain of  ashes,  and  the  other  into  a  morass.  It  was 
anciently  known  by  the  name  Lucrino,  or  the  Lu- 
crine  Lake. 

Liconia,  a  village  of  Harrison  Co.  Indiana. 

Lida,  a  town    and  castle   of  Lithuania,  in  the 

fovernment  of  Grodno,  56  m.  S.  of  Wilna.  Long. 
5.  34.  E.,lat.  53.50.  N. 

Liddel,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburghshire, 
and  the  only  one  in  the  county  that  flows  south- 
ward. It  forms  the  boundary  with  England  for  5 
m.,  till  it  enters  the  Esk,  from  Dumfries-shire,  3 
m.  above  Longtown  in  Cumberland. 

Lidford,  a  village  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  formerly 
a  borougii,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Lid,  at  the  edge  of  Dartmoor  Forest.  7  m.  N. 
of  Tavistock. 

Lidkoping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W,  Gothland, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  lake  Wenner,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Lida,  80  m.  N.  E.  of  Gotheburgh. 

Licbenwald,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
near  which  commences  the  Finow  Canal,  that 
unites  the  rivers  Oder,  Finow,  and  Havel.  It  is 
seated  on  tlie  Havel,  25  m.  N.  of  Berlin. 

Libcnwerda,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  with 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Elster,  38  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Dresden. 

Liebenzell,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  near  which 
is  the  bath  of  Zell.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nagold, 
17  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Stuttgard. 

Lieberose,  a  town  of  Lusatia,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Spreewald,  20  m.  W.  of  Guben. 

Liebstadt,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  with  a  castle, 
45  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Marienburg. 

Liege,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands,  bounded 
by  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  the  Belgic 
provinces  of  Namur,  S.  Brabant,  and  Limburg, 
and  the  Prussian  province  of  the  Lower  Riiine. 
It  is  fertile  in  corn  and  fruits  and  contains  mines 
of  iron,  lead,  and  coal,  besides  quarries  of 
marble. 

Liege,  a  large,  ancient,  and  strong  city  or"  the 
Netherlands,  capital  of  the  above  province.     Her© 


LIG 


447 


I.1M 


the  river  Meuse  is  divided  into  three  branches, 
which  after  passing  through  the  city,  under  sev- 
eral bridges,  unite  again.  Liege  is  4  m.  in 
circumference,  and  has  16  gates  :  it  has  also  10 
large  suburbs,  in  which  and  the  city  there  were 
formerly  a  great  number  of  churches  and  religious 
houses,  part  of  which  are  suppressed.  The  mag- 
nificent cathedral  contains  many  relics ;  and  tlie 
other  public  structures  are  the  castle,  the  council- 
house,  the  hotel  de  ville,  and  the  arsenal.  There 
are  manufactures  of  arms,  clock-work,  nails,  cloth, 
leather,  glass,  «fcc.,  and  a  brisk  trade.  In  1792 
the  French  took  the  city ;  they  were  driven 
thence  in  1793,  but  entered  it  awain  in  1794  ;  and 
it  was  afterwards  annexed  to  France.  In  1814, 
however,  Liege,  with  its  district,  was  delivered 
up  to  the  allied  forces.  It  is  GO  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Cologne.     Long.  5.  35.  E.,  lat.  50.  38.  N. 

Lieffnltz.     See  Lignitz. 

Lien-tclieou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quang-tong.  Its  territories  bor- 
der on  the  kingdom  of  Tonquin,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  inaccessible  mountains.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Lien-kiang,  which  forms  a  convenient 
harbour  for  Chinese  barks,  325  ni.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Canton.     Long.  108.  40.  E.,  lat.  21.  40.  N. 

Liere,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Antwerp,  with  manufactures  of  woolen 
and  cotton,  besides  extensive  breweries  and  dis- 
tilleries, and  a  trade  in  cattle.  It  is  seated  at  the 
junction  of  the  Great  and  Little  Nethe,  10  m.  S. 
E.  of  Antwerp. 

Liesse,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aisne, 
famous  for  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  to  which  a 
great  number  of  pilgrims  used  to  resort.  7  m.  E. 
of  Laon. 

Liffeij,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  the 
county  of  Wicklow,  runs  W.  into  Kildare,  where 
it  has  a  cataract  near  Leixslip,  and  then  turning 
N.  E.  passes  through  the  county  and  city  of  Dub- 
lin, below  which  it  enters  the  Irish  Sea. 

Lifford,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Donegal,  situate  on  the  Foyle,  11  m.  S-  S.  W.  of 
Donegal. 

Ligne,A  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Hainault, 
on  the  river  Dender,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Mons. 

LigneroUes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
AUier,  4  m.  S.  of  Montluoon. 

Lignieres,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cher,  with  a  collegiate  church  and  a  castle,  24 
m.  S.  of  Bourges. 

■Lignitz,  or  Leignitz,  a  government  of  Prussian 
Silesia,  including  the  former  principalities  of 
Glogau,  Sagan,  Lignitz,  Karolath,  with  part  of 
those  of  Jauer  and  Upper  Lusatia.  It  is  divided 
into  the  circles  of  Lowenburg,  Bunzlau,  Gold- 
berg, Lignitz,  Luben,  Glogau,  Sprottau,  Sagan, 
Friestadt,  Grunburg,  Gorlitz,  Rothenburg,  and 
Lauban.  The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  in  ma- 
ny places  fertile  :  it  is  neccessary,  however  to  im- 
port corn. 

Lignitz,  an  ancient  town  of  Prussian  Silesia, 
and  capital  of  the  government  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  considerable  trade  in  cloth  and  madder.  It 
is  surrounded  by  an  earthen  mound,  and  has  four 
gates,  but  is  not  fortified.  The  old  palace  of  the 
princes,  though  within  the  town  is  surrounded  with 
a  distinct  moat  and  high  wall.  The  other  remark- 
able objects  are  the  castle,  the  council  house,  the 
two  Lutheran  churches,  the  Catholic  church  of 
St.  John,  and  the  superb  chapel  where  the  dukes 
of  Lignitz  and  Brieg  were  buried.  Here  is  also 
an  academy  founded  by  Joseph  I.,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  the  sons  of  Silesian  gentlemen,  whether 


Protestants  or  Catholics.  It  is  seated  at  the  con  flu 
ence  of  the  Katzbach.  and  the  Schwarf.zwassar, 
30  m.  W  by  N.  of  Breslau,  and  1 10  N.  E.  of 
Prague.     Long.  16   12.  E.,  lat.  51.  12.  N. 

Ligny,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Naraur,  celebrated  for  a  sanguinary  en- 
gagement between  the  French  and  Prussians,  on 
16th  of  June,  1815,  which  was  the  prelude  to  the 
battle  of  Waterh)o,  3  m.  N.  E.  of  Fleurus,  and  11 
W.  N.  VV.  of  Namur. 

Ligny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meuse, 
with  a  castle,  and  a  collegiate  church.  Tlie  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  about  3,000.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Orney,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Bar  le  due. 

Ligonia,  villages  in  Somerset  Co.  Me.  and 
Westmoreland  C>    Pa. 

Ligonta,  a  village  iii  Amelia  Co.  Va. 

Ligore,  a  town  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  sub- 
ject to  Siam,  situate  on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
Long.  100.  35.  E.,  lat.  8. 18.  N. 

Ligueil,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire.     21  m.  S.  of  Tours. 

Lilians,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme^ 
18  m.  E.  of  Amiens. 

Lilienthal,a.  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  river  Warp, 
10  m.  N.N.  E.of  Bremen. 

Lille.     See  Lisle. 

Lillers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas  de 
Calais,  seated  on  the  Navez,  17  m.  N.  W.  of  Arras. 

LiVZo,  a  fortof  tlie  Netherlands,  in  Brabant, on  the 
N.  side  of  the  Scheldt,  9  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Antwerp. 

Lilley  Point,  a  village  of  King  William  Co.  Va. 

Lima,  a  province  of  Peru  ;  bounded  N.  by  Trux- 
illo,  E.  by  the  Andes,  S.  by  Arequipa,  and  W.  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Lima,  the  capital  of  Peru,  and  an  archbishop's 
see  with  a  university.  This  city  was  founded  in 
1534,  by  Pizarro,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Ciu- 
dad  de  los  Reyes,  or  City  of  the  Kings.  This 
Spanish  name  it  retains  in  all  legal  deeds,  but  is 
better  known  to  foreigners  by  tiiat  of  Lima.  It 
is  4  m.  long  and  2  broad,  and  surrounded  by  brick 
walls,  with  ramparts  and  bastions.  The  streets 
are  handsome  and  straight :  the  houses  are  gen- 
erally only  of  one  story  high,  in  consequence  of 
the  earthquakes.  They  have  flat  roofs,  and  trees 
round  them  to  keep  off  the  sun.  The  river  forms 
canals  in  the  streets,  which  run  to  most  of  the 
houses,  and  serve  to  water  the  gardens,  &Ai.  The 
churches  and  convents  are  extremely  rich  ;  and 
many  images  of  the  saints  are  of  gold,  adorned 
with  jewels.  Here  are  the  courts  of  the  viceroy 
and  the  archbishop,  the  royal  mint,  and  the  court 
of  the  municipal  body.  All  the  provinces  remit 
their  product  and  manufactures  to  Lima,  and  are 
supplied  hence  with  the  neccessary  commodities. 
The  inhabitants,  estimated  at  50,000,  are  rich, 
fond  of  dress  and  splendid  retinues,  and  extreme- 
ly superstitious.  Lima  is  90  m.  from  the  Cordil- 
leras,  end  850  S.  by  E.  of  Quito.  Callao  is  its 
port.     Long.  76.  49.  W.,  lat.  12.  1.  S. 

Lima,  p.t.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.  16  m.  W.  Ca 
nandaigua.     Pop.  1,764. 

Limale,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bradani, 

seated  on  the  Dyle,  13  m.  S.  E.  of  Brussels. 

Limatady.     See  JVewton  Limavady. 

Limhurg,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands,  bound 

ed  by  Prussia  and     the  provinces    of  S.  and  N. 

Brabant,  Liege,  and    Antwerp.     It   contains  an 

area  of  1 ,500  sq.  m.  with  290,000  inhabitants.     It 

has   good  arable  ground,   and  abounds  in    a  fine 

breed  of  cattle  and  contains  mines  of  iron  and  lead . 

Limburg,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  capital  of 

the  province  of  that  name,  with  a  castle  built  of 


UM 


449 


LIN 


marble.  Here  is  a  manufacture  of  woolen  cloths, 
and  it  is  famous  for  excellent  cheese.  In  the 
neighbourhood  are  quarries  of  different  kinds  of 
marble,  and  good  mines  of  calamine  coal.  Lim- 
burg  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1793 ;  but  in 
1814  tliey  delivered  it  up  to  the  allies.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain  near  the  river  Weze,  20  m.  E. 
of  Liege.     Long.  6.  3.  E.,  lat.  50.  23.  N. 

Linilurff,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau,  with  a  fine  cathedral.  The  Austrians 
defeated  the  French  on  the  heights  near  this 
place  in  1766.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lahn,  26  m. 
N.  W.  of  Frankfort. 

Lime,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire.  See  Lyme  Regis. 

Limekilns,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Forth.  It  is  famous  for  great 
lime-works,  has  a  good  tide  harbour  for  small 
vessels,  and  is  4  m.  S.  W.  of  Dumfermline. 

Limerick,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Munster,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  river 
Shannon,  which  separates  it  from  the  county  of 
Clare,  W.  by  Kerry,  S.  by  Cork,  and  E.  by  Tip- 
perary.  It  is  50  English  m.  long,  from  £.  to  W., 
and  32  broad  from  N.  to  S.,  and  contains  an  area 
of  970  square  m.  with  218,432  inhabitants,  ex- 
clusive of  the  city  of  Limerick.  It  is  divided  into 
10  baronies,  and  125  parishes,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Deel,  Maig,  Comogue,  Feale,  Gal,  and  Black- 
water,  besides  the  noble  river  Shannon,  which 
may  rather  be  said  to  flow  by  the  county.  The 
surface  of  the  county  is  tolerably  level,  but  shel- 
tered on  the  S.  E.  by  a  range  of  mountains  called 
the  Galteas  ;  and  the  fertility  of  the  soil  is  prover- 
bial. To  the  N.  of  the  Galteas  lies  the  tract  of 
land  denominated  «for  its  fertility  the  Golden 
Vein,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Shannon  lie  the 
carlaghs,  or  swamps,  on  which  a  quantity  of  man- 
ure is  annually  deposited  by  the  overflowing  of 
the  river. 

Limerick,  a  city  of  Ireland  capital  of  the  above 
county,  and  generally  considered  the  metropolis 
of  the  province  of  Munster.  It  was  formerly  well 
fortified,  and  reckoned  the  second  city  in  the 
kingdom,  but  has  long  since  yielded  that  rank  to 
Cork.  Limerick  is  a  county  of  itself,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  and  is  divided  into  the  Irish  and 
English  town,  the  latter  being  built  on  an  island 
of  the  Shannon  called  King's  Island.  The  inhab- 
itants are  estimated  at  upwards  of  40,000,  and  it 
has  a  market  on  Wednesday  and  Saturday.  The 
linen,  woolen,  and  paper  manufact-ures  are  carried 
on  to  a  great  extent ;  and  the  export  of  provisions 
is  considerable.  Besides  the  cathedral  aad  other 
churches,  it  has  a  modern  episcopal  palace,  many 
hospitals,  and  other  handsome  public  structures. 
King  William  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of 
this  city  in  1690;  but  in  1691,  the  garrison  sur- 
rendered on  a  very  honorable  capitulation.  It  is  40 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Galway,and  94  W.  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Limerick,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,426  ;  p. v. 
Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  and  a  township  of  Montgom- 
ery Co.  Pa.  25  m.  W.  Philadelphia. 

Limestone,  a  county  of  Alabama,  on  Tennessee 
river.     Pop.  14,843.  Atliens  is  the  capital. 

LimitKTton,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  on  the  Saco,  22  m. 
W.  Portland.    Pop.  2,320. 

Limmut,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  the  Mat  and  the  Linth,  the  former 
issuing  from  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  lake 
Wallenstadt,  and  the  latter  flowing  from  the  S. 
The  Limmat  flows  N.  W.,  passes  through  the 
lake  of  Zurich,  and  unites  with  the  Aar  below 
Baden 


Limne,  or  Limpne,  a  village  in  Kent.  Eng.  near  it 
are  the  remains  of  a  fortress  called  Stutfall  Castle. 
It  was  formerly  a  port,  but  is  now  2  m.  from  the 
sea.  The  Roman  road  from  Canterbury,  callea 
Stanes  Street,  ended' here.  3  m.  S.  W.ofHithe, 
and  64  S.  E.  of  London. 

Limoges,  an  ancient  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Upper  Vienne.  It  is  a  trading  place,  and 
the  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  20,000.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Vienne,  110  m.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 
Long.  1.  20.  E.,  lat.  45.  50.  N. 

Limosin,  or  Limousin,  a  late  province  of  France, 
divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Limosin,  the 
former  of  which  is  cold  and  hilly,  but  the  latter 
is  temperate  and  fertile.  It  contains  mines  of 
lead,  copper,  tin,  and  iron,  and  now  forms  the 
departments  of  Upper  Vienne  and  Correze. 

Limoux,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aude,  with  manufactures  of  woolen,  leather,  and 
soap.  It  is  seated  on  the  Aude,  50  m.  S.  £.  of 
Toulouse. 

Lincoln,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Lincolnshire, 
Eng.  It  is  situate  on  the  river  Witham,  is  divi- 
ded into  Upper  and  Lower  Town,  and  has  two 
suburbs.  Formerly  it  contained  52  churches,  now 
reduced  to  15.  It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  the  dio- 
cese, though  much  reduced,  is  still  the  largest  in 
England.  The  cathedral  stands  on  the  brow  of 
the  hill,  and  is  admired  for  its  rich  and  light  arch- 
itecture. The  great  bell  of  the  cathedral,  called 
Tom  of  Lincoln,  required  15  able  men  to  ring  it, 
but  has  been  forbidden  to  be  used,  in  consequence 
of  the  decay  of  the  tower  in  which  it  hangs. 
Here  are  several  meeting-houses  for  different  de- 
nominations of  dissenters,  a  catholic  chapel,  a 
national  school  erected  in  1814,  and  several  other 
schools  and  charitable  institutions.  Of  the  castle, 
built  by  William  I.,  few  vestiges  remain,  but  the 
ruins  of  religious  houses  are  so  numerous  that 
the  very  barns,  stables,  &c.,  are  built  with  arch- 
ed doors  and  windows.  Newport  Gate,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  city  still  remains,  and  is  one  of  the 
noblest  remnants  of  Roman  architecture  left  in 
Britain.  Lincoln  js  a  county  of  itself,  governed 
by  a  mayor.  The  chief  trade  is  in  coal,  brought 
by  the  Trent  and  Fossdike  ;  and  oats  and  wool, 
which  are  sent  by  the  Witham.  Here  is  a  small 
manufacture  of  camlets.  It  is  32  m.  N.  E.  of 
Nottingham,  and  131  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Long. 
0.  25.  W.,  lat.  15.  53.  N. 

Lincoln,  a  county  of  Maine,  on  the  Kennebec, 
and  washed  by  the  ocean.  Pop.  57,181.  Wis- 
cassetis  tlie  capital ;  a  county  of  N.  Carolina  on 
the  Catawba.  Pop.  22,625.  Lincolnton  is  the  cap 
ital ;  a  county  of  Georgia,  on  the  Savannah.  Pop. 
6,137.  Lincolnton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of 
Kentucky  on  Green  river.  Pop.  11,012.  Stanford 
is  the  capital  ;  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee,  on 
Elk  river.  Pop.  22,086.  Fayetteville  is  the  capi- 
tal ;  a  countyof  Missouri  on  the  Mississippi.  Pop 
4,000.  Troy  is  the  capital. 

Lincoln,  a  township  of  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop. 
50;  a  township  of  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  639;  a 
town  in  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  Pop.  709 ;  and  a 
town  in  Mercer  Co.  Ken. 

Lincolnshire,  a  large  maritime  county  of  Eng- 
land, bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Humber,  which 
divides  it  from  Yorkshire.  It  contains  2,888  sq. 
m.,  is  divided  into  30  hundreds,  and  630  parishes  ; 
has  one  city,  and  31  market  towns ;  and  sends  12 
members  to  parliament.  The  coast  is  flat,  and 
at  low  water  may  be  seen  the  submarine  relics  of  a 
forest,  which  is  a  great  natural  curiosity.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Humber,  Trent,  Witham, 


LIN 


449 


LIP 


Welland,  and  Ancholm.  This  country  is  divided 
into  three  districts,  called  Holland,  Kesteven,  and 
Lindsey,  The  air  is  various.  The  soil,  in  many 
places,  is  very  rich,  the  inland  part  producing  corn 
m  great  plenty,  and  the  fens  coleseed,  and  very 
rich  pastures ;  whence  their  breed  of  cattle  is  larger 
than  that  of  any  other  county  of  England,  except 
Somersetshire  •  their  horses  are  also  excellent, 
and  very  large ;  their  sheep  are  not  only  of  the 
largest  breed,  but  are  clothed  with  a  long  thick 
wool,  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  worsted  and  coarse 
woolen  manufactures,  and  many  of  the  unimprov- 
ed fens  are  devoted  to  the  rearing  of  geese,  the 
quills  and  feathers  of  which  are  sent  in  immense 
quantities  to  the  London  and  other  markets.  In 
the  N.  W.  part,  the  rivers  Trent,  Dune,  and  Idle, 
form  an  island,  called  ^Axholm,  which  is  a  rich 
tract,  and  produces  much  flax.  To  the  N.  E.  is 
a  large  tract  ofheathy  land,  called  the  Wolds, 
in  which  great  flocks  of  sheep  are  bred.  The 
southern  portion  is  for  the  most  part  enclosed 
and  well  inhabited.  Lincolnshire  has  no  consid- 
erable manufactures,  and  its  trade  is  almost  con- 
fined to  the  exchange  of  its  produce  for  manufac- 
tured and  grocery  goods,  and  other  consumable 
commodities. 

Lincolnton,  towns  in  Lincoln  Co.  N.  C.  and 
Lincoln  Co.  Geo. 

Lindau,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle  and 
wall,  deemed  to  be  Roman  works.  The  French 
took  possession  of  this  city  in  1796  ;  and  it  became 
subject  to  Bavaria  in  1805.  It  is  a  trading  place, 
seated  on  an  island  of  the  lake  of  Constance,  join- 
ed to  the  mainland  by  a  long  bridge,  25  m.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Constance,  and  75  S.  W.  of  Augsburg. 
Long.  9.  41.  E.,  iat.  47.  32.N. 

Limlau,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Anhalt-Kothen,  5  m.  N.  of 
Zerbst. 

Lindeness.     See  Naze. 

Linden,  p. v.  Marengo    Co.  Alabama. 

Linde.nfels,  a  town  or  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darra- 
stadt,  22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Manheim. 

Lindlcyslotcn,  p. v.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y 

Lindisfarne.     See  Holy  Island. 

Liagf.n,  a  county  of  Germany,  in  Westphalia, 
divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  and  partly  belong- 
ing to  Prussia,  and  partly  to  Hanover. 

Lingen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  with  an  excellent 
Calvinist  academy.  A  little  to  the  N.  of  it  is  a 
passaore  over  the  Elbe,  called  the  Lingen  Ferry. 
It  is  "seated  on  the  Elbe.  40  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Munster. 

Ltn-keang,  a  citv  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  kiang-si.  It  is  thinly  inhabit- 
ed ;  but  it  is  of  some  note,  on  account  of  one  of 
its  villages  being  the  general  mart  for  all  the 
drugs  sold  in  the  empire.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Yu-ho,  410  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Canton.  Long  115. 
0.  E.,  Iat.  27.  58.  N. 

Linkioping,  a  government  of  Sweden,   corres- 

f»onding  nearly  to  the  old  province  of  East  Goth- 
and.  It  lies  along  the  Baltic,  and  contains  3,280 
sq.  m.  with  160,000  inhabitants. 

Linkioping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the 
foregoing  government,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
defended  by  a  castle,  and  stands  on  the  river 
Stoeng,  near  the  lake  Roxen,  112  m.  S.  W.  of 
Stockholm. 

Lintithgmr),  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of 
Linlithgowshire,  seated  on  a  rising  ground,  over- 
looking a  lake  at  its  E.  end.  It  has  manufactures 
of  leather,  and  m  the  neighbourhood  are  an  ex- 
tensive printfield,  bleachfield,  and  two  distille- 
57 


ries.  Here  the  kings  of  Scotland  had  one  of  their 
noblest  palaces,  now  in  ruins;  but  the  room  is 
still  shown  in  which  queen  Mary  was  born.  Lin- 
lithgow is  17  m.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Long.  3.  33. 
W.,  Iat.  56.  0.  N. 

Linlithgowshire,  or  IVest  Lothian,  a  county  of 
Scotland,  20  m.  long  and  12  broad;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  frith  of  Forth,  S.  E.  by  Edinburghshire, 
S.  W.  by  Lanarkshire,  and  N.  W.  by  Stirling- 
shire. It  is  divided  into  13  parishes,  and  con- 
tains about  20,000  inhabitants.  The  surface  is 
finely  diversified  with  hill  and  dale  :  it  is  fertile 
in  corn  and  pasture,  and  produces  coal,  iron,  lime- 
stone, and  lead.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Avon, 
and  Amond. 

Linnhe,  Loch,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  W.  coast 
of  Scotland,  which  separates  the  counties  of 
Argyle  and  Inverness.  It  extends  in  a  N.  E.  di- 
rection from  the  sound  of  Mull  to  Fort  William, 
where  it  takes  a  northerly  direction,  and  acquires 
the  name  of  Loch  Eil.  Another  branch,  in  a  south- 
easterly direction,  is  called  Loch  Leven.  This 
lake  is  bounded  on  each  side  by  lofty  mountains. 
The  island  of  Lismore  lies  at  its  entrance,  and  in 
it  are  interspersed  several  smaller  ones. 

Linnich,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
duchy  of  juliers;  seated  on  the  river  Roer,  5  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Juliers. 

Lin-tchein,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  second  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Chan-tong,  seated  on  the  great 
canal.  Here  is  an  octagonal  tower,  divided  into 
eight  stories,  the  walls  of  which  are  covered  on 
the  outside  with  porcelain.     187  m.  S.  of  Pekin. 

Linton,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  the  river  Granton,  10  m.  B.  E.  of  Cambridge 
and  40  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Lintz,  the  capital  of  Upper  Austria,  and  a  bish- 
op's see,  has  two  castles,  and  considerable  woolen 
manufactures.  The  French  became  masters  of  it 
in  1741  and  again  in  1800.  It  is  seated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Danube,  over  which  is  a  wooden 
bridge,  96  m.  W.  of  Vienna.  Long.  14.  16.  E., 
Iat.  48.  21.  N. 

Lintz,  a  town  and  citadel  of  the  Prussian  states, 
in  the  late  electorate  of  Cologne,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  23  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cologne. 

Lions,  Gulf  of,  in  the  Mediterranean,  lying  along 
the  French  coast  between  Spain  and  Italy.  It 
was  named  thus  from  the  furious  storms  to  which 
it  is  subject,  yet  is  commonly  incorrectly  written 
Lyons,  as  if  called  after  the  city  of  that  name 
which  is  nearly  200  m.  inland. 

Lipari  Islands,  a  cluster  of  islands  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, lying  to  the  N.  of  Sicily,  to  which 
they  politically  belong.  They  are  all  of  volcanic 
origin,  were  feigned  to  be  the  residence  of  ^Eolua 
ana  Vulcan,  and  formerly  called  iEolian  Islands. 
They  are  12  in  number;  and  nearly  as  follows, 
in  the  order  of  their  size  :  Lipari,  Stromboli,  Vol- 
cano, Salini,  Felicuda,  Alicuda,  Panaria,  Volcan- 
ello,  Vacheluse,  Lisca,  Dattolo,  and  Tila  Navi. 
They  produce  great  quantities  of  alum,  sulphur, 
nitre,  cinnabar,  and  most  kinds  of  fruits,  particu- 
larly raisins,  currants,  and  figs.  Some  of  their 
wines  are  much  esteemed,  particularly  the  Mal- 
vasia. 

Lipari,  the  largest  and  most  fertile  of  the  Lipari 
islands,  about  15  m.  in  circumference.  It  has  not 
suffered  from  subterraneous  fires  for  ages  past 
though  it  every  where  bears  the  marks  of  its  for- 
mer volcanic  state.  It  abounds  with  the  currant 
grape  ;  cotton  also  grows  here  ;  and  great  quanti- 
ties of  pumice  are  exported.  It  has  a  town  of 
the  same  nama,  which  is  a  bishop  s  sec,  and  stands 
2p3 


LIS 


450 


LIS 


on  the  S.  E.  side  of  the  island,  26  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Patti,  in  Sicily.     Long.  15.  30.  E.,  lat.  38.  a5.  N. 

LipnOy  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Ploczko,  33  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Ploczko. 

Lipourec,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  oi 
Cracow,  22  m.  W.  of  Cracow. 

Lippe,  a  river  of  Westphalia,  which  flows  W. 
hy  Paderborn,  Lippstadt,  Ham,  and  Dorsten,  and 
joins  the  Rhine  above  Wesel. 

Lippe- Detrnold,  a  principality  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia,  bounded  by  the  Prussian  stales  and 
Hanover,  and  containing  an  area  of  430  square 
ni.  with  73,000  inhabitants.  It  is  mountainous 
almost  throughout,  and  contains  large  forests  ot 
oak  and  beech. 

Lippsprin<r,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
near  the  source  of  the  Lippe,  6  m.  N.  of  Pader- 
born. 

Lippstadt,  a  strong  town  of  Westphalia,  with  a 
good  trade  in  timber.  It  stands  on  the  river  Lip- 
pe, 18  ni.  W.  of  Paderborn.  Long.  8.  28.  E.,  lat. 
51.41.N 

Lique,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas  de 
Calais,  12  m.  W.  of  St.  Omer. 

Liqueo,  Liquieux,  or  Likeo  Islands.  See  Loo- 
koo. 

Lirta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  tne  province  of  Val- 
encia, the  Edera  of  the  Carthagenians,  and  the 
Edeta  of  the  Romans.  It  has  manufactures  of 
linen,  soap,  and  earthenware  ;  also  brandy  distil- 
leries.    20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Valencia. 

Lis,  a  river  of  Asiatic  Russia,  which  rises  in  a 
lake  of  the  same  name,  and  falls  into  the  Yenisei. 
Long.  90.  14.  E.,  lat.  62.  20.  N. 

Lis,  a  river  which  rises  in  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Pas  de  Calais,  flows  by  Aire,  St.  Ve- 
nant,  and  Armentieres,  into  Flanders,  where  it 
passes  by  Menin,  Courtray,  and  Deynse,  and 
joins  the  Scheldt  at  Ghent 

Lisbon,  the  capital  of  Portugal,  and  the  see  ol 
a  patriarch  and  an  archbishop,  with  a  university. 
It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Tagus,  10  m. 
from  its  mouth,  and  built  in  the  form  of  an  am- 
phitheatre, on  seven  hills,  not  broad,  but  six  m. 
in  length.  The  city  is  walled  round,  and  it  has 
so  increased  by  degrees,  particularly  towards  the 
W.,  that  the  old  walls  now  divide  the  two  dio- 
ceses ;  the  E.  pi4rt  under  the  archbishop,  and  the 
W.  under  the  patriarch.  The  harbour,  which  is 
caj>able  of  containing  1,000  ships  in  the  greatest 
sai'ety,  is  defended  by  two  forts;  and  before  the 
entrance  to  the  city  is  the  fort  of  Belem.  Near 
this  is  a  grand  aqueduct,  between  two  hills,  which 
coaveys  water  to  a  great  reservoir  at  one  of  the 
extremities  of  Lisbon.  In  the  middle  of  the  city, 
on  one  of  the  hills,  is  a  citadel,  which  commands 
the  whole  place.  The  cathedral,  on  another  emi- 
nence, is  ancient  and  gloomy ;  but  the  riches  of 
the  Portuguese  have  rendered  it  magnificent. 
The  royal  palace,  which  fronts  the  river,  is  large 
and  magnificent,  and  contains  a  library,  collected 
iit  vast  expense  by  John  V.  Lisbon  was  almost 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1755,  but  has  been 
handsomely  rebuilt.  It  contains  many  beautiful 
edifices,  40  parish  churches,  99  chapels,  75  con- 
vents of  both  sexes,  and  about  200,000  inhabitants. 
There  are  public  walks,  two  theatres,  and  a  circus 
for  the  bull-fights.  The  manufactures  are  in  a 
backward  state,  but  the  trade  is  very  considerable, 
and  many  foreign  merchants,  both  catholic  and 
protestant,  reside  here  ;  this  city  being  the  grand 
magazine  of  all  goods  brought  from  Brazil,  and 
the  colonies  belonging  to  Portugal.  In  December 
1807  it  was  entered  by  the  French,  who  retained 


^ 


possession  till  August  1808,  when  they  evacuated 
it  after  the  battle  of  Vimeira,  in  which  they  were 
defeated  by  the  British.  The  inhabitants  of  Lis- 
bon are  described  as  superstitious,  vindictive,  and 
meanly  acquiescing  under  power.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  revolution  they  made  a  noble  stand 
for  freedom,  but  have  since  submitted  without 
resistance  to  the  usurper  Don  Miguel.  See  Por- 
tugal. 178  m.  W.  bv  N.  of  Seville,  and  255  S.- 
by  W.  of  Madrid.     Long.  9.  5.  W.,  lat.  38.  42.  N. 

Lisbon,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  on  the  Androscog- 
in.  Pop.  2,432.  p.t.  Crafton  Co.  N.  H  80  m.  N. 
Concord.  Pop.  1,585.  p.t.  New  London  Co. 
Conn.  7  m.  N.  Norwich.  Pop.  1,]6().  p.t.  St 
Lawrence,  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  3  m. 
below  Ogdensburg.  Pop.  1,891.  also  a  village  of 
Lincoln  Co.  Geo.  on  the  Savannah. 

Lishurn,  p. v.  Cumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Lisburn,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Antrim,  with  manufactures  of  linen,  cloth,  mus- 
lin, and  cambric.  It  is  seated  on  the  Laggan,  8 
m.  S.  W.  of  Belfast. 

Lisca,  or  Lisca  Bianca,  one  of  the  Lipari  isl- 
ands, 3  m.  S.  W.  of  Stroraboli.  It  is  a  small  des- 
ert spot. 

Lislcux,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calva- 
dos. It  has  a  good  trade,  particularly  in  linen 
cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Touque,  12  m.  from 
the  8ea,and  40  S.  W.  of  Rouen.  Long.  0.  14.  E., 
lat.  49.  9.  N. 

Lisle,  a  strong  city  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Nord,  and  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns 
in  France.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
60,000.  Its  citadel  is  supposed  to  be  the  strong- 
est in  Europe,  next  to  that  of  Turin.  The  streets 
and  squares  are  adorned  with  noble  buildings, 
particularly  the  Great  Square  and  the  Little 
Square  ;  and  among  the  public  structures  are  the 
exchange,  a  magazine  of  vast  extent,  and  a  gene- 
ral hospital.  Tne  manufactures  are  numerous, 
comprising  camlets,  serges,  cotton,  linen,  silk, 
velvet,  lace,  &c.  Lisle  was  taken  by  the  allies 
in  1708  ;  but  was  restored  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
in  1713,  in  consideration  of  the  demolition  of  the 
fortifications  of  Dunkirk.  In  1782  it  sustained  a 
severe  bombardment  from  the  Austrians.  It  is 
seated  in  a  rich  and  marshy  soil,  on  the  Deule, 
18  m.  E.  of  Tournay,  and  145  N.  N.  E.  of  Paris 
Long.  3.  4.  E.,  lat.  50.  38.  N. 

Lisle,  p.t.  Broome  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  4,393. 

Lismore,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  at 
the  entrance  of  Loch  Mull,on  the  coast  of  Argyle- 
shire.  It  has  a  fertile  island,  9  m.  long  and  2 
broad,  and  was  anciently  the  residence  of  the 
bishop  of  Argyle. 

Lismore,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Waterford,  and  a  bishop's  see  united  to  Water- 
ford.  The  cathedral  is  spacious  and  handsome, 
but  the  town  is  now  a  small  place.  It  stands  on 
the  Blackwater,  26  m.  N.  K.  of  Cork. 

Lisonzo,  a  river  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  Friuli, 
which  enters  the  gulf  of  Trieste. 

Lissa,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
coast  of  Austrian  Dalmatia.  Here  is  a  fishery  of 
pilchards  and  anchovies,  and  it  produces  excellent 
wine  and  abundance  of  oil  and  almonds.  It  is  56 
m.  W.  of  Ragusa.  Long.  17.  0.  E.,  lat.  42.  59. 
N. 

Lissa,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  near  the 
borders  of  Silesia.  In  1707  it  was  laid  waste  by 
the  Russians  j  but  it  has  been  rebuilt,  with  great 
improvement,  and  carries  on  a  great  trade.  It  is 
(55  m.  W.  of  Kaliseh.  Long.  16.  35.  E  ,  lat.  52.  0. 
N 


LIT 


45t 


LIV 


Lissa,  a  village  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  the 
Weistritz,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Breslau,  celebrated  for 
a  victory  gained  by  the  Prussians  over  tlie  Aus- 
triaiis  in  1757. 

Litchfield,  a  city  of  Staffordshire,  Eng.  It  is  a 
county  of  itself,  and,  united  with  Coventry,  forms 
an  episcopal  see.  It  has  3  parish  churches,  be- 
sides the  calliedral,  which  is  a  beautiful  structure, 
and  walled  in  like  a  castle.  Litchfield  is  the 
birthplace  of  two  celebrated  contemporaries,  Sam- 
uel Johnson  and  David  Garrick.  The  city  is 
governed  by  two  bailiffs,  &c.,  and  sends  2  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides  of 
a  small  river,  which  soon  afterwards  joins  the 
Treat,  IG  m.  N.  of  Birmingham,  and  119  N.  W. 
of  London.     Long.  1.  44.  W.,lat.  52.  41.  N. 

LUclifield,  a  mountainous  county  of  Connecti- 
cut, bounded  N.  by  Massachusetts,  E.  by  Hartford 
county,  S.  E.  by  New  Haven  county,  S.  W.  by 
Fairfield  county,  and  W.  by  New  York. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  yielding  large  crops  of  wheat 
and  Indian  corn,  and  affording  fine  pasture.  Pop. 
42,855. 

Litchfield,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  sit- 
uated in  an  elevated  plain.  It  is  a  good  agricul- 
tura'  town,  and  contains  numerous  mills  and 
manufacturing  establishments.  8  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  New    Haven.     Pop.  4,458. 

Litchfi^d,  a  township  of  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H. 
Pop.  505  ;  a  township  of  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  10  m. 
S.  Utica.  Pop.  1,750;  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
2,308,  also  villages  in  Bradford  Co.  Pa.  and  Gray- 
son Co.  Ken. 

Lithuania,  the  former  name  of  an  extensive 
tract  of  country  lying  between  Poland  and  Rus- 
sia, now  forming  the  three  Russian  governments 
of  Wilna,  Grodno,  and  Minsk.  It  was  divided 
into  Lithuania  Proper  and  Samogitia;  and  in 
15G!)  was  united  to  Poland,  under  one  elective 
king.  It  is  a  flat  country,  fertile  in  corn,  and 
produces  honey,  wood,  pitch,  and  vast  quantities 
of  wool ;  also  excellent  little  horses  which  are 
never  shod,  their  hoofs  being  very  hard.  There 
are  vast  forests  in  which  are  bears,  wolves,  elks, 
wild  oxen,  lynxes,  beavers,  wild  cats,  &c. ;  and 
eagles   and  vultures  are  very  common. 

Litiz,  a  village  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Lancaster 
county,  and  a  settlement  of  the  Moravians,  66  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Philadelphia. 

Litschau,  a  town  and  castle  of  Austria,  on  the 
frontiers  of  Bohemia,  23  m.  N.  W.  of  Horn. 

Li.'tau,  a  town  of  Moravia  on  the  river  March, 
9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Olmutz. 

Little    Britain,  a  township  of  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

Little  Compton,  p.t.  Newport  Co.  R.  I.  on  the 
eastern  point   of  Narraganset  Bay.  Pop.  1,378. 

Little    Creek,  a  township  of  Sussex  Co.  Del. 

Little  E^g  Harbour,  a  township  of  Burlington 
Co.  N.  Y.  lying  upon  the  sea;  with  a  harbour  and 
river  of  the  same  name,  navigable  for  small  craft. 

Little  Falls,  a  village  of  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  the  Mohawk,  8  m.  below  Herkimer. 

Little  Plymouth,  p. v.  King  and  Queen's  Co.  Va. 
60  m.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

Little  Rock,  the  capital  of  Arkansas  Territory, 
«o  named  by  antiphrasis  from  the  enormous  mas- 
ses of  rock  around  it.  The  town  stands  on  the 
southern  bank  of  Arkansas  river,  120  m.  from  the 
mouth  of  the  stream.  400  m.  S.  W.  St.  Louis, 
300  N.  W.  Natchez.  Lat.  34.  17.  N.,  and  1,068  m. 
W.  of  Washington. 

Littleton,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Con- 
necticut. 75  m.  N.  Concord.  Pop.  1,435.  p.t. 
Middlesex  Co.  Moss.  28  m.  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop. 


947.    p.v.  Sussex  Co.   Va.  36  m.   S.     E.  Rich 
mond.  • 

Little  Valley,  a  township  of  Cattaraugus  Co.  N. 
y.    Pop.  337. 

Little  York,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Ohio.  77  m. 
S.  W.  Columbus  ;  p.v.  Harding  Co.  Ken.  90  m.  S. 
W.  Frankfort. 

Livadia,  a  province  of  Independent  Greece,  to 
the  north  of  the  Morea,  comprising  Attica,  Bceo- 
tia,  Phocis  and  Locris.  The  town  of  the  same 
name  is  situate  E.  of  Mount  Helicon.  50  m  N.  W. 
Athens.     Pop.  4,000. 

Livenza,  a  river  of  Austrian  Italy,  which  runs 
on  the  confines  of  Trevisano  and  Friuli,  and  en- 
ters the  gulf  of  Venice  between  the  mouth  of  the 
Piava  and  the  town  of  Caorlo. 

Livermore,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  18  m.  N.  E. 
Paris.  Pop.  2,456. 

Liverpool,  a  city  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  with  mar- 
kets on  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday.  Up 
to  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  it  was  a 
very  inconsiderable  place,  having  only  one 
church,  which  was  a  chapel  of  ease  to  Walton,  a 
village  3  m.  off.  In  1669  an  act  was  passed  to 
make  it  a  distinct  parish,  and  erect  a  new  church. 
Since  this  period  it  has  been  gradually  advancing 
in  importance  ;  and,  with  respect  to  population 
and  commerce,  it  is  become  the  second  port  in  the 
kingdom.  It  extends  3  m.  aJong  the  E.  bank  of 
the  river  Mersey,  and  about  a  mile  in  average 
breadth;  contains  23  churches  and  chapels  for  the 
establishment,  a  much  greater  number  of  meet- 
ing-houses for  dissenters,  five  Roman  catholic 
chapels,  and  a  Jews  synagogue.  Among  the 
public  buildings,  which  comprise  numerous  speci- 
mens of  architectural  taste,  the  most  important 
are  the  town-hall,  exchange  buildings,  lyceum, 
Wellington  rooms,  corn  exchange,  infirmary,  St. 
John's  market,  blue  coat  school,  dispensary,  asy- 
lum for  the  blind,  theatre,  athenseum,  music  hall, 
news  room,  custom-house,  and  a  borough  gaol  on 
the  Howardian  plan.  The  streets  are  generally 
spacious,  some  of  them  elegant,  and  the  greater 
part  lighted  with  gas.  At  the  head  of  the  insti- 
tutions for  literary  and  scientific  pursuits  is  the 
Royal  Liverpool  Institution,  opened  in  1817  at  an 
expense  of  £;50,000.  To  enumerate  the  asylums 
for  the  wretched  and  unfortunate,  of  every  de- 
scription and  denomination,  would  be  altogether 
incompatible  with  our  limits.  The  increase  and 
prosperity  of  Liverpool  have  been  greatly  promo- 
ted by  the  enterprise  and  skill  of  its  inhabitants, 
by  its  local  advantages,  commanding  the  trade  of 
Ireland  and  America,  and  by  the  wisdom  of  the 
corporation  in  abolishing  all  exclusive  laws,  and 
encouraginw  every  species  of  industry  and  com- 
mercial talent.  The  principal  manufactures,  be- 
sides those  connected  with  the  shipping,  which 
employ  an  immense  number  of  persons,  are  fine 
porcelain,  watches,  glass,  iron,  salt,  copperas,  «&,c. 
The  watch  movement  and  tool  business  is  almost 
confined  to  this  part  of  the  country  ;  and  the 
breweries,  soap-works,  brass  and  iron  founderies, 
sugar-houses,  &c.,  are  on  an  extensive  scale. 
Few  towns  possess  accommodations  for  shipping 
at  all  comparable  to  Liverpool  :  it  has,  at  present, 
six  docks,  the  Dry  Dock,  Sallhouse  Dock,  King's 
Dock,  Queen's  Dock,  George's  Dock,  Prince's 
Dock,  North  Dock,  and  Brunswick  Dock,  which 
with  their  basins  occupy  nearly  100  acres  of  land. 
The  estuary  of  the  Mersey  may  be  properly  term- 
ed an  arm  of  the  sea,  opening  to  this  port  a  ready 
access  to  the  Western  Sea,  and  ships  of  any  bur- 
den may  come  up  fully  laden  to  tlie  town;  while 


LLA 


452 


LOA 


r  the  system  of  canal  navigation  opens  a  communi- 
•  cation  inland  with  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  This 
port  is  now  estimated  to  engross  a  fourth  part  of 
the  foreign  trade  of  Britain,  a  sixth  of  its  general 
trade,  and  to  furnish  one-twelfth  of  the  sliipping  : 
its  customs  amount  to  nearly  £4,000,000,  and  its 
exports  exceed  even  those  of  the  metropolis. 
The  town  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  48  m.  S.  of  Lancaster, 
and  206  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  3.  W.,  lat.  53 
22.  N. 

Liverpool,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  Queen's 
county,  with  a  harbour  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
its  name,  58  m.  N.  W.  of  Halifax.     Long.  G4.  15 
W.,  lat.  44.  10.  N. 

Liverpool,  villages  in  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y., 
Perry  and  York  Cos.  Pa.  and  Medma  Co.  Ohio. 

Livimrston,  a  county  of  New  York,  on  Genesee 
river.  1?op.  27,709.  Genesee  is  the  capital ;  a 
county  of  Kentucky  on  the  Tennessee  and  Ohio. 
Pop.  (),(507.     Salem  is  the  capital. 

LiviiKTston,  a  township  of  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  the  l1udson,40  m.  S.  Albany.     Fop.  2,087  ;  also 
a  village  in  Essex  Co.  N.  J. 
'  Livingstonville,  p. v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y. 

Livonia,  a  province  of  Russia,  which,  with  that 
of  Esthonia,  has  been  reciprocally  claimed  and 
possessed  by  Russia,  Sweden,  and  Poland,  and,  for 
more  than  two  centuries,  was  a  perpetual  scene 
of  the  most  bloody  wars.  It  was  finally  wrested 
from  the  Swedes  by  Peter  the  Great,  was  con- 
firmed to  the  Russians  by  the  peace  of  Nystadt  in 
1721,  and  now  forms  the  government  of  Riga,  or 
Livonia.  It  is  250  m.  long  and  150  broad; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  government  of  Estho- 
nia, and  S.  by  Courland.  The  land  is  fertile,  but 
is  only  partially  cultivated  :  the  products  are  rye, 
barley,  flax,  and  linseed.  In  the  forests  are 
wolves,  bears,  elks,  reindeer,  stags,  and  hares. 
The  domestic  animals  are  numerous ;  but  the 
sheep  bear  very  bad  wool.  The  peasantry  are  in 
a  state  of  great  degradation. 

Livonia,  p.t.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.,  20  m.  S.  W. 
Canandaigua.  Pop.  2,665.  Also  a  village  in 
Washington  Co.  Indiana. 

Lizard,  a  peninsula  on  the  S.  coast  of  Cornwall 
and  the  most  southern  point  of  land  in  England. 
On  it  are  two  light-houses,  and  the  Lizard  Point 
iff  in  long.  5.  11.  W.,  lat.  49.  58.  N. 

Lizier,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Arriege  ;  seated  on  the  Salat,  50  m.  S  E.  of  Auch. 
Long.' 1.9.  E.,  lat.  43.  0.  N. 

LJanarth,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Cardiganshire, 
15  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Cardigan,  and  223  W.  by  N.  of 
Jjondon. 

Llanheder,  a  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Card- 
iganshire, with  a  considerable  traffic  in  horses, 
cattle,  hogs,  salted  butter,  and  tanned  and  raw 
hides.  It  is  seated  on  the  Teife,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  into  Caermarthenshire,  27  m.  E.  of  Cardi- 
gan, and  209  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

IJanduff,  an  ancient  city  of  Wales,  in  Glam- 
organshire, being  an  episcopal  see,  but  it  is  a 
small  place,  and  has  no  market.  The  body  of  its 
ancient  cathedral  was  rebuilt  in  1751,  but  with- 
out cross  aisles.  Near  it  are  some  ruins  of  the 
ancient  castellated  mansion  of  the  bishop.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Taafe,  and  has  the  benefit  of  a  tolera- 
bly good  harbour,  which  opens  into  the  Severn. 
2m.  N.  W.  of  Cardiff,  and  163  W.  of  London. 
Long.  3.  13.  W.,  lat.  51.  29.  N. 

Uandilo-vinor,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermar- 
thenshire, with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
flannel.     Near  it  are  the  picturesque  remains  of 


Dinevwar  Castle,  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
native  princes  of  Wales.  It  is  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  on  the  river  Towy,  13  m.  E.  of  Caer- 
marthen,  and  202  W.  of  London. 

Llandovery,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermarthen 
shire.     It  is  seated  on  the  Towy,  at   its  conflux 
with  the  Braun,  26  m   E.  N.  E.  of  Caermarthen, 
and  191  W.  of  London. 

Llanelhj,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermarthen- 
shire, with  a  considerable  trade  in  iron  and  coal, 
seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Bristol  Channel,  16  m, 
S.  S.  E.  of  Caermarthen,  and  217  W.  of  Lon 
don. 

Llanfair,  a  town  of  Wales.  It  is  seated  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  Verniew,  14  m.  W.  of  New- 
ton, and     180  W.  by    N.  of  London  . 

Llanfyllain,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomery 
shire,  seated  in  a  flat,  among  hills,  near  the  river 
Cain,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Montgomery,  and  186 
W.  of  London. 

Llanguddoc,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermarthen 
shire,  18  m.  E.byN.  of  Caermarthen,  and  195 
W.  of  London. 

Llangollen,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire 
Near  it,  on  a  steep  mountain,  are  the  remains  of 
Castle  Dinas,  once  a  stong  place  ;  and  about  2  m. 
distant  is  the  beautiful  ruin  of  Valle  Crucis  ab- 
bey. The  town  stands  on  the  Dee,  over  which 
is  a  beautiful  ancient  bridge,  2  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Wrexham,  and  182  N.  W.   London. 

Llanidloes,a.townofW?i\es,in  Denbignshire  with 
a  considerable  manufacture  of  fine  flannels,  &c. 
It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Severn  and 
Clewedog,  13  m.  S.  W.  of  Newton,  and  188  N 
W.  of  London. 

Llanrwst,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire, 
Here  are  two  churches,  and  the  town  is  the  cen 
tre  of  the  business  of  the  vale  of  Conway.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Conway,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
into  Caernarvonshire,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Den 
high,  220  N.  W.  of  London. 

Llantrisstnt,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorgan 
shire.  It  had  a  castle,  which  is  nearly  destroyed, 
12  m.  N.  W  of  Cardiff,  and  171  W.  of  Lon 
don. 

LlMugharm,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermarthen- 
shire. It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Towy,  where, 
on  a  low  rock,  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  castle  ; 
and  on  the  other  side  the  river  are  the  remains 
of  that  of  Lanstephan.  Llau£rharm  is  7  m.  S 
W.  of  Caermarthen,  and  223  W.  by  N.  of  Lon 
don. 

Llerena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremaaura,  63 
m.  N.  of  Seville. 

Uoydsville,  p.v.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  90  m.  W. 
Albany. 

Llwgor,  or  Uychwyr,  a  corporate  town  of 
Wales,  in  Glamorganshire,  on  the  left  bank  of  a 
river  of  the  same  name.  It  was  the  Leucarum, 
of  Antoninus.     312  m.  W.  of  London. 

Lo,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  La 
Manche,  with  manufactures  of  serges,  shal- 
loons, ribands,  and  gold  and  silver  lace  ;  seated 
on  the  Vire,  125  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Paris. 

iMando,  capital  of  the  Portuguese  settlement 
in  Angola.  It  has  a  good  harbour  formed  by  the 
island  of  Loando,  lying  a  little  off  the  coast. 
The  town  is  large  and  handsome,  considering 
the  country,  containing  3,000  houses,  built  of 
stone,  and  covered  with  tiles,  beside  a  vast  num- 
ber of  huts  made  of  straw  and  earth.  260  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  St.  Salvador.  Long.  13.  15.  E.,  lat. 
8.  50.  S. 

Loando,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic  near  the  coast 


LOG 


453 


LOD 


of  Angola,  about  20  m.  long  and  only  one  broad, 
and  divided  from  the  continent  by  a  narrow  chan- 
nel. Goats  and  sheep  are  numerous.  It  produ- 
ces no  grain,  but  yields  the  best  water  in  all  the 
neighbourhood. 

Loango,  a  kingdom  of  Western  Africa,  to  the 
N.  of  the  river  Zaire  or  Congo.  It  includes  Loan- 
go  proper,  and  the  districts  of  Mayomba  and 
Malembo,  which  are  subject  to  the  king  of  Loan- 
go  :  and  is  said  to  extend  more  than  400  m.  along 
the  coast,  from  the  Zaire  to  Cape  St.  Catherine. 
Tlie  climate  is  said  to  be  very  fine,  and  never 
subject  to  hurricanes,  nor  even  to  violent  winds. 
Rain  rarely  occurs,  but  the  dews  are  sufficient 
for  vegetation.  The  land  is  fertile,  yielding  with 
very  little  of  agricultural  skill  or  labour,  three 
crops  of  millet  in  a  year.  The  potato  and  yam 
are  abundant;  and  there  are  a  great  number  of 
trees  whence  palm-wine  is  drawn.  The  women 
cultivate  the  ground,  sow,  and  get  in  the  harvest. 
The  inhabitants  are  well-made,  mild,  and  tracta- 
ble. 

Loango,  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom,  with 
a  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Quilla.  The  streets 
are  wide,  and  lined  with  palm-trees,  bananas, 
and  baoava.  The  houses  are  oblong,  and  have 
only  a  grrtund  floor  ;  separated  from  each  other, 
and  fenced  round  with  a  hedge  of  palm-twigs, 
canes,  or  bulrushes.  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is 
a  large  square,  fronting  the  royal  palace,  which 
forms  another  square,  a  mile  and  a  half  in  com- 
pass, surrounded  by  a  palisado  of  stately  palm- 
trees.  The  principal  trade  consists  in  elephants' 
teeth,  palm-cloth,  copper,  tin,  lead,  iron,  and 
slaves.  It  is  230  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  St.  Salvador. 
Long.  12.30.  E.,  lat.  4.  40.  S. 

Latino,  or  Lovano,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian 
states,  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  near  the  sea,  6 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Finale. 

Lolitiu,  a  tow/i  of  W.  Prussia,  with  a  castle, 
where  the  bishop  of  Culm  resides.  45  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Culm. 

Lnbau,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Upper  Lusatia, 
which  has  a  trade  in  grey,  striped  and  white  lin- 
ens, 13  m.  S.  E.  of  Bautzen. 

Lobenxteia,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Voio-tland.  seated  on  the  Lennitz,  22  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  6nlinbach.     Long.  11.  52.    E.,  lat.  50.  21.  N. 

Loioa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estreinadura,  seat- 
ed on  the  Guadiana,  22  m.  E.  of  Badajoz. 

Lohstadf,  a  town  of  Saxony  in  the  circle  of 
Meissen,  10  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Leipzig. 

Lohurg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Magdeburg.  22  m.  E.  of  Magde- 
burg. 

Lncana,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piednont,  sjatcd  in  a  fine  valley,  on  the  river 
Or'.;o,  25  m.  S.  of  Aosta. 

Locarno,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  bailiwic, 
belonging  to  the  Swiss.  It  contains  three  con- 
vents, and  a  small  Franciscan  monastery,  on  a 
rock  overhanging  the  valley,  and  commanding  a 
view  of  the  lake  Maggiore.  5G  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Milan.     Long.  8.  31.  E.,  lat.  46.  10.  N. 

Locltahar,  a  district  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness- 
shire,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Badenoch,  W.  by 
Moydart,  N.  by  Glengary,and  S.  by  Lo^n.  The 
country  is  bleak,  mountainous  and  rugged.  The 
inhabitants  pay  little  attention  to  any  commerce, 
except  the  sale  of  their  black  cattle;  and  the  only 
lands  cultivated  are  a  few  acres  around  the  huts 
of  those  who  tend  their  flocks.  Here  the  Pre- 
tender erected  his  standard  in  1745. 

Locher  Moss,  a  morass  of  Scotland,  in  Dum- 


fries-shire, 12  m.  long  and  3  broad,  extending  doTVt# 
by  Dumfries  to  Solway  Frith,  and  divided  into  two 
parts  by  a  river  called  Locher  Water,  which 
abounds  with  excellent  pike.  Oak,  fir,  birch, 
and  hazel  trees,  also  anchors,  pieces  of  vessels,&c., 
have  been  dug  up  in  different  parts  of  this  moss 

Laches,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre 
et- Loire,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a  rock.  In  the 
collegiate  church  is  the  tomb  of  the  celebrated 
Agnes  Sorel,  mistress  of  Charles  VII.,  to  whose 
patriotic  exhortations  that  monarch  owed  almost 
all  his  glory.  Loches  is  seated  on  the  Indre,  near 
a  forrest,  15  m.  S.  of  Amboise,  and  20  S.  W.  of 
Tours. 

Lochmabcn,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, with  a  manufacture  of  coarse  linen  ;  seated 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Annon,9  m.  N.  E.  of  Dum- 
fries. 

Lochrida,  or  Ocrida,  a  town  in  the  province  of 
Albania,  and  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  It  is  well 
fortified,  and  seated  on  a  hill,  near  a  lake  of  its 
name,  G2  m.  S.  E.  of  Durazzo.  Long.  20.  40.  E., 
lat.  41.  40.  N. 

Lochia,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  seated  on  a  bay 
of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  30  m.  S.of  Tornea.  Long. 
24.  16.  E.,  lat.  64.  20.  N. 

Lochwinnoch ,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Renfrew- 
shire, with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  cotton. 
It  is  seated  on  Castle  Semple  Loch,  6  m.  S.  W.  of 
Paisley. 

Lochy,  Lock,  a  lake  of  Scotland  in  Inverness- 
shire,  14  m.  lonff,  and  from  one  to  2  broad.  Out 
of  it  flows  the  River  Lochy,  which,  about  a  mile 
below,  receives  the  Spean,  and  their  united 
stream  enters  Loch  Eil  at  Fort  William. 

Lochenitz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province 
of  Brandenburg,  on  the  river  Rando,  16  m.  N. 
£.  of  Prentzio. 

Locke,  p.t.  Cavuga  Co.  N.  Y.  23  m.  S.  E.  Au- 
burn. Pop.  3,310'. 

Lockcrby,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, with  a  trade  in  linen  and  woolen  cloth ; 
seated  near  the  Annan, 12  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Dumfries. 

Lockport^  p.t.  Niao-ara  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Erie 
Canal.  296  m.  W."  Albany.  Pop.  3,823.  Here 
are  the  most  remarkable  works  on  the  canal,  con- 
sisting of  10  locks  overcoming  an  ascent  of  60 
feet  in  the  canal.  Besides  these  there  is  an  ex- 
cavation through  the  mountain  ridge  for  3  ra. 
cut  in  the  rock.  The  town  is  a  place  of  consid- 
erable trade.     Pop.  3.823. 

Lockicood,  p. v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  78  m.  N.  Tren- 
ton. 

Lode,  a  town  of  Switzerland  in  an  elevated 
valley  of  the  same  name,  in  the  canton  of  Neuf- 
chatel,  famous  for  watchmakers,  lace  weavers, 
goldsmiths,  cutlers,  and  enamellers.  It  is  9  m. 
N.  W.  of  Neufchatel. 

Loddon,  a  town  m  Norfolk,  Eng.  8  m.  S.  E.  of 
Norwich,  and  112  N.  E.  of  London. 

Lodeve,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  He- 
rault,  with  manufactures  of  silk,  liats,&c.  During 
the  late  war  it  supplied  a  great  part  of  the  ch.Ji- 
ing  for  the  army.  It  is  seated  on  the  Largues, 
30  m.  W.  bv  N.  of  Montpelier.  Long.  3.  20.  E. 
lat.  43.  43.  N. 

Lodl,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same 
name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  fortress.  It  has 
manufactures  of  porcelain,  and  the  Parmesan 
cheese  made  here  is  esteemed  the  best  of  its  kind 
The  French  defeated  the  Austrians  at  this  place  m 
1796;  It  is  seated  on  the  Adda,  18  m.  S.  E  of 
Milan.  Long.  9.  30.  E.,  lat  45.  18.  N. 


LOI 


454 


LON 


*•  Lmtimont.,  p.v.  Abbeville  Die.  S.  C.  134  m.  W. 
Columbus. 

Jjodomeria.     See  Gnlicia. 

Loffingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  with 
&  medicinal  bath.  3  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  HuifFengen. 
U)fsta,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Upland,  with  extensive  iron  works.  These  works 
were  destroyed  by  the  Russians,  in  1719,  but  have 
since  been  again  erected.  It  is  39  m.  N.  of  Upsal. 
iMgan,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  0,442.  Belle 
Fontaine  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Kentucky. 
Pop.  13,002.  Ru33elville  is  the  capital.  Also 
viU.ages  in  Hocking  Co.  Ohio.  Wayne  Co.  Mis- 
souri and  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Log'urail,  a  town  of  Scotland,  m  Perthshire, 
notf'd  for  its  distillation  of  whiskey  ;  seated  on 
the  Tnnimel,  22  m.  iV.  N.  W   of  Perth. 

Logroiio,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Burgos,  seated  on  the  Etiro,  in  a  country  abound 
ing  with  excellent  fruits  and  good  wines,  G2  m. 
E.  of  Burros,  and  15-')  N.  N.  E.  of  Madrid.  Long. 
2.20.  E.,Iat.  42.  22.  N. 

Lo^rono,  a  town  of  Ciiile,  capital  of  Melipilla 
Long.  71.  IG.  \V.,lat.  33.  38.  N. 

l^'kagur,  a  celebrated  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
province  of  Dowlatabad,  now  belonging  to  the 
British,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Poona. 

Loheia,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  on  tne 
coast  of  the  Red  Sea.  It  has  a  great  trade  in 
coffee,  brought  from  the  neighbouring  hills  :  in 
the  vicinity  is  a  mountain  which  affords  a  con- 
siderable quantity  of  mineral  salt.  It  has  no  har- 
bour, and  the  smallest  vessels  are  obliged  to  an- 
chor at  a  distance  from  the  town.  130  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Mocha.  Long.  42.  50.  E.,  lat.  15.  42.  N. 
Loja.     See  Loxa. 

Loir e-et- Cher,  a  department  of  France,  bounded 
on  the  N.  E.  by  the  province  of  Loiret,  N.  W.  by 
that  of  Sarthe,  S.  by  that  of  Indre,  S.  E  by  that 
of  Cher,  and  S.  W.  by  that  of  Indre-et- Loire.  It 
takes  its  name  from  the  rivers  Loire  and  Cher  ; 
the  former  of  which  joins  the  Sarthe  above  An 
gers ;  and  the  latter  runs  into  the  Loire,  10  m. 
below  Tours.     Bloia  is  the  capital. 

Loire,  the  principal  river  of  France,  which  rises 
in  the  de|)artrnent  of  Ardeche,  and  falls  into  the 
Atlantic  about  40  m.  below  Nantes,  watering  a 
vast  plain  of  more  than  600  m.  and  dividing 
France  almost  into  two  equal  parts.  By  means 
of  the  central  canal,  it  establishes  a  communication 
between  tlie  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  and 
facilitates  the  commercial  operations  of  the  king 
dom. 

Loire,  a  department  of  France,  adjoining  those 
of  Rhone  and  Isere.  It  has  its  name  from  the 
river  Loire,  which  flows  N.  through  its  whole 
length.     Montbrison  is  the  capital. 

Loire,  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  com- 
prising the  Velay  and  that  part  of  the  Cevennes 
dependent  on  the  former  province  of  Languedoc. 
It  takes  its  name  from  the  river  Loire,  which 
flows  through  it  from  the  S.  to  the  N.  E.  Le 
Pay  is  the  capital. 

Loire,  Infcrieure,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining part  of  the  ancient  province  of  Bretagne. 
it  has  its  name  from  the  river  Loire,  whicli  crosses 
it  from  E.  to  W.  and  then  enters  the  ocean. 
Nantes  is  the  capital. 

Loiret,  a  department  of  France,  comprising  part 
of  the  former  province  of  Orleanois.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  small  river  that  runs  into  the  Loire. 
Orleans  is  the  capital. 

Loitz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  with  a 
•astla  seated  on. the  Peene,  35  m.  S.  of  Stralsund. 


Lnldong,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  on 
the  N.  E.  border  of  the  province  of  Dehli,  and  on 
the  river  Pattereah,  8  m.  above  its  conflux  with 
the  Ganges,  and  100  N.  N.  E.  of  Dehli.  Long. 
78.  38.  E.,  lat.  29.  47.  N. 

Lokeren,  a  large  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  E. 
Flanders,  with  various  manufactures  and  a  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  Darme,  12  m 
N.  E.  of  Ghent. 

Lombardo- Venetian- Kingdom,  or  Austrian  Italy, 
a  kingdom  of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Illyria,  S. 
E.  by  the  Adriatic,  S.  by  the  states  of  the  church, 
Parma,  and  Modena,  W.  by  Piedmont,  and  N.  bj 
Switzerland  and  Austria;  and  is  divided  into  <i'\*^ 
governments  of  Milan  and  Venice.  The  couhtry 
is  well  cultivated  and  is  wjitered  by  the  finest 
lakes  and  rivers  of  Italy.  It  was  erected  into  a 
kingdom  in  1815;  and,  though  declared  to  be  a 
monarchy  inseparable  from  the  Austrian  empire, 
it  has  a  constitution  of  its  own  and  a  prince  of  the 
imperial  family  at  its  head,  who  has  the  title  of 
viceroy,  and  resides  at  Milan. 

Lombardij,  p.v.  Amelia  Co.  Va.  50  rn.  S.  W. 
Richmond  ;  p.v.  Columbia  Co.  Geo.  G4  m.  N.  E. 
Milledgeville. 

Lombez,  a  small  town  of  France,  department 
of  Gers.  It  is  seated  on  the  Save  27  ni.  S.  W. 
of  Toulouse. 

Lomboch,  an  island  of  tne  East  Indies,  between 
Bali  and  Sumbava,  50  m.  long  and  45  broad.  It 
is  very  mountainous,  but  covered  with  word  and 
verdure.  At  the  town  of  Balli  on  the  E.  side,  in 
the  straits  of  Alias,  and  in  the  many  flourishing 
villages  of  the  coast,  European  sliips  passing  to 
the  L.  are  well  supplied.  The  inhabitants,  origi- 
nally emigrants  from  Hindoostan,  retain  most 
Hindoo  customs. 

Lombock,  a  strait  formed  by  the  island  of  BaHi 
W.  and  that  of  Lombock  E.  The  S.  entrance  is 
in  long.  115.  43.  E.,  and  lat.  8.  45.  S.,  where  is  a 
large  island  called  Banditti  Island,  to  the  W.  of 
wiiich  there  is  no  pasf-age.  Owing  to  the  extreme 
rapidity  of  the  tides,  navigation  is  here  extremely 
dangerous 

Lomond,,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Dumbar 
tonshire,  30  m.  long  and  from  1  to  9  wide.  It 
contains  several  islands,  some  of  which  are  in- 
habited, and  adorned  with  antique  ruins,  concealed 
among  ancient  yews  ;  and  others  rise  into  high 
rocky  cliffs,  the  habitation  of  the  osprey.  On  the 
E.  side  is  the  mountain  Benlomond,  which  rises 
to  the  height  of  3,240  .feet;  and  the  river  Leven 
issues  from  its  S.  extremity. 

Lon.afo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Milan,  12  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Brescia. 

Lancartij,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
signalized  by  the  great  victory  obtained  by  the 
Scots  over  the  Danes,  in  970.  It  has  extensive 
bleaching  grounds,  and  is  seated  near  the  Tay,  5 
m.  N.  of  Perth. 

London,  the  metropolis  of  Great  Britain,  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  opulent  cities  in  the  world, 
mentioned  by  Tacitus  as  a  considerable  com- 
mercial place  in  the  reign  of  the  Roman  emperor 
Nero.  In  its  most  extensive  view,  as  the  metrop- 
olis, it  may  be  said  to  consist  of  five  great  portions, 
viz.  :  the  west  end  of  the  town,  the  city,  the  east 
end  of  the  town,  Westminster,  and  the  borough. 
The  west  end  of  the  town  is  popularly  regarded 
as  extending  from  Charing  Cross  to  Hyde  Park, 
and  from  St.  James's  Park  to  Paddington.  This 
is  the  best  and  most  fashionable  portion  of  the 
metropolis,  and  is  chiefly  occupied  by    the  town 


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residences  of  the  nobility  and  gentry,  and  fashion- 
able shops.  The  city  includes  the  central  part, 
and  is  the  great  emporium  of  commerce.  The 
east  end  of  the  town  is  also  devoted  to  commerce, 
ship-building,  manufactures,  &c.  The  southern 
bank  of  the  Thames,  from  Deptford  to  Lambeth, 
bears  a  great  resemblance  to  the  east  end  of  the 
town,  being  occupied  by  persons  engaged  in  com- 
mercial and  maritime  concerns.  London  and 
Westminster  are  situated  in  Middlesex,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  river  Thames.  Southwark  is  situated 
on  the  opposite  bank,  in  Surrey.  The  extent  of 
the  whole,  from  Limehouse  and  Deptforc  to  Mil- 
bank  and  Vauxhall,  is  about  7  m. ;  the  breadth 
varies  from  3  to  5. 

The  extension  of  this  metropolis,  since  the  mid- 
dle of  the  last  century,  has  proceeded  with  un- 
precedented rapidity,  and  covered  the  fields,  gar- 
dens, and  marshes  m  the  vicinity  of  London  with 
new  squares  and  streets.  The  direction  of  the 
principal  streets  accompanies  the  course  of  the 
river  Tliames  from  east  to  west ;  and  the  cross 
streets  run  mostly  in  a  transverse  direction  from 
north  to  south.  There  are  two  chief  lines  of 
streets  from  west  to  east :  one  of  which  commen- 
ces at  the  north  side  of  Hj'de  Park,  and  under  the 
successive  names  of  Oxford -street,St.  Giles's,  Hol- 
born,  Skinner-street,  Newgate-street,  Chcapside, 
Cornhill,  and  Leaden  hall-street,  is  continued  to 
White-chapel  and  Mile  End,  on  the  Essex  road  ; 
tlie  other  begins  at  the  south  side  of  Hyde  Park, 
and  consists  of  Piccadilly,  St.  James's  street, 
Pall  Mall,  Charing  Cross,  the  Strand,  Fleet-street, 
Ludgatehill,  St.  PauVs  cliurch-yard,  Watling- 
street,  Caimon-street,  and  Tower-street :  whence 
crossing  Tower-hill,  it  may  be  said  to  be  further 
extended  two  miles  along  the  river  side,  in  Wap- 
pi ng.  The  streets  near  the  river,  Hiid  most  of 
the  cross  ones  in  the  city  are  very  narrow ;  the 
broadest  and  handsomest  are  to  the  north  of  Ox 
ford  street  and  Holborn.  They  are  well  paved 
with  granite  stones,  for  tlie  attempts  at  macad- 
amizing have  not  succeeded  in  London,  and  on 
each  side  with  flag -stones  for  the  convenience  of 
foot  passengers.  The  subterranean  works,  con- 
structed for  the  accommodation  of  the  inhabitants, 
sonsistingof  sewers,  drains,  water-pipes,  and  gas- 
pipes,  are  most  extensive.  The  houses  are  most- 
ly built  of  brick  of  a  pale  colour.  The  principal 
squares  are  Grosvenor,  Portman,  Berkeley,  St. 
James,  Hanover,  Manchester,  Cavendish,  Bed- 
ford, Russel,  Tavistock,  Bloomsbury,  Montague, 
Leicester,  Bryanston,  and  Finsbury  squares,  and 
Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  Among  the  public  buil- 
dings, St.  Paul's  cathedral  is  the  most  conspicu- 
ous. It  is  2,292  feet  in  circumference,  and  340 
in  height  to  the  top  of  the  cross,  and  is  inferior  to 
none  in  Europe  except  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  It 
contains  monuments  of  many  illustrious  individu 
als,  who  have  done  honour  to  their  country  by 
their  talents  or  their  virtues.  Westminster  Ab- 
bey is  a  grand  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture, 
said  to  have  been  founded  by  Sebert,  king  of  the 
East  Saxons,  in  610.  Here  most  of  the  ^English 
sovereigns  have  been  crowned,  and  many  of  them 
interred.  It  contains  also  a  great  number  of  mon- 
uments erected  to  the  memory  of  kings,  states- 
men, heroes,  poets,  and  persons  distinguished  by 
^nius,  learning,  and  science.  The  chapel  of 
Henry  VII.,  adjoining,  Leland  calls  The  Wonder 
of  the  World.  St.  Stephen's,  Walbrook,  is  a 
small  church  of  exquisite  beautv.  the  masterpiece 
of  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  Bow  Church  in  Cheap- 
side,  St.  Bride's  in   Fleet-ptreet,   St.  Dustan's  in 


the  East,  and  several  others  are  worthy  of  notice  j 
but  the  far  greater  number  are  of  plain  and  ordi- 
nary architecture.  The  churches  and  chapels  be- 
longing to  the  establishment,  m  the  bills  of  mor- 
tality, including  those  erected  under  the  recent 
act  of  parliament,  amount  to  266.  There  are  like- 
wise a  great  number  of  meetings  for  Protestant 
dissenters  of  all  persuasions,  30  foreign  Protes- 
tant churches,  15  Roman  Catholic  chapels,  and 
6  synagogues  for  the  Jews.  Besides  the  royal 
palaces,  there  are  many  fine  houses  of  the  princes 
of  the  blood,  and  of  the  nobility  and  gentry.  The 
Tower  of  London  is  very  ancient,  but  the  foun- 
der is  uncertain.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and 
partly  by  a  deep  ditch.  Here  are  the  jewels  and 
ornaments  of  the  crown,  as  well  as  the  other  rega- 


lia; and  the  menagerie  for  foreign  birds  and 
beasts.  The  Mint,  on  Tower  Hill,  is  a  very  ele- 
gant modern  building  of  pure  Grecian  architec- 
ture. The  bridges  are  a  great  ornament  to  the 
metropolis.  The  most  ancient,  London  bridore, 
was  begun  in  1176,  and  finished  in  1209.  Tiie 
length  of  it  is  915  feet.  The  number  of  arches 
was  19,  of  unequal  dimensions;  through  which, 
in  consequence  of  their  narro'wness  and  clumsy 
construction,  the  current  rushed  with  such  force 
as  to  render  the  navigation  extremely  dangerous. 
This  clumsy  fabric  is  however  about  to  be  sup- 
planted by  the  New  London  bridge,  a  noble  struc- 
ture of  5  arches,  which  is  now  rapidly  approaching 
towards  comnletion.  Westminster  bridge  was 
commenced  in  1730,  and  opened  to  the  public  in 
1750.  It  is  1,223  feet  in  length,  and  has  13  large 
and  two  small  semicircular  arches.  Blackfriars' 
bridge,  built  by  Mylne,  was  completed  in  1768. 
Its  length  is  995  feet ;  the  breadth  of  the  caniage- 
way  28,  and  of  the  foot-paths  7  feet  each.  It  con- 
sists of  9  elliptical  arches,  the  centre  one  of  which 
is  100  feet  wide  ;  and  both  this  and  the  arch  on 
each  side  are  wider  than  the  celebrated  Rialto  at 
Venice.  Waterloo  bridge,  commenced  in  1811 
and  opened  in  1816,  in  the  anniversary  of  the  bat- 
tle which  it  is  designed  to  commemorate,  is  one 
of  the  noblest  structures  of  the  kind  in  the  wo-.ld^ 
It  consists  of  9  arches,  each  120  feet  span  and  35 
feet  elevation.  The  other  bridges  are  those  of 
Southwark  and  Vauxhall.  Among  the  other  pub- 
lic buildings,  which  can  merely  be  enumerated 
here,  are  Westminster  Hall,  containing  the  su- 
preme courts  of  justice,  and  adjoining  to  which 
are  the  houses  of  Lords  and  Commons;  the  Ses- 
sions House  ;  the  Horse  Guards,  the  Treasury, 
and  the  Admiralty,  at  Whitehall ;  the  noble  col- 
lection of  public  offices  which  form  that  magnifi- 
cent structure  called  Somerset  Place  ;  the 
British  Museum  ;  the  Royal  Exchange  ;  the  Bank 
of  England  ;  the  Excise  Office ;  the  East  India 
House ;  the  Mansion  House,  for  the  lord  mayor , 


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the  Monument,  in  commemoration  of  the  great 
fire  in  IGGG  ;  the  New  Poet  Office,  in  St.  Martins- 
le-grand,  opened  in  September,  1829 ;  the  Stock 
Excliange ,  the  new  Custom  Mouse;  the  new 
Corn  Exchange,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  old 
one  in  Marklane  in  1629  ;  the  Herald's  College  ; 
and  the  halls  of  the  various  city  companies.  The 
Adelphi-terrace  is  the  admiration  of  foreigners, 
for  the  noble  view  which  it  affords  of  the  river, 
the  bridges  and  other  public  buildings,  and  of  the 
fine  liiUs  beyond  Lambeth  and  South wark. 
The  inu.s  of  court  for  the  study  of  the  law,  the  col- 
leges, learned  societies,  and  public  seminaries ; 
the  noble  hospitals  and  the  other  charitable  in- 
stitutions ;  the  public  places  of  diversion,  &c., 
are  too  numerous  to  be  mentioned. 

Such,  on  ac\irsory  view  of  it,  is  the  metropolis 
of  Great  Britain,  to  the  extent  and  opulence    of 
which  many  causes  have  contributed.     The  broad 
stream  of  the  Thimes   flowing  between    London 
and  Southwark,  continually   agitated   by  a  brisk 
current  or  a  rapid    tide,  bring   constant   supplies 
of  fresh    air,  which  no    buildings  can  intercept. 
The  country  arou  id,  especially  on  the   London 
side,  is  nearly    open  to    some  distance  ;  whence, 
by  the  action  of  the  sun  and   winds  on  a  gr^ivel- 
ly  soil,  it  is  kept  tolerably  dry  in  all  seasons,  and 
affords  no  lodgment  for  stagnant  air  or  water.    The 
cleanliness  of  London,  as  well  as   its  supply  of  wa- 
ter, is  generally  aided  by  its  situation  on  the  banks 
of  the   Thames;    and  the   New  River,  with  many 
good  springs  within  the  city  itself,  further  contri- 
bute to  the  abundance  of  tliat  necessary  element. 
All  these  are  advantages,  with  respect  to  health, 
in  which    this    metropolis  is   exceeded   by    few. 
Its  situation,  with  regard  to  the    circumstance  of 
navigation,  is  equally   well  chosen ;  had  it  been 
placed  lower  on  the  Thames ,  it  would  have  been 
annoyed  by  the  marshes ;  had  it   been  higher,  it 
would  not  have  been  accessible,  as  at  present,  to 
ships  of  large    burden.     It  now    possesses    every 
advantage  that  can  be  derived  from  a  sea-port,  and 
at  the  same  time,  by  means  of  its  noble  river  and 
its  canal  navigation, enjoys  a  most  extensive  coni- 
mimication  with  the  internal  parts  of  the  country, 
which  supply  it  with   necessaries,  and  in   return 
receive  from  it  such  commodities  as  they  require. 
It  contains  several    large  wet  docks,  particularly 
those  called   the   West  India,  the  East  India,  the 
London,    and    St.  Catherine's    docks ;  also    dry 
docks  for  repnring,  and  slips  for  building  of  ships, 
besides  the  king's  yard  at  i'eptford,  for  building 
men  of  war.  London  therefore  unites  in   itself  all 
the  benefit  arising  from  navigation  and  commerce, 
with  those  of  a  metropolis  at  which  all  the  public 
business  of  a  great   nation  is   transacted ;  and  is 
thus  both  the  mercantile  and  political  emporium 
of  these  kingdoms.     It  is  the    seat  of  many    con- 
siderable manufactures  ;  some   almost  peculiar  to 
itself,  as    administering  to  the  demands    of  stud- 
ied splendor  and  refined  luxury ;  others  in  which 
it  participates  with  the  manufacturing  towns    in 
general.     The  most  important  of  its  peculiar  man- 
ufactures is  the  silk  weaving  established  in  Spit- 
alfield  by  refugees  from  France.      A    variety  of 
works  in  gold,   silver,  and  jewelry,  the  engrav- 
ing of  prints,  the    making  of  optical  and  math- 
ematical   instruments    are    principally   executed 
here,  and  some  of  them  in  greater  perfection  than 
in  any  other  coimtry.  The  porter-brewery,  abusi- 
ness  of  immense  extent,   is  also  chiefly  carried 
on  in  London.     To  its  port  ai-e  likewise  confined 
nome  branches  of  foreign  commerce,   as  the  vast 
East  India  trade,  and  those  to  Turkey  and  Hud 


son  s  Bay.  Thus  London  has  risen  to  its  prea 
ent  rank  of  the  first  city  in  Europe  with  respect 
to  wealth  and  population. 

The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1811  was  1,099,- 
104,  in  r821,  ), 225,900;  since  which  period  it 
has  been  every  year  rapidly  increasing.  The  city 
is  divided  into  26  wards,  each  governed  by  an  alder- 
man ;  and  from  the  alderman  the  lord  mayor  is 
annually  chosen.  There  are  likewise  230  com- 
mon-councilmen,  a  recorder,  a  common-serjeant, 
two  sheriffs  (who  are  also  sheriffs  of  Middlesex), 
a  chamberlain,  a  town-clerk,  a  city  remembran 
cer,  a  water-bailiff,  and  many  inferior  officers. 
Westminster  is  governed  by  a  high  stewara,  who 
is  generally  a  nobleman,  chosen  by  the  dean 
and  chapter,  and  he  has  an  under  steward  who 
officiates  for  him.  Next  to  him  is  the  high  bailiff, 
chosen  also  by  the  dean  and  chapter,  whose  pow- 
er resembles  that  of  a  sheriff.  The  suburbs  are 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  justices  of  the  peace  for 
the  county,  and  there  are  also  several  police  offices 
where  magistrates  sit  every  day  for  the  examina- 
tion of  offenders  and  the  determination  of  various 
complaints  in  a  summary  way.  During  the  last 
three  years  the  police  of  the  metropolis  and 
suburbs  has  been  strengthened  by  a  new  estab- 
lishment, under  the  superintendence  of  a  milita- 
ry officer,  who  receives  instructions  from  the 
Home  Department  in  Whitehall.  The  cost  of  this 
establishment  will  be  greater  by  about  30  per 
cent,  than  that  of  the  watchmen,  which  it  has 
superseded.  This,  iiowever,  is  more  then  com 
pensated  by  its  superior  efficiency,  the  former 
"guardians  of  the  night"  1  »ing  generally  decrepid 
from  age  and  infirmities,  while  the  new  police  is 
entirely  composed  of  men  in  the  prime  of  life, 
and  of  unblemished  character.  Southwark  was 
long  independent  of  London,  but  Edward  III. 
granted  it  to  the  city.  It  was  then  called  the  vil- 
lage of  Southwark,  and  aflerwards  named  the 
bailiwic.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  it  was  form- 
ed into  a2Gth  ward,  by  the  name  of  Bridge  Ward 
Without.  On  the  death  of  the  alderman  of  this 
ward,  he  is  succeeded  by  the  next  in  seniority, 
to  whatever  ward  he  may  belong,  this  ward  being 
considered  as  a  sinecure,  and  consequently  the 
most  proper  for  "  the  father  of  the  city."  The  city 
has  likewise  a  high  bailiff  and  steward  here. 
The  city  of  London  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  is  repre- 
sented in  parliament  by  four  members,  elected  by 
the  livery,  two  other  members  are  elected  by  the 
householders  of  Westminster,  and  two  by  those  of 
Southwark.  To  attempt  an  enumeration  of  the 
events  by  which  this  great  capital  has  been  dis- 
tinguished, within  the  limits  of  a  work  like  this, 
would  of  course  be  absurd  ;  but  we  cannot  omit 
to  mention  the  plague,  in  1065,  which  cut  ofl 
68,596  people,  and  the  dreadful  conflagration,  in 
1666,  by  which  the  cathedral  and  many  other 
churches,  with  13.200  houses,  were  destroyed, 
London  is  225  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Paris,  395  S.  of 
Edinburgh,  and  338  E.  S.  E.  of  Dublin.  Long. 
0.  5.  W.,lat.  51.31.  N. 

IjondoTif  JVew.     See  JVew  London. 
Londx)n.   a   town     of   Upper   Canada    on    the 
Thames,  100  m.  N.  E.  of  Detroit. 

Ijyndon,  p.t.  Madison   Co.  Ohio.     25  m.  S.  W. 
Columbus. 

London  Bridge,,  p. v.  Princess  Anne  Co.  Va.  140 
m.  S.  E.  Richmond. 

London  Britain,  p.t.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 
Londonderry,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Ulster,  40  English  m.  long  and  33  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  W.  by  Donegal,  N.  by  the  ocean, 


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S.  and  S.  W.  by  Tyrone,  and  E.  by  Antrim.  It 
contains,  according  to  the  last  census,  93,8119  in- 
habitants, is  divided  into  31  parishes,  and  sends  2 
members  to  parliament.  It  i*  a  fruitful  cham- 
paign  country  ;  and  tlie  greater  part  of  it  was  giv. 
en  by  James  I.  to  an  incorporated  company  of 
London  merchants.  The  linen  niannfacture  flour- 
ishes through  every  part  of  the  city. 

Londonderry,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Ireland,  cap- 
ital of  the  foregoing  county,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  still  surrounded  by  walls,  and  celebrated  for 
a  long  siege  it  sustained  against  James  II.  in 
1689.  It  is  governed  by  a  mayor,  and  sends  one 
member  to  parliament.  The  principal  commerce 
is  with  America  and  the  W.  Indies.  Including 
the  suburbs,  it  contains  18,000  inhabitants,  and  is 
seated  on  the  river  Foyle,  over  wh'ch  is  a  wood- 
en bridge,  1,068  feet  in  length.  Londonderry  is  4 
m.  S.  of  Lough  Foyle,  and  115  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Londonderry,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.,  with 
a  manufacture  of  linen,  cloth,  and  thread  ;  seated 
near  the  head  of  Beaver  River,  which  runs  into 
the  Merrimack,38  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Portsmouth.  Pop. 
1,469. 

Londonderry,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  27  m.  S. 
W.  Windsor.  Pop.  1,302  ;  also  towns  in  Chester, 
Dauphin,  and  Bedford  Cos.  Pa.  and  Guernsey 
Co.  Ohio. 

London   Grove,  p.t.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

London  Totcn.a.  village  of  .\nne  Arundel  Co.  Va. 

Longacoming,  p. v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.,  16  m. 
S.  E.  Philadelphia. 

Long,  Loch,  an  arm  of  the  sea  in  Scotland, 
which,  from  the  frith  of  Clyde,  extends  20  m.  N. 
between  the  counties  of  Dumbarton  and  Argyle. 
It  is  from  1  *S'  2  m.  in  breadth  ;  and  near  the  mid- 
dle, on  the  Argyle  side,  it  sends  off  a  small  branch 
called  Lo(>  Goil. 

Longford,  a  .'ounty  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Leinsler,  25  m.  long  and  20  broad;  bounded 
on  the  N.  W.  by  Leitrim,  N.  E.  by  Cavan,  S.  E. 
by  West  Meath,  and  W.  by  the  river  Shannon, 
which  parts  it  from  Roscommon.  It  is  divided 
into  25  parishes,  contains  107,576  inhabitants, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  The 
vOuntry  in  general  is  fertile,  but  interspersed  in 
some  parts  with  bogs,  morasses,  and  forests;  the 
flat  parts,  along  the  Shannon,  are  subject  to  in- 
undation. It  contains  several  lakes,  and  besides 
the  Shannon  is  watered  by  the  Inn}',  the  Camlin, 
the  Fallen,  and  numerous  inferior  streamlets. 
Oats  form  the  chief  article  of  agricixllural  export. 

Longford,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the 
above  country.  Much  linen  is  manufactured  in 
the  town  and  neighbourhood,  and  great  quantities 
of  flax  sent  to  other  parts.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Camlin,  70  m.  (English)  W.  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 
Long.  7.  40.  W.,  lat.  52.  48.  N. 

Longforang,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.  E. 
corner  of  Perthshire,  on  the  frith  of  Tay,  4  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Dundee. 

Long  [aland,  an  island  belonging  to  the  State 
of  New  York,  extending  along  the  coast  of 
Connecticut,  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.,  about  140  m.  in 
length  and  10  m.  in  average  breadth.  It  is  di- 
vided into  three  counties.  King,  Queen's,  and 
Suffolk.  At  theW.  extremity  it  forms  the  bay  of 
NewYork.  On  the  side  of  the  ocean  the  island 
is  bordered  by  an  im.nense  beach  of  sand.  In  other 
parts,it  is  much  indented  with  numerous  bays;  and 
Gardiner's  Bay,  with  several  others,  occupies  an 
extent  of  near  30  m.  at  the  E.  end.  These  bays 
also  encompass  many  islands,  several  of  which 
are  of  considerable  extent.  A  ridge  or  drain  of 
58 


low  hills  extends  from  the  west  end  to  the  eastern 
extremity.  The  waters  are  stored  with  a  vast 
abundance  and  variety  of  fish,  and  Long-Island 
has  long  been  celebrated  for  its  wild  fowl  and 
various  forest  game.  Much  of  the  land  in  the  east 
is  a  light  sand,  still  clothed  with  vast  forests  of 
pine:  and  in  these  are  found  abundance  of  game.' 
East  of  the  Hempstead  plains,  the  island  is  cov- 
ered with  shrubby  oaks  and  pines,  called  the 
brushy  plains  ;  and  here  are  found  the  grouse,  or, 
heath-hens.    Farther  eastward,  towards  Islip  and 


Fire-place,  are  streams  where  there  is  good  trout 
fishing;  and  towards  the  centre  of  the  island,  is 
plenty  of  wild  deer,  that  are  hunted  and  killed  by 
way-laying  them  as  they  are  driven  along  by 
hounds.  In  October  and  November,  brent,  wild 
geese,  and  other  waterfowl,  are  killed  in  great  num- 
bers along  the  bays  and  inlets.  Deer  cannot  lawful- 
ly be  killed  on  Long  Island  from  January  to  July  ; 
nor  heath-hens,  partridges,  quails,  or  woodcocks, 
from  1st  April  to  5lh  October. 

The  face  of  the  country  on  the  north  side  of 
the  island  is  hilly,  and  in  some  places  full  of 
rocky  boulders  ;  while  on  the  south,  the  country 
is  mostly  free  from  large  stones,  and  presents  a 
gradual  slope  towards  the  ocean,  which  appears 
to  have  formerly  washed  the  base  of  the  hills. 

Long  Island  Sountl,  is  from  3  to  25  m.  broad,  ex- 
tending the  whole  length  of  Long  Island,  and  di- 
viding it  from  Connecticut.  It  communicates 
with  the  Atlantic  at  the  E.  end  of  the  island,  and 
with  the  harbour  of  New  York  at  the  W. 

Long  Lake.     See  Rain  Lake. 

Longmeadoip,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  on  the 
Connecticut,  6  m.  below  Spring^field.     Pop.  1,257. 

Long-nan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Se-tchuen,  Long.  104.  18.  E., 
lat.  32.  22.  N. 

LoTignor,  a  town  of  Staffordshire,  Eng.  seated 
near  the  river  Dove,  31  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Stafford, 
and  152  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Longtown,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  seated 
on  the  Esk,  9  m.  N.  of  Carlisle,  and  310  N.  N. 
W.  of  London. 

Ijongtoicn,  p.v.  Rowan  Co.  N.  C.  150  m.  W. 
Raleigh. 

Longue,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire,  7  m.  N.  of  Saumur. 

Longuion,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Moselle.  Here  is  a  considerable  iron  forge  and 
cannon  foundery.  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Longwy,  and 
36N.  W.  ofMents. 

Longwy,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mo- 
selle with  a  castle.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old 
2Q 


LOR 


458 


LOR 


and  New  town,  the  latter  of  which  is  fortified. 
It  is  seated  on  a  rocky  eminence,  on  the  river 
Chiers,  32  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Mentz.  Long.  5.  44. 
E.,  lat.  49.  32.  N. 

Lonicera,  p. v.  Baldwin  Co.  Geo. 

Lons  le  Saulnier,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Jura.  It  derives  its  name  from 
the  salt  springs  in  its  vicinity,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Solvan,  62  m.  S.  E.  of  Dijon.  Long.  5.  30. 
E.,  lat.  46.  37.  N. 

Loo,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W.  Flanders, 
10  m.  N.N.  W.  ofYpres. 

Loo-choo,  or  Lieou-kiou,  the  general  name  of  36 
islands  lying  between  Formosa  and  Japan.  The 
Great  Loo-choo  is  50  m.  long  and  from  12  to  15 
broad  ;  the  others  are  inconsiderable.  They  were 
very  imperfectly  known  to  Europeans,  till  visited 
by  captain  Hall  and  Mr.  M'Leod  on  their  return 
from  the  late  embassy  to  China.  The  climate 
and  soil  seem  to  be  among  the  happiest  on  the 
irlobe.  The  fruits  and  vegetable  productions  are 
of  the  most  exquisite  description.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  diminutive  in  their  stature,  but  strong, 
and  well  made.  Their  disposition  appears  to  be 
peculiarly  gay,  hospitable,  and  affectionate,  but 
they  showed  that  strong  aversion  to  receive  stran- 
gers into  their  country  which  is  characteristic  of 
Cliina,  Japan,  and  all  the  neighbouring  regions. 
The  king  is  tributary  to  China,  and  the  govern- 
ment resembles  that  of  the  Chinese.  The  capital 
is  Kin-tching,  about  5  m.  from  its  port  of  Napa- 
kiang.     Long.  127.  52.  E.,  lat.  26.  14.  N. 

I^oe,  East  and  West,  two  decayed  boroughs  in 
Cornwal,  Eng.  separated  by  a  creek,  over  which 
is  a  narrow  stone  bridge.  They  are  supported 
chiefly  by  the  pilchard  fishery,  and  an  inconsid- 
erable coasting  trade.  Together  they  send  as 
man}^  members  to  parliament  as  the  city  of  Lon- 
don. The  market,  held  at  East  Looe,  is  on  -Sat- 
nrdav.  13  m.  W.  of  Plymouth,  and  233  W.  by 
S.  of  London. 

Lookout,  Cape,  a  cape  of  N.  Carolina,  S.  of 
Cape  Hatteras,  and  opposite  Core  Sound.  Long. 
76.48.  W.,  lat.  34.  22.  N. 

Lookout  Afountain,  a  ridge  in  the  Northwestern 
part  of  Georgia  extending  to  Tennessee  river. 

Looz,  or  Loolz,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  province  of  Liege,  14  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Liege. 

Lopaf.ka,Cape,  the  S.  extremity  of  Kamtschatka. 
Long.  156.  45.  E.,  lat.  51.  0.  N.     See  Kuriles. 

Lopham,  Korth  and  South,  two  adjoining  par- 
ishes in  Norfolk,  4  m.  S.  E.  of  East  Harling. 

Lopo  Gonsalve,  Cape,  a  long  and  narrow  pen- 
insula on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  low,  flat,  and  cov- 
ered with  trees.  It  affords  a  good  harbour,  and 
near  the  cape  is  a  village,  where  provisions  are 
plentiful.     Long.  8.  30.  E.,  lat.  0.  45.  S. 

Loop,  p.v.  Giles  Co.  Va.  274  m.  W.  Richmond. 

Lorn,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Seville,  on  the  Gua- 
dalqiiivir,  28  m.  N.  E.  of  Seville. 

Loramie,  a  township  of  Shelby  Co.  Ohio. 

Lorain,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  5,696.  Elyria  is 
the  capital. 

Lorhus  (the  ancient  Larihus  Colonia),  a  town 
of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  with  a  castle,  and  fine 
remains  of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  fer- 
tile in  corn,  150  m.  S.  W.  of  Tunis.  Long.  9.  0. 
E.,  lat.  35.  35.  N. 

Lorra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower  I'own.  The  former  has 
narrow,  crooked,  and  ill  paved  streets;  the  latter 
is  regularly  and  neatly  built.  It  contains  nine 
churches  and  several  monasteries,  and  has  exten- 
sive manufactures  of  saltpetre.       In   1802   the 


bursting  of  an  immense  reservoir,  containing 
water  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation,  occasioned 
much  damage  to  the  town.  It  is  seated  on  an 
eminence  near  the  Sengonera.  40  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Murcia.     Long.  1.  22.  W.,  lat.  37.  25.  N. 

Lord  Howe's  Group,  an  extensive  group  of 
islands,  in  the  S.  Pacific,  thickly  covered  with 
wood,  among  which  the  cocoa-nut  is  very  distin- 
guishable. The  natives  are  of  a  dark  copper 
colour;  their  hair  tied  in  a  knot  on  the  back  of  the 
head ;  and  they  seem  to  have  some  method  of  ta- 
king off  the  beard ;  for  they  appear  as  clean 
shaved.  Their  arms  and  thighs  are  tattooed  in 
the  manner  described  by  Captain  Cook  of  some 
of  the  natives  of  the  islands  he  visited  in  these 
seas ;  and  some  are  painted  with  red  and  white 
streaks. — They  wear  a  wrapper  round  their  mid- 
dle. Long,  from  159.  15.  to  159.  37.  E.,  lat.  5. 
30.  S. 

Lord  Howe's  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  discovered  in  1788  by  lieutenant  King. 
Many  excellent  turtle  have  been  caught  here  on 
a  sandy  beach  ;  and  it  abounds  with  a  variety  of 
birds,  which  were  so  unaccustomed  to  be  disturb- 
ed that  the  seamen  went  near  enough  to  knock 
them  down  with  a  stick.  At  its  end  are  two 
high  mountains,  nearly  perpendicular  from  the 
sea,  the  southernmost  named  Mount  Gower. 
About  14  m.  to  the  S.  is  a  remarkable  rock,  named 
Ball's  Pyramid,  which  at  a  distance  had  much  the 
appearance  of  a  steeple.  The  island  is  3  1-2  m. 
long  and  very  narrow.  Long.  159.  0.  E.,  lat.  31. 
36.  N. 

Lorenzo,  San,  a  town  of  Mexico,  province  of 
New  Biscay,  with  500  inhabitants,  whose  employ- 
ment consists  in  cultivating  the  grape. — There  are 
numerous  settlements  and  inconsiderable  islands 
of  this  name  in  South  America. 

Loren,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  Rivigo,  on 
the  Adige,  20  m.  E.  of  Rivigo. 

Loretto,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal 
states.  The  cathedral  contains  the  Casa  Santa 
or  Holy  House,  in  which  it  is  pretended  l;lie  vir 
gin  Mary  lived  at  Nazareth.  According  to  the 
legend,  it  was  carried  by  angels  from  Galilee  into 
Dalmatia,  and  thence  to  the  place  where  it  now 
stands.  This  house,  or  chapel,  is  31  feet  long,  15 
broad,  and  18  high;  the  inner  part  very  old^but 
cased  with  marble  on  the  outside.  The  famous 
lady  of  Loretto,  who  holds  the  infant  Jesus  in  her 
arms,  stands  upon  the  principal  altar,  in  a  niche 
of  silver;  this  statue  is  of  cedar  wood,  three  feet 
high,  but  her  face  can  hardly  be  seen,  on  account 
of  the  numerous  gold  and  silver  lamps  around  lier. 
She  is  clothed  with  cloth  of  gold,  set  oflT  with 
jewels ;  and  the  little  Jesus  is  covered  with  a 
shirt,  holds  a  globe  in  his  hand,  and  is  adorned 
with  rich  jewels.  Those  who  go  on  pilgrimage 
to  Loretto,  after  having  performed  their  devotion, 
make  the  Virgin  a  present ;  so  that  the  treasure 
of  this  chapel  is  immensely  rich.  The  inhabitants 
of  this  town  subsist  principally  by  agriculture 
and  gardening,  and  many  of  them  are  shoemakers, 
tailors,  and  seller?  of  chapl'sts.  Loretto  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1796,  and  the  church  despoiled 
of  its  treasures :  even  the  Virgin  was  carried 
away  but  restored  in  1802.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  3  m.  from  the  gulf  of  Venice,  12  S.  E 
of  Ancona,  and  115  N.  E.  of  Rome.  Long.  13. 
36.  E.,  lat.  43.  27.  N. 

Loretto,  p.v.  Essex  Co.  Va.  75  m.  N.  E.  Rich- 
mond. 

Lorgues,  a  town  of  France,  in  Provence,  on  the 
Argens,  16  m.  W.  of  Frejus. 


LOU 


459 


LOU 


V  Orient,  a  fortified  modem  sea-port  of  France, 
department  of  Morbihan.  It  is  built  with  consid- 
erable regularity  ;  the  streets  are  wide,  the  public 
squares  spacious  and  handsome,  and  the  harbour 
large,  secure,  and  easy  of  access.  Formerly  it 
was  a  very  flourishing  town,  the  French  East  In- 
dia Company  making  it  the  exclusive  entrepot  of 
their  imported  goods.  It  has  still  some  trade,  and 
is  a  place  of  importance  on  account  of  its  maga- 
zines for  the  navy.  The  chief  manufacture  is  of 
salt.  The  British  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt 
upon  it  in  1746.  It  is  seated  on  the  bay  of  Port 
Louis,  at  the  influx  of  the  Scorf,  340  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  Paris.     Long.  3.  20.  W.,  lat.  49.  44.  N. 

Lorrock,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  6  m. 
N.  E.  of  Bak. 

Lorraine,  an  extensive  district  of  the  N.  E.  of 
France,  between  Champagne  and  Alsace,  and  now 
forming  the  departments  of  Meurthe,  Moselle, 
and  Vosges.  It  abounds  in  all  sorts  of  corn,  wine, 
hemp,  flax,  and  rape-seed. 

Lorraine,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  S.  E 
Sackett's  Harbour.     Pop.  1,727. 

Lossiemouth ,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Murray 
shire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lossie,  7  m.  N 
E.  of  Elgin,  of  which  it  is  the  port. 

Lost  Creek,  a  township  of  Miami  Co.  Ohio. 

Lot,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the  de- 

Eartment  of  Lozere,  begins  to  be  navigable  at  Ca- 
ors,  and  enters  the  Garonne  near  Aiguillon. 

Lot,  a  department  of  France,  consisting  of  the 
former  district  ofQuercy,in  Guienne.  It  takes 
its  name  from  the  river  Lot,  which  crosses  it  from 
E.  to  W.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Correze,  E. 
by  Cantal  and  Aveyron,  S.  by  Tarn-et  Garonne, 
and  W.  by  Lot-et-Garonne  and  Dordogne. 
Its  pastures  feed  numerous  flocks,  which  consti- 
tute a  great  part  of  the  commerce.  The  climate 
is  mild  and  healthy  ;  and  the  soil,  consisting  of 
fat  rich  earth,  is  cultivated  with  horses,  and  yields 
more  than  sufficient  for  its  population,  estimated 
at  275,296.     Cahors  is  the  capital. 

Lot-et-Garonne,  a  department  of  France,  inclu- 
ding part  of  the  former  province  of  Guienne, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Dordogne,  E.  by  Tarn-et- 
Garonne,  S.  by  Gers,  and  W.  by  Landes  and  the 
Gironde.  It  has  its  name  from  the  rivers  Lot  and 
Garonne.  Its  pastures  are  but  indifferent,  and 
artificial  meadows  are  little  known.  The  land, 
being  much  covered  with  heath,  is  cultivated  with 
oxen  ;  and  a  large  proportion  of  the  department 
is  incapable  of  cultivation,  consisting  of  rugged 
hills  or  sandy  deserts.     Agen  is  the  capital. 

Lotinbiere,  a  seignitory  of  Buckingham  Co.  L. 
C.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  40  ra. 
above  Quebec. 

Lothian.  See  Haddingtonshire,  Edinburghshire, 
and  Linlithgowshire. 

Loudeac,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cotes 
du  Nord,  25  m.  S.  of  St  Brieux. 

London,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of  Virginia, 
on  the  Potomac,  adjoining  Fairfax,  Berkley, 
and  Fauquier  counties.  It  is  about 50  m.in  length 
and  20  in  breadth.  Pop.  21,938.  Leesburg  is  the 
chief  town. 

Loudon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vien- 
ne,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Poitiers. 

Loudon,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  Merrimack,  45  m.  N.  W.  Portsmouth. 
Pop.  1 ,642 ;  also  a  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Pa.  63  m.  S. 
W.  Harrisburg. 

Loudonvilie,  p.t.  Richland  Co.  Ohio. 

Loughborough,  a    township  in   Frontenac   Co. 

u.c. 


Loughborough,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eug. 
It  has  a  large  church,  with  a  handsome  lower, 
seven  meeting-houses  for  dissenters;  also  a  free 
grammar  school,  and  a  charity  school.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  those  of  cotton  spinning,  lace, 
and  hosiery.  By  means  of  the  Loughborough 
canal,  the  river,  and  rail-roads,  it  carries  on  a 
brisk  trade  particularly  in  coals.  Many  of  the 
houses  have  an  old  and  irregular  appearance,  but 
great  improvement  have  lately  taken  place.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Soar,  11  m.  N.  of  Leicester, 
and  109  N.  N.  W.  London. 

Loughrea,  a- town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Galway,  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  15  m.  S. 
W.  of  Galway. 

Loti/fflTis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Saone,  situate  on  a  kind  of  island  between 
the  rivers  Seilles.  Vaillere,  and  Solman,  18  m.  S. 
E.  of  Chalons. 

Louisa,  a  county  of  tlie  E.  district  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  16,151  ;  also  a  p.v.  Lawrence  Co.  Ken.  180 
m.  E.  Frankfort. 

Louis,  Fort,  an  important  barrier  fortress  of 
France,  in  Alsace,  on  the  Rhine,  12  m.  E.  of 
Haguenau. 

Louis,  St.  an  island  of  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Senegal,  witiia  fort,  built  by  the  French. 
It  was  taken  in  1758  by  the  English,  and  ceded 
to  them  in  1763.  In  the  American  war,  it  was 
taken  by  the  French,  and  kept  by  them  after  the 
peace  of  1783.  It  is  flat,  sandy  and  barren.  Long. 
16.  15.  W.,  lat.  16.  0.  N. 

Louis,  St.  a  sea-port  and  fortress  of  St.  Domingo, 
on  the  S.  W.  coast,  at  the  head  of  a  bay  of  its 
name.  The  exports  are  coffee,  cotton,  and  indigo, 
70  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Port  au  Prince.  Long.  73.  32. 
W.,  lat.  18.  16.  N.  • 

Louis,  Fort,  an  importaiA  barrier  fortress  in 
the  N.  E.  of  France,  consrracted  by  Vauban  in 
1686;  on  an  island  in  the  Rhine.  12.  m.  E. 
Haguenau.  « 

Louis  lie  Ramsay,  seiginory,  Richelieu  Co.  Low- 
er Canada. 

Louisiade,  an  archipelago  in  the  eastern  seas, 
lying  S.  E.  of  New  Guinea,  and  extending 
about  400  m.  in  length,  by  about  160  in  breadth. 
The  centre  lies  nearly  under  10.  S.  lat.  and 
152.  25.  E.  long. 

Z,om/5,  Si.  a  lake   of  N.  America,  formed  by  the 

i 'unction  of  the  Ottawa  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
t  is  12  m.  long  and  6  broad. 

Louis,  St.  a  river  N.  America,  which  has  its 
source  near  the  eastern  head  waters  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  falls  into  lake  Superior,  on  the  west 
shore.  It  is  navigable  150  m.  Long.  91.  52.  W., 
lat.  46.  44.  N. 

Louis  de  Maranham,  St.,  r  sea-port  of  Brazil 
capital  of  the  island  of  Maranham,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  the  residenc«  of 
a  captain  general,  and  contains  a  custom-house 
and  treasury.  The  churches  and  convents  are 
numerous,  and  the  houses,  though  only  one  sto- 
ry high,  are  many  of  them  neat.  The  hai+)our  is 
tolerably  large,  but  the  entranc*-  is  difficult.  It 
stands  on  the  E.  side  of  the  river  Mearim,  near 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  hono.  43.  37.  W.,  lat.  2. 
30.  S. 

LoMtsa ,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  on  a  bay 
of  the  gulf  of  Finland,  30  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Hef- 
singfors. 

Louisburg,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Cape 
Breton,  with  a  citadel,  and  an  excellent  harbour, 
nearly  four  leagues  in  circumference.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  English  in  1745,  restored  to  the  French 


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460 


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in  1748,  taken  by  the  English  in  1758,  and  ceded 
to  them  in  1763.  The  chief  source  of  trade  is  the 
cod-fishery.      Long.    59.   55.    W.,    lat.   45.    54. 

Louiaburg,T).t.  Franklin  Co.  N.  C.  on  Tar 
river,  23  m.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

Louisiana,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  the  territory  of  Arkansas  and  the  State  of 
Mississippi,  E.  by  Mississippi,  S.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  W.  by  the  Mexican  province  of  Tex- 
as. It  extends  from  29.  to  33.  N.  lat.  and  from 
89.  to  94.  W.  long,  and  contains  48,220  square 
miles.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Mississippi,  Red 
iind  Washita  rivers  and  many  inferior  streams ; 
the   western  limit  is  wa.slied  by  the  Sabine. 

Three  quarters  of  this  state  are  without  an  ele- 
vation, that  can  properly  be  called  a  hill.  The 
pine  woods  generally  have  a  surface  of  a  very 
particular  character,  rising  into  fine  swells,  with  ta- 
ble surfaces  on  the  summit,  and  valleys  from  thir- 
ty to  forty  feet  deep.  But  they  are  withoutany  par- 
ticular range,  and  like  the  waves  of  a  high  and  reg- 
ular sea.  The  alluvial  soil  of  course  is  level,  and 
the  swamps,  which  are  onlv  inundated  alluvions, 
are  dead  flats.  A  range  of  hills  commences  in  gentle 
elevations  in  Opelousas,  rises  gradually  and  diver- 
ges towards  the  Sabine.  In  the  vicinity  of  Natchi- 
toches it  preserves  a  distance, intermediate  between 
the  Sabine  and  Red  rivers,and  continues  to  increase 
in  elevation  to  the  western  parts  of  the  state.  Seen 
from  the  pine  hills  above  Natchitoches,  tiiey  have 
in  the  distance,  the  blue  outline,  and  the  general 
aspect  of  a  range  of  mountains.  Another  line  of 
hills,  not  far  from  Alexandria,  commences  on  the 
north  side  of  Red  river,  and  separating  between  the 
waters  of  that  river  and  Dugdemony,  unites  with 
another  line  of  singular  shaped  mamelle  hills, 
that  bound  the  alluvions  of  the  Washita,  as 
bluffs,  gradually  diwrging  from  that  river  as  they 
pass  beyond  the  western  limits  of  the  state. 
That  very  remote  part  of  the  parish  of  Natchito- 
ches, called  Allen's  settlement,  is  a  high  and  roll- 
ing country.  There  are  also  considerable  hills 
•)eyond  the  Mississippi  alluvions  east  of  that 
"iver.  But,  generally  speaking,  Louisiana  may 
)e  considered  as  one  immense  plain,  divided,  as 
feepects  its  surface,  into  pine  woods,  prairies,  al- 
luvions, swamps,  and   hickory  and  oak  lands. 

The  pine  woods  are  general) v  rolling;  some- 
times, but  not  often  level.  They  have  almost 
■n variably  a  poor  soil.  The  greater  proportion 
of  the  prairies  is  second  rate  land.  Some  of  those 
west  of  Opelousas,  and  between  Washita  and  Red 
river  are  even  sterile.  Some  parts  of  the  prairies 
of  Opelousas  are  of  great  fertility,  and  those  of 
Attakapas  still  more  so.  As  a  general  fact,  they 
are  more  level,  than  those  of  the  upper  country. 
A  large  belt  of  these  prairies  neartlie  gulf  is  low, 
marshy,  and  in  rainy  weather  inundated.  A 
very  considerable  extent  of  them  has  a  cold  clayey 
soil,  with  a  hard  crust  near  the  surface.  In  other 
places  the  soil  is  of  inky  blackness,  and  disposed 
in  the  hot  and  dry  season  to  crack  in  fissures  of 
a  size  Ij  admit  a  man's  arm. 

The  bottoms  are  generally  rich,  but  in  very 
different  degrees.  Those  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Red  river,  and  the  bayous  connected  with  those 
streams,  are  more  fertile  and  productive,  than  the 
streams  west  of  them,  and  between  them  and  the 
Sabine.  The  fertility  of  the  richer  bottoms  of  the 
Mississippi  and  Red  river  is  sufficiently  attested 
by  the  prodigious  growth  of  the  timber,  the  lux- 
uriance, size  and  rankness  of  the  cane,  and  the 
•otton.  th«  tangles  of  vines  and  creepers,  the  as- 


stonishing  size  of  the  weeds,  and  the  strength  of 
vegetation  in  general. 

The  most  fertile  district  of  Louisiana  is  a  belt 
of  land  called  the  coast  lying  along  the  Mississip- 
pi in  the  neighbourhood  of  New  Orleans.  It  con- 
sists of  that  part  of  the  bottom  or  alluvion  of  the 
Mississippi,  which  commences  with  the  first  cul- 
tivation above  the  Balize,  about  forty  miles  below 
New  Orleans  and  extends  150  m.  above  the  city. 
This  belt,  on  each  side  of  the  river,  Is  secured  by 
an  embankment  called  a  levee,  from  six  to  eight 
feet  in  height,  and  sufficiently  broad,  for  the  most 
part  to  furnish  a  fine  high  way. — The  river  in  or- 
dinary inundations  would  cover  the  greater  part 
of  this  belt  from  two  to  six  feet  in  depth.  It  is 
from  one  to  two  miles  in  width,  and  perhaps  a 
richer  tract  of  land  in  the  same  extent  can  not  be 
found  on  the  globe.  The  levee  extends  some- 
thing higher  on  the  west,  than  on  the  east  side 
of  the  river.  Above  the  levee  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  river  are  the  parishes  of  Baton  Rouge,  and 
East  and  West  Feliciana.  The  latter  parish  re 
ceived  its  name  from  its  pleasant  surface  of  fertile 
hills  and  valleys,  and  its  union  of  desirable  cir- 
cumstances for  a  planting  country.  This  parish 
presents  a  spectacle, very  uncommon  in  this  coun- 
try ;  the  hills  are  covered  with  laurels,  and  for- 
est trees,  that  denote  the  richest  soils  and  which 
are  uncommonly  productive.  Here  are  some  of  the 
richest  planters  and  best  plantations  in  the  state. 
The  mouth  of  Bayou  Sarah,  the  point  of  ship- 
ment for  this  region,  sends  great  quantities  of 
cotton  to  New  Orleans.  Some  of  the  plantations 
on  this  Bayou  have  from  five  to  eight  hundred 
acres  under  cultivation,  worked  by  a  large  num- 
ber of  hands. 

West  of  the  Mississippi,  the  Bayous  Lafourche 
and  Placquemine,  effluxes,  or  outlets  from  the 
Mississippi,  have  the  same  conformation  of  banks 
and  the  same  qualities  of  soil  with  the  parent 
stream;  and,  where  not  inundated,  are  equally 
fertile.  The  sugar  cane  thrives  as  well  upon  , 
their  banks.  No  inconsiderable  portion  of  Atta- 
kapam  is  of  great  fertility,  as  are  smaller  portions 
of  Opelousas,  which  is,  however,  more  generally 
adapted  to  become  a  grazing  country.  TheTeche, 
which  meanders  through  Opelousas  and  Attaka- 
pas has  generally  a  very  fertile  alluvion,  the  low- 
er courses  of  which  are  embellished  with  fine 
plantations  of  the  sugar  cane.  On  the  Atchafal- 
aya  the  lands  are  rich,  but  too  generally  inun-  , 
dated.  The  Courtableau,  running  through  Ope- 
lousJis,  has  probably  as  rich  a  soil,  as  is  to  be  found  ^ji 
m  that  parish.  Approaching  Red  River  from 
Opelousas,  by  Bayou  Boeuf,  we  find  on  that 
bayou  a  soil,  which  some  consider  the  richest 
cotton  land  in  Louisiana.  Ba3^ou  Rouge  has  also 
a  fine  soil,  though  it  is  as  yet  principally  in  a 
state  of  nature.  Bayou  Robert,  still  nearer  to 
Red  river,  is  of  extraordinary  fertility,  and  the  cane 
brake  along  its  bank  is  of  astonishing  luxuriance. 
Bayou  Rapide,  which  gives  name  to  the  parish, 
through  which  it  runs,  is  a  beautiful  tract  of  land  : 
and  the  belt  on  either  bank  is  laid  out  along  its 
whole  course  in  fine  cotton  plantations. 

The  bottoms  of  Red  river  itself  are  well  known, 
as  having  a  soil  of  extraordinary  fertility  :  and 
the  lower  courses  of  this  river  constitute  the 
paradise  of  cotton  planters.  The  colour  of  the 
soil  is  of  a  darkish  red,  and  appears  to  derive  its 
great  fertility  from  a  portion  of  salt  intimately 
mixed  with  it,  and  from  its  peculiar  friability. 
It  derives  its  red  colour  from  red  oxide  of  iron. 
It  is  a  wide  and  deep  valley,  covered,  while  in 


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461 


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a  state  of  nature,  with  a  dark  and  heavy  foresi 
Its  soil  has  been  accumulating  for  unknown  ages 
from  the  spoils  of  the  Mexican  mountains,  and 
the  vast  prairies  through  which  it  rolls  in  its  up- 
per courses.  All  the  bayous  of  Red  river,  and 
they  are  numerous  almost  beyond  computation, 
partake  of  the  character  of  the  main  river. 

Vast  extents  of  marsh   interpose  between   the 
sea  and  the  cultivable  lands.     The  lakes  and  in. 
lets  and  sounds  are  connected  by  an  inextricable 
tissue  of  communications  and  passes  accessible  by 
small  vessels  and  bay  craft,  and  impossible  to  be 
navigated  except  by   pilots,   perfectly  acquainted 
with  the  waters.     tThe  shore  is  indented  by  num- 
berless small  ba}-s,very  few  of  them  affording  suf 
ficient  water  to  shelter  vessels.     Berwick's  bay 
is  the  only  one  that  has  any   considerable  extent. 
A  very  great  proportion  of  the  surface  of  this 
state  is  covered  with  prairies.     Almost  all  these 
prairies  are  connected,  and  form,  like  the  waters 
of  the   Mississippi,  a  family,  through  which  the 
connection  of  all   the    branches  may  be   traced. 
The  prairies,  that  are  included  under  the  general 
name  of  Attakapas,  are  the  first,  that  occur  west 
of  the   Mississippi.     The   parish  of  Attakapas  is 
situated    in    these    prairies.     The    name    implies 
*  man  eater,'  in  the  language  of  the    savages  who 
formerly  inhabited   it,  and   who  are  reported  to 
have  been  cannibals.     It  is  an  immense  plain  of 
gra8s,spreading  from  the  Atchafalaya  on  the  north 
to  the    gulf  on  the  south.     Its  contents  are  com- 
monly stated  at  5,000  square  miles.      But  it   is 
thought   this   computation  is  too    large.      Being 
open  to  the  gulf,  it  is  generally  fanned  by  the 
refreshing  breezes  of  that  sea.     Its  aspect  of  ex- 
treme fertility,  its  boundless  plain  of  grrss,    its 
cheering  views,  its  dim  verdant  outline,  mingling 
with  the  blue  of  the  sea,  white  houses  seen  in  the 
distance,  innumerable  cattle  and  horses  grazing 
in  the   plain,  or  reposing  here  and  there  under 
the  shade  of  its  wooded  points,  has  an  indescriba- 
ble pleasantness  to  the  traveller,  who  has  been 
toiling  on  his  way  through  the  tangle,  and  the 
Bwamps,  and  along  the  stagnant  lakes,  and  the 
dark  and   deep  forest  of  the   Mississippi  bottom. 
All  at  once  he  leaves  the  stifling  air,  the  musche- 
toes,  the  rank  cane,  the  annoying  nettles,  and  the 
dark  brown  shade,  and  emerges  into  this  noble 
and  cheerful  plain,  and  feels  the  cool  and  salu- 
brious breeze  of  the  gulf. 

Opelousas  prairie  is  still  larger  than  tne  other, 
and  computed  to  contain  nearly  8,000  sq.  m.  It  is 
divided  by  bayous,  wooded  grounds,  points  and 
bends,  and  other  natural  boundaries,  into  a  num- 
ber of  prairies,  which  have  separate  names  and 
marks  of  distinction.  Taken  in  its  whole  ex- 
tent, it  is  bounded  by  the  Attakapas  prairie  on 
the  east,  pine  woods  and  hills  on  the  north,  the 
Sabine  on  the  west,  and  the  gulf  on  the  south. 
The  soil,  though  in  many  places  very  fertile,  is 
in  general  less  so  than  the  former.  It  atones 
for  that  deficiency  by  being  more  salubrious,  be- 
ing generally  deemed  the  healthiest  region  in  the 
state.  There  are  here  considerable  cotton  planta- 
tions, and  some  of  indigo  ;  and  the  parish  which 
bears  its  name,  is  one  of  the  most  populous  in 
the  state.  The  people  of  the  other  parish  are  de- 
voted to  the  growth  of  the  sugar  cane.  This  is 
the  centre  of  the  land  of  shepherds,  and  the  par- 
adise of  those  who  deal  in  cattle.  The  greater 
number  of  the  people  are  chiefly  devoted  to  that 
employment  and  they  number  their  cattle  by 
thousands. 
Bellevu*  prairie  ia  partly  in  Opelousas.  partly 


in  Attakapas.  Calcasiu  and  Sabine  prairies  are 
names  that  designate  the  different  forms,  shapes 
and  openings  of  this  continuous  line  of  prairies, 
as  it  stretches  along  the  settlements  from  the  Plac- 
quemine  to  the  Sabine. 

Some  of  them,  as   Opelousas,  are  of  immense 
extent.     That  of  the  Sabine  is  boundless  to  the 
vision.    Calcausiu  is  seventy  miles  long  by  twen- 
ty wide.     They  are  generally  so  level,  as  to  strike 
the  eye  as  a  perfect  plain.    They  have,  however, 
slight  swells  and  declinations,  sufficient  to  carry 
the  water  from  them.       Though  after  long  rains 
they  are  extremely    wet,  and  immense  tracts  are 
covered   with    water.     They  have    a  gentle  and 
imp>erceptible  slope  towards  the  gulf,  and  gener- 
ally   terminate,  before  they   reach    the   shore,  in 
wet   marshes,  into  which,  when  the  south  wind 
blows,  the  sea  is  driven.    These  marshes  are  cov- 
ered with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  tall,  reedy  grass, 
called  cane  grass. — In  various  parts  of  these  pra- 
iries, there  are   islands  of  timbered  lands.     They 
generally  have  an  appearance  of  such  regularity 
and  beauty,  that  a  stranger  is  with  difficulty  con- 
vinced, that  they  are  not  clumps  of  trees,  planted 
out  in  circular,  square,  or  triangular  form  for  the 
beauty  of  their  appearance.     It  would  be  impossi- 
ble to  convey  to  one,  who  has  not  felt  it,  an  idea 
of  the   effect  produced  by  one  of  these  circular 
clumps  of  trees,  seeming  a  kind  of  t')wer  of  ver- 
dure,rising  from  an  ocean  of  grass.  Wherever  a  ba- 
you, or  a  stream  crosses  the  prairie,  it  is  marked 
with  a  fringe  of  timber,  which  strikes  the  eye  of  an 
observer,  like  the  lines  of  trees  in  landscape  paint- 
ing. All  the  rivers,  lakes  and  bayous  of  Uiis  State 
abound  with  alligators.      On  Red  river  before  it 
was  navigated  by  steamboats  it  was  not  uncommon 
to  see  hundreds  at  a  time  along  the  shores  or  oq 


the  immense  rafts  of  floating  or  stranded  timber^ 
groaning  or  uttering  their  bellowing  noises  like 
thousands  of  furious  bulls  about  to  fight,  and  hud 
dling  together  so  closely  that  the  smaller  ones 
would  get  upon  the  backs  of  the  larger.  At  one 
period  thousands  of  them  were  killed  for  the  sake 
of  their  skins  which  were  made  into  leather  for 
shoes,  boots,  &«.  But  it  was  found  that  this 
leather  was  not  sufficiently  fine  and  close  grained 
to  keep  out  the  water.  The  alligators,  are  some- 
times 12  and  15  feet  in  length,  and  are  found  in 
all  the  states  south  of  North  Carolina. 

The  climate  of  Louisiana  is  hot  and  moist.  In 
summer  it  is  extremely  unhealthy,  especially  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  marshy  spots  It  is  how- 
ever favourable  to  almost  every  vegetable  pro- 
duction of  warm  countries.  Here  flourish  the 
sugar  cane,  orange,  lemon,  cotton-plant,  to- 
bacco, rice,  maize,  sweet  potato,  &^  Sugar 
and  cotton  are  the  staple  articles  of  cultivation. 
The  sugar  cane  is  principally  raised  upon  that  tract 
called  the  coast,  upon  the  shores  of  the  gulf,  and 
upon  the  bayous  of  the  Mississippi.  The  capital 
invested  in  sugar  estates  was  estimated  in  1828  at 
45.000,000  dollars  :  the  produce  of  sugar  for  the 
2q2 


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462 


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•ame  year,  was  88,878,000  pounds.  The  com- 
merce of  the  state  consists  in  the  exportation  of 
these  products,  and  a  great  variety  of  others 
fcrought  down  the  Mississippi  from  thi»  western 
states.  New  Orleans  is  the  centre  of  commerce 
for  the  state.  The  imports  for  1829  were  vahied 
at  6,857,209  dollars;  the  exports  of  domestic  pro- 
duce at  10,898,183  dollars;  total  exports  12,386,- 
060.  The  shipping  of  the  state  in  1828  amounted 
to  51 ,903  tons.  The  pop.  is  215.575.  of  whom 
109,631  are  slaves. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  state  consist  of  remnants 
of  th«  former  Spanish  and  French  possessors  m- 
termixed  with  Americans.  The  French  are  very 
numerous  and  exhibit  in  their  manners  the  cus 
tomary  gaiety  and  volatility  of  that  nation.  This 
is  one  of  the  few  states  in  the  Union  where  the 
slaves  exceed  the  freemen.  The  Catholics  are 
the  most  numerous  religious  sect ;  they  have 
above  20  parishes  in  the  state.  The  Baptists  have 
14  ministers;  the  Methodists  6;  the  Presbyterians 
5,  and  the  Episcopalians  3.  The  state  is  divi- 
ded into  the  Eastern  and  Western  Districts,  which 
are  subdivided  into  31  parishes.  New  Orleans  is 
the  seat  of  government.  The  Legislature  is  styl 
ed  the  General  Assembly,  a.nd  consists  of  a  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives.  The  senators  are 
chosen  for  4  years  and  the  Representatives  for  2. 
The  Governor  is  chosen  for  4  years,  and  is  elect- 
ed by  the  legislature  from  the  highest  two  previ- 
ously voted  for  by  the  people.  Suffrage  is  univer- 
sal. There  are  colleges  in  this  state  at  Jackson, 
and  New  Orleans,  but  general  education  has  re- 
ceived littl^  care. 

This  state  consists  of  the  Southern  part  of  the 
extensive  country  purchased  by  the  United  States 
from  France  in  1803  for  15,000,000  dollars.  It 
was  first  settled  by^the  French,  and  afterwards 
occupied  by  the  Spanish,  but  subsequently  came 
again  into  the  hands  of  the  French.  Louisiana 
under  its  present  limits  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  in  1812. 

Louisiana,  p. v.  Pike  Co.  Missouri,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi.  96  m.  N   W.  St.  Louis. 

Louisville,  p.t.  Jelferson  Co.  Kentucky,  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Ohio,  at  the  falls.  This  is  a 
busy  and  flourishing  town,  situated  upon  a  slop 
ing  plain  at  the  junction  of  Beargrass  Creek  with 
the  Ohio.  The  chief  declivity  of  the  falls  begins 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the  town.  The  three 
principal  streets  run  parallel  with  the  river,  and 
command  a  pleasant  view  of  the  opposite  shore. 
The  streets  are  paved  with  blocks  of  lime-stone. 
The  buildings  are  mostly  of  brick.  The  town  has 
considerable  manufactures  and  a  thriving  river 
trade.  Pop.  10,352. 

Louisville  and  Portland  Canal,  passes  round  tne 
falls  of  the  Ohio,  through  the  town  above  men- 
tioned to  Portland  below.  It  is  2  m.  in  length 
and  is  cut  through  a  limestone  rock.  It  has  sever- 
al locks  which  overcome  a  descent  of  24  feet. 
It  admits  the  passage  of  the  largest  steam-boats 
and  thus  opens  a  line  of  free  navigation  from 
Pittsburg  to  the  sea.  This  canal  was  finished  in 
1831. 

Louisville,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  on  tne 
St.  Lawrence,  30  m.  below  Ogdensburg.  Pop. 
1,076.  Also  a  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Geo.  50.  m.  S. 
W.  Augusta. 

Louistown,  a  village  in  Talbot  Co.  Maryland. 
Louis,  St.  a  county  of  Missouri,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi. Pop.  14,907. 

Louis,  St.  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  and 
the  chi«f  eoramercial  town  in  the  state   of  Mis 


souri,  stands  on  the  Mississippi,  18  below  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri,  on  a  gently  rising  ground 
and  is  accessible  by  steam-boats  from  New 
Orleans  at  the  lowest  stages  of  the  water .  The 
town  was  founded  by  the  French  from  Canada 
m  17G4  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  are  still 
French.  Here  is  a  Catholic  college  and  cathe- 
dral. A  considerable  part  of  the  western  fur-trade 
centres  here,  and  the  town  is  otherwise  well  situ- 
ated for  commerce.  The  passage  to  New  Orleans  is 
1,200  m.  by  the  river,  and  there  are  6  steam-boats 
constantly  plying  between  these  two  places. 
There  are  also  the  same  number  constantly  running 
between  this  place  and  Louisville,  besides  others 
to  different  places.  The  town  is  regularly  k.d 
out  and  extends  2  m.  along  the  river.  Pop.  5,85^. 
Lat.  38,26.  N.,  long.  89.  56.  W. 

Louie,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva,  sur- 
rounded by  antique  walls,  and  seated  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Faro. 

Lou-ngan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Chan-si,  situate  near  the  source 
of  the  Qneyho,  270  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
116.  56.  E.,  lat.  31.  46.  N. 

Lourde,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Pyrenees,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Bagneres. 

Louristan,  a  mountainous  but  fertile  district, 
of  Irak,  in  Persia,  bordering  upon  Khusistan.  It 
is  abundantly  watered,  and  the  pastures  are  most 
luxuriant,  but  agriculture  is  quite  neglected. 
The  inhabitants  are  a  barbarous  and  independent 
race,  and  reside  always  in  tents.  The  only  town 
is  Korumabad. 

LoM<A,  a  corporate  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng. 
with  manufactures  of  blankets  and  carpets,  and 
also  a  large  soap  manufactory.  Here  is  a  noble 
Gothic  church,  with  a  lofty  spire ;  also  five  meet- 
ing-houses for  dissenters,  a  free  school,  founded 
by  Edward  VI.,  and  another  founded  in  1677.  It 
has  a  navigation,  by  means  of  the  river  Lud,  and 
a  canal,  to  the  German  Ocean,  at  Tetney  Creek. 
28  m.  N.  E.  of  Lincoln,  and  141  N.  of  London. 
Louth,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Leinster,  27  m.  long  and  18  broad ;  bounded  on 
,he  N.  by  Armagh  and  Carlingford  Bay,  E. 
by  the  Irish  Sea,  W.  by  Monaghan  and  E.  Meath, 
and  S.  by  E.  Meath,  from  which  it  is  parted  by 
the  river  Boyne.  It  is  a  fertile  country,  contains 
61  parishes,  with  about  101,000  inhabitants,  and 
sends  two  members  to  parliament. 

Louth,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  the 
same  name,  containing  the  ruins  of  an  ancient 
abbey,  founded  by  St.  Patrick,  18  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Drogheda. 

LoMZr6,  a  village  m  Montgomery  Co.  Missouri. 
Louvain,  a  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Bra- 
bant, with  an  old  castle,  and  a  celebrated  universi- 
ty. Its  walls  are  nearly  9  m.  in  circumference, 
but  within  them  are  many  gardens  and  vineyards. 
The  churches,  convents,  and  public  buildings  are 
magnificent.  Large  quantities  of  cloth  were 
formerly  made  here,  but  this  trade  is  decayed, and 
the  town  is  now  chiefly  noted  for  good  beer.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746,  1792,  and  1704 
and  is  seated  on  the  Doyle,  14  m.  E.  by  N.  of. 
Brussels,  and  20.  S.  S.  E.  of  Antwerp.  Loner-  4 
41.  E.,  lat.  50.  53.  N. 

Louviers,  a  handsome  town  of  France,  nepart- 
ment  of  Eure,  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
fine  cloths.  It  is  seated  on  the  Eure,  10  m.  N.  of 
Evreux,  and  55  N.  W.  of  Paris. 

Louvres,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise,  14  m.  N.  of  Pari*  . 


L02 


463 


LW3 


Lovell,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  62  m.  N.  W.  Port- 
and.  Pop.  14,508. 

Lovinvton,  p.v.  Nelson  Co.  Va.  110  m.  N.  W. 
Richmond. 

Lowcnstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtem- 
ber<r,  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  9  m. 
£.  §■  E.  of  lieilbrunn.and  33  N.N.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Lowcnstein,  a  fort  and  ancient  castle  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  the  province  of  Guclderland,  situ- 
ated at  the  W.  end  of  the  island  of  Bomnielwert. 
In  this  castle,  in  1618,  Hugo  Grotius  was  confin- 
ed, and  after  three  years  imprisonment  was  con- 
veyed away  by  a  stratagem  of  his  wife,  in  a  re- 
turned box  used  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
books.     It  is  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Rotterdam. 

Lowcstot.  a  town  of  Suffolk,  Eng.  Its  church 
IS  a  fine  Gothic  building  ;  and  it  has  beside  a 
chapel  of  ease,  several  dissenting  meeting-hou- 
ses, and  two  grammar  schools.  The  chief  trade 
is  in  the  mackerel  and  herring  fisheries  ;  and  it 
is  much  frequented  for  sea-bathing.  Here  are 
forts  and  batteries  for  protecting  ships  in  the 
roads.  The  coast  being  dangerous,  here  are  two 
iight-houses,  and  a  floating  light  was  stationed 
offthis  port  in  1815.  It  stands  on  a  clifi",  the 
most  easterly  point  of  Graat  Britain,  10  m.  S. 
of  Yarmouth,  and  114  N.  E.  of  London.  Long.  1. 
44.  E.,  lat.  52.  29.  N. 

Lotces-ioater,  a  lake  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  one 
mile  long  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad.  It  is  of 
no  great  depth,  but  abounds  with  pike  and  perch. 
In  opposition  to  all  the  other  lakes,  it  has  its 
course  from  N.  to  S.,  and  under  the  lofty  Mell- 
break,  runs  into  the  N.  end  of    Cromach-water. 

Lawkill,  a  township  in  Lehigh  Co.  Pa.  12  m. 
N.  W.  Allentown. 

Lowell,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Merri- 
mack, 25  m.  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  6,474.  This 
place  has  grown  up  within  a  few  years  by  means 
of  its  manufactures,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most 
important  manufacturing  towns  in  the  United 
States.  It  has  the  waters  of  the  Merrimack  at 
command,  with  a  fall  of  above  30  feet.  The 
largest  manufacturing  establishments  in  the  coun- 
try are  at  this  place  ;  they  belong  to  8  or  10  differ- 
ent companies.  The  town  is  built  with  regularity 
and  is  rapidly  increasing.  For  further  particulars 
of  the  manufactures  of  Lowell,  see  Massachusetts. 

Lower  Smithfidd,  p.v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa.  15 
m.  N.  E.  Easton. 

Loicicz,  a  town  of  Poland,  with  a  strong  fortress, 
jseated  on  the  Bzura,  42  m.  VV.  of  Warsaw. 

Lowositz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Leutmeritz.  In  1756  the  greatest  part  of  it  was 
burnt  in  an  obstinate  engagement  between  the 
Saxons  and  Prussians.  It  is  seated  on  the  Egra, 
5  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Leutmeritz. 

Lowfkersville,  p.v.  Lewis  Co.  Va.  365  m.  N.  W. 
Richmond. 

Lowville,  p.t.  Lewis  Co.  N.  J.  57  m.  N.  Utica. 
Pop.  2,334. 

Loxa.  or  Loja,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
with  a  royal  salt- work,  and  a  copper  forge  ;  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  oa  the  river  Xenil,  28  m.  W. 
of  Granada. 

Loxa,  or  iMJa,  a  town  of  Quito,  capital  ot  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  famous  for  producing 
fine  Jesuits'  bark  and  cochineal.  Carpets  of  re- 
markable fineness  are  manufactured  here,  but  the 
town  is  much  decayed.  It  stands  at  the  head  of 
a  N.  W.  branch  of  the  Amazon,  150  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Paita.     Long.  78.  16.  W.,  lat.  4.  5.  S 

LoyaLstock  p.t.  Lycomino  Co.  Pa. 

Lozere.  a  department  of  France,  corresponding 


to  the  ancient  Gevaudan.  ft  is  a  monntainou*, 
barren  country,  and  receives  its  name  from  the 
principal  ridge  of  mountains.  Mende  is  the 
capital. 

Lu,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Piedmont, 
8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Alexandria. 

Luarca,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Austria,  near  the 
sea-coast,  23  m.  N.  W.  of  Oviedo. 

Lubar,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  government  of 
Volhynia,  with  3,000  inhabitants. 

Lubau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  30  m.  N 
W.  of  Glatz. 

Lubben,  a  town  of  Lower  Lusatia,  seated  on 
the  Spree,  in  a  swampy  country,  50  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Berlin.     Long.  13.  55.  E.,  lat,  52.  0.  N. 

Labec,  a  free  city  and  sea-port  of  Germany  ad- 
joining the  ducy  of  Holstein.  It  was  the  head 
of  the  famous  Hanseatic  league,  formed  nere  in 
1164,  and  the  most  commercial  city  of  the  north  ; 
but  great  part  of  its  trade  is  transferred  to  Ham- 
burg. The  city  is  surrounded  with  walls,  which 
are  planted  with  rows  of  trees,  but  the  other  de- 
fences were  demolished  by  the  French,  to  whom 
it  was  surrendered  in  1806.  The  houses  are  built 
of  stone  in  a  very  ancient  style.  The  town-house 
is  a  superb  structure,  and  has  several  towerci. 
There  is  also  a  fine  council-house,  and  an  ex- 
change. The  inhabitants  are  Lutherans.  There 
are  four  large  churches,  besides  the  cathedral 
The  trade  consists  in  the  export  of  corn  from  the 
adjoining  country  and  the  import  of  articles  for 
consumption  ;  and  the  manufactures,  which  are 
on  a  small  scale,  comprise  woolen,  silks,  cotton, 
tobacco,  soap,  white  lead,  copper,  &c.  Lubec  is 
seated  on  the  Travc,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  the  Baltic, 
and  35  N.  E.  of  Hamburg.  Long.  10.  49.  E.,  lat 
53.  52.  N. 

Lubec,  an  islana  m  the  Indian  Ocean,  near  thfi 
island  of  Madura.  Long.  112.  22.  E.,  lat.  5.  50. 
S. 

Lubec,  a  sea-port  of  Maine,  in  Washington 
county,  situated  on  a  peninsula,  on  the  W.  side 
of  Passamaquoddj'  Bay,  365  m.  E.  of  Boston.  It 
was  founded  in  1815,  and  is  now  a  handsome 
and  flourshing  town.    Pop.  1,535. 

Lid)en,a.  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  seated  on  the 
Katzbach,  14  m.  N.  of  Liegnitz. 

Lublenitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Oppeln,  32  m.  E.  of  Oppeln. 

Lublin,  a  city  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  palatinate 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  cit- 
adel. Three  annual  fairs  are  held  here,  each 
lasting  a  month,  which  are  frequented  by  great 
numbers  of  German,  Russian,  Turkish,  and  other 
traders  and  merchants.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bis- 
tricza,  85  m.  S.  E.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  22.  45.  E., 
lat.51.14.  N. 

Lublyo,  a.  town  of  Poland,  palatinate  of  Cracow 
56  m.  S.  E.  of  Cracow. 

Luc,  a  town  of  France,  deoratment  of  Var,  23 
m.  N.  E.   of  Toulon. 

Lucanas,  a  town  of  Peru,  which  gives  name  to 
a  jurisdiction,  containing  rich  silver  mines,  and 
feeding  great  droves  of  cattle.  It  stands  near  one 
of  the  head  branches  of  the  Apurimac,  80  m.  S. 
of  Guamanga. 

Lucar,  Cape  St.  the  S.  E.  end  of  the  peninsula 
of  California.  It  lies  under  the  tropic  of  Capri» 
corn,  in  long.  111.  30.  W. 

Lucar  de  Barramcda,  St.  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  fine  har- 
bour, well  defended,  at  the  mouth  of  the  GuadaX 
quivir,  40  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Seville.  Long.  5.  54, 
W.,  lat.  36.  58.  N 


LUC 


464 


LUD 


Lvtar  de  Gtuidiana,  St.,ti  strong  town  of  Spain, 
in  Andalusia,  on  the  river  Guadiana,  76  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Seville.     Long.  7.  18.  W.,  lat.  37.  28. 

Lucayo  Islands.     See  Bahama. 

Lucca,  a  duchy  of  Itiily,  lying  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  gulf  of  Genoa.  It  is  bounded  by  Tuscany, 
Modena,  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  contains 
about  430  square  m.  Much  of  it  is  mountainous, 
but  it  is  well  cultivated,  and  produces  plenty  of 
wine,  oil,  silk,  wool,  and  chestnuts ;  tire  oil,  in 
particular,  is  in  high  esteem.  It  was  formerly  a 
republic,  was  constituted  a  principality  by  Napo- 
leon in  1805,  and  in  1815  erected  mco  a  duchy  by 
the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  given  to  the  infanta 
of  Spain. 

Lucca,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  above 
Juchy,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  nearly 
three  m.  in  circumference,  regularly  fortified,  and 
contains  18,000  inhabitants.  The  state  palace, 
and  the  cathedral  and  other  churches,  are  worthy 
of  notice.  Here  are  considerable  manufactures 
of  silk,  and  gold  and  silver  stuffs.  Lucca  was 
entered  by  the  French  in  1796,  evacuated  in  1799, 
and  re-entered  in  1800  It  is  seated  in  a  fruitful 
plain,  near  the  river  Serchio,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Pisa, 
and  37  W.  of  Florence.  Long.  10.  35.  E.,  lat.  43. 
50.  N. 

Luce,  a  spacious  bay  on  the  S.  coast  of  Scot- 
land, in  Wigtonshire,  lying  E.  of  the  promontory 
called  the  Mull  of  Galloway.  The  river  Luce 
enters  its  N.  E.  extremity,  at  the  town  of  Glen- 
luce. 

Lnccinstei^,  St.,  a  narrow  pass  from  the  country 
of  the  Grisons  into  Germany,  defended  by  a  fort, 
3  m.  N.  of  Mayenfield  ;  which  was  taken  by  gen- 
eral Massena  in  March  1799. 

Luccna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Cordova,  32  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Cordova,  and  42  W.  N.  W.  of  Granada. 

Lucera,  a  city  of  Naples,  capital  of  Capitanata, 
and  a  bishop's  see  The  town  is  small,  but  popu- 
lotts,  and  has  a  manufacture  of  cloth.  It  is  75  m. 
N.  E.  of  Naples.     Long.  15.  34.  E.,  41.  28.  N. 

Lucerna,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  in  a  valley  of  its 
name,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Turin. 

Lucerne,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  containing  a 
superficial  extent  of  740  sq.  m. ;  and  bounded  by 
the  cantons  of  Underwalden,  Schweitz,  and  Zu- 
rich. The  air  is  mild,  and  the  soil  uncommonly 
fertile.  Freedom  and  openness  of  manners  char- 
acterize the  inhabitants,  who  are  Roman  Catho- 
lics, and  computed  at  87,000. 

Lucerne,  the  capital  of  the  above  canton,  is  di- 
vided into  two  parts  by  a  branch  of  the  Reuss, 
which  here  enters  the  lake  of  Lucerne.  It  has 
no  manufactures  of  consequence,  and  little  com- 
merce, the  merchants  being  principally  engaged 
in  the  commission  business,  upon  goods  passing 
between  Italy,  and  Germany,  over  Mount  St. 
Gothard  and  the  Lucerne  Lake.  30  m.  S.  W.  of 
Zurich,  and  43  E.  of  Berne.  Long.  8.  14.  E.,  lat. 
47.  0.  N. 

Lucerne,  or  Waldstadte,  a  lake  of  Switzerland, 
between  the  cantons  of  Underwalden,  Lucerne, 
Schweitz,  and  Uri.  It  consists  of  a  number  of 
detached  parts,  forming  in  a  manner  separate 
lakes.  It  is  the  largest,  as  well  as  the  most  ro- 
mantic lake  in  the  interior  of  Switzerland,  being 
25  m.  long  and  from  2  to  4  broad. 

Luchouj,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of 
Luneburg,  seated  on  the  Jeetze,  36  m.  S.  of  Lu- 
neburg. 

Lucia,  St.,  one  of  the  Carribee  islands,  27  m. 
lon^r  and  12  broad.     It  consists  of  plaing  well  wa- 


tered with  rivulets,  and  hills,  furnished  with  tim- 
ber ;  and  has  several  good  bays  and  commodious 
harbours.  By  the  peace  of  1763,  this  island  was 
allotted  to  France.  In  1803  it  was  taken  by  the 
English,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the  treaty  of 
Pans  in  1814.  There  are  two  high  mountains,  by 
which  this  island  may  be  known  at  a  cousiderable 
distance.  Its  N.  end  is  21  m.  S.  of  Martinique. 
Long.  60.  51.  W.,  lat.  14.  0.  N. 

Lucia,  St.,  one  of  the  Cape  de  Verd  islands,  to 
the  W.  of  that  of  St.  Nicholas.  Long.  24.  32. 
W.,  lat.  16.  45.  N. 

Lucia,  St.,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 

15  m.  W.  of  Messina. 

Lucia,  St.,  a  town  of  Buenos  Ayres,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  30  m.  N.  of  Monle  Video,  and 
340  N.  by  W.  of  Buenos  Ayres.  It  is  also  the 
name  of  several  settlements  in  S.  America,  none 
of  which  require  particular  notice. 

Luciana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  8  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Ecija. 

Lucito,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  11  m 
N.  E.  of  Molise. 

Luckau,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  Lower 
Lusatia.  It  is  seated  in  a  swampy  country,  on 
the  Berste,  55  m.  N.  of  Dresden. 

Luckenwald,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  seated 
on  the  Nute,  32  m.  S.  of  Berlin. 

Luckford,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  W.  of 
Holme,on  the  Luckford, which  falls  into  the  Frome 
and  Torms  the  W.  boundaries  of  Purbeck  Isle. 

Lucknow,  an  ancient  city  of  Hindoostan,  and 
capital  of  Oude.  It  is  large,  but  poorly  built,  and 
the  streets  are  narrow  and  crooked.  The  palace 
of  the  nabob  is  situated  on  a  high  bank  near  the 
Goomty,  and  commands  an  extensive  view  both 
of  that  river  and  the  country  on  the  eastern  side. 
Adjoining  the  palace  is  a  cantonment  of  one  of 
the  East  India  Company's  regiments  of  native 
infantry  ;  and  in  the  vicinity  is  the  dwelling  of 
the  British  resident. 

Luco.  a  town  of  Naples,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
lake  Celano,  9  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Celano. 

Liicon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ven 
dee;  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the  canal  of  Fontenay, 
20  m.  W.  of  Fontenay,  and  50  S.  of  Nanfes. 

Luconia,  or  Manilla,  the  chief  of  the  Philippine 
islands,  400  m.  in  length,  and  100  in  breadth.  It 
is  not  so  hot  as  might  be  expected,  being  well 
watered  by  large  lakes  and  rivers,  and  the  period- 
ical rains,  which  inundate  the  plains.  There  are 
several  volcanoes  in  the  mountains,  which  occa- 
sion earthquakes.  The  produce  is  wax,  cotton, 
indigo,  tobacco,  sugar,  coffee,  wild  cinnamon, 
sulphur,  cocoa-nuts,  rice,  &c.  Gold  is  found  in 
various  parts  of  the  island  ;  and  horses,NbufFaIoes, 
and  a  variety  of  game  abound.  The  inhabitants 
are  for  the  most  part  a  well  disposed  peopie.  and 
before  their  subjugation  were  distributed  into  mud 
villages.  Under  the  tyranny  of  the  Spanish  gov- 
ernment they  have  become  indolent,  and  destitute 
of  energy.  The  interior,  however,  is  occupied 
by  a  savage  race,  whom  the  Spaniards  have  not 
been  able  to  subdue.  They  carry  on  a  small 
traffic  in  gold,  wax,  and  tobacco,  in  exchange  for 
cattle.     Long.  122.  0.  E.,  lat.  15.  0.  N. 

Lucrino.     See  Licola. 

Lucy,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Savoy, 

16  m.  N.  of  Chamberry. 

Ludamar,  a  country  of  Central  Africa,  bounded 
on  the  S.  by  Kaartaand  Bambarra,  and  N.  by  the 
Sahara  or  Great  Desert.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  race 
of  Moors,  who  are  almost  strangers  to  affriculture, 
and  depend  for  subsistence  on  the  reanngr  of  ca% 


Ltri 


465 


LUN 


ile.  In  reli^on  they  are  Mahomedans  of  the 
most  bigoted  and  intolerant  character,  as  was  ful- 
ly proved  in  the  case  of  major  Houghton,who  was 
murdered  here,  and  of  Mr.  Park,  who  was  kept 
in  long  captivity,  and  with  dif5culty  made  his 
escape. 

Ludehaunah,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  ihe  province  of  Dehli,  situated  on  the  S. 
bank  of  the  river  Suttelege.  180  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Dehli. 

Ludencheidj  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia 
with  manufactures  of  iron  and  cloth,  28  m.  W.  £. 
of  Cologne. 

LudershaU,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  It  is 
15  m.  :S.  of  Salisbury,  and  71  N.  by  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Ludlow,  a  borough  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  It  has 
a  castle,  now  ftist  going  to  decay,  where  all  busi- 
ness was  formerly  transacted  for  the  principality 
of  Wales.  This  castle  and  town  were  held  for 
the  empress  Maude  against  king  Stephen,  and  be- 
sieged by  him.  Edward  V.  resided  here  at  the 
time  of  his  father's  death,  and  was  carried  hence 
to  London.  Arthur,  prince  of  Wales,  son  of 
Henry  VII.,  held  a  court,  and  died  here.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Teme,  21  m.  S.  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
142  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  2.  42.  W.,  lat.  52. 
23.  N. 

Ludlow,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  on  a  branch 
of  Chickapee  River.  12  m.  N.  E.  Springfield. 
Fop.  1,:327.  Also  a  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  16  m. 
W.  Windsor.     Pop.  1,227. 

LudlowvilU,  p.t.  Tompkins  Co  N.  Y.  on  Cayu- 
ga.  lake. 

Ludwigsourg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtem- 
Derg,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  damask  linen, 
and  marble  paper.  It  is  seated  on  the  Neckar,  6 
m  N.  of  Stuttgard. 

Ludwigsburg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
Pomerania,  near  the  Baltic  Sea,  5  m.  £.  ^.  E.  of 
Greifswalde. 

Luga,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Petersburg,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  96  m. 
S.  of  Petersburg. 

Lugano,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Swiss 
canton  of  Tesino,  with  a  considerable  trade  in  silk. 
It  is  built  round  a  gentle  curve  of  the  lake  Luga- 
no, and  backed  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills.  The 
principal  church  is  seated  on  an  eminence  above 
the  town.  It  is  17  ra.  N.  W.  of  Como  Long. 
8.  57.  E.,  lat.  45.  54.  N. 

Lugano,  a  lake  in  the  canton  of  Tesino,  25  m. 
In  length,  and  from  3  to  6  in  breadth.  Its  form  is 
irregular,  and  bending  into  continual  sinuosities. 
It  lies  between  the  lakes  Como  and  Maggiore,but 
is  above  ISO  feet  higher  than  either  of  them. 

Ludge,  or  Lude,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westpha- 
lia, s^'ated  on  the  Emmer,  24  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Pad- 
erborn. 

Lugo,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  was  once  the  metropolis  of  Spain, 
but  is  now  chiefly  celebrated  for  its  hot  medicinal 
springs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Minho,  50  m.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Compostella,  Long.  7.  32.  W.,  lat.  43.  4. 
N 

Luis,  St.,  a  town  of  Buenos  Ayres,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Tucuman,  140  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cordova. 
Long.  67.  52.  W.  lat.  32.  10.  S. 

Luis  de  la  Paz,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Mechoacan.  120  m.  S  by  E.  of  Mecho- 
acan. 

Luis  de  Potosi'  St.,  a  city  of  Mexico,  in  the 
province  of  Mechoacan,  situate  in  the  midst  of  rich 
ffold  nunes,  and  all  tb«  comforts  of  life  The 
59 


streets  are  neat  and  straight,  and  the  churcfara 
magnificent.  It  is  180  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Mechoa- 
can. Long.  102.  54.  W.,  lat.  22.  25.  N. 

Lui-tckeou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quang-tong.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  country,  near  the  sea,  315  m.  S.  W.  of  Can- 
ton.    Lo..g.  109.  25.  E.,  lat.  20.  58.  N. 

Luleu,  a  sea-port  of  [Sweden,  in  Bothnia,  with 
a  good  harbour.  Near  it  is  a  mountain  of  iron 
ore.  It  stands  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  at 
the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  115 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Uma.  Long.  22.  12.  E.,  lat.  65 
32.  N. 

Lumberland,  a  township  of  Sullivein  Co.  N.  Y, 
on  the  Delaware.     Pop.  955. 

Lumberton,  a  village  of  Burlington  Co.  N.  J. 
near  Mount  Holly,  also  a  village  in  Robertson  Co. 
N.  C.  25  m.  S.  Fayeiteville. 

Lumello, a.  town  in  the  Sardinian  states,formerIy 
the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Lombardy,  but  now 
a  small  place.  It  is  seated  on  tlie  Gogna,  44  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Turin. 

Lunan,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Angusshire,  sit 
uate  on  a  bay  of  its  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  riv- 
er Lunan, 5  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Montrose. 

Lund,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Scania  It  carries  on  but  little  trade,  and  is  prin- 
cipally supported  by  its  university,  founded  J)y 
Charles  XL,  and  from  him  called  Academia  Caro- 
lina Gothorum.  The  cathedral  is  an  ancient  ir- 
regular building.  It  is  21  m.  E.  of  Copeniiagen, 
and  38  S.  W.  of  Christianstadt.  Long.  13.  12.  E.. 
lat.  55.  42.  N. 

Lundtn,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Ditsmarsch, 
seated  near  the  Eyder,  22  m.  W.  of  Rendsburg. 

Lundy,  an  island  at  the  entrance  of  tlie  Bristol 
Channel,  about  12  m.  from  the  Devonshire  coast. 
It  is  about  5  m.  long  and  2  broad,  and  in  the  N. 
part  is  a  high  pyramidical  rock,  called  the  Con- 
subie.     Long.  4.  8.  W.,  lat.  51.  18.  N. 

Lune.     See  Loyne. 

Lund,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Gard,  near  the  river  Ridourle.  It  has  excellent 
muscadine  wine,  and  is  16  m.  E.  of  Montpelier. 

Lunen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county  of 
Marck,  situated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Zezisk  with 
the  Lippe,  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Munster. 

Lunenburg,  or  Luneburg,  a  province  of  Hano- 
ver, formerly  a  duchy  of  the  German  empire,  ly- 
ing along  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe.  A  small  por- 
tion, lying  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe,  now 
belongs  to  Denmark  ;  but  Hanoverian  Lunen- 
burg comprises  a  superficial  extent  of  4,236  sq.  m. 
with  246,000  inhabitants.  It  is  watered  by  the 
rivers  Aller,  Elbe,  Ilmenau,  Oker,  Jeetize,  Fuhse, 
and  some  smaller  streams  ;  and  part  of  it  is  full 
of  heaths  and  forests,  but  near  the  rivers  it  is  tol- 
erably   fertile. 

Lunenburg,  a  large  fortified  town,  capital  of 
the  foregoing  province.  The  chief  public  edifi- 
ces are  the  places  for  public  worship,  the  palace, 
three  hospitals,  the  town-house,  the  salt  magazine, 
the  anatomical  theatre,  and  the  academy.  The 
salt  springs  near  this  place  are  very  productive.  It 
is  situatedon  the  Ilmmenau.  36  .  S.  E.  of  Ham- 
burg, and  60  N.  of  Brunswick. 

Lunenburg,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connecti- 
cut, nearly  opposite  Lancaster  N.  H.  Pop.  1,054. 
p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  45  m.  N.  W.  Boston. 
Pop.  1,318. 

Lunenburg,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  11,957.  Also  a  county  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia containing  a  township  of  the  same  name. 

LuneviUe,  a  town   of  France,  department  of 


LUX 


460 


LYM 


Meurthe.  In  ils  castle  the  dukes  of  Lorrain  form- 
erly kept  their  court,  as  did  afterwards  king  Stan- 
islaus. In  1801  a  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded 
here  between  France  and  Austria.  Luneviile  is 
Seated  in  a  plain  between  the  rivers  Vesoul  and 
Meurthe,  14  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Nancy,  and  (i2  W.  of 
Strasburg.     Long.  G.  30.  E.,  lat.  48.  3G.  N. 

Lungro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  chief- 
ly inhabited  by  Greeks,  35  rn.  N.  N.  W.  of  Co- 
scnza. 

Lupow,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  15  m.  E.  of  Stolpe. 

Luraij,  p.v.  Shenandoah  Co.  Va. 

Lure,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Saone,  celebrated  for  a  late  abbey  of  Benedic- 
tines, converted,  in  17G4,  into  a  chapter  of  noble 
canons.  It  is  seated  near  the  Ougnon,  30  m.  N. 
E.  of  Besanijon. 

Lurgan,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Ar- 
magh, with  an  extensive  linen  manufacture,  14 
m.  N.  E.  of  Armagh,  and  07  N.  of  Dublin. 

Lusada,  a  margraviate  of  Germany,  90  m.  long 
and  60  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Branden- 
burg, E.  by  Silesia,  S.  by  Bohemia,  and  W.  by 
Saxony.  It  is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Lu- 
satia,  formerly  two  distinct  states,  which  became 
subject  to  Saxony  and  formed  a  province  of  that 
power  until  1815.  The  whole  of  Lower  Lusatia, 
which  forms  the  northern  part  of  the  margraviate 
now  belongs  to  Prussia,  as  does  also  one  half  of 
Upper  Lusatia,  which  is  included  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Liegnitz  :  the  part  that  remains  to  Sax- 
ony is  computed  at  1,170  sq.  m.  with  170,000  m 
habitants.  Upper  Lusatia  abounds  more  in  moun- 
tains and  hills  than  the  Lower,  in  which  are 
many  boggy  and  moorish  tracts,  yet  it  is  the  most 
fruitful.  The  breeding  of  cattle  is  very  consider- 
able, and  there  is  plenty  of  game  ;  but  the  prod- 
ducts  of  the  country  do  not  supply  the  necessities 
of  the  inhabitants.  This  want  is  compensated  by 
its  numerous  manufactures,  particularly  those  of 
cloths  and  linens. 

Lusigrmn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vi- 
enne,  seated  on  the  Vonne,  15  ra.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Poitiers. 

Luso,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  duchy 
of  Urbino,  crosses  part  of  Romagna,  and  enters 
the  gulf  of  Venice  10  m.  N.  of  Rimini. 

Luton,a,  town  of  Bedfordshire,  Eng.  with  a  mar- 
ket on  Monday.  It  is  situate  on  the  river  Lea, 
18  m.  S.  of  Bedford,  and  31  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Lutterberg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  prmci- 
pality  of  Grubinhagen,  seated  on  the  Oder,  15  m. 
S.  of  Gozlar. 

Lutterworth,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eng.  It 
has  a  large  and  handsome  church.  Wickliff,  the 
celebi-ated  reformer,  was  rector,  and  died  here, 
in  1387.  Lutterworth  has  little  trade,  being  prin- 
cipally supported  by  the  neighbouring  opulent 
graritei*.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Swift,  14' m. 
S.  of  Leicester,  and  88  N.  W.  of  London. 

Lutzelstein,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  with  a  strong  castle,  seated  on  a 
mountain,  30  ra.  N.  W.  of  Strasburg. 

Lutzen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  principality 
of  Merseberg,  belonging  to  Prussia,  with  a  cas- 
tle. Near  this  place,  in  1G32,  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
king  of  Sweden,  was  killed  in  a  battle,  at  the 
moment  of  victory.  Lutzen  is  also  celebrated  for 
the  defeat  of  the  united  forces  of  Russia  and  Prus- 
sia, by  Bonaparte,  jn  May,  1813.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Elster,  21  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig. 

Luxemburg,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands, 
bounded  by  the  Prussian  states  on  the  Rhine,  a 


part  of  the  French  frontier,  and  the  Belgic  prov 
inces  of  Namur  and  Liege,  and  comprising  a  su 
perficial  area  of  2,400  sq,  m.  with  220,000  inhabi- 
tants. It  gives  the  title  of  grand  duke  to  the 
sovereign.  The  surface  is  mountainous  and 
woody,  being  traversed  by  branches  of  the  Arden- 
nes ;  and  the  climate  is  colder  than  lliat  of  the 
other  provinces.  The  principal  river  is  the  Mo 
selle.  Corn,  potatoes,  flax,  and  some  wine  are 
raised  ;  the  rearing  of  cattle  forms  an  important 
branch  of  industry  ;  and  there  are  manulactures 
of  woolen  and  iron  ;  but  the  chief  wealth  of  the 
province  consists  in  its  forests,  which  occupy  up- 
wards of  400,000  acres.  It  is  divided  into  the 
districts  of  Luxemburg,  Dietkirch  and  Neufcha- 
teau. 

Luxemburg,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
and  one  of  the  strongest  towns  in  Europe.  It  is 
divided  by  the  Alsitz  into  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Town;  the  former  almost  surrounded  by  rocks, 
but  the  latter  seated  in  a  plain,  in  17!,5  it  sur- 
rendered to  the  French,  but  was  restored  in  1814. 
[t  is  22  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Treves,  and  130  S.  E.  of 
Brussels.     Long.  6.  10.  E.,  lat.  49.  37.  N. 

Luxeuil,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Saone,  near  which  are  some  mineral  waters 
and  warm  baths.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  the 
Vosges,  14  m.  from  Vesoul. 

Luyo  and  Chillaos,  a  province  of  Peru,  hounded 
E.  by  mountains,  N.  and  N.  W.  by  the  province 
of  Jaen,  and  S.  E.  by  that  of  Caxamaica.  It  is 
54  m.  in  length,  and  24  in  breadth,  and  contains 
3,500  inhabitants.  The  capital  has  the  same  name, 
and  is  in  long.  77.  41.  W.,  lat.  5.  33.  S. 

Luzara,a.  strong  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Mantua,  where  a  battle  was  fought 
between  the  Austrians  and  the  French  and  Span- 
iards, in  1702,  when  each  side  claimed  the  victory. 
It  is  seated  near  the  conflux  of  the  Crostolo  with 
the  Po,  16  m.  S.  of  Mantua. 

Luzarckes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise.  19  m.  N.  of  Paris. 

Luzerne,  a  county  in  the  W.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania, bounded  N.  by  Tioga  county,  New 
York,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Northampton,  and  W.  by 
Lycoming  and  Northumberland  counties.  It  is 
about  79  m.  in  length  and  75  in  breadth,  and  is 
divided  into  12  townships.  Pop.  27,304.  Wilkes- 
barre  is  the  chief  town. 

Luzerne,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.  Pa.  at  the 
great  bend  of  the  Monongahela 

Lycoming,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Pop.  17,037.  Williamsport  is  the  cap- 
ital. Also  a  township  in  the  same  county,  and  a 
small  stream  falling  into  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna. 

Luion.     See  Luconia. 

Lydd,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  is  a  member 
of  the  cinque  port  of  Romney.  and  seated  in  Rom- 
ney  Marsh,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Dover,  and  72  S.  E. 
of  London. 

Lyge,  a  town  of  Norway,  near  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Christiansand. 

Lyman,  a  township  of  York  Co.  Me.  27  m.  N 
York.     Pop.  1,502. 

Lyme,  or  Lyme  Regis,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in 
Dorsetshire,  Eng.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
craggy  hill,  on  the  river  Lyme,  at  the  head  of  a 
little  inlet :  and  its  harbour  is  formed  by  two  very 
thick  walls,  called  the  Cobbe.  Here  the  duke  of 
Monmouth  landed,  in  1085,  for  the  execution  of 
his  ill-judged  design  against  James  II.  Lyme  is 
the  birth-place  of  Thomas  Coram,  the  benevolent 
patroB  and  contriver  of  the  Foundling  Hospital 


MAA 


467 


MAB 


It  is  28  m.  E.  of  Exeter,  and  143  S.  W.  of  London. 

L>jme,p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Connecticut, 
8  m.  N.  Dartmouth  College.  Pop.  1.804.  p.t.  N. 
London  Co.  Conn. at  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut 
Pop.  4,098  ;  a  township  of  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
L.  Ontario.  Pop.  2.872  ;  and  a  township  in  Huron 
Co.  Ohio. 

Lymford,  a  gulf  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
whicli  has  a  narrow  entrance  from  the  Cattegat, 
and  extends  80  ra.  across  the  country,  widening 
gradually,  and  forming  several  branches  ;  the  W. 
end  is  20  ra.  long,  ana  separated  from  the  North 
Sea  only  by  a  narrow  bank. 

Lijmington,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river  of  its  name,  a  m.  from  the  sea, 
and  the  harbour  will  admit  vessels  of  300  tons 
burden.  Thechief  trade  is  in  salt ;  and  it  is  much 
resorted  to  in  summer  for  sea-bathing.  Near  it 
are  the  remains  of  a  Roman  camp  ;  and  in  1744 
nearly  200  lbs.  weight  of  their  coins  were  discov- 
ered here  in  two  urns.  It  is  18  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Southampton,  and  88  S.  W.  of  London. 

Lynchburg,  p.t.  Campbell  Co.  Va.  on  James 
River,  118  m.  W.  Richmond.  Also  villages  in 
Oldham  Co.  Ken.  and  Lincoln  Co.  Ten. 

Lyndehoroucrh,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  10 
m.  N.  W.  Amherst.     Pop.  1,147. 

Lyndhurst,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  New  Forest,  9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Southampton.  Here  are  the  king's  house  and  the 
king's  stable.^,  the  latter  very  large;  and  all  the 
forest  courts  are  held  here. 

Lyndon,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  32  m.  N.  E. 
Montpelier.     Pop.  1,822. 

Lyneville,  p.v.  Granville  Co.  N.  C.  60  m.  N. 
Raleigh. 

Lynn,  or  Lynn  Regis,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in 
Norfolk,  Eng.  By  the  Ouse,  and  its  associated 
rivers,  it  supplies  most  of  the  midland  countries 
with  coal,  timber,  and  wine;  and,  in  return,  ex- 
ports malt  and  corn  in  great  quantities  :  it  also  par- 
takes in  the  Baltic  trade  and  Greenland  fishery. 
Lynn  has  a  large  market-place,  with  an  elegant 
cross.  It  is  42  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Norwich,  and  96 
N.  by  E.  of  London.  Long.  0.  24.  E.,  lat.  52. 
46.  N. 

Lynn,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  N.  E.  Boston. 
Pop.  6,138.  This  town  is  noted  for  its  manufac- 
ture of  shoes,  of  which  between  one  and  two 
million  pair  are  made  annually.  It  lies  upon  the 
coast,  and  is  connected  by  a  long  beach  with  the 
peninsula  of  Nahant. 

Lynn,  a  township  of  Lehigh  Co.  Pa.  bordering 
on  Berks  and  Schuylkill  Cos. 

Lynn  Creek,  p.v.  Giles  Co.  Ten  68  m.  W. 
Murfreesboro. 

Lynnfield,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  11  m.  N.  Boston 
Pop.  617. 

Lyonnois,  a  former  province  of  France,  lying 
on  the  W.  side  of  the  Saone  and  Rhone,  30  m.  in 
length,  and  17  in  breadth.  This  province,  with 
Forez  and  Beaujolois,  now  forms  the  department 
of  the  Rhone  and  the  Loire. 

Lyons,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 


ment of  Rhone,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop. 
Many  antiquities  are  still  observed,  wliich  evince 
its  Roman  origin.  It  was  long  considered  as  the 
second  city  of  France  in  beauty,  size,  and  popula- 
tion, and  superior  to  Paris  in  trade,  commerce,  and 
manufactures.  The  quays  were  adorned  with 
magnificent  structures ;  the  cathedral  was  a  ma- 
jestic Gothic  edifice  ;  and  the  town-house  was  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  in  Europe.  The  other  prin- 
cipal public  buildings  were  the  exchange,  the 
custom-house,  the  palace  of  justice,  the  arsenal, 
a  theatre,  a  public  library,  two  colleges,  and  two 
hospitals.  The  bridge  which  unites  the  city  with 
the  suburb  de  la  Guillotiere  is  1^60  feet  long; 
and  there  are  three  other  principal  suburbs,  six 
gates,  and  several  fine  churches.  Such  was  Lyons 
in  June  1793,  when  it  revolted  against  the  national 
convention.  Being  obliged  to  surrender,  in  Oc- 
tober, the  convention  decreed  that  the  walls  and 
public  buildings  should  be  destroyed,  and  the  name 
of  the  city  changed  to  that  of  Ville  Affranchie 
The  chiefs  of  the  insurgents  had  fled,  but  several 
of  ihem  were  afterwards  taken  ;  and  of  3,528  per- 
sons, who  were  tried  before  the  revolutionary  tri- 
bunal, 1,682  were  either  shot  or  beheaded.  In 
1794,  however,  on  the  destruction  of  the  faction 
of  the  jacobins,  the  convention  decreed  that  the 
city  should  resume  its  ancient  name,  and  that 
measures  should  be  taken  to  restore  its  manufac- 
tures and  commerce.  In  1795  the  friends  of  those 
who  were  so  wantonly  put  to  death  in  1793  aveng- 
ed their  fate  b}'  a  general  massacre  of  the  judges 
of  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  of  all  the  ja- 
cobins who  were  then  confined  in  the  prisons  of 
Lyons.  Notwithstanding,  Lyons  has  begun  to 
resume  its  ancient  celebrity,  and  is  now  a  place 
of  very  great  trade,  which  is  extended  not  only 
through  France,  but  to  Italy,  Switzerland,  and 
Spain ;  and  there  are  four  celebrated  fairs  every 
year.  The  chief  article  of  manufacture  now  is 
that  of  silk:  the  others  are  gold  and  silver  bro- 
cade, plain,  double,  and  striped  velvet,  richly  em- 
broidered taflfeta,  and  satin  ;  also  gold  and  silver 
laces  or  galoons,  gauze,  hats,  ribands,  leather,  car- 
pets, and  colored  paper.  The  printing  and  book- 
selling of  this  place  are  the  next  to  Paris  in  im- 
portance. It  was  the  scene  of  several  actions 
between  the  French  and  Austrians  in  1814  ;  and 
on  the  return  of  Bonaparte  from  Elba  in  1815  the 
princes  of  the  house  of  Bourbon  were  obliged  to 
withdraw.  It  was  also  the  scene  of  dreadful  riois 
in  the  latter  part  of  1831.  This  city  is  seated  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Saone  with  the  Rhone,  15  m. 
N.  of  Vienne,  and  280  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Lon<T.  4. 
49.  E.,  lat.  45.  46.  N.  Pop.  145,675. 

Lyons,  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  N.  Y.  16  m.  N.  Geneva. 
Pop.  3,603. 

Lysander,  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  N. 
W.  Onondaga.  Pop.  3,223. 

Lythe,  a  village  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  on  the 
sea-coast,  4  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Whitby,  noted  for 
its  extensive  alum  works. 

Lytham,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  5  m.  from 
Kirkham.  and  230  from  London. 


M 


MA  ALMORIE,  a  promontory  and  small  island  the  province  of  Zealand,  on  the  island  of  Tholiii, 

of  Scotland,   on  the    S.    E.  coast  of  the   isle  of  9  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Bergen-op-Zoom. 
Islay.  Mabra,  a  town  of  Algiers,  seated  on  the  golf  of 

Maartensdyke,  a  town  of  the    Netherlands,  in  Bona   10  m.  W.  of  Bona. 


MAC 


468 


MAC 


Afacao,  a  town  of  China,  in  an  island,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  bay  of  Canton.  It  is  defended 
by  three  forts.  The  Portuguese  have  been  in 
possession  of  the  harbour  since  1640.  The  Brit- 
ish have  a  factory  here.  Long.  113.  46.  E.,  lat. 
212.  13.  N. 

Macarsca,  a  sea- port  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  In  its  vicinity  are  many  subter. 
raneous  grottoes.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  36  m.  S.  E.  of  Spalatro.  Long.  18.  7.  E., 
lat.  43.  49.  N. 

.Vacas,  a  town  of  Peru,  the  capital  of  a  fertile 
district  of  the  same  name,  which  forms  the  most 
easterly  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Quito.  The 
town  was  formerly  a  rich  and  flourishing  place, 
but  is  greatly  decayed.  It  is  seated  on  one  of  the 
sources  of  the  Amazon,  138  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Qui- 
to. 

Macassar,  formerly  a  considerable  kingdom  of 
the  island  of  Celebes.  Its  princes  at  one  period 
ruled  over  almost  the  whole  island,  and  also  over 
several  of  the  neighbouring  ones.  Since  that 
time,  however  the  empire  has  been  completely 
subverted  by  the  Dutch. 

Macassar,  the  chief  settlement  of  the  Dutch  in 
the  above  territory,  called  by  them  Fort  Rotter- 
dam, with  a  respectable  fort  and  good  harbour, 
but  the  lattter  is  of  difficult  access.  Chinese 
junks  carry  on  a  direct  trade  with  China  from 
this  place,  so  that  the  mixed  pop.  of  Dutch  and 
half-castes,  Chinese  and  natives,  is  very  consid- 
erable. Tlie  Portuguese  settled  here  about  1525, 
but  were  expelled  by  the  Dutch  in  1660.  The 
British  took  possession  of  it  in  1810,  but  restored 
it  in  1814.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  on 
the  S.  W.  coast,  and  at  the  S.  end  of  the  strait  of 
Macassar.     Long.  119.  49.  E.,  lat.  5.  9.  S. 

Macassar,  a  strait  which  separates  the  islands 
of  Celebes  and  Borneo.  It  is  about  350  m.  in 
length,  and  from  50  to  140  in  breadth,  and  contains 
numerous  shoals  and  rocky  islands. 

Macclesfield,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  mohair,  twist,  hatbands,  buttons, 
and  thread,  and  mills  for  the  winding  of  silk.  It  is 
a  large  handsome  town, and  contains  two  churches 
7  meeting-houses  for  dissenters,  a  Roman  catholic 
chapel,  three  alms-houses  for  widows,  a  free  gram- 
mar school,  founded  by  Edward  VI.,  and  two 
Sunday  schools.  It  is  seated  at  the  edge  of  a  for- 
est, near  the  river  Bollin,  36  m.  E.  of  Chester, 
and  167  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  2.  17.  W.,  lat. 
53.  15.  N. 

Mac-Connelsburg,  p. v.  Bedford  Co.  Pa.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  this  place  is  a  medicinal  spring. 

Mac-Connelsville,  p.t.  Morgan  Co.  Ohio. 

Macnanielsville,   p. v.  Sportan    Dis.  S.  C. 

Macdonuugh,  a  township  of  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  1,232. 

Macduff,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  BaniFshire, 
with  a  good  harbour,  on  the  frith  of  Moray,  2  ra. 
E.  of  Banff. 

Maccdon,  or  Macedonia,  a  celebrated  province 
of  Greece,  bounded  by  Thrace,  Bulgaria,  Servia, 
Thessaly,  and  the  Archipelago.  The  soil  is  for 
the  most  part  fertile,  aud  the  coasts  in  particular 
abound  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  tobacco,  &c.  Salonica 
is  the  capital. 

Macedxm,  p.t  Wayne  Co.  N.  T.  Pop.  1,990. 

Maceira.     See  Mazisra. 

Macerata,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  States : 
it  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  contains  a  universi- 
ty, two  academies,  a  public  school,  and  about 
10,000  inhabitants.  The  principal  gate  is  built  in 
th«  form  of  a  triumphal  arch.    In  1797  it  was  U- 


ken  by  the  French.     It  is  seated  on  a  hill  by  the 
river  Chienti,  22  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Ancona.     Long.  l. 
13.  27.  E.,  lat.  43.  20.  N.  %• 

Mac  Grewsburg,  p. v.  Adams  Co.  Pa.  32  m.  S. 
E.  Harrisburg 

Machala,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of 
Quito.  The  environs  produce  great  quantities  of 
excellent  cocao ;  also  large  mangrove-trees,  the 
wood  of  which  is  very  durable,  and  so  heavy  as 
to  sink  in  water.  It  stands  near  the  bay  of  Guay- 
aquil, 86  m.  S.  of  Guayaquil. 

Macherry,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Agra. 
It  is  70  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Dehli. 

Machian,  the  most  fertile  of  the  Molucca  islands 
which  rises  like  a  conic  mountain  from  the  se» 
It  is  20  m.  in  circumference,  and  produces  excel- 
lent cloves.     Long.  126.  55.  E.,  lat.  0.  28.  N. 

Machias,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Me.  on  Machias 
Bay.  236  m.  N.  Portland.  There  are  3  distinct 
towns,  each  of  which  has  a  post  office.  Machias  has 
a  pop.  of  1,021.  East  Machias  1,006,  and  Machi- 
as Port  688.  A  large  trade  in  lumber  is  carried 
on  here,  and  a  great  number  of  saw  mills  are  seat- 
ed in  the  streams  which  run  into  the  bay. 

Mac/din,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  seatea 
on  an  eminence  near  the  river  Ayr,  6  m.  E.  N 
E.  of  Ayr. 

Machynleth,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Montgomery- 
shire. In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  slate  quarries 
and  several  productive  lead  mines :  the  staple 
manufacture  is  that  of  flannel.  Here  Owen 
Glendwr  exercised  his  first  acts  of  royalty  in  1402. 
The  town  is  seated  near  the  Dyfi,  over  which  is 
a  bridge  into  Merionethshire,  37  m.  W.  of  Mont- 
gomery, and  207  N.  W.  of  London. 

Mac  Intosh,  a  county  of  Georgia,  Pop.  4,998. 
Darien  is  the  capital. 

Mac  Kean,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1,439.  Smithport  is  the  capital. 

Mackinac  or  Mackinaw.     See  Michilimackinac 

Mac  Keansburg,  p. v.  Schuylkill  Co.  Pa. 

Mac  Keesport,  p.v.  Alleghany  Co.  Pa.  11m.  S. 
E.  Pittsburg. 

Mackenzie's  River,  a  large  nver  of  North  Amer- 
ica flowing  out  of  Slave  Lake  into  the  Frozen 
Ocean.  The  Vnjigah  or  Peace  river,  and  Mhap 
escoio  or  Elk  river,  which  flow  into  this  lake  may 
be  regarded  as  the  sources  of  Mackenzie's  river; 
thus  its  whole  course  will  be  about  2,000  m. 

Mackeysville,  a  village  of  Burke  Co.  N.  C. 

Mac  Leensborough,  p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Illinois. 

Mac  Minn,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop.  14. 
497.     Athens  is  the  capital. 

Mac  Minnville,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  Ten.  70  m.  S. 
E.  Nashville. 

Mac  Kairy,  a  country  of  W.  Tennesse.  Pop 
5,697.     Purdy  is  the  capital. 

Macomb,  a  county  of  Michigan,  on  L.  St.  Clair. 
Pop.  2,414.     Mount  Clemens  is  the  capital. 

Macon,  or  Mascon,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Saone-et-Loire,  celebrated  for 
its  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near 
the  Saone,  40  ra.  N.  of  Lyons.  Long.  4.  48.  E  . 
lat.  46.  20.  N.  * 

Macmi,  p.t.  Bibb  Co.  Geo.  35  m.  S.  W,  Milledge- 
ville. 

Maconsville,  p.t.  Northampton  Co.  N.  C. 

Macquarrie,  a  river  of  New  Holland  which  rises 
m  the  Blue  mountains  and  flowing  westerly  be- 
comes totally  lost  among  inland  marshes. 

Mn,cri,  or  Macari,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  m 
Natolia,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  its  name,  in  the  Med- 
iterranean.   Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  amphitheutr* 


MAD 


409 


MAD 


and  an  old  fort,  and  numerous  remains  of  Greek 
inscriptions.  It  is  125  m.  S.  E.  of  Smyrna. 
Long.  29.  24.  E.,  lat.  36.  56.  N. 

Macro,  or  M<icronisi,  an  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  near  the  coast  of  Altica,  29  ra.  E. 
of  Athens.     Long.  24.  16.  E.,  lat.  37.  30.  N 

Mactan.     See  Matan. 

Macula,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of 
Hadramaut,  150  m.  S.  W.  of  Shibam.  Long.  47. 
50.  E.,  lat.  13.  25.  N. 

Macungy,  a  township  of  Lehigh  Co.  Pa.  5  m.  S. 
W.  j^llentown. 

Mac  Veytown,  p.v.  Mifflin  Co.  Pa.  68  m.  N.  W. 
Harrisburg. 

Mac  WUliamstoiDn,  p.v.  Chester  Co    Pa. 

Madagascar,  an  island  lying  on  the  eastern 
coast  of  Africa,  about  800  m.  in  length,  300  in 
breadth,  and  2,000  in  circumference.  It  is  intei- 
sected  throughout  its  whole  length  by  a  chain  o, 
lofty  mountains,  the  scenery  of  which  is  in  many 
places  strikingly  grand  and  picturesque.  The 
climate  is  healthy  and  the  soil  extremely  fertile  ; 
its  products  are  rice,  sugar,  silk  and  potatoes.  The 
cocoa-nut,  the  banana,  and  other  useful  trees, 
flourish  here.  The  island  rears  no  horses,  or 
camels,  but  large  herds  of  oxen,  some  of  which 
come  to  an  enormous  size.  The  great  bat  whose 
flesh  is  very  delicate,  is  also  found  here.  The  in- 
habitants are  divided  into  a  number  of  tribes,  and 
amount  to  more  than  4,000,000.  The  natives, 
called  Madagasses,  are  commonly  tall  and  well 
made,  of  an  olive  coniplexioa,  which  in  some  is 
pretty  dark.  Thev  hair  is  usually  long  and 
black,  curling  naturally;  their  noses  are  small, 
though  not  flat.  They  seem  to  have  had  a  great 
many  Arabs  among  them,  with  whom  tht-y  are 
mixed  ;  and  there  are  some  of  a  yellowish  com- 
plexion, who  have  neater  features  than  the  rest. 
Although  a  populous  country,  here  are  no  cities 
or  towns,  but  a  great  number  of  villages  at  a  small 
distance  from  each  other,  composed  of  huts,  with 
doors  so  low  that  a  boy  of  12  years  old  cannot 
enter  them  without  stooping.  They  have  neither 
windows  nor  chimneys,  and  the  roofs  are  covered 
with  reeds  or  leaves.  Both  men  and  women  are 
fond  of  bracelets  and  necklaces,  and  anoint  their 
bodies  with  grease  or  oil.  Those  that  are  dressed 
in  the  best  manner  have  a  piece  of  cotton  cloth, 
or  silk,  wrapped  round  their  middle ;  but  they 
generally  make  little  use  of  clothing.  Their  beds 
are  only  mats  spread  upon  boards ;  and  a  piece  of 
wood  or  stone  serves  them  for  a  bolster.  They 
are  very  superstitious,  and  practise  circumcision 
and  polj'gamy.  Madagascar  is  happily  exempt 
from  the  ravages  of  the  lion  and  the  tiger,  but 
here  are  great  numbers  of  locusts,  which  some 
times  swarm  to. such  a  degree  as  to  darken  the  air. 


They  are  eaten  by  the  natives,  and  considered  as 
a  dainty  food.  Here  are  also  crocodiles,  and 
cameleons.  The  French  have  frequently  at- 
tempted to  settle  here,  but  have  always  been  dri. 


ven  away  ;  and  there  are  only  some  parts  on  the 
coast  yet  known.  The  chief  settlement  was  at 
Port  Dauphin,  on  the  S.  E.  coast,  in  long.  47.  0. 
E.,  lat.  25.  0.  S.,  and  the  place  most  visited  by  the 
Europeans  is  more  to  the  N.,  called  Fouleponte, 
long.  49.  50.  E.,  lat.  17.  40.  S. 

Madawaska,  river,  one  of  the  heaa  streams  of 
the  St.  John,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  of 
Maine.  Its  whole  course  lies  within  the  territory 
which  has  lately  been  the  subject  of  dispute  be- 
tween the  American  and  British  governments; 
and  according  to  the  recent  decision  of  the  king 
of  the  Netherlands  it  belongs  to  the  British.  At 
the  junction  of  this  stream  with  the  St.  John's 
are  several  French  settlements  established  by  re- 
fugees from  Nova  Scotia  in  the  early  part  of  the 
last  century.  The  inhabitants  amount  to  about 
2,000. 

Madalena,  or  Magdalena,  a  river  of  Terra  Firma, 
which  rises  in  the  mountains  to  the  E.  of  Popay- 
an,  takes  a  northerly  course  of  above  600  m.  and 
enters  the  Carribean  Sea,  by  several  mouths,  be- 
tween Carthagena  and  St.  Martha. 

Madbury.  a  township  of  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  11 
m.  N.  W.  Portsmouth,  Pop.  510. 

Madeira,  9X1  island  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  54  m. 
long  and  20  broad,  and  250  N.  by  E.  of  Tenerifle. 
The  Portuguese  discovered  this  island  in  1419;  it 
was  uninhabited,  and  covered  with  wood,  and  on 
that  account  they  called  it  Madeira.  Prince 
Henry,  the  next  year,  settled  a  colony  here,  and 
not  only  furnished  it  with  the  plants  and  domestic 
animals  common  in  Europe,  but  procured  slips  of 
the  vine  from  Cyprus,  and  plants  of  the  sugar- 
cane from  Sicily ;  and  the  sugar  and  wine  of 
Madeira  quickly  becajne  articles  of  some  conse 
quence  m  the  commerce  of  Portugal.  The  sugar- 
works  have  since  been  removed,  but  its  wine  is 
now  in  the  highest  estimation,  especially  such  as 
has  been  a  voyage  to  the  E.  or  W.  Indies.  The 
scorching  heat  of  summer  and  the  icy  chill  of 
winter  are  here  unknown  ;  for  spring  and  autumn 
reign  continually,  and  produce  flowers  and  fruits 
throughout  the  year.  The  cedar  tree  is  found  in 
great  abundance,  and  the  dragon  tree  is  a  native 
of  this  island.  Flowers  nursed  in  the  English 
green-houses  grow  wild  here  in  the  fields ;  the 
Hedges  are  mostly  formed  of  the  mj'rtle,  rose,  jas- 
mine, and  honeysuckle  ;  while  the  larkspur,  fleur- 
de-lis,  lupin,  &c.,  spring  up  spontaneously  in  the 
meadows.  There  are  few  reptiles  to  be  seen  in 
the  island  ;  the  lizard  is  the  most  common  Ca- 
nary birds  and  gold-finches  are  found  in  the 
mountains.  The  hog  is  the  food  most  relished ; 
they  are  suffered  to  range  among  the  mountains, 
and  are  hunted  and  caught  by  dogs.  Salted  cod 
is  impoited  from  America,  and  is  the  chief  diet  of 
the  poor.  Madeira  is  well  watered  and  populous. 
The  British  factory  settled  in  this  island  consists 
of  upwards  of  20  commercial  houses,  and  have 
considerably  more  of  its  trade  than  the  Portuguese. 
In  1808  it  surrendered  to  the  English,  but  was 
afterwards  restored.     Funchal  is  the  capital. 

Madely  Market,  a.  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  It 
is  celebrated  for  having  afforded  refuge  to  Charles 
I.,  after  the  battle  of  Worcester.  Here  are  some 
very  extensive  iron  works  ;  and  a  work  for  obtain- 
ing fossil  tar  from  the  smoke  of  coal.  It  is  9  m. 
N.  of  Bridgenorth,  and  147  N.  W.  of  London. 

Madhugiri,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore 
with  a  strong  hill-fort.  In  its  vicinity  much  iron 
is  smelted,  and  a  great  number  of  cattle  are  bred. 
It  IS  seated  amid  nills  and  fertile  valleys,  22  m 
E.  of  Sera. 

2R 


MAD 


470 


MAD 


Madian,  or  Midian,  a  town  of  Arabia  Petrea, 
on  the  E.  side  of  tlie  eastern  arin  of  the  Red  Sea. 
The  Arabians  call  it  Megar  el  SchuoiJ,  the  Grot- 
to of  Schuaid  (or  Jethro,)  and  suppose  it  to  be  the 
place  where  Moses  tended  the  iiocks  of  his  fa- 
ther-in-law. It  is50  m.  N.  of  Moilah,  and  80  S 
of  Acaba. 

Madison,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  39,037. 
Cazenovia  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  E.  Dis- 
trict of  Virginia.  Pop.  9,236.  iVIadison  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  4,t)26.  Dan- 
ielsville  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Ohio.  Pop. 
6,190.  London  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Indi- 
ana. Pop.  2,442.  Andersontown  is  the  capital.  A 
county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  6,229.  Edwardsville  is 
the  capital.  A  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  2,371. 
Frederickstown  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Ken- 
tucky. Pop.  18.035.  Richmond  is  the  capital. 
A  county  of  W.Tennessee.  Pop.  11,750.  Jack- 
son is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Alabama.  Pop. 
28,011.  Huntsville  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
Mississippi.  Pop.  4,973.  Livingston  is  the  capi- 
tal. A  county  of  Florida.  Pop.  525.  Hickstow 
is  the  capital.  Also  the  name  of  27  towns  and 
villages  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Madisonville,  p. v.  Hopkins  Co.  Ken. ;  p. v.  St. 
Tammany  Parish  Louisiana. 

Madras,  or  Fort  St.  George,  a  celebrated  fort 
and  city  of  Hindoostan.  It  is  the  capital  of  the 
British  possessions  on  the  E.  side  of  the  peninsu- 
la, and  is  a  fortress  of  very  great  extent.  It  is 
close  or  the  margin  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  from 
which  it  has  a  rich  and  beautiful  appearance,  the 
houses  being  covered  with  a  stucco  called  chu- 
nam,  which  in  itself  is  nearly  as  compact  as  the 
finest  marble,  and  bears  as  high  a  polish.  The 
Black  Town  is  separated  from  the  fort  by  an  es- 
planade. In  common  with  all  the  European  set- 
tlements on  this  coast,  Madras  has  no  port  for 
shipping,  the  coast  forming  nearly  a  straight  line  ; 
and  it  is  incommoded  also  with  a  high  and  dan- 
gerous surf.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  archdeaconry, 
and  of  missions  from  different  societies  in  Britain, 
[n  1746  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  but  restored, 
by  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  It  is  100  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Pondicherry.  Long.  80.  25.  E.,  lat.  13. 
5.  N. 

Madras  Territory,  the  countries  subject  to  the 
presidency  of  Fort  St.  George,  or  Madras,  com- 
prehending nearly  the  whole  of  India,  S.  of  the 
river  Kistnah,  and  the  extensive  province  denom- 
inated the  Northern  Circars.  Within  these  boun- 
daries ,  however,  three  native  princes,  the  rajahs 
of  Mysore,  Travancore,  and  Cochin,  still  collect 
their  resources,  and  exercise  a  certain  degree  of 
authority  within  their  territories.  The  rest  of 
the  country  is  under  the  immediate  jurisdiction  of 
the  governor  and  council  of  Madras  ;  and  is  sub- 
divided into  24  districts,  over  each  of  which  there 
is  a  European  judge  and  a  collector,  with  the  re- 
quisite establishments.  There  are  also  four  pro- 
visional courts  of  circuit  and  appeal,  to  which  the 
above  mentioned  judges  are  subordinate,  and  a 
supreme  court  of  appeal  stationary  at  Madras, 
consisting  of  four  judges,  selected  from  the  com- 
pany's civil  servants. 

Madre  de  Dios,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  coast  of  Patagonia,  180  ra.  in  cir- 
cumference. 

Madre  de  Po-pa,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  with 
a  celebrated  convent.  It  is  mucli  resorted  to  by  the 
pilgrims  of  S.  America,  and  they  pretend  that  the 
image  of  the  Virgin  has  done  a  great  many  mira- 
cles in  favour  of  the  sea-faring  people.     It  is  seat- 


ed on  the  Madalena,  50    m.    E.    of   Carthagena 

Madrid,  the  capital  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile.  #  ' 
It  was  formerly  an  inconsiderable  place,  belontr 
ing  to  the  archbishop  of  Toledo ,  but  the  purity 
of  the  air  engaged  the  court  to  remove  hither, 
and  it  is  now  a  considerable  city.  It  contains  77 
churches,  66  convents,  15  gates  of  granite,  and 
about  200,000  inhabitants.  The  houses  are  most- 
ly built  of  stone  ;  and  the  principal  streets  are 
long,  broad,  and  straight,  and  adorned  at  proper 
distances  with  handsome  fountains.  There  are 
above  100  towers  or  steeples,  in  different  places, 
which  contribute  greatly  to  the  embellishment  of 
the  city.  It  stands  in  a  plain,  surrounded  by 
mountains,  and  has  a  high  wall,  built  of  mx.^ 
There  are  two  palaces  on  a  large  scale.  The  Pal 
acio  Real,  at  the  west  end,  is  strongly  built  and  ele- 
gantly ornamented  on  the  outside ;  the  Buen 
Retire  is  situated  at  the  east  of  the  town,  and  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  its  large  collection  of  paint- 
ings, and  very  extensive  gardens.  The  churches 
and  monasteries  contain  many  paintings,  by  the 
most  celebrated  masters.  The  squares  are  nu- 
merous ;  the  finest  is  the  Plaga  Mayor,  which 
is  1,536  feet  in  circuit,  surrounded  by  houses, 
5  stories  high,  all  of  an  equal  height;  every 
story  being  adorned  with  a  handsome  balcony, 
and  the  fronts  supported  by  columns,  which  form 
very  fine  arcades.  Here  the  auto  da  fes,  were 
formerly  celebrated,  with  all  their  terrible  appara- 
tus. In  the  environs  are  several  royal  residences, 
such  as  the  Casa  del  Campo,  where  a  great  many 
wild   animals  were  formerly    kept  for  the  chase.  ^ 

The  manufactures  of  Madrid  are  very  inconsider- 
able ;  those  for  hats,  and  the  royal  china  and  salt- 
petre works,  are  the  principal.  The  French  took 
possession  of  the  city  in  March  1808,  and  on  the 
2nd  of  May  the  inhabitants  rose  up  in  arms  to  ex- 
pel them  from  the  city,  when  a  terrible  carnage 
took  place  for  several  hours,  and  it  was  not  till 
the  arrival  of  more  troops  that  order  was  enforced 
among  the  people.  On  the  20th  of  July  follow- 
ing, Joseph  Bonaparte  entered  it  as  ki.ig  of 
Spain  ;  but  was  obliged  to  quit  it  soon  afterwards. 
On  the  2nd  of  December,  of  the  same  year,  it  was 
retaken  by  Napoleon,  who  reinstated  his  brother 
on  the  throne,  and  he  kept  possession  till  August 
1812,  \-hen  Madrid  was  entered  by  the  British  ar- 
my, under  the  duke  of  Wellington.  The  French, 
however,  again  took  possession  of  it  in  Novem- 
ber ;  but  finally  evacuated  it  the  following  year. 
The  inhabitants  joined  in  the  revolution  of  1820, 
when  the  king  was  obliged  to  accede  to  the  gen- 
eral desire  of  restoring  the  constitution  of  the 
Cortes  of  1812.  See  Spain.  Madrid  is  on  the 
river  Manzanares,  over  which  is  a  magnificent 
bridge,  265  m.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon,  and  6.50  S.  S.  W. 
of  PSris.     Long.  3.  34.  W.,  lat.  40.  25.  N. 

Madrid,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  St. 
Lawrence.     Pop.  3,459. 

Madrigal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  seat- 
ed in  a  plain,  fertile  in  excellent  wine,  10  m.  N. 
E.  of  Medina  del  Campo. 

Madrisio,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Friuli,  30  ni.  N 
of  Venice. 

Mad  River,  a  town  of  Clark  Co.  Ohio,  on  a 
stream  of  that  name  running  into  the  Great  Miami. 
Madrogan,  a  town  of  Africa,  the  capital  of  Moc- 
aranga,  with  a  spacious  royal  palace.  The  upper 
part  of  the  houses  is  in  the  shape  of  a  bell 
Long.  29.  40.  E„  lat.  10.  0.  S. 

Madura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  cnpital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  belonging  to  the  Brit- 
ish, and  included  in  the  collectorsTiip  of  Diudigul. 


MAG 


An 


^AQ 


It  is  fortified  with  square  towers  and  parapets,  and 
has  one  of  the  most  superb  pagodas  in  Hindoostan. 
It  is  130  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cape  Comorin,  and  270 
S.  S.  W.  of  Madras.     Long.  78. 12.E.,lat.  9,o5.N. 

Madura,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Java.  It  is  100  m.  long 
and  15  broad,  and  the  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cul- 
tivated. The  chief  towns  are  Samanap,  Parma- 
Qassan.  and  Bancallan. 

Maeie.T,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  80  hi.  long  and  20 
broad,  between  the  provinces  of  Westmania  and 
Sudennania.  It  contains  several  fine  islands,  is 
usually  frozen  during  a  few  weeks  in  winter,  and 
opens  an  easy  communication,  by  sledges,  be 
tween  the  interior  parts  of  Sweden  and  the  city 
of  Stockholm. 

Maelstrom,  a  dangerous  whirlpool  on  the  coast 
of  Norway,  in  68.  N.  lat.  and  near  the  island  of 
Moskoe,  whence  it  is  also  named  Moskoestrom. 
When  it  is  flood,  the  stream  runs  up  the  country 
with  a  boisterous  rapidity  ;  but  the  roar  of  its  im- 
petuous ebb  to  the  sea  is  scarcely  equalled  by  the 
loudest  cataracts.  The  whirlpool  is  of  such  an 
extent  and  depth  that,  if  a  ship  comes  within  its 
attraction,  it  is  inevitably  absorbed  and  beaten  in 
pieces  against  the  rocks  t)elow  ;  and  when  the 
water  relaxes,  the  fragments  come  up  again.  The 
intervals  of  tranquility  are  only  at  the  turn  of  the 
ebb  and  flood,  and  calm  weather  ;  and  they  last 
but  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  its  violence  gradually 
returning.  When  the  stream  is  most  boisterous, 
and  its  fury  heightened  by  a  storm,  vessels  have 
been  reached  by  it  at  the  distance  of  5  m. 

Maerna,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Tyrol,  23  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Trent. 

Maese.     See  Mouse. 

Macseyk,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
province  of  Liege,  on  the  river  Meuse,  10  m.  S 
S.  W.  of  Ruremonde. 

Maeslandsluys,  a  town  of  S.  Holland,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Meuse,  10  ra.  W.  of  Rotterdam. 

Maestrickt,  a  city  of  the  Netherlands,  about  4 
m.  in  circumference,  seated  on  the  Meuse,  oppo- 
site Wyck,  with  which  it  communicates  by  a 
stone  bridge.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  esti- 
mated at  18,000.  It  has  fine  long  streets,  many 
churches  and  convents,  a  college  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  Jesuits,  a  council  house  with  its  li- 
brary and  considerable  manufacture  of  cloth, 
leather,  hosiery,  and  hardware.  Near  it  is  the 
lofty  mountain  of  St.  Peter,  with  a  fortress ;  and 
a  stone  quarry,  with  such  a  number  of  subterra- 
nean passages  as  to  be  capable  of  containing  40, 
000  persons.  The  other  fortifications  and  the  sit- 
uation of  Maestricht  are  such  fnaX  it  is  deemed 
one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Europe.  The  city 
was  besieged  by  the  French  in  1748,  during  the 
negociations  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  was  unsuccess- 
fully attacked  by  them  in  1793,  and  they  became 
masters  of  it  towards  the  end  of  the  following 
year.  In  1814  it  was  delivered  up  to  the  allied 
forces.  It  is  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Liege,  and  58  E. 
of  Brussels      Long.  5.  48.  E.,  lat.  50.  49.  N. 

Mufra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
with  a  college  founded  in  1772.  In  a  sandy  and 
barren  spot  near  this  place  John  V.,  in  pursuance 
of  a  vow,  erected  a  building  of  extraordinary 
magnificence,  as  a  Franciscan  convent.  The 
town  is  seated  near  the  sea,  18  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Lisbon. 

Magadi,  or  Maghery,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  district  of  IVfysore,  seated  in  a  hilly  country, 
aJ)ounding  in  timber-trees,  stone  and  iron,  24  m. 
W.  of  Bangalore. 


Magadoxa,  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  coast  of  Ajan,  with  a  citadel,  and  a 
good  harbour.  It  standi  at  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
which  is  supposed  to  have  a  long  course,  having 
regular  inundations  that  fertilize  the  country  to  a 
great  extent.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Ma- 
homedans  ;  but  there  are  also  some  Abyssinian 
Christians.  They  all  speak  the  Arabic  tongue,  are 
stout  and  warlike  and  among  other  weapons  use 
poisoned  arrows  and  lances.  The  city  is  a  place 
of  great  commerce,  receiving  from  Adel  and  other 
parts,  cotton,  silk  spices,  and  drugs,  in  exchanrre 
for  gold,  ivory,  wax,  and  other  commodities. 
Long.  46.  2.5.  E.,  lat.  2.  10.  N. 

Magdaleti  Isles,  a  group  of  islets,  in  the  gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence,  near  its  entrance.  They  are  in- 
habited by  a  few  families,  whose  chief  support 
is  derived  from  fishing. 

Magdalena,  «.  large  river  of  Colombia,  which 
rises  in  "the  province  of  Popayan,  and  after  a 
course  of  900  m.  falls  into  the  sea,  in  lat.  11.  2. 
N. 

Magdalena,  a  river  of  New  Mexico,  which 
runs  into  the  sea  between  the  rivers  Flores  and 
Mexicano. 

Magdeburg,  a  government  of  the  Prussian 
states,  in  Saxony,  composed  of  part  of  the  Old 
Mark  on  the  left  of  the  Elbe,  the  pirncipality  of 
Halperstadt,  the  abbey  of  Quedlinburg,  the  coun- 
ty of  Wernigerode,  the  barony  of  Schauen,  and 
thebailiwics  of  Kloetze,  Barby,  and  Gommern. 
It  comprises  a  superficial  area  of  nearly  4,400  sq. 
m.,  is  divided  into  15  circles,  and  contains  450,000 
inhabitants.  The  country  is  in  general  level, 
and  the  parts  which  are  not  marshy  and  over- 
grown with  wood  are  very  fertile.  Its  commerce 
is  greatly  facilitated  by  the  Elbe,  which  traver- 
ses through  its  whole  extent 

Magdeburg,  a  fortified  city,  capital  of  the  fore- 
going government.  It  has  a  handsome  palace,  a 
citadel  with  a  fine  arsenal,  and  a  magnificent 
cathedral,  which  contains  the  superb  mausoleum 
of  Otho  the  great.  The  inhabitants  are  computed  at 
30,000.  Here  are  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
linen  goods,  stockings,  gloves,  porcelain,  hats, 
leather,  soap,  and  tobacco  ;  but  the  principal  are 
those  of  woolen  and  silk.  It  is  well  situate  for 
trade,  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe,  by  which  it  has  an 
easy  communication  with  Hamburgh.  In  the 
neighbourhood  are  the  monastery  of  Bergin,  and 
the  salt-works  of  Schcenebeck,  producing  about 
30,000  tons  annually.  Magdeburg  has  sustained 
several  sieges.  In  1631  it  was  taken  by  the 
Austrians,  who  burnt  the  town,  except  the  cathe- 
dral and  a  few  houses,  adjacent,  and  massacred 
above  10,000  of  the  inhabitants ;  but  it  was  soon 
handsomely  rebuilt.  In  1806  it  surrendered  to 
the  French,  and  was  not  restored  till  1813.  It  is 
75  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Berlin,  and  120  S.  E.  of  Ham- 
burgh.    Long.  11.40.  E.,  lat.  52. 10.  N. 

Magellan,  a  strait  of  S.  America,  discovered  in 
1520  by  Ferdinando  Magellan,  a  Portuguese  in 
the  service  of  '  Spain.  It  has  since  been  sailed 
through  by  several  navigators  ;  but  the  passage, 
upward  of  300  m.  being  dangerous  and  trouble- 
some, they  now  sail  round  Cape  Horn. 

Magcrville,  a  township  of  Sunbury  Co.  New 
Brunswick,  on  the  St.  Johns. 

Maggeroe,  or  Mageron,  a  large  island  on  the 
coast  of  Norway,  and  the  most  nothern  land  in 
Europe.  It  is  separated  from  the  continent  on 
the  S.  by  a  narrow  channel;  and  itsN.  extremity? 
is  an  enormous  rock,  called  N.  Cape.  Long;.  2a 
57.  E.,  lat.  71.  10.   N. 


MAH 


472 


MAl 


MagJierafdt,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Londonderry,  with  a  considerable  linen  man- 
ufacture, 13  m.  W.  of  Antrim,  and  30  S.  E.  of 
Londonderry. 

Magia,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Tessin,  which  runs  S.  with  rapidity,  through  a 
narrow  valley  of  its  name,  and  enters  the  lake  of 
Maggiore,  near  Locarno. 

Magsriore,  a  lake  of  Upper  Italy,  separating  part 
of  the  Austro- Italian  government  of  Milan  from 
the  states  of  Sardinia,  and  extending  from  Sesto, 
northward  to  Locarno  ;  30  m.  in  length,  and  3  in 
breadth.  The  river  Tesino  runs  S.  through  its 
whole  length;  and  it  contains  the  celebrated  Bor- 
romean  Isles. 

MagiruLinao.     See  Mindanao. 

Magllano,  a  town  of  Italy,  province  of  Sabina, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Tiper.  34  m. 
N.  of  Rome.     Long.  12.  35.  E.,  lat.  42.  2.5.  N. 

Macrna  Macca,  a  town  andfort  of  Italy,  in  the 
Capal  states,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  lake  of 
Commachio,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  3  m.  S.  E.  of 
Commachio.^ 

Magnisa.     See  Manachia. 

Magny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise,  32m.  N.  W.  of  Paris. 

Maara,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  Ap- 
pennines,  on  the  S.  confines  of  Parma,  and  flows 
by  Pontremoli  and  Sarsana  into  the  gulf  of 
Genoa. 

Mahaleu,  a  town  of  Egypt,  capital  of  Garbia.  It 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade  in  linen,  cotton, 
and  sal-ammoniac  ;  and  the  inhabitants  have  ovens 
to  hatch  chickens.  Long.  33.  30.  E.,  lat.  31. 
30.  N. 

Mahanada,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises 
in  the  N.  E.  partof  Berar,  crosses  Onssa,  and  en- 
ters the  bay  of  Bengal,  by  several  mouths,  below 
Cattack.  These  mouths  form  an  assemblage  of 
low  woody  islands:  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  prin- 
cipal channel,  named  Cajung  or  Codjung. 

Mahdia.     See  Madea. 

Mahnnoy,  Little,  Lotoer  and  Upper,  three  town- 
ships in  Northumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Mahantancro,  Upper,  a  township  in  Schuylkill 
Co.  Pa.        ° 

Make,  a.  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malabar,  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  French,  but  taken  by  the 
English  in  1793.  It  is  situate  on  high  ground, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  5  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Tellich- 
erry. 

Mahlberg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 
Baden,  17  m.  N.  of  Friburg. 

Mahmoodabad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guze- 
rat,  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ahmedabad. 

Mahmudpore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal, 
80  m.  N.  E.  of  Calcutta. 

Mahomdy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Oude,  70  m.  N.  W.  of  Lucknow,  and  150 
E.  S.  E.  of  Dehli. 

Mahoning,  three  townships  in  Mercer,  Indiana 
ajid  Columbia  Cos.  Pa.  Also  a  river  of  Penn- 
■ylvania  falling  into  the  Alleghany. 

Mahratta  Territory,  an  extensive  country  of 
Hindoostan,  which  till  lately  stretched  across 
what  is  called  the  peninsula  of  India.  On  the 
accession  of  Ram  Rajah,  in  1740,  the  peishwd 
and  the  paymaster-general  confined  him  to  the 
fortress  of  Sattarah,  and  divided  the  empire  be- 
tween them,  the  former  fixing  his  residence  at 
Poonah,  which  became,the  capital  of  the  West- 
ern Mahrattas;  the  latter  founding  a  new  king- 
dom in  the  province  of  Gundwaneh,  called  the 
Eastern  MaJirattas,   and  fixing  his  residence  at 


JVagpore,  which  see.  The  peishwa  became  de- 
pendent on  the  British  in  1802,  but  attempting  to 
shake  off  his  dependence,  he  was  defeated  and  de- 
posed. The  Mahrattas  are  Hindoos  :  and  many 
of  the  Brahmins  are  polished  and  insidious  mer- 
chants. They  are  fond  of  horses,  and  their  army 
was  almost  entirely  composed  of  cavalry  ;  they 
were  however,  never  very  formidable,  as  a  regu- 
lar force,  depending  more  on  the  celerity  of  their 
motions  and  the  suddenness  of  their  incursions 
than  on  the  boldness  with  which  they  met  their  "  •» 
enemies. 

Mahrburg.     See  Marchburg. 

Mahur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  in  the  province  of  Berar  ;  seated 
on  the  Chin.  Gonira,  which  flows  into  the  Goda* 
very,  140  m.  S.  W.  ofNagpore.  Long.  78.  34.  E.. 
lat.  10.  24.  N.  • 

Maida,  a  town  of  Napfles,in  Calabria  Ultra.  On 
the  plain  near  this  place,  in  1806,  a  victory  was 
obtained  by  the  British  troops  over  the  French.  It 
is  9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Squillace. 

Maiden  Creek,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 

Maidenhead,  a.  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  with  a 
good  trade  in  malt,  meal,  and  timber.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Thames,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  12  m.  E 
by  N.  of  Reading,  and  26  W.  by  N.  of  London. 
2  m.  distant  is  Maidenhead  Thicket,  formerly  in- 
fested by  highwaymen. 

Maidenhead,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  Co.  N.J. 

Maidenio,  an  Island  oFthe  Pacific  Ocean.  39  m. 
long  and  9  broad.  In  the  N.  W.  part  of  it  na- 
tive copper  is  found.     Long.  167. 10.  E.,  lat.  54.        ^ 

Maidstone,  a  borough  and  the  county  town  of 
Kent,  Eng.  It  has  a  brisk  trade  in  exporting  the 
commodities  of  the  county,  particularly  hops,  of 
which  there  are  numerous  plantations  around,  ~, 
here  are  likewise  paper-mills,  and  a  manufacture 
of  linen.  The  chiwch  is  a  spacious  and  handsome 
edifice;  and  there  are  several  meeting  houses  for 
dissenters,  a  grammar  school,  8  charity  schools, 
&c.  Maidstone  is  seated  on  the  Medway,  over 
which  is  a  bridge  of  seven  arches,  10  m.  W.  of 
Canterbury,  and  34  E.  S.  E.  of  London.  Long. 
0.  38.  E.,  lat.  51.  16.  N. 

Maidstone,  a  township  of  Essex  Co.  Vt.  53  m. 
N.  Montpelier.  Pop.  236;  also  a  township  of  Es- 
sex Co.  U.  C.  *■ 

Maihidpore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Mal- 
wal,  near  which  the  troops  ofHolkarwere  defeat- 
ed by  the  British  in  1817.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Soprah,  20  m.  N.  of  Oojain. 

Mailcotay,  a  lofty  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  places  of  Hin- 
doo worship.  Tlie  large  temple  is  a  square  build- 
ing of  great  dimensions,  and  the  jewels  belong- 
ing to  it  are  very  valuable.  In  1772  Hyder  was 
completely  routed  by  the  Mahrattas  near  this 
place  ;  and  it  was  here  that  the  Mahratta  chiefs  • 
joined  lord  Cornwallis  in  1791.  It  is  17  m.  N.  of 
Seringapatam. 

Mniliiezais.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vendee,  seated  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Seure 
and  Autize,  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Rochelle. 

Maina,  a  sea-port  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 
which  gives  name  to  a  district  that  lies  between 
two  bays  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  inhab- 
itants of  the  district,  estimated  at  50,000,  could 
never,  even  nominally,  be  subjected  to  the  Turks, 
till  the  end  of  the  18th  century,  when  they  agreed 
to  pay  a  small  tribute  to  the  Porte.  The  town  is  seat- 
ed on  the  bay  of  Coron,  46  m.  S.  by  W.  ot  Misi- 
tra.     Long.  22.  10.  E.,  lat.  36.  34, "N 


MAI 


rfs 


MAI 


Maine,  one  of  the  United  States,  and  consti 
luting  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  the  Union. 
It  extends  from  43  .  5.  to  47.  20.  N.  lat.  and  from 
66.  49.  to  71.  4.  W.  long,  bounded  N.  and  N.  W. 
by  Lower  Canada.  E.  by  N^w  Brunswick,  S.  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  New  Hampshire,  and 
containing  30,000  square  m.  The  northern  limit, 
as  fixed  by  the  king  of  the  Netherlands,  has  some- 
what reduced  the  state  from  its  former  dimensions. 
The  northern  parts  are  mountainous,  and  a  part 
of  the  north-western  limit  is  formed  hy  one  of  the 
extremities  of  the  Apalachian  chain.  Mount 
Kalahdin  or  Ktaadn  an  isolated  peak  in  the 
north  is  5,385  feet  in  height  ,  and  several  other 
elevations  exceed  4,000.  The  mountains  are  cov- 
ered with  wood,  and  indeed  all  the  northern  re- 
flrions  may  be  considered  as  one  great  forest.  Here 


imports  for  1829,  were  valued  at  742,781  ;  the  ex 
ports  of  domestic  produce,  729,106  dollars  ;  the 
total  exports  737,832  dollars.  The  fisheries  are 
very  productive  ;  the  fish  annually  taken  are  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  nearly  half  a  million  of  dollars. 
The  northern  parts  of  the  state  furnish  vast  quan- 
tities of  timber.  The  trees  are  felled  in  the  depth 
of  winter  by  parties  which  penetrate  into  the 
woods  in  autumn  for  that  purpose,  and  cut  down 
the  trees  after  the  ground  is  covered  with  snow 
sufficiently  to  enable  them  to  drag  the  limber  by 
oxen  to  the  rivers  where  they  are  rolled  upon  the 
ice.  When  the  rivers,  break  up  in  the  spring  the 
logs  are  floated  down  to  the  sea.  Where  the  riv- 
ers are  wide  and  uninterrupted  by  falls,  the  logs 
are  fastened  together  in  immense  rafts. 


is  still  to  be  found  the  moose,  a  wild  animal 
which  has  disappeared  from  almost  every  other 
part  of  the  United  States.  The  trees  are  princi- 
pally pine,  hemlock,  spruce  and  birch.  Toward 
the  sea  grow  the  white  and  red  oak,  but  these 
trees  are  not  abundant.  The  chief  rivers  in 
Maine  are  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Androscog- 
gin, and  Saco  which  rise  among  the  mountains 
and  flow  southerly  into  the  Atlantic.  These 
streams  have  a  rapid  course  and  in  the  upper  part 
are  much  broken  by  falls.  The  Walloostook  Aroos- 
took and  Allagash,  in  the  north,  flows  into  the 
St.  Johns.  The  St.  Croix  forms  a  part  of  the  east- 
ern boundary.  There  are  many  lakes  in  this 
state,  the  largest  of  which  are  the  Moosehead, 
Chesuncook,  and  Schoodic.  The  coast  is  indent- 
ed with  a  great  number  of  bays  and  inlets  of  the 
sea,  and  no  state  in  the  Union  has  so  many  ex- 
cellent harbours.  Along  the  coast  are  also  scat- 
ered  many  fine  islands,  a  great  number  of  which 
are  populous  and  well  cultivated.  The  mineral 
productions  are  few.  Iron  and  lead  in  small  quan- 
tities have  been  discovered.  Slate  and  limestone 
are  abundant ;  lime  is  burnt  for  exportation  at 
Thomastown  and  Camden,  and  all  the  New  Eng- 
land States  are  supplied  from  this  quarter.  The 
soil  among  the  mountainous  parts  and  on  the 
coast  is  inferior,  but  there  are  many  tracts  in  tho 
interior  of  great  fertility.  Wheat,  barley,  rye  and 
potatoes  are  extensively  cultivated.  Maize  also 
receives  attention,  but  does  not  thrive  so  well 
here  as  in  the  other  New  England  States.  The 
climate  is  the  coldest  in  the  United  States  ;  and 
in  the  spring  heavy  fogs  are  common.  The 
summer  is  hot  but  of  short  continuance. 

The  inhabitants  subsist  mostly  by  agriculture 
and  maritime  enterprize.  There  are  few  manu- 
factures in  the  state  except  domestic  fabrics. 
The  commerce  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  exporta- 
tion coastwise  of  lumber,  fish,  lime,  plaster  &c. 
There  is  also  some  trade  to  the  West  Indies.  The 
shipping  in  1827,  amounted  to  202,395  tons.  The 
60 


This  state  is  divided  into  10  counties.  The 
capital  is  Augusta.  The  legislature  consists  of  a 
Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  are  chosen  annually.  The  Gover- 
nor is  also  elected  annually  All  the  elections 
are  popular,  and  suffrage  is  universal.  The  most 
numerous  religious  sect  is  that  of  the  Baptists  ; 
they  have  148  ministers  ;  the  Calvinistic  congre- 
gationalists  have  ^07;  the  Methodists  56;  the 
Unitarians  8  ;  the  Episcopalians  4  ;  the  Catholics 
4.  There  are  also  30  societies  of  Quakers,  50  of 
Freewill  Baptists;  3  of  Sandemanians  and  some 
Universalists.  There  are  colleges  at  Brunswick 
and  Waterville  and  theological  seminaries  at  Ban- 
gor and  Readfield.  Common  schools  are  support- 
ed bv  law  and  the  business  of  education  recu^ives 
great  attention. 

There  are  some  Indians  remaining  in  this  state, 
chiefly  of  the  Pennobscot  tribe.  Their  settle- 
ments are  on  the  Penobscot,  and  on  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay.  The  population  of  Maine  is  399.462. 
This  state  was  originally  a  part  of  Massachusetts 
with  the  title  ofthe  District  of  Maine.  In  1820 
it  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  independent 
State. 

The  most  populous  part  of  the  state  lies  along 
the  coast.  The  northern  part  is  unsettled.  The 
largest  town  is  Portland ;  the  other  principal 
towns  are  Bath,  Hallowell,  Gardiner,  Bangor, 
Wiscasset,  Thomastown,  Eastport,  Lubec  and 
York. 

Maine,  alarge  river  of  Germany,  formed  by  two 
streams  c»tlled  the  Reti  and  White  Maine,  which 
rises  among  the  mountains  of  Franconia.  It  joins 
the  Rhine  a  little  above  Mentz. 

Maine,  Loiccr,  a  circle  of  the  Bavarian  states, 
contiguous  to  Baden,  Hesse-Cassel,  and  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  comprising  a  superficial  extent  of  3000 
sq.  m.  with  423,000  inhabitants.  The  principal 
products  are  corn  and  wine.  Wurtzburg  is  the 
capital. 

Maine,  Upper,  a  eirele  of  tha  Bavarian  atatea, 
2r2 


MAK 


474 


MAIi 


•ontiguona  to  Bohemia  and  Saxony,  comprising 
an  extent  of  3,460  sq.  m.  with  434,000  inhabitants. 
The  manufactures,  though  confined  to  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  province,  viz.  the  metals,  flax,  and 
timber,  are  considerable.  Bayreuth  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Maine-et-Loire,  a  department  of  France,  bounded 
by  the  departments  of  Mayenne,  Sarthe,  and  In- 
dre-et-Loire,  comprising  an  extent  of  4,000  sq.  m. 
vpith  404,600  inhabitants.  The  soil  is  in  general 
fertile,  producing  corn,  flax,  hemp,  fruit,  ana  wine'; 
and  the  manufacture  of  linen  is  carried  on  to  a 
considerable  extent.     Angers  is  the  capital. 

Maine  and  Tauber,  a  circle  of  Baden,  comprising 
the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  grand  duchy,  and  a  small 
tract  on  the  Maine,  insulated  from  the  rest  by  part 
of  Bavaria.     Wertheim  is  the  chief  town. 

Mainland,  the  principal  of  the  Shetland  Isles, 
is  60  m.  long,  and  from  6  to  18  broad,  and  is  di- 
vided into  eight  parochial  districts.  The  face  of 
the  country  exhibits  a  prospect  of  black,  craggy 
mountains,  and  marshy  plains,  interspersed  with 
some  verdant  spots,  which  appear  smooth  and  fer- 
tile. The  mountains  abound  with  various  kinds 
of  game  ;  the  lofty  cliff's,  impending  over  the  sea, 
are  the  haunts  of  eagles,  falcons,  and  ravens ;  the 
deep  caverns  underneath  shelter  seals  and  otters; 
and  to  the  winding  bays  resort  the  swans,  geese, 
Bcaup&,  and  other  aquatic  birds.  The  seas  abound 
with  fish,  such  as  the  herring,  cod,  turbot,  and 
haddock  ;  lobsters,  oysters,  muscles,  «&:.c.,  are  also 
plentiful ;  while  the  rivulets  and  lakes  abound 
with  salmon,  trout,  &c.  The  hills  are  covered 
with  sheep  of  a  small  breed,  and  of  a  shaggy  ap- 
pearance ;  but  their  fleece  is  very  soft,  and  ex- 
tremely fine.  Their  horses  are  of  a  diminutive 
size,  but  remarkably  strong  and  handsome,  and 
are  well  known  by  the  name  of  Shelties.  There 
is  an  immense  store  of  peat,  but  no  coal.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  about  14,000.  They 
have  some  manufactures  of  linen  and  woolen  cloth, 
but  their  chief  employment  is  derived  from  the 
fisheries.     Lerwick  is  the  capital. 

Mainland,  the  principal  of  the  Orkney  islands. 
See  Pomona. 

Maintenun,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure-et-Loire,  seated  between  two  mountains  on 
the  river  Eure,  11  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Chartres. 

Maire,  Lm,  a  strait  of  S.  A  merica,  between  Terra 
del  Fuego  and  Staten  Land,  about  15  m.  long,  and 
as  many  broad. 

Muisa,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  Little  Cumania, 
with  4,100  inhabitants.  17  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Fele- 
gahaza. 

Maixant,  St.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Deux  Sevres,  with  a  trade  in  corn,  and  manufac- 
tures of  stockings,  woolen  stuffs,  &c.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sevre  Niortoise,  36  m.  S.  W.  of 
Poitiers. 

Majomho,  a  country  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  be- 
tween Biafara  and  Gabon,  of  which  little  is 
known. 

Majorca,  the  principal  of  the  Balearic  Isles,  40 
m.  long  and  35  broad,  situate  in  the  Mediterrane- 
an Sea,  between  Ivica  and  Minorca.  The  whole 
coast  is  lined  with  strong  towers.  The  N.  W. 
part  is  mountainous  ;  the  rest  produces  good  corn, 
olive-trees,  fine  honey,  and  delicate  wine.  Palma 
is  the  capital. 

Majumba.     See  Mayamba. 

Makarev,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Niznei  Novogorod,  situate  on  the  Volga,  24  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Niznei  Novogorod. 
Makarief,  or  Makarev,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 


government  of  Kostroma.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Unza,  140  m.  E.  of  Kostroma.  Long.  44. 
14.  E.,  lat.  58.  50.  N. 

Makefield,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Maker,  a  village  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  7  m.  S.  E. 
of  St.  Germains,  on  an  eminence,  forming  the  W., 
point  of  the  Hamoaze,  at  Plymouth.  On  the" 
heights  is  a  very  strong  battery  ;  and  the  steeple 
of  Uie  church,  called  Maker  Tower,  it  is  a  noted, 
sea-mark.     Long.  4.  10.  W.,  lat.  50.  21 .  N. 

Malabar,  dt.  maritime  province  of  Hindooptan. 
lying  between  10.  and  13.  N.  lat.,  now  undei  the 
dominion  of  the  British.  It  consists  either  of  flat 
land  washed  by  the  sea,  or  of  different  ranges  of 
hills,  extending  to  the  foot  of  the  mountains  ;  and 
it  is  intersected  by  a  number  of  mountain 
streams.  Its  chief  produce  is  timber,  sandal- 
wood, cocoa-nut,  coir,  and  black  pepper.  Its 
principal  towns  are  Calicut,  Tellicherry,  and  Can- 
anore.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  Hindoos  ; 
but  there  are  also  Jews,  Mahomedans,  and  Ciiris- 
tians. 

Malacca,  or  Malaya,  an  extensive  country  of  In- 
dia, beyond  the  Ganges,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Siam,  E.  by  the  ocean,  and  S.  W.  by  the  strait 
of  Malacca,  which  separates  it  from  Sumatra.  It 
is  775  m.  in  length  and  125  in  breadth ;  and  pro- 
duces a  great  many  excellent  fruits  and  roots, 
pepper,  and  other  spices,  with  some  precious 
gums  and  woods.  There  is  but  little  corn,  and 
sheep  and  oxen  are  scarce  ;  but  hogs  and  poultry 
are  plentiful.  The  Malays  are  rather  below  the 
middle  stature ;  their  limbs  well  shaped ;  their 
complexion  tawny  ;  their  eyes  large ;  and  their 


hair  long,  black,  and  shining.  They  are  fond  of 
navigation,  war,  plunder,  emigration,  adventures 
and  gallantry;  talk  incessantly  of  their  honor  and 
bravery,  and  speak  the  softest  language  of  Asia  ; 
yet  they  are  deemed  the  most  treacherous  and  fe- 
rocious people  on  the  face  of  the  globe.  The  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  a  rajah,  or  sultan,  with  a 
great  number  of  chiefs  under  him,  who  generally 
pay  very  little  regard  to  his  authority.  Their  re 
ligion  is  a  mixture  of  Mahomedism  and  paganism. 
The  inland  parts  are  possessed  by  a  savage  and 
barbarous  people. 

Malacca.,  the  capital  of  the  above  country,  situ- 
ate on  the  western  coast.  The  Portuguese  had  a 
factory  here,  which  was  taken  from  them  by  the 
Dutch  in  1640;  it  was  subjected  to  the  English 
in  1795  ;  restored  to  the  Dutch  in  1818  ;  but  is 
now  under  the  authority  of  Great  Britain,  and  is 
one  of  the  principal  stations  of  the  London  Mis- 
sionary Society.  It  is  seated  on  the  strait  of  its 
name,  480  m.  S.  E.  of  Acheen.  Long.  102.  5 
E.,  lat.  2.  12.  N. 


MAL 


47S 


MAL 


^  Malaga,  a  sea-port  and  city  of  Spain,  in  Gran- 
ada, with  a  good  harbour,  capable  of  containing 
4(M)  merchant  vessels  and  20  sail  of  the  line.  The 
cathedral  is  a  stupendous  pile,  begun  by  Philip 
II.  while  married  to  Mary  of  Enorland,  and  their 
united  arms  are  over  the  gate.  The  inhabitants 
*  are  about  50,000,  who  have  some  trade  in  raisins 
and  excellent  wines,  and  manufactures  of  silks, 
velvets,  soap,  paper,  i&c.  Malaga  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1810,  and  remained  in  their  posses- 
Bion  till  1812.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
surrounded  by  hills,  55  m.  W.  S.  W.,  of  Granada. 
Long.  4.  10.  W.,  lat.  36.  35.  N. 

Aliiasra,  p.v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  30  m.  S. 
Philadelphia;  p. V.  Monroe  Co.  Ohio.  147  m.  S. 
E.  Columbus 

Midahide,  a  town  and  bay  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Dublin,  6  m.  from  the  capital.  In  the 
vicinity  is  Malahide  Castle,  the  residence  of  the 
Talbot  family. 

MalinnhUo,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Carthagena,  about  60  m.  E.  of  Carthage- 
na,  on  the  W.  s'de  of  the  river  Magdalena. 

Malamocco,  a  small  island  and  town  of  Austrian 
Italy,  5  m.  S.  of  Venice. 

Malatia,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  site  of 
the  aincient  Melitene,  once  the  capital  of  Arme- 
nia Minor ;  seated  15  m.  W.  of  the  Euphrates, 
90  W.  N.  W.  of  Diarbekir.  Long.  57.  30.  E.  lat. 
37  30.  N. 

Malawully,  or  MalavUly,  a  town  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Mysore,  with  a  large  mud  fort,  separated  into 
two  parts  by  a  transverse  wall.  Here  is  a  fruit- 
garden  of  great  extent,  planted  by  the  late  sul- 
tans. Tippoo  Sultan  was  defeated  here  by  gene- 
ral Harris  in  17S)9.     It  is  35  m.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Mahliin,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  seated  on  the  river 
Peene,  where  it  forms  the  lake  Camrow,  22  m.  E. 
of  Gustrow. 

Miilcho,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  between  the  lakes  Calpin 
and  Plan,  23  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gustrow. 

Maldcghina,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lys.  10  m.  E.  of  Bruges. 

Malda,  a  town  of  Bengal,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  N.  E.  side  of  the  Gan- 
ges. It  is  the  residence  of  the  commercial  agent 
of  the  E.  India  Company,  and  carries  on  an  exten- 
sive trade  in  raw  silk,  and  manulactured  goods. 
Long.  88.  4.  E.,  lat.  25.  3.  N. 

Midden,  a  borough  in  Essex,  Eng.  with  consid- 
erable trade,  chiefly  in  corn,  salt,  coal,  iron,  deals, 
and  wine .  It  has  two  parish  churches,  a  free 
school,  a  library,  and  a  town-hall.  Vessels  of 
moderate  burden  come  up  to  the  town,  but  large 
ships  are  obliged  to  unload  at  a  distance  below, 
in  Blackwater  Bay.  The  custom  of  Borough  Eng- 
lish, by  which  the  youngest  son  succeeds  to  the 
burgage  tenure,  is  kept  up  here.  It  is  seated  on 
an  eminence,  on  the  river  Blackwater,  8  m.  E.  of 
Chelmsford,  and  37  N.  E.  of  London. 

Maiden,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  5  m.  N.  E. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,010.  Also  a  town  and  fort  on 
Detroit  river,  U.  C. 

Maldives,  a  cluster  of  small  islands,  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  lying  S.  W.  of  Cape  Comorin,  ex- 
tending from  the  equinoctial  line  to  8.  N.  lat.,  and 
situated  between  72.  and  74.  E.  long.  They  are 
divided  into  17  attolons,  or  provinces,  each  having 
its  separate  governor  and  its  distinct  branch  of 
industry,  the  brewers  residing  in  one,  the  gold- 
smiths in  another,  &c.  The  inhabitants  appear 
to  be  a  mixture  of  Arabs  and  Hindoos  from  Mal- 


abar- They  supply  shijjs  with  sails  and  cordage 
cocoa-nnts,  oil,  and  honey,  dry  fish,  tortoise-shell, 
and  especially  cowries. 

Middonado,  a  town  of  Buenos  Ayres,  with  it 
harbour  sheltered  by  a  small  island  of  its  name  j 
seated  near  the  N.  entrance  of  the  Plata.  Long. 
55.  36.  W.,  lat.  34.  50.  S. 

Maldonado,  a  small  river  of  Buenos  Ayres, 
which  enters  the  sea  in  the  bay  of  Maldonado. 

Malemha,  a  sea-port  on  tlie  coast  of  Loangir, 
Western  Africa.     50  m.  S.  of  Loango. 

Male,  the  principal  of  the  Maldive  islands,  and 
the  residence  of  the  prince.  Long.  73.  10.  E.,  lat. 
6.  20.  N. 

Malesherbes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret ;  seated  on  the  Essone,  35  m.  N.  E.  of 
Orleans. 

Malestroit,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Morbihan ,  seated  on  the  Ouse,  19  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Vannes. 

Malham,  a  village  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  sur- 
rounded on  every  side  by  mountains  and  rising 
grounds,  which  abound  in  natural  curiosities : 
and  among  them, on  a  high  moor, is  a  circular  lake, 
about  a  m.  in  diameter,  which  is  the  source  of  the 
river  Aire.    0  m.  E.  of  Settle.  233  from  London. 

Malines.     See  Mechlin. 

Malivagonga,  a  river  of  Ceylon,  which  rises 
among  the  hills  to  the  S.  E.  of  Candy,  nearly  en- 
compasses that  city,  and,  after  many  windings 
among  the  mountains,  enters  the  sea  at  Trinco- 
malee. 

Malleville,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aveiron,  6  m.  N.  E.  of  Villefranche. 

Mallicollo,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  New  Hebri- 
des, in  the  S.  Pacific,  extending  20  leagues  from  N. 
W.  to  S.  E.  The  inland  mountains  are  very  high, 
and  clad  with  forests ;  but  the  soil  is  rich  and 
fertile,  producing  cocoa-nuts,  bread  fruit,  bananas, 
sugar  canes,  yams,  eddoes,  turmeric,  oranges,  &c. 
Hogs  and  common  poultry  are  the  domestic  ani- 
mals. The  inhabitants  appear  to  be  a  different 
race  from  those  of  the  Friendly  and  Society  Is- 
lands. In  many  particulars  they  seem  to  cor- 
respond with  the  natives  of  New  Guinea,  particu- 
larly in  their  black  colour  and  wooly  hair.  They 
go  almost  naked,  are  of  a  slender  make,  have 
lively  but  very  irregular  features,  and  tie  a  rope 
fast  round  their  belTy.  At  the  S.  end  of  the  is- 
land is  a  port,  named  Sandwich  Harbour.  Long. 
167.53.  E.,lat.  16.25.  S. 

Mailing,  West,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  6  m.  W. 
of  Maidstone,  and  29  E.  by  S.  of  London. 

Mallow,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  with  considerable  linen  manufactures  and 
a  fine  spring  of  tepid  water.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Blackwater,  17  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Cork. 

Mahnedy,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  government  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
seated  on  the  Recht,  20  m.  S.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Malmoe,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  government  of 
Malmohus,  with  a  large  harbour  and  a  strong  cit- 
adel. It  has  manufactures  of  woolen,  and  a  con- 
siderable trade  ;  seated  on  the  Sound,  18  m.  E.  b 
S.  of  Copenhagen.     Long.   13.  7.  E.,  lat.  55 

Malmohus,  a  government  of  Sweden,  including 
a  great  part  of  the  ancient  Schonen  or  Scania 
It  lies  along  the  Sound  and  the  Baltic,  and  compri- 
ses an  area  of  1,380  square  m.  with  137,000  in- 
habitants. 

Malmsbury,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire   Enw.  with 
a  woolen  mai  ufacture.     Its  castle  is  demolished 
but  there  are  some  remains  of  its  once  celebrated 
abbey.    It  is  seated  on  a  bill,  almost  ■urrouade4 


r^ 


-* 

**>^: 


MAL 


476 


MAN 


oy  the  Avon,  over  which  it  nas  6  bridges,  26  m. 
E.  by  N.  of  Bristol,  and  96  W.  of  London. 

JVfa/oJie,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  N.  Y.  50  m.  N.  W. 
Plattsburg.    Pop.  2,207. 

Malo.  St.,  a.  sea-port  of  France,  department  of 
Ille-et-Vilaine,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  has  a 
large  harbour,  difficult  of  access,  on  accoxint  of 
the  rocks  that  surround  it,  and  is  a  trading  place 
of  great  importance.  It  was  bombarded  by  the 
English  in  1693,  but  without  success.  In  1758, 
they  landed  in  Cancalle  Bay,  went  to  the  harbour 
by  land,  and  burnt  above  100  ships.  St.  Malo  is 
seated  on  an  island,  united  to  the  mainland,  by 
a  causeway,  44  m.  N.  N.  W.  ofRennes.  Long. 
2.  2.  W.,  lat.  148.  39.  N. 

Malpas,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  It  has  a 
handsome  church,  an  independent  chapel,  an 
hospital,  a  grammar  school,  and  a  national  school ; 
and  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  river  Dee,  15  m. 
S.  E.  of  Chester,  and  165  N.  W.  of  London. 

Malplaquct,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
the  North,  famous  for  a  victory  gained  over  the 
French  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  in  1709,  9 
m.  S.  E.  of  Mons. 

Malta,  n.n  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  between 
Africa  and  Sicily,  20  m.  long  and  12  broad,  form- 
erly reckoned  a  part  of  Africa,  but  now  belong- 
ing to  Europe.  It  was  anciently  little  else  than  a 
barren  rock,  but  is  now  become  a  fertile  island. 
The  principal  objects  of  cultivation  are  lemons, 
indigo,  saffron,  cotton,  and  vines  which  produce 
excellent  wine.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  said 
to  be  about  90,000,  who  speak  Arabic  and  Italian. 
After  the  taking  of  Rhodes,  the  emperor  Charles 
v.,  gave  this  island  to  the  grand  master  of  the 
order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem.  It  was  attacked 
in  1566  by  the  Turks,  who  were  obliged  to  aban- 
don the  enterprise  with  the  loss  of  30,000  men.  It 
was  taken  by  Bonaparte  in  the  outset  of  his  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt  on  the  12th  of  June,  1798,  when 
he  found  in  it  1,200  canons,  200,000  lbs.  of  pow- 
der, two  ships  of  the  line,  a  frigate,  four  galleys, 
and  40,000  muskets  :  besides  an  immense  trea- 
sure collected  by  superstition ;  and  4,500  Turk- 
ish prisoners,  whom  he  set  at  liberty.  It  was 
Boon  afterwards  taken  by  the  British  ;  was  stip- 
ulated to  be  restored  to  the  knights  at  the  peace 
of  Amiens,  but  retained  in  consequence  of  pre- 
tended dangers  from  France.  In  1803  the  war  re 
commenced  between  the  two  nations,  and  the 
treaty  of  Paris,  in  1814,  confirmed  the  possession 
of  it  to  Great  Britain.  Malta  is  exiremely  well 
fortified  ;  the  ditches,  of  a  vast  size,  are  all  cut 
out  of  the  solid  rock,  and  extend  many  miles. 
Valetta  is  the  capital. 

Malta,  a  township  of  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  8  m. 
E.  Augusta,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  7  m.  W.  Sar- 
atoga.    Pop.  1,517. 

Malton,  New,  a  borough  m  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
with  a  considerable  trade  in  coals,  corn,  butter, 
&c.  Here  are  two  churches,  four  dissenting 
meeting  houses,  a  free  school,  and  a  national 
school.  It  is  seated  on  the  Derwent,  over  which 
is  a  stone  bridire  to  the  villacre  of  Old  Malton, 
18m.N.  E.  of  York,  and  214  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Malvern,  Great  and  Little,  two  villages  in  Wor- 
cestershire, Eng.  The  former  is  8  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Worcester,  and  had  once  an  abbey,  of  which 
nothing  remains  but  the  gateway  of  the  abbey  and 
the  nave  of  the  church,  now  parocliial ;  the  lat- 
ter is  seated  in  a  cavity  of  the  Malvern  hills,  3 
m.  from  Great  Malvern.  Between  Great  and 
Little  Malvern  are  two  celebrated  ch.alybeate 
•prings.  one  of  which  is  called  the  Holy  Well. 


Malvern  Hills,  a  range  of  hills  in  the  counties 
of  Worcester  and  Hereford,  Eng.  extending  about 
9  m.  in  length  and  from  1  to  2  m  breadth.  They 
appear  to  be  of  limestone  and  quartz,  and  the  high- 
est point  is  1,313  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
Severn. 

Malwah,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  bounded  N. 
by  the  provinces  of  Agimere  and  Agra,  E.  by  Al- 
lahabad and  Gundwaneh,  S.  by  Knandeish  and 
Berar,  and  W.  by  Agimere  and  Guzerat.  It  is 
250  m.  in  length  by  150  in  breadth,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  elevated,  and  diversified 
tracts  in  Hindoostan.  Till  lately  the  whole 
territory   belonged  to  the  Mahrattas. 

.Waifitew,  a  town  of  France,  department  ofLo- 
zere  ;  seated  on  the  Truyere,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Mende. 

Mamahating,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.  23  m. 
W.  Newburg.     Pop.  3,062. 

Mamuroneck,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
Long  Island  Sound.  23  m.  N.  E.  New  York.  Pop. 
838. 

Mamars,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Sarthe,  seated  on  the  Dive,  14  m.  W.  of  Belles- 
me. 

Man,  an  island  in  the  Irish  Sea,  30  m.  long  and 
12  broad.  It  contains  18  parishes  under  the  ju- 
risdiction of  a  bishop,  called  the  bishop  of  Sodor 
and  Man,  who  is  sole  baron  of  the  isle,  and  pos- 
sesses other  important  privileges,  but  has  no  seat 
in  the  British  parliament.  The  air  is  healthy, 
and  the  soil  produces  more  corn  than  is  sufficient 
to  maintain  the  inhabitants,  who  are  a  mixture 
of  English,  Scotch,  and  Irish.  The  commodities 
of  the  island  are  wool,  hides,  butter,  tallow,  black 
marble,  slate,  limestone,  lead,  and  iron.  Some 
manufactures  of  coarse  hats,  cotton  goods,  and 
linen  cloth,  are  carried  on  in  different  parts  :  but 
its  principal  trade  arises  from  the  herring  fishery. 
The  duke  of  Athol  was  formerly  lord  of  this  isl- 
and, the  sovereignty  of  which  he  sold,  in  1765,  to 
the  crown.  The  chief  towns  are  Castletown, 
Douglas,  Peele,  Ruthin,  and  Ramsay.  It  is  18 
m.  S.  of  Scotland,  40  m.  N.  of  Wales,  30  W. 
of  England,  and  26  E.    of  Ireland. 

Ma.rwur,  a  small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on 
the  N.  W.  side  of  Ceylon.  From  this  island  a 
bank  of  sand,  called  Adam's  Bridge,  runs  over  to 
the  continent  of  Hindoostan,  which  can  be  passed 
only  by  boats.  The  sea  to  the  S.  of  this,  between 
the  continent  and  the  island  of  Ceylon,  is  called 
the  gulf  of  Manaar. — The  Portuguese  obtained 
possession  of  the  island  in  1560  :  but  it  was  taken 
by  the  Dutch  in  1658,  and  in  1795  by  the  English. 
Long.  79.  3.  E.,  lat.  9.  6.  N. 

Manachia,  or  Magnisa  the  ancient  Magnesia,  a 
town  of  Asia  Minor,  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
Greek  empire  ,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain, 
on  the  river  Sarabat,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Smyrna. 
Long.  27.  6.  E.,  lat.  38  45.  N. 

Manahainliin,  p. v.  .Monmouth  Co.  N  J.  54  m. 
SE    Philadelphia. 

Manellan,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Manapar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  district  of 
Tinevelly,  situate  on  a  point  of  land  projecting  in- 
to tlie  gulf  of  Manaar,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Palamcotta. 
Long.  78.  17.  E.,  lat.  8.  39.  N.— Also  a  town  in 
the  province  of  Tanjore.  Long.  78.  30.  E.,  lat. 
16.  39.  N. 

Manasquam,  p. v.  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J.  50  m.  N. 
E.  Philadelphia. 

Manbona,  a  town  of  Eastern  Africa,  situate  on 
the  sea-coast,  60  m.  S.  of  Sofala.  Long.  35.  39 
E..  lat.  21.  15.  S. 


MAN 


477 


MAN 


%   Mancester,  a  village  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  near 

^Atherstone.     It  was  a  Roman   station,   and  here 

several   coins    have  been  dug   up  :  seated    on  an 

eminence  near  the  Anker,  106  m.  from    London. 

^a/icAa,  a  territory  of  Spain,  lying  S.  of  Old 
Castile,  and  N.  of  Andalusia.  It  is  divided  into 
Upper  and  Lower,  and  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
mountains,  producing  antimony,  vermilion,  and 
mercury.  The  country  is  an  immense  plain,  in- 
tersected by  ridges  of  low  hills  and  rocks;  but  it 
is  well  cultivated,  and  produces  corn,  olives,  and 
wine.  The  inhabitants  are  affable,  and  great  lov- 
ers of  music  and  dancing  ;  audit  was  here  that 
Cervantes  made  his  hero,  Don  Quixote,  perform 
his  chief  exploits. 

Manche,  a.  department  of  France,  including  the 
W.  part  of  Normandy,  and  comprising  about  2,500 
sq.  m.,  with  600,000  inhabitants.  It  is  almost  sur- 
rounded by  the  English  Channel.  St.  Lo  is  the 
capital,  but  Cherburg  the  largest  town. 

Manchester,  a  large  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng. 
seated  between  the  rivers  Irk  and  Irwell.  It  is 
a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  has  attained  great- 
er opulence  than  almost  any  of  the  trading  towns 
in  England,  but  is  neither  a  corporation  nor  a 
borough.  It  has  long  been  noted  for  various 
branches  of  the  linen,  silk,  and  cotton  manufac- 
tures, and  is  now  principally  conspicuous  as  the 
centre  of  the  cotton  trade.  The  labours  of  a  very 
populous  neighbourhood  are  collected  at  Man- 
chester, whence  they  are  sent  to  London,  Liver- 
pool, Hull,  Slc.  These  consist  of  a  great  variety 
of  cotton  and  mixed  goods,  fitted  for  all  sorts  of 
markets,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  spreading 
over  a  great  part  of  Europe,  America,  and  the 
coast  of  Guinea.  Manufactures  of  tapes  and  oth- 
er small  wares,  of  silk  goods,  and  of  hats,  are  al- 
so carried  on  at  Manchester.  Its  chief  ornaments 
are  the  college,  the  exchange,  the  collegiate 
church,  another  large  chruch,  and  a  spacious 
market-place.  The  churches  and  chapels  of  the 
establishment,  several  of  which  are  recent  erec- 
tions, are  19  in  number.  Here  are  also  upwards 
of  40  places  of  worship  for  different  sects  of  dis- 
senters and  three  for  Roman  Catholics;  one  of 
the  latter,  opened  in  1820,  is  a  beautiful  edifice, 
erected  at  a  cost  of  £10,000.  The  charity  schools 
and  Sunday  schools  are  numerous.  The  most 
important  of  the  otlier  charitable  institutions  are 
the  Manchester  General  Infirmary  and  Dispen- 
sary— The  Lunatic  Asylum — the  Fever  Hospital — 
the  Lying-in  Hospital — the  Strangers'  Friend 
Society — the  Samaritan  Society — the  Lock  Hos- 
pital— the  female  Penitentiary,  and  the  School  for 
Deaf  and  Dumb,  instituted  in  1825.  Of  the  in- 
stitutions for  the  promotion  of  literature  and  sci- 
ence, the  principal  are — the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society — the  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Natural  History,  and  the  Royal  Manchester  In- 
stitution. The  Mechanics'  Institute  is  in  a  very 
flourishing  state  ;  and  there  are  several  valuable 
libraries,  particularly  the  College  Library  and  the 
Portico.  Manchester  is  governed  by  a  borough- 
reeve,  two  constables,  a  deputy  constable,  &c., 
and  contains  several  courts  of  law.  It  has  risen 
to  its  present  consequence  entirely  by  its  manu- 
factures. In  respect  to  population  it  ranks  next 
to  London:  in  I82I  it  contained  133,788  inhab'- 
tants.  By  the  Irwell  it  has  a  communication 
with  the  Mersey  and  all  the  late  various  exten- 
sions of  inland  navigation.  Itis36m.  E.  by  N. 
of  Liverpool,  and  186  N.  N.  W.  of  London  Long. 
8  10.  W.,  lat.  53.  27.  N. 

Manchester,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  22  m.  N. 


Bennington.  Pop.  1,525.  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass. 
30  m.  N.  E.Boston.  Pop.  1,238.  p.t  Hillsborough 
Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  877.  p.v.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y.  at 
the  falls,  p.t.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,811.  p.v. 
Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  8  m.  S.  W.  Utica,  and  towns  in 
York  Co.  Pa.,  Baltimore  Co.  Maryland,  Chester- 
field Co.  Va.,  Sumter  Dis.  S.  C.  Clay  Co.  Ken., 
Adams  and  Morgan  Cos.  Ohio,  Dearborn  Co.  Ind., 
and  St.  Louis  Co.  Missouri. 

Mandal,  a  town  of  Norway ,  capital  of  a  province 
in  the  government  of  Bergen  ;  seated  near  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  60  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Christiansand.  Long.  7.  42.  E.,  lat.  58.  2. 
N. 

Mandan,  a  fort  and  Indian  village  of  N.  Amer- 
ica, on  the  Missouri,  where  captains  Lewis  and 
Clarke  had  their  winter  encampment,  when  on 
their  expedition  to  the  Missouri.  Long.  100.  50. 
W.,  lat.  47.  20.  N. 

Mandur,  a  district  of  the  island  of  Celebes,  on 
the  W.  and  N.  coast,  bounded  W.  by  the  straits 
of  Macassar,  and  E.  by  a  tract  of  desert  moun- 
tains. 

Mandinaro,  a  country  in  the  W.  part  of  Negro 
land,  at  the  sources  of  the  rivers  Niger  and  Sene- 
gal. Not  only  the  inhabitants  of  this  state,  but 
the  bulk  of  the  people  in  many  other  districts  in 
the  western  part  of  Africa,  are  called  Mandingoes, 
probably  from  having  originally  emigrated  from 
this  country.  They  are  of  a  mild,  sociable,  and 
obliging  disposition  :  the  men  are  above  the  mid- 
dle size,  well-shaped,  strong,  and  capable  of  en- 
during great  labour  ;  the  women  are  good-natur- 
ed, sprightly,  and  agreeable.  The  dress  of  both 
sexes  is  composed  of  cotton  cloth  of  their  own 
manufacture.  Polygamy  is  common,  but  the  wo- 
men are  not  under  that  restraint  which  preva-.ls 
in  many  other  countries^  Most  of  the  towns  con- 
tain a  mosque,  where  public  prayers  are  offered  ; 
and  abentang,  or  coffee-house,  where  public  busi- 
ness is  transacted.  The  private  houses  are  built 
of  mud,  with  a  conical  bamboo  roof,  thatched  with 
grass.  The  language  of  the  Mandingoes  is  said 
to  be  copious  and  refined,  and  is  generlly  under- 
stood in  all  the  regions  of  Western  Africa. 

Mandshars,  or  Mandsheus,  a  branch  of  the  Mon- 
gul  Tartars,  whose  ancestors  conquered  China  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  but  were  expelled  by  the 
Chinese  in  1368.  They  inhabit  the  three  provin- 
ces of  Eastern  Tartary,  and  retain  the  customs 
they  brought  from  China. 

Manfredonia.  a  sea-port  of  Naples,  in  Capita- 
nata,  with  a  castle  and  a  good  harbour.  All  sorts 
of  vegetables  are  in  abundance,  and  most  of  the 
corn  exported  from  the  province  is  shipped  here. 
It  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  30  m.  E. 
i\.  E.  of  Lucrea.  Long.  16. 12.  E.,  lat.  41.  31.  N. 
Mana-filore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Canara,  seated  between  the  two  arms  of  a 
fine  lake  of  salt  water,  each  of  which  receives  a 
river  from  the  Ghauts  ;  but  the  bar  at  the  entrance 
into  this  harbour  will  not  admit  vessels  drawing 
more  than  ten  feet.  It  is  a  place  of  great  trade  : 
the  principal  exports  are  rice,  betel-nut,  black 
pepper,  sandal-wood  (from  the  country  above  the 
Ghauts.)  cinnamon,  and  turmeric.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  a  fort  which  Tippoo  Sultan  ordered  to  be 
demolished  in  1784.  In  this  town  a  treaty  of 
peace  was  signed  between  Tippoo  and  the  English 
in  1784  :  in  171)9  it  came  into  the  hands  of  the 
British,  and  is  now  the  residence  of  the  jud^*?, 
collector,  &c.,  of  S.  Canara.  It  is  130  m..  N.  N  W. 
of  Calicut,  and  190  S.  S.  E.  of  Goa.  Long.  75.  4 
E.,  lat.  12.  50.  N. 


MAN 


478 


MAN 


Mangea,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  5  leagues  in 
circumference.  In  the  interior  parts  it  rises  into 
small  hills,  and  captain  Cook,  by  whom  it  was  dis- 
co^'ered  in  1777,  represents  it  as  a  fine  island  ; 
but  he  did  not  find  a  landing  place.  Long.  158. 
16.  W.,  lat.  21.27.  S. 

Manhebn,  a  town  of  Baden,  and  capital  of  the 
circle  of  the  Neckar.  The  streets  are  spacious, 
straight,  and  well  paved  ;  the  houses  are  elegant 
and  uniform.  The  palace  is  a  magnificent  struc- 
ture, with  a  cabinet  of  natural  curiosities  and  a 
gallery  of  pictures.  The  inhabitants  are  compu- 
ted at  24,000.  Manheim  was  frequently  taken 
and  re-taken  by  the  French  and  Austrians  in  the 
late  wars  ;  and  was  finally  ceded  to  Baden  in  1802. 
It  is  17  m.  N.  of  Spire,  and  42  S.  of  Frankfort. 
Long.  8.  31.  E.,  lat.  49.  29.  N. 

Mankeim,  p  t.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Mo- 
hawk. Pop.  1,937.  p.t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  and 
townships  in  York  and  Seiiuylkill  Cos.  Pa. 

Mnnica,  an  inland  kingdom  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Africa,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Mocaranga,  E.  by 
Sofala  and  Sabia,  and  S.  and  W.  by  unknown 
recrions.  It- is  said  to  abound  with  mines  of  gold, 
and  has  a  river  and  capital  of  the  same  name  ;  but 
it  is  l.tt'e  known  to  Europeans. 

Manickdurg,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  Berar,  5  m.    S.  E.  of  Chanada. 

Manickpatam.  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Orissa,  12  ra.  S.  W.  of  Juggernaut. 

Manickpore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
«  district  of  the  same  name  in  the  province  of  Al- 
lahabad ;  seated  on  the  Ganges,  in  lat.  19.  40.  N., 
long.  85.  36.  E. 

Manlius,  p.t.  Onondaga,  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  7,375. 

Manilla,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Luconia,  as 
well  as  of  the  other  Philippine  islands,  and  the 
see  of  an  archbishop,  who  is  commonly  the  Span- 
ish viceroy.  It  is  well  fortified,  and  defended  by 
the  castle  of  St.  Philip.  The  number  of  Christian 
inhabitants  is  estimated  at  12,000.  Most  of  the 
public  structures  are  built  of  wood,  on  account  of 
he  frequent  earthquakes,  by  one  of  which,  in 
(.617,  a  mountain  was  levelled,  and  in  1C25  a  third 
part  of  the  city  was  overthrown  by  another,  when 
3,000  persons  perished.  This  city  is  seated  near 
the  lake  Bahia,  on  the  E.  side  of  a  bay,  on  the  S. 
W.  coast.  The  bay  is  a  circular  basin,  10  leagues 
in  diameter,  and  great  part  of  it  land  locked  ,  but 
the  part  peculiar  to  the  city,  called  Cavete,  lies 
9  m.  to  the  S.  W.  On  account  of  the  pure  and 
mild  temperature  of  the  air,  it  is  deemed  the  most 
healthy  of  all  the  European  settlements  in  the 
East.     Long.  120.  52.  E.,  lat.  14.  36.  N. 

Manningtree,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  The  prin- 
cipal imports  are  deals,  corn,  coal,  and  iron.  It 
is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Stour,  called  Man- 
ningtree-water,  11  m.  W.  of  Harwich,  and  60  E. 
N    E.  of  London. 

Mannhartsbcrg,  a  mountain  chain  of  Austria, 
beginning  at  the  frontier  of  Moravia,  and  termin- 
ating at  the  Danube.  The  products  are  corn,  saf- 
fron, and  wine.  The  chief  towns  are  Crems  and 
Kloster-Neuburg. 

Manosque,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Alps,  near  the  Durance,  with  a  castle,  25 
m.  N.  E.  of  Aix. 

Manpurry,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  district  of  Dooab,  seated  on  Issah,  54  m.  E. 
of  Agra. 

Manresa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a 
castle,  and  manufactures  of  silk,  hats,  gunpowder, 
&c. ;  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Cardonero  with 
the  Lobregrat,  20  ra.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona. 


Mans,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Sarthe,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop.  It  con- 
tains 18,000  inhabitants,  and  was  formerly  much 
more  populous.  Il  has  excellent  poultry,  and  its 
wax  and  stuffs  are  famous.  It  is  seaied'on  a  high 
hill,  near  the  Sarthe,  20  m.  S.  of  Alencon,  and  75 
W.  by  N.  of  Orleans.  Long.  0.  9.  E.,  lat.  48.  0. 
N. 

Mansaroar,  a  lake  of  Thibet,  from  which  the 
southernmost  head  of  the  Ganges  was  long  sup- 
posed to  issue.  It  is  about  115  m.  in  circumfer- 
ence, and  lies  about  79.  E.  long,  and  34.  N.  lat. 

Mansfdd,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Merseberg,  with  a  decayed  cast'-* 
on  a  high  rock  •  seated  on  the  Thalbach,  8  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Eisleben. 

Mansfield,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  En? 
with  a  trade  in  corn  and  malt,  and  maniil'aclurcs 
of  lace,  hosiery,  and  cotton  spinning.  Here  are 
a  commodious  church,  five  meeting  houses,  a 
grammar  school,  two  charity  schools,  and  12 
almshouses.  Coins  of  several  Roman  emperors 
have  been  dug  up  near  this  town,  and  the  relics 
recently  discovered  afirjrd  indisputable  proof  tliat 
the  Romans  had  a  station  in  the  vicinity.  It 
communicates  with  the  Pinxton  Canal  by  a  rail- 
way 7  m.  in  length ;  and  is  seated  on  the  edge  of 
the  forest  of  Sherwood,  14  m.  N.  of  Nottingham 
and  138  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Mansilla,  a  town  of  Spain,  provine  of  Leon,  10 
m.  S.  S.  E.  ofLeon. 

Mansora,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Guir,  60  m.  W.  of  Me- 
quinez. 

Mansoura,  a  town  of  Lower  Egypt,  with  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  rice  and  sal  ammoniac,  built  by 
the  Saracens,  during  the  crusades,  as  a  bulwark 
acralnst  the  Christian?.  It  is  seated  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Nile,  24  m.  S.  «.  W.  of  Damictta  and  CO 
N.  of  Cairo. 

Mantaca.     See  Mataca. 

Mantes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise,  with  a  bridge  over  the  Seine,  the  great 
arch  of  which  is  120  feet  wide.  The  wines  of 
its  vicinity  are  famous.  It  is  31  m.  N.  W.  of 
Paris. 

Mantua,  a  province  of  Italy,  contiguous  to  the 
duchies  of  Parma  and  Modena,  fertile  in  corn, 
flax,  fruits,  and  excellent  wine.  It  comprises  a 
superficial  extent  of  880  square  m.  with  214,000 
inhabitants ;  but  the  former  duchy  of  Mantua 
was  of  greater  extent..  It  was  governed  by  the 
Gonzago  family,  with  the  title  of  duke,  till 
Charles  IV.,  taking  part  with  the  French  in  tli« 
dispute  relating  to  the  succession  of  Spain,  was 
put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire,  and  died  in 
1708.  Having  no  heirs,  the  house  of  Austria 
kept  possession  till  1800,  when  the  French  ob 
tained  it,  after  the  battle  of  Marengo,  but  the 
Austrians  obtained  possession  of  it  again  in  1814. 

Mantua,  a  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  capital  of  the 
above  province.  It  is  seated  on  an  island  in  the 
middle  of  a  lake,  20  m.  in  circumference  and  two 
broad,  formed  by  the  Mincio ;  and  so  very  strong 
by  situation,  as  well  as  by  art,  that  it  is  one  of 
the  most  considerable  fortresses  in  Europe.  The 
only  way  into  this  city  is  by  means  of  two  moles 
or  bridges,  each  of  which  is  defended  by  a  fort 
and  other  works.  The  city  is  well  built,  and 
most  of  the  streets  are  spacious,  regular,  and  well 
paved.  In  the  cathedral  are  paintings  by  the 
most  celebrated  masters;  the  church  of  St.  An- 
thony is  famous  for  relics ;  and  the  Franciscan 
church  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  that  order  in 


MAR 


479 


MAK 


Italy.  Here  are  many  other  churches,  numerous 
convents,  a  synagogue  for  the  Jews,  who  live  in 
a  distinct  quarter,  a  university,  the  ancient  ducal 
palace,  with  its  gallery  of  paintings,  &c.  Virgil 
was  born  at  a  village  near  this  city.  Mantua  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  in  1797  (after  a  siege  of 
eight  months),  was  taken  by  the  Austrian  and 
Russian  army  in  1799,  again  ceded  to  France  in 
1801,  and  finally  delivered  ud  to  the  Austrians  in 
1814.  It  is  35  m.  N.  E.  of  Parma  and  70  E.  S. 
E.  of  Milan.     Long.  10  50.  E.,  lat.  45.  10.  N. 

Mantua,  a  village  in  Blockley  township  adjoin- 
ing Philadelphia. 

Mantua,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio,  on  the  Cuyaho- 
ga, 148  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  949. 

Maouna,one  of  the  Navigator's  Islands,  in  the  S. 
Pacific.  Here,  in  1787,  La  Perouse  met  with  his 
first  fatal  accident ;  captain  Langle,  Lemanon  the 
naturalist,  and  9  sailors  being  massacred  by  the 
natives.     Long.  169.  0.  W.,  lat.  14.  19.  S. 

Manuaiho,  a  province  of  S.America  now  forming 
part  of  the  Venezuelan  province  of  the  Colombian 
republic,  and  extending  N.  to  the  Carribean  Sea. 
The  soil  is  in  many  places  exceedingly  fertile, 
and  the  climate,  although  excessively  hot,  is  not 
on  the  whole  unhealthy.  The  inhabitiints  are  es- 
timated at  about  100,000. 

Maracaibo,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, with 
a  harbour  which  can  only  admit  small  vessels,  ow- 
ing to  the  obstruction  of  a  sand  bar.  It  has  a 
mean  appearance,  some  of  the  houses  being  cover- 
ed with  tiles,  others  with  reeds.  The  climate  is 
hot,  and  the  storms  of  thunder  and  lightning  that 
frequently  occur  are  accompanied  with  tremend- 
ous rains.  It  is  seated  on  the  outlet  of  the  lake 
of  its  name,  60  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Caracas.  Long. 
71.46.  W.,lat.  10.  30.  N. 

Maracaibo,  a  lake  of  Caracas  in  the  province  of 
Venezuela.  It  is  150  m.  lon^  and  90  where  broad- 
est, with  a  circumference  of  4-50  ;  and  is  naviga- 
ble for  vessels  of  the  greatest  burden.  The  banks 
are  sterile,  and  the  air  insalubrious  ;  but  the  wa- 
ter is  fresh,  except  in  stormy  weather,  when  the 
waters  of  the  sea  are  forced  into  it.  It  communi- 
cates with  the  gulf  of  Venezuela,  by  a  strait 
which  is  defended  by  strong  forts,  and  has  several 
Spanish  towns  seated  on  its  borders. 

Maracay,  or  Maracao,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in 
the  province  of  Venezuela,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  which  are  plantations  of  cotton,  indigo,  coffee, 
corn,  &c.  ;  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  lake  Val- 
encia, in  the  valley  of  Aragoa. 

Maraga,  a  well  built  city  of  Persia,  province 
of  Aderbijan,  with  a  spacious  bazaar,  a  glass  man- 
ufactory, and  a  handsome  public  bath ;  situated 
at  the  extremity  of  a  well  cultivated  plain,  open- 
ing to  the  lake  of  Urumea,  from  which  it  is  dis- 
tant 10  or  12  m.,  and  68  m.  N.  of  Tabreez.  Long. 
46.  25.  E.,  lat.  37.20.  N. 

Maraniiam,  a  northern  province  of  Brazil,  which 
comprehends  a  tfertile  and  populous  island  of  the 
same  name,  112  m  in  circumference.  The  French 
settled  here  in  1612;  but  they  were  soon  expelled 
by  the  Portuguese.  St.  Luis  de  Maranham  is 
the  chief  town. 

Maranon.     See  Amazon. 

Marano,  a  sea-port  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Udma  ;  seated  on  the  guli  of  Venic«, 
27  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Udina.  Long.  13. 5.  E.,  lat.  45. 
52.  N.  ,  ^ 

Marans,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  salt,  malt,  corn, 
and  meal ;  seated  on  the  Sevre,  in  the  midst  of 
salt  marshes,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Rochelle 


Marant,  or  Amarant,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  th« 
province  of  Adirbeitzan,  containing  2,.>00  houses, 
each  with  a  garden  ;  situate  near  a  river,  and  wa- 
tered by  canals.  Cocliineal  is  found  in  its  neigh- 
bourhood. The  inhabitants  say  that  Noah  was 
buried  here.  It  is  50  m.  N.  of  Tauris.  Long.  47. 
46.  E.,  lat.  39.  7.  N. 

Marasa,  a  town  of  W.  Africa,  in  Wangara,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Niger,  160  m.  N.  E.  of  Ghan- 
ara.     Long.  17.  10.  E.,  lat.  15.  50.  N 

Marasch,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Carama 
nia,  the  capital  of  a  sangiacate  and  the  see  of  a 
bishop.  It  is  180  m.  E.  by  S.  ofCogni.  Long. 37. 
25.  E.,  lat.  37.  24.  N. 

Marathon,  a  village  of  Attica,  formerly  a  city, 
famous  for  tlie  victory  obtained  bv  Miltiades  with 
10,000  Athenians  over  500,000  "Persians,  B.  C. 
490.     Itisafewm.  N.N.  E.  of  Athens. 

Marathon,  p.t.  Lawrence  Co.  Alab.  on  the  Ten- 
nessee. 35  ni.  W.  Huntsville. 

Maravi,  a  lake  of  Eastern  Africa,  W.  of  Mo 
zambique,  reported  to  be  about  40  m.  in  breadth, 
and  of  much  greater  length.  At  its  S.  extremity 
is  a  district  with  a  town  of  the  same  name.  Long. 
3.  10.  E.,  lat.  13.  10.  S. 

Marawar,  a  country  of  Hindoostan,  situated  on 
the  eastern  coast,  opposite  Ceylon,  and  between 
9.  and  10.  of  N.  lat.  It  is  66  m.  in  length  by  40  in 
breadth  ;  and  is  included  in  the  collectorship  of 
Dindigul.  The  chief  towns  are  Ramnad  and  Tri- 
patore. 

Marawina,  a  river  of  Guiana,  noted  for  a  curious 
pebble,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Marawina  dia- 
mond, which,  when  polished,  is  often  set  in  rings, 
<&c.  It  enters  the  Atlantic  in  long.  53.  43.  W., 
lat.  5.  58.  N. 

Maruzion,  or  Market  Jtw,  a  town  m  Cornwall, 
Eng.  The  parish  church  of  St.  Hilary  is  about  2 
m.  distant ;  but  the  town  has  a  chapel  of  ease 
beside  several  meeting  houses  for  dissenters.  It 
is  seated  on  Mount  Bay,  4  m.  E.  of  Penzance  and 
279  W.  byS.  of  London. 

Marbella,  a  town  of  Andalusia,  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Verde,  with  a  harbour,  defended 
by  a  castle,  23  m.  S.  W.  of  Malaga. 

Marbleliead,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  19  m.  N.  E. 
Boston  and  4.  S.  E.  Salem.  Pop.  5,150.  This  town 
lies  close  to  the  sea  and  has  a  safe  but  small  harbour. 
It  carries  on  a  very  active  fishing  business.  Here 
is  a  bank,  an  academy  and  5  churches. 

Marbletoicn,  p.t.  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Esopus 
creek,  70  m-  S.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  3,223. 

Marbmuf,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eure,  12  in.  N.  of  Conches. 

Marboz,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
12  m.  N.  ofBourg. 

Marbrook,  a  river  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  which 
joins  the  Severn  below  Bridgenorth. 

Marburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  that 
part  of  Upper  Hesse  which  belongs  to  the  elector 
of  Hesse-Cassel.  It  has  a  fortified  castle  on  the 
top  of  a  mountain,  a  university,  an  academy,  a 
Lutheran,  a  Calvinist,  and  a  catholic  church,  an 
hospital,  two  infirmaries,  and  an  orphan  house. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1757  ;  surrendered 
to  the  allies  in  1759;  and  again  taken  by  the 
French  in  1760.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lake,  47  m. 
S.  W.  of  Cassel.     Long.  8.  50.  E.,  lat.  50.  48.  N. 

Marburyville,  p. v.  Feliciana  Co.  Lou.  83  m.  N. 
W.  New  Orleans. 

MarceUin,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Isere  ;  seated  on  the  Isere,  at  the  foot  of  a  hill  In 
an  excellent  wine  country,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Vi- 
enne 


MAR 


480 


MAR 


Mareellus,  p.t.  Onondawo  Co.  N.  Y.  4  m.  N.  E. 
from  Skeneateles  Lake.  Pop  2,626. 

March,  a  town  in  Cambridegshire,  Eng.  with  a 
considerable  trade  in  corn,  coals,  and  timber. 
Near  this  place  three  urns  full  of  burnt  bones 
and  some  small  Roman  conis  were  dug  up  in  1730. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Nen,  in  the  isle  of  Ely,  26  m. 
N.  N.  W.    of  Cambridge  and  81  N.  of  London. 

Marchburg,  or  Mahruurg,  a  town  of  the  Aus- 
trian States  in  Styria,  capital  of  a  circle  of  its 
name,  with  two  castles.  In  its  vicinity  are  good 
vineyards.  It  is  seated  on  the  Drave,  36  m.  S.  S 
E.  of  Gratz.  Long.  15.  38.  E.,  lat.  46.  48.  N. 

Marche,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vos- 
ges  ;  situate  near  the  source  of  the  Mouzon,  20 
m.  S.  of  Neufchateau. 

Marchtck,  a  town  of  Lower  Austria,  with  an 
old  castle  ;  seated  on  the  March,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Hungary,  23  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Vienna. 

Marciennes,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  prov- 
ince of  Hainault;  seated  on  the  Sambre,  18  m. 
£.by  S.  of  Mons. 

Marchirnnes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nord,  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Scarpe,  9 
m.  W.  N.  W   of  Valenciennes. 

Marcianisi,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavo- 
ro,  13  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

Marcigny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  near  the  river  Loire,  32  m.  W. 
of  Macon. 

Marco,  St.,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra, 
seated  on  the  Senito,  22  m.  N.  of  Cosenza. 

Marcou,  St.,  two  small  islands  in  the  English 
Channel,  near  the  coast  of  France,  7  m.  S.  E.  of 
La  Hague. 

Marcus  Hook,  p. v.  Delaware  Co.  Pa.  ou  the  Del- 
aware, 20  m.  below  Philad. 

Mardike,  a  village,  of  France  department  of 
Nord,  seated  on  a  canal,  to  which  it  gives  name, 
4  m..W.  by  S.  of  Dunkirk. 

Mardin,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Bogdad.  It  stands  on  a  high  and  steep 
hill  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall. 

March,  the  capital  ol  a  district  of  Arabia,  in  Ye- 
men. It  is  100  m.  S.  E.  of  Sanaa.  Long.  47.  20. 
E.,  lat.  15.  44.  N. 

Marengo,  a  village  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Milan,  famous  for  a  decisive  victory 
gained  by  the  French  over  the  Austrians,  June  14, 
1800.     It  is  3  m.  S.  E.  of  Allessandria. 

Marengo,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  7,742. 
Linden  is  the  capital. 

Marengo,  p. v.  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y. 

Marennes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  remarkable  for  the  green-finned 
oysters,  found  near  the  coast.  It  is  25  m.  S.  of 
La  Rochelle  and  270  S.  W.  of  Paris. 
(  Maretimo,  an  island  in  the  Mediteranean,  on 
the  W.  coast  of  Sicily,  12  m.  in  circumference. 
It  has  a  castle,  with  a  few  farm-houses,  and  pro- 
duces much  honey.  Long.  12.  15.  E.,  lat.  38.  5.  N. 

Margaretta,  a  township  of  Huron  Co. Ohio.  110 
m.  N.  E.ColuBibus. 

Margaret's  Island,  in  the  N.  Pacific,  was  discov- 
ered by  captain  Magee,  in  the  ship  Margaret,  of 
Boston,  in  his  voyage  from  Kamtschatka,  in 
1780.     Long.  141.  12.  E.,  lat.  24.  40.  N. 

Margarita,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Curaana, 
about  40  m.  long  and  15  broad,  discovered  by 
Columbus  in  1498.  The  continual  verdure  ren- 
ders it  pleasant ;  but  it  has  no  fresh  water.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  mulattoes  and  the  orig- 
inal natives.  The  pearl  fishery,  was  once  prose- 
cuted to  a  great  extent,  but  in  1620  the  Dutch 


landed  and  burnt  the  town  and  castle,  since 
which  it  has  greatly  declined.  Its  chief  import- 
ance arises  from  its  situation,  as  all  vessels  from 
Europe  bound  for  Cumana,  Barcelona,  and  La 
Guira,  must  pass  through  the  channel  which  sep- 
arates it  from  Cumana.  Its  ports  are  Painpatar, 
Pueblo  de  la  Mar,  and  Pueblo  del  Norte.  It  was 
the  scene  of  several  sanguinary  battles  between  the 
independants  and  the  royal  troops  under  general 
Morillo,  who  was  defeated  with  great  loss  near 
Pampatar,  and  obliged  to  retire  to  the  continent. 
Ascension  is  the  capital.  Long.  64.  to  65.  W., 
lat.  10.  56.  N. 

Margate,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  on  the  isle  of 
Thanet,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  corn,  coals,  fish,  tim- 
ber, iron,  tar,  &c.  It  is  a  member  of  the  port  of 
Dover,  and  owing  to  the  great  resort  to  it,  for  sea 
bathing,  for  which  its  situation  is  well  adapted, 
it  has  rapidly  increased  in  population  and  wealth. 
The  harbour  has  been,  greatly  improved,  and  the 
town  is  protected  from  the  inroads  of  the  sea  by 
a  stone  pier.  There  are  regular  passage  boats  to 
and  from  London,  and  during  summer  a  number 
of  steam  packets.  It  is  situate  on  the  side  of  a 
hill,  17  m.  E.  E.  N.  of  Canterbury  and  71  E  by  S. 
of  London.     Long.  1.22.  E.,  lat.5].  24.  N. 

Marguerite,  a  small  uncultivated  island  on  the 
S.  E.  coast  of  France,  opposite  Antibes,  with  a 
strong  castle,  in  which  "  the  man  with  the  iron 
mask  '  was  for  some  time  confined.  Long.  7.  3. 
E.,  lat.  45.  31.  N. 

Mari,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire, 
16  m.  long,  and  from  1  to  2  broad.  There  are  24 
small  islands  in  it. 

Maria,  a  river  of  N.  America,  which  rises  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  and,  after  a  course  of  500 
m.  falls  into  the  Missouri,  54  m.  below  the  Great 
Falls. 

Maria,  Cape,  a  small  island  on  the  N.  coast  of 
New  Holland,  in  the  gulf  of  Carpentaria.  Long. 
135.  53.  E.,  lat.  14.  50.  S. 

Maria,  St.,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  near 
the  E.  side  of  Madagascar.  It  is  45  m.  long  and 
7  broad,  well  watered,  and  surrounded  by  rocks. 
The  air  is  extremely  moist;  for  it  rains  almost 
every  day.  It  produces  rice,  sugar-canes,  legu- 
mes, pine-apples,  tobacco,  &c.,  and  on  the  coasts 
are  found  white  coral  and  ambergris.  Long.  50. 
20.  E.,  lat.  17.  0.  S. 

Maria,  St.,  the  most  southern  island  of  the 
Azores,  which  produces  plenty  of  wheat,  and  has 
about  5,000  inhabitants.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name.     Long.  25.  9.  W.,  lat.  36.  57.  N. 

Maria,  St. ,  a  town  of  Congo,  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Matamba.  It  stands  on  a  river  that  flows 
into  the  Coanzo,  310  m.  E.  of  Loanda.  Long.  18 
0.  E.,  lat.  8.50.  S. 

Mariagalante,  one  of  the  Carribee  islands,  be- 
longing to  the  French.  It  extends  16  m.  from  N. 
to  S.  and  4  from  E.  to  W.  On  the  E.  shore  are 
lofty  perpendicular  rocks;  and  about  half  its  sur- 
face is  barren  mountains.  It  is  indifferently  wa- 
tered, but  produces  tobacco,  cotton,  coffee,  and 
sugar.  It  was  taken  by  a  British  frigate  in  1808. 
The  S.  end  is  30  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Dominica.  Long. 
61.  12.  W.,  lat.  15.  52.  N. 

Marian  Islands.     See  Ladrone. 

Marie  aux  Mines,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Upper  Rhine,  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  river 
Laber.     It  is  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Colmar. 

Marienburg,  a  strong  town  of  W.  Prussia,  in 
the  government  of  Dantzic,  with  a  brisk  trade 
It  is  seated  on  the  E.  branch  of  the  Vistula,  24 
m.  S.  E.  of  Dantzic.    Jiong.  19. 1.  £.,  lat.  54.2.  N 


-     MAR 


481 


MAR 


Mariertburg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Erzgebirge,  near  which  are  mines  of  silver,  iron, 
vitriol,  and  sulphur.    It  is  35  m.  S.  W.  of  Dresden. 

•Mariestadt,   a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Scarborg,  seated  on  the  lake  Wenner, 
•  35.  m.  S.  E.  of  CarlsUdt,and  162  S.  W.  of  Stock- 
aolm.     Long.  14.  25.  E.,  lat.  58.  28.  N. 

Mariemcerder,  one  of  the  two  governments  into 
which  W.  Prussia  is  now  divided.  It  is  a  long 
tract,  of  very  irregular  form,  lying  N.  of  Poland 
and  S.  of  Pomeraniaand  the  government  of  Dan t- 
zic.     Area  6,880  sq.  m. 

Marieiuperdtr,  a  neat  town  of  W.  Prussia,  cap- 
ital of  a  government  and  circle,  with  a  spacious 
palace,  built  in  the  old  Gothic  style.  The  cathe- 
dral is  the  largest  cliurch  in  the  kingdom  of  Prus- 
sia, being  320  feet  long  ;  and  by  its  strong  breast- 
works seems  to  have  formerly  served  as  a  fortress. 
In  1709,  Peter  the  Great,and  Frederic  I.  of  Prussia, 
had  an  interview  at  this  place.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Vistula,  90  m.  S.  W.  of  Konigsberg.  Lonof. 
18.52.  E.,  lat.  53.  50.  N. 

Marietta,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Ohio  ;  it  is  beau- 
tifully situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Muskin- 
gum and  Ohio,  but  is  subjected  to  the  incon- 
venience of  being  annually  overflowed  by  the 
rising  of  the  river.  This  town  was  the  firft  set- 
tlement of  any  consequence  made  in  the  state,  yet 
it  is  not  a  large  place  and  of  late  years  has  rather 
declined  than  increased.  Pop.  1,914.  Also  vil- 
lages, in  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  and  Lancaster  Co. 
Pa.  on  the  Susquehanna,  13  m.  W.  Lancaster. 

Marignano,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
government  of  Milan,  seated  on  the  Lambro,  10 
m.  S.  E.  of  Milan. 

Marina,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states,  with 
a  castle,  10  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Rome. 

Marion,  a  District  of  S.  Carolina.  Pop.  11,208. 
A  couutyofOhio.  Pop.  6,558.  Marion  is  the  capi- 
tal. A  county  of  E.Tennessee  Pop.  5^16.  Jas- 
per is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Alabama.  Pop. 
4,056.  Pikeville  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Mis- 
sissippi. Pop.  3,701.  Columbia  is  the  capital.  A 
county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  7,181.  Indianapolis  is 
the  capital.  A  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  2,021. 
Salem  is  the  capital.  A  county  ofMissouri.  Pop. 
4,839.     Palmyra  is  the  capital. 

Marion,  p.t.  Twiggs  Co.  Geo.  34  m.  S.  W.  Mil- 
ledgeville,  p.v.  Marion  Co.  Ohio,  48  m.  N.  W. 
Columbus,  pv.  Cole  Co.  Missouri,  145  m.  W. 
St.  Louis. 

Marissa,  or  Maritza,  a  river  of  Romania,  which 
lows  by  Philipopoli,  Adrianople,  and  Eno,  into 
the  Archipelago. 

Mark,  a  territory  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  bound- 
ed N.  by  the  principality  of  Munster,  E.  hy  the 
duchy  of  Westphalia,  aiid  S.  and  W.  by  ttiat  of 
Berg.     Ham  is  the  capital. 

Mark,  St.,s.  sea-port  and  jurisdiction  on  the  W. 
side  of  St.  Domingo.  The  town  is  one  of  the 
pleasantest  on  the  island  ;  and  the  houses  are 
built  of  freestone,  which  is  abundant  in  the  neigh- 
bouring county .  It  is  situate  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  53  m.  S.  W.  of  Cape  Francois.  Long.  72. 
40.  W.,  lat.  19.  20.  N.     See  also  St  Mark. 

Marksborough,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  70  m.  N. 
Trenton. 

MarL^iUe,  p.v.  Avoyelles  Parish,  Lou. 

Market,  Jew.     See  Marazion. 

Marlborough,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng. 
Here  king  John  had  a  castle,  in  which  a  parlia- 
ment was  held  in  1267,  when  the  Statute  of  JV»%rle- 
bridge  for  suppressing  riots  was  enacted.  The 
town  contains  two  churches,  several  laeeiin? 
61  * 


houses,  a  free  grammar  school,  a  Lancasteriau 
school,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kennet,  26  m.  N. 
of  Salisbury  and  74  W.  of  London. 

Marlborough,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  Fop.  822 
p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  9  m.  S.  W.  Brattleborough. 
Pop.  1,218.  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  28  m.  W 
Boston.  Pop.  2,074.  p.t.  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  Hudson.'  90  m.  S.  Albany.  Pop.  2,272.  p.t 
Hartford  Co.  Conn.  17  m.  S.  E.  Hartford.  Pop. 
704.  Townships  in  Montgomery  Co.  Pa.  and 
Delaware  Co.  Ohio,  and  a  village  in  Calvert  Co. 
Maryland,  45  m.  S.  Baltimore. 

Marlborough,  a  District  of  S.  Carolina  on  the 
Great  Pedee.     Pop,  8,578. 

Marlborough,  East,  and  West,  townships  in 
Chester  Co.  Pa.  30  m.  S.  W.  Philad. 

Marlborough,  Upper,  p.v.  Prince  George's  Co. 
Maryland,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Patuxent.  12 
m.  S.  E.  Washington. 

Marlborough,  Fort,  an  English  factory,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  3  ra.  E.  of 
Bencoolen. 

MarloxD,  a  borough  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng. 
with  a  manufacture  of  black  silk,  lace,  and  pa- 
per. It  is  seated  near  the  Thames,  over  which  Is 
a  bridge  into  Berkshire,  17  m.  N.  of  Aylesbury 
and  31  W.  of  London. 

Marlow.  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  on  Ashuelot, 
river,  46  ra.  W.  Concord.  Pop.  645. 

Marmande,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  with  a  brisk  trade  in  corn,  wine 
and  brandy  It  is  seated  on  the  Garonne,  25 
m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux.  Long.  0.  ll.  E.,  lat.  44 
20.  N. 

Marmora,  or  White  Sea,  the  ancient  Propontis, 
an  inland  sea  between  Europe  and  Asia,  which 
communicates  with  the  Archipelago  by  the  strait 
of  Gallipoli,  and  with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  strait 
of  Constantinople.  It  is  120  m.  in  length  and  60 
in  breadth. 

Marmora,  an  island  in  the  above  sea,  30  m.  in 
circumference,  with  a  town  of  the  same  name. 
Long.  27.  34.  E.,  lat.  40.  28.  N. 

Marne,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  former  province  of  Champagne,  and  the 
district  of  Brie.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river 
which  rises  near  Langres,  and  falls  into  the 
Seine  a  little  above  Paris.     Chalons  is  the  capital. 

Marne  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing the  S.  E.  part  of  the  province  of  Champao-ue 
and  Brie.     Chaumont  is  the  capital. 

Maro,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  the 
province  of  Oneglia,  seated  in  a  valley,  8  m.  N. 
W.  of  Oneglia. 

Marples,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.  Pa.  14. 
m.   W.  Philadelphia. 

Marquartstein,  s.\.oyvXi  of  Bavaria,  with  an  an- 
cient castle,  seated  near  the  river  Acha,  22  m.  W 
of  Salzburg. 

Marquesas,  5  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  nanri' 
ed  St.  Christina,  Magdalena,  St.  Dominica,  St. 
Pedro,  and  Hood.  The  first  four  were  discoverec. 
by  Quiros  in  1595,  the  last  by  Cook  in  1774  St. 
Dominica  is  much  the  largest,  about  48  m.  in  cir- 
cuit. Captain  Cook,  in  his  second  voyage,  laj 
some  time  at  Christina,  in  long.  136.  9.  W.,  ana 
lat.  9.  55.  S.  It  is  high  and  steep,  but  has  many 
valleys,  which  widen  towards  the  sea,  and  art 
covered  with  fine  forests  to  the  summits  of  the  in 
terior  mountains.  The  products  of  these  islands 
are  breadfruit,  bananas,  plantains,  cocoa-nuts, 
scarlet  beans,  paper-mulberries  (of  the  bark  of 
which  their  cloth  is  made),  casuarinas,  with  other 
tropical  plants  and  trees.  The  inhabitants  are 
2  S 


MAR 


482 


MAR 


well  made,  strong,  and  active  ;  of  a  tawny  com- 
plexion, but  look  almost  black  by  being  punctur- 
ed over  the  whole  body.  Their  language,  man- 
ners, customs,  <fec,,  very  much  resemble  those  of 
the  Society  islands. 

Marsal,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meur- 
the,  with  considerable  salt-works  :  seated  on  the 
Seille,  in  a  marsh  of  difficult  access,  17  m.  £.  S. 
E.  of  Nancy. 

Marsala,  a.  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Lilybseum,  at 
the  most  western  part  of  the  island,  45  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Palermo.  Long.  12.  29.  E.,  lat.  38.  4. 
N. 

Harsaquiver,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Algiers,  in  the 
province  of  Mascara  ;  seated  on  a  rock,  near  a 
bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  3  m.  from  Oran. 

Mar  sell.     See  Moraw. 

M&rsden,  a  village  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  near 
the  source  of  the  Colne,  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Iludders- 
field.  Here  are  some  extensive  cotton  mills, 
and  the  Huddersfield  Canal  passes  this  place. 

MarseUI.es,  a  flourishing  sea-port  of  France, 
capital  of  tiie  department  of  Mouths  of  the  Rhone. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  110,000.  It  was 
so  celebrated  in  the  time  of  the  Romans  that  Ci- 
cero styled  it  the  Athens  of  the  Gauls,  and  Pliny 
called  it  the  Mistress  of  Education.  It  is  divided 
into  the  Old  Town  and  the  New.  The  former 
appears  like  an  amphitheatre  to  the  vessels  which 
entei  Ihe  port;  but  the  houses  are  mean,  and  the 
streets  dirty  ,  narrow,  and  steep.  In  this  part  is 
the  principal  church,  built  by  the  Goths,  on  the 
ruins  of  the  temple  of  Diana.  The  New  Town  is 
in  every  respect,  a  perfect  contrast  to  the  Old, 
with  which  it  has  a  communication  by  one  of  the 
finest  streets  imaginable.  The  other  streets  and 
tfquaret  as  well  as  the  public  buildings  in  general 
are  very  elegant.  With  respect  to  commerce, 
Marseilles  has  long  been  eminent ;  and  it  is  now 
sometimes  called  Europe  in  Miniature,  on  account 
of  the  variety  of  dresses  and  languages.  In  the 
environs  are  nearly  5,000  little  country  boxes  of 
tiie  citizens,  called  Bastides.  The  port  is  a  basin 
of  an  oval  form,  3,480  feet  long,  by  9()0  broad  at 
its  widest  part,  with  18  or  20  feet  depth  of  wattr. 
In  16-Ji)  the  plague  raged  with  great  violence  m 
Marseilles,  and  with  still  greater  in  1720,  when 
it  carried  03*50,000  of  the  inhabitants.  The  late 
lord  Gardenstone  observes  that  Marseilles  was  a 
little  republic  within  itself,  that  the  citizens  elect- 
ed their  own  magistrates,  and  that  the  expense 
of  a  law-suit  never  exceeded  twopence-halfpenny , 
which  sum  was  lodged  by  each  party  with  the 
clerks  of  court,  at  the  commencement  of  every 
process  ;  after  which  no  further  expense  was  in- 
curred. Marseilles  is  seated  on  the  Mediterran- 
nean,  15  m.  S.  of  Aix,  and  450  S.  by  E.  o?  Paris. 
Long.  5.  27.  E.,  lat.  43.  18    N. 

Marseilles,  p. v.  Halifax  Co.  Va.  150  m.  S.  W. 
Richmond. 

Marshallsville,  a  village  of  Mecklenburg  Co. 
Va. 

Marshidton,  p.v.  Chester  Co.  Pa.  30  m.  S.  W. 
Philadelphia. 

Marslificld,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
seated  on  the  Coteswold  Hills,  11  m.  E.  of  Bris- 
tol, and  103  W.  of   London. 

Marshfield,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  12  m.  S.  E. 
Montpeiier.  Pop.  1,271.  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass 
on  the  coast  of  Mass.  Bay,  3C  m  S.  E.  Boston.  Pop. 
1,5(;3. 

Marshpee,  an  Indian  fown  in  Barnstable  Co. 
vlass.  on  the  S.  side  of  Cape  Cod.    70  m.  S.  E. 


Boston.     Here  are  about  150  Indians.     See  Mat-. 
sachusetts.  ' 

Marsico  JVuovo,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Principato 
Citra,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Policastro. 

Marsico  Vecchio,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Baaihcata, 
near  the  river  Acre  23  m.  N.  E.  of  Policastro. 

Marsilly,  a  town  cf  France,  department  of 
Marne,  lu  m.  S.  of  Suzanne. 

Marstrand,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  govern 
ment  of  Gottenburg.  The  inhabitants,  about 
1,200,  subsist  chiefly  by  the  herring  fishery,  by 
the  number  of  ships  which  in  bad  weather  take 
refnge  in  the  harbour,  which  though  difficult  of 
entrance  is  secure  and  commodious,  and  by  a 
contraband  trade.  It  stands  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Cattegat,  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Gottenburg.! 
Long.  11.  36.  E.,  lat.  57.  53.  N. 

Marta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  patrimony  of  St. 
Peter ;  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  10  m. 
E.  of  Castro. 

Martaban,  a  city  of  the  Birman  empire,  capital, 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  fertile  in  rice, 
fruits,  and  wines  of  all  kinds.  It  was  at  one  time 
a  rich  trading  place,  but  after  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  Birmans,  they  caused  its  harbour  to 
be  nearly  choked  up,  and  it  is  now  of  little  impor-, 
tance.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Thaluan,  120  m.  S.  E.  of  Pegu 
Long.  97.  56.  E.,  lat.  16.  30  N. 

Martapuro.     See  Metapura. 

Martel,  a  town  of  Franec,  department  of  Lot  ■ 
seated  near  the  Dordogne,  18  m.  E.  of  Sarlat. 

Martha,  St.,  a  district  of  the  republic  of  Colom- 
bia, in  the  .territory  of  New  Granada,  bounded  N. 
by  the  Carribean  Sea,  E.  by  Maracaibo,  and  W. 
by  Carthagena.  It  abounds  with  fruits  proper  to 
the  climate,  and  there  are  mines  of  gold  and 
precious  stones,  and  salt-works.  Here  commences 
the  famous  ridge  of  mountains,  called  the  Andes, 
which  runs  S.  the  whole  length  of  S.  Amer- 
ica. 

Martha,  St.,  a  town  of  Colombia,  capital  of  the. 
above  district.  The  harbour  is  surrounded  by, 
high  mountains.  It  was  once  flourishing  and 
populous,  but  has  of  late  years  much  declined. 
It  has  been  frequently  pillaged  by  the  English, 
the  Dutch,  and  the  Buccaneers:  in  1596  it  was 
reduced  to  ashes  by  Sir  Francis  Drake.  It  is 
sealed  on  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Madalena,  100. 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Rio  de  la  Hache.  Long.  74.  4. 
W.,  lat.  11.  27.  N. 

MartliasviUe,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Miss.  66  m. 
W.  St.  Louis. 

Martha's  Vineijaro.,  an  island  near  the  S.  coast 
of  Massachusetts,  a  little  to  the  W.  of  Nantucket. 
It  is  21  m.  long  and  from  2  to  10  broad  ;  with  the, 
Elizabeth  Islands  it  forms  Dukes  County,  con' 
taining  a  pop.  of  3,518.  The  chief  products  arp, 
Indian  corn  and  rye.     Edorarton  is  the  chief  town 

Marthalen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton~  ot 
Zurich,  o  m.  S.  of  Scaffliausen. 

Martic,  a  township  of  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.  on 
the  Susquehanna. 

Martigues,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone ,  seated  near  a  lake,  12  m. 
long  and  5  broad,  which  produces  excellent  salt. 
20  m.  N.  W.  of  Marseilles. 

Martin,  a  country  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  8,544. 
Williamstown  is  the  capital,  a  county  of  Indiana. 
Pop.  2,010.     Mount  Pleasant  is  tlie  capital. 

MartinsburiT,  p.t.  Lewis.  Co.  N.  Y.  50  m.  N  tJti- 
ca.  Pop.  2,332;  also  villages  in  Bedford  Co  Pa. 
Berkshire  Co.  Va.,  Kno.x  Co.  Ohio.,  Morgan  Cu, 
Indiana,  and  Hopkins  Cp.  Kentucky.  , 


MAR 


483 


MAH 


Martin's  Creek,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa.  10 
m.  N.  i^aston. 

Miirtin,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  separating 
the  ff ulf  of  Valencia  from  that  of  Alicant.  Long. 
0.  36.  £.,  lat.  38.  54.  N. 

Martin,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  isle  of  Re, 
with  a  harbour  and  strong  citadel,  10  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Rochelle.  Long.  1.  21.  W.,  lat.  46.  18. 
N. 

Martin,  St.,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carribee  isl- 
ands, 44  m.  in  circumference.  It  has  neither 
harbour  nor  river,  but  several  saltpits,  and  salt 
water  lakes.  Tobacco  is  the  chief  commodity 
cultivated.  It  was  long  jointly  possessed  by  the 
French  and  Dutch,  was  taken  by  the  British  in 
1801,  but  subsequently  restored.  The  W.  end  is 
5  m.  S.  of  Anguilla.  'Long.  63.  16.  W.,  lat.  18. 
4.  N 

Martinach,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Valais, 
on  the  river  Dranse,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Sion. 

Martinsville,  p.t.  Henry  Co.  Va.,  p. v.  Guilford 
Co.  N.  C,  p.v.  Morgan  Co.  Indiana. 

Martinique,  one  oi  the  Windward  Carribee  isl- 
ands, 50  m.  long  and  18  broad,  belonging  to  the 
French.  There  are  high  mountains  covered  with 
trees,  several  rivers,  and  many  fertile  valleys. 
The  chief  products  are  sugar,  cotton,  ginger,  in- 
digo, chocolate,  aloes,  pimento,  plantains,  and 
other  tropical  fruits.  The  island  is  extremely 
populous  ;  and  it  has  several  safe  and  commodious 
harbours,  well  fortified.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1762,  1794,  and  1809,  but  restored  in 
1815.  In  1806  it  suffered  great  damage  by  a  tre- 
mendous hurricane.     Fort  Royal  is  the  capital. 

Martock,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  with 
an  elegant  church,  130  W.  by  S.  London. 

Martorano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  18  m.  from  the  sea  and  15  S. 
of  Cosenza. 

Martorel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Noya  and  Lobregat,  18  m  N.  W. 
of  Barcelona. 

Martos,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a 
fortress.     10  m.  W.  of  Jaen. 

Maru,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Khorasan,  celebrated 
for  its  salt  works ;  situate  on  the  Morga,  130  m. 
E.  N.  E.  ofMesched. 

Marvao,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  8  m. 
N.  E.  of  Portalegre. 

Marvejols,  a  town  of  France,  aepartment  of 
Lozere,  seated  on  the  Colange,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Mende. 

Martille,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meuse,  seated  on  the  Oshein,  3  m.  N.  of  Jametz. 

Mary,  St.,  a  sea-port  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  in 
Camden  county,  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary  River, 
70  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Nowport.  Long.  81.  52.  W., 
lat.  30.  43.  N. 

Mary  River,  St.,  a  river  of  the  state  of  Georgia, 
navigable  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden  for 
90  m.  Its  banks  afford  immense  quantities  of 
fine  timber  suited  to  the  W.  India  markets.  It 
rises  in  the  Okefonoko  Swamp,  and  thence  forms 
the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida  to 
the  ocean,  which  it  enters  at  the  town  of  St.  Ma- 
ry, between  the  points  of  Amilla  and  Cumberland 
islands. 

Mary,  Strait,  St.,  a  strait  in  N.  America,  about 
70  m.  long,  which  connects  Lake  Superior  and 
Lake  Huron.  It  contains  a  number  of  islands, 
and  at  the  upper  end  is  a  rapid,  which,  by  care- 
ful pilots,  can  be  descended  without  danger. 

Maryborough,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Queen's 
eounty,  with  considerable  woolen  manufactures. 


It  is  the  shire  and  assize  town,  and  hao  an  excel 
lent  gaol  and  a  market-house.  17  m.  S.  of  Philips- 
town  and  43  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Maryland,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Delaware  and  the 
ocean  ;  S.  and  W.  by  Virginia;  extending  from  38. 
to  39.  88.  N.  lat.  and  from  75.  10.  to  7.3.  20.  W. 
long,  and  containing  10,800  sq.  m.  It  embosoms 
all  the  northern  part  of  Chesapeak  Bay,  and  is 
washed  on  the  south-western  limit  by  the  Potomac; 
the  other  streams  are  the  Patuxent,  Patapsco,  Sev- 
ern, Choptank,  and  Nanticoke.  A  very  narrow 
strip  of  its  territory  extends  westwardly  and  is 
crossed  by  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Apalachain 
mountains;  but  nearly  the  whole  of  the  slate  is 
level  and  low.  In  the  west  the  soil  is  somewhat 
strong,  and  in  other  parts  are  tracts  of  tiiin  unpro- 
ductive soil,  but  in  general  the  laud  is  excellently 
fitted  for  the  culture  of  grain  and  tobacco.  The 
climate  in  the  southern  and  eastern  parts  is  un- 
healthy ;  agues  and  intermittent  fevers  are  preva- 
lent in  this  quarter  in  summer.  The  mineral 
productions  are  not  numerous;  bog  iron  is  afford- 
ed in  many  of  the  level  tracts  in  tiie  south,  and 
coal  occurs  in  various  quarters  ;  neither  of  these, 
however,  are  extensively  worked.  A'Ticulture 
is  chiefly  confined  to  the  staple  articles  of  wheat 
and  tobacco  ;  cotton  has  lately  been  introduced, 
and  promises  well  ;  flax  and  hemp  are  also  rais- 
ed in  the  west.  The  manufactures  consist  of  cot- 
ton, paper,  iron,  glass,  carpeting,  «St;c.  !Md  there 
are  great  numbers  of  flour  mills  in  the  state,  par- 
ticularly in  the  neighbourhood  of  Baltimore.  Com- 
merce is  very  active  ;  the  state  is  admirably  sit- 
uated for  maritime  trade,  being  intersected  by  the 
noble  bay  of  Chesapeak  and  many  navigable  riv- 
ers. The  shipping  in  1828  amounted  to  170,987 
tons,  but  a  great  proportion  of  the  commerce  is 
carried  on  by  northern  vessels.  The  imports  for 
the  same  year  were  estimated  at  4,804,135  dollars ; 
the  exports  of  domestic  produce  3,662,273  dollars, 
total  exports  4,804,465  dollars. 

Maryland  consists  of  two  divisions,  separated  by 
the  Chesapeak,  called  the  Easiern  and  Western 
shores.  Tiie  counties  are  19.  Tlie  population  is 
446,913,  of  whom  102,878  are  slaves.  Annapolis 
is  the  seat  of  government.  Baltimore  is  much 
the  largest  city.  The  other  principal  towns  are 
Fredrickstown  and  Hagerstown.  The  legislature 
consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Delegates. 
The  senators  are  chosen  for  5  years  and  the  Del- 
egates for  one.  The  governor  is  chosen  by  the 
legislature  annually.  Suffrage  is  universal.  The 
senators  are  chosen  by  electors,  who  are  chosen 
by  the  people.     Other  elections  are  popular. 

The  most  numerous  sect  are  the  Catholics  who 
have  an  archbishop,  the  metropolitan  of  all  the 
Catholics  in  the  United  States.  They  have  in 
this  state  between  30  and  40  churches.  The 
Episcopalians  have  57  ministers ;  the  Presbyte- 
rians 17;  the  Baptist  12  ;  the  German  Reformed 
9.  Maryland  has  a  university  at  Baltimore  ;  at 
which  place  there  is  a  Catholic  college,  and 
another  at  Emmittsburg.  There  is  also  a  col- 
lege at  Annapolis. 

The  means  of  internal  communications  have 
been  greatly  increased  by  artificial  improvements. 
The  Potomac  and  Ohio  canal  commences  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state,  and  extends  north-west, 
erly  through  this  state  and  Virginia.  The  Port 
Deposit  Canal  passes  along  the  Susquehanna  to 
avoid  the  obstructions  in  that  river.  The  Ches- 
apeak and  Delaware  canal  opens  a  ready  com 
munication    between   theise   two  bays,  and  rail> 


k 


MAR 


484 


MAS 


roads  extend  from   Baltimore   toward  the   Ohio 
and  Susquehanna. 

This  state  was  settled  in  1G63  by  catholics  who 
fled  from  persecution  in  England.  The  present 
constitution  was  formed  in  J  776. 

Maryland.pX.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  67  m.  W.  Albany. 

Maryport,  a  town  ki  Cumberland,  Eng.  with  a 
good  harbour.  In  1750  it  was  only  a  poor  fishing 
town  ;  but  it  has  now  upwards  of  5,0U0  inhabitants 
who  employ  upwards  of  130  vessels,  from  50  to 
250  tons  burden,  in  the  coal  or  coasting  trade. 
Here  are  three  ship-yards,  and  some  manulac- 
tures  ;  and  near  the  town  is  the  Roman  station, 
Virosidum,  where  several  altars  and  statues  have 
been  dug  up.  Besides  tlie  parish  church,  here 
are  5  meetinghouses,  and  a  national  school.  Ma- 
ryport is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ellen,  in  the 
Irish  Sea,  28  m.  S.  W.  of  Carisle  and  312  N.  N. 
W.  of  London.     Long.  3.   22.  W.,  lat.  54.  35.  N. 

Marijville,  p.v.  Charlotte  Co.  Va.  60  m.  S.  W. 
Richmond. 

Marysville,  p.v.  Campbell  Co.  Va.  160  m.  S. 
W.  Richmond,  a  town  of  Union  Co.  Ohio,  27  m. 
N.  W.  Columbus,  p.v.  Harrison  Co.  Ken.  35 
m.  N.  E.  Lexington,  p.v.  Blount  Co.  Ten.  12  m. 
S.  Knoxville. 

Marza,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto,  noted 
for  its  salt ;  10  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Noto. 

Mas  d'  Agenois,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Lot-et-Garonne,  on  the  river  Garonne,  24  m. 
N.  W.  cV  Agen  and  50  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

Mas  d'  Asil,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Arriege,  with  a  benedictine  abbey  seated  on  the 
Clisse,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Pamiers. 

Masafuero ,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  80 
m.  W.  of  Juan  Fernandez.  It  is  high  and  moun- 
tainous but  lowest  to  the  N.,  and  at  a  distance 
appears  like  a  hill  or  rock.  It  is  uninhabited, 
except  by  numerous  seals  and  goats.  There 
is  also  plenty  of  wood,  but  difficult  to  be  got  off; 
the  heavy  surf  allows  of  no  good  landing  place. 
Long.  81.  40.  W.,  lat.33.  40.  N. 

Masbate,  one  of  the  Philippines,  about  80  m.  in 
circumference  ;  the  natives  are  tributary  to  the 
Spaniards.     Long.  123.  25.  E.,  lat.  12.  18.  N. 

Masltrough,  a  village  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
on  the  river  Uon,  adjoining  the  bridge  of  Rother- 
ham.  Here  are  considerable  iron  works,  where  all 
sorts  of  hammered  and  cast-iron  goods  are  made. 

Mascara,  the  western  province  of  Algiers,  370  m. 
long  and  130 broad.  It  is  dry,  barren,  and  moun- 
tainous, except  on  the  N.  where  there  are  plains 
abounding  in  corn,  fruit,  and  pastures.  The  S. 
parts  are  inhabited  by  independent  wandering 
tribes,  particularly  the  Angad  tribe. 

Mascara,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  with 
a  strong  castle,  in  which  the  bey  resides.  In 
1732  it  was  an  inconsiderable  place  ;  but  is  now 
populous  and  flourishing.  It  is  not  so  large  as 
Tremesan,  but  surpasses  it  in  beauty,  having  a 
great  number  of  good  houses  and  mosques.  It  is 
seated  in  a  fertile  district,  45  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Or- 
an  and  190  S.  W.  of  Algiers.  Long.  0.  40.  E,, 
lat.  35.  54.  N. 

Mascat,  a  sea-port  on  the  E.  coast  of  Arabia, 
with  an  excellent  harbour.  It  has  a  castle  on  a 
rock,  and  is  very  strong  both  by  nature  and  art, 
though  the  buildings  are  mean.  It  was  taken,  in 
1508,  by  the  Portuguese,  who  retained  it  for  a 
century  and  a  half.  The  cathedral,  built  by  the 
Portuguese,  Is  now  the  imaum's  palace.  There 
is  no  vegetation  to  be  seen  on  the  sea-coast  near 
il,  and  only  a  ievf  date  trees  in  a  valley  at  the 
back  of  the  town,  though  the  inhabitants  have  all 


things  in  plenty      The  bazaars  are  covered  with 

the  leaves  of  date  trees,  laid  on  beams  which  reach 
from  the  house  tops  on  one  side  to  those  of  tlie 
other.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahomedans.  Great 
Britian  recognises  the  flag  of  Mascat  as  neutral, 
and  in  time  of  war  it  has  often  been  the  medium 
of  communication  with  the  enemies'  ports.  It  is 
seated  on  a  small  bay  of  the  Arabian  Sea.  Lonw. 
59.  20.  E.,  lat.  23.  30.  N. 

Masham,  a  town  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  coarse  wook-u  cloths  ;  seated  on 
the  Ure,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  Middleham  and  21b  N.  N. 
W.  of  London 

Mashanagur,  a  town  of  Candahar,  province  of 
Cabul,  situate  on  the  Seward,  48  m.  N.  of  Attock 
and   130  E.  S.  E.  of  Cabul.     Long.  71.  7.  E.,  lat 
33.  54.  N. 

Maskelane  Isle,  a  small  beautiful  island,  in  the 
S.  Pacific,  Iving  off  the  S.  E.  point  of  Mallicollo, 
one  of  the  New  Hebrides.  Long.  167.  59.  E.,lat. 
16.  32.  S. 

Masmunsler,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Upper  Rhine,  25  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Colmar. 

Mason,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  36  m.  S. 
Concord.  Pop.  ]  ,403  ;  a  village  in  Pike  Co.  Miss. 
Mason,  a  county  of  the  W.  district  of  Virgin- 
ia. Pop.  6,534.  Point  Pleasant  is  the  capital.  A 
county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  16,205.  Washington  is 
the  capital. 

Masoa  Hall,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  N.  C.  52  m.  N. 
W.  Raleigh. 

Masonviile,  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,145. 

Masovia,  a  palatinate  of  Poland,  bounded  by 
Prussian  Poland,  the  palatinates  of  Sendomir  and 
Kalisch,  and  Vistula.  The  name  formerly  includ- 
ed a  province  of  much  greater  extent.  Warsaw  is 
the  capital. 

Massa,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  duchy  ot 
Massa  Carrara  which  is  famous  for  its  quarries  oi 
fine  marble.  The  town  and  its  territory  belonged  to 
Tuscany,  but  they  are  now  independent.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Frigido,  3  m.  from  the  seaatnd 
30  N.  by  W.  of  Leghorn.  Long.  10.  10.  E.,  lat. 
44.  2.  N.  Pop.  of  the  duchy  29,000 ;  of  the 
cap.  7,000. 

Massa,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  Siennese.  Borax 
and  lapis  lazuli  are  found  in  the  neighbourhood. 
It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the  sea,  35  m. 
S.  W.  of  Sienna.  Long.  11.  3.  E.,  lat.  4a 
5.  N. 

Massachusetts,  one  of  the  New  England  States 
bounded  N.  by  N.  Hampshire,  E.  by  the  ocean, 
S.  by  the  ocean  and  the  states  of  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut,  extending  from  41.  23.  to  43.  52.  N 
lat.  and  from  09.  50.  to  73.  10.  W.  long.  190  m. 
in  extreme  length  from  E.  to  W.  and  90  in  breadtk 
and  containing  7,500  square  miles.  The  Green 
Mountains  extend  from  Vermont  into  the  western 
part  of  this  state  where  they  form  two  ridges  cal' 
led  the  Hoosac  and  Tagkannuc  Mountains.  Far- 
ther to  the  East  the  White  Mountain  range  en- 
ters from  New  Hampshire  and  passes  southerly 
to  the  east  of  Connecticut  river,  dividing  below 
Northampton  into  the  Mount  Tom,  and  Lyme  ran- 
ges. There  are  no  considerable  ridges  further  east, 
but  several  detached  eminences  are  scattered  here 
and  there,  the  most  easterly  of  which  is  Mount 
Wachusett  in  Princeton.  The  highest  point  is 
Saddle  Mountain,  an  eminence  of  the  Tagkan- 
nuc ridge  in  the  north-western  corner  of  the  state ; 
this  is  4,000  feet  in  height,  few  of  the  other  peaks 
exceed  3,000.  The  rivers  of  Massachusetts  are 
the   Connecticut   which    intersects   the  western 


MAS 


485 


MAS 


part,  the  Merrimack  which  enters  at  the  north-east 
and  meets  the  sea  in  this  state,  and  the  Housatonic 
which  rises  in  the  west  and  passes  into  Connecti- 
cut. The  Pawtucliet  and  Taunton  which  flow 
into  Narraganset  Bay,  the  Charles  and  Neponsct 
flowing  into  Boston  harbour.  The  climate  exhib- 
its considerable  extremes  of  heat  and  cold ;  all 
the  rivers  are  frozen  for  3  months  in  winter,  and 
the  ground  is  commonly  covered  with  snow  dur- 


ing that  time.  The  spring  is  wet,  fog^y  and  dis- 
agreeable ;  pleasant,  settled  weather  is  not  gen- 
erally expected  before  the  middle  of  May.  The 
summers  are  hot  and  vegetation  is  rapid ;  the  au- 
tumn is  serene  and  delightful ;  winter  sets  in  at 
the  end  of  November.  The  climate  is  salubrious 
with  the  exception  of  its  tendency  to  aggravate 
pulmonary  complaints. 

The  soil  in  the  interior  is  generally  good,  and 
along  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  it  is  uncom- 
monly rich.  The  south-eastern  part  consists  of 
the  narrow  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  which  projects 
into  the  sea  in  the  shape  of  a  man's  arm  bent  in- 
ward at  the  elbow  and  wrist ;  it  is  75  m.  in  length 
and  from  5  to  20  in  breadth  ;  the  soil  of  this  part 
is  almost  entirely  sand  and  produces  little  vege- 
tation except  pine  shrubs,  coarse  grass  and  whor- 
tleberry bushes.  Agriculture  is  well  understood 
and  skillfully  practised  m  Massachusetts ;  no 
state  in  the  Union  surpasses  it  in  this  respect. 
The  farms  are  generally  from  100  to  200  acres 
and  are  almost  universally  the  property  of  the  culti- 
vators ;  there  are  many  agricultural  societies  in  the 
state  whose  exertions  to  promote  skilful  and  thrif- 
ty husbandry  have  been  productive  of  the  best  ef- 
fects. Cattle-shows  and  exhibitions  of  the  various 
products  of  the  soil  and  of  household  manufacture 
are  also  held  in  many  parts  of  the  state.  The  ar- 
ticles of  cultivation  are  maize,  wheat,  rye,  barley, 
oats,  potatoes,  pulse  and  garden  vegetables  in 
great  varieties :  hay  is  afforded  in  great  quanti- 
ties. 

In  minerals  this  state  is  not  very  productive, 
''.ron  is  produced  in  the  south  ;  chiefly  from  bog 
ore  ;  copper  and  lead  have  been  found  in  the  inte- 
rior but  they  are  not  at  present  wrought ;  marble 
Is  abundant  in  the  west,  and  granite  of  the  best 
quality  abounds  at  Chelmsford  and  Quincy.  Soap 
stone  and  slate  are  produced  in  the  interior  parts, 
and  the  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard  furnishes 
argillaceous  earth  for  the  manufacture  of  alum. 

The  roads  in  this  state  are  excellent,  and  the 
means  of  internal  communication  are  facilitated 
by  canals.  Middlesex  canal  extends  from  the 
Merrimack  to  Boston  harbour :  Blackstone  canal 
extends  from  Worcester  to  Providence  and  seve- 
ral canals  pass  round  the  obstructions  in  the  Merri- 
mack and  Connecticut.  The  first  railroad  built 
in  the  United  States  was  in  this  state,  and  extends 
from  the  granite  quarriei  at  Quincy  to  Neponset 


river.  A  railroad  has  also  been  commenced  from 
Boston  to  Lowell,  and  another  is  projected  from 
Boston  to  Providence. 

In  commerce  this  state  is  the  second  in  the 
Union,  and  in  tonnage  of  shipping,  the  first.  The 
imports  for  1329  were  valued  at  12,520,744  dollars. 
The  exports  of  domestic  produce  at  3,949,751  dol 
lars,  total  exports  8,254,937  dollars.  The  shipping 
in  1828  amounted  to  429,513  tons.  The  fisheries 
are  also  very  productive,  and  every  sea-port  in  the 
state  is  engaged  in  them.  The  cod  and  mackerel 
fisheries  occupy  above  1,000  vessels  and  the  whale 
fishery  4G0  ships.  The  product  of  the  fisheries  in 
1829  was  estimated  at  1,<)70,922  dollars.  In  man- 
ufactures this  state  has  the  second  rank  :  the  fab- 
rics are  cotton,  woolen,  carpeti..g,  paper,  glass, 
iron,  copper,  lead,  hats,  leather,  hosiery,  lace, 
duck,  chemical  preparations,  &c.  The  largest 
establishments  are  at  Lowell  on  the  Merrimack, 
15  m.  above  Haverhill.  This  town  has  been 
recently  founded,  and  by  means  of  its  manufac- 
tures has  experienced  a  very  rapid  growth ; 
a  small  cotton  manufactory  was  first  established 
here  in  1813,  and  others  were  added  a  short  time 
afterwards  ;  at  present  the  place  continues  to  in- 
crease and  bids  fair  to  equal  any  of  the  interior 
towns  in  the  United  States.      "The  manufactures 


of  Lowell  are  chiefly  cotton,  of  which  more  than 
14,000,000  yards  are  made  annually.  Here  are 
also  made  carjjeting.cassimeres,  satinets,  &.c.  At 
Waltham,  near  Boston,  are  large  manufactures  of 
cotton,  principally  sheeting  and  shirting;  about 
3^000,000  yards  are  made  annually.  At  Troy  are 
large  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen  and  iron. 
At  Taunton  are  manufactures  of  calico,  iron,  cop- 
per, and  lead.  At  Amesbury  are  manufactures 
of  flannel,  and  there  are  others  of  woolen  and  cot- 
ton at  Southbridge,  Milbury,  Ware,  M,  Dudley, 
Northampton,  and  a  great  number  of  other  towns. 
In  many  places  on  the  coast  are  manufactures  of 
salt  by  solar  evaporation.  Upon  Cape  Cod,  and 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  New  Bedford,  more  than 
600,000  bushels  are  made  yearly. 

There  are  colleges  in  this  state  at  Cambridge, 
Williamstown  and  Amherst,  a  Theological  insti- 
tution at  Andover,  and  between  50  and  GO  incor- 
porated academies  in  diflTerent  parts.  General  edu- 
cation receives  the  greatest  care  ;  common  schools 
are  maintained  by  law  in  every  town.  The  reli- 
gious sects  are  not  so  numerous  as  in  most  other 
parts  of  the  Union.  The  Calvinistic  Congrega 
tionalists  have  154  ministers  ;  the  Unitarians  140; 
the  Baptists  110;  the  Methodists  71  ;  the  Univer- 
aalists46  ;  the  Episcopalians  30  ;  and  there  are  one 
or  two  other  sects.  Remnants  of  some  of  the  In- 
dian tribes  still  remain  in  this  state  ;  they  are 
about  750  in  number  and  live  principally  on  the 
island  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and  on  the  southerly 
coast  of  Cape  Cod  They  are  under  the  guardiaa- 
2s2 


MAT 


486 


MAT 


■hip  of  thf,  state  government  and  have  missiona- 
ries residing  among  them. 

Massachusetts  was  first  settled  at  Plymouth  in 
Dec«*mber  1G20,  and  this  establishment  was  the 
germ  of  all  the  New  England  colonies.  The  state 
received  its  name  from  Massasoit,  an  Indian  Sa- 
chem with  whom  the  first   settlers  made   a  treaty 


which  was  faithfully  observed  for  50  years.  The 
American  revolution  began  in  this  stale  with  the 
battle  at  Lexington  in  1775.  The  British  were 
driven  from  Boston  the  next  year,  and  an  inde- 
pendent governmoit  was  established  which  pre- 
served the  colonial  form  till  1790.  A  conven- 
tion of  delegates  in  that  year  framed  the  pres- 
ent constitution,  v.  hich  was  slightly  revised  in 
1820. 

Massachusetts  is  divided  into  14  counties.  The 
pop.  is  610,014.  Tfiere  are  305  towns  in  the  state. 
The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives,  the  members  of  which  as  well 
as  the  Governorand  Lieutenant  Governor  are  cho- 
sen yearly.  Elections  are  popular,  and  suffrage  is 
universal.  Boston  is  the  capital.  The  other  large 
towns  are  Salem,  Newburyport,  New  Bedford, 
Charlestown,  Cambridge,  Gloucester,  Plymouth, 
Lynn,  Marblehead,  Nantucket,  Northampton, 
Springfield,  and  Haverhill. 

Mfissachusetls  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  foregoing  state 
between  Cape  Ann,  and  Cape  Cod. 

Massnfra,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto, 
16  m.  N.  W.of  Taranto. 

Ma^sena,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
St.  Lawrence.  Pop.   2,070. 

Masserano,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont.  40  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Turin. 

Masserne  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the  Ozark 
range ,extending  east  and  west  through  the  western 
part  of  Arkansas  Territory. 

Masseube,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
14  ra.  S.  of  Auch. 

Massingales,  p. v.  Sullivan  Co.  Ten. 

Masuah,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  situate  on  an  isl- 
and on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  with  an  excel- 
lent harbour,  distributed  into  three  divisions.  The 
hou.ses,  in  general,  are  built  of  poles  and  bent 
grass,  as  in  the  towns  in  Arabia.  Long.  56.  36. 
£.,  lat  15.  35.  N. 

Masulipatam,  a  c' »,r  ar  d  ?ea-port  of  H i ndoostan , 
in  the  district  of  Cond-pii  v.  with  a  good  harbour 
and  a  considerable  trade  .r.  chintzes,  painted  lin- 
ens, &c.  It  formerly  belonged  to  the  French, 
but  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1769.  It  is  seated 
near  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Kistna,  73  m.  S.  W. 
of  Rajamundry.     Long.  81.  15.  E.,  lat.  19.  10.  N. 

Masvaux,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  at  the  foot  of  the  Vosges  mountains, 
10  m.  N.  ofBefort. 

Mata,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia.    Near  it  is 


a  lake  of  the  same  name,  noted  for  the  immense 
quantity  of  salt  that  it  produces.  The  town  stands 
on  the  sea-coast,  28  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Alicant. 

Mataca,  or  Matanca,  a  commodious  bay  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  35  m.  E.  of  Havana. 
Long.  81. 16.  W.,  lat.  23. 12.  N. 

Matala,  a  town  and  cape  on  the  S.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Candia,  30  m.  S.  of  Candia.  Long.  24. 
51.  E.,  lat.  34.  46.  N. 

Matumha,  a  country  of  Africa,  in  Congo,  bound 
ed  on  the  N.  by  Congo  Proper,  E.  by  parts  un- 
known, S.  by  Bemba  and  Benguela,  and  W.  by 
Angola.  The  chief  town  is  St.  Maria. 

Matamushet,a  village  in  Hyde  Co.  N.  C. 

Matunzas,  a  sea-port  on  the  N.  coast  of  CuO<t. 
60  m.  E.  Havana.  It  has  a  good  harbour  ant",  t 
large  trade  with  the  United  States.  Pop.  8,000. 
Lat.  23.  3.  N.,  long.  81.  30.  W. 

Matan,  or  Mactan,  one  of  the  smaller  Philip- 
pines, on  which  Magellan  was  killed  in  1521,  after 
he  had  conquered  the  isle  of    Zebu. 

Mutapan,  Cape,  the  most  southern  promontory 
of  the  Morea,  between  the  gulf  of  Coron  and  that 
of  Colochina.     Long.  22.  20.  E.,  lat.  36.  35.  N. 

Mataram,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Java.  It  is 
strong  by  situation,  and  is  seated  in  a  fertile  and 
populous  countrv,  surrounded  by  mountains. 
Long.  111.  55.  E.',  lat.  7.  15.  S. 

Mataro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  celebrat- 
ed for  its  glass  works,  and  the  best  red  wine  made 
in  the  province.  Here  are  also  manufactures  of 
calico,  silk  stuffs,  laces,  ifcc.  It  is  seated  en  the 
Mediterranean,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Barcelona. 

Mater<t,a.  town  of  Naples,  capital  of  Basilicata, 
and  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Canapro,  35  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Taranto.  Long.  16. 
34.  E.,  lat.  40.  50.  N. 

Materea.     See  Heliopolis. 

Mathan,  a.  town  of  the  empire  of  Bornou,  with 
a  royal  palace,  forming  a  kind  of  citadel ;  situate 
on  a  small  river,  100  m.  S.  W.  of  Bornou. 

Mathieu,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Vienne,  12  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  St.  Junier. 

Mathura,  a  celebrated  town  of  Hindoostan,  pro- 
vince of  Agra,  much  venerated  by  the  Hindoos 
as  the  birth-place  of  their  god  Krishna.  It  is  one 
continued  street  of  temples,  the  resort  of  innu- 
merable pilgrims  from  all  parts  of  India,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Jumna.  Long.  80.40.  E.,  lat.  27. 
32.  N. 

Matildaville,  a  village  in  Fairfax  Co.  Va. 

Matlock,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  situate 
on  the  Derwent,  4  m.  N.  of  Wirksworth.  It  is 
an  extensive  straggling  place,  built  in  a  romantic 
style,  on  the  steep  side  of  a  mountain  ;  and  near 
the  bridge  are  two  chalybeate  springs.  A  little 
to  the  S.  is  Matlock  Bath,  famous  for  its  warm 
baths,  which  are  much  frequented  from  April  to 
October.  Near  the  western  bank  of  the  river  is  t. 
petrifying  spring. 

Mattapony,  a  river  of  Virginia  which  passes 
through  N.  Carolina,  and  joinmg  the  Pamunkey, 
forms  York  River. 

Mattdiceiz,  or  Matsehewice,  a  town  of  Poland, 
memorable  for  a  great  victory  obtained  by  the 
Russians  over  the  Poles  in  i794.  32  m.  E.  of 
Warsaw. 

Mattheo,  St.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  10 
m.  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  58  N.  N.  E.  of 
Valencia. 

Matthetc,  St.,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic,  420  m. 
S.  by  W.  of  Cape  Palmas,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. 
It  was  planted  by  the  Portuguese,  but  is  now  de- 
serted.   Long.  8.  10.  W.,  lat.  1.  24.  S  u 


MAU 


487 


MAY 


Matthete,  St.,  a  small  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Lons.  123.  51.  E.,  lat.  52.  3.  S. 

Matthews,  acounty  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  7,663. 

M.Mapoiset,  a  village  on  Buzzard's  Bay  in  Ply- 
moutli  Co.  Mass. 

M.iUituck,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N  Y.  on  Long 
Island. 

Muto  Grosso,  a  province  of  Brazil,  bounded  N. 
by  the  province  of  Para,  S.  by  that  of  St.  Paul, 
VV.  by  that  of  La  Plata,  and  E.  by  that  of  Goias, 
and  lvin<r  between  52.  and  64.  of  W.  long.,  and 
between  10.  and  23.  of  S.  lat.  It  was  first  visited 
bv  tlie  Portuguese  in  search  of  gold,  which  abounds 


Maurepas,a.  lake  in  the  eastern  part  of  Lo>U8ian4 
which  discharges  its  waters  into  Lake  Pont.cliar 
train  by  a  strait  7  ra.  long  •  the  lake  is  12  xn.  in 
length  and  7  in  breadth,  witn  a  depth  of  12  feet. 

Mauriac,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Can 
tal,  famous  for  excellent  horses;  seated  near  the 
Dordogiie,  29  m.  E.  of  Tulle.  - 

Maurice,  St.,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Va- 
lais,  situate  on  the  Rhone,  between  two  high 
mountains,  16  m.  N.  W.  of  Martigny. 

Maurice,  St.,  a  river  of  Lower  Canada,  flowing 
into  the  St.  Lawrence.  Also  a  county  lying  upoa 
the  same  river. 

Maurice,  p.v.  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J.  on  a  stream 


near  the  sources  of  many  of  its  rivers.     The  coun-,pof  the  same  name,  falling  into  Delaware  Bay 
try  is  generally  fertile.  Mauritius.     See  France,  Isle  of. 

Mmtumatf,  a  sea-port  in  the  island  of  Jeso,  cap-  Maurua,  one  of  the  smaller  Society  Islands,  in 
ital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  tributary  to  the  S.  Pacific.  14  m.  W.  of  Bolabola.  Long.  J52. 
Japan.     Long.  13S.  55.  E.,  lat.  42.  0.  N.  32.  W.,  lat.  16.  25.  S. 

Ma'.ura.  a  sea-port  of  Ceylon,  with  a  small  fort.         Maury,  a  Co.  of  W.  Tennessee. 


The  country  round  is  exceedingly  wild,  and 
abounds  in  elephants,  which  are  here  principally 
caught  for  exportation.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Melipu,  near  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
island,  25  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Galle.  Long.  80.  28.  E., 
lat.  5.  53.  N. 

Matura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  A<Tra,  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Agra  and  70  S.  S.  E.  of 
Dehll 

Mauheuge,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  with  manufactures  of  arms  and 
woolen  stuffs.  In  1793  the  Austrians  formed  the 
blockade  of  this  place,  but  were  so  jn  driven  from 
their  position.  It  was  one  of  the  fortresses  occu-. 
pied  by  the  allies  from  1815  to  1818.  Seated  on 
the  Sambre,  13  m.  S.  of  Mons. 

Mauch  Chunk,  a  village  of  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 
on  the  Lehigh,  35  m.  S.  W.  Easton  and  108  by 
the  river  above  Philad.  Here  are  large  coal 
mines,  for  an  account  of  which  See  Pennsylvania. 

Mauldah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bengal,  sit- 
uate on  a  river  that  communicates  with  the  Gan- 
ges. It  arose  out  of  the  ruins  of  Gour,  which  are 
in  its  neighbourhood  ;  and  is  a  place  of  trade,  par- 
ticularly m  silk.  170  m.  N.  of  Calcutta.  Long. 
88.  16.  E.,  lat.  25.  3.  N. 

Maule,  a  province  of  Chile,  132  m.  long  and  120 
broad.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  province  is  well 
watered.     The  capital  is  Talca.     Lat.  34.  47.  S. 

Maule,  a  river  of  the  above  province,  which 
rises  in  the  Cordillera,  and  enters  the  Pacific  in 
lat.  34.  50.  S. 

Mauleon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ven- 
dee, with  an  ancient  castle  on  a  rock.  It  is  seated 
near  the  river  Oint,  52  m.  N.  E.  of  Rochelle. 

Mauleon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Pau. 

Mauleon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Pyrenees,  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Tarbes. 

Maumec,  a  river  of  Indiana,  flowing  into  the 
Ohio.  Also  a  village  in  Wood  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
same  river. 

Maura,  St.,  an  island  in  the  Ionian  Sea,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  Greece,!  5  m.  N.  of  the  island  of  Ceph- 
alonia,  and  about  50  m.  in  circuit.  Its  surface  is 
mountainous  and  rugged,  and  it  is  subject  to  fre- 
quent earthquakes.  The  chief  products  are  wine, 
olives,  citrons,  pomegrantes,  almonds,  and  other 
fruits.  It  forms  part  of  the  Ionian  republic,  and 
sends  four  deputies  to  the  assembly.  There  are 
several  good  ports  ;  but  no  town  of  consequence 
except  the  capital,  of  the  same  name,  situate  at 
the  N.  extremity  of  the  island.  Long.  20.  46.  E., 
lat.  38.  40.  N 


Pop.  23,153. 

Columbia  is  the  capital. 

Mautern,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  Danube,  opposite  Stein,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  long  wooden  bridge.  It  is  11  m.  N. 
by  VV.  of  St.  Polten. 

Maws,  St.,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  It 
has  no  church,  but  a  chapel  has  been  erected  at 
the  expense  of  the  late  marquis  of  Buckingham. 
Henry  VIII.  built  a  castle  here,  opposite  to  Pen- 
dennis,  for  the  better  security  of  Falmouth.  It 
is  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  Falmouth  Haven, 
12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Grampound  and  260  W.  by  S. 
of  London. 

Maxatauny,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa.  20  ra. 
N.  E.  Reading. 

Maxen,  a  town  of  Upper  Saxony,  celebrated  for 
a  victory  obtained  by  the  Austrians  over  the 
Prussians,  in  1759,  when  20,000  Prussians  sur- 
rendered themselves  prisoners  of  war.  It  xS  10 
m.  S.  of  Dresden 

Maxfield,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pqp.  186. 

Maximin,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Var,  seated  on  the  Argens,  21  m.  N.  of  Toulon. 

May,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  frith  of  Forth,  with  a  light-house,  6  m.  S 
E.  of  Anstruther. 

May,  Cape,  a  cape  of  N.  America,  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Delaware.  Long.  75.  4. 
W.,  lat.  30.  0.  N. 

Mayamba,  or  Majumba,  a  sea-port  of  Africa,  in 
Loaigo.  The  chief  trade  is  in  logwood.  It 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Banna,  110  m.  N.  W. 
of  Loango.     Long.  10.  20.  E.,  lat.  3.  40.  S. 

Maybole,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  with 
a  manufacture  of  blankets ;  seated  on  an-  emi- 
nence, surrounded  by  hills,  8  m.  S.  of  Ayr. 

Mayen,  a  town  in  the  Prussian  province  of  Low- 
er Rhine,  with  a  castle  and  a  collegiate  church, 
seated  on  the  Nette,  15  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Coblentz. 

Mayence.     See  Mentz. 

Mayenfield,  a  town  of  SwitzerLand,  in  the  Grison 
country,  chief  place  of  the  League  of  the  Ten  Ju- 
risdictions, with  900  inhabitants;  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  in  a  romantic  valley,  22  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Appenzel. 

Mayenne,  a  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  former  province  of  Maine.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  river,  which  flows  S.  by  the 
cities  of  Mayenne  and  Laval,  to  that  of  Angers, 
where  it  receives  the  Sarthe,  and  soon  after  joins 
the  Loire.     Laval  is  the  capital. 

Mayenne,  the  chief  place  of  an  arrondissement 
in  the  above  department,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock. 
It  has  manufactures  of  linen,  woolen,  and  thread 


MAZ 


488 


MEC 


•nd  is  aeated  on  the  river  Mavenne,  45  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Mans.     Lon?.  0.  43.  VV.,  lat.  48.  18.  N. 

Maijfield,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,614.  Also  a  township  of  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio, 
and  a  village  of  Hickman  Co.  iten. 

^rtyAew,  a  village  aming  the  Choctaw  Indians 
'ttn  the  north-eastern  part  of  Mississippi.  Here  is 
a  missionary  station. 

Maifnesborougk,  a  township  of  Coos  Co.  N.  H. 
16  tn.  E.  Lancaster. 

M.'iijnooth.  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare.  Here  is  a  royal  college  for  students  in- 
tended for  the  Romish  church  ;  also  a  college  for 
lay  students  of  the  same   perstiasiion,  established 


8  broad.      Long.  59.  30.  E.,  lat.    20    30. 


4  to 

N. 

Meaco,  a  city  of  Niphon,  in  Japan,  formerly  the 
metropolis  of  the  whole  empire.  It  is  still  the 
ecclesiastical  capital,  the  residence  of  the  dairo, 
or  spiritual  sovereign,  and  the  centre  of  literature 
and  science.  The  palace  and  some  of  the  tem- 
ples are  of  extraordinary  magnificence.  A  num- 
ber of  the  finer  manufactures,  particularly  japan- 
work,  painting,  carving,  &c.,  are  carried  on  here. 
The  town  is  seated  in  a  fine  plain,  160  m.  W.  S 
W.  of  Jeddo.     Long.  153.  30.  E.,  lat.  35.  24.  N. 

Mead,   townships    in    Crawford    and    Belmont 
Cos.  Ohio. 
in  18;)2.     It  is  12  m.  W.  of  Dublin.  ^    Meadia,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  bannat  of 

3frtyo,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of     Temeswar.     It  was  taken  by  the  Turks   in   1738 
■   "~ and  1789,  and  is  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Temeswar. 


Connaught,  62  m.  long  and  52  broad  ;  bounded 
E.  by  Roscommon,  S.  by  Galway,  W.  and  N.  by 
the  Atlantic,  and  N.  E.  by  Sligo.  [t  is  divided 
into  76  parishes,  contains  about  294,000  inhabit- 
ants, and  sends  two  members  to  parliament.  The 
W.  coast  is  mountainous,  and  thinly  inhabited; 
buttle  interior  produces  excellent  pasturage, 
and  fS'watered  by  several  lakes  and  rivers.  The 
fisheries  are  very  productive.  In  1827, 1,180  boats, 
with  5,169  persons,  were  employed  in  Westport 
alone.  Mayo  gives  the  title  of  earl  to  the  family 
of  Bourke.     Tlie  principal  town  is  Castlebar. 

Mayo,  a  town  of  Ireland,  once  the  capital  of 
the  county  of  its  name,  but  now  a  poor  place,  9 
m.  S.  E.  of  Castlebar. 

Miiyo,  one  of  the  Cape  Verde  islands,  20  m.  in 
circumference.  The  N.  E.  end  is  low,  and  the 
land  rises  gradually  till  it  arrives  at  a  volcanic 
mountain,  to  the  S.  W.  of  which  is  irregular 
ground,  soon  followed  by  a  high  peak,  much  more 
lofty  than  the  volcanic  cone.  The  soil  in  general 
is  barren,  and  water  is  scarce  ;  but  there  are  plen- 
ty orbeeves,  goats,  and  asses  ;  as  also  some  corn, 
yams,  pntatoes,  plantains,  figs,  and  water-melons. 
The  chief  cqmmodity  is  salt.  Long.  23.  5.  W., 
lat.  15.  10.  N. 

Mayo,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C.  97  m.  N.  W. 
Raleigh. 

Muyor^a,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
near  the  Atlantic,  67  m.  N.  of  Lisbon. 

Mayslick,  p.v.  Mason  Co.  Ken.  on  the  N.  Fork 
of  Licking  river. 

MaysvlUb,  p.t.  Mason  Co.  Ken.  on  the  Ohio, 
66  m.  above  Cincinnati,  63  N.  E.  Lexington. 
Pop.  2,040.  It  stands  on  a  narrow  bottom  below 
the  mouth  of  Limestone  creek,  and  has  considera- 
ble trade  and  manufactures. 
Miiytown,  t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 
Mayville,  p.v.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Cha- 
tauque  Lake. 

Maifwar.     See  Oudipour. 

Mazagan,  a  sea-port  of  Morocco,  near  the  Atlan- 
tic, 8  m.  W.  of  Azamor  and  120  N.  of  Morocco. 
Long.  8.  15.  W.,  lat.  33.  2.  N. 

Mazanderan,  a  province  of  Persia,  bounded  N. 
by  the  Caspian  Sea,  W.  by  Ghilan,  S.  by  the  lof- 
ty mountains  of  Elburz,  which  separate  it  from 
Irak,  and  E.  by  Khorassan.  It  is  a  fertile  coun- 
try', and  the  mountains  on  its  S.  boundary  are 
covered  with  timber  trees;  but  the  climate  is 
moist  and  unhealthy.     Sari  is  the  capital. 

Mazara,  a  sea-port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  capacious  harbour, 
and  is  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Sesinun- 
tum,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Palermo.  Long.  12.  30.  E., 
lat.  37.  53.  N. 

Maziera,  or  Maceira,  an  island  in  the  Arabian 
Sea,  on  the  coast  of  Oman,  60  m.  long  and  from 


MeadsvUle,  p.v.  Crawford  Co.  Pa.  Here  is  an 
institution  called  Alleghany  College,  founded  in 
1815.  It  has  a  library  of  8,000  volumes  and  is 
tolerably  well  endowed. 

Meadsville,  p.v.  Halifax  Co.  Va.  150  m.  S.  W. 
Richmond,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Mississippi,  30  m. 
S.  E.  Natchez. 

Meco,  one  of  the  smaller  Moluccas,  in  the  In 
dian  Ocean,  with  a  good  harbour.  Long.  127.  5. 
E.,lat.  1.  12.  N. 

Meansville,  p.v.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 

Mearns.     See  Kincardineshire. 

Meath,  or  East  Meath,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in 
the  province  of  Leinster,  43  m.  (English)  long 
and  36  broad  ;  bounded  N.  by  Cavan  and  Louth, 
E.  by  the  Irish  Sea,  S.  by  Kildare  and  Dublin, 
and  W.  by  West  Meath.  It  is  divided  into  18 
baronies  and  147  parishes,  contains  159,183  in- 
habitants, and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 
It  formerly  contained  several  small  bishoprics, 
which  were  gradually  united  into  one  see,  and 
received  the  name  of  Meath  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury. There  is  no  cathedral,  and  the  episcopal 
palace  is  at  Ardbraccan,  a  village  near  Navan. 
The  a<rriculture  of  this  county  is  now  in  a  very 
flourisning  state.  The  soil  in  general  is  a  rich 
fertile  loam,  producing  abundance  of  corn,  and 
feeding  numerous  sheep  and  cattle.  Trim  is  the 
capital. 

Meath,  West,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vin(!e  of  Leinster,  42  m.  long  and  35  broad; 
bounded  N.  by  Cavan,  E.  by  East  Meath,  S.  by 
King's  county,  W.  by  Roscommon  (from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  Shannon),  and  N.  W.  by 
Longford.  It  is  divided  into  11  baronies  (besides 
half  the  barony  of  Fore)  and  59  parishes,  with 
parts  of  seven  others,  contains  about  13O,0OO  in- 
habitants, and  sends  thiee  members  to  parliament. 
It  is  very  fertile  in  corn  and  pasturage,  and  has 
several  lakes  and  rivers.  This  county  gives  the 
title  of  marquis  to  the  family  of  Nugent.  Mul 
lengar  is  the  county  town. 

Meaux,  a  large  and  populous  town  of  France, 
department  of  Seine-et-Marne.  The  market- 
place is  a  peninsula,  contiguous  to  the  town, 
which  was  formerly  well  fortified.  In  the  cathe- 
dral is  the  tomb  of  the  celebrated  Bossuet,  bishop 
of  Meaux.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Marne,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Paris  Long.  2.  53.  E., 
lat.  48.  58.  N. 

Mecca,  a  city  of  Arabia,  famous  as  the  birth- 
place of  Mahomet.  It  is  seated  in  a  barren  val- 
ley, surrounded  by  many  little  hills,  consisting 
of  a  blackish  rock.  The  houses  follow  the  wind- 
ings of  the  valley,  and  are  built  partly  on  the  de- 
clivities upon  each  side.  The  streets  are  regular, 
level,  and  convenient.    The  chief  support  of  th« 


MEC 


4S» 


MED 


inhabitants  is  derived  from  the  pilfirrims,  who 
flock  to  this  place  from  every  part  of  the  Mahom- 
etan world.  On  the  top  of  one  of  the  hills  is  a 
cave,  where  they  pretend  Mahomet  usually  re- 
tired to  perform  his  devotions  ;  and  hither,  they 
affirm,  the  greatest  part  of  the  Koran  was  brought 
to  him  by  the  angel  Gabriel.  Numbers  of  sheep 
are  brought  hither  to  be  sold  to  the  pilgrims. 
The  principal  ornament  of  Mecca  is  the  famous 
temple,  which  has  42  doors,  and  its  form  resem- 
bles that  of  the  Royal  Exchange  in  London,  but 
it  is  nearly  ten  times  as  large.  The  area  in  the 
middle  is  covered  with  gravel,  except  in  two  or 
three  places  that  lead  to  the  Beat- Allah  through 
certain  doors;  and  these  are  paved  with  short 
stones.  The  Beat-Allah,  in  the  middle  of  the 
temple,  is  a  square  structure,  covered  all  over 
with  a  thick  sort  of  silk,  and  the  middle  em- 
broidered with  large  letters  of  gold :  the  door  is 
covered  with  silver  plates,  and  has  a  silver  cur- 
tain before  it,  thick  with  gold  embroidery.  This 
Beat  is  the  principal  object  of  the  pilgrims'  devo- 
tion, and  is  open  but  two  days  in  the  space  oCalx 
weeks,  one  day  for  the  men  and  the  next  for  the 
women.  About  12  paces  from  the  Beat  is  the 
pretended  sepulchre  of  Abraham,  by  whom  the 
Mahometans  affirm  the  Beat-Allah  to  have  been 
erected  ;  and  2  m.  from  the  town,  according  to 
the  same  authority,  is  the  hill  on  which  he  pre- 
pared to  offer  up  his  son  Isaac.  The  famous  balm 
of  Mecca  is  not  manufactured  in  this  city  but 
is  found  and  brought  hither  from  the  surrounding 
country.  Mecca  is  governed  by  a  sheref,  who  is 
a  temporal  prince,  and  his  revenue  is  increased 
by  the  donations  of  Mahometan  sovereigns.  It  is 
34  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Jidda,  the  sea-port  of  Mecca, 
and  220  S.  by  E.  of  Medina.  Long.  40.  55.  £. 
lat.  21.  40.  N. 

Mechanick,  a  village  in  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y. 
15  ra.  N.  E.  Poughkeepsie. 

Mechanicsburg,  p. v.  Cumberland  Co.  Pa.  8  m. 
from  Harrisburg ;  p. v.  Champaign  Co.  Ohio  and 
a  village  in  Liberty  township,  Butler  Co.  Ohio. 

Mechanickstoicn,  p.  v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryland. 

Mechanick's  Mill,  p.v.  Moore  Co.  N.  C.  68  m. 
S.  W.  Raleigh. 

Mechanicsville,  p.v.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.,  Mont- 
gomery Co.  Maryland  and  Darlington  Dis.  S.  C. 

Mechlin,  or  Mal.ines,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, capital  of  a  district  in  the  province  of 
Antwerp,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  superb  structure,  with  a  very  high  stee- 
ple. Here  is  a  great  foundery  for  ordnance  of  all 
kinds ;  and  the  best  Brabant  lace,  fine  linen, 
damask,  carpets,  and  leather  are  made  here. 
Mechlin  submitted  to  the  duke  of  Marlborough 
in  1706  :  and  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1746, 
1792,  and  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Dyle,  10  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Brussels  and  15  S.  S.  E.  of  Antwerp. 
Long.  4.  29.  E.,  lat.  51.2.  N. 

Mechoacan.     See  Valladolid. 

Meckenheim,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
the  province  of  Berg  and  Cleves,  situate  on  the 
Erffl,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Bone. 

Mecklenbvro' ,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  bounded 
N.  by  the  Baltic,  E.  by  Pomerania,  S.  by  Bran- 
denburg, and  W.  by  Holstein  and  Lunenburg. 
It  extends  135  m.  in  length,  and  90  where  broad- 
est, and  abounds  in  corn,  pastures,  and  game. 
The  country  was,  for  many  centuries,  under  the 
government  of  one  prince  ;  but  on  the  death  of 
the  sovereign,  in  1592,  it  was  divided  between 
his  two  sons;  the  elder  obtaining  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  and   the    younger    the 


duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  Both  prmces  r« 
ceived  the  title  of  grand  duke  at  the  congress  of 
Vienna  in  1815,  and  they  have  each  a  vote  at  the 
diet  of  the  empire.  Schwerin  and  Strelitz  are 
the  chief  towns. 

Mecklenberg,  a  county   of  the    E.    District   of 
Virginia.     Pop.  20,366.     Boydton  is  the    capit|A*» 
A  county   ofN.   Carolina.     Pop.   20,076.     ChaF 
lotte  is  the  capital. 

Meckley.     See  Cassay. 

Mecon,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Thibet,  flows  through  the  country  of  Cambodia, 
and  falls  into  the  China  Sea  by  three  mouths. 

Mecran,  or  Mekran,  a  province  of  Persia,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Segistan  and  Candahar,  E.  by 
Hindoostan,  S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  W.  by 
Kerman.  The  southern  part  is  dry,  and  little 
more  than  a  desert;  the  northern  is  less  so,  but 
animals  are  rare,  and  the  soil  far  from  fertile. 
Kidge  is  the  capital. 

Medea,  a  town  of  Algiers,  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  Lamida,  in  a  country  abounding  in  corn, 
fruit,  and  sheep.     35  m.  S.  W.  of  Algiers. 

Medea,OT  Mahdia,  a  sea-port  of  Tunis,  formerly  a 
place  of  importance  ;  seated  on  a  peninsula  in  the 
gulf  of  Cabes,  8  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Tunis. 

Me.dehach,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  32  m.  E.  of  Cassel. 

Medelin,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  the 
birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Fernando  Cortes.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  cotintry  on  the  river  Guadia- 
na,  20  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Merida. 

Medelpadia,  a  province  of  Sweden, between  the 
gulfs  of  Bothnia  and  Jamtland.  It  is  100  m.  long 
and  45  broad  ;  very  mountainous  and  woody,  but 
interspersed  with  lakes,  rivers,  and  fertile  valleys 
Sundswold  is  the  capital- 

Medenblick  a  sea-port  of  the  Netherlands,  in  N. 
Holland,  witn  a  good  harbour.  The  chief  com- 
merce is  in  timber  brought  fiom  Norway  and  Swe- 
den ;  the  vicinity  is  remarkable  for  its  rich  pas- 
tures. Medenblick  was  taken  by  the  English  in 
1799.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  28  m.  N. 
E.  of  Amsterdam.     Long.  51.  E.,  lat.  52.46.  N. 

Medfield,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  18  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  817. 

Medford,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  on  Mystic 
river,  5  m.  N.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  1.755. 

Median.     See  Madian. 

Medina,  a  town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  celebrated  as 
the  burial  place  of  Mahomet.  It  is  a  small,  poor 
place,  but  is  walled  round,  and  has  a  magnificent 
mosque,  in  one  corner  of  which  is  the  tomb  of 
Mahomet,  enclosed  with  rich  curtains  and  lighted 
by  a  great  number  of  lamps.  Medina  is  called 
the  City  of  the  Prophet,  because  here  he  was  pro- 
tected by  the  inhabitants  when  he  fled  from  Mec- 
ca, and  here  he  was  first  invested  with  regal  pow- 
er. The  time  of  his  death  was  in  637 ;  but  the 
Mahometan  epoch  begins  in  622,  from  the  time 
of  his  flight.  Medina  is  seated  on  a  sandy  plain, 
abounding  in  palm  trees,  200  m.  N.  W.  of  Mecca. 
Its  port  is  Jambo.  Long.  39.  33.  E.,  lat.  25.  20. 
N. 

Medina,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Woolly, 
W.  Africa.  It  contains  about  1,000  houses,  and 
is  defended  by  a  high  wall,  surrounded  by  a  thick 
hedge.     Long.  12.  50.  W.,  lat.  13.  38.  N. 

Medina,  a  town  and  fort  of  the  island  of  Bah- 
rein, near  which  is  a  bank  containing  the  finest 
pearls  in  the  world.  The  harbour  will  not  admit 
vessels  of  more  than  200  tons.  It  is  seated  near 
the  Arabian  shore  of  the  Persian  Gulf. 
Medina,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadt  ra  ,seat- 


MEl 


490 


MEL 


ed  at  the  fbdt  of  a  mountain.  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Lerana. 

Medina,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  7,560.  A 
town  of  the  same  name  is  the  capital. 

Medina  del  Campo,  a  town  of  Spain,  province 
of  Leon,  in  a  country  abounding  with  corn  and 
■yine,23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Valladolid. 

Medina,  del  Rio  Seco,  a  decayed  town  of  Leon, 
near  the  Sequi'.io,  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Valladolid  and 
5G.  S.  S.  E.of  Leon. 

Medina  Sidonia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
with  a  castle,  24  m.  S.  E.  of  Cadiz,  and  GO  S.  of 
Seville. 

Mediterranean,  a  sea  between  Asia,  Africa,  and 
Europe,  communicating  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
by  the  st'-ait  of  Gibraltar,  and  with  tlie  Black  Sea 
by  the  strait  of  Gallipoli,  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and 
the  strait  of  (Constantinople.  It  is  of  very  great 
extent,  but  its  tides  are  inconsiderable,  and  a  con- 
stant current  sets  in  from  the  Atlantic  through 
the  strait  of  Gibraltar.  It  contains  many  island?, 
several  of  them  large,  as  Majorca,  Minorca,  Cor- 
sica, Sardinia,  Sicily,  Candia,  Cyprus,  &c.  The 
eastern  part  of  it,  bordering  on  Asia,  is  sometimes 
called  the  Levant  Sea. 

Medway,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises  in  Ash- 
down  Forest,  in  Sussex  ;  entering  Kent,  it  flows 
bv  Tunbridge  and  Maidstone,  and  thence  to  Roch- 
ester •,  below  which,  at  Chatham,  is  a  station  for 
the  royal  navy.  Dividing  into  two  branches,  the 
western  one  enters  the  Thames,  between  the 
isles  of  Grain  and  Slieppey,and  is  defended  by  the 
fort  at  Sheerness.  The  eastern  branch,  called 
the  E.  Swale,  passes  by  Queenborough  and  Mil- 
ton, and  enters  the  German  Ocean  below  Fever- 
sham.  The  tide  flows  up  nearly  to  Maidstone 
and  the  river  is  navigable  to  Tunbridge. 

Medway,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  25  m.  S.-  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,766. 

Medwi,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  much 
frequented  on  account  of  its  waters,  which  are 
vitriolic  and  sulphureous.  The  lodging  houses 
form  one  street  of  uniform  wooden  buildings, 
painted  red.  It  stands  near  the  lake  Wetter,  3  m. 
from  Wadstena. 

Meelah,  a  town  of  Algiers,  province  of  Constan- 
tina,  surrounded  by  gardens  producing  abundance 
of  herbs  and  excellent  fruit,  particularly  pome- 
granates.    It  is  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Constantina. 

Mngara,  a  town  of  Greece,  in  the  isthmus  of 
Corinth,  formerly  very  large,  but  now  inconsid- 
erable. It  has  some  fine  remains  of  antiquity. 
20  m.  W.  of  Athens. 

Megen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  N.  Bra- 
bant ;  seated  on  the  Mouse,  15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Nimeguen. 

M'egna.     See  Burrampooter. 

Mfiherrin,  a  river  of  Virginia  which  runs  into 
N.  Carolina,  and  uniting  with  the  Nottaway  forms 
the  Chowan. 

Mehun,  a,  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle  built  by  Charles 
VII.  as  a  place  of  retirement ;  and  here  he  starved 
himself,  in  the  dread  of  being  poisoned  by  his  son, 
afterwards  Louis  XI.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yevre, 
10  m.  N.  W.  of  Bourges. 

Mehwas,  a  district  of  Guzerat,  Hindoostan,  in- 
habited by  a  raM  of  marauders  who  live  by 
plunder.  - 

Meigs,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  6,159.  Chester 
is  the  capital.  There  are  townships  of  this  name 
in  Muskingum,  Adams  and  Morgan  Cos.  Ohio. 

MeigsvilU,  p.v.  Randolph  Co.  Va.,  p.v.  Jack- 
son Co.  Ten. 


Meinau,  a  small  island  in  the  middle  lake  of 
Constance,  which  produces  excellent  wine.  5  m. 
N.  W.  of  Constance. 

Meinungen,  a  principality  of  Germany,  in  Sax- 
ony, forming  the  territory  of  the  duke  of  Saxe- 
Meinungen,  comprising  an  area  of  448  sq.  m., 
with  56,000  inhabitants. 

Meinungen,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  princi- 

Eality,  with  a  fine  castle,  a  lyceum,  a  council 
ouse,  <fec.  The  principal  manufacture  is  black 
crape.  It  is  situate  amongst  mountains,  on  the  ^ 
river  Werra,  16  m.  N.  W.  of  Hildburghausen  and 
21  N.  of  Schweinfurt.  Long.  10.  43.  E.,  lat.  50. 
38.  N. 

Meissen,  or  Misnia,  a  circle  of  Saxony,  formerly 
a  margraviate.  Part  of  it  was  ceded  to  Prussia  m 
1815  ;  but  it  has  still  an  area  of  1,600  sq.  m.,  with 
298,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  fine  country,  produc- 
ing corn,  wine,  metals,  and  all  the  conveniences 
of  life  ;  and  is  situate  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe, 
having  Bohemia  on  the  S.,  and  Prussian  Saxony 
on  the  N. 

Meissen,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  circle, 
with  a  caBtle  and  a  famous  manufacture  of  porce- 
lain. The  cathedral  is  the  burial  place  of  the 
Saxon  princes  to  the  year  1539.  The  bridge  over 
the  Elbe,  burnt  J'^»»-n  by  the  Prussians  in  1757, 
has  been  replace*'  '  y  another  of  a  very  handsome 
construction.  Meissen  is  seated  on  the  rivulet 
Meisse,  at  its  junction  with  the  Elbe,  12  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Dresden.  Long.  13.  31.  E.,  lat.  51.  11. 
N. 

Mtissenkeim,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  a  district 
of  the  same  name  ,  situate  on  the  Clan,  34  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Deux  Ponts  and  30  W.  S.  W.  of 
Mentz. 

Mellassa,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  < 
situate  on  a  fertile  plain,  near  a  mountain  abound- 
ing in  white  marble.  It  was  anciently  a  city, 
adorned  with  many  public  buildings,  especially 
temples  ;  and  is  still  a  large  place,  but  the  houses 
are  mean.  80  m.  S.  of  Smyrna.  Long.  27.  50 
E.,  lat.  37.  15  N. 

Melazzo      See.  Milazzo. 

Melbourn,  a  considerable  village  m  Derbyshire, 
Eng.  8  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Derby.  Here  are  a  church, 
four  meeting-houses,  and  the  vestiges  of  an  an- 
cient castle  in  which  the  duke  of  Bourbon  was 
confined  after  the  battle  of  Agincourt.  The  in 
habitants  are  chiefly  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  worsted  stockings  and  a  peculiar  kind  of  silk 
flowered  shawls. 

Melbourne,   a  township   in   Buckingham    Co.      ^ 
L.  C. 

Meick,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  a  benedictine 
abbey  on  a  high  rock,  near  the  Danube.  10  m.  W. 
of  St.  Polten. 

Melcombe  Regis,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Enij. 
It  has  a  good  market-place,  and  a  town  hall  in 
which  the  corporation  of  Weymouth,  and  Mel- 
combe transact  business.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Wey,  opposite  to  Weymouth,  with 
which  it  communicates  by  an  elegant  bridge 
127  m.  W.  S.  W.  of    London.     See  Weymouth. 

Mcldert,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Brabant. 
10  m.  S.  E.  of  Louvain. 

Mel.dorf,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Holstein,  seat- 
ed near  the  mouth  of  the  Miele,  50  m.  N.  W, 
of  Hamburgh.  ** 

Meldru-m,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen 
shire,  17  m.  N.N.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 

Mclfi,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  20  m.  N.  N 
W  of  Acerenza. 


MLIi 


491 


MEM 


Melgnza,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre  Douero  e 
Minho,  with  ft  strong  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Min- 
ho,  27  m,  N.  by  E.  of  Braga, 

Mdida,  an  island  of  Dalmatia,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  with  a  benedictine  abbey,  6  villages,  and 
several  harbours.  It  is  30  m.  in  length,  and 
abounds  in  oranges,  citrons,  wine,  and  fish. 

Melilla,  a  sea-port  of  Fez,  on  the  coeist  of  the 
Mediterranean.  In  1496  it  was  taken  by  the 
Spaniards,  who  built  a  citadel.  Itisll5m.  N. 
E.  of  Fez.     liong.  2.  57.  W.,  lat.  34.  58.  N. 

^/c/<nrftt,  a  kingdom  of  E.  Africa,  on  the  coast 
of  Zanguebar.  Its  products  are  gold,  elephants' 
teeth,  ostriches'  feathers,  wax  ;  and  aloes,  senna, 
and  other  drugs  ;  also  plenty  of  rice,  sugar,  cocoa- 
nuts,  and  other  tropical  fruits. 

Melinda,  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom,  is  a 
large  and  handsome  place,  surrounded  by  fine  gar- 
dens. It  has  a  good  harbour,  defended  by  a  fort ; 
but  the  entrance  is  dangerous,  on  account  of  the 
great  number  of  shoals  and  rocks  under  water. 
The  inhabitants  are  said  to  amount  to  above 
200,000,  principally  negroes.  470  m.  S.  W. 
Magadoxa.    Long.  41.  48.  E.,  lat.  2.  15.  S. 

Melipilla,  a  province  of  Chile,  extending  about 
25  leagues  from  E.  to  W  ,  and  abounding  in 
grain  and  wine.     Logrono  is  the  capital. 

Melita.     See  Malta. 

Melitello,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto,  8  m. 
W.  of  Leontini. 

Melitopol,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Tau. 
rida,  situate  on  a  lake,  12  m.  from  the  sea  cf 
Asoph  and  108  S.  of  Catharinenslaf . 

Mdksham.,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  with  a 
market  every  other  Thursday  for  cattle,  and  a 
manufacture  of  broad  cloths.  It  has  a  large  par- 
ish church  and  three  meeting  houses.  99  m.  W. 
of  London. 

Mclla,  a  town  of  Hanover,  seated  on  the  Hase, 
15  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Osnaburg. 

Melle,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Deux 
Sevres,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Niort. 

Meller.     See  Maeler. 

Mcllingen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Aargau,  seated  on  the  Reuss,  9  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Baden. 

MellvUle,  a  township  of  Cumberland  Co.    N.  J. 

Melnick,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a  castle.  Its 
Vicinity  yields  excellent  red  and  white  wine,  and 
near  it  stands  the  Augustine  convent  of  Schopka. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  opposite  the  influx  of  the 
Muldau,  18  m.  N.  of  Prague. 

Meloui,  a  town  of  Egypt,  with  a  remarkable 
mosque  ;  seated  on  the  Nile,  3  m.  S.  of  Ashmu- 
nein. 

Melrose,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburgshire, 
with  manufactures  of  linen  and  woolen  cloth. 
At  some  distance  from  the  town,  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  Tweed,  are  the  magnificent  remains  of 
Melrose  Abbey,  founded  by  David  I.,  part  of 
which  is  still  used  for  divine  service.  Alexander 
II.  is  said  to  be  buried  under  the  great  altar.  Ab- 
botsford,  the  seat  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  is  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  abbey.  Melrose  is  11  m.  N.  W.  of 
Jedburg  and  35  S.  of  Edinburgh. 

Melton  Mowbray,  a  town  in  Leicestershire,  Eng. 
The  fine  cheese  called  Stilton  is  chiefly  made  in 
Its  neighbourhood.  The  church  is  a  fine  Gothic 
edifice,  and  here  are  two  meetinof-houses,  a  char- 
ity school,  a  national  school,  and  12  almshouses, 
six  of  which  were  erected  in  1827.  It  is  seated 
in  a  rich  grazing  country,  on  the  river  Eye,  over 
which  are  two  handsom?  stone  bridges,  15  m.  N. 
E.  of  Leicester  and  106  N.  by  W.  of  London. 


Meltonsville,  p.v.  Anson  Co.  N.  C.  130  hi.  S. 
W.  Raleigh. 

Melun,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Marne.  It  has  a  trade  with  Paris  in  corn, 
meal,  wine,  and  cheese ;  and  is  seated  on  the 
Seine,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Long.  2.  35.  E.,  lat. 
48.  30.  N. 

Melville  Island,  one  of  a  group  of  islands  in  the 
Polar  Sea  of  the  western  continent,  called  the 
Georgian  Archipelago,  where  the  English  discov- 
ery ships  under  Capt.  Parry  wintered.  It  liea 
between  74.  25,  and  75.  50.  N.  lat.  and  106.  and 
114.  W.  long.  240  m.  long  and  100  broad.  It  is  a 
mass  of  rocks  without  a  tree  or  shrub,  but  in  the 
ravines  or  valleys  the  soil  affords  grass,  moss  and 
salads.  A  few  Esquimaux  resort  hither  in  sum- 
mer, and  the  wild  animals  of  the  north  also  make 
it  their  abode  in  the  same  season.  Herds  «»/ 
musk  oxen  were  seen  at  Winter  Harbour  in  this 
island  early  in  the  spring.     These  animals  have  a 


singular  appearance  owing  to  the  shortness  of 
their  limbs,  their  broad,  flattened  and  crooked 
horns  and  their  long  hair  which  hangs  nearly 
down  to  the  ground.  When  full  grown  they 
weigh  about  700  pounds.  The  flesh  of  the  young 
cow  and  calves  is  tolerably  good,  but  the  old  ones 
have  so  strong  a  scent  of  musk  that  they  cannot 
be  eaten.  They  are  found  in  great  numbers 
within  the  Arctic  Circle,  and  go  in  herds  of  eighty 
or  an  hundred. 

Mcmel,  a  strong  town  of  E.  Prussia,  with  a  cas- 
tle, a  fine  harbour,  and  an  extensive  commerce. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  at  the 
N.  extremity  of  the  Curische  Ilaff;  and  on  the 
N.  E.  side  of  the  entrance  into  the  harbour  is  a 
lighthouse.  It  is  70  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Konigsberg 
and  130  N.  E.  of  Dantzic.  Long.  21.  26.  E.,  lat. 
55.  46.  N. 

Memrningen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  defended  by 
art,  and  surrounded  by  a  morass.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable trade  in  fine  linen,  fustian,  cotton,  paper, 
salt,  tobacco,  and  hops.  Near  this  place,  in  1795, 
the  French  republicans  defeated  the  emigrants 
under  the  prince  of  Conde ;  and  in  1800  the 
French  defeated  the  Austrians,  and  took  the  town. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  near  the  river  Iller, 
28  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Ulm.  Long.  10.  12.  E.,  'at.  4». 
ON. 

Memphis,  p.t.  Shelby  Co.  Ten.  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, on  the  site  of  old  Fort  Pickering.  It  has  a 
fine  situation  at  a  point  where  the  great  western 
Toad  strikes  the  river. 

Memphremagog,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  in  Can- 
ada and  Vermont,  35  m.  long  and  3  broad.  Its 
outlet  is  the  river  St.  Frances,  running  into  the 
St.  Lawrence.  On  an  island  in  this  lake  is  a 
quarry  of  oil  stone  equal  to  the  best  Turkey  oil 
stone. 


MEN 


493 


MER 


Menat,  a  strait  which  divides  the  island  of  An- 
glesey from  the  other  parts  of  N.  Wales.  An 
elegant  suspension  bridge  has  been  thrown  over 
this  strait,  which  will  allow  vessels  that  pass 
the  strait  to  sail  beneath  it. 

Menan,  a  river  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  which 
passes  by  the  city  of  Siam,  and  enters  the  gulf  of 
Siam,  below  Bancok. 

Menancabow,  a  kingdom  in  the  centre  of  the 
island  of  Sumatra.  The  country  is  described  as 
a  large  plain,  clear  of  wood,  comparatively  well 
cultivated,  and  abounding  in  gold. 

Mende,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lozere,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  serges  and  other  woolen  stuffs ;  and 
is  seated  on  the  Lot,  35  m.  S.  W.  of  Puy  and  210 
S.  by  E.  of  Paris.     Long.  3.  30.  E.,  lat.  44.  31.  N. 

Mcnd/iam,  p.t.  Morris  Co.  N.  Y. 

Mendip  Hills,  a  lofty  tract  in  the  N.  E.  of  Som- 
ersetshire, Eng.  abounding  in  coal,  calamine,  and 
lead :  copper,  manganese,  bole,  and  red  ochre, 
are  also  found.  A  great  portion  of  these  hills, 
formerly  covered  with  heath  and  fern,  has  been 
brought  into  cultivation  and  produces  good  corn. 
At  the  bottom  of  a  deep  ravine,  near  the  village 
of  Berrington,  a  cavern  was  discovered,  in  1798, 
containing  a  great  number  of  human  bones,  many 
of  them  incrusted  with  a  calcareous  cement,  and 
a  large  portion  completely  incorporated  with  the 
solid  rock. 

Mendel  sham,  a  decayed  village  and  parish  in 
Suffolk,  Eng.  where  an  ancient  silver  crown, 
v/eighing  GO  ounces,  was  dug  up  about  the  end 
of  the  17th  century.  It  is  seated  near  the  source 
of  the  Deben,  80  m.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Mendon,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  37  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  3,152;  a  township  of  Monroe  Co. 
N.  Y.  Pop.  3,075. 

Meruloza,  a  city  of  Buenos  Ayres,  province  of 
Cugo,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Andes,  in  a  plain 
adorned  witli  gardens,  well  watered  by  canals. 
It  contains  four  convents,  a  college,  and  a  church. 
A  river  of  the  same  name  flows  by  this  town,  and 
finally  enters  the  Atlantic  under  the  name  of  Co- 
lorado.    Long.  70.  12.  W.,  lat.  34.  0.  S. 

Mcndrah,  a  province  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan, 
much  of  which  is  a  continued  level  of  hard  and 
barren  soil ;  but  the  quantity  of  trona,  a  species 
of  fossil  alkali,  that  floats  on  the  surface,  or  settles 
on  the  banks  of  its  ntimerous  smoking  lakes,  has 
given  it  a  higher  importance  than  that  of  the 
more  fertile  districts.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  GO  m.  S.  of  Mourzouk. 

Mendrisio,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Ticino,  containing  several  convents.  7  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  Como. 

Menehould,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Marne.  In  1792  the  French  gave  the  first 
check  to  the  progress  of  the  Prussians  at  this  place, 
which  in  the  end  compelled  them  to  a  retreat. 
It  is  seated  in  a  morass,  on  the  river  Aisne,  be- 
tween two  rocks,  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Chalons. 

Mengen,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  near  the  Dan- 
ube, 50  m.  S.  of  Stutgard. 

Mengeringhausen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Ger- 
many, county  of  Wala.'^ck,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Corbach 
and  24  N.  W.  of  Cassel. 

Menin,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W.  Flan- 
ders. It  has  been  oflen  taken  ;  the  last  time  by 
the  French  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lis,  10 
m.  N.  of  Lisle. 

Mentone,  a  town  of  Nice,  with  a  castle  and  a 
•mall  harbour,  5  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Monaco. 

Mentor,  p.t.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio. 


Mentz,  or  Mayence,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  the 
grand  duchy  of  Hesse,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
well  fortified,  and  deemed  a  barrier  fortress.  The 
city  is  built  in  an  irregular  manner,  and  plenti 
fully  provided  with  churches.  The  principal 
buildings  are  the  elcctorial  palace  (now  much  de- 
cayed), the  house  of  the  Teutonic  knights,  and 
the  cathedral.  Mentz  is  one  of  the  towns  which 
claim  the  invention  of  printing ;  and  the  growth 
of  the  best  Rhenish  wine  is  limited  to  a  circle  of 
about  five  miles  round  it.  The  French  took  this 
place  by  surprise  in  1792 ;  and  the  next  year  it 
stood  a  long  blockade  and  siege  before  it  surren'* 
ered  to  the  allies.  It  was  twice  re-attacked  „ 
the  French  in  1795,  but  they  were  defeated  by 
the  Austrians,  who  also  relieved  it  from  a  block- 
ade of  two  months  in  1796.  The  siege  ,wa?  soon 
afler  resumed,  and  continued  till  the  signing  of  the 
treaty  of  Udina  in  1797,  when  the  city  was  taken 
possession  of  by  the  French.  By  the  peace  of 
Luneville,  in  1801,  it  wao  formally  ceded  to 
France,  but  was  delivered  up  to  the  allies  in  1814. 
Mentz  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  just  below  the  in- 
■Sax  of  the  Maine,  and  on  the  opposite  side  is  the 
town  of  Cassel,  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge  of 
boats.  It  is  22  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Frankfort  and  70 
E.  by  N.  of  Treves.  Long.  8. 10.  E.,  lat.  49.  58.  N. 

Mentz,  a  township  of  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  12  m 
N.  W.  Auburn  on  the  Erie  Canal.    Pop.  4,144. 

Menuf,a,  town  of  Egypt,  situate  in  a  well  culti- 
vated country,  near  that  branch  of  the  Nile  which 
flows  to  Rosetta,  40  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cairo. 

Menzala,  a  town  of  Egypt,  situate  near  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  GO  m.  long,  separated  from  the 
Mediterranean  by  a  narrow  slip  of  land.  It  is  20 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Damietta  and  73  N.  N.  E.  of  Cairo. 
Long.  32.  2.  E.,  lat.  31.  3.  N. 

Meppen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  a  dis 
trict  of  the  same  name,  52  m.  N.  of  Munster. 

Mequincnza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
with  a  castle,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Segra 
with  the  Ebro,  58  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Saragossa  and 
180  E.N.  E.  of  Madrid. 

Mequinez,  a  city  of  Morocco,  seated  in  a  de- 
lightful plain,  having  a  serene  and  clear  air;  for 
which  reason  the  emperor  frequently  resides  in 
this  place  in  preference  to  Fez.  The  palace 
stands  on  the  S.  side,  and  is  guarded  by  several 
hundreds  of  black  eunuchs,  whose  knives  and 
scimitars  are  covered  with  wrought  silver.  In 
the  middle  of  the  city,  the  Jews  have  a  place  to 
themselves,  the  gates  of  which  are  locked  every 
night,  and  guarded.  Close  by  Mequinez,  on 
the  N  .W.  side,  is  a  large  Negro  town,  which 
takes  up  as  much  ground  as  the  city,  but  the 
houses  are  not  so  high,  nor  so  well  built.  The 
inhabitants  of  Mequinez,  estimated  at  112,000,  are 
considered  more  polished  and  hospitable  than  those 
of  the  southern  provinces.  58  m.  W.  of  Fez. 
Long.  5.  46.  W.,  lat.  32.  40.  N. 

Mer,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire-et- 
Cher,  11  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bloise. 

Meran.  a  town  of  the  Austrian  States,  in  Tyrol, 
of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capital ;  seated  near 
the  conflux  of  the  Passar,  with  the  Adige,  12  m. 
N.  N.  W.ofBotzen.  Long.  11.5.  E,  lat.  46.39. 
N. 

Mercer,  a  county  of  the  W.  district  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Pop.  19,731.  The  chief  town  has  the  same 
name.  A  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  17,706.  Har- 
rodsburg  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Ohio.  Pop. 
1,110.  St.  Mary's  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Il- 
linois. Pop.  26. 

Mercer,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me  94  m.  S.  E.  PoW 


MLR 


493 


MER 


land.  Pop.  1,110;  also  towns  in  Mercer  and  But- 
ler Cos.  Pa. 

Mercersburg,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Pa.  16  m.  S.  W. 
Chambersburg. 

Merdim,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Diarbeck, 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  castle.  Tlie 
country  about  it  produces  a  great  deal  of  cotton. 
It  is  seated  on  the  summit  of  a  mountain,  45  m. 
S.  E.  ofDiarbekir.  Long.  39.  59.  E.,  lat  36.  50. 
.^  :N. 

•  -       Mere,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  100  m.  W.  by 
S. of  London. 

Merecga,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  celebrated  for  its  warm  baths.  23  m.  S. 
E.  of  Shershel  and  50  S.  W.  of  Algiers 

Merecz,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania  govern- 
ment of  Wilna,  sealed  at  the  conflux  of  the  Mer- 
cez  and  Nemen.  30  m.  N.  of  Grodno. 

Meredith,  p.t.' Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  63  m.  N.  W. 
Portsmouth.  Pop.  2,683.  Here  are  considerable 
manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen  and  paper. 

Mergejitheim ,  a  well  built  town  of  Wurtem- 
berg  •  seated  on  the  Tauber,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Wurtzburg.  Long.  9.  52.  E.,  lat.  49.  30.  N. 

Merghen,  or  Merguen,  a  city  of  E.  Tartary, 
province  of  Tcitcicar ;  seated  on  the  Nonni,  140 
m.  N.  by  E.  of  Tcitcicar.  Long.  124.  55.  E..  lat 
49.  10.  N. 

Mergui,  a  sea-port  on  the  W.  coast  of  Siam,  with 
an  e.xcellent  harbour.  It  was  wrested  from  the 
Siamese  by  the  Birmans  in  1755,  but  was  ceded 
to  Britain  in  1824-5,  and  is  208  m.  S.  W.  of  Siam. 
Long.  98.  9.  E.,  lat.  12.  12.  N. 

Mergui  Archipelago,  consists  of  islands  extend- 
ing l3o  m.  along  the  coast  of  Tannasserim  and 
the  isthmus  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  with  a  strait 
between  them  and  the  mainland,  from  15  to  30 
m.  broad,  having  regular  soundings  and  good 
anchorage.  They  are  in  general  covered  with 
trees,  but  are  not  inhabited,  although  the  soil  ap- 
pears fertile  The  principal  of  them  are  King's 
Islana,  Clara,  St.  Mathew's  and  Tannasserim. 

Meri.an,.  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura, 
built  by  tne  Romans,  before  the  birth  of  Christ. 
Here  are  fine  remains  of  antiquity,  particularly  a 
triumphal  arch.  In  1811  it  fell  into  the  hands  of 
tlie  French,  but  was  retaken  by  general  (afterwards 
lord)  Hill  in  the  following  year.  It  is  seated  in 
an  extensive  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Guadiana, 
over  which  is  a  noble  Roman  bridore.  32  m.  E.  of 
Badajoz.     Long.  5.  58.  W.,  lat.  38.  47.  N. 

Merida,  a  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  lying  between  the  Bays  of  Hon- 
duras and  Campeachy.  It  is  situated  in  an  arid 
plain.  30  m.  S.  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  70  N. 
?.  of  Campeachy      Long.  89.  58.  W.,  lat.  20.  45. 

Meriden.  p.t.  New  Haven  Co.  Conn.  17  m.  N. 
Fc-  Haven.     Pop.  1,708. 

jSeridiMiisville,  p.v.  Madison  Co.  Alab. 

Meridien,  p.v.  Madison  Co.  Missouri. 

Merlon,  Upper  and  Loicer,  two  townships  in 
Montgomery  Co.  Pa.  near  Philaoelphia. 

Merionethshire,  a  countv  of  Wales.  It  contains 
nearly  500,000  acres,  is  divided  into  5  hundreds 
and  37  parishes,  has  four  market  towns,  and  sends 
one  member  to  parliament.  The  number  of  in- 
habitants "n  IS21  was  34,382.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  varied  throughout  with  a  romantic  mix 
ture  of  all  the  scenery  peculiar  to  a  wild  and 
mountainous  region.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Dee  and  Dyfi.  Cader  Idris,  one  of  the  highest 
mountains  in  Wales,  is  in  this  county. 

Meritck,  an  important  town  and  fortress  of'Hia 


doostan,  in  the  province  of  Beiapoor ;  situate  near 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Kistna,  62  m.  S.  W.  of  Visia- 
pour. 

Mermentau,  a  lake  and  river  in  the  S.  W.  pari 
of  Louisiana  flowing  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mero,  a  strong  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Peoru. 
140  m.  S.  W.  of  Pegu.  Long.  98.  36.  E.,  lat.le. 
0.  N. 

Merou,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Khorassan,  seated 
in  a  fertile  country,  which  produces  salt,  112  m. 
S.  W.  of  Bokhara.  Long.  64.25.  E.,  lat.  37.40. 
N. 

Merrittstoitm,  p.v.  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Merrittsville,  p.v.  Greenville  Dis.  S.  C.  120  m, 
N.  W.  Columbus. 

Merrimack,  a  river  of  New  England  rising  in 
New  Hampshire.  One  of  its  head  streams  called 
the  Pemigewasset  has  its  source  near  the  Notch 
of  the  White  Mountains  ;  the  other  flows  through 
Winnipisiogee  Lake.  The  river  runs  south  into 
Massachusetts,  where  it  turns  south-east  and  flows 
to  the  sea  at  Newburyport.  In  the  upper  part  of 
its  course  it  is  much  obstructed  by  falls.  These 
afford  excellent  mill  sites,  and  the  largest  manu- 
factories in  the  United  Slates  are  situated  on  this 
river.  Many  canals  pass  around  the  falls ;  at 
Chelmsfiird  the  Middlesex  canal  extends  from  this 
river  to  Boston  harbour.  The  mouth  of  the  river 
is  obstructed  by  a  sand  bar  which  does  not  admit 
the  passage  of  ships  except  at  high  water.  There 
is  a  good  navigation  for  vessels  of  200  tons  to 
Haverhill.  Two  chain  bridges  cross  the  river  at 
Newburyport  and  Salisbury.  The  current  is 
rapid  and  the  shores  bold  ;  the  interval  borders 
are  narrower  than  upon  the  Connecticut,  but  af 
ford  much  beautiful  scenery.  The  waters  are  pure 
and  salubrious  and  abound  in  salmon,  shad,  ale- 
wives,  herring  and  sturgeon,  which  last  gave  name 


to  the  river,  Merrimack  being  the  Indian  name 
for  sturgeon.  The  chief  branches  are  the  Con- 
toocook  in  New  Hampshire  and  Nashua  and  Con- 
cord rivers  in  Massachusetts. 

Merrimack,  a  county  of  New  Hampshire,  formed 
from  the  N.  part  of  Hillsborough  Co.  Pop.  34,619. 
Concord  is  the  capital. 

Merrimack,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  6  m.  E. 
Amherst.  Pop.  1,191.  Also  townships  in  Wash- 
ington and  Franklin  Cos.  Missouri. 

Merryhill,  p.v.  Bertie  Co.  N.  C. 

Merrymeeting  Bay,  a  wide  expansion  of  water 
at  the  junction  of  the  Kennebec  and  Androscoggin 
rivers.     Also  a  bay  in  Winnipisiogee  Lake. 

viersea,  a  town  in  Essex  Co.  U.  C.  on  Lake 
Erie. 

Mersch,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  duchy 
of  Luxemburg,  8  m.  N.  of  Luxemburg. 

Mersebvrg,  one  of  the  new  divisions  of  the  Prus- 
sian states,  consisting  principally  of  cessions  made 
by  Saxony  in  1815.  It  lies  to  the  S.  of  Anhalt 
and  to  the  E.  of  the  government  of  Erfurt,  and 
comprises  an  area  of  4,000  sq.  m.  with  471,000  in- 
habitants. 

Merseburg .  the  capital  of  the  above  government, 
formerly  a  bishopric  The  most  remarkable  build- 
ings are  the  castle,  the  cathedral  which  stands 
below  it,  and  the  academy.  The  brewing  and  exr 
2T 


MES 


iH 


MET 


portation  of  strong  beer  furnish  the  principal  em- 
ployment of  the  inhabitants.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Saale,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Leipzig. 

Meraey,  a  river  of  England,  which  rises  in  the 
N.  extremity  of  the" Peak  in  Derbyshire,  receives 
the  Tame  at  Stockport,  and,  lower  down,  tha 
Irwell ;  it  then  passes  by  Warrington,  and  receives 
the  Weaver  at  Frodsham,  where  it  forms  a  broad 
estuary,  that  contracts  on  its  approach  to  Liver- 
pool, below  which  it  enters  the  Irish  Sea.  This 
river  not  only  affords  salmon,  but  it  is  visited  by 
annual  shoals  of  smelts,  here  called  sparlings,  of  a 
remarkable  size  and  flavor. 

Mersey,  an  island  in  Essex,  Eng.  between  the 
mouth  of  the  Coin  and  the  er.trance  of  Blackwater 
Bay.  It  has  two  parishes,  ca.led  E.  and  W.  Mer- 
sey.    7  m.  S.  of  Colchester. 

Merthyr  Tidvil,  a  town  of  S.  Wales,  in  Glamor- 
ganshire. It  has  a  canal  to  Cardiff,  immense 
mines  of  iron  and  coal,  and  very  extensive  iron 
works.  3  m.  distant  are  the  ruins  of  Morlais  Cas- 
tle, said  to  have  been  the  residence  of  the  kings 
of  iBrecknock.  II  is  seated  on  the  Taafe,  24  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Cardiff  and  180  W.  of  London. 

Mertola,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo, 
seated  near  the  Guadiana,  60  m.  S.  of  Evora  and 
100  S.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Long.  7.  37  W..  lat.  37. 
41.  N. 

Merton,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  with  calico 
manufactures  andbleach-fields.  Here  Henry  III. 
held  a  parliament  in  123G,  at  which  were  enacted 
the  Provisions  of  Merton,  the  most  ancient  body 
of  laws  after  Magna  Charta.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mandle,  7  m.  S.  W.  of  London. 

MarvlU.e.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
seated  on  the  Lys,  15  m.  N.  of  Lisle. 

Mcsched,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of  Khorassan. 
It  is  fortified  with  several  towers  ;  and  is  famous 
for  the  magnificent  sepulchre  of  Iman  Risa,  of  the 
family  of  All,  to  which  the  Persians  pay  great  de- 
votion. Here  is  a  manufacture  of  beautiful  pot- 
tery, and  another  of  skins.  Caravans  are  con- 
tinually passing  through  this  city  from  Bokharia, 
Balk,  Candahar,  Hindoostan,  and  all  parts  of  Per- 
sia. It  is  180  m.  E.  of  Asterabad  and  490  N.  E. 
of  Ispahan.     Long.  58.  30.  E.,  lat.  35.  56.  N. 

Mesched  Mi,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Irak- 
Arabi,  near  a  large  lake,  called  Rahema,  which 
communicates  with  the  Euphrates  by  a  canal.  It 
stands  on  tlie  spot  where  Ali,  one  of  the  succes- 
sors of  Mahomet,  was  interred  ;  and  his  tomb  is 
annually  visited  by  Persian  pilgrims.  It  is  110 
m.  S.  of  Bagdad.     Long.  44.  50.  E.,  lat.  32.  5.  N. 

Mesopotamia,  the  ancient  name  for  the  country 
lying  between  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates.  It  now 
forms  a  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Mesopotamia,  p.t.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio.  170  m. 
N.  E.  Columbus.    Pop.  562. 

Messa,  a  considerable  town  of  Morocco,  on  the 
river  Sus,  not  far  from  the  Atlantic.  It  is  165 
m.  S.  W.  of  Morocco.  Long.  10.46.  W.,  lat.  29. 
58.  N.  _ 

Messina,  a  sea-port  of  Sicily,  capital  of  an  in- 
tendancy  of  the  same  name,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
with  a  citadel  and  several  forts.  It  is  5  m.  in  cir- 
cumli'rence,  has  four  large  suburbs,  and  contains 
36,000  inhabitants.  The  public  buildings  and 
monasteries  are  numerous  and  magnificent ;  there 
arc  50  churches,  including  the  cathedral,  which 
is  much  admired.  The  harbour  is  one  of  the 
safest  iii  the  Mediterranean,  and  has  a  quay  about 
a  mile  in  length.  A  great  trade  is  carried  on  here 
in  silk,  oil,  fruit,  corn,  and  excellent  wine.  This 
city  suffered  much  by  an  earthiiuake  in  1770 ;  and 


also  in  1683,  when  it  was  half  destroyed,  it  has 
since  been  rebuilt,  with  elegant  houses  only  two 
stories  high.  For  several  years  prior  to  the  peace 
of  1814,Messina  was  the  head-quarters  of  the  Brit- 
ish troops  in  Sicily.  It  is  seated  on  the  strait  ot 
Messina,  which  separates  Sicily  from  Calabria, 
130  m.  K.  of  Palermo.  Long.  15.  50.  E.,lat.  38. 
10.  N. 

Messing,  a  town  of  Franconia,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Aichstat.  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Aichstat.  / 

Mestre,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in   Treviso    ' 
8  m.  N.  W.  of  Venice. 

Mesurado,  a  considerable  river  of  W.  Africa, 
which  falls  into  the  Atlantic  on  the  Grain  Coast 
On  its  banks  is  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  th<j 
boundaries  of  which  are  very  uncertain.  See 
Liberia. 

Mesvrata,  a  sea-port  of  Tripoli,  and  the  resi- 
dence of  a  governor.  Caravans  travel  hence  to 
Fezzan  and  other  interior  parts  of  Africa,  by  which 
they  carry  on  a  great  trade.  It  is  100  m.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Tripoli.      Long.  15.  10.   E.,    lat.  32.  0.  N. 

Meta,  a  large  river  of  New  Granada,  which  has 
Its  rise  opposite  to  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  and  falh 
into  the  Orinoco,  about  450  m.  from  its  source* 
in  long.  67.  45.  W.,lat.  6.  10.  N. 

Metapura,  a  town  of  the  isle  of  Borneo,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Banjermassing,  72  m.  N.  E.  of  Ban- 
jermassing  and  100  S.  E.  of  Negara. 

Metcalfshorough,  a  village  in  Franklin  Co 
Ten. 

Metelen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  seated  on  the  Vechta,  19  m.  N.  W. 
ofMunster. 

Metelin,  or  Mytilcne,  an  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  anciently  called  Lesbos,  to  the  N.  of 
Scio,  and  almost  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of 
Guestro.  It  is  about  40  m.  long  and  12  broad  ; 
somewhat  mountainous,  and  has  many  hot  springs 
The  soil  is  very  good,  and  the  mountains  are  in 
many  places  covered  with  wood.  It  produces 
good  wheat,  wine,  oil,  and  the  best  figs  in  the 
Archipeiaga     Castro  i's  the  capital. 

Mc.thil,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  with 
a  safe  harbour  on  the  frith  of  Forth,  whence  much 
coal  is  exported.     6  m.  N.  E.  of  Dysart. 

Mcthuen,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Merri- 
mack, 30  m.  N.  Boston.  Pop.  2,011.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  paper. 

Methven,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
where  kintr  Robert  Bruce  was  defeated  by  the 
English  in°l306.     6  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Perth. 

Metling,  or  Mottling,  a  strong  town  of  the  Aus- 
trian states,  in  Carniola  ;  seated  on  the  Kulp,  13 
m.  N.  W.  of  Carlstadt  and  40  S.  E.  of  Lau- 
bach. 

Metro,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Tuscany,  crosses  the  duchy  of  Uroino 
and  enters  the  gulf  of  Venice  near  Fano. 

Metropoli.  a  town  of  the  island  of  Candia,  on 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Gortyna,  of  which  many 
vestiges  remam.     22  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Candia. 

Metz,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Moselle,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the  kingdom 
of  Austrasia.  The  fortifications  are  excellent, 
and  it  has  three  citadels  and  noble  barracks.  The 
cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe.  Here 
are  manfactures  of  cotton,  linen,  gauze,  chintz, 
fustian,  &c. ;  and  a  considerable  trade  in  leather, 
wine,  brandy,  «Scc.  The  sweetmeats  made  here 
are  in  high  esteem.  Metz  is  the  seat  of  the  i!e- 
piivtment  administration  and  a  bishop's  see,  and 
contains  nearly  42,000  inhabitants.  It  is  seated 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Moselle  and  Seille,  210  m. 


MEX 


495 


MEX 


N    E.  of   Paris.       Long.   6.  10.  E.,  lat.  49.  ". 

N. 

Metzovo.  a  ran£^e  of  mountains  in  European 
Turkey,  separaiing  Albania  from  Thessaly.  It 
)g  the  ancient  Pindus.  There  is  a  village  of  this 
tame  among  the  mountains. 

Meud^n,  a  village  of  France,  with  a  magnifi- 
cient  royal  palace  and  park ;  seated  on  the  Seine,  6 
m.  S.  of  Paris. 

Meulan,  a  town  of  France,  department  ofSeine- 
et-Oise  ;  seated  on  the  Seine,  over  which  is  a 
stone  bridge  of  21  arches,  26  m.  N.  W.  of  Par- 
is. 

Mcurs,  or  Mocrs,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states, 
capital  of  a  small  principality  of  the  same  name.  It 
has  a  cai?tle,  and  was  formerly  a  place  of  strength, 
but  its  fortifications  were  destroyed  in  1764.  16 
m.  N.  N.  E.  ofDusseldorf 

Mcurlhe,  a  town  of  France,  including  part  of  the 
former  province  of  Lorraine.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
department  of  Moselle,  Vosges,  and  Meuse,  and 
comprises  an  area  of  2,500  sq.  m..with  365,600 
inhabitants.  The  climate  is  temperate,  and  the 
soil  in  general  fertile.     Nancy  is  the  capital. 

Meurtke,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
department  of  Vosges,  and  flows  by  Luneville 
and  Nancy  into  the  Moselle. 

Meuse,  a  river  which  rises  in  France,  in  the 
department  of  Upper  Marne.  It  enters  the  Neth- 
erlands at  Givet,  flows  to  Charlemont,  Namur, 
Huy,  Liege,  Maestricht,  Ruremonde,  Venlo, 
Grave,  Battenburg,  Ravestern,  Gorcum  (where 
it  receives  the  Waal),  and  Worcum.  At  Dort  it 
divides  into  four  principal  branches,  the  most 
northern  of  whicii  is  called  the  Merve.  These 
form  the  island  of  Yaselmonde,  Voorn,  and  Over- 
slackee,  and  enters  the  German  Ocean  below  Briel, 
Hel  voetsluys  and  Goree. 

Meuse,  a  department  of  France  ,  including  the 
former  duchy  of  Bar.  It  is  bounded  by  the  grand 
duchy  of  Lu.xemburg,  and  the  departments  of 
Moselle,  Vosges,  Marne,  and  Ardennes,  and  com- 
prises an  area  of2,.500  sq.  m.  with  285,000  inhabi- 
tants.    Bar  sur  Ormain  is  the  capital. 

Mewar,  an  extensive  district  of  Hindoostan, 
province  of  Agimere,  lying  chiefly  between  25. 
and  26.  of  N.  lat. 

Mewat,  a  hilly  and  woody  tract  of  Hindoostan 
lying  on  the  S.  W.  of  Dehli,  confining  the  low 
country,  along  the  W.  bank  of  the  Jumna,  to  a 
comparatively  narrow  slip,  and  extending  west- 
»irard  130  m.  From  N.  to  S.  it  is  90  m.  Its  inhab- 
itants, the  Mewatti,  have  been  ever  characterized 
as  the  most  savage  and  brutal,  and  are  still  noted 
as  thieves  and  robbers.  The  country  contains 
some  strong  fortresses  on  steep  or  inaccessible 
hills.  It  is  nominally  possessed  by  the  rajah  of 
Macherry. 

Mexkano,  or  Mayes,  a  river  of  New  Mexico,  on 
the  confines  of  Louisiana,  which  runs  into  the 
gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mexico,  a  country  of  N.  America,  now  forming 
an  independent  republic,  situated  between  42.  and 
113.  W.  long.,  and  extending  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean  to  to  the  Carribean  Sea,  the  gulf  of  Mexico 
and  the  Sabine  River.  It  comprises  an  area  of 
1,700,000  sq.  m.  with  about  7,000,000  ofinhabi 
tants.  In  general  it  is  a  mountainous  country 
intermixed  with  many  rich  valleys :  the  highest 
mountains  many  of  which  are  volcanoes,  are  near 
the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  eastern  shore 
is  a  flat  country,  full  of  impenetrable  forests,  with 
bo»s  and  morasses,  overflowed  in  the  rainy  sea- 
son, which  is  from  April  to  September     Although 


a  considerable  portion  of  Mexico  is  within  the 
torrid  zone,  the  climate  in  general  is  temperate 
and  healthy.  No  country  abounds  more  with 
grain,  fruits,  roots,  and  vegetables,  many  of  them 
peculiar  to  the  country,  or  at  least  to  America. 
It  is  also  celebrated  for  its  mines  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver, and  has  quarries  of  jasper  and  porphyry,  and 
exquisite  marble.  Cochineal  is  almoat  peculiar 
to  this  country  ;  its  indigo  and  cocoa  are  supei/^r 
to  any  in  America ;  and  its  logwood  has  long 
been  an  important  article  of  commerce.  Among 
the  quadrupeds  are  the  puma,  jaguar,  bears,  elks, 
wolves,  deer,  &c.  The  peccary  of  this  country  i» 
sometimes  called  the  Mexican  hog.  These  ani- 
mals frequent  the  mountainous  and  woody  parta 
and  go  in  large  herds  together.  They  commit 
great  ravages  among  the  sugar-canes,  maize,  man- 
ihot  and  potato  fields.  In  Guiana  the  Indians  shoot 


them  with  poisoned  arrows  blown  through  a  tube. 
The  domestic  animals  of  Europe,  particularly 
horned  cattle,  have  multiplied  here,  almost  with 
incredible  rapidity.  Numbers  of  these  having 
been  suflfered  to  run  wild,  now  ranje  over  the 
vast  plains,  in  herds  from  30,000  to  40,000  ;  they 
are  killed  merely  for  the  sake  of  their  hides,  which 
are  annually  exported,  in  vast  quantities,  to  Eu- 
rope. The  inhabitants  consist  of  native  Spaniards  , 
Creoles,  who  are  descendants  of  Europeans  ;  Mu- 
lattoes,  the  issue  of  whites  and  negroes  ;  Mesti- 
zoes, descendants  of  whites  and  Indians ;  Zam- 
boes,  descendants  of  negroes  and  Indians;  and 
African  negroes,  with  whom  are  classed  a  mixed 
extraction  from  Europeans,  Africans,  Indians, 
and  Malays  or  others  of  Asiatic  origin.  Far  from 
becoming  extinct,  the  indigenous  population  goes 
on  increasing,  especially  during  the  last  hundred 
years;  and  accordingly,  it  would  appear  that,  in 
total  amount,  these  countries  are  more  populous 
at  present  than  they  were  previously  to  the  arri- 
val of  Europeans.  The  kingdom  of  Montezuma 
did  not  equal  in  extent  the  eighth  part  of  New 
Spain  as  it  now  exists.  The  great  towns  of  the 
Aztecs,  and  their  most  cultivated  lands  were  met 
with  in  the  environs  of  the  capital  of  Mexico,  and 
particularly  in  the  delicious  valley  of  Tenochti- 
tlan.  The  kings  of  Alcolhuacan,  of  Tlacopan,  and 
of  Mechoacan,  were  independent  princes.  Be- 
yond the  parallel  of  20.  were  the  Chichimegs  and 
Otomites,  two  wandering  and  barbarous  nations, 
whose  hordes,  though  far  from  numerous,  pushed 
their  incursions  as  far  as  Tula,  a  town  situated 
r»ear  the  northern  border  of  the  valley  of  Tenoch- 
titlan.  It  would  be  just  as  difficult  however 
to  estimate,  with  any  degree  of  accuracy,  the 
number  of  Montezuma's  subjects,  as  it  would  \)e 
to  decide  respecting  the  ancient  population  of 
Egypt,  Persia,  Carthage,  or  Greece,  or  even  with 
regard  to  many  modern  states.  History  presents 
us,  on  the  one  hand,  with  a  train  of  conqueror* 


4 


MEX 


496 


MEX 


ambitions  to  throw  additional  lustre  on  their  own 
exploits ;  on  the  other,  religious  and  sensible  men 
directing  with  noble  ardour  the  arms  of  eloquence 
against  the  cruelty  of  the  first  colonists.  Both 
parties  were  equally  interested  in  exaggerating 
the  flourishing  condition  of  the  newly  discovered 
countries.  At  all  events,  the  extensive  ruins  of 
towns  and  villages  that  are  met  with  in  the  18. 
and  20.  of  latitude  in  the  interior  of  Mexico,  seem 
to  prove  that  the  population  of  this  single  part  of 
the  kingdom  was  once  far  superior  to  what  it  is 
now.  Yet  it  must  be  remarked  that  these  ruins  are 
dispersed  over  a  space  that,  relatively  speaking,  is 
but  very  limited. 

To  a  great  degree  of  muscular  strength,  the 
copper-coloured  natives  add  the  advantage  of  be- 
ing seldom  or  never  subject  to  any  deformity. 
M.  Humboldt  assures  us  that  he  never  saw  a 
/  -inch-back  Indian,  and  that  they  very  seldom 
squint,  or  are  met  with  either  lame  or  wanting 
the  use  of  their  arms.  In  those  countries  where 
the  inhabitants  suiFer  from  the  goitre,  this  affec- 
tion of  the  thyroid  gland  is  never  observed  among 
ite  Indians,and  rarely  among  the  Mestizoes.  The 
Indians  of  New  Spam,  and  especially  the  women, 
generally  live  to  an  advanced  age.  Their  hair, 
It  is  said,  never  turns  grey,  and  they  preserve  all 
their  strength  till  the  period  of  their  death.  In 
respect  of  the  moral  faculties  of  the  indigenous 
Mexicans,  it  is  difficult  to  form  a  just  estimate  of 
them,  if  we  consider  this  unhappy  nation  almost 
in  the  only  light  in  which  there  has  been  an  op- 
portunity of  viewing  it  by  intelligent  travellers, 
as  sinking  under  long  oppression,  and  depressed 
almost  to  the  lowest  pitch  of  degradation. 

In  his  present  condition,  the  Mexican  Indian 
is  grave,  melancholy,  and  taciturn,  as  long  as  he 
IS  not  under  the  influence  of  intoxicating  liquors. 
This  gravity  is  particularly  remarkable  in  the 
children  of  Indians,  who  at  the  early  age  of  four 
or  five  years  display  infinitely  greater  intelligence 
and  developement  of  mind  than  the  children  of 
whites.  They  delight  in  throwing  an  air  of  mys- 
tery over  th«ir  most  trifling  remarks.  Not  a  pas- 
sion manifests  itself  in  their  features.  At  all 
times  sombre,  there  is  something  terrific  in  the 
change,  when  he  passes  all  at  once  from  a  state 
of  absolute  repose  to  violent  and  ungovernable 
agitation.  The  energy  of  his  character,  to  which 
every  shade  of  softness  is  unknown,  habituplly 
degenerates  into  ferocity.  This  is  especially  the 
case  with  the  inhabitants  of  TIascala.  In  the 
midst  of  their  degradation,  the  descendants  of 
these  republicans  are  still  distinguished  by  a  cer- 
tain haughtiness  with  which  they  are  inspired  by 
the  remembrance  of  their  former  greatness. 

The  Mexicans  have  preserved  a  particular 
taste  for  oainting  and  for  the  art  of  carving  on 
stone  and  wood.  It  is  truly  astonishing  to  see 
what  they  are  capable  of  executing  with  a  bad 
knife  upon  the  hardest  wood  and  stone.  They 
exercise  themselves  in  painting  the  images,  and 
carving  the  statues  of  saints  ;  but  from  a  religious 
principle,  they  have  continued  to  servilely  imi- 
ate  for  300  years,  the  models  which  the  Europe- 
ans brought  with  them  at  the  period  of  the  origi- 
nal conquest.  In  Mexico  as  well  as  Hindoostan, 
tlie  faithful  are  not  allowed  to  make  the  smallest 
change  in  their  idols  ;  every  thing  connected  with 
the  rites  of  the  Aztecs  was  subjected  to  immuta- 
ble laws:  It  is  on  this  very  account  that  the 
Christian  images  have  preserved  in  some  degree, 
that  stiffiiess  and  hardness  of  feature  which  char- 
jcterised  the  hieroglyphical  pictures  of  the  age  of 


Montezuma.     They  dispiay  a  great>deal  of  apti  ' 

tude  for  the  exercise  of  the  arts  of  imitation,  and 
still  greater  for  those  of  a  purely  mechanical  na- 
ture. 

When  an  Indian  has  attained  a  certain  degree 
of  cultivation,  he  shows  great  facility  in  acquiring 
information,  a  spirit  of  accuracy  and  precision, 
and  a  particular  tendency  to  subtilize,  or  to  seize 
on  the  minutest  differences  in  objects  that  are 
to  be  compared  with  each  other.  He  reasons 
coldly  and  with  method  ;  but  he  does  not  evince 
that  activity  of  imagination,  that  lively  freshness 
of  sentiment,  that  art  of  producing,  which  charac- 
terises the  people  of  Europe  and  many  tribes  of 
African  negroes.  The  music  and  dancing  of  the 
indigenous  natives  partake  of  that  want  oTcheer- 
fiilness  which  is  so  peculiar  to  them.  Their 
singing  is  of  a  melancholy  description.  More  vi- 
vacity, however,  is  observed  in  their  women  than 
in  their  men  ;  but  they  share  the  evils  of  that 
state  of  subjection  to  which  the  sex  is  condemned 
among  most  oj those  nations  where  civilization  is 
still  imperfect.  In  the  dance  women  take  no  part ; 
they  are  merely  present  for  the  sake  of  offering 
to  the  dancers  the  fermented  drinks  which  they 
themselves  had  prepared. 


The  Mexican  Indians  have  likewise  peserved 
the  same  taste  for  flowers  that  Cortez  noticed  in 
his  time.  We  are  astonished  to  discover  this 
taste,  which  doubtless  indicates  a  taste  for  the 
beautiful,  among  the  people  in  whom  a  sanguina- 
ry worship,  and  the  frequency  of  human  sacrifices 
appears  to  have  extinguished  every  feeling  con- 
nected with  sensibility  of  mind  and  the  softer  af- 
fections. In  the  great  market  of  Mexico,  the  na- 
tive does  not  even  sell  fish,  or  ananas,  or  vegeta- 
bles, or  fermented  liquor,  without  his  shop  being 
decked  out  with  flowers,  which  are  renewed  every 
succeeding  day.  The  Indian  shop-keeper  appears 
seated  behind  a  perfect  entrenchment  of  verdure 
and  every  thing  around  him  wears  an  air  of  the 
most  refined  elegance. 

The  Indian  hunters,  such  as  the  Mecos,  the 
Apaches,  and  the  Lipans,  whom  the  Spaniards 
comprehend  under  the  denomination  of  Indios 
bravos,  and  whose  hordes  in  their  incursions  which 
are  often  made  during  night,  infest  the  frontiers 
of  New  Biscay,  Sonora,  and  New  Mexico,  evince 
more  activity  of  mind,  and  more  strenirth  of 
character,  than  the  agricultural  Indians.  Some 
tribes  have  even  languages,  the  mechanism  oi 
which  appears  to  prove  the  existence  of  ancient 
civilization.  They  have  great  difficulty  iji  learn- 
ing the  European  idioms,  while,  at  the  same  time 
they  express  themselves  in  their  own  with  an  ex- 
treme degree  of  facility.  These  same  Indian 
chiefs,  whose  gloomy  taciturnity  astonishes  the 
observer,  will  bold  a  discourse  of  several  hours, 
whenever  any  strong  interest  rouses   them   U 


MEX 


497 


MEX 


break  the_r  habitual  silence.  T^is  whole  coun- 
try was  long  under  the  dominioii^f  Spain,  and 
governed  bj  a  viceroy.  The  first  attempt  to  as- 
sume independence  took  place  in  1810.  In  1824 
a  federal  government  was  established.  Numer- 
ous disturbances  have  since  arisen,  and  the  coun- 
try is  still  far  from  being  in  a  settled  state. 

Mexico,  the  capital  of  the  above  country.  It 
was  a  flourishing  city  before  the  Spaniards  enter- 
ed the  country,  and  was  seated  on  several  islands, 
in  a  salt-water  lake,  called  Tezcuco,  to  which 
there  was  no  entrance,  but  hy  three  cause-ways,  2 
m.  in  length  each.  The  circumference  of  the 
city,  exclusive  of  the  suburbs,  was  formerly  above 
10  m.  and  it  contained  at  least  6D,000  houses,  with 
several  large  temples,  and  three  palaces.  It  was 
taken  by  Ferdinando  Cortez,  in  1521,  after  a  siege 
of  nearly  three  months,  and,  as  the  Mexicans  de- 
fended themselves  from  street  to  street,  it  was  al- 
most ruined,  but  was  afterwards  rebuilt  by  the 
Spaniards.  The  water  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
city  has  dried  up,  and  Mexico  is  usiw  three  miles 
distant  from  the  shores  of  the  lake.  The  streets  are 
wide  and  straigJit,  but  badly  paved.  The  houses 
present  a  magnificent  appearance,  being  built  of 
porphyry  and  amygdaloia.  Several  palaces  and 
private  mansions  have  a  majestic  effect,  and  its 
churches  glitter  with  metallic  riches.     The  cath- 


edral surpasses,  in  this  respect,  all  the  churches 
in  the  world ;  the  balustrade  which  surrounds 
the  great  altar  being  composed  of  massive  silver. 
A  lamp  of  the  same  metal,  is  of  so  vast  a  size  that 
three  men  go  into  it  when  it  is  to  be  cleaned ; 
and  it  is  enriched  with  lions'  heads,  and  other  or- 
naments of  pure  gold.  The  statues  of  the  Virgin 
and  the  saints  are  either  made  of  solid  silver,  or 
richly  gilded,  and  ornamented  with  precious 
atones.  Palaces,  mansions  of  great  families, 
beautiful  fountains,  and  extensive  squares,  adorn 
the  interior  of  this  city.  To  the  north,  near  the 
suburbs,  is  the  principal  public  promenade,  or 
Alameda.  Round  this  walk  flows  a  rivulet,  for- 
ming a  fine  square,  in  the  middle  of  which  there 
is  a  basin  with  a  fountain.  Eight  alleys  of  trees 
terminate  here,  in  the  figure  of  a  star.  But  in 
consequence  of  an  unfortunate  proximity,  imme- 
diately in  front  of  the  alameda,  the  eye  discovers 
the  Qucmadero,  a  place  where  Jews  and  other 
victims  of  the  terrible  Inquisition,  were  burned 
alive.  This  detestable  tribunal  was  finally  abol- 
ished by  the  Emperor  Auguslin  Iturbide  in 
1820.  In  the  fine  evenings,  during  the  dry  season, 
the  environs  of  the  city  present  a  scene  of  pleas- 
ure, gaiety,  and  bustle,  scarcely  to  be  paralleled  ; 
hundreds  of  canoes,  on  the  canal  of  Chalco,  of 
various  sizes,  mostly  with  awnings,  crowded  with 
native  Indians,  neatly  dressed,  and  their  heads 
erowned  with  the  most  gaudy  flowers,  are  seen 


passing  in  every  direction;  each  boat,  with  it« 
musician  seated  on  the  stern,  playing  on  the 
gui-tar,  and  some  of  the  party  singing,  dancing,  or 
both  united.  Revolution  has  had  its  usual  op- 
eration here;  it  has  reduced  the  overgrown,  bus 
insecure  wealth  of  the  rich,  to  an  independent 
protected  competence  ;  but  it  has  also  wiped  away 
the  tears,  and  broken  tlie  chains  which  galled  th* 
innocent  people  whose  labours  had  amassed  it. 

M.  de  Humboldt  saw  erecting,  in  the  greax 
square  of  Mexico,  an  equestrian  and  colossal  sta 
tue  of  the  king  of  Spain,  by  ..M.  Tolza,  "a  statue, 
says  he,  "  which,  by  its  imposing  mass,  and  the 
noble  simplicity  of  its  style,  might  adorn  the  first 
cities  of  Europe.  According  to  the  accounts  of 
Spanish  authors,  balls,  and  games  of  hazard,  arA 
pursued  with  ardour,  while  the  more  noble  en 
jovments  of  the  drama  are  less  generally  relished. 
To  vivid  paiisions  the  Mexican  Spaniard  adds  a 


great  funu  ot  stoicism.  He  enters  a  gaming- 
house, loses  all  his  money  upon  a  single  card, 
and  then  takes  out  his  cigar  from  behind  his  ear, 
and  smokes  .is  if  nothing  had  happened. 

Mexico  preserves  few  monuments  of  antiquity. 
The  ruins  of  aqueducts,  the  stone  of  sacrifices, 
and  the  calender  stone,  both  of  which  are  placed 
in  the  great  square  of  the  city ;  manuscripts,  or 
hieroglyphical  tables,  badly  preserved  in  the  ar- 
chives of  the  vice-regal  palace ;  and  finally,  the 
colossal  statue  of  the  goddess  Teo-  Yaomiqui,  lying 
on  its  back  in  one  of  the  galleries  of  the  Univer- 
sity, are  all  that  remains  worthy  of  notice  in  this 
city.  But,  to  the  north-east  of  the  town,  and  of 
the  lake  Tezcuco,  on  the  little  hills  of  Teotihuncan, 
are  seen  the  imposing  remains  of  two  pyramids, 
consecrated  to  the  sun  and  moon,  and,  according 
to  some  historians,  constructed  by  the  Olmec,  ^n 
ancient  nation  that  came  to  Mexico  from  the 
east,  that  is  to  say,  from  some  country  situated  on 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  pyramid,  or  house  of 
the  sun,  (T<nuUiu-ytza^aI ,)  is  171  feet  high,  and 
its  base  measures  645  feet;  that  of  the  moon, 
{MezUi-ytzaqual.)  is  thirty  feet  smaller.  These 
monuments  appear  to  have  served  as  models  for 
the  TeocalUs,  or  houses  of  the  gods,  constructed 
by  the  Mexicans  in  the  capital  and  other  parts  of 
the  country  ;  but  the  pyramids  are  incased  by  a 
thick  wall  of  stone.  They  formerly  supported 
Rtatues  covered  with  very  thin  leaves  of  gold.  A 
few  small  pyramids,  which  appear  to  have  been 
dedicated  to  the  stars,  surround  the  two  great 
ones.  The  situation  of  Mexico  is  highly  favorable 
for  carrying  on  commerce  both  with  Europe  and 
Asia,  being  about  69  leagues  distant  from  Vera 
Cruz  on  the  one  hand  and  from  Acapulco  on  th« 
2  T  2 


MIC 


498 


MIC 


other.  The  working  of  gold  and  silver  has  long 
been  carried  to  great  perfection  here,  and  here 
are  also  manufactures  of  calico,  cloth,  soap,  and 
tobacco.  This  city  has  been  frequently  inundated 
by  the  overflowing  of  the  lakes  in  its  vicinity, 
particularly  in  1G20,  when  40,000  persons  are  said 
to  have  been  drowned.  To  prevent  the  recur- 
rence of  such  calamities,  a  vast  conduit  was  con- 
structed to  turn  the  course  of  the  waters  which 
formerly  flowed  into  the  lake  Tezcuco  through 
the  mountains.  200  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  St.  Juan  de 
Ulhua.     Long.  100.  40.  W.,  lat.  20.  4.  N. 

Mexico,  Gwfof,  an  immense  gulf  of  N.  America 
lying  between  the  S.  coast  of  L.  Florida  and  the 
JN.  E.  point  of  Yucatan. 

Mexico,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  344  ;  p.t.  Os- 
wego Co.  N.  Y.  on  a  bav  of  Lake  Ontario,  15  m. 
E.  Oswego.  Pop.  2,()7l";  p.t.  Mifflin  Co.  Pa.  on 
the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 

Mcyahoun,  a  city  of  Pegu,  with  numerous  gild- 
ed temples  and  spacious  monasteries.  Its  vicinity 
is  uncommonly  fruitful  in  rice  ;  and  here  are  ca- 
pacious granaries  always  kept  filled  with  grain 
ready  to  be  transported  to  any  part  of  the  empire 
in  which  there  happens  to  be  a  scarcity.  It 
stretches  2  m.  on  the  S.  W.  bank  of  the  Irrawad- 
dy,  and  is  85  m.  N.  W.  of  Pegu.  Long.  95.  8.  E  , 
lat.  18.  18.  N. 

Meyenfbld.     See  Mayenfeld. 

Meyrvies,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lozere,  23  m.  S.  of  Mende. 

Mfizemna,  a  sea  port  of  Fez,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  80  m.  E.  of  Tetuan.  Long.  4.  1 . 
W.,  lat.  35.  22.  N 

Mezieres,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, with  a  citadel ;  seated  on  an  island  in  tne 
river  Meuse,  12  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Sedan. 

Mezin,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  9  m.  N.  W.  of  Condom. 

Mliendigaut,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince oi'  Agra,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Ganges. 
Long.  79.  57.  E.,  lat.  27.  3.  N. 

Miuco.     See  Meaco. 

Mitimi,  Little  and  Great,  two  rivers  of  the  state 
of  Ohio,  which  run  S.  into  the  Ohio,  the  former 
just  above  Columbia  and  the  latter  21  m.  below 
Cincinnati.  The  Little  Miami  is  60  m.  to  its 
source,  but  generally  so  shallow  as  to  afford  no 
navigation.  The  great  Miami  has  a  navigation, 
like  the  Muskingum,  that  approaches  near  th«». 
navigable  waters  of  Lake  Erie.  The  country  be- 
tween these  two  rivers  was  called  the  Miamis,  and 
is  reckoned  among  the  richest  belonging  to  the 
United  States. 

Miami,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  12,806.  Troy  is 
the  capital ;  a  township  in  Cooper  Co.  Missouri, 
and  townships  in  Hamilton,  Champaign,  Greene, 
Clermont,  Montgomery,  Oxford  and  Logan  Cos. 
Ohio. 

Miana,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Aderbeitzan.  Here 
the  celebrated  traveller  M.  Thevcnot  died,  onhis 
return  from  Ispahan.     It  is  57  m.  S.  E.  of  Tauris. 

Micha,  a  cape  of  Dalmatia,  which  advances  into 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  near  the  town  of  Zara. 

Michael,  St.,  the  most  extensive  and  populous 
island  of  the  Azores.  It  is  54  m.  long  and  from 
6  to  15  broad,  and  contains  nearly  80,000  inhabi- 
tants. In  a  valley  on  the  eastern  side  are  a  num- 
ber of  boiling  fountains  ;  also  many  sulphureous 
springs,  some  of  a  hot,  and  others  of  a  cold  tem- 
perature. The  principal  towns  are  Punta  del 
Guda  (the  capital  of  the  island)  and  Villa  Franca. 
Long.  25.  42.  W.,  lat.  37.  47.  N. 

Uiduul  St    a  borouirh.in  Cornwall,  Ens-  with 


J80  inhabitants.  8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  St.  Columb  and 
250  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Michael,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meuse,  with  a  fine  hospital,  and  the  rich  library 
of  a  Benedictine  abbey.  It  is  surrounded  by- 
mountains,  and  is  seated  on  the  Meus",  20  m.  N. 
E.  of  Bar  le  due. 

Michael,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Nicaragua,  on  the  river  St.  Michael,  110  m.  N. 
W.  of  Leon.     Long.  87.  45.  W.,  lat.  12.  25.  N.      , 

Michael,  St.,  a  town  of  Mexico,  province  of  Cu- 
liacan,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Siguatlan,30  m  E. 
S.  E.  of  Culiacan.  Long.  107.  40.  W.,lat.  24  10.  X. 

Michael,  St.,  a  city  of  Tucuman,  situate  in  a 
fruitful  valley,  at  the  foot  of  a  range  of  rugged 
mountains,  150  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Jago  del  Estero. 
Long.  m.  45.  W.,  lat.  27.  0.  S. 

MirJuiel  de  Ibarra,  St.,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in 
the  presidency  of  Quito,  capital  of  a  jurisdiction 
of  its  name.  It  has  a  large  and  elegant  church,  a 
college,  and  several  convents  ;  and  is  70  m.  N.  E. 
of  Quito.     Long.  77.  30.  W.,  lat.  0.  25.  N. 

Michael  de  Piura,  St.,  a  town  of  Quito,  seated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Piura,  325  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Quito.     Long.  80.  40.  W.,  lat.  5.  10.  S. 

Michael,  Gulf  of  ,  St.,  to  the  E.  of  Panama,  that 
part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean  which  was  first  discov- 
ered by  the  Spaniards,  after  their  march  across 
the  isthmus  of  Darien 

Michigan,  a  territory  of  the  United  States,  the 
western  part  of  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
Territory  of  Huron.  It  was  formerly  limited  to 
the  peninsula  enclosed  between  Lakes  Michigan 
and  Huron,  but  now  comprising  also  that  tract 
called  the  Northwest  Territory.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  Canada  and  Lake  Superior,  E.  by  Lakes 
Huron,  St.  Clair  and  Erie,  and  S.  by  Ohio,  India- 
na and  Illinois.  It  extends  from  41.  31.  to  49.  N 
lat.  and  from  82.  to  98.  W.  long,  containing  about 
180,000  sq.  m.  This  territory  is  intersected  in 
the  eastern  part  by  Lake  Michigan  and  washed 
on  the  western  limit  by  the  Mississippi.  Except 
the  peninsula,the  country  has  been  little  explored. 
It  is  everywhere  level  except  in  the  western  part, 
south  of  Lake  Superior,  where  are  some  mountain 
ranges  call  the  Ocooch  Mountains  and  Porcupine 
Hills.  The  peninsula  is  a  complete  level  with 
but  just  sufficient  elevation  in  the  centre  to  give 
the  rivers  a  direction  to  the  shores  of  the  lakes. 
The  country  consists  mostly  of  prairies  and  for- 
est, but  the  greater  part  is  covered  with  wood. 
It  is  watered  by  numerous  rivers,  as  the  Ouiscon- 
sin,  Chippeway,  St.  Francis,  Missisagaigon,  St. 
Croix,  St.  Louis,  Wolf,  Fox,  Menomenies,  Sa- 
ginaw, Grand,  Kallimazo,  St.  Joseph,  Raisin, and 
others.     The  western  parts  abound  with  wild  ani- 


mals, as  bieon,  elks,  bears,  deer,  beaver,  otters,, 
muskrats,  &c.    The  elk  i»  very  similar  to  tha^- 


MIO 


499 


MID 


fcin  deer.  He  is  4  or  5  feet  in  height,  and  feedit 
upon  the  buds  and  tender  twigs  of  the  forest. 
He  is  shy  and  has  very  acute  senses.  His  flesh 
is  highly  esteemed  by  the  hunters  and  Indians, 
and  the  horns  when  soft  are  a  great  delicacy. 
The  elk  has  often  been  domesticated. 

The  soil  is  various:  the  alluvions  of  the  rivers 
are  fertile  ;  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
it  is  sandy  and  sterile.  The  chief  mineral  pro- 
duction is  lead,  for  which  See  Laid  Mines  Cop- 
per was  formerly  thought  to  exist  here  in  great 
abundance,  but  this  does  not  appear  to  be  the 
case.  Iron  is  found  in  various  parts.  The  cli- 
mate of  the  southern  parts  is  mild,  but  in  the 
north  the  winters  are  severe.  One  of  the  most 
valuable  natural  productions  is  the  wild  rice 
which  grows  on  the  marshy  borders  of  the  lakes 
nd  rivers.  It  grows  in  6  or  7  feet  depth  of 
water  where  the  bottom  is  muddy  ;  the  stalk 
is  12  or  14  feet  in  length ;  the  leaves  and  spikes 
resembles  those  of  oats.  Sheaves  of  them  are 
bound  together  while  growing,  to  preserve  them 
from  the  birds  who  resort  to  these  spots  in  mil- 
lions for  the  purpose  of  feeding  upon  the  rice. 
After  it  has  ripened  in  this  manner,  the  Indians 
row  their  canoes  through  the  rice  and  beat  the 
grain  with  sticks  into  the  canoes  where  blankets 
are  spread  to  receive  it. 

There  are  many  Indians  residing  in  this  ter- 
ritory. The  tribes  are  the  Chippeways,  Winne- 
bagoes,  Menomonees  and  Ottawas.  Their  num- 
bers amount  to  about  30,000.  A  very  great 
proportion  of  the  county  is  still  in  a  wild  state, 
and  the  settlements  are  chiefly  within  the  penin- 
sula. The  counties  in  the  territory  are  18.  The 
pop.  exclusive  of  Indians  is  31,260  of  whom 
27  are  slaves.  Detroit  is  the  capital.  The 
Methodists  have  11  preachers  in  the  territory  ; 
the  Presbyterians  6;  the  Episcopalians  5;  the 
Baptists  2 ;  and  there  are  some  Catholics. 

A  settlement  was  made  here  at  Detroit  by  the 
French,  so  early  as  1670,  but  they  never  occupied 
much  of  the  country.  The  territorial  government 
was  established  in  1805.  The  peninsula  was  over- 
run by  the  British  in  1812  shortly  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war,  but  they  were  driven 
from  the  territory  by  General  Harrison  the  next 
year. 

Michigan,  Lake,  one  of  the  great  chain  of  lakes 
in  North  America.  It  lies  wholly  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States,  inclosed  in  the  terri- 
tory above  described.  It  is  290  m.  in  length,  55 
in  breadth,  and  800  in  circumference.  It  com- 
municates with  Lake  Huron  at  the  northern  ex- 
tremity by  the  Strait  of  Michilimackinac,  which 
has  12  feet  depth  of  water.  The  lake  is  deep 
•nough  to  be  navigated  by  ships  of  any  burden. 
U  abounds  with  fine  trout,  sturgeon  and  various 
other  kinds  offish.  Canals  are  in  contemplation 
to  connect  it  with  the  waters  of  the  Missis- 
sippi . 

Micnaetsvdle,  p. v.  Hartford  Co.  Maryland. 

Michilimackinac,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop. 
877.  It  comprises  all  the  northern  part  of  the 
Territory.  Michilimackinac  or  Mackinac,  on  the 
island  of  that  name,  is  the  capital. 

Michilimackinac,  a  strait  which  unites  the  lakes 
Michigan  and  Huron.  It  is  6  m.  wide  ;  and  on 
its  S.  E.  side,  in  Lake  Huron,  is  an  island,  with 
a  fort  and  village  of  the  same  name.  Long.  84. 
30.  W.,  lat.  45.  48.  N. 

Michilimackinac,  Little,  a  river  of  the  state  of 
Illinois,  which  enters  the  Illinois  200  m.  above 
its  junction  with  the  Mississippi. 


Middlehorough,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  40 
m.  S.  E.  Boston.  Pop.  5,008.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  nails  and  iron,  svhich  are  supplied  with 
bog  ore  from  ponds  in  the  neighbourJiood. 

Middlebrook,  p. v.  Augusta  Co.  Va.  and  Mont- 
gomery Co.  Maryland. 

Middleburg,  a  large  commercial  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  capital  of  the  island  of  Walcheren, 
and  of  all  Zealand.  The  squares  and  public  build- 
ings are  magnificent;  particularly  the  town-house, 
formerly  a  celebrated  abbey.  The  harbour  is 
commodious,  and  has  a  communication  with 
Flushing  by  a  canal,  which  will  bear  the  largest 
vessels.  Middleburg  was  Uiken  by  the  British  in 
July,  1809,  but  evacuated  in  the  December  fol- 
lowing. 85  m.  S.W.  of  Amsterdam.  Long.  3.  37. 
E.,  lat.  51.  29.  N. 

Middlebvrg,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders, 5  m.  S.  E.  of  Sluys. 

Middleburg,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands.  See 
Eaoowe. 

Middleburg,  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
34I66  ;  p.v.  C'nion  Co.  Pa. ;  p.v.Fredricks  Co.  Md. 
p.v.  Loudon  Co,  Va.  ;  also  a  village  in  Nelson  Co. 
Ken.  and  a  township  in  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio. 

Middleburg, p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  on  Otter  Creek. 
33  m.  N.  W.  Rutland.  Pop.  3,468.  Here  are  man- 
ufactures of  cotton,  iron  and  marble.  A  quarry 
of  this  last  material  exists  on  the  banks  of  the 
creek  within  the  town.  Middleburg  College  at 
this  place  was  founded  in  1800.  It  has  5  instruct- 
ors and  99  students.  The  libraries  have  above 
4,000  volumes.  There  are  three  vacations,  in 
January,  May  and  August,  of  13  weeks.  Com- 
mencement is  in  August. 

Middleburg,  p.t.  New  Haven  Co.  Conn.  36  m. 
S.  W.  Hartford.  Pop.  816;  p.t.  Gennesee  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  2,415  ;  p.v.  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Middlejield,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  2<tm.  W. 
Northampton.  Pop.  721 ;  p.t  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  3,238. 

Middlrham,  a  town  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  with 
a  woolen  manufacture.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a 
once  stately  castle,  in  which  Richard  the  III.  was 
born,  and  where  Edward  IV.  was  confined  after 
being  taken  prisoner  in  his  camp.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Eure,  11  ra.  S.  byW.  of  Richmond  and  232 
N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Middle  Island,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long 
Island. 

Middleport,  p.v.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y. 

Midtllesex,  a  county  of  England,  bounded  N. 
by  Hertfordshire,  E.  by  Essex,  S.  by  Surrey  and 
Kent,  and  W.  by  Buckinghamshire.  It  contains 
an  area  of  179,200  acres,  has  two  cities  (London 
and  Westminister)  and  seven  market  towns,  and 
sends  eight  members  to  parliament.  The  air  is 
healthy  ;  but  the  soil  in  general,  being  gravelly, 
is  not  naturally  fertile,  though  by  means  of  its 
vicinity  to  the  metropolis  many  parts  of  it  are 
converted  into  rich  beds  of  manure,  clothed 
with  almost  perpetual  verdure.  Besides  the 
Thames  Lea,  and  Coin,  which  are  its  boundaries 
to  the  S.,  E.  and  W.  Middlesex  is  watered  by 
several  small  streams,  one  of  which,  called  the 
New  River,  is  artificially  brought  from  near  Hert- 
ford, for  the  purpose  of  supplying  London  with 
water. 

Middlesex,  a  county  of  Massachusetts.  Pop. 
77,968.  Cambridge  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
Connecticut.  Pop.  24,845.  Middletown  is  the  cap- 
ital. A  county  of  New  Jersey.  Pop.  23,157  New 
Brunswick  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  E.  di^ 
trict  of  Virginia.  Pop.  4,122.  Urbana  is  th«  capital 


Mir 


500 


MIL 


Middlesex,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  6.  m.  N. 
Montpelier.  Pop.  1,156;  p.t.  OnUrio  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
Cannndaigua  Lake. 

Middlesex  CanaJ,  unites  the  Merrimack  with 
Boston  harbour,  passing  througli  the  county  of 
that  name  in  MassachusetUs.  It  is  31  m.  lunrr, 
34  feet  wide  and  4  feet  deep.  It  iias  Hi  h>ck8 
and  a  descent  of  107  feet  from  the  summit  level. 
It  was  begun  in  1793  and  finished  in  li:i04,  at  a 
cost  of  above  700,000  dollars. 

Middlclon,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  The 
church  is  aa  ancient  edifice  ;  and  there  are  five 
meeting-houses,  and  a  free  grammar  school.  It 
has  the  cotton  trade  in  all  its  branche.s,  a  large 
twist  manufacture,  considerable  bleaching  works, 
some  manufactures  of  silk,  and  extensive  dye- 
works.  It  stands  on  the  Rochdale  Canal.  G  ni. 
N.  by  E.  of  Manchester  and  I'JO  N.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

MiddJeton,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  situated  on  the  N.  W.  angle  of  Cork  har- 
bour. 13  m.  E.  of  Cork. 

Middleton,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  28  m.  N.  E. 
Concord.  Pop.  562;  p.t.  Rutland,Co.  Vt.  36  m.  W. 
Windsor.  Pop.  919;  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  9  m. 
N.  W.  Salem.  Pop.  607 ;  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  2,333 ;  two  townships  N.  and  S.  in  Cumber- 
land Co.  Pa.  and  a  township  in  Columbia  Co.  Pa. 

Middletmvn,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Conn,  on 
Connecticut  river,  15  m.  below  Hartford.  Pop. 
6,876.  The  town  stands  on  a  bend  of  the  river,  and 
has  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  swords,  rifles, 
&c.  On  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river  are  quar- 
ries of  freestone.  Also  towns  and  villages  in 
Newport  Co.  R.  I.  Pop.  915;  Orange  Co.  N.  Y. ; 
Brookhaven,  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y. ;  Monmouth  Co. 
N.  J.  50  m.  E.  Trenton  ;  Dauphin,  Washington, 
Bucks,  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  Cos.  Pa. 
Newcastle  Co. Del.;  Frederickand  Dorchester  Cos. 
Md. ;  Frederick  Co.  Va. ;  Sullivan  Co  Ten.;  Jef- 
ferson Co.  Ken.;  Butler  and  Hamilton  Cos.  Ohio. 

Middlfloicn  Point,  p.v.  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J. 
14  m.  N.  W.  Shrewsbury. 

MiddleviUe,  p.v.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  90  m.  N. 
W.  Albany. 

Middleicay,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Va. 

MiddJcwich,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  The 
trade  of  the  place  is  chiefly  derived  from  the 
surrounding  neighbourhood,  which  is  a  great 
farming  district ;  to  which  may  be  added  the  ex- 
tensive salt  works,  and  some  silk  factories.  Here 
are  a  spacious  church,  three  meeting-houses,  and 
a  free  grammar  school.  The  Trent  and  Mersey 
Canal  runs  through  the  town,  and  it  is  seated 
on  the  Croco,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Dane, 
24  m.  E.  of  Chester,  and  167  N.  W.  of  London. 

Midhurst,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  seated  on  the 
Arun,  50  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Midnapour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  a  river  that  flows  into  the  Hoogly,  70  m. 
W.by  S.  of  CalcutU.  Long.  87.  25.  E.',  lat.  22. 
30.  N 

Midtraji,  a  town  in  Liberty  Co.  Geo.  30  m.  S. 
Savannah. 

Mies,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Pil- 
acn,  on   the  river  Nisa,  18  m.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Mifflin,  a  co-unty  of  the  W.  district  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Pop.  21,529.  Lewistown  is  the  cap- 
ital. Also  towns  in  Alleghany,  Cumberland,  Ly- 
coming Franklin,  and  Dauphin  Cos.  Pa.  and 
Richland  and  Pike  Cos.  Ohio. 

Mifflinburgh,  p.t.  Union  Co.  Pa.  p.v.  Columbia 
Co.  Pa. 


Mifflivtotim,  p.v.  MifHin  Co.  Pa. 

Mikalida,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Nato- 
lia,  with  a  fort ;  situate  on  a  river  which  runs 
into  the  sea  of  Marmora,  55  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Bursa. 

Mi'an,  or  the  Milanese,  a  country  of  Italy  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Alps,  E.  by  the  Venetian 
territory,  S.  by  the  Apennines,  and  W.  by 
Piedmont.  The  soil  is  every  where  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  fruits,  rice,  and  olives;  and  there  are  also 
plenty  of  cattle.  The  rivers  are  the  Seccia,  Ti- 
cino,  Adda,  Oglio,  and  Po.  There  are  likewise 
several  lakes,  the  three  principal  of  which  are 
those  of  Maggiore,  Como,  and  Lugano.  Milan, 
with  other  countries  in  Italy,  was  long  comprised 
under  the  general  name  of  Lombardy.  In  the 
14lh  century  it  became  a  duchy.  The  campaign 
of  prince  Eugene,  in  1706,  put  it  in  possession  of 
the  house  of  Austria,  to  whom,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  Sardinian  Milanese,  it  continued  sub- 
jfct  during  90  year.s,  until  the  victories  of  Napo- 
leon in  1796.  In  1797  it  was  formed  into  four  de- 
partments, as  the  Cisalpine  republic  ;  but  in  1814 
after  several  other  changes,the  part  belonging  to 
the  king  of  Sardinia  was  restored,and  the  remain- 
der incorporated  with  the  Lombardo- Venetian 
Kingdom,  or  Austrian  Italy.  The  Austrian  Mi- 
lanese forms,  along  with  the  duchy  of  Mantua 
and  the  Valteline,  the  government  of  Milan.  It 
is  divided  into  8  delegations,  and  contains  7.700, 
sq.  m.,  with  2,100,000  inhabitants.  The  Sardinian 
Milanese,  which  lies  to  the  W.  of  the  Austrian, 
is  divided  into  9  districts,  comprising  an  area  of 
3,300  square  miles,  and  containinij  560,000  in- 
habitants. 

Milan,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  Lombardo- 
Venetian  Kingdom,  and  the  see  of  an  archbishop^ 
The  city  is  10  m.  in  circumference ;  but  the  gar- 
don  grounds  are  so  extensive  that  it  does  not  con- 
tain above  140,000  inhabitants.  It  stands  in  a  de- 
lightful plain,  between  the  rivers  Adda  and  Tici- 
no,  which  communicate  with  the  city  by  means 
of  two  canals.  The  cathedral,  in  the  centre  of 
the  city,  is  a  splendid  specimen  of  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, and,  next  to  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  is  the 
most  considerable  in  Italy.  This  vast  fabric  is 
built  of  white  marble,  supported  by  50  columns, 
and  adorned,  within  and  without,  by  a  prodigious 
number  of  marble  statues.  The  other  public 
buildings  are  the  university,  several  colleges,  the 
convents,  the  hospitals,  the  theatres,  the  mansions 
of  the  minister  of  finance,  of  the  minister  of  the 
interior,  and  of  the  archbishop,  and  the  former  du- 
cal palace,  now  the  residence  of  the  Austrian 
viceroy.  In  the  Pi:izza  di  Castello  is  an  arena 
in  imitation  of  the  amphitheatre  of  Verona,  which 
is  capable  of  containing  30,000  spectators.  The 
college  of  St.  Ambrose  has  a  library,  which,  be- 
sides a  prodigious  number  of  manuscripts,  con- 
tains 60,000  printed  books  i  and  its  superb  gal- 
lery is  adorned  with  rich  paintings.  The  chief 
trade  of  Milan  is  in  grain  (especially  rice),  cattle, 
and  cheese ;  and  the  manufactures  of  silk  and 
velvet  stuflfs,  stockings,  handkerchiefs,  ribands, 
gold  and  silver  lace  and  embroideries,  woolen  and 
linen  cloths,  glass,  porcelain,  &c.  It  has  been 
many  times  taken  in  the  wars  that  have  desola- 
ted Italy.  The  French  took  it  in  1796.  It  was 
retaken  by  the  Austrians  and  Russians  in  1799; 
but  again  posses.sed  by  the  French  in  1800,  and 
retained  by  them  till  the  fall  of  Napoleon  in  ]8J4. 
It  is  280  m.  N.  W.  by  N.  of  Rome.  Long.  9.  12. 
E.,  lat.  45.  28.  N. 

Milan,  p.v.  Huron  Co.  Ohio.  123  m.  N 
Columbus. 


MIL 


501 


MIL 


Milazzo,  or  Melazzo,  a  sea-port  of  Sicilv,  in 
Val  di  Demona.  It  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and 
Lower  Town  :  the  former  stands  on  a  proraonto- 
xy  and  is  fortified ;  the  latter  has  a  fine  square, 
with  a  superb  fountain.  It  stands  on  a  rock,  on  the 
W.  side  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  20  m.  W.  of 
Messina.     Long.  15.  24.  E.,  lat.  38.  12.  N. 

Milborn-port,  a  borough  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
It  has  manufactures  of  woolen  cloth,  linen,  and 
hosiery  ;  and  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  Parret, 
2  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Sherborn  and  114  W.  by  S.  of 
London.,^. 

Milbv^^jjfii.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  92  m.  N.  E. 
Portland'Pop.  1,006. 

Mildenhall,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  En^. ;  seated  on 
the  Larke,  a  branch  of  the  Ouse,  12  m.  N.  W.  of 
Bury  and  70  N.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Miles,  a  township  of  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

MVesburgh,  p.t.  Centre  Co.  Pa.  33  m.  N.  W. 
Lewistown. 

Mileto,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1783.  8  m. 
N.   E.  of  Nicotera. 

Milford,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire. 
It  is  elegantly  and  uniformly  built,  and  stands  on 
the  N.  side  of  Milford  Haven,  a  deep  inlet  of  the 
Irish  Sea.  The  haven  branches  off  into  so  many 
creeks,  secured  from  all  winds,  that  it  is  esteem- 
ed the  safest  and  most  capacious  harbour  in  Great 
Britain.  At  the  entrance  on  the  VV.  point,  called 
St.  Ann's,  is  an  old  lighthouse,  and  a  blockhouse. 
Here  the  earl  of  Richmond,  afterwards  Henry 
VII.,  landed,  on  his  enterprise  against  Richard 
III.  A  quay  and  several  good  buildings  have 
been  constructed  by  a  company  from  Nantucket, 
who  have  formed  an  establishment  here  for  the 
southern  whale  fishery. 

Milford,p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  27  m.  S.  Con- 
cord. Pop.  1,303.  Here  are  manufactures  of  cotton 
and  screwsl  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  IS  m.  S.  E. 
Worcester.  Pop.  1,380^  p.t.  New  Haven  Co. 
Conn,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  9  m.  S.  W.  New 
Haven.  Pop.  2.256.  The  town  has  a  good  harbour 
for  small  vessels  with  some  commerce  and  a  quar- 
ry of  marble;  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  76  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  3,025  ;also  towns  in  Hunterdon  Co. 
N.  J. ;  Pike,  Bucks,  Mifflin,  Lehigh,  and  Somer- 
set Cos. Pa. ;  Kent.  Co.  Del.;  Greenville  Dis.  S.C; 
Ashtabula,  Union,  Butler,  Hamilton,  and  Cler- 
mont, Cos.  Ohio. 

Milhmt,a.  town  of  France,  department  of  Avey- 
ron,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  50  m.  N.  W.  of  Montpelier. 

Mil.haud,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard, 
seated  on  the  Vistre,  9  m.    S.  W.  of  Nismes. 

MUltsch,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  seated  on 
the  river  Bartsch,  27  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Breslau. 
Long.  17.  23.  E.,  lat.  51.  32.  N. 

Millboro,  p. v.  Washington  Co.  Pa. 

MiUborough,p.v.  Bath  Co.  Va. ;  p. v.  Sussex  Co 
Va. 

Millbury,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  6  m.  S. 
Worcester,  40  m.  S.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,611. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  woolen,  paper,  oil,  leath- 
er, black  lead,  nails,  scythes,  mill-saws,  &c. 

Mill  Creek,  a  hundred  of  Newcastle  Co.  Del. ; 
p.v.  Berkley  Co.  Va.  and  townships  in  Hamilton 
and  Union,  Coshocton  and  Cuyahoga  Cos. 
Ohio. 

MiUedgeville,  p.t.  Baldwin  Co.  Georgia,  and  the 
capital  of  the  state.  It  stands  on  the  Oconee,  312 
m.  above  the  mouth  of  the  Alatamaha.  Pop.  .1,599 
The  river  is  navigable  from  here  to  the  sea  for 
boats  of  30  tons,  and  the  town  has  a  considerable 
trad«  in  cotton. 


Miller,  a  county  of  Arkansas.     Pop.  358. 

Millerslmrg,  vilUoes  in  Holmes  Co.  Ohio  ;  Ilip- 
ley  Co.  Ind   and  Bourbon  Co.  Ken. 

Miller's  River,  a  branch  of  the  Connecticnl  in 
Worcester  and  Franklin  Cos.  Mass. 

Millerstotcn,  villages  in  Lebanon,  Perry,  and 
Lehigh,  Cos.  Pa. 

Millfarm,  p.v.  Caroline  Co.  Va. 

Millsay,  p.v.    Bullock  Co.  Geo. 

Millsborough,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  Del. 

Miltsjiela,a.  townsiiip  of  Coos  Co.  N.  H.   Pop.  33. 

.1/«7/s/o«c,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J.  14  m.  N.  E. 
Princeton,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name  flowing 
into  the  Raritan. 

Mitlsmlle,  p.v.  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J.,  Gennesew 
Co.  N.  Y.  ;  King  George  Co.  Va.  and  Butler 
Co.  Ohio. 

Millwood,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Va.  on  the  Shenan* 
doah. 

Milo,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.    Pop.  331. 

Milo,  the  ancient  Melos,  an  island  of  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago,  18  leagues  in  circumference, 
with  one  of  the  best  and  largest  harbours  in  the 
Mediterranean.  It  produces  plentiful  crops  of 
corn,  excellent  fruit,  and  wine  ;  abounds  in  very 
good  cattle,  especially  goats,  and  has  mines  of  iron, 
and  sulphur.  In  this  island  are  curious  subter- 
ranean galleries,  the  roofs  of  which  are  covered 
with  genuine  capillary  or  plume  alum,  ind  the 
crevices  of  the  rocks  filled  with  pure  sulphur. 
Here  are  two  bishops  :  one  of  the  Greek,  and  the 
other  of  the  Latin  church.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  18th  century  the  inhabitants  amount- 
ed to  above  20,000,  but  since  that  period  it  has 
declined.  It  now  belongs  to  Independent  Greece, 
yet  a  considerable  time  must  elapse  before  it  can 
recover  its  former  opulence  and  splendor.  The 
population  of  the  whole  island  does  not  at  present 
exceed  1,200.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  island  is  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  60  m.  N.  of  Candia,  and 
100  S.  by  E.  of  Athens.  Long.  25.  0.  E..  lat.  36. 
41.  N. 

Miltenberg,  a  town  of  the  Bavarian  states,  prin- 
cipality of  Leiningen,  with  a  castle  on  a  nill ; 
seated'on  the  Maine.  20  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Aschaf- 
fenburg. 

Miltliorpe,  a  town  m  Westmoreland,Eng.  seated 
on  the  Cetha,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Ken.  It  is 
the  only  port  in  the  county,  and  hence  the  fine 
Westmoreland  slates  and  other  commodities  are 
exported.  The  manufactures  consist  chieflv  o-f 
sacking,  twine,  and  paper  :  in  the  vicinity  are 
limestone  and  marble  quarries.  255  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Milton,  a  town  of  Kent,  Eng.  It  is  noted  for 
excellent  oysters  ;  and  much  corn,  &c.  is  ship- 
ped here  for  the  London  markets.  It  is  a  place 
of  great  antiquity,  and  was  the  residence  of  the 
king  of  Kent,  and  of  Alfred,  who  had  a  palace 
here.  14  m.  N.  E.  of  Maidstone,  and  40  E.  of 
London. 

Milton,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  7  m.  S.  Boston, 
on  Nepnnset  'iver  which  is  navigable  hence  to 
the  sea  for  vessels  of  150  tons.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  paper  and  chocolate.  Pop.  1 ,565.  Mil- 
ton Hill  in  this  town,  is  an  abrupt  and  rocky  emi- 
nence, from  which  one  of  the  most  enchanting 
prospects  ir  the  world  may  be  eujoyed,  compris- 
ing the  city  and  bay  of  Boston,  the  ocean,  and  a 
wide  extent  of  country  delightfully  variegated 
with  hills,  valleys,  cultivated  fields,  towns  and 
villages.  In  very  clear  air  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire  have  been  discoTered 
from  this  spot. 


MTlf 


502 


MIN 


Milton,  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Cham- 
plain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lanioil.  Pop.  2,100; 
p.v.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  5  m  VV.  Litchfield  ;  p.t. 
Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,07'J  ;  p.v.  Ulster  and 
Cayuga  Cos.  N.  Y.  ;  also  towns  and  viliajros  in 
Morris  Co.  N.  C,  Northumberland  Co.  Pa.,  Sus- 
sex Co  Del.,  Albemarle  Co.  Va.,  Rnckin.nrliam  Co. 
N.  ( - ,  S<awrence  Dis.  S.  C,  Wayne  Co.  Ind.,  Gal- 
latin C'  Ken.,  Rutherford  and  Lincoln  Cos.  Ten. 
and  .*>  townships  in  Ohio. 

Milton  jibhas,  or  Ahbeif  Mittnn,  n  village  in  Dor- 
setshire, Eng.  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Bl:indf.>rd  It  form- 
erly had  an  abbey,  founded  by  king  Athelstan, 
but  the  whole  was  swept  away,  except  the  cliurch 
in  1771,  by  the  earl  of  Dorchester,  who  erected 
on  it»  site  a  large  Gothic  mansion.  Tlie  village, 
with  its  cliurch  and  almshouse,  were  built  by  the 
same  noblrmar.. 

Mina,  a  town  of  Persia,  province  of  Kerman, 
surrounded  by  a  wall  with  towers,  and  seated  on 
the  Ibrahim,  near  its  entrance  into  the  gulf  of 
Ormus,  190  m.  S.  of  Kerman.  Long  56.  50.  E., 
lat  26.  40.  N. 

.¥/««,  p.t.   Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,318. 

Minos,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  Buenos  Ayre.s, 
seated  near  the  source  of  the  river  St.  Lucia,  31 
m.  N.  E.  of  Maldonado.  Long.  55.  5.  W..  lat.  34. 
21.  S. 

Minasville,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y. 

Minos  Geraes,  a  province  of  Brazil,  bounded 
N.  by  Bahia,  W.  by  Goiaz,  and  S.  by  the  Parai- 
buna.  It  extends  600  or  700  m.  from  N.  to  S. 
nearly  the  same- from  E.  to  W.,  and  contains  3D0- 
000  inhabitants.  This  vast  territory  produces 
gold  and  diamonds  in  abundance  ;  also  iron,  anti- 
mony, bismuth,  platina,  chromate  of  lead,  &c. 
The  soil  is  likewise  rich,  producing  in  the  valleys 
sugar,  cotton,  &c.  t  and  in  the  higher  grounds 
wheat,  and  generally  all  kinds  of  European 
grain. 

Minch,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Scotland,  which  separates  the  Isle  of  Sky  from 
Lewis  Island. 

Minching  Hampton,  a  town  of  Gloucester- 
shire, Eng.  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
cloth.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  declivity,  10 
m.  W.  of  Cirencester  and  98  W.  of  London. 

Mincio,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  flows  S.  from 
the  lake  Garda,  forms  the  lake  and  marshes  that 
surround  Mantua,  and  afterward  runs  into  the 
Po. 

Minckendorf,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  Tries- 
sing,  6  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Baden. 

Mindanoo,  an  island  in  the  Eastern  seas,  and 
one  of  the  Philippines,  about  300  m.  long  and  108 
broad.  The  coast  is  indented  by  numerous  bays, 
and  the  interior  is  intersected  by  chains  of  lofty 
mountains,  with  intervening  plains  that  afford 
pasture  for  immense  herds  of  cattle.  The  sides 
of  the  hills  and  valleys  are  stony,  and  yet  there  are 
tall  trees,  of  kinds  unknown  in  Europe.  Some 
of  the  mountains  yield  very  good  gold;  and  the 
valleys  are  well  watered  witn  rivulets.  Rice  is 
produced  in  abundance  ;  as  are  also  plantains, 
cocoa-nuts,  sweet  potatoes,  and  all  the  fruits  com- 
mon to  tropical  climates.  There  are  neither  lions 
nor  tigers,  but  horses,  beeves,  buffaloes,  goats, 
hogs,  deer,  &c.,  are  numerous.  The  fowls  are 
ducks,  hens,  pigeons,  parrots,  parroquets  and  tur- 
tle-doves, besides  many  small  birds.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  generally  of  a  low  stature,  with  little 
heads,  small  black  eyes,  short  noses,  and  large 
mouths.  Their  hair  is  black  and  straight,  and 
their  complexion  tawny,  but  more  inclined  to  yel- 


low than  that  of  other  Indians.  The  chief  trades 
are  goldsmiths,  blacksmiths,  and  carpenters,  who 
can  build  pretty  good  vessels.  Polygamy  is  prac- 
tised. The  government  is  partly  feudal  and  part- 
ly monarchical.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Ma- 
homedism,but  the  Spaniards  have  been  in  posses- 
sion of  a  large  portion  of  the  sea-coast  to  the  W., 
N.  and  N.  E.,  where  they  have  planted  colonies 
of  Christians. 

Mindnnoo,  the  capital  of  the  above  island,  and 
the  residence  of  the  sultan  and  his  5i0]«rt,  i^about 
G  m.  up  the  Pelansry.  Opposite  stan||gJ|£^own 
of  Selangan.     Long.  124.  40.  E.,  la^^Kv. 

MindcUieim,  a  town  in  Bavaria,  ^IBBB  castle 
on  a  mountain,  situate  between  the  rivers  Iller  "'nd 
Lech,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Augsburg. 

Mindcn,  a  government  of  the  Prussian  slates 
comprising  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  province  of  West- 
phalia and  the  former  principalities  of  Mjnden, 
Paderborn,  Rittberg,  and  Corvey,  the  bailhwrc  of 
Reckeberg,  and  the  lordship  of  Rheda.  It  has  an 
area  of  2,000  sq.  m.  divided  into  13  districts,  with 
330,000  inhabitants.  The  soil  in  general  is  fer 
tile,  and  the  pasturage  good. 

Mindf.n,  the  capital  of  the  above  government 
is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  Germany,  and,  while 
the  see  of  a  bishop,  formed  a  petty  republic.  Its 
convenient  situation  for  trade  and  navigation  its. 
breweries,  sugar-houses,  and  wax  manufactures, 
are  great  advantages  to  the  inhabitants.  iVear 
this  town  prince  Ferdinand,  of  Brunswick,  de- 
feated the  French  in  1759.  It  was  occupied  in 
18()(i  by  the  French,  and  finally  ceded  to  Prussia 
in  1814.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  43  m  E.  of 
Osnaburg.     Long.  8.  56.  E.,lat.  52.  19.  N. 

Minden,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  2,507. 

Mind oro,  one  o£  the  Philippines,  separated  from 
Luconia  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is  mountainous, 
and  abounds  in  palm-trees  and  all  sortte  of  fruits. 
The  inhabitants  are  pagans,  and  pay  tribute  to 
the  Spaniards. 

Minersville,  a  village  in  Schuylkill  Co.  Pa.  sur- 
rounded by  extensive  coal  mines. 

Minerva,  a  township  of  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
358  ;  p.v.  Mason  Co.  Ken. 

Minehead,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connecti- 
cut.    Pop. 150. 

Mine  Skifiholeth,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Missouri, 
55  m.  S.  W.  St.  Louis.  Here  is  one  of  the  rich- 
est lead  mines  in  the  country. 

Minehead,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in  Somerset- 
shire, Eng.  It  has  a  good  harbour  on  the  Bristol 
Channel,  and  carries  on  a  trade  in  wool,  coal,  and 
herrings.  31  m.  N.  of  Exeter  and  IGO  W.  by  S. 
of  London.     Long.  3.  34.  W.,  lat.  51 .  12.  N. 

Mingrelia,  a  country  of  Asia,  bounded  W.  by  the 
Black  Sea,  E.  by  Imeritia,  S.  by  the  river  Phasis, 
and  N.  by  (Jeorgia.  It  is  governed  by  a  prince 
who  is  tributary  to  Russia.  The  face  of  this 
country,  its  products,  and  the  customs  and  man- 
ners of  the  inhabitants,  are  similar  to  those  of 
Georgia. 

Minko,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  N. 
E.  part  of  Galicia,  passes  by  Lugo,  Orense,  and 
Tuy,  and  dividing  Galicia  from  Portugal,  enters 
the  Atlantic  at  Caminha. 

Minie,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  lefl  bank  of  (he 
Nile,  90  m.  S.  of  Fayoum. 

Minisink,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Dela- 
ware.    Pop.  4,979. 

Minorvino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
24  m.  W.  S.  W.  ofTrani. 

Minorca,  one  of  the  Balearic  islands,  lying  50  m. 


MIR 


503 


MIS 


to  the  N.  E.  of  Majorca.  It  is  30  m.  long  ana  12 
broad  ;  and  is  a  mountainous  country,  with  some 
fruitful  valleys.  Some  corn  is  raised,  but  the 
principal  products  of  the  island  are  wine,  wool, 
cheese,  and  various  fruits.  It  has  been  frequently 
in  the  hands  of  the  British,  by  whom  it  was  taken 
without  the  loss  of  a  man  in  17!>8,  but  given  up 
at  the  peace  of  1802.  Ciudadella  is  the  capital ; 
but  Mahon  claims  greater  consequence,  on  ac- 
count of  ils excellent  harbour.  Port  Mahon,  which 
is  defended  by  two  forts.  Long.  3.  48.  E.,  lat.  39. 
51 .  N. 

Minot,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  Pop.  2,908. 
Minsk,  an  extensive  province  of  European  Rus- 
sia, comprehending  the  old  palatinate  of  Minsk 
and  portions  of  Polotzk,  Novogrodek,  and  Wilna. 
It  extends  from  the  Dwina  N.  to  the  province  of 
Volhynia,  comprises  an  area  of  37,000  sq.  m  is 
divided  into  ten  circles,  and  contains  9.50,000  in- 
habitantA^  The  surface,  productions,  &c.  are  the 
same  as  in  Lithuania. 

Minsk,  the  rxpital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
with  two  citadels,  is  seated  on  the  Swislocz,  80 
m.  S.  E.  of  Wilna  and  310  E.  N.  E.  of  Warsaw. 
Long  27.  58.  E.,  lat.  53.  46.  N. 

Mintaon,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  40  m. 
long  and  14  broad,  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Sumatra.     Long.  97.  38.  E.,  lat.  0.  25.  S. 

Mioss,  a  lake  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
Hedemarke,  90  m.  in  circumference.  It  is  almost 
divided  by  a  peninsula,  and  contains  a  fertile  isl- 
and 10  m.  in  circumference. 

Miquelon,  a  small  desert  island,  S.  W.  of  Cape 
Ray  in  Newfoundland,  ceded  to  the  French  in 
1763,  for  drying  and  curing  their  fish.  They  were 
dispossessed  of  it  by  the  English  in  1793,  but  it 
was  restored  to  them  in  1802.  Lonor.  56.  10.  W., 
lat.  46.  42.  N. 

Mira,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  16  m.  N. 
W.  of  Coimbra. 

Miranda,  a.  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os  Mon- 
ies, seated  on  a  rock,  on  the  river  Douro,  32  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Braganza.  Long.  6.  32.  W.,  lat.  41. 
46.  N.  ^  ^  ' 

Miranda  de  Corvo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
13  m.  S.  E.  of  Co-mbra. 

Miranda  de  Ehro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Burgos,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  in  an  ex- 
cellent wine  country,  on  the  river  Ebro,  over 
which  is  a  handsome  bridge.  34  m.  N.  E.  of 
Burgos. 

Mirande,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers. 
Wool,  down,  and  the  feathers  of  geese,  are  ils  prin- 
cipal articles  of  trade.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, near  the  river  Baise,  13  m.  S.  W.  of  Auch. 
Mirandela,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os  Mon- 
ies. 22  m.  S.  W.  of  Braganza. 

Mirandola,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese,  cap- 
-  ital  of  a  province  of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
with  a  citadel  and  a  fort.  Besides  the  cathedral, 
it  contains  many  fine  churches  and  convents.  It 
is  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Modena.  Long.  11.  19.  E., 
lat.  44.  52.  N. 

Miravd,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  strong  castle  ;  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  16 
m.  S.  by  W.  of  Placentia. 

Mirebeau,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Vienne,  14  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Poitiers. 

Mirebeau,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cote  d'Or,  13  m.  N.  of  Dijon. 

Mirecourt,   a   town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  famous  for  its  violins  and  fine  lace  ;  seat- 
ed on  the  Modon,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Epinal. 
Miremont,   a   town  of  France,  department  of 


Dordogne.  Near  it  is  a  remarks' ''e  cavern,  call- 
ed Ciuseau.  It  is  seated  near  ihe  river  Vizere, 
15  m.  E.  of  Bergerac. 

Mirepoix,  a  town  of  France,  depitment  of  Ar- 
riege  ;  seated  on  the  Gers,  15  ra.  E.  N.  E.  of  Foix, 
and  43  S.  S.  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Mirow,  a  town  of  Saxony  with  a  «astle,  11  m. 
W.  ofStrelitz. 

Misa^no.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Otranlo,  6  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Ostuni. 

Misitra,  or  Mistras,  a  town  of  Independent 
Greece,  once  the  capital  of  the  Moreaand  a  place 
of  importance,  but  it  is  now  decayed.  It  is  90  ra. 
S.  E.  Lepanto.  In  the  neighbourhojd  are  to  be 
seen  the  ruins  of  ancient  Sparta. 

Misnia.    See  Meissen. 

Mississippi,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  rising 
in  a  number  of  head  streams  between  47.  and  48. 
N.  lat.  and  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It 
is  more  than  3,000^m.  in  length  and  receives  from 
the  west  the  Missouri,  which  on  account  of  its 
superior  length  is  sometimes  considered  the  main 
stream  rather  than  a  branch  of  the  Mississippi. 
The  oiher  tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  are  the 
Ohio,  Illinois,  Arkansas,  and  Red  river  with  a 
great  many  inferior  streams.  The  falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  are  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  and 
have  a  perpendicular  descent  of  17  ft. ;  below  the 
point  the  river  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  30  tons 
to  the  sea.  It  runs  but  a  little  distance  from  its 
source,  before  it  becomes  a  considerable  stream. 
Below  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  it  broadens  to 
half  a  mile  in  width  ;  and  is  a  clear,  placid  and  no- 
ble stream,  with  wide  and  fertile  bottoms,  for  a 
long  distance.  A  few  miles  below  the  river  Des 
Moines,  is  a  long  rapid  of  nine  miles,  which,  for 
a  considerable  part  of  the  summer,  is  a  great  im- 
pediment to  the  navigation.  Below  these  rapids 
the  river  assumes  its  medial  width  and  charac- 
ter from  that  point  to  the  entrance  of  the  Missou- 
ri. It  is  a  still  more  beautiful  river,  than  the  Ohio, 
somewhat  gentler  in  its  current,  a  third  wider, 
with  broad  and  clean  sandbars,  except  in  the  time 
of  high  waters,  when  they  are  all  covered.  At 
every  little  distance,  there  are  islands,  sometimes 
a  number  of  them  parallel,  and  broadening  the 
stream  to  a  great  width.  These  islands  are  many 
of  them  large,  and  have  in  the  summer  season  an 
aspect  of  beauty,  as  they  swell  gently  from  the 
clear  stream. — a  vigour  and  grandeur  of  vegetation 
which  contribute  much  to  the  magnificence  of  the 
the  river.  The  sandbars,  in  the  proper  season, 
are  the  resort  of  innumerable  swans,  geese  and  wa- 
ter fowls.  It  is.  in  general,  a  full  mile  in  width  from 
bank  to  bank.  For  a  considerable  distance  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri,  it  has  more  than  thai  width. 
Altogether,  it  has,  from  its  alternate  bluffs  and 
prairies,  the  calmness  and  transparency  of  its  wa- 
ters, the  size  and  beauty  of  its  trees,  an  aspect  of 
great  amenity  and  magnificence. 

Where  it  receives  the  Missouri,  it  is  a  mile  and 
a  half  wide.  The  Missouri  itself  enters  with  a 
mouth  not  more  than  half  a  mile  wide.  This  uni- 
ted stream  below,  has  thence  to  the  mouth  ot  the 
Ohio,  a  medial  width  of  little  more  than  three 
quarters  of  a  mile.  This  mighty  tributary  seems 
rather  to  diminish,  than  increase  its  width  ;  but 
it  perceptibly  alters  its  depth,  its  mass  of  waters, 
and  wholly  changes  its  character.  It  is  no  long- 
er the  gentle,  placid  stream,  with  smooth  shores 
and  clean  sandbars ;  but  has  a  furious  and  boiling 
current,  a  turbid  and  dangerous  mass  of  sweeping 
waters,  jagged  and  dilapidated  shores,  and,  where- 
ever  its  waters  have  receded,  deposites  of  mud. 


MIS 


604 


MIS 


It  remains  a  sublime  object  of  contemplation.  The 
noble  forest  still  rises  along  its  banks.  But  its 
character  of  calm  magnificence,  that  so  delighted 
the  eye  above,  is  seen  no  more. 

The  bosom  of  the  river  is  covered  with  prodi- 
gious boils,  or  swells,  that  rise  with  a  whirling 
motion,  and  a  convex  surface,  two  or  three  rods 
in  diameter,  and  no  inconsiderable  noise,  whirling 
a  boat  imperceptibly  from  its  track.  In  its  course, 
accidental  circumstances  shift  the  impetus  of  its 
current,  and  propel  it  upon  the  point  of  an  island 
bend  or  sandbars.  In  these  instances,  it  tears  up 
the  islands,  removes  the  sandbars,  and  sweeps 
away  the  tender,  alluvial  soil  of  the  bends,  with 
all  their  trees,  and  deposites  the  spoils  in  anotlier 
place.  At  the  season  of  high  water,  nothing  is 
more  familiar  to  the  ear  of  the  people  on  the  river, 
than  the  deep  crash  of  a  land-slip,  in  which  larg- 
er or  smaller  masses  of  the  soil  on  the  banks,  with 
all  the  trees,  are  plunged  into  the  stream.  The 
circumstances  that  change  the  aspect  and  current 
of  the  river,  are  denominated,  in  the  vocabulary 
of  the  watermen,  chutes,  races,  chains,  sawyers, 
planters,  points  of  islands,  wreck  heaps  and  cy- 
press bends.  The  divinity  most  frequently  in- 
voked by  boatmen,  seems  to  have  imparted  his 
name  oftener  than  any  other  to  the  dangerous  pla- 
cesalongthe  river.  The  'Devil's'  race  paths,tea-ta- 
ble,  oven,  &c.  are  places  of  difficult  or  hazardous 
navigation,  that  frequently  occur.  They  are  se- 
rious impediments  to  the  navigation  of  this  noble 
stream.  Such  is  its  character  from  Missouri  to 
the  Balize  ;  a  wild,  furious,  whirling  river, — nev- 
er navigated  safely,  except  with  great  caution. 
On  the  immense  wreck  heaps,  where  masses  of 
logs,  like  considerable  hills,  are  piled  together,  the 
numerous  wrecks  of  boats,  lying  on  their  sides  and 
summits,  sufficiently  attest  the  character  of  the 
river,  and  remain  standing  mementos  to  caution. 
Boats  propelled  by  steam  power,  which  can  be 
changed  in  a  moment,  to  reverse  the  impulse  and 
direction  of  the  boat,  are  exactly  calculated  to  ob- 
viate the  dangers  of  this  river. 

No  person,  who  descends  this  river  for  the  first 
time,  receives  clear  and  adequate  ideas  of  its 
grandeur,  and  the  amount  of  water  which  it  car- 
ries. If  it  be  in  the  spring,  when  the  river  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  is  generally  over  its  banks, 
although  the  sheet  of  water  that  is  making  its 
way  to  the  gulf  is,  perhaps,  thirty  miles  wide,  yet 
finding  its  way  through  deep  forests  and  swamps 
that  conceal  all  from  the  eye,  no  expanse  of  wa- 
ter is  seen,  but  the  width,  that  is  curved  out  be- 
tween the  outline  of  woods  on  either  bank  ;  and 
it  seldom  exceeds,and  oftener  falls  short  of  a  mile. 
But  when  he  sees,  in  descending  from  the  falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  that  it  swallows  up  one  river  after 
another,  with  mouths,  as  wide  as  itself,  without 
affecting  its  width  at  all ;  when  he  sees  it  receiv- 
ing in  succession  the  mighty  Missouri,  the  broad 
Ohio,  St.  Francis,  White,  Arkansas,  and  Red 
rivers,  all  of  them  of  great  depth,  length  and  vol- 
ume of  water ;  when  he  sees  this  mighty  river 
absorbing  them  all  and  retaining  a  volume,  appar- 
ently unchanged, — he  begins  to  estimate  rightly 
the  increasing  depths  of  current,  that  must  roll  on 
in  its  deep  channel  to  the  sea.  Carried  out  of 
the  Balize,  and  sailing  with  a  good  breeze  foi 
hours,  he  sees  nothing  on  any  side,  but  the  white 
and  turbid  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  long  after  he 
is  out  of  sight  of  land. 

From  its  source  to  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,  it 
runs  alternately  through  wild  rice  lakes  and 
awainyg    by  limestone  bluifs  and  craggy  hills ; 


occasionally  through  deep  pine  forests,  and  beau- 
tiful prairies  ;  and  the  tenants  on  its  borders  are 
elk,  buffitloes,  bears  and  deer,  and  the  savages 
that  pursue  them.  In  this  distance,  there  is  no 
a  civilized  inhabitant  on  its  shores,  if  we  except 
the  establishments  of  Indian  traders,  and  a  g(ar- 
rison  of  the  United  States.  Buffiiloes  are  seldbm 
seen  below  these  falls.  Its  alluvions  become 
wide,  fertile,  and  for  the  most  part,  heavily  tiin 
bered.  Like  the  Ohio,  its  bottoms  and  bluffii  gen- 
erally alternate.  Its  broad  and  placid  current  if 
often  embarassed  with  islands,  whicli  are  gener 
ally  rich  alluvial  lands,  often  containing  from 
five  hundred  to  a  thousand  acres,  and  abounding 
with  wild  turkeys  and  other  small  game.  From. 
100  m.  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri, 
it  would  be  difficult  for  us  to  convey  an  idea  of  the 
beauty  of  the  prairies,  skirting  this  noble  river. 
Tliey  are  a  perfect  level ;  and  are  in  summer  cov 
cred  with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  grass  and  flowers 
without  a  tree  or  bush. 

Below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  in  the  season  oi 
inundation,  to  an  observing  spectator  a  very  strik- 
ing spectacle  is  presented.  The  river  sweeps  along 
in  curves,  or  sections  of  circles,  of  an  extent  from 
six  to  twelve  miles,  measured  from  point  to  point. 
The  sheet  of  water,  that  is  visible  between  the 
forests  on  either  side,  is  a  mile  wide.  On  a  calm 
spring  morning,  and  under  a  bright  sun,  it  shines, 
like  a  mass  of  burnished  silver.  Its  edges  are 
distinctly  marked  by  a  magnificent  outline  of  cot- 
ton wood  trees,  generally  of  great  size,  and  at  this 
time  of  the  year,  of  the  brightest  verdure.  On 
the  convex,  or  bar  side  of  the  bend,  there  is  ger 
erally  a  vigorous  growth  of  willows,  or  young 
cotton  wood  trees,  of  such  astonishing  regularity 
of  appearance,  that  it  always  seems  to  the  in- 
experienced spectator,  a  work  of  art.  The  water 
stands  among  these  trees,  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet 
in  height.  Those  brilliant  creatures  the  black 
and  red  bird,  flit  among  these  young  groves,  that 
are  inundated  to  half  their  height.  Nature  is 
carrying  on  her  most  vigorous  efforts  of  vegetation 
below.  If  there  be  wind  or  storm,  the  descending 
flat  and  keel  boats  immediately  make  for  these 
groves,  and  plunge  fearlessly,  with  all  the  head- 
way they  can  command,  among  the  trees. 
Should  they  be  of  half  the  size  of  the  human 
body,  struck  fifteen  feet  from  the  ground,  they 
readily  bend  before  even  a  frail  boat. — You  de- 
scend the  whole  distance  of  a  thousand  miles  to 
New  Orleans,  landing  at  night  in  fifteen  feet 
water  among  the  trees  ;  but,  probably,  in  no  in- 
stance within  twenty  miles  of  the  real  shore, 
which  is  the  bluff".  The  whole  spectacle  is  that 
of  a  vast  and  magnificent  forest,  emerging  from  a 
lake,  with  its  waters,  indeed,  in  a  thousand 
places  in  descending  motion. 

One  of  the  most  striking  peculiarities  of  this 
river,  and  of  all  its  lower  tributaries,  is  the  uni- 
formity of  its  meanders,  called  in  the  phrase 
of  the  country,  its  '  points  and  bends.'  In 
many  instances  these  curves  are  described 
with  a  precision,  with  which  they  would  have 
been  marked  off"  by  the  sweep  of  a  compass. 
The  river  sweeps  round,  perhaps  the  half  of  a 
circle,  and  is  precipitated  from  the  point,  in  a 
current  diagonally  across  its  own  channel,  to 
another  curve  of  the  same  regularity  upon  the 
opposite  shore.  In  the  bend  is  the  deepest  chan- 
nel,  the  heaviest  movement  of  waters,  and  what 
is  called  the  thread  of  ihe  current.  Between  this 
thread  and  the  shore,  there  are  generally  counter 
currents,  or  eddies;  and  in  the  crumbUiw  and 


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tender  alluvial  soil,  the  river  is  generally  making  in  the  level  country  is  insalubrious.  Stagnant  w»- 

inroads  upon  its  banks  on  the  bend  side.     Oppo-  ters  are   abundant,    and    the  intense  heat  of  the 

Bite  the  oend  there  is  always  a  sandbar,  matched,  summer  engenders  bilious  diseases.    In  the  eleva- 

in  the  convexity  of  its  conformation,  to  the  con-  ted  parts  the  climate  is  healthy  and  pleasant. 

cavity  of  the  bend.     Here  it  is,  that  the  appear-  The  northern  and  central  portions  of  this  state 

ance  of  the  young  cotton  wood  groves  have  their  are  occupied    by  the    Choctaw    and    Chickasaw 

most  striking  aspect.      The  trees  rise  from  the  Indians;  the  former  tribe   number   about  21,000 


shcre,  showing  first  the  vigorous  saplings  of  the 
present  year;  and  then  those  of  a  date  of  two  and 
three  years  ;  and  trees  rising  in  regular  gradation 
to  the  most  ancient  and  lofty  point  of  the  forest. 
These  curves  are  so  regular  on  this,  and  all  the 
rivers  of  the  lower  country,  that  the  boatmen  and 
Indians  calculate  distances  by  them;  and  instead 
of  the  number  of  miles  or  leagues,  they  estimate 
their  progress  by  the  number  of  bends  they  have 
passed. 

The  navigation  upon  this  river  is  very  great. 
Ships  seldom  ascend  higher  than  Natchez.  The 
number  of  steam-boats  upon  the  Mississippi  and 
its  tributaries  is  about  300.  Their  size  is  from 
540  tons  downward.  The  passage  from  Cincinna- 
ti to  New  Orleans  and  back,  has  been  made  in  19 
days.  From  New  Orleans  to  Louisville  the 
shortest  passage  has  been  8  days  and  2  hours,  the 
distance  being  1,650  m.  and  against  the  current. 
The  steam-boats  have  generally  high-pressure 
power,  and  many  fatal  explosions  have  happened 


souls  and  the  latter  3,600 ;  civilization  and  useful 
arts  have  made  considerable  progress  among 
them  ;  their  agriculture  is  in  a  thriving  state,  and 
they  have  commodious  houses,  shops,  schools  and 
churches,  and  support  a  missionary.  They  occu- 
py some  of  the  best  land  in  the  state 

Mississippi  is  divided  into  26  counties  and  ha> 
a  population  excluding  Indians,  of  136,806.  The 
slaves  are  65,659.  Jackson,  on  Pearl  river,  is  the 
seat  of  government.  Natchez  is  the  only  con- 
siderable town.  The  legislature  is  styled  ihe 
General  Assembly,  and  consists  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.  The  senators  are 
elected  for  3  years  and  one  third  of  the  number  are 
renewed  each  year.  The  representatives  are 
chosen  yearly.  All  residents  of  one  year  are  vo- 
ters ;  clergymen  are  excluded  from  office.  The 
Baptists  are  the  largest  religious  sect,  they  have 
58  churches;  the  Methodists  have  23  preachers; 
the  Presbyterians  25;  the  Episcopalians  4,  and 
there  are  some  Cat^iolics.  Education  is  provided 
for  by  a  literary  fund ;  public  schools  are  main- 
tained in  some  of  the  large  towns,  and  there  is  a 
college  at  Washington  near  Natchez.     The  com- 

erce  of  the  state  is  directed  to  the  outports  of 
Louisiana  and  Alabama.  Mississippi  was  erected 
into  a  territorial  government  in  1798.  It  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  in  1817. 

Mississippi,  towns  in  Phillips  and  Arkansas  Cos. 
Arkansas  Ter. 

Missionary  Stations.     See  appendix. 

Missisagaignn,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the 
Mississippi  rising  near  the  W.  end  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. 

Missiscoui,  a  river  of  Vermont  flowing  into  the 
N.  part  of  L.  Champlain. 

Missolonghi,  a  town  of  Independent  Greece,  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Lepanto, opposite  Patras. 
It  has  a  shallow  harbour,  and  is  surrounded  by 
marshes.  It  was  taken  and  retaken  several  times 
by  the  Turks  and  Greeks  during  the  war  of  the 
revolution.  Here  Lord  Byron  died  in  1824. 
There  is  another  town  of  this  name  in  the  Morea. 

Missouri,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  which, 
taken  in  connexion  with    the    Mississippi,  into. 


upon  these  waters.  The  first  steam-vessel  here  was 
built  in  1810.  New  Orleans  is  the  outport  of  this 
river,  and  the  largest  city  on  its  banks.  Its  waters 
pass  into  the  Gulf  by  several  channels  which  in- 
tersect a  flat  marshy  tract.  The  main  entrance 
is  at  the  Balize. 

Misiissippi,  one  of  the  United  States,  bonnded 
N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  Louisia- 
na and  W.  by  Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  It  ex- 
tends from  30.10.  to  35.  N.  lat.  and  from  80.  30.  to  which  it  flows,  is  the  longest  river  on  the  globe ; 
81.  35.  W.  long.  335  m.  in  length  from  N.  to  S.  and  its  length  from  the  highest  navigable  stream  to 
150  in  breadth,  containing  45,760  sq.  m.  It  is  wa-  the  gulf  of  Mexico  being  4,491  m.,  its  length  to 
tered  by  the  Mississippi  on  the  western  boundary,  the  junction  with  the  Mississippi  is  3,096  in.  It 
the  Yazoo  and  Big  Black  rivers,  branches  of  the  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  nearly  in  the  same 
Mississippi,  the  Pascagoulatfnd  Pearl  which  flow  parallel  with  the  Mississippi.  The  most  authen- 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  the  head  streams  of  tic  information  we  have  yet  had  of  the  sources 
the  Tombeckbee  rise  in  the  N.  part  and  pass  into  of  this  mighty  river,  is  from  its  first  intrepid 
Alabama.  There  is  a  small  extent  of  coast  lying  American  discoverers,  Lewis  and  Clarke.  What 
upon  Lake  Borgne  at  its  outlet  into  the  Gulf,  may  properly  be  called  (he  Missouri  seems  to  be 
along  which  are  scattered  a  few  low  sandy  islands  formed  by  three  considerable  branches,  which 
but  there   is  no  sea-port   of  consequence  in   the     unite  not  far  from  the  bases  of  the  principal  ran^ 


state.  Nearly  the  whole  country  is  an  alluvial 
flat,  and  the  shore  of  the  Mississippi  in  the  north 
is  an  immense  swamp  70  m,  in  width.  In  the  N. 
E.  part  are  some  hilly,  broken  tracts.  A  great  part 
of  the  soil  is  a  pine  barren,  but  the  river  intervals 


ges  of  the  mountains.  To  the  northern  they  gave 
the  name  of  Jeflerson,  to  the  middle,  Gallatin,and 
to  the  southern,  Madison. — Each  of  these  brancheH 
forks  again  into  a  number  of  small  mountain 
jtieams.     It  is  but  a  short  distance  from  some  of 


are  rich  and  productive.  Sugar-cane  is  raised  in  "These  to  the  head  waters  of  the    Oregon,  on  tlio 

the  south.    The  middle  parts  produce  figs,  grapes,  other  side  of  the  mountains.     A  person  may  drink 

tobacco,  maize,  sweet  potatoes,  rice,  and   indigo,  from  the  spring  sources  of  each,  without  travelling 

Cotton  is  raised  in  all  parts,  and  is  the   staple  ar-  more  than  a  mile.     After  this  junction,  the  river 

tkle  of  cultivation.    The  climate  is  hot.  moist  and  continues  a  considerable  distance  to  be  still  a  foam 
64  2U 


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50b 


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inj  mountain  torrent.  It  then  spreads  into  a 
broad  and  comparatively  gentle  stream  full  of  isl- 
ands. Precipitous  peaks  of  blackish  rock  frown 
aboTC  the  river  in  perpendicular  elevations  of  1 ,000 
feet.  Tiie  mountains,  whose  bases  it  sweeps,  are 
covered  with  pines,  cedars,  and  firs  ;  and  moun- 
tain sheep  are  seen  bounding  on  their  summits, 
where  they  are  apparently  inaccessible.  In  this 
distance  the  mountains  have  an  aspect  of  inex- 
pressible loneliness  and  grandeur. 

The  river  then  becomes  almost  a  continued 
cataract  for  the  distance  of  about  17  m.  In 
this  distance  its  perpendicular  descent  is  3G2  feet. 
The  first  fall  is  98  feet ;  the  second,  19;  the  third, 
47;  the  fourth,  26.  These  falls  are  next  to  Niag- 
ara the  grandest  in  the  world.  The  river  contin- 
ues rapid  for  a  long  distance  beyond.  The 
Roche  Jaune,  or  Yellow  Stone,  is  probably  the 
largest  tributary  of  the  Missouri.  It  rises  in 
the  same  ranges  of  mountains  with  the  main 
river,  and  has  many  points  of  resemblance  to  it. 
It  enters  from  the  south  by  a  mouth  850  yards 
wide.  It  is  a  broad,  deep,  and  sweeping  river  ; 
and  at  its  junction  appears  the  larger  of  the  two. 
Its  course  is  commonly  calculated  at  1,600  miles. 
But  tiie  size  and  length  of  all  these  tributaries 
are  probably  over  rated.  Its  shores,  for  a  long 
distance  above  its  entrance,  are  heavily  timbered, 
and  its  bottoms  wide,  and  of  the  finest  soil.  Its 
entrance  is  deemed  to  be  1,880  m.  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Missouri;  and  it  was  selected  by  the  gov- 
ernment, as  an  eligible  situation  for  a  military 
post,  and  an  extensive  .settlement.  While  bears, 
elk,  and  mountiiin  sheep,  are  the  principal  ani- 
mals seen  along  this  part  of  the  river.  The  oth- 
er tributaries  are  the  Kansas,  Platte,  Osage,  Lit- 
tle Missouri,  Running  Water,  White  and  Milk 
Rivers. 

At  the  point  of  junction  with  the  Yellow  Stone, 
the  Missouri  has  wide  and  fine  bottoms.  But  its 
banks  are  for  the  most  part  destitute  of  timber, 
and  this  for  a  long  series  of  years  will  prevent  its 
being  inhabited.  The 'Gates  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.' through  which  the  Missouri  seems  to  have 
torn  itself  a  passage,  are  commonly  described  as 
among  the  sublimest  spectacles  in  the  world.  For 
nearly  6  m.  these  mountains  rise  in  black  and  per- 
pendicular masses  1,200  feet  above  the  surface  of 
tiie  river.  The  chasm  is  little  more  than  250  yards 
wide  ;  and  the  deep  and  foaming  waters  of  the 
Missouri  rush  through  the  passage,  as  if  it  were 
a  cataract.  The  heart  of  the  beholder  is  chilled, 
as  he  contemplates,  in  these  wild  and  uninhabited 
regions,  this  conflict  between  the  river  and  the 
mountains.  The  smooth  and  black  walls  of  the 
cleft  rise  more  than  twice  as  high  as  the  moun- 
tains on  the  Hudson,below  West  Point  Every  pas- 
senger up  that  river  has  been  impressed  with 
the  grandeur  of  that  scene  in  the  midst  of  ameni- 
ty and  life.  What  then  must  be  the  sensations 
of  the  passenger  through  the  gates  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  who  witnesses  the  proofs  of  this  con- 
flict of  nature,  in  a  region  three  hundred  leagues 
from  civilization.  Vast  columns  of  the  rock^are 
torn  from  the  mountains  and  lie  along  the  banks 
of  the  river. 

The  bottoms  of  the  Missouri  have  a  character, 
very  distinguishable  from  those  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi. They  are  higher,  not  so  wet,  more  sa*- 
oy,  witli  trees  which  are  not  so  large,  but  taller 
and  straighter.  lis  alluvions  are  something  nar- 
rower ,  having  for  the  first  500  m.  a  medial  width 
of  more  than  4  m.  Its  bluffs,  like  those  of  the 
Other  river,  are  generally  limestone,  but  not  bo 


perpendicular;  and  have  more  ^ndency  to  run 
into  the  mamelle  form.  The  bottoms  abound  with 
deer,  turkeys  and  small  game.  The  river  seldom 
overflows  any  part  of  its  banks,  in  this  distance 
It  is  little  inclined  to  be  swampy.  There  are  much 
fewer  lakes,  bayous,  and  small  ponds,  than  along 
the  Mississippi.  Prairies  are  scarcely  seen  on  the 
banks  of  the  river,  within  the  distance  of  the  first 
400  m.  of  its  course.  It  is  heavily  timbered,  and 
yet  from  the  softness  of  the  wood,  easily  cleared 
The  water,  though  uncommonly  turbid  with  a 
whitish  earth,  which  it  holds  in  suspension,  soon 
and  easily  settles,  and  is  then  remarkably  pure, 
pleasant  and  healthy  water.  The  river  is  so  rapid 
and  sweeping  in  its  course,  and  its  bed  is  compos- 
ed of  such  masses  of  sand,  that  it  is  continually 
shifting  its  sandbars.  A  chart  of  the  river,  as  .t 
runs  this  year,  gives  little  ground  for  calculation, 
in  navigating  it  the  next.  It  has  numerous  islands 
and  generally  near  them  is  the  most  difficult  to 
be  stemmed. — Still  more  than  the  Mississippi  be- 
low its  mouth,  it  tears  up  in  one  place,  and  depos- 
ites  in  another ;  and  makes  more  frequent  and 
powerful  changes  in  its  channel,  than  any  other 
western  river. 

Its  bottoms  are  considerably  settled  for  a  dis- 
tance of  400  m.  above  its  mouth.  That  of  Chara- 
ton  is  the  highest  compact  settlement.  But  the 
largest  and  most  populous  settlement  in  the  state 
is  that  called   Boone's  Lick.      Indeed,  there    are 


American  settlers,  here  and  there,  on  the  bottoms, 
above  the  Platte,  and  far  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
state  of  Missouri.  Above  the  Platte  the  open 
and  prairie  character  of  the  country  begins  to  de- 
velope.  The  prairies  come  quite  into  the  banks 
of  the  river;  and  stretch  from  it  indefinitely,  in 
naked  grass  plains,  where  the  traveller  may  wan 
der  for  days,  without  seeing  eitlier  wood  or  water. 
— The  '  Council  BluSs'  are  an  important  mil 
itary  station,  about  GOO  m.  up  the  Missouri.  Be- 
yond this  point  commences  a  country  of  great 
interest  and  grandeur  in  many  respects  ;  and  de 
nominated,  by  way  of  eminence,  the  Upper  Mis 
souri.  The  country  is  composed  of  vast  and  al 
most  boundless  grass  plains,  through  whichstretcb 
the  Platte,  the  Yellow  Stone,  and  the  other  rivers 
of  this  ocean  of  grass.  The  savages  of  this  region 
have  a  peculiar  physiognomy  and  mode  of  life. 
It  is  a'  country,  where  commence  new  tribes  of 
plants.  It  is  the  home  of  buff'aloes,  elk,  white 
bears,  antelopes  and  mountain  sheep.  And  its  in- 
exhaustible supplies  of  game  make  it  the  paradise 
of  hunters.  Sometimes  the  river  washes  the  ba- 
sis of  the  dark  hills  of  a  friable  and  crumbling 
soil.  Here  are  found,  as  Lewis  and  Clarke,  and 
other  respectable  travellers  relate,  large  and  sin- 
gular petrifactions,  both  animal  and  vegetable. — 
On  the  top  of  one  of  these  hills  they  found  (he 
petrified  skeleton  of  a  huge  fish,  45  feet  in  length 


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The  herds  of  gregarious  animals,  particularly 
the  buffaloes,  are  innumerable.  Such  is  the  gen- 
eral character  of  the  country,  until  we  come  in 
contact  with  the  spurs  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

As  far  as  the  limit's  of  the  state,  this  river  is  ca- 
pable of  supporting  a  dense  population,  for  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  its  banks.  Above  those 
limits  it  is  generally  too  destitute  of  wood,  to  be- 
come habitable  by  any  other  people  than  hunters 
and  shepherds.  All  the  great  tributaries  of  this 
river  are  copies,  more  or  less  exact,  of  the  parent 
stream.  One  general  remark  applies  to  the  whole 
country.  The  rivers  have  a  narrow  margin  of 
fertility.  The  country,  as  it  recedes  from  the 
river,  becomes  more  and  more  sterile,  sandy  and 
destitute  of  water,  until  it  approximates  in  char- 
acter towards  the  sandy  deserts  of  Arabia. 

Missouri,  one  of  the  United  States,  lying  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  intersected  by  the  great 
river  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  It  is  bounded 
N.  and  W.bythe Territory  of  Missouri,  E.  by  Illin- 
ois, Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  S,  by  Arkan- 
sas ;  extendinnr  from  36.  to  40.  30.  N.  lat.  and  from 
89.  to  94.  10.  W.  long.  270  m.  in  length  and  220 
'n  breadth.  It  contains  00,000  sq.  m.  The  Mis- 
Hissippi -washes  the  eastern  boundary,  the  other 
principal  streams  are  the  branches  of  the  ]V|is- 
souri  and  this  river.  The  Ozark  Mountains  ex- 
tend south-westerly  from  this  state  into  Arkansas, 
and  there  are  some  mountain  ridges  toward  the 
east.  A  large  extent  of  this  great  state  in  i\M 
•outh-east  angle  commencing  above  New  Man- 
rid,  and  ext€!jiding  down  the  greatt  .swaqip,  an^ 
tteough  the  alluvial  region,  a  considerable  dis- 
.OTlce  back  frem  the  Mississippi,  is  low,  ssvampy, 
fun  of  lakes,  and  in  many  places  subject  to  be  in- 
undated. Beyond  that  region,  which  is  generally 
marked  by  aTbotd  line  of  rolling  and  fertile  high 
lands',  the  country  gradually  rises  into  high  flint 
knobs,  still  rising  beyond  that  region  to  the  moun- 
tainous country  of  the  lead  mines.  This  country 
extends  to  the  Osage  and  its  tributaries.  Beyond 
this  the  country  is  broken  and  hilly  ;  until  we 
open  upon  the  boundless  belt  of  open  prairies, 
which  spreads  beyond  the  western  limits  of  this 
state.  The  best  portion,  and  the  most  inhabited 
parts  of  the  state  are  between  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi.  This  vast  tract  is  no  where  moun- 
tainous. It  contains  great  tracts  of  alluvial  and 
hilly  prairies.  It  is  for  the  most  part  a  surface, 
delightfully  rolling  and  variegated.  There  is  no 
part  of  the  globe,  where  greater  extents  of  coun- 
try can  be  traversed  more  easily,  and  in  any  di- 
rection by  carriages  of  any  description,  where 
there  are  no  roads,  and  that  is  yet  in  a  state  of 
nature. 

One  specific  difference  between  the  soil  of  this 
country,  and  the  country  bordering  on  the  Ohio 
is,  that  the  land  here  contains  a  much  greater  pro- 
portion of  sand,  is  more  loamy  and  friable,  and  the 
soil  is  not  so  stiff.  There  are  tracts  over  all  this 
country,  where  we  find  the  'slayey  soils  of  Ohio 
and  Kentucky.  But  they  are  small.  The  roads 
generally,  run  over  tracts,  where  th?  falling  rain 
and  snow  are  so  readily  absorbed,  even  in  the  win- 
ter, that  the  people  are  not  troubled  with  the  deep 
and  almost  impassable  roads,  that  we  find  in  those 
states.  The  rich  uplands  are  of  a  darkish  grey 
colour  ;  with  the  exception  of  the  great  tract  about 
the  lead  mines,  where  the  soil,  composed  of  decom- 
posed pyrite,  is  reddish,  and  of  a  colour  brighter 
than  Spanish  brown.  The  poorer  uplands  are 
generally  covered  with  white  oak,  and  that  small 
shrubby  species  of  oak  denominated  here  pin  oak. 


It  is  usually  a  stiffer  and  more  clayey  soil  than 
the  other  ;  and  it  is  of  a  light  yellow  colour.  There 
are  two  extensive  tracts  of  that  fine  kind  of  tim- 
bered upland  alluvion,  which  constitutes  the  finest 
central  portions  of  Kentucky.  The  one  is,  per- 
haps, fifteen  or  twenty  miles  in  extent.  It  is  south- 
west of  the  mine  country,  and  is  called  Brilevue 
settlement.  The  other  tract  is  much  larg'ir,  and 
is  called  in  this  country  the  Boone's  lich  settle- 
ment. There  are  smaller  extents  of  this  kind  of 
land,  spread  over  all  the  state.  In  a  state  of  na- 
ture, it  strikes  the  eye  delightfullj'.  The  surface 
rolls  gently  and  almost  imperceptibly.  It  has  the 
same  trees  and  shrubs,  and  the  grand  vegetation, 
that  designite  the  rich  alluvions;  and  at  the  same 
time  it  has  the  diversified  surface,  and  the  asso- 
ciated ideas  of  health,  and  springs  of  water  that 
are  naturally  connected  with  the  notion  of  up- 
lands. These  lands  are  timbered  with  the  same 
trees  which  the  alluvions  bear.  Like  those,  they 
are  surmounted  with  grape  vines,  and  are  free 
from  underbrush.  The  graceful  pawpaw,  the 
persimon,  and  the  wild  cherry  tree,  all  denoting 
rich  soils,  abound  in  these  regions  ;  and  they  are 
nearly  as  fertile  as  the  bottoms  of  the  Missouri,  or 
the  Mississippi. 

The  prairies  are  generally  level  and  of  an  inter- 
mediate character  between  the  richer  and  the 
poorer  uplands.  The  alluvial  prairies  are  univer- 
sally rich,  and  nearly  as  fertile  as  the  bottoms. 
Some  tracts  of  the  upland  prairies  are  rich  But 
there  are  scarcely  any  lands  in  this  state  suffi- 
ciently level  for  cultivation,  that  have  not  ferti- 
lity enough  to  bring  good  crops  of  corn  without 
manure  ;  and  in  many  instances  the  poorer  lands 
are  better  for  wheal  than  the  richer.  The  grand- 
est objects  of  nature  will,  probably,  not  excite  so 
much  surprise  in  the  mind  of  a  traveller  from  the 
Atlantic  states,  as  tl  .e  first  view  of  a  prairie.  Ri- 
ding, day  after  day,  through  forests,  where  the 
small  improvements  made  in  the  wilderness 
scarcely  interrupt  the  general  aspect  of  woods,  he 
opens  at  once  upon  the  view  of  a  boundless  hori- 
zon. .  In  the  early  periods  of  summer,  he  beholds 
outstretched  under  his  eye  a  perfectly  level  plain, 
of  the  most  sofl  and  beautiful  verdure,  covered 
with  a  thousand  flowers  of  every  scent  and  hue. 
Here  and  there,  in  the  skirts  of  the  prairies,  and 
oflen  in  their  centre  are  clumps  of  oaks,  and  pec- 
cans  and  black  walnuts,  disposed  in  forms  so  re- 
gular, and  irenerally  circular,  as  could  not  fail  to 
delight  the  eye  of  an  admirer  of  the  ancient  style 
of  gardening.  He  is  unprepared  for  such  a  view, 
seen  in  such  strong  contrast  with  dark  and  lonely 
forests.  It  is,  after  all,  impossible  to  convey  by 
description   the  impression,    which  these   views 


create.     In  these  vast  and  beautiful  prairies,  or 
on  the  verge  of  the  bluffs,  that  overlook  them  he 


MfS 


6W 


MIS 


beholds  at  once  a  verdant  and  sleeping  ocean  of 
grass,  vast  rivers  rollitiff  their  mighty  masses  of 
waters  througli  the  dark  forests,  romantic  hills 
stretching  away  in  the  distance,  and  here  and  there 
a  cabin  or  a  house  throwing  up  its  column  of 
smoke,  and  the  cattle,  horses  and  sheep  sleeping 
about  it.  A  grander  spectacle  is  exhibited  when 
in  the  autumn  the  Indians  set  fire  to  the  dry  grass. 
The  flames  leap  forward  with  astonishing  rapidity 
and  spread  in  all  directions.  The  hunter  or  the 
traveller  is  unable  to  escape  by  their  utmost  speed 
and  the  wild  horses,  deer  and  buffaloes  are  oflen 
overtaken  and  burnt  to  death. 

The  lead  mines  of  this  state  are  highly  produc- 
tive. They  are  connected  with  that  great  min- 
eral tract  which  extends  from  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Illinois  into  the  adjacent  territories,  and  which 
the  reader  will  find  described  under  the  head  of 
Lead  Mines.  The  richest  mines  in  this  state  are 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Potoi,  upon  Big  river,  a 
small  stream  flowing  into  the  Maramec.  The  ore 
is  found  not  in  veins,  aut  in  detached  masses  from 
2  to  20  feet  below  the  surface.  About  3,000,000 
pounds  are  annually  smelted.  Coal  is  found  in 
abundance  along  the  Missouri,  and  ii"on  in  every 
part  of  the  state.  Manganese,  zinc,  antimony, 
and  cobalt  accompany  the  lead  ore  ;  salt,  nitre, 
soapstone,  plumbago,  barytes,  pumice  stone,  gyp- 
sum, flint  and  marble  are  alsfl  produced  here. 

Tlie  climate  is  generally  salubrious,  and  the 
air  uncommonly  dry  ;  but  the  weatlier  is  subject- 
ed to  greater  extremes  of  cold  and  heat  than  in  the 
other  western  states.  Wheat  and  maize  are  the 
staple  articles  of  cultivation ;  flax,  hemp  and 
cotton  are  also  raised. 

Missouri  is  divided  into  33  counties.  The  pop- 
ulation is  140,074,  of  whom  24,990  are  slaves. 
The  capital  is  Jefferson  ,  the  largest  town  is  St. 
Louis.  The  legislature  is  called  the  General  As- 
sembly, and  consists  of  a  St  nate  and  House  of 
Representatives.  The  senatfirs  are  chosen  for  4 
years  and  the  representatives  for  2.  The  Gov- 
ernor is  chosen  for  4  years  and  is  ineligible  for 
the  next  term.  Elections  are  popular  and  suf- 
frage is  universal.  The  Baplists  have  67  minis- 
ters in  this  state  ;  the  Metliodists  23 ;  the  Presby- 
terians 10 ;  the  Episcopalians  3,  and  there  are 
some  Catholics.  There  is  a  college  at  St.  Louis 
and  a  few  seminaries  of  learning  exist  in  other 
parts. 

This  state  was  originally  a  part  of  the  Territory  of 
Louisiana.  It  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1821 . 

Missouri  Territory,  the  name  given  to  that  vast 
extent  of  wild  country  beloneing  to  the  United 
States  which  lies  west  of  all  the  settled  districts 
and  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  bounded 
N.  by  the  British  possessions,  E.  by  Michigan, 
Illinois,  and  the  state  of  Missouri,  S.  and  S.  W.  by 
Mexico  and  W.  by  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  ex- 
tends from  36.  30.  to  49.  N.  lat.  and  from  90.  to  112. 
W.  long,  and  is  estimated  to  contain  800,000  sq. 
miles.  A  great  part  of  this  immense  territory  i-s 
intersected  by  the  river  Missouri  and  its  numerous 
branches.  The  north-western  part  is  traversed  by 
a  mountain  ridge  which  branches  from  the  great 
Rocky  Mountain  chain,  about  the  42d  degree  of 
latitude,  and  extends  north-westerly  towards  Lake 
Winnipeg.  The  eastern  part  is  a  level  country. 
From  200  to  400  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
land  is  partly  covered  with  forests.  Beyond  this 
limit  commences  a  vast  ocean  of  prairies,  and  the 
country  is  mostly  a  plain  in  some  parts  fertile  and 
covered  with  grass,  and  in  others  a  barren  desert 
of  saad. 


The  surface  and  soil  of  this  vast  extent  ol  conn 
try  is  different  from  any  other  of  the  same  dimen- 
sions on  the  globe.  The  lower  courses  of  all  the 
rivers,  that  enter  the  Mississippi  from  this  region, 
are  wooded.  In  proportion,  as  we  ascend  towards 
the  mountains,  the  wood  becomes  more  scarce, 
and  the  upper  tributaries  of  these  streams  run 
through  open  prairies.  There  is,  also,  a  fertile 
belt  along  the  banks  of  all  these  streams  ;  but  in 
proportion  as  we  diverge  from  them,  the  land 
becomes  more  sterile  and  parched.  We  some- 
times may  travel  whole  days,  without  seeing 
water.  Great  portions  of  this  country  may  be  al- 
most likened  to  the  Sahara  of  the  African  deserts. 
There  is,  however,  in  the  most  sterile  parts  a  thin 
sward  of  grass  and  herbage.  Countless  droves  of 
buffaloes,  elk  and  deer,  range  upon  these  vast 
prairies.  These  will  probably,  in  some  future 
period  of  our  national  existence  be  replaced  by 
herds  of  domestic  cattle,  and  flocks  of  sheep,  fol- 
lowed by  moving  bands  of  shepherds.  Almost 
tlie  whole  course  of  the  Missouri,  Platte  and 
Yellow  Stone  are  through  a  rich  soil.  The  same 
may  be  affirmed  of  Red  river.  The  upper  courses 
of  the  Arkansas  are  through  the  most  sterile  re- 
gion of  this  ocean  of  prairies. 

In  a  country  of  such  immense  extent,  generally 
level,  naked  and  open,  the  climate  must  of  course 
in  a  great  measure  correspond  to  the  latitude.  The 
first  climate,  beyond  the  state  of  Missouri,  and 
the  territory  of  Arkansas,  is  mild  and  temperate. 
The  belt  beyond  has  nearly  the  climate  of  New 
England.  Still  further  towards  the  mountains,  it 
is  Canadian.  Pike  and  other  travellers  speak  of 
encountering  storms  of  sleet  and  hail  in  the  sum- 
mer, near  the  sources  of  the  Arkansas.  When- 
the  winds  blow  from  the  west  over  the  summits 
of  these  mountains,  the  cold  they  occasion  is 
extreme. 

Wild  horses  are  abundant  in  various  parts  of 
this  country.  Lewis  and  Clarke  in  their  expedi- 
tion saw  many  of  them  on  the  plains  of  the  Mis- 
souri, and  Major  Long  observed  whole  troops  up. 
on  the  prairies  still  firther  south.  The  Indians 
are    abundantly   supplied  with  them,   many   of 


which  are  very  fleet,  and  capable  of  great  endu 
ranee.     A    savage   warrior   mounted    on    one    of 
these  with  his  long  spear,  makes  a  very  formida- 
ble appearance. 

The  Indians  take  no  pains  to  breed  horses, 
but  supply  themselves  by  catching  and  taming  as 
many  as  they  want.  A  metliod  sometimes  adopt- 
ed by  hunters  for  taking  the  wild  horse,  is  to  shoot 
the  animal  through  the  neck,  using  the  recpuisite 
care  not  to  injure  the  spine.  A  horse  may  re- 
ceive a  rifle  ball  through  a  particular  part  of  the 
neck,  without  sustaining  any  permanent  injury, 
the  blow,  is  however,  suflicient  to  occasion  a  tein- 


MIS 


•    60» 


MIS 


porary  saspension  of  the  powers  of  life,  during 
which,  the  animal  is  easily  taken.  This  is  call- 
ed creasing  ;  and  requires  for  its  successful  per- 
formance, no  small  degree  of  skill  in  the  use  of 
the  rifle. 

Major  Long  remarKS,  fnat  in  tVie  habits  of  the 
wild  horse,  we  find  little  unlike  what  is  seen  in 
the  domestic  animal.  He  becomes  the  most  tim 
orous  and  watchful  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  wil- 
derness. It  would  appear  from  the  paths  that 
are  seen,  that  they  sometimes  perform  long 
journeys. 

Wild  horses  were  once  numerous  on  the  Koo- 
tanny  Lands,  near  the  northern  sources  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain Ridge,  but  of  late  years  they  have  been  al- 
most eradicated  in  that  quarter.  They  are  not 
known  to  exist  in  a  wild  state  to  the  northward  of 
the  fiftv-second  or  fifty-third  parallel  of  latitude. 
Tlie  Kootannies  are  acquainted  with  the  Spanish 
and  American  mode  of  taking  them  with  the 
laso.  Major  Long  mentions  that  horses  are  an 
object  of  particular  value  to  the  Osages.  For  the 
purpose  of  obtaining  these  animals,  which  in  their 
wild  state  preserve  all  their  fleetness,  they  go  in 
a  large  party  to  the  country  of  the  Red  Canadian 
River,  where  they  are  to  be  found  in  considerable 
numbers.  When  they  discover  a  gang  of  the 
norses,  they  distribute  themselves  into  three  par- 
ties, two  of  which  take  their  stations  at  diiierent 
and  proper  distances  on  their  route,  which  by  pre- 
vious experience  they  know  the  horses  will  most 
probably  take  when  endeavouring  to  escape. 
This  arrangement  being  completed,  the  first  party 
commences  the  pursuit  in  the  direction  of  their 
colleagues,  at  whose  position  they  at  length  ar- 
rive. The  second  party  then  continues  the  chase 
with  fresh  horses,  and  pursues  the  fugitives  to 
the  third  party,  which  generally  succeeds  in  so 
far  running  them  down,  as  to  noose  and  cap- 
ture a  considerable  number  of  them. 

Immense  herds  of  bison,  elks,  deer,  and  other 
wild  animals  occupy  these  vast  plains.  Of  these 
the  bison  is  the  most  remarkable  from  the  incred- 
ible numbers  in  which  they  feed  together.  Some- 
times 40  sq.  m.  of  territory  have  been  seen  com- 
pletely covered  with  them.  At  the  period  when 
the  Europeans  began  to  make  settlements  in  North 
America,  this  animal  was  occasionally  met  with 
on  the  Atlantic  coast;  but  even  then  it  appears 
to  have  been  rare  to  the  eastward  of  the  Apala- 
chian  Mountains  ;  for  Lawson  has  thought  it  to 
be  a  fact  worth  recording,  that  two  were  killed 
in  one  season  on  Cape  Fear  River.  As  early  as 
the  first  discovery  of  Canada  it  was  unknown  in 
that  country.  Theodat,  whose  history  of  Can- 
ada was  published  in  163G,  merely  says,  that  he 
was  informed  that  bulls  existed  in  the  remote  wes- 
ern  countries.  Warden  mentions  that  at  no  very 
distant  date,  herds  of  them  existed  in  the  western 
part  of  Pennsylvania,  and  that  as  late  as  the  year 
17G6they  were  pretty  numerous  in  Kentucky.  The 
bisons  wander  constantly  from  place  to  place 
either  from  being  disturbed  by  hunters,  or  in  quest 
of  food.  They  are  much  attracted  by  the  soft 
tender  grass,  which  springs  up  after  a  fire  has 
spread  over  the  giruirie.  In  winter  they  scrape 
away  the  snow  wit!i  their  feet,  to  reach  the  grass. 
The  bulls  and  cows  live  in  separate  herds  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  year  ;  but  at  all  seasons,  one 
or  two  bulls  generally  accompany  a  large  herd  of 
cows.  The  bison  is  in  general  a  shy  animal,  and 
takes  to  flight  instantly  on  winding  an  enemy, 
which  the  acuteness  of  its  sense,  of  smell  enables 


it  to  do  from  a  great  distance.  They  are  less  wa 
ry  when  they  are  assembled  together  in  num- 
hers,  and  will  then  often  blindly  lollow  their  lead- 
ers, regardless  of,  or  trampling  down  the  hunters 
posted  in  their  way.  It  is  dangerous  for  the  hun 
ter  to  show  himself  after  having  wounded  one, 
for  it  will  pursue  him,  and  although  its  gait  may 
be  heavy  and  awkward,  it  will  have  no  difficulty 
in  overtaking  the  fleetest  runner.  While  feed- 
ing, they  are  often  scattered  over  a  great  extent  of 
country,  but  when  they  move  in  a  mass,  they  form 


a  dense  and  almost  impenetrable  column,  which 
once  in  motion,  is  scarcely  to  be  impeded.  Their 
line  of  march  is  seldom  interrupted  even  by  con- 
siderable rivers,  across  which  they  swim  without 
fear  or  hesitation,  nearly  in  the  order  that  they 
traverse  the  plains.  When  flying  before  their 
pursuers,  it  would  be  in  vain  for  the  foremost  to 
halt,  or  attempt  to  obstruct  the  progress  of  the 
main  body,  as  the  throng  in  the  rear  still  rushes  on- 
ward, the  leaders  must  advance,  although  destruc- 
tion awaits  the  movement.  The  Indians  take  ad- 
vantage of  this  circumstance  to  destroy  great  quan- 
tities of  this  favourite  game,  and  certainly  no 
mode  could  be  resorted  to  more  efiectually  de- 
tructive,  nor  could  a  more  terrible  devastation  be 
produced,  than  that  of  forcing  a  numerous  herd 
of  these  large  animals,  to  leap  together  from  the 
brink  of  a  dreadful  precipice,  upon  a  rocky  and 
broken  surface,  a  hundred  feet  below. 

When  the  Indians  determine  to  destroy  bisons 
in  this  way,  one  of  their  swiftest  footed  and  most 
active  young  men  is  selected,  who  is  disguised 
in  a  bison  skin,  having  the  head,  ears,  and  horns 
adjusted  on  his  own  head,  so  as  to  make  the  de- 
ception very  complete,  and  thus  accoutred,  he 
stations  himself  between  the  bison  herd  and  some 
of  the  precipices  that  often  extend  for  several  miles 
along  the  rivers.  The  Indians  surround  the  herd 
as  nearly  as  possible,  when  at  a  given  signal,  they 
show  themselves  and  rush  forward  with  loud 
yells.  The  animals  being  alarmed,  and  seeing 
no  way  open  but  in  the  direction  of  the  disguised 
Indian,  runs  towards  him,  and  betaking  to  flight 
dashes  on  to  the  precipice,  where  he  suddenly 
secures  himself  in  some  previously  ascertained 
crevice.  The  foremost  of  the  herd  arrives  at  the 
brink — there  is  no  possibility  of  retreat,  no  chance 
of  escape;  the  foremost  may  for  an  instant  shrink-- 
with  terror,  but  the  crowd  behind,  who  are  terri- 
fied by  the  approaching  hunters,  rush  forward 
with  increasing  impetuosity,  and  the  aggregated 
force  hurls  them  successively  Into  thegulf  where 
certain  death  awaits  them. 

The  grizzly  bear  is  a   native   of  this  territory 

and  is  the  most  ferocious  of  all  hit  tribe.  He  is  twice 

as  large  as  the  black  bear,  with  enormously  large 

paws  and  teeth.    He  is  the  monarch  of  the  Rocky 

2u2 


MIS 


510 


MOB 


Moan  tains  aa  the  lion  ieof  tlie  deserts  of  Africa. 
The  Indians  regard  him  witii  the  utmost  terror. 


His  enormous  strength  enables  him  to  kill  and 
drag  away  a  bison,  whom  he  buries  m  a  pit  dug 
for  the  purpose.  His  extreme  tenacity  of  life  ren- 
ders him  still  more  dangerous ;  for  he  can  endnie 
repeated  wounds  which  would  be  instantaneously 
mortal  to  other  beasts,  and  in  that  state,  can  rap- 
idly pursue  his  enemv.  So  that  the  hunter  who 
fails  to  shoot  him  through  the  brain,  is  placed  in 
the  most  perilous  situation. 

One  evening  the  ni^i  ir  the  hindmost  of  one 
of  Lewis  and  Clark's  cs-m-es  perceived  one  of  these 
bears  lying  in  the  open  ground  about  three  hun- 
dred paces  from  the  river ;  and  six  of  them,  who 
were  all  good  hunters,  went  to  attack  him.  Con- 
cealing themselves  by  a  small  eminence,  they 
were  able  to  approach  within  40  paces  unperceiv- 
ed  ;  four  of  the  hunters  now  fired,  and  each  lodged 
a  ball  in  his  body,  two  of  which  passed  directly 
through  the  lungs.  The  bear  sprang  up  and  ran 
furiously  with  open  mouth  upon  them ;  two  of 
the  hunters,  who  had  reserved  their  fire,  gave  him 
two  additional  wounds,  and  one  breaking  his 
shoulder-blade,  somewhat  retarded  his  motion. 
Before  they  could  again  load  their  guns,  he  came 
so  clope  on  them,  that  they  were  obliged  to  run 
towards  the  river,  and  before  they  liad_gained  it 
the  bear  had  almost  overtaken  them.  Two  men 
jumped  into  the  canoe  ;  the  other  four  separated 
and  concealing  themselves  among  the  willows, 
fired  as  fast  as  tliey  could  load  their  pieces.  Se- 
veral times  the  bear  was  struck,  but  each  shot 
seemed  only  to  direct  his  fury  towards  the  hun- 
ter ;  at  last,  he  pursued  them  so  closely  that  they 
threw  aside  their  guns  and  pouches,  and  jumped 
from  a  perpendicular  bank,  20  feet  high,  into  the 
river.  The  bear  sprang  after  them,  and  was  very 
near  the  hindmost  man,  when  one  of  the  hunters 
on  the  shore  shot  him  through  the  head,  and 
finally  killed  him.  When  they  dragged  him  on 
shore,  they  found  that  8  balls  had  passed  through 
his  body  in  different  directions.  On  one  occa- 
sion Capt.  Lewis  was  walking  at  some  distance 
from  the  river  when  a  huffe   bear  sprang  sudden. 


.J  upon 


him. 


He  had  no  resource  but  flight,  and 
plunging  into  the  river,  ho  hoped  thus  to  escape  , 
bat  QkR  bear  pursued  him  in  the  water,  and  would 


not  give  up  the  pursuit,  until  Capt.  Lewis  turned 
round  and  threatened  him  with  a  spear  which  he 
had  in  his  hand.  He  than  thought  it  best  to  re 
turn,  and  lied  into  the  thicket. 

This  territory  is  inhabited  by  various  Indian 
tribes,  the  most  numerous  of  which  are  the  Sioux. 
The  whole  number  of  the  Indians  is  estimated 
at  1.50,000.  The  United  States  have  military 
posts  in  different  parts.  It  constituted  a  portion 
of  the  great  territory  of  Louisiana  purchased  of 
the  French. 

Missouri,  towns  in  Clark  and  Hempstead  Cos 
Arkansas. 

Missouriton,  a  town  in  Howard  Co.  Missouri. 
Mistahin  Cape,  the  S.  point  of  the  eastern-most 
oi  the  Hermit  Islands,  about  9  m.  E.  N.  E.  ol 
Cape  Horn. 

Mistaken  Point,  a  promontory  on  the  W.  of  Cape 
Race,  at  the  S.  E.  point  of  the  island  of  New- 
foundland. 

Mistassm,  Lake,  a  laKe  of  New  Britain,  lying 
E.  of  the  S.  part  of  James'  Bay,  and  surrounded 
by  mountains  called  the  Great  Mistassins.  It  is 
above  2i30  m.  in  circuit,  of  a  very  irregular  shape, 
being  much  intersected  by  long  and  narrow  pro- 
jections of  land,  and  contains  several  islands.  It 
is  formed  of  the  Mistassin  and  other  rivers  from 
the  mountains,  and  its  outlet  is  the  river  Rupert. 
Mistretta,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
50  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Palermo 

Mitcham,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  7  m.  S.  W. 
of  London.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wandle,  on  which 
are  some  snuflF-mills  and  calico-printing  manu- 
factories. 

Mitcheldean,  a  town  m  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
seated  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  forest  of  Dean, 
12  m.  "W.  of  Gloucester  and  116  W.  by  N.  of 
London. 

Mitchelstown,  a  town  of  Ireland,  m  the  county 
of  Cork,  with  a  college  for  12  decayed  gentlemen 
and  16  gentlewomen.  It  is  23  m.  N.  E.  of  Cork 
and  26  S.  S.  E.  of  Limerick. 

Mittau,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Courland,  the  residence  of  Louis  XVIII 
for  several  years  during  his  e.xile.  The  walls  and 
moats  of  the  town  >j.re  decayed,  the  houses,  for  the 
most  part,  have  no  particular  elegance;  and  a 
great  many  gardens  and  open  places  are  contain- 
ed within  its  circuit.  Here  are  two  Lutheran 
churches,  a  beautiful  Calvinist  church,  and  a 
Catholic  church.  It  is  seated  on  the  Aa,  45  m.  E. 
of  Goldingen  and  270  N.  N.  E.  of  Warsaw.  Long. 
23.  50.  E.,  lat.  56.  40.  N. 

Mittenwahl,  a  town  of  Siberia,  on  the  Neisse, 
l8m.S.  of  Glatz. 

Mittcnwald,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Werdenfels ;  seated  on  the  Iser,  12  m. 
N.  of Inspruck. 

Mitti^rburg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  with  a 
castle  on  a  rock,  30  m.  S.  V..  of  Trieste 

Mobile,  p.t.  Mobile  Co.  Alabama,  and  tne  only 
considerable  town  in  the  state.  It  stands  on  the 
W.  side  of  a  large  bay  to  which  it  gives  its  name, 
and  has  a  good  trade  principtally  in  the  exporta- 
tion of  cotton.  Steam-boats  ply  between  this  place 
and  New  Orleans,  as  well  as  the  towns  on  the 
river  above  Mobile.  This  town  was  founded  by 
the  Spaniards  about  the  year  1700,  The  yellow 
fever  is  oflen  prevalent  here  Lat.  30.  37.  N.  long. 
88. 18.  W.     Pop.  3,194 

Mobile,  a  river  of  Alabama,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Alabama  and  Tombeckbee,  40  m.  above 
the  town  of  Mobile.  It  enters  Mobile  Bay  by 
several  channels.     The  western  channel  is  called 


MO£ 


Bn 


MOH 


the  Mobile ;  the  eastern  i»  called  the  Tensaw,  and 
has  the  greatest  width  ana  depth.  Mobile  Bay 
is  3((  m.  long  and  12  broad;  it  has  two  entrances 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  deepest  of  which 
J  as  18  feet  of  water. 

.V<y/u7e,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  6,265.  Mo- 
bile is  the  capital. 

Mocarunga,  or  Mocara,  a  kingdom  on  the  E. 
coast  of  Africa,  erroneously  called  Monomotapa, 
which  is  the  title  of  the  monarch.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Monomugi,  E.  by  the  Mosambique, 
S.  by  Sofala  and  Manica,  and  W.  by  unknown 
regions.  It  has  several  rivers,  of  which  the  Zam- 
bera  is  the  chief;  is  fertile  in  rice,  millet,  and 
su^ar-canes,  which  last  grow  without  cultivation  ; 
and  the  pastures  feed  vast  multitudes  of  cattle, 
especially  of  the  largest  sorts,  but  not  any  horses. 
There  are  a  great  many  ostriches,  wild  beasts,  and 
elephants;  and  several  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 
The  natives  possess  all  the  characteristics  of  the 
African  negro.  Their  houses  are  built  of  wood, 
and  covered  with  plaster ;  but  they  have  few 
towns.     Madrogan  is  the  capital. 

Mocaumpour,  or  Mockwanpore,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name 
subject  to  the  rajah  of  Nepaul.  It  is  situate  on  the 
E.  side  of  the  Nepaul.  48  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cat- 
mandu  and  136  N.  of  Patna.  Long.  85.  20.  E., 
lat.  27.30.  N. 

Mocha,  or  Moka,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen, 
seated  on  a  small  bay  of  the  Red  Sea,  near  the 
strait  of  Babelmandel.  On  each  of  the  points  of 
land,  which  enclose  the  road,  is  a  fort ;  but  they 
are  wretched  structures.  The  town  is  of  a  circu- 
lar form,  surrounded  by  a  wall  in  which  are  six 
gates.  It  stands  in  a  dreary  plain,  bounded  by 
mountains,  and  consisting  entirely  of  arid  sand. 
The  English,  from  Hindoostan,at  present  engross 
almost  exclusively  the  trade  of  this  place,  which 
is  very  considerable, especially  in  coffee.  140  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Sana  and  638  S.  S.  E.  of  Mecca. 
Long.  44.  25.  E.,  lat.  13.  10.  N. 

Modbury,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  with  a 
manufacture  of  plush.  It  has  a  spacious  church 
and  two  meeting-houses,  and  is  seated  between 
two  hills,  36  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Exeter  and  208  W. 
S.  W.  of  London. 

Modena,  or  Modenese,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  bound- 
ed on  the  W.  by  Parma,  N.  by  the  Po,  fe.  by  the 
papal  states,  and  S.  by  the  Apennines.  It  now  in- 
cludes the  principalities  of  Massa  and  Carrara, 
and  contains  an  area  of  2,060  sq.  m.  with  370,000 
inhabitants.  The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
and  fruits  of  different  kinds.  It  also  feeds  a  great 
number  of  cattle. 

Modeiui,  the  capital  of  the  Modenese,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  citadel  and  a  magnificent  col- 
lege. The  cathedral,  several  of  the  churches,  and 
some  of  the  monasteries,  are  handsome  structures. 
The  ducal  palace  is  richly  furnished  and  contains 
fine  paintings.  The  inhabitants  of  Modena,  esti- 
mated at  30,000  carry  on  manufactures  of  hemp, 
woolens,  glass,  leather,  &c.  It  is  seated  between 
the  rivers  Secchia  and  Panaro,  30  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Parma  and  60  N.  N.  W.  of  Florence.  Long.  11. 
12.  E..  lat.  44.  34.  N. 

Modica,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto,  capi- 
tal of  a  district  of  its  name  ;  seated  near  the  river 
Scieli,  10  m.  W.  of  Noto. 

Modon,  a  strong  town  of  the  Morea,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  safe  harbour.  It  is  seated  on 
a  promontory,  projecting  into  the  sea  of  Sapien*a, 
15  m.  W.  of  Coron.  Long.  21.  31.  E.,  lat.  36. 53.  N. 

Moers.     See  Mcurs. 


Moeskirch,  a  town  of  Bayaria,  18  m.  N.  of  Coa 

stance. 

Moffat,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries-shire, 
near  the  river  Annan,  encompassed  on  all  sides, 
except  the  S.  by  hills  of  different  heights.  Its 
delightful  situation  and  its  mineral  springs  attract 
much  company.  20  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Dumfries  and 
50  S.  of  Edinburgh. 

Moffat  Hills,  the  highest  mountains  of  the  S. 
of  Scotland,  on  the  N.  border  of  Dumfries-snire. 
Hartfel,  the  most  elevated,  is  2,300  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  They  feed  numerous  flocks  of 
sheep  ;  and  from  them  descend,  in  different  direc- 
tions, the  Tweed,  Clyde,  and  Annan,  whose  sour 
ces  are  but  little  distant  from  each  other. 

Mogador,  a  town  of  the  empire  of  Morocco, 
with  a  harbour  for  vessels  of  a  middling  size.  It 
is  the  emporium  of  all  the  foreign,  and  indeed  of 
the  entire  trade  of  Morocco,  and  contains  10, 
000  inhabitants.  The  town  is  surrounded  by 
walls,  with  batteries,  and  at  high  tides  is  almost 
encompassed  by  the  sea  The  streets  are  all  ia 
straight  lines  and  contain  a  great  number  of  hand- 
some houses.  The  port  is  formed  by  a  channel, 
between  the  mainland  and  an  island  above  a  mil« 
in  length.  It  is  180  m.  W  N.  W.  of  Morocco. 
Long.  y.  35.  W.,  lat.  31.  28.  N. 

Mohats,  a  town  of  Lower  Hungary,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Burany.  Here  Louis,  the  last  king  of  Hun- 
gary, was  defeated  in  1526,  by  the  Turks  under 
Soliman  II.,  with  the  loss  of  22,000  men,  and  after 
the  battle  was  suffocated  by  the  fall  of  his  horse  in 
a  muddy  brook.  In  1687  the  Turks  were  defeated 
by  prince  Charles  of  Lorrain,  with  the  loss  of  10, 
000  men,  their  cannon,  and  baggage.  It  is  seated 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Corasse  with  the  Danube, 
23  m.  N.  by  E.ofEsseck. 

Mohaick  River,  a  river  of  New  York,  which  ris- 
es 40  m.  E.  of  Lake  Ontario,  and,  after  receiving 
many  tributary  streams,  enters  Hudson  River,  10 
m.  above  Albany.  About  3  m.  above  its  junction 
with  the  Hudson  it  has  a  cataract,  where  the 
stream,  100  yards  wide,  falls  perpendicularly 
about  70  feet. 

Mohawk,  a  village  on  the  Ouse  or  Grand  riy- 
er,  U.C.,  and  the  principal  settlement  of  the  Six 
Nations  of  Indians. 

Mohegan,  a  village  of  New  LondonXDo.  Conn, 
on  the  Thames,  5  m.  below  Norwich.  It  is  in- 
habited by  a  remnant  of  the  Mohegan  Indians. 

Mohiecan,  on  Mohecan,  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  Ohio, 
on  a  creek  of  the  same  name.  80  m.  N.  E.  Co- 
lumbus.    Pop.  1.310. 

Mohila,  one  of  the  Comoro  Islands,  between 
the  N.  end  of  Madagascar  and  the  continent  of 
Africa.  The  inland  parts  are  mountainous  and 
woody.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  are  Mahomedans, 
who  have  a  few  wretched  mosques,  built  of  wood 
and  straw  without,  and  matted  neatly  within. 
This  island  produces  plenty  of  rice,  peas,  honey, 
cecoa-nuts,  plantains,  various  fruits  and  sugar- 
canes.  It  has  a  good  road  for  ships.  Long.  43.  59. 
E.,  lat.  12.  35.  S. 

Mohihf,  or  Megilev,  a  considerable  government 
of  the  Russian  empire,  to  the  E.  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Minsk.  Its  area  is  18,500,  sq.  m.,  and 
its  pop.  about  800,000,  of  whom  the  majority  are 
Poles. 

Mohihf,  the  capital  of  the  above  government, 
is  the  seat  of  the  government  ofiicers,and  the  resi- 
dence of  a  Greek  and  a  Catholic  archbishop,  and 
has  a  castle,  surrounded  with  an  earthen  mound. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  considerable  trade  with 
Dantzic,  Riga,  and  Memel.     In  July,  1812,  a  ■• 


MOL 


513 


MOL 


if«re  battle  was  fought  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  tl  is  place  between  the  French  and  the  Rus- 
sians. It  is  situate  on  the  Dnieper,  340  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Warsaw  and  364  S.  of  Petersburg. 
Long.  30.  \4.  E.,  lat.  53.  52.  N. 

Mohrin,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg,  18 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Custrin. 

Mohrungen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Konigsberg,  situate  on  a  lalie  of  the  same 
name,  which  almost  surrounds  it.  Here  is  an 
eld  castle,  formerly  a  convent,  belonging  to  the 
knights  of  the  Teutonic  order,  in  consequence  of 
whose  wars  the  town  has  frequently  suffered.  It 
is  5()  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Konigsberg  and  56  S.  E.  of 
Dantzic. 

Moilnh,  a  town  and  fort  of  Arabia  Petrea,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea,  130  m.  S.  of  Acaba  and 
180  N.  W.  of  Medina.  Long.  33.  50.  E.,  lat.  27. 
30.  N. 

Moira,  a  township  of  Franklin  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
791. 

Moirans,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Isere, 
25  m.  S.  E.  of  Vienne. 

Moissac.a.  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn- 
et-Graronne,  with  a  trade  in  corn  and  flour  ;  situ- 
ated on  the  Tarn,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Garonne,  18  m.  N.  W.  of  Montauban. 

JMola  di  Bari,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Bari,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  17  m.  E.  of 
Bari. 

Mola  di  Gaeta,^  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavora,  seated  Hear  the  sea,  3  m.  N.  E.  of 
Gaeta. 

Mold,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  rugged  hills,  rich  in  mineral  treas- 
ures. 5  m.  S.  of  Flint  and  201  N.  W.  of  London. 

Moldavia,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
bounded  N.  by  Austrian  Poland,  E.  by  Russia,  S. 
by  Turkey,  and  W.  by  Transylvania.  The  prin- 
cipal rivers  are  the  Danube,  Prulh,  and  Sereth. 
The  W.  part  is  mountainous,  and  there  are  some 
uncultivated  deserts ;  but  it  abounds  in  good  pas- 
tures, which  feed  a  great  number  of  horses,  oxen, 
and  sheep  ;  it  also  produces  corn,  pulse,  honey, 
wax,  fruits,  with  plenty  of  game  and  fowls.  The 
sovereign,  who  is  styled  hospodar,  is  tributary  to 
the   grand  seignior.     Jassy  is  the  principal  town. 

Mole,  a  port  of  St.  Domingo.  See  JVicholas, 
St. 

Molfetta,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
seated  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  10  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Bari. 

Motiercs,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Tarn- 
et-Garonne,  11  m.  N.  of  Mont  Auban. 

Molina,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  a  territory 
abounding  in  pastures,  108  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Madrid. 

Molise,  a  province  of  Naples,  in  the  form  of  a 
triangle,  whose  sides  are  39  m.  long,  lying  be- 
tween Terra  di  Lavoro,  Abruzzo  Citra,  Capitanata, 
and  Principato  Ultra.  It  is  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, but  fertile  in  corn,  wins,  saffron,  and  silk. 
It  suflt'red  much  damage  by  an  earthquake  in 
1805,  when  upwards  of  20,000  of  the  inhabitants 
perished. 

Molise,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
with  a  castle.  50  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Naples.  Long. 
14.  43.  E.,  lat.  41.  36.  N. 

Mollen,  a  strong  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Lauenburg,  seated  on  the  Steckenitz,  8  m.  S. 
of  Lubec. 

Molsheim,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Brusch,  10  m.  W.  of 
Strasburg. 


Moluccas,  or  Spice  Islands,  a  number  of  islands 
in  the  Indian  Ocean,  lying  E.  of  Celebes.  They 
include  those  from  Mortay  in  the  N.  to  Banda  in 
the  S.,  and  from  Mysol  in  the  E.  to  Bouro  in  the 
W.  The  other  principal  ones  are  Gilolo,  Ceram, 
Amboyna,  Ouby,  Ternate,  Tidore,  Motir,  Machi 
an,  and  Bachian.  Except  Gilolo,  they  produce 
neither  corn,  rice,  nor  cattle,  but  they  have 
oranges,  lemons,  and  other  fruits ;  and  are  most 
remarkable  for  spices,  especially  cloves  and  nut- 
megs. On  the  shores  there  are  large  rocks  of 
coral,  of  great  variet}'  and  beauty. 

The  clove  tree,  (now  callwl  by  botanists  Euge- 
nia caryoyhyllata.)  is  about  forty  or  fifty  feet  high, 
with  long  pointed  leaves  like  those  of  the  laurel. 
Some  compare  its  appearance  to  that  of  the  beech. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  wet  season  in  May,  it 
throws  out  a  provision  of  leaves.  Soon  after,  the 
germs  of  the  fruit  are  to  be  seen  at  the  extremities 
of  the  shoots,  and  in  four  months  the  cloves  ar« 


fully  formed.  The  fruit,  at  first  of  a  green  colour, 
assumes  in  time  a  pale  yellow,  and  then  a  blood 
red.  At  this  period,  it  is  fit  to  be  used  as  a  spice, 
consequently  this  is  the  clove  harvest.  But  to 
open  sufficiently  for  the  purposes  of  propagation, 
it  requires  three  weeks  longer ;  in  which  period 
it  swells  to  an  extraordinary  size,  loses  much  of 
its  spicy  quality,  and  contains  a  hard  nucleus  like 
the  seed  of  the  bay.  It  is  now  called  "  the  Mo- 
ther Clove."  There  are  five  varieties  of  this  fruit 
It  has  a  more  limited  geographical  distribution 
than  any  other  useful  plant.  It  was  originally 
confined  to  the  five  Molucca  islands,  and  chiefly 
to  Makian.  It  had  been  conveyed  to  Amboyna 
a  very  short  time  before  the  arrival  of  the  Portu- 
guese. Not  partial  to  large  islands,  it  does  not 
grow  well  in  Gilolo,  Ceram,  Booro,  or  Celebes. 
It  has  been  cultivated,  and  has  produced  fruit,  in 
the  western  part  of  Oceanica.  It  has  also  borne 
fruit,  though  of  inferior  quality,  for  these  fifty 
years  in  the  Mauritius.  Even  at  Anibo3'na,  the 
tree  is  not  productive  before  the  tenth  or  twelfth 
year  of  its  growth,  and  requires  great  attention 
whereas,  in  the  parent  islands,  it  bears  in  its 
seventh  or  eighth  year,  and  requires  very  little 
care  or  culture.  It  neither  thrives  near  the  sea 
nor  on  the  high  hills.  The  gathering,  the  drying, 
and  the  packing  of  it,  are  all  as  simple  operations 
as  possible  ;  and  very  little  care  is  required  for 
its  preservation  as  an  article  of  commerce. 

The  most  remarkable  animals  in  these  islands 
are  the  barbiroussa,  the  opossum,  the  phalanger, 
the  Indian  jerboa,  and  the  chevrotain  or  Moschus 
vygmaeus.  There  are  but  few  domestic  animals. 
The  eye  is  delighted  with  the  magnificent  plum- 
age of'^some  of  the  birds,  such  as  the  bird  of  para 


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»3 


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dise,  the  fishing  martin,  the  different  parroquets, 
cockatoos,  and  others.  We  know  little  of  the 
minerals  of  these  regions. 


The  natives  of  the  Moluccas,  before  they  were 
visited  by  foreign  nations,  attached  no  value  to 
the  vegetable  riches  which  are  peculiar  to  their 
islands,  and  which  have  rendered  tliem  at  once  so 
celebrated  and  so  unfortunate.  The  Chinese 
first  accidentally  landed  in  the  middle  age,and  dis- 
covered the  clove  and  the  nutmeg,  in  consequence 
of  which  a  taste  for  these  commodities  was  dif- 
fused over  India,  and  thence  extended  to  Persia 
and  to  Europe.  These  Islands  were  discovered  in 
1511,  by  the  Portuguese,  who  formed  some  settle- 
ments,'but  were  driven  out  in  1(307  by  the  Dutch, 
to  whom  the  islands  are  at  present  subject. 

Molwitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  m  the  prin- 
cipality of  Brieg,  famous  for  a  victory  gained  by 
the  Prussians  over  the  Austrians  in  1741.  4  m. 
W.  of  Brieg. 

Mombaza,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar. 
It  was  seated  on  a  peninsula,  which  has  been 
since  turned  into  an  island,  by  cutting  a  canal 
through  the  isthmus.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong 
citadel,  has  a  commodious  harbour  for  large  ves- 
sels, and  carries  on  a  great  commerce  with  the 
islands  and  kingdoms  adjacent,  in  gold,  ivory, 
rice,  flesh,  &c.  The  king  of  Melinda,  being  a 
Christian,  had  a  quarrel  with  the  Portuguese 
governor,  took  the  castle  by  assault,  turned  Ma- 
homedan,  and  murdered  all  the  Christians,  in 
1631.  In  1729  the  Portuguese  again  became 
masters  of  this  territory ;  but  since  that  time  the 
natives  have  regained  possession  of  it,  and  have 
treated  in  the  most  treacherous  and  hostile  man- 
ner all  Christians  who  have  attempted  to  land. 
Mombaza  is  75  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Melinda.  Long. 
39.  30.  E.,  lat.  3.  15.  S. 

Momjlot,  a  town  of  Egypt,  with  manufactures 
of  linens,  seated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  20 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Sioub. 

Mompox,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Carthagena,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mag- 
dalena,  112  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Carthagena. 

Mona,  an  island  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic,  to 
the  S.  W.  of  the  isle  of  Zealand,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  Stege  is  the 
chief  town. 

Monacks,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  Alabama. 

Monaco,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
small  principality  of  the  same  name,  between  the 
country  of  Nice  and  the  duchy  of  Genoa.  The 
harbour  is  good,  but  not  deep  enough  for  larofe 
vessels ;  the  principal  export  is  olive  oil.  It  is 
■eated  on  a  craggy  rock,  that  projects  into  the  sea, 
65 


12  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Nice.  Long.  7.  30.  E.,  lat.  43. 
44.  N. 

Monaghan,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Ulster,  bounded  N.  by  Tyrone,  E.  by  Armagh, 
S.  E.  by  Louth,  S.  W.  by  Cavan,  and  W.  by  J>r- 
managh.  Its  area  includes  179,600  Irish  acres, 
part  of  which  is  occupied  by  woods  and  bogs,  and 
a  third  part  taken  up  by  Lough  Erne.  A  great 
part  is,  however,  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation, 
and  the  population  amounts  to  about  180,000.  It 
contains  five  baronies,  is  divided  into  20  parishes, 
and  sends  two  members  to  parliament. 

Monaghan,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  county, 
was  fortified  with  a  castle  and  a  fort,  in  the  reign 
of  queen  Elizabeth.  It  is  40  m.  S.  W.  of  Belfast 
and  60  N.  N.  W.  of  Dublin.  Long.  6.  49.  W., 
lat.  54.  16.  N. 

Monaghan,  a  township  of  York  Co.  Pa. 

Monaster,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  seat- 
ed near  the  sea.  70  m.  S.  E.  of  Tunis.  Long. 
11.  6.  E.,  lat.  35.  50.  N. 

Monastervan,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  situate  on  the  Barrow,  near  the  grand 
canal,  19  m.  N.  of  Carlow  and  32  S.  W.  of 
Dublin. 

Monhlanc,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on 
the  river  Francoli,  17  m.  N.  of  Tarragona. 

Moncallier,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states  in 
Piedmont,  seated  on  an  eminence  near  the  Po,  5 
m.  S.  E.  of  Turin. 

Moncalvo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  province  of 
Montferrat,  seated  on  a  mountain,  12  m.  S.  W. 
ofCasaland30   E.  ofTurin. 

Moncaon,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre  Douro  e 
Minho"  with  a  strong  castle ;  seated  near  the 
Minho,  24  m.  N.  of  Braga. 

Monchabon,  a  city  of  Birmah,  and  during  a  short 
period  its  capital,  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and 
ditch,  but  is  chiefly  celebrated  as  the  birth-place 
of  Alompra,  who  afterwards  became  the  deliverer 
of  his  country  and  the  conqueror  of  Pegu.  It  is 
40  m.  N.  of  Ummerapoora. 

Moncon,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragoti,  v.ith  a 
castle,  6  m.  S.  of  Balbastro  and  50  N.  E.  of  Sar- 
agossa. 

Moncontmir,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  St.  Bricux. 

Monadnock,  mountain,  usually  called  the  Grand 
Monadnock,  is  situated  in  the  towns  of  Jaffrey 
and  Dublin,  in  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  about  22  m.  E. 
from  Connecticut  river,  and  10  N.  of  the  Southern 
boundary  of  this  state.  The  direction  of  the 
ridge  is  N.  E.  and  S.  W.  The  mountain  is  about 
5  m.  long  from  N.  to  S.  and  3  m.  from  E.  to  W. 
According  to  Professor  Dana, who  visited  the  moun- 
tain in  1816,  its  base  is  1,452,  and  its  summit  3,450 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  mountain  is 
composed  of  talc,  and  mica  slate,  distinctly  strati- 
fied. Garnet,  schorl,  feldspar,  and  quartz,  occur  in 
various  parts.  On  the  E.  side,  plumbago  is  found 
in  larore  quantities.  Crucibles  and  pencils  have 
been  manufactured  from  it,  but  for  the  latter,  it 
proves  not  very  good.  The  summ.it  when  seen 
at  a  distance  of  4  or  5  m.  appears  rounded  and 
destitute  of  those  high  cliffs  and  mural  precipices 
belonging  to  granitic  mountains.  The  prospect 
from  the  pinnacle  is  very  extensive  ;  thirty 
ponds  of  fresh  water,  some  of  which  are  so  large 
as  to  contain  islands  of  8  or  10  acres,  may  be 
seen  from  it,  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Near  the 
base  of  the  mountain,  is  the  "  Monadnock  Mineral 
Spring." 

Moncimtour,  a  town  of  France,  department  «f 
Vienne,  27  m.  N.  W.  of  Poitiera. 


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Mondego,  a  river  of  Portujral,  which  has  its 
source  near  Guardo,  crosses  iJeira  by  Coimbra, 
and  enters  the  Atlantic,  near  a  cape  of  the  same 
name.  Its  banks  were  the  theatre  of  great  mili- 
tary movements  between  the  French  and  British 
in  ISlOandlSll. 

Mondonedo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Gallicia,  and 
a  bishop's  see  ;  60  m.  N.  E.  of  Compostella  and 
115  N.  W.  of  Leon.  Long.  7.  10.  W.,  lat.  43.  30. 
N. 

Mondovi,  a  fortified  town  of  Piedmont,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  name  and  a  bishop's  see. 
In  1796  the  French  gained  a  victory  here  over  the 
Austrians,  which  made  them  masters  of  the  states 
of  the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  river  Ellero,  14  m.  E.  of  Coni. 
Long.  8. 3.  E.,  lat.  44.  2.'>.  N. 

Moruiracron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Guipuscoa,  near 
which  are  some  medicinal  springs  and  a  famous 
mine  of  excellent  iron.  It  is  seated  on  the  Deva, 
24  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  St.  Sebastian. 

Mondragane,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  La- 
voro,  celebrated  for  its  medicinal  waters.  13  m. 
N.  W.  of  Capua. 

Monfia,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar,  to 
the  N.  E.  of  Quiloa,  tributary  to  Portugal.  Long. 
40.50.  E.,lat.  7.  50.  S. 

Monjlanquin,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot-et-Garonne,  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Agen. 

Monforte,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  with  a 
castle,  19  m.  N.  of  Orense. 

Monforte,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Beira,  17  m. 
S.  E.  of  Castel  Branco. 

Monforte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  21 
m.  S.  of  Portalegra. 

Monforte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os  Mon- 
ies, 30  m.  W.  of  Braganza. 

Mongkyr,  a  celebrated  town  and  fortress  of  Hin- 
doostan,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  name  in  the 
province  of  Bahar,  seated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Ganges,  which  in  the  rainy  season  forms  here  a 
prodigious  expanse  of  fresh  water.  The  town,  as 
distinct  from  the  fortress,  consists  of  16  different 
bazaars,  or  market-places,  scattered  over  a  space 
of  about  a  mile  and  a  half  long  and  a  mile  wide. 
The  population  is  estimated  at  30,000.  Since  1816 
this  has  formed  one  of  the  stations  of  the  Baptist 
Missionary  Society,  whose  exertions  have  here 
been  attended  with  a  pleasing  degree  of  success. 
80  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Patna  and  300  N.  W.  of  Cal- 
cutta.    Long.  86.  36.  E.,  lat.  25.  24.  N. 

Mongolia,  or  Western  Chinese  T«rtarj/,  is  bound- 
ed on  "the  N.  by  Siberia,  E.  by  Eastern  Tartary, 
S.  by  the  Great  Wall  of  China  and  Leatong,  and 
W.  by  Independent  Tartary,  and  occupying  most 
of  the  space  between  China  and  Asiatic  Russia. 
Almost  the  whole  territory  consists  of  a  level 
plain,  which  borders  on  the  Altai  and  other 
mountain  chains  that  form  the  Russian  frontier. 
The  inhabitants  are  decidedly  distinguished  both 
from  the  Turks  and  Tartars.  They  have  neither 
towns  nor  houses  ;  but  wander  in  hordes,  and 
live  under  tents,  which  they  remove  from  one 
place  to  another,  according  as  the  temperature 
of  the  different  seasons,  or  the  wants  of  their 
flocks,  require.  They  pass  the  summer  on  the 
banks  of  rivers,  and  the  winter  at  the  foot  of 
some  mountain  or  hill  which  shelters  them  from 
the  piercing  N.  wind.  Their  ideas  of  honour,  per- 
haps less  ridiculous  than  those  of  our  contempo- 
raries, induce  them  rather  to  be  content  with  the 
food  which  their  flocks  supply  them,  than  culti- 
vate the  earth.  During  the  summer  they  live 
onlj  on  milk,  using  without  distinction  that  of 


the  cow,  mare,  ewe  goat,  and  camel.  Their  or- 
dinary drink  is  warm  water,  in  which  a  little 
coarse  tea  has  been  infused  ;  with  this  they  mix 
cream,  milk,  or  butter,  according  to  their  circum- 
stances. They  have  also  a  method  of  making  a 
kind  of  spirituous  liquor  of  sour  milk  especially  of 
that  of  the  mare.  The  Monguls  are  free,  open,  and 
sincere.  They  pride  themselves  chiefly  on  their 
dexterity  in  handling  the  bow  and  arrow,  mount- 
ing on  horseback,  and  hunting  wild  beasts.  Policr- 
amy  is  permitted  amon<r  Ihein  ;  but  they  generally 
have  only  one  wife.  Their  religion  is  confined 
to  the  worship  of  Fo.  They  have  the  most  su- 
perstitious veneration  for  their  lamas,  to  whom 
they  give  the  most  valuable  of  their  effects  in  re- 
turn for  prayers,  which  they  go  about  recitin^r 
from  tent  to  tent.  The  Monguls  are  now  split  into 
a  number  of  petty  states,  dependant  on  the  em- 
pires of  Russia  and  China.  Those  under  tho  Chi- 
nese government  may  be  divided  into  four  prin- 
cipal tribes,  which  are  the  Monguls,  properly  so 
called,  the  Kalkas,  the  Ortous,  and  the  Tartars 
of  Konkonor. 

Monheim,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  Neuburg,  8  ni. 
N.  of  Donawert. 

Monikeiidam,  a  sea-port  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
N.  Holland,  with  manufactures  of  soap  and  silk  : 
seated  on  an  arm  of  the  Zuider  Zee,  8  m.  N.  E. 
of  Amsterdam.     Long.  4.  38.  E.,  h.t.  52.  28.  N. 

Monistrol,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Loire,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Etienne. 

Monks  corner,  p. v.  Charleston  Dis.  S.  C. 

Monkton,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  26  m.  S.  E.  Bur- 
lington. Pop.  1 ,384  ;  also  a  township  of  Annapo- 
lis Co.  N.  C.  and  Westmoreland  Co.  N.  B. 

Monmouth,  a  county  of  New  Jersey.  Pop.  29.- 
233.     Freehold  is  the  capital. 

Monmovth,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  17  m.  W. 
Augusta.     Pop.  1,882. 

Monmouth,  a  borough  of  England,  capital  of 
Monmouthshire.  It  was  formerly  defended  by  a 
wall  and  ditch ;  and  contains  the  ruins  of  a  cas- 
tle in  which  the  warlike  Henry  V.  was  born, 
hence  called  Henry  ofMonmouth.  His  cradle  and 
the  armour  which  ne  wore  at  the  battle  of  Agin- 
court  are  still  shown  at  Troy  House,  the  seat  of 
the  duke  of  Beaufort,  about  half  a  mile  from  the 
town.  Here  are  two  ancient  churches,  both  cu- 
rious structures.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  some 
trade  by  means  of  the  Wye,  and  there  are  iron 
and  tin  works  in  the  neighbourhood.  Monmouth 
is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Wye  and  Minour, 
25  m.  W.  of  Gloucester  and  131  W.  by  N.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Monmouthshire,  a  county  of  England,  24  m. 
long  and  20  broad.  The  eastern,  and  laroest 
part,  is  a  tract  fertile  in  corn  and  pasture,  well 
wooded,  and  abounding  with  limestone.  The 
western  portion  is  mountainous,  and  in  great  part 
unfavourable  for  cultivation  ;  whence  it  is  devo- 
ted to  the  feeding  of  sheep  and  goats.  Mon- 
mouthshire was  formerly  reckoned  one  of  the 
counties  of  Wales ;  and  from  the  names  of  its 
towns  and  villages,  its  mountainous  rugged  sur- 
face, and  its  situation  beyond  the  Wye,  which 
seems  to  form  a  natural  boundary  between  Eng- 
land and  Wales  in  this  part,  it  certainly  partakes 
most  of  the  character  of  the  latter  country  thouarh 
now  comprehended  in  the  civil  division  of  the 
former.  The  higher  ranks  generally  speak  Eng- 
lish, but  the  common  people  use  the  Welsh  lan- 
guage. The  chief  wealth  of  the  county  arises 
from  its  agricultural  and  mineral  products.  Dur- 
ing the  last  century  a  great  number  of  iron  works 


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hare  been  established,  and  some  tin  works ;  and 

the  inland  intercourse  has  been  greatly  facilitated 
bv  the  Brecknock  and  Monmouthshire  canals,  as 
also  by  the  several  railways. 

Monomotapa.     See  Mocaranga. 

Monongakela,  a  river  of  the  United  States, 
which  rises  in  Virginia,  at  the  foot  of  tlie  Laurel 
Mountains,  flows  N.  by  Morgantown,  where  it 
becomes  navigable,  then  enters  Pennsylvania,  and 
passes  by  Redstone  to  Pittsburg,  where  it  meets 
the  Alleghany,  and  their  united  streams  assume 
the  name  of  Ohio. 

Mononiralia,  East  and  West,  two  counties  of  the 
W.  district  of  Virginia.  Pop.  E.  6,638,  W.  7,368. 
Morgantown  is  the  capital  of  both. 

Monopoli,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
on  the  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  28  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Bari. 

Monpazier,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne,  seated  on  the  Drot,  18  m.  S.  W.  of 
Sarlat. 

Monqufgna,  or  Monquequa,  a  town  of  Peru,  in 
the  bishopric  of  Arequipa,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  its  name,  adorned  with  large  vineyards.  Its 
whole  commerce  is  in  wine  and  brandy,  which  are 

£reatly  valued.  100  m.  S.  E.  of  Arequipa. 
,ong.  71.  40.  E.,  lat.  17.  34.  S. 

Monreale,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara. 
It  is  an  archbishop's  see,  and  the  cathedral  is  an 
admired  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture.  3  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Palermo. 

Monroe,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  49,862. 
Rochester  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis- 
trict of  Virginia.  Pop.  7,798.  Union  is  the  cap- 
ital ;  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  8,770.  Woodsfiold 
is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  6,578. 
Bloomineton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Ken- 
tucky. Pop.  5,125.  Tompkinsville  is  the  capi- 
tal ;  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop.  13,709. 
Madisonville  is  capital ;  a  county  of  Illinois. 
Pop  2,119.  Waterloo  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of 
Michigan.  Pop.  3,187.  Monroe  is  the  capital ; 
a  county  of  Florida.  Pop.  517.  Key  West  is 
the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  3,855. 
Hamilton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Alabama. 
Pop.  8,780.  Clairborne  is  the  capital ;  also  a 
county  of  Missouri. 

Monroe,  a  township  of  Waldo  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
1,081.  t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  130  m.  W.  Boston. 
Pop.  265  ;  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn,  on  the  Housa- 
tonic.  Pop.  1,522;  p.t  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
3.671.  Also  towns  in  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.,  Brad- 
ford and  Bucks  Cos.  Pa.,  Warren  Co.  N.  C,  Wal- 
ton Co.  Geo.,  Monroe  Co.  Michigan.,  Overton  Co. 
Ten.,  Lincoln  Co.  Missouri,  and  19  towns  in 
Ohio. 

Monroetoicn,  p.v.  Pittsylvania  Co.  Va.  166  m. 
S.  W.  Richmond. 

Monroeville,  p.v.  Huron  Co.  Ohio.  120  m.  N. 
Columbus. 

Monrovia,  a  flourishing  town  on  the  coast  of 
Africa,  founded  by  the  Americans.  It  ia  the  cap- 
ital of  a  district  named  Liberia.  It  contains  a 
public  library,  a  court-house,  meeting-houses, 
school  houses,  an  infirmary,  «fec.  The  houses  are 
constructed  of  the  same  materials  and  finished  in 
the  same  style  as  in  the  towns  of  the  United 
States.  In  the  vicinity  good  building  stone, 
shells  for  lime,  and  excellent  clay  for  bricks, 
abound.  Timber  of  various  kinds,  tit  for  all  the 
purposes  of  building  and  fencing,  is  also  plenti- 
ful.    See  Liberia. 

Mons,  a  strona  town  of  the  Netherlands,  capital 
•f  Hainault.     The  most  remarkable  buildings  are 


the  castle,  the  arsenal,  the  townhotise,  and  the 
great  church.  It  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  has 
considerable  manufactures  of  woolen  stuff's,  cot- 
tons, lace,  earthenware,  &c.,  as  also  iron  founderies 
and  salt  works,  and  contains  25,000  inhabitants. 
Mons  has  been  several  times  taken  by  the  French, 
Dutch  and  Austrians.  It  stands  partly  on  a  hill 
and  partly  on  a  plain,  on  the  river  Trouille,  30  m. 
S.  S.  \\ .  of  Brussels.  Long.  3.  57.  E.,  lat.  50. 
27.  N. 

Monsaraz,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo, 
seated  on  the  Guadiana,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Elvas. 

Monsol,  a  town  of  Guinea,  in  the  country  of 
Anziko,  the  residence  of  the  Micoco,  or  kinor. 
380  m.  N.  E.  of  St.  Salvador.  Long.  17. 16.  E., 
lat.  0.  40.  S. 

Monson,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.     Pop.  411. 

Monson,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  72  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,264.  Here  are  some  manufac- 
tures of  cotton  and  woolen. 

Montague,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Con- 
necticut, 90  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,152.  Here 
are  falls  in  the  river  round  which  a  canal  j>asses ; 
p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  93  m.  N.  Trenton;  p.v. 
Essex  Co.  Va  72  m   N.  E.  Richmond. 

Monstiers.     See  Moustiers. 

Mont  Blanc,  a  stupendous  mountain  of  the 
Pennine  Alps,  in  Savoy,  so  called  from  its  white 
appearance.  It  is  supposed  to  be  higrliest  in  Eu- 
rop>e,  being  15.673  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Mont  Ditiipkin,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Upper  .\lp3,  seated  on  a  craggy  mountain  al- 
most surrounded  by  the  Durance,  16  m.  S.  of 
Brianeon. 

Mont  de  Marsan,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of 
the  department  of  Landes,  seated  on  the  Midouse, 
30  m.  N.  E.  of  Dax.  Long.  0.  30.  W.,  lat.  43. 
55.  N. 

Mont  St.  Michel,  a  strong  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Manche,  built  on  a  rock  in  the  sea, 
which  is  accessible  at  low  water.  10  m.  S.  W.  of 
Avrinches.     Long.  1.  30.  W  ,  lat.  48.  37.  N. 

Montiihanr,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Nassau,  with  a  fine  palace,  7  m.  N.  of  Nassau. 

MorUagu  Island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  S.  Pacific,  near  Sandwich  Island.  Long.  163. 
31.  E.,  lat.  17.  26.  S. 

Montagu  Island,  an  island  in  the  N.  Pacific,  50 
m.  long  and  12  broad,  near  the  W.  coast  of  N 
America,    at    the   entrance    of  Prince    Willi.am 
Sound.     Long.  174.  30.  W,  lat.  60.  0.  N. 

Montaigu.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ven 
dee,  18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Nantes. 

Montaigu,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy 
de  Dome,  33  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Clermont. 

Montaigu,  or  Sckrrpenheuel,  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  S.  Brabant,  famous  for  an  image 
of  the  Virgin,  visited  by  a  great  numb«r  of  pil- 
grims.    14  m.  N.  E.  of  Louvain. 

Montalegre,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os 
Montes,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Braga  and  42  W.  of  Bra- 
ganza. 

Montalvan,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  seated  on  the  Rio  Martin,  44  m.  S. 
of  Saragossa  and  92  N.  by  W.  of  Valencia. 

Montalvao,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo 
on  the  borders  of  Spain,  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Por- 
talegre  and  108  from  Lisbon. 

Montargis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loiret,  adjacent  to  the  river  Loing,  from  which 
a  navigable  canal  proceeds  to  the  Seine.  It  is 
seated  near  a  fine  forest,  15  m.  S.  of  Nemours 
and  62S.  by  E.  of  Paris. 

Montauban,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 


MON 


816 


MON 


Tarn-et-Garonne,  with  a  celebrated  Protestant 
university.  It  is  the  see  of  abidhop,  restored  in 
1817.  Here  are  manufactures  of  silk  stockings, 
stuffs,  serges,  shalloons,  «&c.  This  town  was 
taken  from  the  Huguenots  in  1629,  and  the  forti- 
fications were  demolished.  In  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIV.  it  was  depopulated  by  the  dragonnades,  and 
in  1815  it  suffered  much  from  a  persecution  rais- 
ed against  the  Protestants  by  an  infuriated  rabble. 
It  IS  sealed  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Tarn,  20 
HI.  N.  of  Toulouse  and  30  S.  of  Cahors. 

MontbeAiurd,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Duubs,  witli  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  has  a  gjod 
trade  in  linen,  leather,  and  cutlery,  and  near  it  is 
a  considerable  iron  mine.  It  is  seated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Savoureuse  with  the  Luzine,  which 
soon  after  joins  the  Doubs,  10  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Be- 
CDrt  and  47  N.  E.  of  Besangon.  Long.  6.  56.  E., 
lat.  47.  30.  N. 

Monthrlson,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Loire,  celebrated  for  its  medicinal 
waters.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vezize,  40  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Lyons      Long.  4.  7.  E.,  lat.  45.  34.  N. 

Monldidier,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somme,  seated  on  a  mountain,  22  ra.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Amiens  and  58  N.  by  E.  of  Paris. 

Monte  Alcini),  a  town  of  Tuscany,  famous  for 
producing  the  best  wine  in  Italy,  called  Mus- 
catella  di  Monte  Alcino.  It  is  24  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Sienna. 

Monte  Jllto,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  14  m.  S- 
S.  W.  of  Fermo. 

Monte  Christo,  a  town,  river,  bay,  and  cape  on 
the  N.  side  of  St.  Domingo.  The  cape  is  a  high 
hill,  in  the  form  of  a  tent,  called  by  the  French 
Cape  la  Grange.  Long.  71.  50.  W.,  lat.  19.  54. 
N. — Also  a  chain  of  mountains  in  St.  Domingo, 
extending  from  Monte  Christo  Bay  to  the  bay  of 
Samana. 

Monte  Falco,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal 
states,  near  the  river  Clitumno,  12  m.  W.  of 
Spoleto. 

Monte  Fiascone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal 
states,  near  the  lake  Bolsena,  12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Viterbo. 

Monte  Fossoli,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Pisano, 
18  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Leghorn. 

Monte  Leone,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ul- 
tra, and  a  bishop's  see,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Nico- 
tera. 

Monte  Leone,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Ultra,  9  m.  N.  of  Benevento. 

Monie  Marano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Ultra,  near  the  river  Cahore,  18  m.  S.  of  Bene- 
vento. 

.  Montre  Peloso,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata, 
near  the  river  Basiento,  14    m.  E.  of  Acerenza. 
Monte  Santo.     See  Mhos. 

Monte  Verde,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Ultra,  16  m.  N.  E.  of  Conza. 

Monte  Video,  a  sea-port  of  Banda  Oriental,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  the  capital  of 
the  territory.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  strong 
wall,  and  the  principal  trade  consists  in  hides. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  lofty  conical  moun- 
tain, on  the  N.  side  of  the  river,  140  m.  E.  of  Bue- 
nos Ayres.     Long.  53.  25.  W.,  lat.  34.  35.  S. 

Montechio,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Brescia,  near  which  the  French  defeated 
the  Austrians  in  1796.     10  m.  S.  E.  of  Brescia. 

Montego  Bay,  a  sea-port,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island  of  Jamacia. 
Long.  78.  0.  W.,  lat.  18.  30.  N. 

Montelimart,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 


Drome,  with  an  ancient  citadel,  and  manufac* 
tured  of  wool,  silk,  and  leather.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  plain,  near  the  Rhone,  25  ra.  S.  of  Valence 
and  50  N.  of  Avignon. 

Montemor  o  JVovo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alera- 
tejo,  on  the  Canna,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Evora  and 
55  E.  of  Lisbon. 

Montemor  o  Fe^Ao,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Mondego,  106  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Lisbon. 

Monlercau,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  celebrated  for  a  battle  fought  here 
on  the  17th  of  February  1814,  between  the  allies 
and  the  French,  in  which  the  former  were  defeat- 
ed with  great  loss.  It  has  a  trade  in  corn,  &c., 
and  is  seated  on  the  Seine,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Yonne,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  xMelun. 

Monterey,  a  sea-port  of  New  Albion,  in  a  juris- 
diction of  its  name.  It  comprehends  an  area  of 
300  yards  long  by  250  wide,  is  walled  round,  and 
has  a  fort,  with  a  small  kind  of  blockhouse  a  lit- 
tle above  the  top  of  the  wall,  at  each  corner  of 
the  square.  It  stands  on  the  S.  E.  part  of  a  spa 
cious  bay  of  its  name.  Long.  121.  34.  W..  lat.  37 
6.  N. 

Montesa,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Valen- 
cia, 9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  San  Felipe. 

Montesquieu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Garonne, 15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Montesquiou,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Gers,ll  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Auch. 

Montezuma,  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Erie 
canal.  12  m.  W.  Auburn. 

Montferrand,  a  town  of  France,  now  forming  a 
suburb  to  Clermont,  which  see. 

Montferrat,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  forming  a  part  of 
the  Sardinian  states,  and  bounded  by  Piedmont, 
the  Milanese,  and  Genoa,  from  which  last  it  is 
separated  by  the  Apennines-.  It  i  s  very  fertile 
and  well  cultivated,  abounding  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
and  silk. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  France,  la  the  department 
of  Seine-et-Oise,  16  m.  W.  of  Versailles. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille- 
et-Vilaine,  12  m.  W.  ofRennes. 

Montfort,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Yssel,  7  m.  S.  W.  of 
Utrecht. 

Montfort,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  States,  in  Ty- 
rol, 6  m.  N.  of  Feldkirch. 

Montgatz,  or  Munkacs,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with 
a  fortress,  composed  of  three  castles,  seated  on  a 
craggy  rock.  It  is  encompassed  by  a  great  mo- 
rass ;  and  was  defended  three  years  by  the  wife 
of  count  Tekeli,  the  leader  of  the  Hungarian  mal- 
contents,near  the  clo.se  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
[t  is  152  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cracow.  Long.  21.  55. 
E.,  lat.  48.  26.  N. 

Montgomery,  a  county  of  New  York  Pop.  43, 
595.  Johnstown  is  the  capital;  a  county  of  the  E. 
District  of  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  39,404.  Norristown 
is  the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Maryland.  Pop.  19, 
816.  Rockville  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  the 
W.  district  of  Virginia.  Pop.  12,304.  Christians- 
burg  is  the  capital,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  24,252. 
Dayton  is  the  capital,  a  county  of  Kentucky 
Pop.  10,221.  Mount  St?rling  is  the  capital ;  a 
county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  14,365.  Clarkes- 
ville  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop. 
12,694.  Montgomery  is  the  capital  ;  a  county  of 
Missouri.  Pop.  3,900.  Lewistown  is  the  capital ; 
a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  2,950.  Hillsborough  is 
the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Indianna.  Pop.  7,386. 
Crawfordsville  is  the  capital. 


MON 


517 


MON 


Montgomery,  p.t  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  460  ; 
p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  12  m.  N.  W.  Spring- 
field. Pop.  579  ;  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,887. 
Also  towns  and  villages  in  Somerset  Co.  N. 
J.,  Montgomery  and  Franklin  Cos.  Pa.,  Rich- 
mond and  Franklin  Co.  Ohio,  and  Montgomery 
Co.  .\labama. 

Montgomery,  a  borough  of  Wales,  capital  of 
Montgomeryshire.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  cas- 
tle which  was  destroyed  in  the  civil  wars.  Of  late 
years  the  town  has  received  considerable  improve- 
ments ;  the  market-house  has  been  enlarged,  and  a 
new  county  gaol  erected  ;  many  of  the  buildings 
are  large  and  handsome.  It  stands  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  at  a  short  distance  from  the  Severn,  168  m. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Montgomeryshire,  a  county  of  Wales,  36  m. 
lonff  and  34  broad.  Though  barren  and  moun- 
tainous in  many  parts,  it  has  a  greater  mixture  of 
fertile  vale  and  plain  than  several  of  the  Welsh 
counties.  Its  riches  proceed  from  its  sheep  and 
wool,  the  hilly  tract  being  almost  entirely  sheep- 
walks  ;  and  the  flocks,  like  those  of  Spain,  are 
driven  from  distant  parts  to  feed  on  them  during 
the  summer.  This  county  also  affords  mineral 
treasures,  particularly  lead  ;  and  it  abounds  with 
slate  and  lime  ;  but  there  is  no  coal.  Its  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Plynlimmon,  Severn,  Vyrnew, 
and  Tannat,  all  of  which  are  noted  for  affording  a 
variety  offish,  particularly  salmon. 
Montgorneryville,  p. v.  Gibson  Co.  Indiana. 
Montguyon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  43  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Saintes. 
Montkello,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.  40  m.  W. 
Newburg;  p.t.  Fairfield  Dis.  S.  C.  35  m.  N.  Co- 
lumbia ;  p.v.  Jasper  Co.  Geo.  32  m.  N.  W.  Mil- 
ledgeville,  p.v.  Lawrence  Co.  Mississippi.  10  m. 
E.  Natchez;  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  Ken.  100  m.  S.  Frank- 
fort ;  p.v.  Lawrence  Co.  Arkansas.  Also  the 
seat  of  the  late  President  Jefferson,  Albermarle 
Co.  Va.  2  m.  E.  CharloUesvihe. 

Montiel,  a  town  of  Spain  in  New  Castile,  22  m. 
W.  of  Alcaraz  and  70  E.  S.  E.  of  Calatrava. 

Montignac,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Dordogne,  on  the  Vezere,  21  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Perigeux. 

Mantilla,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Cordova,  18  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Cordova. 

MontivlUiers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  S^ine,  on  the  small  river  Lazarde,  6  m.  N. 
of  Havre. 

Montjoy,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  with  a  fortified  castle  on  a  hill  ;  sit- 
uate amon;T  rugged  rocks,  16  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle. 

Montlicu,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower    Charente,  40  m.  S.  S.  E.  pf  Saintes. 

Montiouis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Pyrenees,  with  a  regular  fortress  on  a  rock,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  for  the  protection  of  the 
frontiers.  It  is  40  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Perpignan  and 
430  S.  of  Paris.  Long.  2.5.  E.,  lat.  42.  30.  N. 
Montlucon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  A'- 
lier,  with  manufactures  of  lace,  ribands,  serge, 
&c.,  seated  on  the  Cher.  35  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Mou- 
tins. 

Montluel,a.  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
on  the  Seraine,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Trevoux. 

Montmarault  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Allier,  28  m.  S    W.  of  Moulins. 

Montmedy,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meuse,  seated  on  the  river  Chiers,  which  divides 
it  into  Upper  and  Lower  Town,  21  m.  N.  of  Ver- 
dun. 


Montmirel,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Marne,  rendered  memorable  for  two  severe  bat- 
tles fought  in  its  vicinity  between  the  French 
and  the  allies  on  the  12th  and  14th  of  February, 
1814.  It  is  33  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Chalons  sur  Marne 
and  55  E.  of  Paris. 

Monlmoienci,  a  small  stream  flowing  into  the 
St.  Lawrence  from  the  N.  9  m.  below  Quebec. 
Here  is  a  beautiful  cztaract  with  a  perpendicular 
descent  of  246  feet. 

Montmorency,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-0-3e,  10  m.  N.  of  Paris. 

Montmorillon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vienne,  seated  on  the  Gartempe,  25  m.  S.  E.  of 
Poitiers. 

Montona,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Istria, 
16  m.  E.  S.  E.  ofUmago. 

Montpelier,  one  of  the  largest,  richest,  and  most 
beautiful  cities  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Herault,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  university  in 
which  is  a  celebrated  school  of  medicine,  and  a 
botanic  garden,  the  first  establishment  in  Europe. 
Here  are  also  one  of  the  great  provincial  schools, 
a  special  school  of  medicine  erected  in  1801,  an 
anatomical  theatre,  an  extensive  library,  a  liter- 
ary society,  &c.  The  town-house  is  remarkable 
for  its  halls,  which  are  embellished  with  fine  paint- 
ings. The  number  of  inhabitants  is  computed  at 
33,000.  Its  trade  consists  in  silks,  blankets,  car- 
pets, cotton  goods,  gauzes,  hides,  &c.  The  air  is 
extremely  healthy,  and  a  great  number  of  invalids 
flock  hither  from  all  parts.  Montpelier  is  the  seat 
of  the  departmental  administration,  and  is  situa- 
ted on  an  eminence  between  the  small  rivers  Lez 
and  Merdanson,  about  5  m.  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean, with  which  it  communicates  by  the  Canal 
de  Grave.  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Nismes  and  47  N.  E. 
of  Narbonne.     Long.  3.  58.  E.,  lat.  43.  37.  N. 

Montpelier,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co._  Vermont,  and 
the  seat  of  government  for  the  state.  It  has  a 
central  situation  on  Onion  river;  the  site  is  low 
and  surrounded  by  hills.  The  town  has  consider- 
able manufactures  and  2  weekly  newspapers. 
Pop.  1 ,792. 

Montpelier,  p.v.  Hanover  Co.  Va.  and  Rich- 
mond, Co.  N.  C.  Also  the  seat  of  President  Madi- 
son in  Orange  Co.  Va. 

Montreal,  a  district  of  Lower  Canada,  compri- 
sing the  counties  of  York,  Efiingham,  Leinster, 
Warwick,  Huntingdon,  Kent,  Surrey,  Bedford, 
Richelieu,  and  Montreal. 

Montreal,  a  fertile  island  and  county  of  Low- 
er Canada  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  30  m.  long 
and  10  broad;  surrendered  by  the  French  to  the 
English  in  1760. 

Montreal,  city,  stands  on  the  eastern  side  of  tLe 
above  island.  It  makes  a  fine  appearance  from  a  dis- 
tance with  its  compact  mass  of  buildings,  roofed 
with  sheets  of  tin,  and  overtopped  by  church  spires 
glittering  with  the  same  metal.  Behind  it  rises 
a  mountain  spotted  with  orchards.  The  houses 
are  mostly  of  stone,  or  plastered  to  resemble  it, 
and  are  low  with  a  heavy  look  ;  the  streets  are 
narrow.  The  cathedral  is  the  largest  church  in 
North  America  except  that  of  Mexico;  it  is  255 
feet  long  and  134  wide  and  is  capable  of  contain- 
ing 10,000  people.  The  college  is  a  large  edifice 
of  stone,  and  has  300  students.  The  General  Hos- 
pital or  Convent  of  the  Grey  Sisters  was  establish- 
ed in  1753  and  is  under  the  management  of  a  Supe- 
rior and  19  Nuns.  The  other  objects  worthy  of 
notice  are  Nelson's  Monument,  the  Museum,  and 
the  Parade,  a  beautiful  public  ground.  This  city 
is  the  principal  depot  of  the  Northwestern  Fur 
2  X 


MOO 


518 


MOR 


Company,  and  carries  on  a  large  trade  with 
tlie  Unitijd  States.  A  rapid  in  tlie  river  below,  is 
a  great  impediment  to  the  commerce  with  Quebec. 
Montreal  was  taken  from  the  French  by  the  En- 
glish under  General  Amherst  in  17D0.  In  1775 
it  was  taken  by  the  Americans  under  General 
Montgomery,  but  shortly  after  abandoned.  It  is 
120  in.  S.  W.  of  Quebec,  220  N.  by  W.  of  Boston. 
Lat.  45.  31.  N.  Long.  73.  35.  W.  Pop.  in  1825, 
24,000. 

Montreal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Xiloca.  25  in.  N.  of  Albara- 
cin. 

Montreal,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
and  an  archbishop's  see  ;  seated  on  a  rivulet,  5  m. 
W.  of  Palermo  and  50  N.  E.  of  Mazara. 

Montreuil,  a  strong  town  of  France,  department 
of  Pas  de  Calais,  on  a  hill,  near  the  mouth  of  tiie 
Canche,  20  in.  S.  E.  of  Boulogne  and  36  S.  of 
Calais. 

Montrenll  Bellay,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Maiiie-et-Loire,  on  the  Touet.  10  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Saumur. 

Montrkhard,  a  town  of  France,  oepartment  of 
Loir-et-Cher,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  near  the  Cher, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Amboise. 

Montrose,  a  borough  and  sea-port  of  Scotland,  in 
Anguss-shire,  at  the  mouth  of  the  S.  Esk,  over 
which  is  a  bridge.  A  little  above  the  town  the 
river  expands  into  a  wide  lake,  called  the  Basin, 
into  which  the  tide  flows,  so  that  at  high  water 
tlie  town  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  sea.  Of 
late  years  fine  quays  have  been  erected,  and  two 
light-houses.  The  harbour  is  very  commodious, 
and  has  a  dry  and  wet  dock.  Here  are  conside- 
rable manuiactures  of  canvass  ropes,  sheeting, 
linen,  and  thread.  The  salmon  fisheries  on  the 
N.  and  S.  Esk  form  a  valuable  branch  of  com- 
merce. 

Montrose,  p.t.  Susquehanna  Co.  Pa.  and  a  vil- 
lage in  Cumberland  Co.  N.  C. 

Montsaur.hc,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Nie«rre,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Chateau-Chinon. 
Montserrado.  See  Mcsurado. 
Monfserrat,  a  mountain  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
on  wliich  is  a  monastery  with  a  chapel,  dedicated 
to  the  Virgin,  resorted  toby  numbers  of  pilgrims. 
It  is  26  m.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona. 

Muntserrat,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carribee  Isl- 
ands, discovered  by  Columbus,  and  so  named  by 
hiin  from  lis  resemblance  to  the  mountain  men- 
tioned in  till"-  preceding  article.  It  is  about  fl  m. 
in  length  and  breadth  ;  and  the  hills  are  covered 
with  cedar  and  other  trees.  It  belongs  to  the 
English,  and  is  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Antigua.  Long.  61. 
7.  W.,  lat.  16.  48.  N. 

Montville,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  30  m.  N.  E.  VVis- 
casset.  Pop.  1,743;  p.t.  New  London  Co.  Conn. 
9  in.  N.  W.  New  London.  Pop.  1,967. 

Monza,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Milan,  famous  for  the  treasury  of  St. 
John  the  Baptist,  where  among  other  things,  is 
the  iron  crown  of  the  kingdom  of  Lombardy. 
Charlemagne  was  crowned  here  with  it  in  1774 
and  Napoleon  in  1805.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lam- 
bro,8  m.  N.  E.  of  Milan. 

Mooers,  p.t.  Clinton  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  of  the 
town  and  Ellenburgh,  1,222. 

Moon,  Mountains  of  the,  mountains  of  Africa, 
extending  from  VV.  Africa,  through  Abyssinia,  to 
the  Indian  Sea.  Tiiey  are  higher  than  those  of 
Atlas 

.W«o/i,  a  township  of  Alleghany  Co.  Pa. 
Moore^  a  township  of  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 


Moore,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  7,753- 
Carthage  is  the  chief  town. 

Mooresborough,  p. v.  Rutherford  Co.  N.  C. 
Moorsburg,  p. v.  Columbia  Co.   Pa. 
Moorstown,  p. v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J.  9  m  from 
Philadelphia. 

MoorsviUe,  p. v.  Limestone  Co.  Alabama.  130 
m.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

Moorfield,  p.t.  Harrison  Co.  Ohio  ;  a  township 
of  Clark  Co.  Ohio  ;  and  a  village  in  Nicholas  Co. 
Ken.  45  rn.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

Moorfield ,  p.t.  Hardy  Co.  Va.  53  m.  S.  W.  Win- 
chester. 

Moorsburg,  a  village  of  Hawkins  Co.  Ten  ''d 
m.  N.  E.  Knoxville. 

Moorshedabad,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  the  capi-:<t/ 
of  Bengal  before  the  establishment  of  the  English 
power.  It  is  seated  near  the  western  arm  of  the 
Ganges,  112  m.  N.  of  Calcutta.  Lorg.  89.  15. 
E.,  lat.  24.  12.  N. 

Moosehead  Lake,  in  Somerset  Co  Maine ;  it  is 
25  m.  in  length  and  from  3  to  15  in  width.  It  is 
the  chief  source  of  Kennebec  River. 

Mooshelock,  commonly  called  Moose  lillock.  a 
mountain  in  Coventry.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  4.636 
feet  in  height. 

Mootapilltj,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  m  the  Gun- 
toor  circar,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gondegama, 
Long.  80.  10.  E.,  lat.  15.  35.  N. 

Moquchua,  a  province  of  Peru,  bounded  by  tnose 
of  Lampa,  Puno,  Chucuico,  Arica,  and  Arequipa 
The  chief  products  are  wine,  fruits,  and  olives. 
The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is  situate  in  a  fer- 
tile valley,  at  the  foot  of  the  Cordillera,  70  m.  S. 
of  Arequipa. 

Mora,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  on  the 
Odivor,  29  m.  N.  W.  of  Evora 

Mora,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on  the 
Ebro.  18  m.  N.  of  Tortosa. 

Mora,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  18  m 
S.  E.  of  Toledo. 

Morant  Point,  a  promontory  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Jamaica.     Long.  75.  56.  W.,  lat.  17.  56.  N. 

Moral,  or  Murten,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  can- 
ton of  Friburg,  with  a  castle.  It  stands  on  the 
S.  E.  side  of  a  lake  of  its  name,  lying  parallel 
with  the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  into  which  it  flows 
by  the  Broyne.  This  town  sustained  a  siejire 
against  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  1476,  in  which 
his  whole  army  was  destroyed.  10  in.  N.  E.  of 
Friburg 

Moratalaz,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  22 
m.  E.  of  Ciudad  Real. 

Moratalla.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  34  in.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Chincnillf.. 

Morava,  a  large  river  of  Servia,  which  rises  in 
Bulgaria,  and,  running  through  Servia  by  Nissa, 
joins  the  Danube  at  Semendria. 

Moravia,  a  province  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
bounded  N.  and  W.  by  Bohemia,  E.  by  Hungary, 
and  S.  by  Austria  Proper.  With  Austrian  Sile- 
sia, now  annexed  to  it,  its  area  is  upwards  of 
10,000  sq.  rn.  and  its  population  1,680,000.  It  is 
intersected  by  mountain  ranges,  but  the  most 
lofty  ridges  are  diversified  with  fertile  valleys  and 
extensive  plains,  and  it  is  watered  by  a  great 
number  of  rivers  and  brooks.  More  corn  is 
grown  than  the  inhabitants  consume,  and  much 
hemp  and  flax  are  raised.  The  principal  manu- 
factures are  woolens,  linen,  cotton,  iron,  glass, 
paper,  and  gunpowder.  From  this  cfiuiitry  a  sect 
of  Christians  takes  its  name,  their  doctrines  hav- 
ing been  first  taught  here  ;  but  the  inhabitants  in 
general  are  Roman  Catholics.  Ri-unn  is  the  capital 


MOR 


519 


MOR 


Moravian  ViMage,  a  village  in  Upper  Canada, 
on  the  Thames,  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Erie. 
70  m.  E.  Detroit.  It  is  inhabited  by  about  160 
Indians,  and  their  pastors,  the  Moravian  mission- 
aries. Here  General  Harrison  defeated  the  Brit- 
isli  in  1813. 

Moraw,  or  Marsch,  a  river  of  the  Austrian 
states,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  between  Bo- 
hemia and  Silesia,  crosses  Moravia  by  Olmutz 
and  Hr<tdisch,  and  receiving  the  Teya,  on  the 
confines  of  Austria  and  Hungary,  separates 
these  two  countries  as  far  as  the  Danube,  into 
which  it  enters,  15  m.  above  Presburg.  It  has 
onisnoiily  the  latter  appellation  till  it  receives 
the  Teya. 

Morbegno,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  one  of  the 
handsomest  and  most  commercial  towns  in  the 
Milanese,  seated  on  the  Adda,  12  m.  S.  £.  of 
Chiavenaa.     Long.  9.  36.  E.,  lat.  46.  8.  N. 

Morbeys,  or  Ommirabih,  a  river  of  Barbary, 
which  rises  in  Mount  Atlas,  flows  through  the 
empire  of  Morocco,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  at 
Azamor. 

Morbihan,  a  department  in  the  N.  W.  of  France, 
bounded  N.  by  that  of  Cotes  du  Nord  and  S.  by 
the  sea.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  bay  between 
Vannes  (the  capital)  and  the  island  of  B<-Hisle. 
Its  entrance  is  narrow;  but  it  extends  within, 
and  contains  about  30  little  islands. 

Morcone,  a  town  of  Naples,  province  of  M-jlise, 
19  m.  S.  S.  E.  ofMolise. 

Morea,  the  ancient  Peloponnesus,  a  peninsula 
in  the  south  of  Greece,  joined  to  the  main 
land  by  the  isthmus  of  Corinth.  It  is  180  m. 
long  and  120  broad.  The  soil  is  fertile,  except 
in  tne  middle,  where  there  are  many  mountains ; 
and  it  is  watered  by  several  rivers,  of  which  the 
Alpheus,  Vasili  Potamo,  and  Stromio,  are  the 
chief.     See  Greece. 

Moreau,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hudson, 
opposite  Glen's  Falls.  Pop.  1 ,690. 

Moreland,  p. v.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  also  townships 
in  Montgomery,  Philadelphia  and  Lycoming  Cos. 
Pa. 

Morella,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  seated 
among  high  mountains,  80  m.  S.  of  Valencia. 

MoresviLle,  p.v.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 

Moret,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Marne,  near  the  Seine,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Melun. 

Mareton  Hampstead,  a  town  in  Devonshire, 
Eng.  with  manufactures  of  woolen  cloth  and  yarn, 
and  a  considerable  trade.  Here  are  the  vestiges 
of  two  castles,  or  forts;  and  in  the  vicinity  are  a 
Druidical  temple,  a  large  rocking  stone,  and  a 
cromlech.     185  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Moretown,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  7  m.  W. 
Montpelier.  Pop.  816. 

Morctta,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont;  seated  on  a  small  river  which  runs 
into  the  Po,  18  m.  S.  of  Turin. 

Morgan,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia. Pop.  2,692.  Berkley  Springs  is  the  capital.  A 
county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  12,023.  Madison  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  11,796.  Mc 
Connelsville  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  E.  Ten- 
nesse.  Pop.  2,532.  Montgomery  is  the  capital. 
A  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  12,709.  Jacksonville  is 
the  capital.  A  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  5,579. 
Martinsville  is  the  capital. 

Morgan,  towns  in  Greene  Co.  Pa.  and  Morgan, 
Butler,  Knox,  Ashtabula  and  Gallia  Cos.  Ohio. 

Morganjield,  p.t.  Union  Co.  Ken. 

Morgansville,  p.v.  Nottaway  Co.  Va. 

Morgantown,  p.v.  Berks  Co.  Pa.,  Monon^ralia 


Co.  Va.,  Burke  Co.  N.  C,  Blount  Co.  Ten.,  Butler 
Co.  Ken.  and  Clinton  Co.  Ohio. 

Marges,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  with  a  castle.  By  its  canal,  goods  are 
sent  to  other  parts  from  the  lake  of  Geneva,  on 
which  the  town  is  seated,  5  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Lausanne. 

Morhani-e,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Moselle,  21  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Menlz. 

Moriah,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,742. 

Moriches,  p.t.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Island. 

Moricen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  on  tiie  Mohr,  12 
m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Gottingen. 

Maritz,  St.,  a  town  of  the  Swiss  canton  of  Gri 
sons,  with  a  famous  mineral  spring,  25  m.  N.  N 
E.  of  Cliiavenna. 

M-jrlackia,  a  mountainous  country,  lying  be 
tween,  and  forming  part  of  the  provinces  of  Croa 
tia  and  Dalinatia.  The  inhabitants  are  callea 
Alorlachi,  or  Moro-blissi,and  are  said,  by  some  to 
be  of  Wallachian  extraction.  They  inhabit  the 
pleasant  valleys  of  Koter,  along  the  riv<>rs  Kerha, 
Cettina,  Niranta,  and  among  the  inland  moun- 
tains of  Dalmatia.  The  Morlachi  are  said  to  be 
extremely  superstitious,  and  if  injured  or  insulted, 
implacable;  but  hospitable,  and  in  a  liigli  degree 
capable  of  gratitude:  the  most  pleasing  trait  of 
character  among  them  is  friendship,  which  they 
have  even  made  a  kind  of  religious  article  ;  fat 
the  Sclavonian  ritual  contains  a  particular  bene- 
diction fir  the  solemn  union  of  two  male,  or  two 
female  friends,  in  the  presence  of  the  congrega- 
tion. The  male  friends,  thus  united,  are  called 
probratimi,  and  the  female  posestreme,  which 
mean  half-brothers  and  half-sisters.  From  these 
consecrated  friendships  among  the  Morlachi,  and 
other  nations  of  the  same  origin,  arose,  as  it  should 
seem,  the  sworn  brothers,  a  denomination  fre- 
quent among  the  common  people  in  many  parts  of 
Europe.     Segna  is  the  capital. 

Morlaix,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Fin- 
isterre,  with  a  castle  and  a  tide  harbour.  The 
church  of  Notre  Dame  is  a  singular  structure, 
and  the  hospital  very  handsome.  It  has  a  consid- 
erable trade  in  linen,  hemp,  and  tobacco,  and  is 
seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  30  ra.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Brest.  Long.  3.  45.  W.,  lat.  48.  33. 
N 

Morocco,  an  empire  of  Africa,  comprenending 
a  considerable  part  of  the  ancient  Mauritania, 
bounded  W.  by  the  Atlantic,  N.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, E.  by  Algiers, and  S.  by  the  Sahara.  Its 
greatest  length  is  above  590  m.  but  it  is  no  where 
more  than  260  broad.  The  soil  though  sandy 
and  dry  in  some  places,  is  fertile  in  others  ;  and 
the  fruits,  as  well  as  the  pastures,  are  excellent 
but  the  country  is  not  properly  cultivated.  The 
inhabitants  are  Mahomedans, of  tawny  complexion, 
robust,  and  very  skilful  in  managing  a  horse  and 
wielding  a  lance:  they  are  jealous,  deceitful,  su- 
perstitious, and  cruel.  There  are  a  great  number 
of  Christian  slaves  and  some  merchants  upon 
the  coast,  besides  a  multitude  of  Jews,  who  car- 
ry on  almost  all  the  trade,  especially  by  land, 
with  the  negroes,  to  whom  they  send  large  cara- 
vans, which  travel  over  vast  deserts,  almost  des- 
titute of  water.  Besides  woolen  goods,  their 
commodities  are  Morocco  leather,  indigo,  cochi- 
neal, and  ostriches'  feathers  ;  in  return  for  which 
they  have  silks,  muslins,  calicoes,  coffee,  and 
drugs.  In  the  deserts  are  lions,  leopards,  goats 
and'' serpents  of  .several  kinds.  The  fruits  are 
dates,  figs,  almonds,  lemons,  oranges,  pomegra- 
nates, and  many  others.     There  are  also  much 


MOR 


520 


MOS 


flax  and  hemp,  but  very  little  timber.  The  empe 
ror  is  absolute,  his  will  being  a  law,  and  lie  often 
exercises  great  cruelties.  His  naval  force  con- 
eista  chiefly  of  rovers,  who  now  and  then  take 
large  prizes.  He  can  bring  100,000  men  into  the 
fifld,  half  of  whom  are  foot  and  half  liorse  ;  but 
they  are  poorly  armed  ana  know  but  little  of  the 
art  of  war.  The  recent  capture  of  Algiers  by  the 
French  will  no  doubt  entirely  change  tlie  politi- 
cal character  of  this  despotic  government. 

Morocco,  a  city  of  the  foregoing  empire,  seated 
in  a  beautiful  valley,  formed  by  achain  of  moun- 
tains on  the  N.  and  those  of  Atlas  on  the  S.  and 
E.  Though  not  equal  to  Fez  in  magnitude  and 
population,  it  is  generally  considered  the  capital, 
being  the  most  usual  residence  of  the  emperor. 
It  has  nothing  to  recommend  it  but  its  great  ex- 
tent and  the  royal  palace.  It  is  surrounded  by 
strong  walls,  8ni.  in  circumference.  The  mosques 
are  very  numerous  and  some  of  them  magnifi- 
cent. The  best  houses  are  enclosed  in  gardens  ; 
but  the  generality  of  them  serve  only  to  impress 
the  traveller  with  the  idea  of  a  miserable  and  de- 
serted city.  The  Jews,  who  are  numerous,  have 
a  separate  town,  walled  in,  and  under  the  charge 
of  an  alcaid,  appointed  by  the  emperor.  It  has  2 
gates,  which  are  regularly  shut  every  evening  at 
nine,  after  which  hour  no  person  can  enter  or  de- 
part. Morocco  is  90  ni.  E.  of  Magador  and  400 
S.  of  Gibraltar.  Long.  7.  15.  W.,  lat.  30.  57.  N. 
Moron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a 
castle  :  near  it  is  a  mine  of  precious  stones.  It  is 
30  m.  S.  E.  of  Seville. 

Morotoi,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Isles,  7  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Mowee.  Yams  are  its  principal  produce  ; 
but  it  has  little  wood.  The  coast,  on  the  S.  and 
W.  sides  forms  several  bays.  Long.  117.  14.  W., 
lat.  21.  10.  N. 

Morpeth,  a  borough  of  Northumberland,  Eng. 
It  stands  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Wansbeck,  and 
on  the  opposite  side  are  the  parish  church  and  the 
ruins  of  a  castle.  Here  are  also  a  chapel  of  ease, 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  two  meeting-houses,  a 
free  grammar  scliool  founded  by  Edward  VI.,  an 
English  free  school  erected  in  1792,  a  dispensary 
opened  in  1817,  and  a  mechanics'  institute  com- 
menced in  1825.  The  other  principal  buildings 
are  the  town-hall,  and  the  new  county  gaol,  house 
of  correction,  &c.  15  m.  N.  of  Newcastle  and  289 
N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Morris, a.  county  of  New  Jersey.  Pop.  23,530. 
Morristown  is  the  capital.  Also  townships  in 
Huntingdon,  Greene  and  Washington  Cos.  Pa. 
Morrison,  a  township  in  Jackson  Co.  Ohio. 
Morristown,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,618;  p.t.  Morris  Co.  N.  J.,  19  m.  N.  W.  New 
York  ;  p.v.  Belmont  Co.  Ohio.  120  m.  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

Morrisville,  p.v.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.,  Bucks  and 
Green  Cos.  Pa.,  and  Fauquier  Cj.  Va. 

vVorsortrt,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Mojise,  14 
m.  N.  E.  of  Molise. 

Mortagne,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Orne,  famous  for  its  serges  and  tanneries.  19 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Alengon  and  70  W.  S.  W.  of 
Paris. 

Mortagne,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Nord, 
seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Scarpe  and  Scheldt, 
8  m.  S.  E.  ofTournay. 

Mortagne,  a  town  m  the  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  on  the  Gironde,  24  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Saintes. 

Mortagne,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Vendee, 
where  a  battle  was  fought  between  the  royalists 


and  republicans,  in  1793,  in  which  the  former 
are  said  to  have  lost  20,000  men.  It  is  36  m.  N. 
of  Fontcnay  le  Comte. 

Mortain,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Manclie, 
on  the  rivulet  Lances,  almost  surrounded  by 
craggy  rocks,  18  m.  E.  of  Avranches. 

Mortare,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  Milanese.  22 
m.  S.  W.  of  Milan. 

Mortay,  or  Martero,  an  island  in  the  Eastern 
Seas,  formerly  subject  to  the  Sultan  ofTernate. 
It  is  80  m.  in  circumference,  and  thinly  inhabited, 
but  full  of  sago  trees,  which  are  cut  by  the  peo- 
ple of  Gilolo.  Long.  128.  23.  E.,lat.  2.  15.  N. 

Mortlach,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Banffshire, 
where  Malcom  11.,  in  memory  of  a  victory  gained 
over  the  Danes,  founded  a  bishopric,  which  was 
translated  to  Aberdeen  by  David  I. ;  the  ancient 
cathedral  is  now  used  as  the  parish  church.  6  m. 
S.  W.  of  Keith. 

Morviedro,  a  town  of  Spain ,  in  Valencia,  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Saguntum,  with  the  ruin  of  a 
Roman  amphitheatre,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  a  riv- 
er of  the  same  name,  15  m.  N.  of  Valencia. 

Mosa,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  25  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Mocha. 

Mosambique,  a  straight  or  channel  of  the  Indi- 
an Ocean,  between  the  E.  coast  of  Africa  and  the 
island  of  Madagascar.  It  is  the  narrowest  in  the 
middle,  where  it  is  240  m.  over. 

Mosambique,  a  city  and  sea-port,  the  principal 
settlement  of  the  Portuguese  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Africa.  It  stands  on  an  island  of  the  same  name, 
not  more  than  3  m.  in  length  and  half  as  much 
in  breadth,  and  about  2  m.  from  the  continent. 
The  city  is  handsome,  and  the  buildings  well  con* 
structed,  especially  the  churches  and  convents  : 
the  fort,  or  castle,  is  about  a  niusket  shot  from 
the  city.  The  Portuguese  have  generally  a  good 
garrison  here,  a  well  stored  magazine^  and  a  large 
hospital  for  sick  sailors.  Their  ships  always  call 
here  in  going  to  the  E.  Indies;  and  the  harbour 
is  so  commodious  that  whole  fleets  may  anchor 
and  provide  themselves  with  all  necessaries. 
Long.  41.  8.  E,  lat.  1.5.  5.  S. 

Mushach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  with  a  castle,  and  manufactures 
of  cloth  and  salt;  seated  on  the  Neckar  18  m.  E. 
of  Heidelberg. 

Mosburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Amber  with  the  lser,24m.  N.  E.  of 
Munich. 

Moscovy.    See  Russia. 

Moscow,  formerly  a  duchy,  but  now  a  govern- 
ment of  Russia  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tver,  E.  by  that  of  Great  Volodimir, 
S.  by  the  govern ;nent  of  Kaluofa  and  Resan,  and 
W.  hy  those  of  Tver  and  Sinolensko.  It  is  a 
fruitful  country,  and  a  considerable  portion  is  laid 
out  in  gardens  and  orchards. 

Moscoio,  the  capital  of  tiie  above  government, 
and  formerly  of  the  whole  empire.  Previous  to 
the  invasif-n  of  the,French,  it  was  the  largest  city 
in  Europe,  the  circumference  within  the  rampart 
that  enclosed  the  suburbs  being  20  m.;  but  its  pop. 
did  not  correspond  with  its  extent.  It  contained, 
within  the  ram  parts  ,300, 000  souls  and  was  the  most 
populous  city  in  the  empire,  notwithstanding  the 
residence  cf  the  court  was  at  Petersburg.  Moscow 
is  rendered  memorable  in  history,  for  one  of  the 
most  extraordinary  events  that  ever  took  place. 
In  June  1812,  the  French  entered  Russia  with  such 
an  immense  army  that  they  threatened  to  sweep 
every  thing  before  them  like  a  torrent ;  and  it  was 
generally  expected  that  if  they  once  reached  this 


MOS 


521 


MOS 


city,  which  would  aflora  vast  resources  for  their 
army,  as  well  as  comfortable  quarters  for  the  win- 
ter, the  object  of  the  war  would  have  been  com- 
pleted. On  the  8th  of  September  the  battle  of 
Borodino  took  place  ;  victory  decided  in  favour 
of  the  French,  and  the  Russians  retreated  off  the 
field,  leaving  Moscow  to  its  fate.  The  road  being 
thus  left  open,  the  French  entered  this  city,  on 
the  14th  of  the  same  month  with  little  opposition. 
But  a  sad  reverse  of  fortune  now  took  place,  which 
preserved  the  Russian  empire  from  ruin,  and  pav- 
ed the  way  to  the  downfall  of  the  French  military 
power  over  Europt.  The  city  was  set  on  fire  by 
the  Russians,  so  that  the  French  were  compelled 
to  attempt  their  retreat,  at  the  moment  they 
thought  themselves  securely  entrenched  for  the 
winter.  Nothing  now  remained  but  to  offer  terms 
of  peace  to  the  Russians,  which  were  rejected  ; 
they  next  proposed  an  armistice,  which  was  refus- 
ed ;  and,  on  the  19th  of  October  following,  they 
commenced  their  calamitous  retreat  from  Moscow. 
The  conflagrations  destroyed  upwards  of  three 
parts  of  the  town  ;  and,  shocking  to  relate,  more 
than  30,000  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  who  were 
in  the  hospitals,  perished  in  the  flames.  The  old 
city  was  distributed  into  5  divisions,  all  of  which, 
not  excepting  the  suburbs,  have  been  rebuilt,  with 
wider  streets  and  greater  uniformity  in  the  pri- 
vate dwellings,  and  the  population  has  nearly 
reached  its  former  magnitude.  The  divisions  are 
— 1.  The  Kremlin,  in  the  central  and  highest 
yart  of  the  city,  surrounded  by  high  walls  of  stone 
and  brick,  2  m.  in  circumference.  The  division 
contained  the  ancient  palace  of  the  czars,  where 
Peter  the  Great  was  born ;  also  the  cathedral 
with  seven  towers,  besides  other  churches,  the 
patriarchal  palace,  and  the  arsenal.  The  pal- 
ace escaped  the  conflagration  of  1812,  but  was 
damaged  by  the  French  on  their  leaving  Mos- 
cow ;  it  has  since  been  rebuilt,  with  improve- 
ments. 2.  The  Khitafforod,  much  larger  than 
the  Kremlin,  contained^ the  university,  the  print- 
ing-house, and  many  other  public  buildings,  with 
all  the  tradesmen's  shops.  3.  The  Bielgo- 
rod,  or  White  Town,  ran  round  the  two  preced- 
ing divisions,  and  took  its  name  from  a  white 
wall,  by  which  it  was  formerly  surrounded.  4. 
The  Somlaingorod  environed  all  the  other  three 
quarters,  and  was  so  denominated  from  a  circu- 
lar rampart  of  earth  by  which  it  was  encompassed. 
The  last  two  divisions  exhibited  a  grotesque  group 
of  churches,  conv«*nts,  palaces,  brick  and  wooden 
houses,  and  mean  hovels.  5.  The  Sloboda,  or  su- 
burbs, formed  a  vast  exterior  circle  round  all  the 
parts  already  described,  and  were  invested  by  a 
low  rampart  and  ditch.  These  suburbs  contained, 
besides  buildings  of  all  kinds,  orchards,  gardens, 
corn-fields,  much  open  pasture,  and  some  small 
lakes,  which  give  rise  to  the  Neglina.  The  Mos- 
kwa,  from  which  the  city  takes  its  name,  flows 
through  it  in  a  winding  channel  ;  but,  excepting 
in  spring,  is  only  navigable  for  rafts.  It  receives 
the  Yausa  in  the  Semlainogorod,  and  the  Neglina 
at  the  western  extremity  of  the  Kremlin  ;  but  the 
beds  of  both  these  rivulets  are  nearly  dry  in  sum- 
mer. Moscow  exhibited  an  astonishing  degree 
of  extent  and  variety,  irregularity  and  contrast ; 
Bome  parts  had  the  appearance  of  a  sequestered 
desert ;  others  of  a  populous  town  ;  some  of  a 
contemptible  village ;  others  a  great  capital. 
The  streets,  in  general,  were  very  long  and 
broad  ;  some  of  them  paved  ;  others,  particularly 
in  the  suburbs,  were  formed  with  trunks  of  trees 
or  boarded  with  planks  like  the  floor  of  a  house. 
66 


The  places  of  divme  worship,  ioclud'ing  chapels, 
amounted  to  above  1,500:  of^  these  484  were  pub- 
lic churches,  some  built  of  brick,  stuccoed 
or  white-washed,  but  the  greater  part  were 
ot  wood,  painted  red  some  had  domes  of  copper, 
others  of  tin,  gilt  or  painted  green,  and  many 
were  roofed  with  wood.  They  were  richly  orna- 
mented within ;  and  the  pictures  of  the  saints 
were  decorated  with  gold,  silver,  and  jirecious 
stones.  Some  of  their  bells  were  of  a  stupendous 
size;  they  hung  m  belfries  detached  from  the 
church,  were  fixed  immoveably  to  the  beams,  itnd 
rung  by  a  rope  tied  to  the  clapper.  In  the  cath- 
edral of  St.  Michael,  tne  sovereigns  of  Russia 
were  formerly  interred,  their  bodies  being  deposit- 
ed in  raised  sepulchres,  in  the  shape  of  coffins, 
above  the  pavement.  The  cathedral  of  the  As- 
sumption of  the  Virgin  Mary  was  the  most  mag- 
nificent in  the  city,  and  had  long  been  appropri- 
ated to  the  coronation  of  the  Russian  sovereigns. 
The  foundling  hospital,  founded  by  Catherine 
II.,  was  an  immense  pile  of  building,  of  a  quad- 
rangular shape,  and  capable  of  containing  8,000 
foundlings.  Since  the  fire,  the  churches  and 
cVapels  are  less  numerous  than  before,  but  those 
which  have  been  rebuilt  occupy  the  former  sites. 
Moscow  is  the  centre  of  the  inland  commerce  of 
Russia,  particularly  connecting  the  trade  between 
Europe  and  Siberia.  The  principal  manufactures 
are  those  of  silk,  linen,  cotton,  paper,  leather,  and 
sugar.  Moscow  suffered  severely  from  the  pes- 
tilential cholera  in  1831.  Its  present  pop.  is  about 
300,000.  The  navigation  to  this  city  is  formed 
by  the  Moskwa,  which  flows  into  the  Occa,  near 
Kolomna,  and  that  river  communicates  with  the 
Volga  and  also  by  a  canal  to  the  Don,  which  riv- 
er communicates  with  the  sea  of  Asoph.  425  m. 
S.  E.  of  Petersburg.  Lontr.  37.  33.  E.,  lat.  55. 
46.  N. 

Moscow,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop  405 ;  p.t. 
Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.  near  Genesee  river,  30  m. 
above  Rochester  ;  also  a  village  in  Clermont  Co. 
Ohio. 

Moselle,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  former  province  of  Lorraine.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  rtver,  which  rises  in  the  Vosges,  wa- 
ters Epinal  and  Toul,  receives  fne  Meurthe  be- 
low Nancy,  and,  passing  by  Metz,  Thionville,  and 
Treves,  enters  the  Rhine  at  Coblentz.  Metz  is 
the  capital. 

Mosenla,  a  town  in  Persia,  in  Khusistan,  22 
m.  S.  W.  ofSuter. 

Moskirch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  where  the  Austrians  sustained  a 
defeat  in  1300.     22  m.  N.  Stuttgard. 

Moskoe,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Norway,  sep- 
arated from  the  mainland  by  the  Vestfiord.  On 
its  coast  is  the  whirlpoolof  Maelstrom,  which  see. 

Mosquito  Shore,  a  tract  of  country  of  the  east- 
ern coast  of  Honduras.  It  is  well  watered  by 
navigable  rivers  and  lakes  ;  abounds  in  fish,  game, 
and  provision*  of  all  sorts  ;  furnishes  every  neces- 
sary for  raising  cattle  and  stock ;  and  is  clothed 
with  woods  producing  timber  for  every  purpose 
at  land  or  sea.  The  soil  is  superior  to  that  of  the 
W.  India  Islands,  the  climate  more  salubrious 
and  the  destructive  ravages  of  hurricanes,  and 
earthquakes  are  here  unknown.  It  received 
its  name  from  the  immense  swarms  of  mos- 
chetoes  which  are  the  torment  of  the  inhabi- 
tants and  compel  them  to  pass  a  great  part  of 
their  lime  in  boats  upon  the  rivers.  Tlie  Mos- 
quito Indians  of  this  coast  are  governed  by  aris- 
tocratic chiefs,  and  number  about  1,500  warriors. 
2x2 


MOU 


623 


MOD 


This  eoantiy  was  held  by  the  English  for  80 
years,  but  was  ceded  to  Spain  in  17^,  in  consid- 


erKtion  of  certain  cessionson  the  coast  of  Yucatan. 
It  is  now  included  in  the  Guatemalan  Republic. 
See  Guat.enuila. 

Moss,  a  sea-port  of  Norway,  in  the  government 
of  Aprgerhuys,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name, 
on  the  E.  side  of  Christiania  Bay.  Here  are  many 
saw  i.iills  and  a  large  iron  foundery.  23  m.  S.  of 
Christiania.     Long.  10.  48.  E.,  lat.  58.  38.  N. 

Mossula,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Onzo,  220  m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Sal- 
vador.    Long.  12.  10.  E.,  lat.  7.  50.  S. 

Mostar,  a  sea-port  of  Dalmatia,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see ;  seated  on  the  Narenza,  20  m. 
N.  E.  of  Narenza.  Long.  18.  37.  E.,  lat.  43.48.  N. 

Mosul.,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Diarbeck, 
surrounded  by  high  walls  and  defended  by  a  cas- 
tle and  citadel.  The  houses  are  in  several  places 
gone  to  ruin  ;  but  it  has  a  great  trade,  particularly 
in  cloth,  and  all  sorts  of  cottons  and  silks.  At  some 
distance  from  Mosul  is  a  mosque,  in  which  they 
pretend  the  prophet  Jonah  lies  ;  and  they  believe 
this  town  stands  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Nine- 
veh. It  is  seated  on  the  Tigris.  130  m.  S.  E.  ol 
Diarbekir  and  190  N.  E.  of  Bagdad.  Long.  43.  30. 
E.,  lat.  36.  20.  N. 

Motkerkill,  a  hundred  of  Kent  Co  Del.  Fred- 
rica  is  the  chief  town. 

Motir,  one  of  the  Molucca  Islands,  20  m.  in 
circumference,  and  valuable  for  its  spices.  Lonur. 
127.  0.  E.,  lat.  0.  10.  N. 

Motril,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with 
a  good  harbour,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean, 
37  m.  S.  E.  of  Granada.  Long.  3.  28.  W.,  lat.  36. 
32.  N. 

Mottn,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Trevis- 
ano,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Mottigano  and  Livenza, 
18  m.  N.  E.  ofTreviso. 

Motta,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  3  m. 
E.  S.  E.  Volturara. 

Mottling.     See  Metling. 

Mfuah,&  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  and  the 
residence  of  a  prince ;  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, 90  m.  S.  E.  of  Sana.  Long.  46.  35.  E.,  lat. 
14.  20.  N 

Moudon,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Vaud,  with  a  castle  on  the  summit  of  a  moun- 
tain, 12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lausanne. 

Moidins,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partmerft  of  AUier.  Its  manufacture  of  cutlery 
IS  in  great  esteem  ;  and  the  houses  of  the  late 
Chartreux,  and  of  the  Visitation,  are  magnifi- 
cent. It  is  seated  on  the  Allier,  over  which  is  & 
fine  bridge,  30  m.  S.  of  Nevers  and  225  S.  S.  E. 
of  Paris.     Long.  2.  20.  E.,  lat.  46.  34.  N. 

Moulins  en  Gilbert,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Nievere,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Morvan. 
5  m.  S.  W.  of  Chateau  Chinon. 


Moulins  la  Marche,  a  town  in  the  department 
of  Orne,  24  m.  N.  E.  of  Alengon. 

Mouttan,  a  province  of  Hindoostan  boundeed  by 
Lahore,  Afghanistan,  Agimere,  Sinde,  and  Beloo- 
chistan.  Its  products  are  cotton,  sugar,  opium, 
galls, sulphur,  &c.  In  many  parts  there  are  fine 
camels,  and  a  breed  of  excellent  horses.  It  is  gov- 
erned by  a  nabob,  tributary  to  the   Afghans. 

Moultan,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  sur- 
rounded with  a  fine  wall  40  feet  high  and  four 
miles  in  circumference,  is  strongly  fortified,  and 
has  a  Hindoo  temple  of  great  celebrity.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  its  silks  and  carpets,  and  is  situate  in  a 
pleasant  and  well  cultivated  district,  4  m.  S.  E. 
of  the  Chenob,or  Acesinies  River,  and  210  S.  W 
of  Lahore.     Long.  70.  40.  E.,  lat.  29.  52.  N. 

Moulton,  p.v.  Lawrence  Co.  Alabama. 

Moultonborough,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  on 
Lake  Winipisiogee.  36  m.  N.  Concord.  Pop. 
1,452. 

Mountain  Islann.  a  village  of  Scott  Co.  Ken. 

Mountain  Shoals,  p.v.  Lawrence  Dis.  S.  C. 

Mount  Airy,  p.v.  Surrey  Co.  N.  C.  172  m.  N.  W. 
Raleigh. 

MouTit  Bay,  a  bay  in  the  English  channel,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Cornwall,  between  Land's  End 
and  Lizard  Point.  Within  rises  a  lofty  peninsu- 
lated  rock,  called  Mount  St.  Michael,  near  the 
town  of  Marazion,  to  which  there  is  a  diy  passage 
at  low   water. 

Mount  Bethel,  a  village  of  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 
also  two  townships,  Upper  and  Lower,  in  North- 
nampton  Co.    Pa 

Mount  Carmel,  p.t.  Edwards  Co.  Illinois. 

Mount  Clemens,  a  village  of  Macomb  Co.  Mich- 
igan. 

Mount  Desert,  a  fertile  island  on  the  coast  of 
the  state  of  Maine,  in  Hancock  county,  15  m. 
long  and  12  broad.  It  is  intersected  in  the  mid- 
dle, by  the  waters  flowing  into  the  S.  side  from 
the  sea;  and  the  N.  part  is  separated  from  the 
mainland,  by  a  strait  9  m.  wide.  Pop.  1,603. 

Mount  Clio,  pv.  Sumter  Dis.  S.  C.  52  m.  E 
Columbia. 

Mount  Elon,  p.v.  Darlington  Dis.  S.  C.  77  m 
N.  E.  Columbia 

Mount  Gilead,  p.v.  Loudon  Co.  Va. 

Mount  Henry,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Ten.  67  m. 
N.  W.  Murfreesborough. 

Mount  Holly,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  20  m.  W. 
Windsor.  Pop.  1,318  ;  p.t.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J 
18  m.  E.  Philadelphia. 

Mount  Hope,  an  eminence  in  Bristol  R.  I.,  cel- 
ebrated in  the  early  history  of  New  England,  as 
the  residence  of  the  Indian  Sachem  Metacom 
or  king  Philip.  It  stands  on  the  shore  of  a  wide 
branch  of  Narragansel  Bay. 

Mount  Hope,  p.  v. Orange  Co.  N.  Y.;  p.v.  Shenan- 
doah Co.  Va. 

Mount  Horeb, p.t.  Nelson  Co.  Va.;  p.v.  Jasper  Co. 
Geo. 

Mount  Jackson,  p.v.  Beaver  Co.  Pa. 

Mount  Joy,  towns  in  Lancaster  and  Adams  Cos. 
Pa. 

Mount  Laurel,  p.v.  Halifax  Co.  Va. 

Mount  Morris,  u.v.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,534.  re  V 

Mount  Mourne,  p.v.  Iredell  Co.  N.  C. 

MoutU  Pilot,  p.v.  Sumner  Co.  Ten. 

Mount  Pisgah,  p.v.  Iredell  Co.  N.  C.  and  Wil- 
cox Co.  Alabama. 

Mount  Pleasant,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  the  Hudson, 33  m.  above  New  York.  Pop.  4,932 ; 
also  towns  and  villages  in  Lancaster,  Westmore- 


MOU 


5S3 


MUI 


knd  and  Wayne  Cos.  Pa.,  Queen  Anne  Co.  Ma- 
ryland, Shenandoah,  Spotsylvania  and  Halifax 
Cos.  Va.,  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C,  Fairfield  Dla. 
S.  C,  Baldwin  Co.  Geo.,  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio,  Mar- 
ten Co.  Ind.,  Maury  Co.  Ten.,  Wilkinson  Co.  Mis- 
sissippi, Baton  Rouge  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Mount  Prospect,  p.v.  Edgecombe  Co.   N.  C. 

Mount  Republic,  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Pa. 

Mount  SdIus,  p.v.  Hinds  Co.  Mississippi. 

Mount  Sterling,  p.v.  Switzerland  Co.  Ind. ;  p.v. 
Montgomery  Co.  Ken. 

Mount  Upton,  p.v.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y. 

Mount  Vernon,  p.t.  Kenneb.  c  Co.  Me.  14  m. 
N.  W.  Augusta.  Pop.  l,43i)  a  township  of  Hills- 
borough Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  71)3  ;  p.v.  Chester  Co. 
Pa ;  p.t.  Knox  Co.  Ohio  ;  p.v.  Rockcastle  and  Bul- 
litt Cos.  Ken.  ;  p.v.  Posey  and  Jetferson  Cos.  In- 
diana. 

Mount  Vernon,  once  the  residence  of  Washing- 
ton, and  the  sjwt  where  his  remains  are  entomb 
ed.  It  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  Potomac,  in  Fair- 
fax Co.  Va.,  15  m.  from  the  city  of  Washington. 
The  house  is  a  plain  wooden  building  surrounded 
by  handsome  lawns  and  gardens.  The  tomb  is  a 
rustic  excavation  in  the  earth  with  a  front  of 
brink  and  totally  devoid  of  ornament. 

Mountcille,  p.v.  Loudon  Co.  Va 

Mount  Vintage,  p.v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Mount  Washington.    See  White  Mountains. 

Mount  Washington,  a  township  of  Berkshire  Co. 
Mass.  130  m.S.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  345.  It  forms 
the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state  of  Massachusetts. 
Within  its  limits  stands  Mount  Washington,  one 
of  the  summits  of  the  Tagkannuc  ridge,  about 
3,000  feet  high. 

Mount  Zion,  p.v.  Union  Co.  Ken.,  Hancock  Co. 
Geo.,  and  Monroe  Co.  Missouri. 

Mountmellick,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Queen's 
county  inhabited  principally  by  Quakers.  The 
wool-combing,  malting,  and  tanning  business, 
the  cotton  manufacture  and  bleaching  are  carried 
on  here.  It  is  seated  on  a  stream  which  falls  in- 
to the  Barrow,  5  m.  N.  of  Maryborough  and  42  W. 
S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Mountrath,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Queen's  coun- 
ty. In  its  neighbourhood  are  some  iron  works  ; 
but  the  woolen  manufacture  forms  the  principal 
trade.  23  m.  N.  of  Kilkenny  and  47  W.  S.  W. 
of  Dublin. 

Mountsorrel,  a  town  of  Leicestershire,  Eng. 
seated  on  the  Soar,  at  the  foot  of  a  high  mount 
or  rock,  of  a  sorrel-coloured  stone,  with  which  the 
town  is  chiefly  built  and  paved.  It  is  7  m.  N.  of 
Leicester,  and  102  N.  W.  of  London. 

Moura,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  with 
an  old  castle,  34  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Evora. 

Mouraon,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo, 
with  a  castle,  on  the  borders  of  Spain,  2d  m.  E. 
by  S.  of  Evora. 

Mourzouk,  the  capital  of  Fezzan,  with  a  fort- 
ress, in  which  is  the  sultan's  p.alace.  It  is  situate 
on  a  rivulet,  and  supplied  with  water  from  a  mul- 
titude of  springs  and  wells.  The  medley  which 
is  present  to  the  eye,  of  the  vast  ruins  of  ancient 
buildings  and  the  humble  cottages  of  earth  and 
sand  that  form  the  dwelling  of  the  present  Arab 
inhabitants,  is  singularly  grotesque  and  strange. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  with  three  gates, 
at  which  is  collected  a  tax  on  all  goods  (provisions 
excepted)  that  are  brought  into  the  city.  Its 
commerce,  which  is  considerable,  consists  of  for- 
eign n»erchandise  brought  by  the  caravans  from 
Cairo,  Bornou,  Mesurata,  and  other  smaller  troops 
of  traders.      Mourzouk  is  290  m.  S.  Mesurata. 


and  700  N.  W.  ofBornou.  Lonff.  15.  35.  K.,  lat, 
27.54.  N. 

Moustiers,  a  town  ot  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Alps,  with  a  manufacture  of  porcelain  ; 
seated  between  two  craggy  mountains,  9  m.  E.  of 
Riez. 

Mouzon,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Ardtnnes, 
with  a  manufacture  of  serges ;  seated  on  the 
Meuse,9  m.  S.  E.  of  Sedan. 

Minoee,  one  of  the  t^andwich  islands,  162  m.  in 
circumference.  A  low  isthmus  divides  it  into 
two  circular  peninsulas,  of  which  the  eastern  is 
double  the  size  of  the  western.  The  mountains 
in  both  rise  to  a  great  height,  but  the  country 
presents  an  appearance  of  verdure  and  fertility. 
Near  the  W.  point  of  the  smaller  peninsula  is  a 
spacious  bay,  with  a  sandy  beach  shaded  with 
cocoa-nut  trees.     Long.  175.  56.  W.,  lat.  20.  53. 

Maya,  a  mountam  of  S.  America,  from  which, 
during  the  great  earthquake  in  February,  1797, 
such  a  flood  of  water  burst  forth  that  it  totally 
swept  away  Pelile,  and  the  celebrated  plantation 
of  St.  Ildefonso,  where  1,000  persons  perished. 

Moyalicn,  a  town  of  Ireland,  county  of  Down, 
with  a  manufacture  of  linen.  3  m.  from  Porta- 
down  and  63  from  Dublin. 

Moyamensmg,  t.  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa.  It  is  a 
suburb  of  the  city  on  the  south. 

Moyenvic,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  noted  for  its  salt  spring,  2  m.  E.  S.  E, 
of  Vic  and  16  E.  of  Nancj. . 

Mozyr,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  m  the 
government  of  Minsk,  on  the  river  Prynec,  150 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Minsk.  Long.  29.  30.  E.,  lat.  52. 
10.  N. 

Moscislaw,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  in  the 
government  of  Mohilef,  formerly  the  capital  of  a 
palatinate.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sofz.  30  m.  S.  of 
Smolensko  and  64  E.  by  N.  of  Mohilef.  Long. 
32.  32.  E.,  lat.  54.  28.  N 

Mucidan,  a  town  of  France,  m  tne  department 
of  Dordogne,  on  the  river  Ille,  18  m.  S.  W.  of 
Perigueux. 

Murk,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  4  m.  S. 
W.  the  isl.  of  Egg.  It  is  3  m.  long  and  a  m.  broad  , 
the  soil  in  general  is  good,  and  the  black  cattle 
thrive  well.  Kelp  is  burnt  on  its  shores,  and 
much  oil  extracted  from  the  livers  of  the  sunfish. 

Mudania,  or  Mundania,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in 
Natolia,  on  a  gulf  of  the  sea  of  Marmora.  The 
commerce  is  very  considerable  in  grain,  fruit, 
wine,  saltpetre,  silk,  and  the  manufactures  of 
Bursa,  which  are  brought  here  for  exportation. 
It  is  17  m.  N.  of  Bursa.  Long.  29.  10.  E.,  lat.  40. 
27.  N. 

Mugeln,  J^ew,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen, 
with  a  castle  called  RugethaL  18  m.  W.  by  N 
of  Meissen. 

Mugia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  on  the  W. 
coast,  40  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Compostella 

Muglia,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Istria, 
with  a  castle,  and  a  harbour  for  barges,  5  m.  S.  E. 
of  Trieste. 

Muglitz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Olmutz,  22  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Olmutz. 

Muhlbcrg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Merseberg,  with  a  castle,  situate 
on  the  Elbe,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Dresden. 

Muhldorf,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Inn,  33 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Landshut. 

MuhlenJterg,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  5,341 . 
Greenville  is  the  capital. 

Muirkirk.  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  with 


MUN 


524 


MUN 


manufactures  of  iron,  coal  and  tar,  on  the  river 
Ayr,  26  ni.  E.  of  Ayr. 

Mujaxar,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with 
a  strong  castle  on  a  mountain ;  seated  on  a  bay 
of  the  Mediterranean,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Almeria. 
Lonir.  1.  55.  W.,  lat.  37.  7.  N. 

Muldau,  or  MoUlau,  a  river  of  Bohemia,  which 
rises  on  the  confines  of  Bavaria  and,  after  receiv- 
ing; a  number  of  rivers,  enters  the  Elbe  opposite 
Mslnick. 

Malhausen,  a  city  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Erfurt.  It  was  formerly  an  im- 
perial city,  but  fell  to  Prussia  in  180'2  and  was 
confirmed  to  that  power  in  1814.  Here  are  va- 
rious manufactures  and  some  flourishing  schools. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  countr^^  on  the  Unstrut, 
29  m.  N.  W.  of  Erfurt.  Long.  10.  37.  E.,  lat.  51. 
10.  N. 

Mulhausen,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Upper  Rliine,  with  manufactures  of  printed  linens 
and  cottons;  seated  in  a  fertile  plain  on  the  Ille, 
24  m.  S.  of  Colmar. 

Mulivaddy,  a  river  of  Ceylon,  which  rises  at  the 
foot  of  a  high  mountain,  called  Adam's  Peak, 
about  GO  m.  N.  E.  of  Columbo,  flows  westward, 
and  enters  the  sea  by  several  branches.  The 
largest  of  these,  called  the  Mutwal,  runs  into  the 
sea  3  m.  from  the  fort  of  Columbo,  and  is  navi- 
gable for  boats  upwards  of  35  m. 

Mull,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  28  m.  in 
length  and  in  some  places  of  equal  breadth,  se- 
parated from  the  mainland  of  Argyleshire  by  a 
narrow  passage,  called  the  Sound  of  Mull.  There 
are  many  good  natural  harbours  ;  and  the  ruins 
of  several  ancient  castles  are  to  be  seen.  The 
soil  is  for  the  most  part,  rocky  and  barren ;  but 
the  hills  abound  with  springs,  and  are  covered 
with  sheep  and  cattle ;  these,  with  the  fishery, 
and  a  considerable  quantity  of  kelp,  are  the  arti- 
cles of  commerce.  The  principal  place  is  Tober- 
mory . 

MulllcohUl,  p.v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  17  m.  S. 
W.  Philadelphia. 

MuUingar,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  W. 
Meath.  It  is  a  place  of  good  trade,  and  stands  on 
the  river  Foyle,  38  m.  W.  of  Dublin.  Long.  7. 
50.  W.,  lat.  53.  30.  N. 

Midhivia,  a  river  which  rises  in  Mount  Atlas, 
divides  the  empire  of  Morocco  from  the  kingdom 
of  Algiers,  and  runs  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Malrose,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Brandenburg,  seated  on  a  canal  cut  between  the 
Spree  and  Oder,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Frankfort. 

Multnomah,  a  branch  of  the  Oregon  or  Colum- 
bia river,  which  falls  into  the  main  stream  about 
100  m.  from  the  ocean.  Its  course  and  length 
are  but  invperfectly  known. 

Mumpers,  p.v,  Franklin  Co.  Pa. 

Muncklie.rfT,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  in 
the  principality  of  Bayreuth,16  m.E.  of  Culmbach. 

Miinchrnher!^,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Branden- 
burg, with  silk  and  woolen  manufactures,  34  m. 
E.  of  Berlin. 

Muncij  creek,  p.t.  Lycoming  Co.  Pa. 

Munda.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  30  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Malaga. 

Mundn.n,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick,  situate  on  the  Werra,  at  the  influx  of 
the  Fulda,  where  their  united  streams  form  the 
Weser.  Good  millstones  are  found  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  town.  In  the  war  of  1756  it 
was  several  times  in  the  hands  of  the  French,  by 
whom  it  was  again  occupied  in  180.5.  It  is  10  m. 
N  E.  of  Cassel  and  13  S.  W.  of  Gottingen. 


MunderJdngen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Wurtem- 
berg   seated  on  the  Danube,  9  m.  N.  of  Buchau. 

Mundu,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict, of  the  same  name,  extending  from  22.  to  23. 
N.  lat.,  in  the  province  of  Malwah.  It  was  an- 
ciently the  capital  of  the  province,  and  was  then 
22  m.  in  circuit,  and  contained  many  mouments 
of  ancient  magnificence,  but  it  is  fallen  much  to 
decay.  It  occupies  the  top  of  a  large  and  lofti 
mountain,  25  m.  S.  of  Ougein  and  110  N  N  W 
of  Burhampour.  Long.  75T47.  E.,  lat.  22.  50.  N 

Munfordsvilte,  p.v.  Fart  Co.  Ken. 

Munglore,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  in  the  prov 
ince  of^Cabul,  125  m.  m.  of  Cashmere  and  135 
E.  of  Cabul.     Long.  71.  15.  E.,  lat.  34.  15.  N 

Mungul/iaut,  a  town  of  Bengal,  with  a  manu- 
facture of  coarse  cotton  cloths,  situate  on  the 
Durlab,  20  m   N.  N.  E.  of  Rungpour. 

Muiunli,  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Germany, 
and  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria.  It  con- 
tains nearly  60,000  inhabitants.  Tlie  houses  are 
high,  and  the  streets  spacious,  with  canals  in  ma- 
ny of  them.  The  palace  is  a  stupendous  struc- 
ture, the  interior  magnificently  adorned ;  and  the 
cabinet  of  curiosities,  the  museum,  the  library, 
and  the  arsenal,  merit  attention.  The  cathedral 
of  Notre  Dame  contains  the  tomb  of  one  of  the 
emperors,  of  black  marble,  adorned  with  statues 
of  bronze.  Institutions  for  charitable,  literary, 
and  scientific  purposes  are  numerous.  The  large 
market-place,  in  which  is  the  town-house,  is  very 
beautiful.  Manufactures  of  silk,  velvet,  woolen 
cloth,  and  tapestry,  are  carried  on.  Near  the  city 
are  two  other  palaces,  Nymphenburg  and  Schles- 
heim.  Munich  has  often  suffered  in  the  wars 
of  Germany,  and  in  1796  and  1800  it  was  taken 
by  the  French.  It  is  seated  on  the  Iser,  33  m, 
E.  S.  E.  of  Augsburg  and  62  S.  by  W.  of  Raiis- 
bon.     Long.  11.  30.  E.,  lat.  48. 10.  N. 

Munkacs.     See  Montgutz. 

Munnerstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Franco- 
nia, situate  on  the  Lauer,  13  m.  N.  of  Schwein- 
furt. 

Munntjpour,  a  town  of  Birmah,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Cassay.  210  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Umme- 
rapoora,  and  410  E.  by  N.  of  Calcutta.  Long.  94. 
40.  E.,  lat  24.  30.  N. 

Munsingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  king- 
dom of  VVurtemberg,  with  a  castle,  20  m.  W.  of 
Ulm. 

Munster,  a  province  of  Ireland,  135  m.  long  and 
120  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Connaught,  E. 
by  Leinster,  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic.  It 
contains  the  counties  of  Clare,  Tipperary,  Water- 
ford,  Cork,  Limerick,  and  Kerry.  The  principal 
place  is  Cork. 

Munifter,  a  government  of  the  Prussian  prov- 
ince of  Westphalia.  It  contains  2,820  sq.  m.  and 
is  divided  into  10  circles  or  districts — Munster 
Proper,  Tecklenburg,  Wahrendorf,  Beckum, 
Ludinghausen,  Koesfeld,  Recklinghausen,  Berk- 
en,  Allans,  and  Steinfurt.  The  chief  rivers  are 
the  Ems  and  Lippe.  The  country  is  level,  with 
some  agreeable  heights,  but  no  mountains  ;  and 
it  has  fruitful  plains,  fine  woods,  extensive  heaths 
that  feed  much  cattle,  and  good  quarries  of  stone. 
This  government  consists,  for  the  greater  part,  of 
the  ancient  bishopric  of  its  name  which  on  the 
secularisation  of  church  property,  in  1802,  was 
divided  between  Prussia,  the  duke  of  Oldenburg, 
and  several  other  princes,  all  of  whom  became 
subject  to  Prussia  in  1815. 

Munsler,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  govern- 
ment.    The  caihedral,  the  library  of  the  chapter, 


MUR 


525 


MYS 


and  many  antiquities  are  worthy  of  notice.  In 
1535  a  tailor,  called  John  of  Leyden,  king  of  the 
anabaptists,  made  himself  master  of  the  city  ;  but 
it  was  retaken  in  1536  after  14  months'  siege, 
when  John  and  two  of  his  associates  were  tortur- 
ed to  death  with  red-hot  pincers.  The  famous 
treaty,  called  the  treaty  of  Westphalia,  which 
ended  the  30  years'  war,  was  concluded  here  in 
164S.  In  the  war  of  1756  this  city  sustained  sev- 
eral sieges  and  was  taken  in  17513.  In  1806  the 
French  laid  the  inhabitants  under  a  heavy  contri- 
bution, and  stripped  the  churches  of  their  plate. 
Munster  is  seated  on  the  Aa,  50  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Wesel  and  52  W.  N.  W.  of  Paderborn.  Long. 
7.  36.  E.,  lat.  51.  58.  N. 

Munster,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  cantons 
of  Lucerne,  12  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of  Lucerne. 

Munster,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Grisons,  15  m.  N.  of  Bormio. 

Munster,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Rhine,  6  m.  W.  of  Colmar. 

Munster,  p. v.  Cambria  Co.  Pa. 

Munster  Eyfel,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states, 
in  Westphalia,  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cologne. 

^Munster  Mienfeld,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  prov- 
ince of  Lower  Rhine,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Munstp.rberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
government  of  Reichenbach,  rich  ingrain,  flax, 
hemp  and  hops.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ohlau,  13  m. 
N.  W.  of  Neisse.  Long.  17.  3.  E.,  lat.  50.  31. 
N. 

Mur,  or  Muhr,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  duchy 
of  Salzburg,  crosses  Styria,and  falls  into  the  Drave 
near  Canischa,  in  Hungary. 

Mur  de  Barrez,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Aveiron,  32  m.  N.  by  E.of  Rhodez. 

Miirano,  a  town  of  the  Lombardo- Venetian 
kingdom,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  one  of 
largest  of  the  Lagunes  of  Venice.  Here  the  fa- 
mous Venetian  looking-glasses  are  made.  It  is  3 
m.  N,  by  E.  of  Venice. 

Murat,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Cantal,  seated  on  the  Alaignon  near  its  source, 
13  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Flour. 

Murcia,  a  province  of  Spain  bounded  N.  by 
New  Castile,  E.  by  Valencia,  W.  by  Andalusia 
and  Granada,  and  S.  by  the  Mediterranean.  It  is 
90  m.  long  and  58  broad  ;  and  the  principal  river 
is  the  Segura.  The  soil  is  dry,  and  it  produces 
little  corn  or  wine ;  but  oranges,  citrons,  lemons, 
olives,  almonds,  mulberries,  rice,  pulse,  and  sugar 
aro  plentiful.  It  has  also  a  great  deal  of  silk.  The 
yale  of  Murcia  is  celebrated  for  the  variety  and 
ichness  of  its  culture. 

Murcia,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  The  inhabitants  are  compu- 
ted at  60,000.  A  number  of  hands  are  employed 
in  the  working  of  bassweed,  and  there  is  also  an 
extensive  establishment  for  twisting  silk,  and  a 
refinery  of  salt-petre.  There  are  fine  gardens 
about  the  city,  in  which  are  the  best  fruits  in 
Spain.  It  is  seated  on  the  Segura,  over  which  is 
a  bridore,  27  m.  N.  of  Carthagena  and  212  S.  E. 
of  Madrid.     Long.  1.  16.  W.,  lat.  37.  58.  N. 

Murfreesborough,  p.t.  Rutherford  Co.  Ten.  and 
formerlv  the  seat  of  government  for  the  state.  32 
m.  S.  E".  Nashville  and  160  W.  Knoxville.  lat.  25. 
52.  N.,  long.  86.35.  W.  It  is  situated  in  a  level 
and  fertile  country,  producing  wheat,  cotton,  and 
tobacco.  Also  a  p.t.  Hertford  Co.  N.  C.  on  the 
Meherrin. 

Muro,  a  town  of  Naples  in  Basilicata,  seated  at 
the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Conza. 

Mur  OS,  a  town  of   Spain,  in  Galicia.  at  the 


mouth  of  the  Tambro,29m.  W.  by  S.  of  Compof- 
tella. 

Murray,  p. v.  Gennesee  Co.  N.  Y.  25  m.  N.  E 
Batavia. 

Murray  Frith,  a  considerable  inlet  of  the  sea, 
on  the  coast  of  Scotland,  between  Tarbetness  in 
Ross-shire,  on  the  N.,  and  Brough-Head  in  Mur- 
rayshire  on  the  S.  It  extends  in  a  S.  W.  direction 
as  far  as  Inverness,  and  thence  W.  to  the  town 
of  Beaulie,  where  it  receives  the  river  of  that 
name. 

Murrays/iire,  or  Elginshire,  a  county  of  Scot- 
land, 50  m.  in  length  and  20  along  the  coast ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Frith  of  Murray,  E.  by 
Banffshire,  S.  by  Inverness-shire,  and  VV.  by  tliat 
county  and  Nairnshire.  It  is  divided  into  12 
parishes,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  is  about 
30,000.  The  S.  part  is  mountainous  and  occu- 
pied by  forests  ;  but  the  greater  part  is  rich,  and 
produces  wheat,  barelv,  oats,  and  flax.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Spey,  Findhorn,  ana  Lossie.  The 
county  town  is  Elgin. 

Murrays-cille,  p. v.  Alleghany  Co.  Pa.,  West- 
moreland Co.  Va.,  Buncombe  Co.  N.  C. 

Murten.  See  Morat. 

Musa,  a  walled  town  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  18 
m.  E.  of  Mocha. 

Muska,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  TJpper  Lusatia, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Neisse  2o  m.  N.  N  W 
of  Gorlilz  and  52  N.  E.  of  Dresden. 

Muskingum,  a  river  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  which 
runs  S.  into  the  Ohio,  at  Marietta,  where  it  is 
230  yards  wide.  It  is  navigable  by  large  barges 
110  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  by  small  boats  45  m. 
further  to  the  lake  at  its  head,  whence,  by  a  short 
portage,  a  communication  is  opened  to  Lake 
Erie. 

Muskingum,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  2J,325 
Zanesville  is  the  capital. 

Messelburg,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  in  Edinburg- 
shire,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  over  which  are 
three  bridges  to  the  suburb  of  Fisherrow.  It  en- 
joys many  privileges,  and  has  even  incorporated 
trades.  Besides  the  parish  church,  here  are  an 
episcopal  chapel  and  four  other  places  of  worship 
The  principal  manufactures  are  of  salt,  starch, 
earthen  ware,  and  leather.  5  m.  E.  of  Edin- 
burgh. 

Mustagam,  or  Mustygannim,  a  sea-port  of  Al- 
giers, in  the  province  of  Tremecen,  with  three 
castles,  140  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  the  city  of  Algiers. 
Long.  0.  30.  E.,  lat.  36.  20.  N. 

Musuela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  situate 
on  the  river  Guadalquivir,  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Joea 
and  50  N .  of  Granada. 

Muteodu,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
noted  for  its  manufacture  of  the  glass  used  for 
making  the  rings  which  are  worn  on  the  wrists 
of  the  native  women.     It  is  34  m.  W.  of  Sera. 

Muyden,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
S.  Holland,  seated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  at  the  in- 
flux of  the  Vecht,  6  m.  E   S.  E.  of  Amsterdam. 

Myconi,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
30  m.  in  circumference.  The  soil  is  dry,  and  the 
mountains  are  of  great  height.  Here  are  plenty 
©f  partridges,  quails,  woodcocks,  turtledoves,  rab- 
bits,and  wheatears;  also  excellent  grapes  and  figs. 
The  harbour  is  open,  and  deep  enough  for  the 
largest  ships  to  ride  secure  from  the  N.  wind. 
Long.  25.  21.  E.,  lat  37.  38.  N. 

Myerstown,p.v.  Lebanon  Co.  Pa.,  31  m.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

Mysol,  one  of  the  Moluccas,  of  a  triangular 
form,  with  a  bold  shore.  The  villages  are  built  in 


NAE 


526 


NAG 


the  water  upon  posts,  and  there  are  forests  visi- 
ted by  the  birds  of  paradise,  which  are  caught  in 
great  numbers.     Long.  130.  0.  E.,  lat.  2.  0.  S. 

Mysore,  an  extensive  province  of  Hindoostan, 
lying  between  11.  and  15.  N.  lat.,  and  now  sur- 
rounded by  the  British  territories  of  the  Madras 
Presidency,  while  the  existing  rajah  is  also  de- 
p^  .dent  on  British  protection.     Tlie  country  i.-  in 

ft-;  •=~al  dry,  rugged,  mountainous,  and  barren; 
ut  there  are  several  rivers  and  mountain  torrents, 
which  by  artificial  means  serve  to  water  rice- 
grounds,  gardens,  &c.  In  the  forests  are  many 
eli^phants,  and  tigers  are  common.  Oxen,  buffa- 
loes, and  goats  are  numerous,  and  in  the  N.  E. 
part  many  sheep  are  bred  ;  but  horses  and  asses 
are  few.  The  chief  products  are  rice,  cotton,  pep- 
per, cocoa,  and  betel-nut,  sugar-cane,  butter,  and 
oil.  The  whole  of  this  country,  with  some  other 
territi^ries  to  the  N.  and  E.,  and  the  provinces  of 
Coiinbetore,  Malabar,  and  Canara,  were  subdued 
by  Hyder  All,  a  Mussulman,  who  usurped  the 
throne  of  Mysore  in  175'),  and  made  Seringapatam 
his  capital.  He  was  succeeded  by  Tippoo  Sul- 
tan, who  continued  his  father's  state  of  warfare. 
On  tlie  termination  of  a  war,  in  1792,  Tippoo 
agreed  to  pay  thirty  lacks  of  rupees,  and  to  cede 


one  half  of  his  dominions  to  the  English  and  their 
allies,  the  Mahrattas  and  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan. 
In  1799,  a  new  war  taking  place,  his  capital  was 
taken  by  the  English,  on  the  4th  of  May,  and 
himself  killed  in  the  assault.  A  partition  of  his 
remaining  territories  took  place,  and,  on  the  .'?Oth 
of  June  following,  Kistna  Rajah,  then  only  five 
years  old,  was  placed  by  the  British  on  the  throne 
of  his  forefathers.  The  dominions  of  the  raj.ah  of 
Mysore  are  now  divided  into  three  great  districts, 
Patana  to  the  S.,  Nagara  to  the  N.  W.,  and  Cha- 
trakal  to  the  N.  E.,  so  called  from  the  three  places 
where  the  chief  offices  are  situate.  The  Patana 
district  is  by  far  the  largest,  and  of  itself  com 
prises  a  much  greater  extent  of  territory  than  w£.< 
ever  before  subject  to  the  Mysore  family. 

Mysore,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province," 
was  ruined  by  Tippoo  Sultan  ;  but  since  the  Eng- 
lish restored  the  ancient  family  in  17r'9,  and  made 
it  the  rajah's  seat  of  government,  the  town  and 
fortress  have  been  rebuilt,  and  the  population  ia 
rapidly  increasing.  Mysore  is  10  m.  S.  of  Serin- 
gapatam.    Long.  7G.  50.  E.,  lat.  12.  15.  N. 

Mytilene.     See  Metelin. 

Mijlon,  at  town   in  N.   Yorkshire,  Eng.   2  m 
from  Aldborough.. 


N 


NAAS,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Kildare,  where  the  assizes  are  held  alternately 
with  Athy.  It  was  anciently  the  residence  of 
the  kings  of  Leinster.  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 
Long.  6.  42.  W.,  lat.  53.  13.  N. 

J\l'ub,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  flows  S.  through 
the  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  and  enters  the  Danube 
a  little  above  Ratisbon. 

Nabal,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  cele- 
brated for  its  potteries.  Near  it  are  several  re- 
mains of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  near  the  sea,  32  m 
S.  S.  E.  of  Tunis.  Long.  10. 19.  E.,  lat.  53.  13.  N. 

Nabburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Nab, 
10  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Amberg. 

Kablous,  a  town  of  Palestine,  capital  of  a  coun- 
try which  was  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Samaria. 
It  is  the  residence  of  a  scheik,  who  farms  the  tri- 
bute to  the  pacha  of  Damascus.  Here  is  consid- 
erable trade,  and  the  manufactures  flourish  more 
than  in  most  cities  of  the  east.  The  soil  of  the 
surrounding  country  is  fertile,  and  producos  a 
great  ;eal  of  corn,  cotton,  olives,  and  some  silk. 
Nablous  is  24  m.  N.  of  Jerusalem  and  90  S.  S.  W. 
of  Damascus.     L^yng.  35.  24.  E.,  lat.  32.  20.  N. 

Kaco,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  Mexico,  50  m. 
N.  W.  ofValladolid. 

JVacoirdoches,  a  small  town  in  Texas,  120  m.  W. 
of  Natchitoches  in  Louisiana. 

J^adir,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  W.  branch  of 
the  Nile,  28  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cairo. 

J^aefels,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Glaris,  near  which,  in  1388,  an  unparalleled 
victory  was  obtained  by  350  troops  of  Glaris,  as- 
Bi8t«d  by  50  Schweitzers,  over  15,000  Austrians. 
In  memory  of  this  heroic  achievement,  a  chapel 
»vas  built  on  the  spot,  which  was  rebuilt  in  1779. 
4  m.  N.  of  Glaris. 

Naerdrn,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
S.  Holland,  at  the  head  of  the  canals  of  the  pro- 
vince, of  which  it  18  considered  the  key.  In  1572 
it  was  taken  by  Fernande  de  Toledo,  son  of  the 
duke  of  Alva,  and  all  the  inhabitants  were  mas- 
sacred.    In  1672  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  and 


retaken  by  the  Prince  of  Orange  the  following 
year.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee,  14  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Amsterdam.  Long.  5.  11.  E.,  lat.  52. 
19.  N. 

JVaoramangala,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
with  a  citadel  in  the  centre,  both  fortified  with 
mud  walls.  In  the  outer  town  a  wide  street  ex- 
tends all  round,  with  short  lanes  on  each  side  to 
the  outer  and  inner  wall.  In  the  fort  are  two 
large  temples  and  a  ruinous  palace.  30  m.  N.  of 
Seringapatam. 

JVagara,  or  Hyder-nagara,  a  city  of  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  the  district  of  Bednore.  It  was  former- 
ly called  Bidderuru,  and  by  Europeans  Biddenore  ; 
but  received  its  present  name  in  17(')3,  on  beino- 
taken  by  Hyder,  who  made  it  his  principal  arsenal 
and  a  place  of  great  magnitude  and  comnu^rce. 
It  afterwards  declined,  being  neither  the  seat  of 
a  court  nor  of  any  public  works,  except  the  mint. 
In  1783  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  and  re-taken 
soon  after  by  Tippoo  ;  but  on  his  final  defeat,  in 
1799,  it  was  ceded  by  the  English  to  the  rajah  of 
Mysore.  70  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Man  galore  and  150 
N.  W.  of  Seringapatam.  Long.  75.  8.  E.,  lat.  13 
48.  N. 

JYagaz,  a  town  of  Candahar,  province  of  Cabul, 
on  the  Cowmull,  79  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Attock  ano 
120  S.  of  Cabul. 

JYagera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with 
a  fort,  3  m.  N.  VV.  of  Calahorra  and  138  N.  of 
Madrid. 

Nagold,  a  town  of  Germa.;y  in  the  kingdom  of 
Wurtemberg,  with  a  ruined  castle  ;  situate  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  15    m.  W.  of  Tubingen. 

J^agore,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name  in  the  province  of  Agimere. 
50  m.  N.  W.  of  Agimere.  Long.  74.  15.  £.,  lat. 
27.  9.  N. 

JVu.gjwre,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the 
Eastern  Mahratta  territories.  It  is  extensive 
and  populous,  but  meanly  built;  and.  excepting 
a  small  citadel,  is  open  and  defenceless.  StiO  m 
W.  by  S.  of  Calcutta  Long.  79.  46.  E.,lat.2l.9.N 


"NAM 


527 


NAN 


Kagpore  Chuta,  (or  Little,)  a  district  of  Bahar, 
Hindoostan,  constituting  the  S.  W.  British  fron- 
tier, and  included  in  the  collectorship  of  Ramg- 
hur,  *  It  is  one  of  the  wildest  and  least  cultivated 
districts  of  British  India. 

Kagybanja,  a  town  of  Hungary  and  one  of  the 
royal  free  towns.  The  gold  and  silver  mines  are 
of  great  produce,  and  money  is  coined  here.  It 
is  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Zatmar.  Long.  22.  54.  E., 
lat.  48.  10.  N. 

JVahant,  a  peninsula  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  8 
m.  N.  E.  Boston.  It  belongs  to  Lynn  in  Essex 
Co.  and  is  united  to  the  continent  by  a  narrow 
isthmus  of  sand  called  Lynn  Beach.  The  penin- 
sula has  a  rocky,  uneven  surface,  and  is  adorned 
with  many  summer  cottages  belonging  to  the  in- 
habitants of  Boston.  During  the  summer  months 
it  is  greatly  frequented  by  visitors.  Two  spa- 
cious and  elegant  hotels  built  of  stone,  afford  ex- 
cellent accommodations,  and  steam-boats  pass 
every  hour  in  the  day  between  Nahant  and  Bos- 
ton during  the  season. 

JVahe,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
territory  of  Treves,  above  Birkenfeld,  and  enters 
the  Rhine  at  Bingen. 

JVaAre,  a  town  <JfDehli,  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
a  district  of  the  same  name,  and  a  place  of  con- 
siderable strength.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Hin- 
doo chief,  tributary  to  the  rajah  of  Nepaul.  Long. 
77.  8.  E.,  lat.  30.  41.  N. 

JS'airn,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  and  capital  of 
Nairnshire,  with  a  small  harbour.  It  is  seated  at 
the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Murray  Frith,  15.  m.  N.  E.  of  Inverness  and  120 
N   of  Edinburgh.     Long.  3.  6.  W.,  lat.  57.  38.  N. 

Nairnshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  15  m.  long, 
and  10  broad;  bounded  N.  by  the  Murray  Frith, 
and  enclosed  on  every  side  of  the  counties  of  In- 
verness and  Murray.  It  is  divided  into  4  parishes 
and  sends  one  member  to  parliament  alternately 
with  Cromarty.  The  S.  part  is  mountaineus, 
but  towards  the  N.  it  is  level,  and  the  soil  abund- 
antly fertile 

Naksivan,  a  town  of  Prussian  Armenia,  former- 
ly a  large  city,  but  ruined  by  Abbas  I.,  who  re- 
moved the  inhabitants  in  the  interior  parts  of 
Persia.  Here  are  now  some  considerable  buzaars, 
caravenserais,  baths,  and  other  public  buildings. 
It  is  85  m.  S.  E.  of  Erivan  and  250  E.  of  Erze- 
rum.     Long.  45.  30.  E.,  lat.  33.  40.  N. 

^amslau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a 
castle.  It  is  situate  among  morasses  on  the  river 
Weyda,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Breslau. 

JVawiJ/r,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands,  30  ni. 
long  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  by  the  French  fron- 
tier, and  by  the  Belgic  provinces  of  Hainault,  S. 
Brabant  and  Liege.  It  is  pretty  fertile,  and  has 
several  forests,  marble  quarriers,  and  mines  of 
iron,  lead  and  coal.  The  rivers  Meuse  and  Sam- 
bre  divide  it  into  3  parts,  nearly  of  equal  extent. 
.Before  the  French  Revolution  of  1789,  the  great- 
er part  of  this  province  belonged  to  Austria,  and 
the  remainder  to  France.  In  1794  the  whole  was 
siezed  by  the  French,  and  constituted  for  20 
years  part  of  the  department  of  Sambre-et-Meuse. 
It  was  finally  incorporated  with  the  kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands  in  1815. 

Kamur,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  castle  in  the  middle  of 
the  town,  on  a  craggy  rock,  and  several  forts. 
The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  20,000.  Fire- 
arms, swords,  knives,  and  many  other  kinds  of 
cutlerv,  are  made  here.  This  city  was  the  scene 
of  a  sanguinary  conflict  between  the  allies  and  the 


French  in  June  1815,  and  is  noted  in  History  ac 
the  scene  of  many  early  battles.  It  is  seated  be- 
tween two  mountains,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Maese  and  Sambre,  24  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Liege 
and  32  S.  E.  of  Brussels.  Long.  4.  45.  E  lat 
50.  29.  N. 

JVanas.  a  town  of  Hungary,  23  m.  N.  W.  De- 
breozin.     Pop.  4,000. 

JVanaj/,  a  river  of  Quito, falling  into  the  Amazon. 

Nancezille,  p. v.  Harrison  Co.  Indiana. 

Nancy,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  divid- 
ed by  a  canal  into  the  Old  and  New  Town. 
The  former  though  irregularly  built,  is  rich  and 
populous,  and  contains  the  palace  of  the  anc.tnt 
dukes  of  Lorraine  ;  and  their  tombs  are  in  a  rich 
saloon  which  adjoins  the  church  of  the  late  Cor- 
deliers. The  New  Town,  whose  streets  are  per- 
fectly straight,  was  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe, 
even  before  the  magnificent  works  with  which 
Stanislaus  I.,  titular  king  of  Poland,  and  duke  of 
Lorraine,  enriched  it.  "The  cathedral  is  a  supurb 
structure,  and  there  are  several  other  elegan 
churches.  It  was  occupied  by  the  allies  in  1814. 
Nancy  is  seated  in  a  delightful  plain,  near  the 
river  Meurthe,  30  m.  S.  of  Metz  and  230  E.  of 
Paris.     Long.  6.  10.  E.,  lat.  48.  42.  N. 

JVandar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name  in  the  province  of  Dowle- 
tabad.     132  m.  N.  N.   W.  of  Hydrabad. 

Nandidroog,  a  strong  town  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysore.  Since  the  restoration  of  the  rajah,  in 
1709,  it  has  been  garrisoned  by  English  troops. 
It  is  25  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bangalore  and  64  E.  S.  E. 
of  Sera. 

Nanfio,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
a  little  tothe  E.  of  Santorin  ;  it  is  26  m.  in  circum- 
ference, but  has  no  harbour,  nor  springs  sufficient 
to  water  the  fields.  The  inhabitants  are  all 
Greeks,  and  their  chief  trade  is  in  onions,  wax, 
and  honey.  The  ruins  of  the  temple  of  Apollo 
are  yet  to  be  seen,  and  consist  chiefly  of  marble 
columns.     Long.  26.  10.  E.,  lat.  36.  15.  N. 

Naugasaki,  a  city  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of 
Ximo,  with  a  good  harbour  and  the  only  one  in 
the  empire  in  which  foreign  ships  are  permitted 
to  anchor.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  great 
trade  with  the  Chinese  and  Dutch.  Long.  129. 
46.  E.,  lat.  32.  32.  N. 

Nangis,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  of 
Seine-et-Marn,  12  m.  W.  of  Provins. 

Nanjemog,  p.t.  Charles  Co.  Maryland.  45  m. 
S.  Washington. 

JVankang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-si,  seated  on  the  lake  Po- 
yang,  637  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  1 13.  58.  E., 
lat.  29.  33.  N. 

Nanking,  a.  city-of  China,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince ofKiangan.  It  is  17  m.  in  circumference, 
and  about  3  m.  distant  from  the  great  river  Yang- 
tse-Chiang,  from  which  canals  are  cut,  so  large 
that  vessels  may  enter  the  town.  It  was  former- 
ly the  imperial  city,  whence  it  is  called  Nanking, 
which  signifies  southern  court ;  but,  since  the  six 
grand  tribunals  have  been  removed  to  Pekin,  it  is 
called  Kiang-nan  in  all  public  acts  The  place  is 
greatly  fallen  from  its  ancient  splendor;  for  it  had 
a  magnificent  palace  which  is  quite  destroyed,  as 
well  as  many  ancient  monuments  ;  and  a  third 
part  of  the  city  itself  is  desolate.  The  streets 
are  narrow,  but  handsome  and  well  paved,  and 
on  each  side  are  shops  neatly  furnished.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are  mean,  except  a  few  tempies,  the 
city  gates,  and  a  tower  of  porcelain  200  feet  high 


NAN 


538 


NAP 


The  inhabitants  were  formerly  estimated  at  2,000, 
000,  the  city  being  above  30  rn.  in  cir«umference. 
The  number  at  present  is  said  to  be  1 ,000,000, 
without  comprehending  the  garrison  of  40,000 
men.  They  have  several  manufactures  in  silk 
and  wood.  Here  the  physicians  have  their  prin- 
cipal academy.  Nanking  is  seated  on  the  Slam, 
500  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long  119.  25.  E.,  lat. 
32.  46.  N. 

Niinngan,  a  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Kiangsi.  It  stands  among  plantations  of  sugar- 
cane, near  the  source  of  the  Kang-kiang,  and  the 
foot  of  the  mountain  Me-lin,  200  m.  N.  E.  of 
Canton.     Long.  113.  38.  E.,  lat.  24.  48.  N. 

JYan-ning,  a  city  ofChina,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Quang-si,  1,145  ni.  S.  S.  W.  ot  Pe- 
kin. Long.  107.  45.  E.,  lat.  22.  44.  N. 

jyansemond,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  11,784.  Suffolk  is  the  capital.  Also  a 
river  flowing  through  this  county  into  James 
River  at  Hampton  Roads. 

J^antasket,  the  Indian  name  of  the  peninsula  on 
the  S.  side  of  Boston  Bay.  It  contains  the  town 
of  Hull,  and  is  joined  to  the  mainland  by  a  beach 
of  sand  several  miles  in  length.  The  peninsula 
has  several  high  hills  which  command  one  of  the 
entrances  into  Boston  harbour. 

jyantasket  Road,  the  name  given  to  that  part  of 
the  outer  harbour  of  Boston,  between  Nantasket 
and  the  islands  to  the  N.  and  ^.  W.  just  within  the 
outer  light. 

JVan-tckang,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  Kiang- 
si. It  has  no  trade  but  that  of  porcelain,  which  is 
made  in  the  vicinity  of  Jaatcheou.  The  country  is 
so  much  cultivated  that  the  pastures  are  barely 
sufficient  for  the  flocks.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kan- 
kianor,  which  flows  hence  into  the  lake  Poyang, 
605  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  115.  30.  E..  lat.  28. 
36.  iN. 

JVantes,  a  city  of  France  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Loire,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a 
university.  It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the 
dukes  of  Bretagne,  who  built  a  strong  castle  on 
the  side  of  the  river,  which  still  exists.  The 
cathedral  contains  the  tombs  of  the  ancient  dukes  ; 
besides  which  there  are  a  collegiate  church  and 
11  parish  churches.  The  bridges  over  the  Loire, 
in  which  are  some  islands,  are  almost  a  league 
in  length.  The  suburbs  exceed  the  city  in  extent. 
A  great  quantity  of  salt  is  made  in  the  territory  of 
Nantes,  both  at  the  bay  of  Bourgneuf  and  in  the 
salt  marshes  of  Guelande  and  Croisic.  Large  ves- 
sels can  come  no  higher  than  Port  Laubai,  which 
is  12  m.  from  Nantes.     The  inhabitants  are  com- 

fnted  at  nearly  80,000.  It  was  here  that  Henry 
V.  promulgated  the  famous  edict  in  1598,  in  fa- 
vour of  the  Protestants  which  was  revoked  by 
Louis  XIV.  in  1085.  Nantes  is  58  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Rennes  and  217  S.  W.  of  Paris.  Long.  1.  33.  W., 
lat.  47. 13.  N. 

JVanticoke,  p.t.  Broome  Co  N.  Y.  on  a  creek  of 
the  same  name  falling  into  the  Susquehanna. 

J^anticoke,  a  hundred  of  Sussex  Co.  Del.  on 
arivei  of  the  same  name  falling  into  the  Chesa- 
peak. 

Nantmill,  E.  and  W.,two  townships  in  Chester 
Co.  Pa.  35  m.  N.  W.  Philad. 

Jfanttia,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
with  manufactures  of  gauzes,  taffetas,  chintzes, 
Sec.  situate  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  18  m.  £. 
of  Bourg. 

jyantitcket,BLn  island  of  Massachusetts,  20  m.  S. 
of  Cape  Cod.  It  is  15  m.  long  and  7  broad,  and 
coatains  29,380  acres.    It  is  a  sandy  spot  with 


little  vegetation,  yet  affords  grass  for  the  pastur 
age  of  a  few  cows  and  sheep,  and  supports  a 
population  of  7,202.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
engaged  in  the  whale  fishery,  and  iheir  ships  pen- 
etrate to  the  most  distant  seas  on  the  globe.  The 
island  constitutes  one  town  and  one  county.  The 
principal  village  is  on  the  N.  side  of  the  island, 
and  has  a  tolerable  harbour  ;  the  bouses  are  of 
wood.  There  are  many  spermaceti  works  upon  the 
island.  The  shipping  owned  here  in  1827  amount- 
ed to  26.353  tons.  S.  E.  of  Nantucket,  out  of 
sight  of  the  island  are  some  dangerous  shoals. 

jynnlwicfi,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  The  man- 
ufacture of  salt  was  formerly  considerable,  but 
it  is  now  confined  to  a  single  establishment ;  and 
the  chief  trade  consists  in  the  manufacture  of 
shoes  for  the  London  and  Manchester  dealers. 
The  principal  dairies  of  Cheshire  are  about  this 
town,  and  it  has  considerable  trade  in  cheese.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Weaver,  and  by  the  Chester  Ca- 
nal, which  here  forms  a  broad  basin,  20  m.  S. 
E.  of  Chester  and  164   N.  W.  of  London. 

JVan-yang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Ho-nan,  seated  on  a  small  river, 
and  surrounded  by  mountains,  160  m.  S.  of  Ho- 
nan. 

J^an-yong,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the   province    of  Quantong,   seated    on  the  Pei- 
kiang,  near  its  source,  170  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Canton. 
Mwpaul.     See  JYepaul. 

Kaples,  or  the  Two  Sicilies,  a  kingdom  com- 
prehending the  S.  part  of  Italy,  bounded  on  theN. 
W.  by  the  Ecclesiasticalstates,  N.  E.  by  the  gul' 
of  Venice,  and  every  where  else  by  the  Mediter 
ranean.  It  is  300  m.  in  length  by  100  in  breadth, 
and  is  divided  into  13  provinces  :  namely,  Napo- 
lia  or  Naples,  Terra  di  Lavoro  (the  ancient  Cam- 
pania Felix),  Principato  Citra  and  Ultra,  Molise, 
Basilicata,  Calabria  Citra  and  Ultra,  Abruzzo 
Citra  and  Ultra,  Capitanata,  Terra  di  Bari,  and 
Terra  d'  Otranto  ;  the  last  three  forming  the  an- 
cient Apulia,  now  called  Puglia,  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  kingdom. 

The  climate  in  general  isextrpmely  hot,  espec- 
ially in  July,  August,  and  September,  and  is  said 
to  be  one  of  the  most  inconstant  and  unfavoura- 
ble to  valetudinarians.  In  some  seasons  it  rains 
every  day  for  6  or  7  weeks  together;  but  the  most 
disagreeable  part  of  the  climate  is  the  sirocco,  or 
S.  E.  wind,  which  is  very  common  in  May,  and 
extremely  relaxing.  In  winter  there  is  seldom 
any  ice  or  snow,  except  on  the  mountains.  The 
country  abounds  with  grain,  the  finest  fruits  and 
vegetables,  rice,  flax,  oil,  wine,  saffron,  and  man- 
na ;  and  affords  alum,  vitrol,  sulphur,  rock  crystal, 
marble,  minerals,  and  fine  wool  and  silk.  Besides 
the  manufactures  noticed  in  the  account  of  the 
city  of  Naples,  waistcoats,  caps,  stockings,  and 
gloves  are  also  made  of  the  hair  or  filaments  of  a 
shellfish,  which  are  warmer  than  those  of  wool 
and  of  a  beautiful  glossy  green.  The  principal 
mountains  are  the  Apennines  (which  traverse 
this  country  from  N.  to  S.,  branching  to  the  two 
extremities)  and  the  celebrated  volcano.  Mount 
Vesuvius.  The  rivers  are  numerous,  but  incon- 
siderable ;  the  chief  are  the  Garigliano  and  Vol- 
turno.  One  of  the  greatest  inconveniences  to 
which  this  kingdom  is  exposed  is  earthquakes. 
The  established  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic  ; 
but  Protestants  and  Jews  are  allowed  to  settle 
here.  The  inhabitants  of  this  country  have  at  all 
times  borne  but  an  indifferent  character  among 
other  nations ;  gluttony  is  here  a  predominant 
vice,  while  instances  of  ebriety  are  comparatively 


NAP 


529 


NAR 


fare.  In  the  female  sex,  tlie  passion  for  finery  is 
almost  superior  to  every  other  ;  and  though  chas- 
tity is  not  the  characteristic  virtue  of  the  country, 
yet  a  Neapolitan  woman  would,  for  the  most  part 
prefer  a  present  to  a  lover.  The  breach  of  the 
conjugal  vow  sometimes  occasions  quarrels  and 
assassinations  among  people  of  inferior  rank  ;  and 
in  the  metropolis,  assassinations  are  often  perpe- 
trated from  much  less  cogent  motives.  That  fu- 
rious jealousy  for  which  the  nation  was  once  so 
remarkable  is,  however  greatly  abated.  See  Italy 
and  Sicily. 

JVapfes,  a  large  and  rich  trading  city  of  Italy, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  capital  of  the  above 
kingdom,  with  a  university.  It  is  situated  at  the 
bottom  of  a  bay,  and  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  vast 
amphitheatre,  sloping  from  the  hills  to  the  sea. 
Although  the  style  of  architecture  is  inferior  to 
what  prevails  at  Rome,  and  it  cannot  vie  with  that 
city  in  the  number  of  palaces  or  in  the  magnifi- 
cence of  the  public  buildings,  yet  the  private  hou- 
ses in  general  are  better  built,  and  the  streets  are 
broader  and  better  paved.  No  street  in  Rome 
equals  in  beauty  the  Strada  di  Toledo  at  Naples  ; 
nor  can  any  of  them  be  compared  with  the  beau- 
tiful streets  which  lie  open  to  the  bay,  where  the 
excessive  heat  ofthe  sun  is  often  tempered  with  the 
sea  breezes  and  gales  wafting  the  perfumes  ofthe 
Campagna  Felice  The  houses  in  general  are  5 
or  6  stories  high,  and  flat  at  the  top,  on  which 
are  placed  numbers  of  flower  vases,  or  fruit  trr-es 
in  boxes  of  earth,  producing  a  very  gay  and  agree- 
able effect.  On  the  mountain  St.  Elmo,  in  a 
most  pleasant  situation,  is  a  convent  of  Carthu- 
sians, on  which  much  expense  has  been  lavished 
to  render  the  building,  the  apartments,  and  tiie 
gardens,  equal  to  the  situation.  Naples  is  admir- 
ably situated  for  commerce,  and  has  all  the  neces- 
saries and  luxuries  of  life  in  great  profusion.  The 
chief  articles  manufactured  here  are  silk  stockings, 
soap,  snuff-boxes  of  tortoise-shell  or  ofthe  lava  of 
Mount  Vesuvius,  tables,  and  ornamental  furni- 
ture of  marble.  They  are  thought  to  embroider 
here  better  than  in  France  ;  and  their  macaroni  is 
preferred  to  that  of  any  part  of  Italy.  They  ex- 
cel also  in  liquors  and  confections  ;  particularly 
in  one  kind  of  confection,  called  diaboloni,  of  a 
very  hot  and  stimulating  nature,  and  which  is 
sold  at  a  very  higli  price. 

The  nu.nber  of  inliabitants  is  computed  at  350, 
000,  which  is  very  probable  ;  for,  tliough  Naples 
is  not  one-third  ofthe  size  of  London,  yet  many 
of  the  streets  here  are  more  crowded  than  the 
Strand,  and  a  great  proportion  of  the  poorest  sort 
are  obliged  to  spend  the  night  in  them,  as  well  as 
the  day,  for  want  of  habitations.  There  is  not  a 
city  in  the  world,  perhaps,  with  the  same  number 
of  inhabitants,  in  which  so  few  contribute  to  the 
wealth  ofthe  community,  by  useful  and  produc- 
tive labour;  the  number  of  priests,  monks,  fid- 
dlers, lawyers,  nobility,  footmen,  and  lazzaroni  or 
vagabonds,  is  immense  :  the  last  alone  have  been 
computed  at  above  30,01)0,  but  their  number  has 
since  been  somewhat  diminished.  The  nobility 
are  excessively  fond  of  splendour  and  show,  as  ap- 
pears by  the  brilliancy  of  their  equipages,  the  num- 
ber of  theirattendants,  the  richness  of  their  dress, 
and  the  grandeur  of  their  titles.  The  king,  it  is 
said  counts  100  persons  with  the  title  of  prince  and 
still  a  greater  number  with  that  of  duke,  among 
his  subjects.  Six  or  seven  of  these  have  estates  of 
from  £10,000  to  £13,000  a-year,  and  a  considera- 
ble number  have  possessions  to  about  half  that 
amount ;  while  the  annual  revenue  of  many  is  not 
67 


above  £1 ,000  or  £2000.  The  inferior  nobility  are 
much  poorer,  many  counts  and  marquises  not 
having  above  £300  or  £400  a-year,  of  a  paternal 
estate,  many  still  less,  and  not  a  few  enjoying  the 
title  without  any  estate  whatever.  Although  the 
churches  and  convents  of  Naples  are  not  to  be 
compared  with  those  of  Rome  in  point  of  archi- 
tecture, they  surpass  them  in  rich  jewels,  and  in 
the  quantity  of  silver  and  golden  crucifixes,  ves- 
sels, and  other  ornaments.  The  cathedra)  is  a 
grand  Gothic  edifice  ;  and,  of  all  the  palaces,  that 
ofthe  king  is  not  only  the  most  magnificent,  but 
in  the  best  style  of  architecture.  The  harbour, 
which  is  spacious  is  protected  by  a  mole.  The 
bay  of  Naples  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  be- 
ing almost  of  a  circular  figure,  about  30  m.  in  di- 
ameter, shut  out  from  the  Mediterranean  by  the 
island  of  Capri,  and  three  parts  of  it  sheltered 
by  a  circuit  of  woods  and  mountains.  Naples  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  January,  1799,  but  retak- 
en by  the  British  fleet  under  lord  Nelson,  in  the 
June  following.  In  1806  it  was  again  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  French  under  Massena,  soon 
after  which  Joseph  Bonaparte  was  here  crowned 
king  of  Naples;  but  on  his  removal  to  Spain,  in 
1808,  the  crown  was  conferred  on  Murat.  In 
May,  1815,  Naples  was  surrendered  to  a  British 
squadron,  and  in  the  following  month  king  Fer- 
dinand was  restored.  In  1803  the  city  suffered 
much  damage  by  an  earthquake.  It  is  110  m.  S. 
K.  of  Rome,  104  N.  E.  of  Palermo,  and  300  S.  by 
E.  of  Venice.  Long.  14.  20.  E.,  lat.  14.  55. 
N. 

Mipoli  de  Romania,  a  sea-port  of  the  Morea,and 
an  archbishop's  see,  seated  on  a  peninsula,  at  the 
head  of  a  bay,  ofthe  same  name.  It  has  a  large 
harbour,  with  a  narrow  entrance,  defended  by  a 
citadel.  This  town  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in 
17J5,  and  remained  under  the  government  ofthe 
Porte  till  the  recent  dismemberment  of  Greece.  It 
is  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Corinth.  Long.  22.  44.  E., 
lat.  37.  44.  N. 

JVapoli  di  Malvasia,  a  sea-port  of  the  Morea,  on 
the  island  of  Malvasia.  It  has  a  fine  harbour  defend- 
ed by  a  good  citadel ;  and  a  long  wooden  bridge, 
which  joins  it  to  the  mainland.  It  gives  name  to 
that  excellent  wine  called  Malmsey  ;  and  was  the 
ancient  Epidaurus,famed  for  the  temple  of  .lEscula- 
pius.  It  is  seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Napoli  de  Romania.  38  m.  S.  E.  ofMisitra. 
Long.  22.  58.  E.,  lat.  36.  o3.  N. 

JVara,  a  town  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of  Niphon, 
with  a  magnificent  castle.  25  in.  N.  W.  of  Meaco. 
J^arainounve,  a  town  of  Bengal,  in  the  district 
of  Dacca,  with  manufactures  of  muslin,  and  a 
trade  in  orain,  salt,  tobacco,  &c.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Luckla.     Long.  90.  35.  E..  lat.  23.  3G.  N. 

JVarasinghapura,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  My 
sore,  with  two  considerable  temples.  It  is  well 
built,  and  stands  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  Cave 
ry,  immediately  below  the  influx  of  Kapina,  3U 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Mysore. 

Karheth,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Pemlyokeshire  , 
seated  on  a  hill,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Pembroke  and 
242  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

JVarbonne,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aude.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans  it  was  the 
capital  of  that  part  of  Gaul  called  Gallia  Narbon- 
onsis ;  and  here  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius 
was  born.  Some  Roman  inscriptions,  in  different 
parts  of  the  city  are  still  visible  ;  and  the  canal 
from  the  river  Aude,  through  the  city  to  the  Med- 
iterranean, was  cut  by  the  Romans.  Narbonne  is 
famous  for  its  honey,  and  the  cathedral  is  remark 
2  Y 


NAS 


530 


NAT 


able  for  its  noble  choir.  It  ia  5  m.  from  the  Med- 
iterranean and  80  E.  S.  E.  of  Toulouse.  Long.  3. 
0.  E.,  lat.  43.  11.  N. 

J{arborou^h,  an  uninhabited  island  in  the  S. 
Pacific,  on  the  coast  of  Chile,  where  Sir  John  Nar- 
borough  refreshed  his  men  when  sent  to  the  South 
Sea.  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  Long.  74.  35.  W., 
lat.  45.  0.  N. 

Kardo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'  Otranto, 
22  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Otranto. 

Karcnza,  a  town  of  Dalmatia,  and  a  bishop's 
see  ;  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  42  m. 
IS.  N.  W.  ofRagusa. 

A'arim,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  government  of 
Tobolsk,  surrounded  by  pallisades  and  wooden 
towers.  The  environs  abound  with  foxes,  ermines, 
and  sables.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Ket 
with  the  Oby,  400  m.  E  by  N.  of  Tobolsk.  Long. 
81.  15.  E.,  lat.  59.  10.  N 

J^arnallii,  mtown  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
province  of  Berar,  33  m.  W.  N.W.  of  Ellich- 
pour. 

J^arm,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  states  of  the 
church.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  marble  bridge, 
built  by  Augustus  ;  and  also  of  an  aqueduct  that 
brought  water  from  a  spring  at  the  distance  of  15 
.-n.  It  is  seated  on  the  Nera,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.,  of 
Spoleto,  and  40  N.  of  Rome. 

Naro,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  11  m.  E.  of  Girgenti. 

Na.rora,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  issues  from 
the  lake  Peipus,  flows  to  Narva,  and  enters  the 
gulf  of  Finland  8  m.  below  that  town.  It  has  two 
cataracts,  pompously  described  by  travellers; 
but  they  are  far  inferior  to  that  of  the  Rhine  at 
Laviffen. 

JS'arraganset,  Bay,  in  Rhode  Island  State,  ex- 
tends from  N.  to  S.  dividing  the  state  into  two 
parts.  It  is  separated  into  several  distinct  chan- 
nels by  the  islands  which  it  embosoms.  The 
largest  are  Conanicut  and  Rhode  Island.  Tlie 
length  of  the  bay  is  about  30  m.  and  its  breadth 
1.5.  It  affords  many  excellent  harbours  a)id  is  ac- 
cessible at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  It  receives 
many  rivers,  and  the  cities  of  Providence  and 
Newport  with  other  small  towns  lie  upon  its 
waters. 

Karra<Tua^us,  p. v.  Washinfifton  Co.  Me.  37 
m.  W.  Machias,   on  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Karsingafatam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
territory  of  Cattack,  near  the  coast  of  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  44  m.  S.  of  Cattack. 

JVarva,  a  strong  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Petersburgh.  The  houses  are  built  of 
brick  and  stuccoed  white ;  and  it  has  more  the 
appearance  of  a  German  than  of  a  Rjissian  town. 
In  the  suburb  called  Ivangorod  are  the  stupendous 
remains  of  an  ancient  fortress,  built  by  Ivan  Ba- 
.silowitz  the  Great,  which  impend  over  the  steep 
banks  of  the  Narova.  In  17()0  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden  ol)tained  a  victory  here  over  Peter  the 
Great.  Five  years  after,  the  czar  took  the  town 
by  assault;  and.  by  his  own  personal  exertions, 
saved  it  from  pillage  and  massacre.  The  princi- 
pal exports  are  hemp,  flax,  timber,  and  corn.  It 
IS  situate  on  the  Narova,  8  m.  from  its  mouth  and 
as  W.  S.  W.  of  Petersburgh.  Long.  27.  52.  E., 
lat.  5:).  18.  N. 

JVanmir,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  fer- 
tile district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of 
Agra:  seated  near  tlie  Sinde,  115  m.  S.  of  Agra. 
[.ong  78.  17.  E.,lat.  25.  40.  N. 

Jfasca,  a  sea-port  of  Peru,  in  the  audience  of 
I  .iaia.     It  has  a  good  harbour,  and  stands  in  a  tei- 


ritory  fertile  in  wine  and  sugar,  220  m.  S.  S.  &. 
of  Lima.     Long.  75.  10.  W.,  fat.  14.  45.  S. 

JYasebtj,  a  village  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng.  fa- 
mous for  the  decisive  victory  jrained  by  the  army 
of  the  parliament  over  that  of  Charles'l.  in  1645. 
12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Northampton. 

JYash,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  8,492. 
Nashville  is  the  capital.  • 

Jfashua,  a  branch  of  the  Merrimack,   rising   in 

Worcester    County    Mass.    and   falling    into   the 

Merrimack  at  Dunstable,  N.  11.     It  is  40  m.  long 

JS'ushuan,  one  of  the  Elizabeth  Islands,  on    tha 

S.  side  of  Buzzard  s  Bay,  in  Dukes  Co.  Mas. 

J\'ashvillr.,p.t.  Davidson  Co.  Tennessee,  and  the 
seat  of  government  for  the  state.  It  is  seated  on 
the  S.  branch  of  Cumberland  river  near  some  high 
bluffs.  The  site  is  pleasant  and  healthy  and  the 
town  is  much  visited  during  the  hot  season  by 
people  from  the  lower  country.  Here  is  a  branch 
of  the  United  States  Bank.  The  Cumberland  is 
navigable  to  this  place  by  steam-boats.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Nashville  was  founded  in  ISiiG.  It  has 
4  instructers  and  95  students,  tlie  libraries  have 
3,250  vols.  It  has  two  vacations  of  11  weeks. 
Pop.  5,506. 

JVashville,  p.v.  Nash  Co.  N.  C.  50  m.  N.  E. 
Raleigh. 

J\'askow,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Laaland,  with  a  convenient  harbour,  seated  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  15  m.  W.by  N.  of  Marieboe. 
JVassau,  an  independent  duchy  of  Germany, 
formed  of  the  several  principalities  which  formerly 
bore  this  name.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Prussian 
territory  on  the  Lower  Rhine  and  the  states  of  the 
princes  of  Hesse.  It  contains  mines  of  iron,  cop- 
per, and  lead,  and  the  soil  is  fertile  in  some  places, 
but  the  surface  is  for  the  most  part  woody  and 
mountainous.  Tlie  rearing  of  cattle  and  the  cul- 
ture of  the  vine  are  the  principal  occupations  of 
the  inliabitants.  The  duke  of  Nassau  holds  the 
13th  place  at  the  smaller  assembly  of  the  German 
diet  and  has  two  votes  in  the  full  assembly. 

JVassau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  above  duchy, 
the  only  place  belonginir  in  common  to  the  dnke 
of  Nassau  and  the  king  of  the  Netherlands.  Op- 
posite tlie  town,  on  tiie  other  side  of  the  river,  and 
on  a  liigli  mountain,  formerly  stood  Nassaiiberg, 
a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  tlie  original  seat  of 
the  Nassau  family.  Nassau  is  32  ni.  W.  N.  W. 
off>ankfort.     Long.  7.   52.  E..  lat.  50.  If.  N. 

JVassau,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  15  m.  S.  E 
Albany.     Pop.  3,2r)4. 

JVassau,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  about  120  m.  in 
circumference.  It  abounds  with  forests,  and  pre- 
sents an  enchanting  verdure.  Tlie  inhahitsints 
are  dissimilar  from  their  neifflibours;  for  they 
approach  the  simplicity  of  manners  and  personal 
appearance  of  the  Otaheitans,  while  their  'olor  is 
like  that  of  the  Malays.  Long.  99.  40.  E.,  lat.  2. 
50.  S. 

JSassuck,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Guzerat,  95  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Surat.  Long.  73. 
49.  E.,  lat.  19.  50.  N. 

Kata,  a  sea-port  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the  province 
of  Panama,  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  on  the  bay 
of  Panama,  08  m.  S.  W.  of  Panama.  Long.  81  5 
W.,  lat.  8.  36.  N. 

Kaiul,  a  country  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
lying  N.  E.  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  inhabited 
by  a  tribe  of  Caffres.  It  is  about  500  m.  in  length, 
and  near  the  middle  is  a  river  and  also  a  bay  ol 
the  same  name.  Long.  31 .  30.  E.,  lat.  29.  0.  S. 
J^CaUhez,  p.t.    Adams  Co.   Mississippi,  on  the 


HAT 


531 


NBA 


eastern  branch  of  the  river  Mississippi,  156  m. 
above  New  Orleans  by  land,  and  322  by  the  river. 
It  is  the  only  large  town  in  the  state,  and  has  a 
great  trade  in  cotton.  Steam-boats  and  river  ship- 
ping frequent  this  place  in  great  numbers,  and 
make  it  one  of  the  busiest  towns  upon  the  river. 
It  is  situated  upon  a  bluff  300  feet  above  the  river 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  level  country.  It  is  often 
visited  by  the  yellow  fever.  A  branch  of  the 
United  States  Bank  is  established  here.  Pop.  2,790. 
JVatchitoc'ies,  a  parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  7,926. 
The  capital  is  the  following. 

J^atckUochr^,  p.t.  on  Red  River,  Lou.  35  6  m.  N. 
W.  New  Orleans.  It  is  the  frontier  town  of  the 
United  States  toward  Mexico,  and  the  centre  of 
communication  for  the  land  trade  with  that  coun- 
try. It  was  settled  above  a  century  ago,  and  its 
inhabitants  are  composed  of  French,  Spanish  and 
Indian  descendants  intermingled  with  native  and 
emigrant  Americans.  Its  trade  with  Mexico  con- 
sists in  the  exportation  of  manufactured  goods, 
snirits  and  tobacco,  for  which  it  receives  in  re- 
turn, silver  bullion, horses  and  mules.  This  town 
is  the  resort  of  many  fugitives  and  desperate  char 
acters  from  the  United  States,  but  the  stationary 
Dopulation  is  respectable. 

J^atkk,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  18  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  890. 

JVatolia,  a  country  formerly  called  Asia  Minor. 
It  is  the  most  western  part  of  the  great  continent 
of  Asia,  bounded  N.  by  the  Black  Sea,  E.  by  the 
Euphrates,  S.  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  W.  by 
the  Archipelago  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  It  is 
crossed  by  a  chain  of  mountains,  formerly  called 
Taurus,  from  VV.  to  E.,  and  watered  by  a  great 
number  of  rivers.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile, 
producing  fruits  of  various  kinds,  corn,  tobacco, 
cotton,  and  silk.  The  whole  country  has  suflFered 
severely  from  Turkish  oppression. 

J\attam,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
tJie  district  of  Dindigal,  45  ni.  S.  S.  W.  of  Trich- 
inopoly. 

Nattore,  a  town  of  Bengal,  seated  on  the  river 
Attri,  47  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Moorshedabad. 

JVatural  Bridge,  p. v.  Rockbridge  Co.  Va.  176 
m.  W.  Richmond.     See  Rockbridge. 

Nauen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg,  18 
m.  W.  N.  W.  ofBerUn. 

Miumberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Cassel, 
situate  on  the  Eider,  16  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cassel. 
JVaumburg ,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Merseburg,  formerly  capital  of  a 
duchy  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  small  citadel, 
and  its  cathedral  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  altars, 
paintings,  and  subterranean  chapels.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  leather,  soap,  starch,  gunpowder, 
turnery  wares,  &c. ;  and  its  town  carries  on  a 
brisk  trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saale,  18  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Merseberg.  Long.  12.  0.  E.,  lat.  51. 
UN. 

JVaumhurg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
government  of  Leignitz,  on  the  river  Quels,  11 
m.  N.  W.  of  Lowenburg. 

JVavan,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Meath,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Blackwater 
with  the  Boyne,  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Trim  and  25  N. 
W.  of  Dublin. 

Kavarino,  a  sea-port  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
Morea,  with  a  large  harbour  defended  by  two 
forts.  It  is  memorable  for  the  destruction  of  the 
Turkish  and  Egyptain  fleet,  by  the  English, 
French,  and  Russians,  in  1827.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  10  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Modon  and  88  S.  W.  of 
Corinth.     Long.  21.  25.  E  ,  lat.  37.  5.  N. 


JVavarre,  a  province  of  Spain,  containing  thft 
greater  part  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Nav"arre. 
It  is  75  m.  long  and  60  broad.  Though  a  moun 
tainous  country,  abounding  in  game  and  iron 
mines,  some  valleys  produce  good  corn  and  ex- 
cellent wine.     Pampeluna  is  the  capital. 

JVavarre,  JVew,  a  former  province  of  Mexico, 
now  divided   into  various  modern  intendancies. 

JVavarreins,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Pyrenees,  on  the  Gave  d'  Oleron,  26  m. 
S.  E.  of  Bayonne. 

JYamgatar  s  Islands,  a  cluster  of  ten  islands  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  Boiiafainville, 
and  explored  by  Perouse  in  1787.  They  are  calletl 
by  the  natives  Opoun,  Leone,  Fanfone,  Maouna, 
Oyalava,  Calinasiie,  Pola,  Shika,  Ossamo,  and 
Ouero.  Opoun,  the  most  southerly  and  easterly 
of  these  islands,  lies  in  long.  169.  7.  \V.,  lat.  14. 
7.  S.  Maouna,  Oyalava,  and  Pola,  may  be  num- 
bered among  the  l.irjrest  and  most  beautiful  isl- 
ands of  the  S.  Pacific.  They  combine  the  ad 
vantages  of  a  soil  fertile  without  culture  and  a 
dinrite  that  renders  clothing  unnecessary.  The 
inhabitants  are  a  strong  and  lusty  race  ;  scared  v 
a  man  is  to  be  seen  among  them  less  than  six  feet 
high,  and  the  women  are  in  proportion.  In  dis- 
position they  are  thievish,  treacherous,  and  fe- 
rocious. Tiieir  villages  are  situate  on  creeks,  bv 
the  seaside,  and  have  no  paths  between  t.hem  ;  so 
that  they  pass  from  one  to  another  in  their  canoes, 
and  thus  are  almost  constantly  on  t!ie  water. 
Their  canoes,  houses,  Jkc. ,  are  well  constructed  : 
and  they  are  much  i7iore  advanced  in  internal 
policy  than  any  of  the  islands  in  this  ocean.  See 
Maouna. 

JVaxia,  or  Kaxos,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  Ar- 
chipelago, 15  m.  in  length  and  50  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  is  fertile  in  grain,  wirte,  oil,  cotton,  and 
silk  ;  and  its  plains  abound  with  orange,  olive, 
lemon,  cedar,  citron,  pomegranate,  fig,  and  mul- 
berry trees.  It  has  a  great  many  villauen  ;  but 
the  population  of  the  whole  island  does  not  ex- 
ceed 10,000.  The  highest  mountain  is  Zla, 
which  signifies  tiie  mountain  of  Jupiter :  but 
there  are  no  antiquities,  except  some  small  re- 
mains of  a  temple  of  Bacchus. 

J^axia,  the  capital  of  the  above  island,  and  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  places  in  the  Archipelao-o. 
It  has  two  archiepiscopal  sees,  the  one  Greek  and 
the  other  Latin.  Here  is  no  harbour,  but  the  trade 
is  consideriible  in  barley,  wine,  oil,  fias.  cotton, 
silk,  flax,  cheese,  salt,  oxen,  sheep,  and  mules. 
It  stands  on  the  S,  side  of  the  island,  and  is  de- 
fended by  a  castle.  Long.  25.  32.  E.,  lat.  37.  8. 
N. 

j^ayakanahully,  a  large  square  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  Mysore,  with  a  citadel  in  the  centre,  both 
strongly  fortified  with  mud  walls.  In  tlie  town 
a  wide  street  extends  all  round,  and  has  short 
lanes  on  each  side.  It  has  a  manufacture  of 
coarse  cotton  cloth,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many 
palm  gardens.     It  is  34  m.  S.  W.  of  Sera. 

Nazareth,  a  town  of  Palestine,  celebrated  as 
the  residence  of  Christ,  in  the  early  part  of  his 
life.  It  is  now  a  small  place,  where  the  monks 
of  St.  Francis  have  a  convent.  50  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Jerusalem. 

Nazareth,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  townships  in 
Northampton  Co.  Pa.  7  m.  N.  W.  Easton.  The 
inhabitants  are  Moravians,  and  here  was  their 
first  settlement  in  the  country. 

Naze,  or  Lindeness,  the  most  southern  promon- 
tory of  Norway.     Long.  7.  20.  E.,  lat.  57.  30.  N. 
Neagh,  Lough,  a  lake  of  Ireland,  20  m.  long  and 


NEF 


532 


NE(S 


Jf)  broad,  lying  in  the  counties  of  Armagh,  Down, 
Antrim,  Londonderry,  and  Tyrone.  Tiie  river 
Bann  flows  through  it. 

JVeaf/t,  a  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamor- 
ganshire. In  the  neighbourhood  are  iron  forges, 
smelting  works  for  copper,  and  coal  mines;  and 
on  the  other  side  of  the  river  are  the  extensive 
remains  of  an  abbey.  A  great  quantity  of  coal  is 
exported  hence  in  small  vessels.  It  is  situate  on 
the  river  Neath,  near  the  Bristol  Channel,  27  m. 
S.  VV.  of  Brecknock  and  198  W.  of  London. 

Neath,  a  river  of  Wales,  which  rises  in  Breck- 
nockshire, and  runs  through  Glamorganshire,  by 
the  town  of  Neath,  into  the  Bristol  Channel. 

JVeb,  a  river  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  which  runs  into 
the  Irish  Sea  at  Peel  Castle. 

JVebio,  or  Ncbblo,  a  ruined  city  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  island  of  Corsica,  1  mile  from  St.  Fiorenzo. 

Nehra,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  Thurin- 
gia,  on  the  Unstrut,  12  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Naumburg. 

JVcckar,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in 
Wurtemberg,  flows  by  Rothwiel,  Tubingen,  Es- 
slingen,  Heilbron,  and  Heidelberg,  and  enters 
the  Rhine  at  Manheim.  This  river  gives  name 
to  three  departments  of  Wurtemberg,  Upper, 
Lower,  and  Middle,  and  also  to  the  two  following 
circles. 

Neckar,  a  circle  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden, 
comprehending  that  part  of  the  Lower  Palatinate 
lying  to  the  E.  of  the  Rhine.  Manheim  is  the 
capital. 

JVec/car,  one  of  the  four  circles  of  Wurtemberg, 
comprehending  the  W.  part  of  the  kingdom,  ac- 
cording to  the  division  made  in  1818. 

JVeckargemund,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  Neck- 
ar,  5  m.  E.  of  Heidelberg. 

Keckarsulm,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  seated  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Neckar  and  Sulm,  5  m.  N.  of 
Heilbron. 

Nedroma,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province 
of  Mascara,  surrounded  with  magnificent  ruins. 
It  is  50  m.  W.  S.  W,  of  Oran.  Long.  0.  38.  W., 
lat.  35.  40.  N. 

NedsjrA,  an  extensive  province  of  Arabia, 
bounded  N.  by  the  desert  of  Syria,  E.  by  Lachsa, 
S.  by  Hadramaut  and  Yemen,  and  W.  by  Heds- 
jaz.  The  soil  is  various,  and  in  many  parts  very 
fertile.  The  Bedouins  inhabit  a  great  part  of  this 
province ;  the  remainder  is  mountainous,  and 
contains  a  great  number  of  towns,  almost  every 
one  of  which  has  its  own  chief. 

JVeedham,  a  town  in  Suff()lk,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Orwell,  9  m.  N.  W  of  Ipswich  and  74  N. 
E.  of  London. 

Mcdhanifp.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  12  m.  S.W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  1,420.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Charles,  and  has  manufactures  of  paper. 

Needles,  a  cluster  of  rocks  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, at  the  W.  end  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  so  called 
from  their  height  and  sharp  extremities.  Here  is 
a  light-house.     Long.  1.  33.  W.,  lat.  50.  44.  N. 

JVetheekow,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the 
N.  Pacific,  five  leagues  W.  of  Atooi.  The  E. 
coast  is  high,  and  rises  abruptly  from  the  sea:  the 
rest  of  it  consists  of  low  ground,  except  a  round 
bluff"  head  on  the  S.  E.  point.  Long.  160.  15. 
W.,  lat.  21.50.  N. 

Neerwinden,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  in  N. 
Brabant,  a  little  N.  by  W.  of  Landen.  Hence 
the  two  celebrated  battles  of  Landen  are  some- 
times called  by  the  name  of  Neerwlnden.  See 
Lanilen. 

Nefta,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  250  m. 
S  by  W.  of  Tunis.     Long.  9.  25.  E.,  lat.  30.  N. 


Negapatam,  a  city  of  Hindoostan  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Tanjore,  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It 
was  first  a  colony  of  the  Portuguese,  but  was  ta 
ken  by  the  Dutch ;  and  the  latter  were  disposses- 
sed of  it  by  the  English  in  1782.  The  port  is  not 
extraordinary  ■,  but  most  of  the  different  nations 
in  India  are  liere  settled,  and  trade  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  fort.  The  Wesleyan  Methodists 
have  two  missionaries  here.  It  is  50  m.  E.  of 
Tanjore  and  1C6  S.  by  W.  of  Madras.  Long.  79. 
56.  E.,  iat.  10.  46.  N." 

JVegara,  a  town  of  the  isle  of  Borneo,  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Banjermassing  ;  situate  on  the 
E  side  of  the  river  Banjer,  60  m.  N.  of  the  town 
of  Banjermassing.     Long.  114.  0.  E.,lat.  1.  40.  S 

Negombo,  a  sea-port  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
isle  of  Ceylon,  with  a  fort  built  by  tiie  Portu- 
guese. It  was  taken  in  1640  by  the  Dutch,  who 
evacuated  it  to  the  English  in  17i)6.  It  is  16  m. 
N.  of  Columbo.     Long.  79.  55.  E.,  lat.  7.  20.  N. 

Negrais,  an  island  on  the  E.  side  of  the  bay  of 
Bengal,  at  the  mouth  of  Basien  River,  the  most 
western  branch  of  the  Irrawaddy,  with  an  excel 
lent  harbour.     Long.  94.  30.  E.,"lat.  16.  0.  N. 

JVegril  Point,  the  aiost  westerly  promontory  of 
the  island  of  Jamaica.  Long.  78.  23.  W.,  lat.  18 
17.  N. 

Negro  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Africa,  on  the 
coast  of  Benguela,  being  the  most  southerly 
country  to  which  the  Europeans  usually  resort  to 
purchase  slaves.     Long.  ]1.  40.  E.,  lat.  16.  15.  N. 

Negroland ,  or  Nigritia,  a  large  country  in  the 
interior  of  Africa,  through  which  the  river  Niger 
flows  from  W.  to  E.  It  is  called  by  the  Arabs 
Soudan,  a  word  of  similar  import  to  the'  European 
appellation,  signifying  the  Land  of  the  Blacks 
It  extends  from  long.  10.  W.  to  27.  E.,  and  from 
lat.  10.  to  25.  N. ;  being  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Zahara  and  the  mountains  which  separate  it 
from  the  states  of  Barbary ,  on  the  E .  by  Nubia 
and  Abyssinia,  on  the  S.  by  countries  unknown 
and  Guinea,  and  W.  by  Guinea,  Fouli,  and  Zaha- 
ra. Of  this  vast  country  little  is  known  more  than 
the  names  of  some  oi'the  towns  and  greatkingdoms 
of  which  it  is  composed.  Some  parts,  particularly 
on  the  river  Niger  are  said  to  be  exceedingly  fer- 
tile; other  parts  are  represented  as  sandy  and  desert. 
Among  the  animals  of  the  territory  may  be  no- 
ticed the  Panther,  a  fierce  insidious  and  cruel  an- 


imal who  attacks  not  only  beasts,  but  man,  taking 
the  precaution  always  to  approach  him  from  be- 
hind. Major  Denham  saw  one  killed  in  this 
country,  above  8  feet  in  length.  The  principal 
territory  known  is  Bornou.  The  general  charac- 
ter of  the  negroes,  who  are  the  inhabitants  of  this 
region,  is  that  of  levity.  They  do  not  appear  to 
want  the  feelings  of  humanity,  nor  are  they  more 
destitute  of  sagacity  than  other  people  of  an  equal 
degree  of  education ;  but  as  their  country  sup- 
plies them  with  food  by  a  very  slight  degreu  oi 


NEI 


533 


NEP 


industry,  and  there  is  little  occasion  for  clothing     in  1807  it  surrendered  to  the  French  ;  and  was  fin 


ainid  the  heat  of  their  climate,  they  have  a  gener 
al  habit  of  seeking  present  pleasure,  and  no  care 
for  the  future.  The  only  necessary  of  life  that 
appears  to  be  deficient  is  salt,  which  is  the  more 
wanted  among  them  in  consequence  of  their  sub- 
sisting chiefly  on  vegetable  food  ;  and  it  is  a  pro- 
verbial expression  of  a  man's  riches  to  say  that 
he  eats  salt  with  his  food.     This  important  article 


thev  receive  from  Zahara  by  caravans  of  trading     Tellicherry. 


ally  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1814.     It  is  seated  on 
river  of  the  same  name,  48  m.  S.by  £.  of  Breslau. 
Long.  17.  20   E.,  lat.  50.  24.  N. 

JYeitra,  a  town  of  Hungary,  and  a  bishop's  see 
with  a  castle  and  a  college.  It  is  situate  on  ariv 
er  of  the  same  name,  34  m.  N.  of  Gran. 

JVelisuram,  a  town'of  Hindoostan,  on  the  W. 
coa.st,  33  m.  N.  E.  of  Mangalore  and  40  N.  W.  of 


Ar.ibs.  They  also  receive  arms,  hardware,  glass- 
es, and  trinkets,  from  the  W.,  by  the  Europeans, 
and.  in  the  interior,  by  the  caravans  of  Cairo, 
Fezzan,  and  Morocco.  For  these  they  give  in  re- 
turn gold  dust,  ivory,  and  elephants'  teeth.     The 


Nellenhurg,  a  former  landgraviate  of  Suabia, 
now  belonging  to  Baden. 

JVellenburg,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  formerly 
the  capital  of  a  landgraviate  of  Suabia,  with  a 
citadel  on  a  mountain,  22  m.  N.  of  Constance 


kind  of  government  that  exists  among  the  negro     Long.  9.  5.  E.,lat.  47.  57.  N 


nations  is  by  no  means  uniform.  Many  districts 
are  governed  by  a  number  of  independent  petty 
chiefs,  who  are  engaged  in  frequent  wars  with 
eacli  other.  In  other  places,  the  talents  of  indi- 
vidual chieftains  have  been  able  to  reduce  consid- 
erable tracts  of  territory -under  their  dominion; 
and  hence  some  flourishing  towns  have  sprung 
up.  Many  of  the  towns  are  fortified  with  ditches 
and  high  walls.  Domestic  slavery  prevails  in  a 
very  great  degree  among  all  the  negro  states. 
When  the  tropical  rains  fall,  or  are  so  deficient 
that  the  sun  burns  up  the  face  of  the  country,  it 
is  not  uncommon  for  parents  to  sell  their  children, 
and  even  themselves,  for  bread.  A  free  man  may 
also  lose  his  liberty  by  being  taken  prisoner  in 
war,  or  on  account  of  the  crimes  of  murder  and 
sorcery  ;  and  also  in  consequence  of  insolvency. 
The  knowledge  of  the  negroes,  with  regard  te 
religion  and  all  speculative  subjects,  is  extremely 
limited  ;  but  they  have  much  superstition,  and 
are  implicit  believers  in  witchcraft  and  magic. 

Negropont,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  Archipela- 
go, too  m.  in  length  and  18  in  breadth,  anciently 
called  Euboea.  It  is  near  the  N.  coast  of  Livadia, 
and  separated  from  it  by  the  strait  of  Euripus  over 
which  is  d  bridge.  It  abounds  in  corn,  wine,  oil, 
and  fruits.  It  forms  a  part  of  Independent  Greece. 

Kegropont,  a  strong  city,  capital  of  the  above 
island,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  good  har- 
bour. The  walls  of  the  city  are  2  m.  and  a  half  the  Shannon,  19  m 
in  circumference,  but  the  suburbs  are  much  larg-  of  Cashel. 
er.  It  is  seated  on  a  strait  of  the  same  name,  30 
m.  N.  K.  of  Athens  an^  260  S.  W.  of  Constanti- 
nople.    Long.  24.  8.  E.,  lat.  38.  30.  N. 

J^ehavcnd,  a  town  of  Irak,  in  Persia,  famous  for 
a  battle  fought  near  it  between  the  caliph  Omar 
and  Yex  Degerd,  king  of  Persia,  in  (i;-58,  when  the 
latter  lost  his  life  and  kingdom.  It  is  200  m.N.  W. 
of  Ispahan.     Long.  48.  10.  E.,  lat.  34.  20.  N 


JVcUora,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  Carnatic,  near  the  Pennar,  85  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Madras.     Long.  79.  o7.  E.,  lat  14.  26.  N. 

JVelsoii,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  11,251.  Livingston  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  Kentucky.  Pop.  14,916.  Bardstown  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

JVelson,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  33  m.  S.  W. 
Concord.  Pop.  875.  ;  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,445  ;  p.v.  Portage  Co.  Ohio.  Also  townships  in 
Buckingham  Co.  L.  C.  and  Fork  Co.  U.  C. 

JS'elson's  River,  in  North  America,  forms  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Winnipeg,  and  flow?  into  Hudson's 
Bay  in  lat.  57. 2.  N.  Taken  in  connexion  with  the 
Saskatchewan,  its  most  distant  head  stream,  its 
extreme  length  is  1,500  m. 

J^elsonville,  p  .v.  Athens  Co.  Ohio,  54  m.  S.  E. 
Columbus. 

JVcl son's  fort,  a  British  factory  at  the  mouth  of 
Nelson's  River. 

JVemcpa,  a  village  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  20 
m.  S.  W.  of  Corinth,  anciently  celebrated  for  its 
games. 

Nemours,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  with  an  old  castle  ;  seated  on 
the  Loing,  between  two  hills,  45  ra.  S  S,  E.  of 
Paris. 

JYenagh,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the   county  of 

Tipperary,  with   a  castle,  seated  on   a  branch  of 

N.  E.  of  Limerick  and  23  N. 


JVeocastro,  a  town  and  fort  of  Romania,  on  the 
strait  of  Constantinople,  12  m.  N.  of  Constantino- 
ple. 

JVeot's,  St.,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng 
and  a  considerable  trade  in  coal ;  seated  on  the 
Ouse,  over  which  is  a  strong  bridge,  56  m.  N.  N. 
W    ofLondon. 

Ktoundah,  a  town   of  Birmah,    with  manufac- 


Neidenherg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the    govern-  tures  of  japanned  ware,  seated  on  the  Irrawaday, 

ment  of  Konigsberg,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  4  m.  N.  N.  E.   ofPagham. 

75  m.  E.   of  Culm.     Long.   20.   20.   E.,  lat.   53.  Nepaul,  a   kingdom  of  Northern  Hindoostan, 

22.  S.  bounded  N.  by  the  Himmaleh  Mountains,  S.  by 

J^eidenstein,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Cas-  the  provinces  of  Bahar,  Cude,  and   Dehli,  E.  by 

sel,  9  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Cassel.  Bootan,  and  the  territory  of  the  rajah  of  Si  Kim. 

Jfeira,  one  of  the  Banda  Islands,  and  the  seat  of  The  soil  is  productive  and  in  some  places    yields 

their  government.     It   has   a   spacious   harbour,  two  crops  in  the  year.     The  mountains  of  Nepaul 


but  diilicult  to  be  entered  ;  and  ships  anchor  un- 
der the  cannon  of  two  forts.  Long.  129.  30.  E., 
lat.  4.  50.  S. 

JVeisse,  a  city  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Oppeln.  It  is  a  place  of  great  strength, 
and  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Siles\a.     The  inhab 


contain  mines  of  copper  and  iron  ;  and,  although 
commerce  is  not  encouraged,  it  sends  to  Bengal 
ivory,  wax,  honey,  resin,  timber,  bastard  cinna- 
mon, cardamoms,  walnuts,  &c. ;  and  takes,  in 
return,  muslins  and  silks  of  Bengal,  carpets,  spi- 
ces, tobacco,  and  European  goods.     In    1814,  in 


itants  carry  on  a  cohsiderable  trade  in  linens  and  consequence  of  the  repeated  encroachments  of  the 
wine.  This  place  was  taken  in  1741  by  the  Prus-  Nepaulese,  the  British  invaded  their  territories, 
■ians,  who  after  the  peace,  in  1742,  built  a  citadel,  and  dictated  to  them  a  treaty  of  peace  in  lol6. 
to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  Prussia.  In  1758  it  By  this  treaty  Nepaul  is  limited  on  the  W  to  the 
was  besieged  by  the  Ausirians,  but  inefFectually  ;     river  Gogra ;  the  British  have  gained  possesfifm 

2  T  3 


NET 


^ 


NET 


«f  the  province  of  Kemaon,  and  a  British  envoy 
constantly  resides  at  t.'atlamandoo,  the  capital  of 
Nepaul. 

Kepean  Island,  a  small  island  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
opposite  Port  Hunter,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Norfolk 
Island. 

JVepi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states,  re- 
markable for  some  Roman  ruins,  and  a  fine  mod- 
ern aqueduct;  seated  on  the  Trigilia,  20  m.  N.  of 
Rome. 

JS'epanset,  a  river  of  Massachusetts  flowing  into 
Boston  Bay.  It  is  naviguble  for  vessels  of  150 
tons  to  Milton,  4  miles. 

Mpoiiset,  a  village  in  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  on  the 
above  river,  6  m.  S.  Boston.  It  lies  within  the 
limits  of  Dorchester  and  Milton,  and  has  some 
manufactures. 

J\'escopeck,  p.t.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 

JVeshaTHork;  a  town  of  Mercer  Co.  Pa. 

JVerac,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne,  divided  by  the  river  Baise  into  Great 
and  Little  Nerac.  In  the  feudal  times  this  was 
the  residence  of  the  lords  of  Albert,  whose  stupen- 
dous castle  is  now  in  ruins.  16  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Agen  and  67  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

JS'erbudda,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  issues 
from  a  lake  on  the  S.  confines  of  the  province  of  Al- 
lahabad, flows  W.  for  700  m.  and  enters  the  gulf 
of  Cambay  below  Baroach. 

jyereheim,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  with  a  late 
Benedictine  abbey  on  a  mountain,  whose  abbot 
was  a  prelate  of  the  empire.  It  is  15  m.  W.  N. 
W   of  Donawert. 

J^ericia,  a  province  of  Sweden  bounded  by  Su- 
bormania,  Westmania,  VVermland,  and  W.  and 
'  E.  of  Gothland.  It  is  now  included  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Orebro. 

Keronde,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire. 
24  m.  W.  of  Lyons. 

JVerondes,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Cher, 
19  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bourges. 

Kershinsk,  a  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  in  the  government  of  Ir- 
kutsk, with  a  fort.  The  adjacent  country  is 
mountainous,  but  yields  excellent  pasture  for  cat- 
tle ;  and  there  are  some  considerable  lead  and 
silver  mines.  It  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Nercha  with  the  Shilka,  440  m.  E.  of  Irkutsk. 

J^esle,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme, 
on  the  Lingon,  25  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Amiens  and  66 
N.  by  E.  of  Paris. 

JVess,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness- 
shire,  22  m.  long  and  from  1  to  2  broad.  The 
depth  is  very  considerable  ;  and  the  high  hills  on 
each  side  present  a  delightful  view  of  wood,  pas- 
ture, cultivated  lands  and  rugged  precipices.  It 
was  agitated  in  an  extraordinary  manner  during 
the  great  earthquake  at  Lisbon  in  1755.  Its  out- 
let, at  the  N.  extremity,  is  the  river  Ness,  which 
runs  into  Murray  Frith,  below  Inverness. 

J^Testved,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  38  m.  S.  W.  of  Copenhagen. 

Netherlands ,  or  Lojo  Countrifs,  a  kingdom  of 
Europe,  established  in  1814,  bounded  on  the  W 
and  N.  by  the  German  Ocean,  E.  by  Hanover  and 
the  Prussian  territories  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  and 
S.  by  France.  It  was  composed  of  the  former  re 
public  of  Holland,  the  10  provinces  constituting 
the  Austrian  Netherlands,  the  grand  duchy  of 
Luxemburg,  and  the  former  principality  or  bish- 
opric of  Liege  :  it  was  divided  into  the  provinces 
of  Holland,  £.  Flanders,  W.  Flanders,  Hainault, 
S.  Brabant,Liege,  Limburg,  N.  Brabant,  Antwerp, 
Guelderlaud,  Friesland.  Namur,  Overysscl,  Gro- 


ningen,  Zealand,  Utrecht,  Drenthe,  and  Luxem 
burg.  The  surface  of  the  country,  especially  the 
northern  provinces,  is  uncommonly  level,  and  is 
covered  with  woods,  corn  fields,  and  vast  meadows 
of  the  freshet  verdure.  The  maritime  provinces 
have  undergone  great  physical  revolutions,  espe- 
cially from  the  retreat  and  encroachments  of  the 
sea,  along  with  the  changes  in  tlie  course  of  the 
Rhine.  So  lately  as  the  15th  century,  a  great 
salt-water  lake  was  suddenly  formed  to  the  S.  E. 
of  Dort,  which  overwhelmed  72  villages,  and 
100,000  inhabitants  are  supposed  to  have  perished. 
To  prevent  the  recurrence  of  such  dreadful  ca 
lamities,  the  Dutch  began  to  secure  their  coasts, 
as  also  the  banks  of  the  great  rivers,  by  dikes,  or 
mounds  of  earth,  the  erection  of  which  has  been 
justly  considered  one  of  the  greatest  efforts  of 
human  industry.  The  climate  in  the  maritime 
provinces  is  humid  and  variable  ;  in  the  interior 
it  is  more  constant.  The  summers  are  warmer, 
and  the  winters  colder  than  in  England.  The 
soil  is  in  gen<cral  fertile,  and  agriculture  has  been 
long  prosecuted  with  care  and  success.  The  prin 
cipal  productions  are  corn,  flax,  hemp,  tobacco 
hops,  madder,  fruit,  and  a  little  wine  in  the  S. 
Cattle  are  reared  in  great  numbers,  and  vast  quan- 
tities of  excellent  butter  and  cheese  are  made  for 
exportation.  There  are  no  minerals  in  the  north- 
ern provinces.  In  the  S.  there  are  some  valua- 
ble strata  of  coal,  mines  of  iron,  copper,  lead,  cal- 
amine, and  zinc.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Rhine,  with  its  different  branches,  the  Maese,  and 
the  Scheldt.  These  rivers,  and  the  multitude  of 
canals  with  which  the  country  is  intersected,  af- 
ford an  easy  and  safe  navigation,  not  only  to  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  bnt  to  the  W.  of  Germany, 
the  N.  of  France,  and  even  to  Switzerland.  Tiie 
lakes  are  comparatively  inconsiderable  ;  the  prin 
cipal  is  that  of  Haarlem. 

During  several  centuries  the  Netherlands  took 
the  lead  of  all  the  neighbouring  states,  both  in 
trade  and  manufactures,  the  linen  of  Holland, 
the  lace  of  Brussels,  the  leather  of  Liege,  the 
woolens  of  Leyden  and  Utrecht,  and  the  silks  of 
Amsterdam  and  Antwerp,  being  known  several 
centuries  ago  tiiroughout  Europe.  From  their 
situation,  at  the  mouth  of  so  many  large  rivers, 
both  the  Dutch  and  Flemish  had  an  early  and 
extensive  trade.  The  number  of  vessels  employ 
ed  by  the  Dutch  in  the  fisheries,  particularly  the 
herring  fishery,  is  said  to  have  exceeded  that  of 
all  the  rest  of  Europe.  At  a  later  date  came  tiicir 
acquisitions  in  the  E.  and  W.  Indies,  while  they 
also  carried  on  extensive  transactions  with  Amer- 
ica and  the  coast  of  Guinea.  The  commerce  of 
this  country,  however,  experienced  a  great  -de 
cline  after  its  connexion  with  France,  and  though 
considerably  revived  since  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  in  1814,  yet  owingto  overstrained  taxation 
and  tlie  rivalship  of  England,  it  will  be  a  long 
time  before  the  country  can  recover  its  former 
prosperity.  The  constitution  resembled  in  many 
reppcts  that  of  Great  Britain  ;  though  it  also  ap- 
proximates to  the  federal  government  of  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  Americ?!,  in  consequence  of  the  long 
existence  of  provincial  customs,  particularly 
among  the  Dutch.  The  royal  power  was  vested 
in  the  family  of  Nassau-Orange,  with  the  title  of 
king  of  the  Netherlands,  prince  of  Orange,  and 
grand  duke  of  Luxemburg.  The  parliament  was 
divided  into  two  houses. 

The  character  of  the  inhabitants  in  the  northern 
and  southern  provinces  differs  considerably.  The 
Dutch  have  been  long  distinguished  as  a   labor 


NED 


535 


NEU 


ons  and  persevering  people,  not  devoid  of  enter- 
prise, but  led  much  more  rarely  than  the  English 
and  Americans  into  adventurous  speculatioas  of 
doubtful  success.  The  Belgians  have  less  uni- 
formity in  their  habits  and  disposition ;  on  the 
borders  of  Holland  they  are  hardly  to  be  dis- 
tiniruished  from  the  Dutch,  while  in  the  prov- 
inces to  the  S.  the  dress  and  habits  of  the  French 
•  are  prevalent.  Calvinism  is  the  established 
religion  of  the  northern  provinces,  the  Roman 
Catholic  that  of  the  southern  ;  but  there  are  no 
political  disqualifications  on  account  of  religious 
tenets. 

The  earliest  accounts  we  have  of  the  his- 
tory of  this  country,  are  from  the  Romans,  by 
wiiom  all  the  southern  and  central  part  was  con- 
quered, and  called  by  them  Belgium.  After  se- 
veral political  changes,  the  country  came  into  the 
possession  of  the  house  of  Burgundy,  and  by  mar- 
ridge,  passed  to  Maximilian  of  Austria,  father  of 
Charles  V.  The  latter  united  the  17  provinces 
into  one  state  :  but  the  bigotry  and  tyranny  of  his 
son  Philip  II.  produced  the  ^paration  of  the  7 
United  Provinces.  The  otlier  10  however,  con- 
tinued under  the  Spanish  crown  till  1702,  when 
Louis  XIV. obtained  possession;  but  after  the 
battle  of  Ramillies,  in  1706,  the  Netherlands  were 
brought  under  the  power  of  the  allies,  and  assign- 
ed to  the  Austrians  by  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  In 
1741  the  French  under  marshal  Saxe  recovered 
what  the  preceding  generation  had  lost;  but  at 
the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  the  country  was 
again  restored  to  Austria.  In  1792  the  French 
overran  the  Austrian  Netherlands  :  they  were 
driven  out  of  the  country  in  1793  ;  but  returned 
in  1794,  and  subdued  every  part  of  it;  and  in 
1795  decreed  it,  with  the  territories  of  Liege  and 
Upper  Guelderland,  an  integral  part  of  the 
French  republic.  To  this  country  they  gave  the 
name  of  Belgium,  and  divided  it  into  9  depart- 
ments ;  but  in  1814,  agreeably  to  the  treaty  of  Par- 
is, they  evacuated  all  that  part  which  formerly  be- 
longed to  Austria  and  Holland  :  and  the  17  prov- 
inces were  united  and  formed  into  an  independent 
State. 

The  above  comprises  ine  description  and 
history  of  the  kingdom  of  tlie  Netherlands  as  organ- 
ized in  1815  and  as  it  remained  for  15  years  after- 
wards. This  kingdom  no  longer  exists.  The  people 
of  Belgium,  or  the  southern  part  of  the  kingdom 
never  became  cordially  reconciled  to  their  uniou 
with  Holland,  and  various  minor  causes  of  dis- 
content served  to  augment  their  dislike  to  the 
government.  The  revolution  of  the  three  days 
at  Paris  set  them  the  example  of  resistence.  On 
the  2l)th  of  August  183U  the  populace  of  Brussels 
rose  in  insurrection  and  hoisted  the  ancient  flag 
of  Brabant.  Conflicts  with  the  Dutch  troops  at- 
tended with  terrible  carnage  f  >llowed,  and  ended 
with  the  formal  separation  of  Belgium  from  Hol- 
land. The  crown  of  Belgium  has  been  succes- 
sively offered  to  the  Duke  of  Nemours,  a  son  of 
Louis  Philippe,  and  Prince  Leopold,  but  the  af- 
fairs of  the  country  remain  in  so  uncertain  a 
condition  that  nothing  satisfactory  can  be  stated 
as  to  its  present  situation  or  future  prospects. 

The  population  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands in  lb28  was  6,977,500.  Belgium  com- 
prised about  3  5ths  of  this  number  In  1831  a 
census  of  Holland  gave  2,445,550. 

JVeuburg,  called  also  the  Younger  Palatinate, 
formeily  a  duchy  of  the  German  empire,  but  now 
incorporated  in  the  Bavarian  circles  of  Upper 
Danube  and  Regen. 


JVettftur^,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria.  It 
stands  on  a  hill,  on  the  Danube,  and  has  two  galea, 
but  the  fortifications  are  a  chiefly  gone  to  decay. 
The  castle  is  a  large  building,  and  contains  a  hall 
of  extraordinary  size,  embellished  with  portraits. 
It  is  11  m.  W.  of  Ingolstadt  and  GO  S.  W.  of  Am- 
berg.  Long.  11.  13.  E.,  lat.  48.  43.  N. 

jXeuburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the 
Schwarza,  19  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Amberg. 

Xeuchuteau,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  seated  in  a  soil  fertile  in  corn  and  good 
wine,  on  the  river  Meuse,  25  m.  S.  wT  of 
Nancy. 

j\euchateau,  a.  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Lux- 
emburg, 16  m.  S.  W.  of  Bastogne  and  30  W.  N. 
W.  of  Luxemburg. 

Xcuckatd,  or  jYeufchatel,  a  canton  of  Switzer- 
land, between  the  lake  of  Neuchalei  and  the  bor- 
ders of  France.  It  is  a  hilly  country,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  several  lakes  and  rivers.  The  soil  is  not 
equally  fertile  ;  but  there  are  large  vineyards  that 
produce  white  and  red  wine,  of  excellent  quality. 
The  pastures  on  the  mountains  feed  a  great  num- 
ber of  cattle,  and  there  are  plenty  of  deer  in  the 
forests.  The  inhabitants  are  Protestants,  except 
in  the  two  districts  of  Landeron  and  Cressier, 
where  the  Catholics  are  predominant.  This  dis- 
trict, along  with  that  of  Vallengin,  was  formerly 
a  separate  principality.  On  the  death  of  tlie  duch- 
ess of  Nemours,  in  1707,  the  sovereignty  was 
claimed  by  Frederic  I.  of  Prussia,  as  heir  to  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  his  right  was  acknowledg- 
ed by  the  states  of  the  country,  whose  privilesres 
and  alliances  he  confirmed.  In  1806  Neuchatel 
was  ceded  by  the  king  of  Prussia  to  the  French 
marshal  Berthier,  and  the  grantwas  confirmed  by 
Napoleon.  In  1814  it  was  rescued  from  this  sub- 
jection, and  the  congress  of  Vienna  acknowled<y- 
ed  it  a  Swiss  canton,  though  the  nominal  sover- 
eignty of  Prussia  was  pre"-  — ' 

jXeuchatel,  the  capital  e^  the  above  caiiV-«  is  sit- 
uate partly  on  tl'^  plain  between  the  lake  of 
Neuchatel  and  th«  3\it&,  and  partly  on  the  side 
of  that  mountain  •  The  chief  article  of  exporta- 
tion is  wine,  v''<'<l"ced  from  the  neighbouring 
vineyards  and  much  esteemed  ;  and  it  has  manu- 
factures of  pfinted  linens  and  cottons.  25  ra.  N. 
E.  of  Lausac  ae  and  25  W.  of  Bern.  Long.  7.  0.  E. 
lat.  47.  5.  N- 

jVet/'A  -tei,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
ii^rtdr  Seine,  noted  for  excellent  cheese.  20  m. 
S.  £.  of  Dieppe. 

J^eucheUd,  a  lake  of  Switzerland,  about  20  m. 
long  and  four  broad.  At  the  N  E.  extremity  it 
has  a  communication  with  the  lake  of  Biel  by  a 
narrow  outlet. 

Jfeuffen,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Wurtemberg, 
with  a  fortress  called  Hoheneufien,  17  m.  S.  £. 
of  Stuttgard. 

JVeultaus,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a  castle,  27 
m.    E.  by  S.  of  Bechin. 

Keuhaus,  a  town  of  Hannover,  in  the  duchy 
of  Bremen,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Oste.  It  was 
once  a  place  of  great  trade,  but  a  sand  bank 
arising  in  the  harbour,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Oste 
into  the  ElL»e,  it  is  now  much  less  freauenled.  It 
b  19  m.  N.  W.  of  Sude. 

Js'euhausd,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  in  a 
marshy  plain,  on  the  river  Neitra.  43  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Presburg. 

Js'eukirchen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 
Cassel,  on  the  river  Fulda,  32  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cas- 
sel. 

J^eumagen,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  provinc*  o* 


•J.:-    ,...  .r.vjhiXK 


NEU 


536 


NEW 


Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Moselle,  17  m.  N.  E. 
of  Treves. 

Denmark,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  where  the  French, 
in  1796,  met  with  the  first  of  that  series  of  defeats 
whicli  led  to  their  retreat  across  the  Rhine.  It  is 
sealed  on  the   Sulz,  1!)  in.   S.  E.  of  Nuremburg. 

Neumark,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Roth, 

16  m.  S.  E.  of  Landshut. 

J^eumark,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Car- 
niola,  28  in.  N.  W.  of  Laubach. 

JVeumarket,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia  near 
which,  at  tiie  village  of  Leuthen,  the   Prussians 

fained   a  decisive   victory  over  the  Auslrians  in 
757.  20  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Breslau. 

JVeurode,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia  in  the 
county  of  Glatz,  on  the  river  Wolitz,  10  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Glatz. 

J\euse,  a  river  of  N.  Carolinia,  which  enters 
Pamlico  Sound  below  Neubern,  where  it  is  a  mile 
and  a  half  broad. 

JVet/saltz,  a  strong  town  and  fortress  of  Hunga- 
ry, formerly  called  Peterwardein  Schanz.  It  is 
the  see  of  a  Greek  bishop,  and  stands  on  the  Dan- 
ube, opposite  Peterwardein  in  Sclavonia. 

JVeusidler,  a  lake  of  Hungary,  20  m.  long  and 
10  broad,  and  16  S.  S.  W.  of  Presburg.  It  is  al- 
most surrounded  by  fens.  In  its  vicinity  is  the 
castle  of  Esterhazy,  said  to  rival  the  palace  of 
Versailles  in  pomp. 

J^cusol,  a  town  of  Hungary,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
with  an  old  castle,  in  which  is  a  church,  covered 
with  copper.  In  the  adjacent  mountains  are  ex- 
tensive copper  mines.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gran, 
22  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Schemnitz. 

Neustadt,  a  town  of  Austria,  with  a  castle,  and 
an  arsenal.  It  has  the  staple  right  over  all  goods 
coming  from  Italy,  and  stands  on  the  frontiers  of 
Hungary,  28  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Vienna.  Long.  16. 
18.  E.,  lat.  47.  50.  N. 

J^eusladt,  a  ♦■"'"*  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
Low^'r  ^r<tme,  formerly  'he  capital  of  the  Lower 
part  of  the  principality  of  bayrtuth,  with  a  castle. 
The  library  belonging  to  the  -church  contains 
many  curiosities.  It  stands  on  tiie  river  Aisch, 
32  ni.  E.  S.  E.  of  Wurtzburg.  Loi.„  lo  43  E. 
lat.  40.  38.  N.  . 

Kaistadt,  a  town  of  the  Bavarian  circle  of  Lower 
Maine,  formerly  in  the  principality  of  Wurtzburg 
seated  on  the  Saale,  16  m.  N.  by  E.  ^-f  Schwein- 
furt. 

Knistadt,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  seated  on  x..^ 
Kocher,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Heilbron. 

JVeustadt,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  capi- 
tal of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  castle, 
two  churches,  and  a  mine  office  ,  and  on  a  moun- 
tain near  it  is  another  castle  called  Arnshaug.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Orla,  46  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig. 
Long.  11.  49.  E.,  lat.  50.45.  N. 

Ncustadt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg.  Here  are  extensive  breweries,  and 
manufactures  of  cloth  and  cutlery.  It  stands  on 
the  Finow  canal,  31  m.  N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Keusladt,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  in  the  mark 
of  Pregnitz,  celebrated  for  its  manuficture  of 
plate-glass;  seated  on  the  Dosse,  8  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Havelburg. 

jyeustadt,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of 
Holstein,  with  a  castle,  and  a  spacious  harbour  on 
the  Baltic.  It  suffered  greatly  from  fire  in  1817. 
20  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Lubec.  Long.  10.  57.  E.,  lat. 
54.  10.  N. 

JfKiistadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  m  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  with   a  castle. 

17  m.  S.  of  Schweria 


Jfeustadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Leine, 
15  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Hanover. 

Keustadl,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Bavaria,  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Abenst  with  the  Danube,  16  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Ingolstadt. 

JVeustadt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Nab,  27  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Amberg. 

JVeustadt,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  States  in  Mo- 
ravia, 10  m.  N.W.  of  Olmutz. 

JVeustadt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Oppeln,  with  manufactures  of  lin- 
en and  woolen,  and  a  trade  in  wines  ;  seated  on 
the  Prudnitz,  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Neisse. 

JVeustadt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Pilsen,  35  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Pilsen. 

JVeustadt.  a  town  of  Bohemia  13  m.  N.  E.  of 
Konigingratz. 

JVeustadt,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  county 
of  Mark,  50  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dusseldorf 

JVeustadtel,  a  town  of  Bohemia.  06  m.  N.  E.  of 
Prague. 

JVeustaatel,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  Waaw, 
52  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Presburg. 

JVeuville,  atown  of  France, department  of  Loiret, 
11  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Orleans. 

JVeuville,  a  town  of  Switzerland  9  m.  N.  E.  of 
Neuchatel. 

JVeuville,  a  township  of  Cumberland  Co.  Pa. 

JVemcied,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  capital  of  the 
lower  county  of  Wied,  with  a  fine  castle;  seated 
on  the  Rhine, 7  m.  N.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

JVeva.,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  issues  from  Lake 
Ladoga,  flows  to  Petersburg,  where  it  divides  into 
several  branches,  and  enters  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
8  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Halle  in  Suabia. 

JVevern,  a  village  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire, 
near  a  river  of  the  same  name,  2  m.  N.  E.  of  New- 
port. In  the  churchyard  stands  a  square  stone, 
J  3  feet  high  and  two  broad  ;  the  top  is  circular, 
charged  with  a  cross,  and  all  the  sides  are  carved 
with  knot- work  of  various  patterns. 

JVcvers,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  built  in 
the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  contains  several 
fine  buildings.     The  chief  manufactures  are  china, 

flass,  and  works  of  enamel,  It  is  seated  on  the 
,oire,  at  the  influx  of  the  Nievre,  over  which  is  a 
handsome  bridge  of  20  arches.  30  m.  N.  N.  W. 
ofMoulins. 

JVevillsviUe,  p. v.  Clermont  Co.  Ohio. 

JVevis,  one  of  the  Leeward  Carribee  Islands,  in 
the  W.  Indies,  divided  from  the  E.  end  of  St. 
Christopher  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  has  but  one 
mountain,  which  is  in  the  middle,  very  high,  and 
covered  with  large  trees  up  to  the  top.  Here  is 
a  hot  bath,  much  of  the  same  nature  as  those  of 
Bath,  in  England.  It  is  a  small  island,  but  very 
fruitful,  and  subject  to  the  English.  Cliarleston 
is  the  capital,  on  the  S.  W.  side,  defended  by  a 
fort.     Long.  62.  50.  W.,  lat  10.  10.  N. 

JVerlsink,  p.t   Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,258. 

JVevisink  Hills,  a  few  low  eminences  on  the  coast 
of  New  Jersey,  a  little  to  the  South  of  Siindy 
Hook,  which  are  distinguishable  on  account  of  the 
flatness  of  the  country  around  them. 

JVemjn,  or  JVetcin,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caernar- 
vonshire. Here  Edward  I.,  in  1284,  held  his 
triumph  on  the  conquest  of  Wales.  It  is  seated 
on  St.  George's  Channel,  21  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Caer- 
narvon and  249  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

JVew  Forest,  a.  forest  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  between 
Southampton  water  and  the  river  Avon.  It  is  20 
m.  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth.     It  was  afforested 


NEW 


ssr 


.\EW 


by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  was  then  10  m. 
longer  than  it  is  now.  His  son  William  Rufus 
was"  killed  in  this  forest  by  an  arrow,  shot  by 
Walter  Tyrrel,  that  accidentally  glanced  against 
a  tree,  the  site  of  which  is  now  pointed  out  by  a 
triangular  stone.  Several  considerable  towns  and 
villages  are  now  included  in  the  forest. 

JVeio  River,  an  artificial  river  of  England,  origi- 
nally brought  from  Amwell,  in  Hertfordshire,  to 
Islington,  for  the  supply  of  the  metropolis  with 
water.  It  was  finished  in  1G13,  by  Sir  Hugh  Mid- 
dleton,  a  citizen  of  London,  who  expended  his 
whole  fortune  in  the  undertaking  It  has  since 
been  carried  up  to  a  spring  near  Hertford,  called 
Chadwell,  where  the  stream  is  also  increased  by 
a  cut  from  the  river  Lei.  The  river,  with  all  its 
windinars,  is  42  m.  in  length,  and  is  under  the 
management  of  a  corporation  called  the  New 
River  Company. 

JVcw  Year  Harbour,  a  good  harbour  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Staten  Land.  Long.  64.  11.  W.,  lat.  54. 
49.  S. 

JVew  Year  Islands,  small  islands  in  the  S.  Pa- 
cific, near  New  Year  Harbour,  the  resort  of  vast 
numbers  of  slions,  seals,  and  a  species  of  vulture. 

JVcw  Albany,  p.t.  Floyd  Co.  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio.  4  m.  below  Louisville.  Also  a  village  in 
Bradford  Go.  Pa. 

JVew  Jlexandria,Y).v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa.  and 
a  town  of  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 

JVew  Jlmsterdam,  a  town  of  South  America,  in 
Guiana,  the  capital  of  Berbice.  It  stands  on  the 
river  Berbice  near  its  mouth. 

JVew  Antrim,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  34  m.  N. 
W.  New  York 

JVewark,  a  borc*agh  in  Nottinghamshire  Eng. 
with  a  good  trade  in  malt,  corn,  and  coals,  manu- 
factures of  coarse  linens  and  lace,  iron  and  brass 
founderies,  extensive  roperies,  &c.  Gypsum  of 
a  superior  quality  is  found  in  the  neighbourhood. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Trent,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
120  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

JVewark,  a  town  of  Upper  Canada,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  river  Niagara,  at  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Ontario,  and  opposite  the  town  and  fort  of  Niagara, 
27  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Fort  Erie. 

JVewark,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Passaic, 
9  m.  W.  New  York.  Pop.  10,953.  This  to\yn  is 
regularly  and  handsomely  built,  and  has  consider- 
able manufactures.  The  river  is  navigable  to  the 
sea  for  vessels  of  80  tons.  The  neighbourhood 
produces  excellent  cider.  Also  a  p.t.  Tioga  Co. 
N.  Y.  Pop.  1,029;  p.v.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y;  p.t. 
Newcastle  Co.  Del.  14  m.  S.  W.  Wilmington; 
p.v.  Worcester  Co.  Maryland  ;  p.v.  Louisa  Co. 
Va.  25  m.  N.  W.  Richmond  ;  p.t.  Licking  Co. 
Ohio.     Pop.  1,912. 

JVewark  Bay,  lies  N.  of  Staten  Island  and  com- 
municates with  Newark  harbour  on  the  E.  and 
the  ocean  on  the  S. 

JVeio  Ashford,  t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  20  m.  N. 
Lenox.     Pop.  285. 

JVcjo  Athens,  p.t.  Harrison  Co.  Ohio.  Here  is 
a  seminary  called  Franklin  College,  founded  in 
1824.  It  has  3  instructers  and  40  students.  Also 
a  p.t.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 

JVew  Baltimore,  p.t.  Green  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  18  m.  below  Albany.  Pop.  2,370.  Also 
a  p.v.  Fauquier  Co.  Va. 

JVew  Barhadoes,  a  township  of  Bergen  Co.  N.  J. 

JVew  Bedford,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  with  a  good 

harbour  on    Buzzards  Bay.     It  enjoys  an  active 

commerce  and  is  largely  engaged  in  the   whale 

fishery,  in  which  it  employs  40,000  top«  of  ship- 

68 


ping,  with  20,000  additional  in  other  fisheries  and 
coasting.  Here  are  10  churches,  3  banks,  3  in 
surance  offices,  and  7  manufactories  of  spermaceti 
candles.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  large  salt 
works  which  make  annually  above  500,000  bush 
els.     Pop.  7,592. 

JV'ejc  Bedford,  p.v.  Mercer  Co.  Pa.  15  m.  S.  W. 
Mercer ;  p.t.  Coshocton  Co.  Ohio.  60  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus. 

JVcio  Berlin,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,043  ;  p.v.  Union  Co.  Pa. 

JVewbern,  p.t.  Craven  Co.  N.  C.  is  the  largest 
town  in  North  Carolina.  It  is  seated  upon  the 
Neuse,  30  m.  above  its  entrance  into  Pamlico 
Sound.  The  river  is  navigable  to  this  place,  and 
secures  it  a  considerable  commerce  in  the  expor- 
tation of  flour,  naval  stores  and  lumber.  It  was 
once  the  seat  of  government  for  the  state.  Pop. 
3,776. 

JVcicbern,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Va. 
JVewbcrnville,  p.v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 
JVc^cftc/Tf/,  a  District  of  S.   Carolina.     Pop.   17, 
441.     Also  a  p.t.  capital  of  this  district,  40  m.  N. 
W.  Columbia  ;  p.v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J. ;  p.v.  Ly- 
coming Co.  Pa.  and  a  village  in  Christian  do.  Ken. 
JVewbiggen,  a  fishing  town  in  Northumberland, 
Eng.  situate  on  the  N.  side  of  a  bay   to   which  it 
give  name.     7  m.  E.  of  Morpeth. 

JVewborough,  or  Gorey,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 

county  of  We.xford,  25  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Wexford. 

JVexc  Boston,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  17  m. 

S.  Concord.     Pop.  1,680  ;  p.v.^Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 

J^ew  Bourbon,  a  village  in  St.  Genevieve  Co. 

Missouri. 

JVcio  Braintree,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  18  m. 
N.  W.  Worcester.     Pop.  825. 

JVew  Britain,  a  township  of  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 
JVew  Brownsville,  a  town  in   V\*ayne  Co.  Ohio. 
JVew  Brunswick,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Raritan,  30  m.  N.  E.  Trenton  and  36  S.  W.  New 
York.     It  stands  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation 
with  a  considerable  trade  in  flour  and  grain.     Pop 
7,831.     Rutgers  College  at  this  place  was  founded 
in  1770.     It  has  5  instructers  and  70  students. 
JVew  Brunswick.    See  Brunswick. 
JVewburg,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hudson 
84  m.  S.  Albany,  and  70   N.   New   York.     Pop. 
6,424.     It  is  finely  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill 
close  to  the  river,  and  has  considerable  trade. 

JVewburgh,  A  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  with 
a  good  harbour  on  the  frith  of  Tay.  Here  the 
large  vessels  belonging  tol^rth  unload  their  goods 
into  lighters.  The  principal  manufacture  is  linen. 
10  m.  S.  E.  of  Perth. 

JVcwburarh,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  the  isle  of  An- 
glesey, 250  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

JVewlmry,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  its  manu- 
factures of  druggets,  shalloons,  and  broad  cloths, 
formerly  very  extensive,  are  greatly  declined ; 
but  a  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of 
the  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal.  Here  are  65  alms- 
houses. Two  battles  were  fovght  near  this  town 
between  Charles  I.  and  the  p.^rliament  in  ioJ3 
and  1644.  It  is  seated  on  the  lv°nnf"t,  ati  m.  S. 
of  Oxford  and  56  W.  of  London. 

JVewbury,  a  township  in  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
626  ;  p.t.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio.  Pop.  869. 
JVewBurlington,  p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 
JVewbury.  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connecti- 
cut, 30  m.  S.  E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  2,252 ;  p.t.  Essex 
Co.  Mass.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Merrimack,  32  m. 
N.  E.  Boston.  Pop.  3,803  ;  towns  in  York  Co.  Pa., 
Geauga  and  Miami  Cos.  Ohio. 

Newlmryport,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Mftr 


NEW 


538 


NEW 


rhuack  near  its  mouth.  It  is  one  of  the  hand- 
■omest  towns  in  the  United  States,  and  is  built  on 
a  sloping  bank  of  the  river,  with  regular  streets 
and  handsome  houses.  It  extends  a  m.  along  the 
river,  and  has  7  churches,  2  banks,  2  insurance 
offices,  and  2  newspapers.  An  elegant ch<tin  bridge 
crosses  the  river  from  tlie  centre  of  the  town.  It 
had  formerly  a  very  active  commerce,  but  it  is 
now  much  declined.  A  fire  in  1811  destroyed  he- 
tween  two  and  three  hundred  buildings  in  the 
most  compact  part  of  the  town,  and  the  spot  still 
remains  in  ruins.  Siiip  building  is  carried  on 
here,  with  some  West  India  and  coasting  trade 
and  fisheries.  Here  is  also  a  manufacture  of 
hosiery.  The  tomb  of  Whitefield  tiie  celebrated 
preacher  may  be  seen  in  the  Federal  street  church 
in  this  town,  whore  lie  died  in  ITfii).  Newburvport 
is  32  m.  N.  E.  Boston,  24  N.  Salem,  24  S.  W. 
Portsmouth.  Lat.  42.  49.  N.,  long.  70.  47.  W. 
Pop.  6,:383. 

JVew  Canaan,  p.t,  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  77  m.  S. 
W.  Hartford.     Pop.  1,820. 

JV'cw;  Canton,  p. v.  Buckingham  Co.  Va.  and 
Hawkiijiis  Co.  Ten. 

KciDcaslh,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caermarthen- 
shire.  It  had  a  fine  castle,  now  in  ruins ;  and  is 
seated  on  the  Tiyy-j,22it  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

jVewcastle,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Dublin,  10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

JVciccastle  under  Lyme,  a  borough  in  Stafford- 
shire, Eng.  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
hats.  The  throwing  of  silk  is  a  very  considera- 
ble branch  of  trade,  and  here  are  also  a  cotton  mill, 
tanneries,  malt  concerns,  «fec.,  and  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood are  some  iron  works.  The  villages 
around  are  entirely  occupied  with  the  manufac- 
tures of  porcelain,  stone-ware,  «fec.  The  princi- 
pal streets  are  broad,  well  paved,  and  lighted  with 
gas,  and  the  genert^ftspect  of  the  town  is  much 
improved  of  late  years.  It  stands  on  a  branch  of 
the  Trent,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Stafixjrd  and 
149  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

JYcwcastle  upon  Tyne,  a  borough  and  sea-port 
in  Northumberland,  'Eng.  It  is  situate  among 
steep  hills  on  the  Tyne,  which  is  here  a  fine  and 
deep  river,  so  that  ships  of  300  and  400  tons  bur- 
den may  safely  come  up  to  the  town,  though  the 
large  colliers  are  stationed  at  Shields.  The  ha- 
ven is  so  secure  that  vessels,  when  they  have 
passed  Tynemouth  Bar  are  in  no  danger  either 
from  storms  or  shallouM.  The  town  rises  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  river, 4|Hbre  the  streets  upon  the 
ascent  are  exceedingly9»ep.  Many  of  the  hous- 
es are  built  of  stone  ;  but  some  of  timber,  and  the 
rest  of  brick.  Through  this  town  went  part  of 
the  wall  which  extended  from  sea  to  sea,  and  was 
built  by  the  Romans  to  defend  the  Britons  against 
the  incursions  of  the  Picts,  after  all  their  trained 
youth  had  been  drawn  from  the  kingdom  to  re- 
cruit the  armies  of  their  conquerors.  The  castle, 
which  is  old  and  ruinous  overlooks  the  whole 
town.  The  exchange,  churches,  and  other  pub- 
lic buildings,  are  elegant ;  and  the  quay  for  land- 
ing goods  IS  long  and  large.  Here  are  a  sur- 
f eon's  hall  ;  a  large  hospital,  built  by  the  contri- 
ution  of  the  ke«'men,  for  tlie  maintainance  of 
the  poor  of  their  fraternity  ;  and  several  charita- 
ble fonndaAioiis.  Newcastle  is  situated  in  the 
centre  of  the  collieries,  which  have  for  centu- 
ries supplied  London,  all  the  eastern,  and  most  of 
the  midland  and  southern  parts  of  the  kingdom 
with  coal.  This  trade  has  been  the  source  of 
great  opulence  to  Newcastle,  which,  besides,  ex 
porta  large  quantities  of  lead,  salt,  salmon,  butter, 


tallow,  and  grindstones ;  and  imports  wine  and 
and  fruit  from  the  S.  of  Europe,  and  timber,  iron 
hemp,  &c.,  from  the  Baltic  and  Norway.  Ships 
are  sent  hence  to  the  Greenland  fishery.  It  also 
possesses  manufactures  of  steel,  iron,  and  woo- 
len cloth  ;  and  in  the  town  and  vicinity 
are  several  glass-houses.  The  first  charter 
which  was  granted  to  the  townsmen  for  dig- 
ging coal  was  by  Henry  III.,  in  1239  ;  but,  m 
1306,  the  use  of  coal  for  fuel  was  prohibited  in 
London,  by  royal  proclamation,  chiefly  because 
it  injured  the  sale  of  wood  for  fuel,  great  quanti- 
ties of  which  were  then  growing  about  that  city  , 
but  this  interdiction  did  not  long  continue,  and 
we  may  consider  coal  as  having  been  dug  and  ex  . 
ported  from  this  place  for  more  than  400  years. 
A  handsome  stone  bridge  of  nine  arches  connec*3 
this  town  with  the  ancient  borough  of  Gateshead. 
It  was  erected  in  1781,  in  place  of  the  old  one 
which  was  carried  away  by  an  extraordinary  flood 
in  1771.  Newcastle  was  visited  by  the  pestilen- 
tial cholera  in  1831.  It  is  272  N.  by  W.  of  London. 
Long.  1.  14.  W.,  lat.  54.  57.  N. 

Newcastle,  a  county  of  Delaware.  Pop.  29,710, 
the  capital  is 

JVewcastle,  formerly  the  seat  of  government  of 
Delaware.  It  is  seated  upon  the  Delaware,  34  m 
S.  of  Philadelphia.     It  has  some  trade^  flour. 

JVewcastle,  p.t.  Lincoln  Me.  PojT  1,544;  t. 
'Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  2  m.  E.  Portsmouth  on 
Great  Island  in  the  Piscataqua.  Pop.  850 ;  p. v. 
Mercer  Co.  Pa.,  Hanover  and  Botetourt  Cos.  Va., 
and  Henry  Co.  Kentucky. 

JVew  Charleston,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me. 

JVeto  Chester,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,090. 

JVewcomb,   p. v.  Preble  Co.  Ohio. 

JVewcomcr stolen,  p. v.   Tuscarawas,  Co.  Ohio. 

JVewj  Concord,  p. v.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y. 

JVcw  Durham,  t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  II .    Pop.  1,162. 

JVeic  Egypt,  p. v.  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J. 

Neicdlgale,  a  village  of  Eng.  in  Surrey,  5  m.  S 
E.  of  Darking.  In  the  E.  part  of  ihis  village  is  a 
medicinal  spring,  of  the  same  nature  as  that  ol 
Epsom. 

JVew  Echota,  the  capital  of  the  Cherokee  Indi- 
ans. It  is  seated  on  the  Coosa,  in  the  northwest- 
ern part  of  Georgia.  Here  is  a  newspaper  pub- 
lished in  English  and  Cherokee. 

JVew  England,  the  name  applied  to  the  north- 
eastern parts  of  the  American  Union,  comprising 
the  states  of  Maine,    New   Hampshire,  Veroiont, 


Miissachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 
This  territory  extends  from  41 .  to  47.  20.  N.  lat. 
and  from  60.  49.  to  73.  45.  W.  long,  and  is  bound- 
ed N.  W.  and  N.  by  Canada,  E.  by  New  Bruns- 
wick and  the  Ocean  :  S.  by  the  Ocean,  and  W.  by 
New  York  It  contains  about  63,000  sq.  m. 
The  surface  of  the  country  is  infinitely  varied,  and 


NEW 


539 


NEW 


presents  the  greatest  diversity  of  beautiful  scenery,  the  N.  extremity  of  a  vast  bay  called  Bristol  Bay, 

It  is  traversed  by  several  extensive  mountain  ran-  of  which  the  promontory  of  Alaska  is  the  S.  bonn- 

cres    which  may  be   considered  as  extensions  or  dary.     It  was  discovered  by  Cook  in  1778.    Long. 

Eranchesof  the  great   Apalachian    ciiain:  these  1C2  24.  W.   lat.  58.  42   N. 

are  the  White,  Green  ancfc-Tagkannuc  Mountains         Kewevt,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng     seat 

which  see.     Rivers  and  small  streams  are  abun-  ed  on  a  branch  of  the  Severn,  8  ra.  N.  W.    of 

dant,  and  few  countries  in  the  world  are   better  Gloucester  and  112  W   NW.  of  London 
watered  ;  the    largest   are   the  Connecticut,  Pe-         JVeicfoundland,  an  island  on  the  E.  coast  of  N. 

nobscot,    Merrimack,  Kennebec,   Androscoggin,  America   between  47.  and  o2   N.  lat      It  was  dis- 

and  Saco      The  climate  exhibits  great   extremes  covered  by  Sebastian   Cabot  in  1496 ;  and  a«er 

of  heat  and  cold      In  most   parts    the   ground   is  many  disputes  with  the  French  it  was  ceded  to 


covered  with  snow  for  several  months  in  winter, 


and  all  thdj(rers  are  frozen.  Abundance  of  rain 
falls  in  sprtit,  summer  and  autumn,  and  droughts 
are  very  rare.  There  is  every  variety  of  soil ;  the 
river  alluvions  are  very  rich,  but  most  of  the  oth- 
er soils  are  stony,  and  on  the  whole  the  country 
cannot  generally  be  c^led  fertile.  Notwithstand- 
inff  this,  no  part  of  the  United  States  is  so  well 
cultivated,  and  the  skill  and  industry  of  the  New. 
England  fanners  have  made  the  country  like  a 
garden.  The  various  articles  of  cultivation  will 
be  found  enumerated  under  the  heads  of  the  sev 
eralftateH      Cattle  are  raised  in   great  numbers 


the  English  in  171:^.     Its  form  is  triangular;  the 
N.  point  is  separated  from  Labrador  by  the  strait 
of  Bellisle,  and  from  this   apex   it   is   350   m.    in 
length  to  the  base,  which  is  300  in  breadth.     It  is 
a  mountainous,  woody  country,  and  very  cold,  be- 
ing covered  with  snow  five  months  in  the    year. 
The  settlements  of  the  British  are  chiefly  confin- 
ed to  the  harbours,  the   country  near    Placentia, 
and  alon<r  the  bays  E.  towards  C.ipe  Raze    and 
hence  to  Cape  Buepa  Vista,     in  the  fishing  sea- 
son, which  begins  in  May  and  ends  in  Se| 
it  is  resorted  to  %  at  least  100,000  peopl 
count  of  the  great  fishing-banks  to  the  SI 
island  ;  for  here  they  cure  the  cod,  whi? 
ried  not  only,to  England,  but  to  the 
nean  and  theW.    Indies.     NViti^^,few  years 
ly^e^^ioundland  has    rapidly  incret3Hfin  popula- 
tion and  induslrv.     In  17?S'  the  niJRiDer  of  inhabi- 
tants ^v  ■   it  is  nn\v  estimated  at  75,000 
Thee;.  ,  irt"  \v'rh:(l  .still   furnishes  a  large 
portion  oi    t'!ii[uoyment  during  the    winter:  the 
Binallest  kind    ijsed  for    fuel,   is  drawn   by   their 
large  dogs  trained  up  and  harnessed  for  that  pur- 
pose.    There  is  great  plenty  of  game,    fish   and 
fowl,  but  very  little  corn,  fruit,  or  cattle. 

jXcw  Fairfield,   t.   Fai^^ld  Co.   Conn.      Pop. 
f|53. 

JV«c^«p,  p. t.  Windham    Co.  Vt,     Pop.  1,441. 
Xeirfcld.p.l.York    Co.  Me.     Pop.   1,289;  p.t. 
Tojiikins.  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,G64. 

JVew  Garden,  towns  in  Chester    Co.  Pa.,  Rob 
inson   Co.  N.    C,    Columbiana    Co.    Ohio.,   and 
Wayne    Co.  Indiana. 
J^eio  Genera,  p. v.  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 
JVcic  Germantown,  p. v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 
J^eic  GJas^oic,  p.t.  Amherst   Co.  Va. 
J\ew  Gilliurd,  p.v.  Moore  Co.  N.  C. 
JVew  Gloucester,  p.t.  Cumberland    Co.  Me. 
jV«c  Goshcnhofper,  p.v.  Montgomery    Co.  Pa. 
J^io  Grantliam,  t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H. 
Keio  Guilford,  p.t.  Coshocton  Co.  Ohio. 
JVew  Hagerstoicn,  p.t.  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio. 
JWio  Hamburg,  p.v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C. 
J^e^c   Hnmpskirc,   one    of    the    New    England 
States,  bounded    N.   by    Lower   Canada  ;    E.  by 
Maine  ,  S.  by  Massachusetts  and  W.  by  Vermont. 
It  extends  from  42.  41.  to  45.  11.  N.  lat.  and  from 
70.  40.  to  72.  28.  W.  long.,  168  m.  in  length  from 
N.  to  S.  and  90  in  breadth;  containing  9,491  sq. 
miles.     This  state  is  inland  with  the  exception  of 
18  miles  of  sea-coast  on  the  east.     It  is  traversed 
from  N.  to  S.  by  a  chain  of  mountains  called  the 
White  Mountain  range.     The  name  of  the  White 
Mountains  is  more  strictly  applied  to  the  elevations 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  which  are  the 
highest  mountains  in  the  United  States,  east  of 
the  Mississippi.     See  White  Mountains.     Farther 
south,  this  range  presents  some  high  eminences, 

as     Monadnock,     Kearsarge    and      Mooshelock. 

setts  was  the  foundation  of  all  the  New  England     This  is  the  most  mountainous  sta'.e  in  the  union 

States.  and  for  its  great  variety  of  beautiful  scenery  has 

A''eicenham,  Cape,  UTOcky  point  of  considerable     been  called  the  Switzerland  ri  America.     Hardly 

height,  on  the  W.  coast  ofN.  America,  forming     any  of  the  surface  is    evea  except  a  small  tract 


no  part  of  the  couniry  offers  finer  grazing  lands. 
Grass  and  maize  are  the  staple  productions  in  all 
yarts. 

New  England  is  the  most  densely  peopled 
section  of  the  United  States,  and  has  been  the 
chief  nursery  from  w.hich  the  western  states  were 
peopled.  The  greater  portion  of  the  commerce 
of  the  Union,  and'Hfcarly  all  the  fisheries,  are  car- 
ried on  by  the  shipping  of  New  England..  A 
spirit  of  adventure,  activity,  zeal  and  foresight 
are  characteristic  of  the  people.  They  are  inge- 
nious,inquisitive,  shrewd,  calculating, persevering 
and  industrious.  The  population  is  homogeneous 
and  almost  entirely  of  English  descent.  The  settle- 
ment of  the  Puritans  at  Plymouth  in  Massachu- 


NEW 


540 


NEW 


upon  the  coast.  The  streams  which  water  this 
Btate  are  numerous.  The  Connecticut  washes  the 
whole  western  boundary  :  the  Merrimack  rises 
here  and  has  the  greater  part  of  its  course  within 
the  state.  The  Saco  rises  in  this  state  and  pas- 
ses into  Maine.  The  Piscataqua  is  the  only  con- 
siderable stream  which  belongs  wholly  to  New 
Hampshire.  Many  beautiful  fakes  are  scattered 
about  in  different  parts  and  supply  the  numerous 
pvers  with  their  water.     The  largest  is  Winipisio- 

fee  which  flows  into  the  Merrimack  ;  it  is  above 
0  miles  long  and  10  wide,  and  exhibits  some  of 
the  most  delightful  scenery  in  the  world.  See 
Winivisiogee.  Tlie  others  are  Squam,  Sunapee 
and  Ossipee  lakes,  which  See. 

The  climate  of  New  Hampshire  is  salubrious 
but  the  winters  are  severe ;  deep  snows  occur  in 


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winter,  and  furious  winds  prevail  among  the 
mountains  ;  in  the  northern  part,  the  snow  lies 
till  May.  The  summer  and  autumn  are  pleasant, 
and  throughout  the  year  the  fair  days  are  to  the 
cloudy  as  three  to  one.  A  gteat  part  of  the  state 
is  covered  with  forests  which  furnish  abundant 
supplies  of  timber  such  as  oak,  maple,  beech, 
hemlock,  walnut,  white  pine,  fir,  elm,  cherry,  ash, 
poplar,  hornbeam,  birch,  locust,  &c.  The  sugar 
maple  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  trees  in  the 
world.  It  grows  here  sometimes  to  the  diameter 
of  5  or  6  feet.  In  the  spring  the  trunk  is  tapped 
a  few  feet  from  the  ground  and  the  sap  drawn 
out ;  this  is  practised  only  for  a  season  of  4  or  5 
weeks,  when  the  trees  are  frozen  at  night  and 
thawed  in  the  day:  at  no  other  time  will  the  sap 
run  freely.  Wiien  the  buds  swell,  the  sap  ceases 
to  flow.  The  liquor  is  then  simply  boiled  down 
and  poured  into  pans  where  the  sugar  crystallizes. 


The  larger  trees  will  yield  5  gallons  of  sap  in  a 
day  and  15  pounds  of  sugar  in  a  season.  In  this 
state  and  the  adjoining  parts  of  Vermont  the 
manufacture  of  this  sugar  is  carried  on  to  a  con- 
siderable extent. 

The  mineral  products  are  iron,  copper,  plumba- 
go, manganese,  soapstone,  and  limestone.  The 
■oil  is  generally  susceptible  of  cultivation,  and  on 


the  borders  of  the  rivers  it  is  very  rich.  The 
mountainous  tracts  afford  good  pasturage.  The 
articles  of  culture  are  maize,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
barley,  flax,  potatoes  and  pulse.  Hay  is  produced 
abundantly.  Cattle,  and  the  products  of  the  dairy 
form  important  articles  of  exportation.  Domestic 
manufactures  are  common  in  all  parts,  and  there 
are  large  manufacturing  establishments  at  Dover 
and  Soinersworth.  Most  of  the  export  trade  goes 
to  the  States  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  The 
foreign  imports  in  1828  amounted  to  299,849  dol- 
lars ;  the  expf)rts  of  domestic  produce  to  115,947 
dollars;  the  shipping  amounted  to  26,253  tons 
The  fisheries  employ  60  or  70  sail,  and  take  about  - 
40,000  quintals  of  cod  and  pollock,  and  6,000  bar- 
rels of  mackerel  yearly.  Portsmouth  is  the  only 
sea-port,  except  a  few  small  coves  for  fishing  craft. 
The  Isles  of  Shoals,  which  Sec,  lie  upon  this 
coast. 

New  Hampshire  is  divided  into  8  counties,  and 
220  towns.  The  capital  is  Concord.  The  other  prin- 
cipal towns  are  Portsmouth,  Exeter,  Dover,  Am- 
herst, Haverhill,  Hanover,  Keene  and  Charlestown 
The  population  of  the  state  is  269,533.  The  leg- 
islature consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives,the  members  of  which  are  chosen  yearly 
as  well  as  the  Governor  and  executive  council. 
Elections  are  popular  and  suffrage  ij^universal. 
Perfect  toleration  is  allowed  in  religifUpno  citizen 
is  taxed  but  by  his  own  consent,  for  the  support 
of  any  religious  society.  The  Calvinistic  Con- 
gregationalists  have  125  ministers ;  the  Unitari- 
ans 11  ;  the  Presbyterians  8;  the  Episcopalians 
8  ;  the  Calvinistic  Baptists  70;  the  Freewill  Bap- 
tists 51  ;  the  Christ-ians  17 ;  the  Methodists  71 ; 
the  Quakers  15;  the  UniversSlists  20;  the  Sha- 
kers 2  and  the  Sandemanians  1.  Education  re- 
ceives great  care ;  common  schools  are  supported 
by  law.  The  larger  Seminaries  are  Dartmouth 
College  at  Hanover  and  Phillips  Academy  at 
Exeter.  New  Hampshire  was  first  settled  at 
Dover  and  Portsmouth  in  J  623.  It  was  fi»r  a 
time  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  but  has  been  a 
distinct  government  since  1741.  The  present 
constitution  was  established  in  1792. 

JYew  Hampton,  t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimack,  30  m.  above  Concord.  Pop.  1,904; 
p.t.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J.  40  m.  N.  W.  New 
Brunswick. 

New  Hanover,  a  county  of  North  Carolina. 
Pop.  10,759.  Wilmington  is  the  capital.  Also  a 
township  of  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

J^cw  Harmonii,  or  Harmony,  a  town  in  Posey 
Co.  in  the  south-western  corner  of  Indiana,  on 
the  Wabash,  formerly  the  seat  of  the  Harmonists, 
under  the  German  Rapp,  and  more  recentlv,  of 
the  co-operatives  under  Owen  of  Lanark.  The 
former  establishment  was  removed  to  Economy, 
which  see,  and  the  latter  has  been  abandoned. 

JVero  Hartford,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  22  m. 
N.  W.  Hartford.  Pop.  1,766;  also  a  village  in 
Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  4  m.  W.  Utica ;  it  is  neatly 
built,  and  surrounded  with  many  handsome  coun- 
try seats. 

New  Haven,  a  town  in  Sussex,  Eng.  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Ouse,  with  a  small  harbour,  57  m. 
from  London,  also  a  small  town  in  Scotland,  on 
the  Frith  of  Forth,  1  m.  W.  Leith. 

Kew  Haven,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  on  Otter 
creek  Pop.  1,834;  p.t.  Oswego  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
Ontario.  Pop.  1,410;  p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio;  p.v 
Hamilton  Co.  Ohio;   p.v.  Gallatin  Co.  Illinois. 

J^ew  Haven,  a  county  of  Connecticut.      Pop 
43,848.     New  Haven  is  the  capital. 
New  Haven,  c'ltv.  the  ca^jital  of  the  abore  coun- 


Pm 


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541 


NEW 


ty  and  y  intly  with  Hartford,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment for  Connecticut,  stands  on  a  bay  opening 
into  Long  Island  Sound.  It  occupies  a  low  situ- 
ation, surrounded  by  hills,  and  is  regularly  and 
handsomely  built.  The  streets  are  wide  and 
commodious,  and  the  general  aspect  of  the  town 
is  neat  and  elegant.  In  the  centre  is  a  large 
cquare    planted    with   trees   and    fronted   by  the 


State  House,  the  college  buildings,  several 
churches  and  other  fine  structures,  constituting 
one  of  the  finest  public  places  in  the  country. 
The  State  House  is  one  of  the  handsomest  build- 
ings in  the  United  States. 

Vale  C<M^ge,  at  this  place,  was  founded  in  1701. 
It  has  15  mstructers  and  346  students.  The  lib- 
raries have  17,500  volumes,  and  the  collection  of 
minerals  is  the  best  in  the  country.  The  buildings 
are  4  for  the  dwellings  of  the  students,  a  chapel, 
a  laboratory  and  an  observatory  on  the  model  of 
the  Tower  or  the  Winds  at  Athens.  A  law 
school  is  connected  with  the  college.  There  are 
3  vacations  in  January,  May  and  September,  of 
12  weeks.    Commencement  is  in  September. 

New  Haven  has  considerable  commerce,  and 
its  trade  with  the  interior  is  assisted  by  the  Far- 
niin^lon  Canal,  which  extends  from  this  place 
noMhward  into  Massachusetts.  It  is  in  lat.  41. 
IBHSf.,  long.  72.  5(5.  W.,  76  m.  N.  E.  New  York,  34 
S.  W.  Hartford,  KM  S.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  10,078. 

JVew  Hope,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Delaware, 
16  m.  above  Trenton ;  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  N.  C. ;  p.v. 
Spartanburg  Dis.  S.  C.  ;  p.v.  Hancock  Co.  Geo. 

JYew  Iberia,  p.v.  St.  Martin's  Parish,  Lou. 

JVnwItiirton,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  5  m. 
N.  W.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  .549. 

JVnw  Ipswich,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  18  m. 
S.W.Amherst.     Pop.  1,673 

J^cw  Jersey,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  New  York,  E.  by  the  ocean,  S.  by  Dela- 
ware Bay  and  W.  by  Pennsylvania.  It  extends 
from  39.  to  41.24.  N.  lat.  and  from  74.  to  75.  29. 
W.  long.  It  is  103  m.  long  from  N.  to  S.  and 
Y)D  m.  in  average  breadth,  and  contains  8,300  sq. 
miles.  A  stnall  portion  in  the  North  is  mountain- 
ous, but  the  greater  part  of  the  state  is  level,  and 
the  southern  portion  is  a  flat  sandy  alluvion,  in 
some  parts  marshy,  but  in  general  barren  or  pro- 
ducing only  shrub  oaks  and  pines.  The  Dela- 
ware washes  the  whole  western  limit  of  the  state, 
and  a  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  lies  upon  the 
Hudson.  The  other  rivers  are  the  Raritan,  Pas- 
saic, Hackensack  and  Great  Egg  Harbour.  The 
climate  is  milder  than  in  the  adjoining  states  of 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  nearly  the 
whole  state  lies  open  to  the  sea  air.  The  soil  of 
the  northern  part  is  good,  both  for  agriculture 
and  grazing.  Fruit  is  abundant;  the  apple  or- 
chards are  very  numerous  and  produce  great 
quantities  of  excellent  cider.     Wheat,  rye,  maize, 


buckwheat  and  garden  stuffs  are  he  cnief  articles 
of  cultivation  ;  considerable  numbers  of  cattle  are 
raised  for  exportation.  The  foreign  commerce  is 
carried  on  principally  through  the  ports  of  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  The  imports  directly 
into  the  state  amounted  in  1829  to  786,247  dollars ; 
the  exports  of  domestic  produce  to  8,022  dollars; 
the  shipping  in  1828  amounted  to  48,772  tons. 
The  shad  fishery  is  very  productive,and  constitutes 
a  source  of  income  to  the  state :  there  are  also 
considerable  oyster  beds  which  are  productive 
There  are  some  mines  of  copper  and  iron,  but  the 
state  is  not  rich  in  minerals.  Flourishing  manu- 
factures are  carried  on  at  Trenton,  New  York, 
Patterson  and  the  neighbourhood  :  they  consist  of 
cotton,  woolen,  iron,  copper,  brass,  nails,  duck, 
hats,  shoes,  leather,  «S:c. 

The  state  is  divided  into  13  counties  and  120 
townships  ;  the  population  is  320,769  ;  of  whom 
3,446  are  slaves.  The  capital  is  Trenton.  The 
other  principal  towns  are  Trenton,  Burlington, 
Bordentown,  Princeton,  New  Brunswick,  New- 
ark, Elizabethtown  and  Amboy.  The  legisla- 
ture, consists  of  a  council  and  a  House  of  Assem- 
bly, the  members  of  which  are  chosen  yearly. 
The  governor  is  chosen  yearly  by  the  legislature. 
Voters  must  be  resident  one  year  and  possess  a 
property  of  50  pounds.  The  most  numerous  reli- 
gious sect  are  the  Presbyterians,  who  have  85 
churches  ;  the  Reformed  Dutch  have  28,  the  Bap- 
tist 34,  and  the  Episcopalians  20  ministers.  The 
state  has  a  school  fund  yielding  a  yearly  reve- 
nue of  22,000  dollars.  There  are  colleges  at  Prince- 
ton and  New  Brunswick.  This  state  is  traversed 
by  several  canals  and  railroads.  The  Morris 
CareaZ  extends  from  the  Hudson  at  Powles-Hook 
opposite  NewYork  to  Easton  on  the  Delaware,  94 
m. :  it  has  a  rise  and  fall  of  890  feet  by  means  of 
locks  and  inclined  planes,  at  which  the  boats  are 
drawn  up  by  machinery.  It  passes  by  the  towns 
of  Newark,  Paterson,and  Dover,  and  crosses  Pas- 
saic and  Pompton  rivers  by  aqueducts.  The 
Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  will  extend  from  the 
Delaware  at  Lamberton  below  Trenton,  to  New 
Brunswick  on  the  Raritan,  38  m. :  it  is  75  feet 
wide  at  the  surface,  and  7  feetde'^p  and  will  prob- 
ably be  finished  in  1833.  T^e  Camden  aridJlm' 
boy  Railroad,  is  nearly  completed  and  will  extend 
from  Camden  on  the  Delaware,  to  Amboy,  61  m. 
The  Paterson  and  Hudson  River  Railroad,  will 
pass  from  Paterson  to  Jersey  city,  on  the  Hudson, 
14  m.  Two  other  railroads  are  projected,  the 
West  Jersey  and  the  Elizabethtown  and  Somerville 
Railroads. 


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New  Jersey  was' first  settled  by  the  Danes  at 
Bergen,  opposite  New  York,  in  1624  ;  the  Dutch 
afterwards  made  settlements  in  the  same  neigh- 
bourhood. The  Swedes  settled  on  the  Delaware 
in  1626  and  the  English  in  1640.  Th«  whole  coun 
2Z 


NEW 


542 


NEW 


trv  reduced  by  the  English  in  1664.    Elizabeth- 
town  was  founded  by  them  in  1665.     The  govern- 


ment underwent  various  mutations,  and  the  state 
was  for  a  time  divided  into  East  and  West  Jersey. 
At  the  revolution  a  single  government  was  estab- 
lished which  has  continued  to  the  present  day. 
The  constitution  was  formed  in  1776. 

JS'eic  Kent,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of  Virgin- 
ia. Pop.  6,457. 

J\''ete  Lebanon,  p. v.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y.  24  m. 
S.  E.  Albany,  near  the  Massachusetts  line.  It  is 
inhabited  bv  the  Shakers ,and  has  a  mineral  spring. 
Tlie  village'  is  delightfully  situated  in  a  valley 
perfectly  level  at  the  bottom  and  surrounded  by  a 
chain  of  highlands,  the  slopes  of  which  are  covered 
with  v/oods  and  cultivated  fields,  presenting  a 
most  charming  prospect.  Also  a  p. v.  Camden  Co. 
N.  C.  220  m.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

Kcw  Lexington,  p.v.  Richland  Co.  Ohio;  a 
village  in  Knox  Co.  Ohio ;  p.t.  Preble  Co.  Ohio  ; 
and  a  village  in  Scott  Co.  Ind. 

Nvtc  Liberty,  p.v.  Owen  Co.  Ken.,  and  Guern- 
sey Co.  Ohio. 

.Yeicbin,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa.  on  Bran- 
dy wine  Creek. 

^'ew  Lisbon,  p.v.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,232  ; 
a  village  »in  Montgomery  Co.  Maryland  ;  p  v. 
Columbiana  Co.  Ohio,  150  m.  N.  E.  Columbus. 
JVeio  London,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  30  m. 
N.  VV.  Concord.  Pop.  9)3  ;  a  township  of  Ches- 
ter Co.  Pa.  ;  a  village  in  Anne  Arundel  Co.  Ma- 
ryland, 5  m.  S.  W.  Annapolis ;  p.v.  Campbell  Co. 
Va.;  a  township  of  Huron  Co.  Ohio;  p.v.  Mad- 
son  Co.  Ohio ;  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  Ind.;  p.v.  Ralls 
Co.   Missouri. 

.Ve?o  LoHiLon,  a  county  of  Connecticut.  Pop. 
42,295. 

JYeic  London,  the  capital  of  the  above  county 
stands  on  a  fine  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames.  Most  of  the  town  is  built  at  the  foot  of 
a  hill  facing  to  Uie  east.  The  streets  are  irregu- 
'ar,  but  some  of  the  buildings  are  handsome.  The 
town  has  somewhat  declined  from  its  former  pros- 
perity yet  the  whale  fishery  is  considerably  active 
liere.  The  harbour  ia  defended  by  forts  Trum- 
bull and  Griswold.    Pop.  4,356. 

.N'cjo  .Stadisun^.Y.  Darke  Co.  Ohio,  81    m.  W. 
Columbus.- 
KeiB  Miulrid,  a  county  of  Missouri.     Pop.  2,351. 
Js'eic  Madrid,  the   capital  of  the    above    county 
stands  on  the  Mississippi, 50  m.  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio.      It  was   once  a  considerable  place 
but  is  now  reduced  to  a  small  village. 
A'ticvian,  p.v.  Pike  Co.  (Jeo. 
jVewmariift,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.   61  m.    N. 
J>.  London. 

Xewmarket,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  15  m. 
W.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  2,013  ;  also  towns  nnd  vil- 
lages in  York    Co.    Pa..    Dorchester    Co.    Md. 


Spotsylvania  Co.  Va.,  Frederick  Co.  Md.,  She 
nandoah  Co.  Va.,  Maryland  Co.  Oiiio,  Wash 
ington  Co.  Ken.,  and  Jefferson  Co.  Ten. 

JVew)  Marlborough,  p.t.   Jl?rkshire  Co.  Mass.  48 
m.  S.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  1,656. 

J^ew  Milford,  p.t.  Litchfield    Co.    Conn.  18  m. 
S.  W.  Litchfield.     Pop.  3,979. 

J^ew  Mills,  p.v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J. 
JS'eicnharn,   a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  on 
the  Severn,  115    m.  N.  W.  London. 

J^txcnstoicn,  a  township  of  Dauphin  Co.  Pa. 
New  Orleans,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.     Pop.  46, 
310,  the  capital  is  the  following. 

JVew   Orleans,  city,    the    capital  of  Louisiana,  J 
stands  on  the  Mississippi,  105  m.  from  its  mouth      . 
by  the  windings  of  the  stream  and  90  in  a  direct 
line.     The  river  here  makes  a  considerable  bend 
to    the  N.  E.  and    the    city  occupies  the  north- 
western bank,  although  its  situation  is  east  of  the 
general  course  of  the  stream.     The  site  is  low  and 
marshy,  which  makes  the  place  insalubrious,  and 
in  the  summer  most  of  the  inhabitants  remove 
from  the  city.     It  is  regularly  built  and   is  com- 
posed of  three  divisions,  the  city  proper  and  the 
fauxbourgs  or  suburbs  of  St.  Marie  and  Marigny. 
In  the  city  the  houses  are  built  in  the  French  and 
Spanish  style,  and  covered  with  white  and  yellow 
stucco.     The  fauxbourg  St.  Marie  is  built  after 
the  American  fashion,  and  does  not  jBter  in  ap- 
pearance from  one  of  the  Atlantic  ernes.     Here 
are  a  larsre  catholic  cathedral,  a  handsome    pres- 
byterian"church,  a  French  and   English  theatre, 
a  college,  a  convent  of  Ursuline  nuns,  an  orphan 
asylum,  and   many  charitable  institutions.     The 
commerce  of  the  city  is  very  gre^t,  as   it  is  the 
outport  of  all  the  states  lying  on  the   Mississippi 
and  its  waters.     Here    are   sometimes  1 ,500  flat 
boats  from  the  upper  country  loaded  with  all  sorts 
of  agricultural  produce;  50  steamboats,  are  often 
counted  at  a  time  in  the  river.     The  foreign  ex- 
ports consist  of  all  the  various  productions  of  the 
southern  and  western  states,  but  the  most  i^JLpr- 
tant  articles  are   sugar   and    cotton.     The  Cfmal 
Carondelet  extends  from  the  Mississippi  at  this 
place  to  Lake  Pontchartrain  2  m.  and  affords  a 
naviffation  for  small  vessels  to  the  ocean.     A  rail- 
road 4  1-2  m.  in  length  also  passes  between  the 
same  places  and  joins  the  lake  at  an  artificial  har- 
bour.    Both  these  communications  are  perfectly 
straight  and  the  variation  of  level  on  the  railroad 
is  only  16  inches. 

The  population  of  New  Orleans  is  of  a  very 
miscellaneous  character.  Dissipation  prevails  to  a 
high  degree.  Half  the  inhabitants  are  blacks  or 
muliittoes,  and  there  arc  more  French  than  Ameri- 
cans. The  neighbourhood  is  a  swamp,  and  the 
soil  on  which  the  city  is  built  is  so  spongy  that 
water  rises  at  a  few  feet  below  the  surface,  and 
tlie  buildings  have  no  cellars.  With  all  these 
disadvantages  added  to  the  unheallhiness  of  the 
spot,  it  continues  rapidly  to  increase,  and  will 
doubtless  soon  become  one  of  the  most  important 
commercial  cities  in  the  world.  It  was  founded 
by  the  French  in  1717.  The  British  landed  an 
army  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  it  in  1814  but 
were  totally  defeated  by  General  Jackson,  a  few 
miles  below  the  city  on  the  8th  of  January 
1815. 

New  Orleans  is  in  lat.  29.  57.  N.,  long.  00.  8. 
W.,  322  m.  by  the  river  belowNa4.ehez  ;  1 ,189  be- 
low St.  Louis  ;  991  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  ; 
and  1,933  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  1,260  m.  S.  W. 
Washington.    Pop.  46,310. 

^"ew  Pah,  p.t.  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.  7  m.  S.  Pough- 
kesDsic.    Pop  5  105 


NEW 


543 


NEW 


Aetc  Paris,  p.T.  Preble  Co.  Ohio.  92  m.  S.  W. 

Columbus. 

Ktio  Philadelphia,  p. v.  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio. 
56  m.  N.  E.  Zanesville.  Also  a  village  in  Hardin 
Co.  Ken. 

JVercport,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  and 
the  chief  town  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  stands  on 
the  River  Cowes.  A  borough  in  Cornwall.  214 
in.  S.  W.  London.  A  town  of  Monmouthshire. 
118  m.  N.  W.  London.  A  town  of  Wales  in 
Pembrokeshier.    250  m.  N.  W.  London. 

J^'etoport,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop.  897  ; 
p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.H.  Pop.  1,913;  p.t.  Herkimer 
Co.  N.  Y.  21)  m.  N.  Herkimer.  Pop.  1,863;  p.t. 
Cumberland  Co.  N.  J.  84  m.  S.  W.  Trenton  ;  t. 
Luzerne  Co.  Pa. ;  p. v.  Perry  Co.  Va.  and  Indiana 
Co.  Pa. ;  p.v.  Newcastle  Co.  Del.,  3  m.  S.  W. 
Wilmington  ;  p.v.  Charles  Co.  Maryland,  40  m. 
S.  £.  Washington;  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Ohio; 
p.v.  Vermilion  Co.  Indiana  ;  p.v.  Cooke  Co.  Ten. ; 
p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Missouri. 

J^eicport,  a  county  of  Rhode  Island.  Pop.  16 
534.     Newport  is  the  capital. 

J\^eitport,  p.t.  one  of  the  chief  towns  in  Rhode 
Island.  It  stands  near  the  southern  extremity  of 
the  island  which  gives  its  name  to  the  state,  upon 
a  harbour  formed  by  the  entrance  of  tne  main 
channel  of  Narraganset  Bay.  This  is  one  of  the 
finest  harboAs  in  the  world,  lying  close  to  Ihe 
sea,  and  always  accessible ;  the  entrance  is  de- 
fended by  several  strong  forts.  Newport  formerly 
enjoyed  a  very  active  commerce,  but  this  has  great- 
ly declined,  and  the  town  has  a  decayed  look. 
The  legislature  of  the  state  sit  here  occasionally, 
and  many  people  resort  hither  in  summer  for  the 
purity  and  mildness  of  the  air.  Here  are  11 
churches,  and  some  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
lace.     Pop.  8,010. 

Neicport,  p.v.  Campbell  Co.  Ken.  on  the  Ohio, 
opposite  Cincinnati.  It  is  finely  situated  on  an 
elevated  plain,  and  contains  an  United  States  ar- 
senal^ and  a  well  endowed  academy. 

JVeic  Portage,  p.v.  Medina  Co.  Ohio,  114  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus. 

New  Portland,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.,  Me.  Pop. 
1,215. 

Keicport  Pagmel,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire, 
Eng.  with  manufactures  of  bone  lace.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Ouse,  51  m.  N.  W.  London. 

JVew  Preston,  p.v.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  43  m. 
W.  Hartford. 

A'rio  Prospect,  p.v.  Bergen  Co.  N.  J.  88  m.  N. 
E   Trenton. 

Js''etD  Providence,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  J.  12  m.  N. 
W.  Nev/ark.     See  also  Providence. 

JSeic  Richmond,  p.v.  Clermont  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio,  20  m.  S.  E.  Cincinnati. 

JVc7c  Rochelle,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m. 
A.  E.  New  York.     Pop.  1,274. 

JVetc  Rowley,  p.v.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  35  m.  N.  E. 
Boston. 

J^Tew  Rumley,  p.t.  Harrison  Co.  Ohio,  130  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus. 

JVewry,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Down,  49  m.  N.  Dublin. 

JS'ewry,  a  township  of  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  345. 

.Veto  Salem,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  81  m.  N. 
W.  Boston  ;  p.v.  New  London  Co.  Conn.,  Onta- 
rio Co.  N.  Y.,  Fayette  Co.  Pa.,  Randolph  Co.  N. 
C.  and  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio. 

JVew  Scotland,  p.v.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y.  9  m.  from 
Albany. 

JVeicaVant,  a  village  of  Durham,  Eng.,  5  m.  from 
Darlington. 


Jferc  Sharon,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,599- 
J^'ew  Shetland,  or  JVcio  South  Shetland,  a  cluster 
of  Islands  iA  the  Antarctic  Ocean,  lying  to  the  S. 
E.  of  Cape  Horn,  in  about  lat.  65.  S.  Their  exist- 
ence was  first  made  known  to  the  world  in  1820, 
although  it  is  said  tlie  American  South  Sea 
whalers  had  been  accustomed  to  visit  them  for 
some  years  previous.  They  are  but  little  known, 
yet  have  lieen  found  to  extend  200  m.  from  E.  N. 
E.  to  W.  S.  W.  The  land  exhibits  marks  of  vol- 
canic action  and  consists  of  lofty  summits,  crown- 
ed with  snow  and  ice.  Seals  are  abundant  in  tlua 
neighbourhood. 

JS'ew  Shorcham,  a  town  in  Newport  Co.   R    i 
on  Block  Island.     Pop.  1,885. 
.Veifl  South  U^ale^.     See  WaJes. 
Kew  Switzerland,  a  village  in   Switzerland   Co. 
Ohio,  on  the  Ohio,  05  m.  below  Cincinnati. 

JVewton,  a  town  of  Wales  in  Montgonieryshire, 
169  m.  W.  N.  W.  London.  Also  towns  in  Lan- 
cashire and  Cheshire,  Eng.,  a  borough  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  and  a  to",vnsliip  of  York  Co.  L.  Canada. 
Ketoton,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  on  Charles 
River,  9  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  2,377.  Here  are 
manufactures  of  paper,  iron,  and  snuff.  Also 
towns  in  Harrison  Co.  Ken.,  Licking,  Hamilton, 
Miami,  Trumbull,  and  Muskingum  Cos.  Ohio, 
and  villages  in  Essex  Co.  N.  J.  and  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 
jYewton  Bushel,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  15 
m.  S.  W.  Exeter. 

Kewton  Stncart,  a  town  of  Scotland  in  Wigton- 
shire,  26  m.  N.  E.  Portpatrick. 

JS'ewtown,  a  township  of  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H. 
10  m.  N.  W.  Newburyport.     Pop.  510;  p.t.  Fair- 
field Co.  Conn.  25  m.  N.  W.  New  Haven.     Pop. 
3,099;  p.v.  Tioaa  Co.  N.  Y. ;  p.t.  Queens  Co.  N. 
Y.  on   Long  Island,   8  m.  E.  New  York.     Pop. 
2.610.     The  orchards  of  this  place  produce  the 
finest  apples  in  the  world.     Also   towns  and  vil- 
lages in  Gloucester  and  Sussex  Cos.  N.  J.,  Bucks 
and  Cumberland  Co.  Pa.,  Frederick  and  Worces- 
ter Cos.  Maryland,  King  and  Queen  and  Loudon 
Cos.  Va.,  Hamilton  and  Licking  Cos.  Ohio. 
Kerctown  Slevenslmrg,  p  v.  Frederick  Co.  Va. 
JVewtown  Trap,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryland. 
J^'ew  Trenton,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Indiana. 
JV'eio  Vernon,  p.v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J. 
JVewj   Village,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 
JVetcville,  p.v.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y. ;  p.v.  Cum- 
berland Co.  Pa. ;  p.v.  Barnwell  Dis.  S.  C. 
JVeio  Washington,  p.v.  Clarke  Co.  Indiana. 
Js'ew  Windsor,  a  township  of  Orange  Co.  N.,.Y 
Pop.  2,310. 

}few  Woodstock,  p.v.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 
JVew  Years  Islands,  a  number  of  small   islands 
near  the  N.  coast  of  Stalen  Land,  in  lat.  54.  41.  S., 
long.  04.  28.  W 

JVeic  Y'ork,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  Lake  Ontario  and  Lower  Canada,  E.  by 
Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut,  S.  by 
Pennsylvania  and  N.  Jersey,  S.  W.  and  N.  W.by 
J^akesErie,  and  Ontario,  and  Can!*«la.  It  extends 
from  40.  30.  to 45.  N.  lat.  and  from  73.  to  79.  55.  W. 
long.  It  is  340  m.  in  length  from  E.  to  W.  and  304 
in  breadth,  and  contains,  including  Long  island, 
45,085  sq.  m.  This  state  is  mountainous  in  the 
eastern  part,  where  it  is  traversed  by  a  branch  of 
the  Apalachian  chain,  called  tJie  Shawangunk 
ridge,  different  portions  of  which  are  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Highlands,  and  Catskill  Moun- 
tains. SeeCatskill.  In  the  north-eastern  part  are 
the  Peruvian  Mountains,  which  lie  around  the 
sources  of  the  Hudson,  and  separate  the  waters  of 
Lake  Chaoiplain  from  those  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 


NEW 


544 


■KEVf 


The  most  of  the  western  part  is  level,  but  on  the 
borders  of  Pennsylvania  are  some  hilly  tracts.  Par- 
allel with  Lake  Ontario  there  runs  an  elevation 
called  the  Ridge,  about  70  in.  in  length  ;  it  is  not 
more  than  30  fleet  above  the  surrounding  country, 
and  100  feet  in  width,  and  extends  from  Niagara 
rivor  to  the  Genesee.  The  mountains  exhibit 
granite,  gneiss,  limestone  and  mica  slate ;  the 
western  and  central  districts  are  secondary,  and 
the  southern  mostly  transition.  Iron,  tin,  lead, 
and  plumbago  are  found  in  tlie  mountainous  parts ; 
coal,  gypsum  and  slate  occur  along  the  Hudson, 
with  some  native  silver.  Antimony  and  arsenic 
have  also  been  discovered. 

The  eastern  part  is  watered  by  the  Hudson, 
which  rises  on  the  western  side  of  Lake  Cliam- 
plain,  and  flows  southerly  to  the  sea  at  New  York  ; 
the  Mohawk,  from  the  west,  is  its  chief  brtanch. 
The  Genesee  crosses  the  stale  from  Pennsylvania 
and  runs  into  L.  Ontario.  Black  river  and  the 
Oswegatchie,  water  tlie  northern  parts;  the  Onon- 
daga receives  the  waters  of  a  number  of  small 
lakes  toward  the  west,  and  discharges  them  into 
Lake  Ontario :  the  head  streams  of  the  Susque- 
hanna have  their  source  in  this  state.  A  great 
extent  of  the  north  western  limit  is  washed  by 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario ;  on  the  north-eastern 
border  lies  Lake  Champlain,  dividing  it  from  Ver- 
mont, and  in  the  same  quarter  is  Lake  George. 
In  the  west  are  the  smaller  lakes  of  Oneida,  Sken- 
eateles,  Owasco,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Crooked,  Ca- 
nandaigua  and  Chatauque,  many  of  which  are 
adorned  with  beautiful  scenery. 

The  soil  in  a  great  part  of  the  state  is  excel- 
lent; on  the  Mohawk  are  alluvial  tracts  of  re- 
markable fertility :  in  the  west  are  the  Genesee 
flats  which  are  no  less  rich.  In  the  north  it  is 
clayey  ;  about  Albany  are  some  tracts  of  sandy 

Elain  inter.spersed  with  marshes.  The  valleys 
ave  a  rich  black  mould ;  along  the  Hudson  in 
the  southern  part,  the  soil  is  gravelly  with  rich 
alluvial  tracts.  About  one  fourth  of  the  land  is 
under  cultivation ;  wheat  is  the  chief  article  of 
culture  ;  maize,  rye,  barley,  oats,  flax,  buckwheat, 
hemp,  &c.  are  also  raised.  The  climate  of  this 
great  state  is  more  diversified  than  perhaps  that 
of  any  other  in  the  union.  The  northern  part 
feels  the  severity  of  a  Canadian  winter  ;  the  south 
has  a  climate  comparatively  mild.  About  Albany 
the  winter  begins  toward  the  middle  of  December 
and  ends  early  in  March.  Hay  is  cut  early  in 
July,  and  the  maize  ripens  in  September  and  Oc-' 
tober.     The  Hudson  is  frozen  in  winter. 

This  state  abounds  in  mineral  springs,  the  most 
celebrated  of  which  are  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Saratoga,  which  See.  There  are  in  the  western 
part,  many  which  discharge  inflammable  air.  See 
Burning  Sprinirs.  Salt  springs  are  also  common, 
and  salt  is  manufactured  in  great  abundance  at 
various  places.  See  Salina.  The  internal  trade 
of  the  state  is  facilitated  by  many  canals,  the  lar- 
gest of  which  unites  the  itudson  with  Lake  Erie. 
See  Erie  Canal.  The  Northern  canal  connects 
Lake  Champlain  with  the  Hudson,  and  is  G3  m. 
in  length  The  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  ex- 
tends from  Port  Jervis,  on  the  Delaware  to  the 
Hudson  ;  it  has  a  further  extension  to  Honesdale, 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  its  whole  length  is  108  m. 
There  are  also  canals  which  open  a  communica- 
tion between  the  Mohawk  and  Lake  Ontario 
through  Oneida  Lake.  Four  railroads  are  in  a 
process  of  construction  The  Mohawk  and  Hud- 
son Railroad,  betweer  the  Hudson  at  Albany  and 
the  Mohawk  at  Sche aectady  15  miles  ' — the  Ca- 


najoharie  and  Catskill  Railroad  from  Canajohari*' 
on  the  Erie  canal  to  Catskill  on  the  Hudson  74 
m. ; — the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Railroad,  from 
Newburgh  on  the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware ; — the 
Troy  and  Bennigton  Railroad,  from  Troy  on  the 
Hudson  to  Bennington  in  Vermont.  These  im- 
provements with  the  admirable  position  of  the 
great  outport  of  the  state  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson,  have  given  the  trade  of  New  York  an 
unexampled  activity,  and  it  has  already  become 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  states  in  the  Union. 
The  commerce  is  chiefly  transacted  through  the 
single  sea-port  of  New  York  ;  but  there  is  also 
much  trade  by  the  way  of  the  lakes.  The  imports 
into  the  state  in  1828  were  valued  at  38,719,644 
dollars ;  the  exports  of  domestic  produce  at 
13,920,627  dollars;  total  exports  23,834,137  dol 
lars.  The  shipping  in  the  same  year  amounted 
to  354,771  tons.  Thus  in  amount  of  foreign  trade 
New  York  surpasses  every  state  in  the  Union,  al 
though  in  tonnage  of  shipping  Massachusetts  is 
superior. 

The  manufactures  consists  of  cotton,  woolen, 
clotlis,  iron,  salt,  paper,  glass,  leather,  &.c.  The 
chief  establishments  are  at  the  following  places. 
At  Columhiaville  near  Hudson,are  11  factories  pro- 
ducing yearly  16,240,000  yards  of  calico,  with  car- 
peting and  flannels  ; — atMatteawan  near  Fishskill 
are  manufactured  broadcloths  unsurpassed  for  fine- 
ness in  the  country  ; — at  Catskill  carpeting  and  pa- 
per ; — at  Walden  are  produced  yearly  140,000  yards 
of  flannel;  ,360,000of  sheeting  and  30,000  of  broad- 
cloth ; — at  Schenectady  are  made  yearly  400,000 
yards  of  cotton  cloth,  30,000  lbs.  of  yarn, 
with  carpeting,  satinet  and  paper.  There  are  also 
manufactures  of  cotton,  iron,  &c.  at  Ramapo,  /Al- 
bany, Troy,  and  many  other  places.  The  yearly 
value  of  the  manufactures  without  reckoning  do- 
mestic fabrics  is  estimated  as  follows,  cotton  3,000, 
000  dollars;  woolen  3,000,000;  iron  4,000,000; 
paper  500,000 ;  hats  3,000.000;  boots  and  shoes 
5,000,000 :  leather  3,000,000  ;  window  glass  200, 
000.  The  domestic  manufactures  in  1825  amount- 
ed to  nearly  5,000,000  dollars. 

The  state  is  divided  into  8  districts  and  56  coun- 
ties. The  towns  and  cities  are  762.  The  popu- 
lation is  1,913,508  of  whom  46  are  slaves.  There  ' 
are  also  about  5,000  Indians  in  the  western  parts. 
The  capital  is  Albany.  The  other  large  towns 
are  New  York,  Brooklyn,  Troy,  Hudson,  Pough- 
keepsie,  Newburgh,  Rochester  and  Buff"alo.  The 
legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  and  an  Assembly  ; 
the  senators  are  chosen  for  4  years,  one  fourth  of 
the  numbers  being  renewed  annually, and  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Assenibly  for  one  year.  The  Govern- 
or and  Lt.  Governor  are  chosen  for  2  years  and  are 
elected  by  the  highest  number  of  votes  given,  al- 
though less  than  a  majority.  The  clergy  are  ex- 
cluded from  office.  Elections  are  popular  and 
suflfrago  is  universal.  The  most  numerous  religi- 
ous sect  are  the  Presbyterians, who  have  587  chur- 
ches ;  the  Baptists  have  539 ;  the  Episcopalians 
120  ministers  ;  the  Lutherns  27,  and  the  Reform- 
ed Dutch  54  churches.  Education  is  provided 
for  by  a  Literary  Fund  producing  yearly  6,000 
dollars,  which  sum  is  divided  among  the  incor- 
porated academies.  There  is  also  a  common  school 
fund  ;  and  200,000  dollars  raised  from  this  source 
and  from  taxes,  are  annually  appropriated  for  the 
support  of  public  schools.  There  are  in  the  state 
36  incorporated  academies  and  8,000  common 
schools  which  aflTord  instruction  to  400,000  chil- 
dren. There  are  4  colleges  in  the  state,  at  New 
York,  Schenectady,  Clinton,  and  Geneva 


NEW 


543 


NEW 


Kew  York  was  first  settled  bj  the  Dutch,  who 
established  themselves  at  Albany,  and  on  the  isl- 
and of  Manhattan,  where  the  city  of  New  York 
now  stands,  about  1G12.  The  English,  disputed 
their  claim  to  the  country,  and  Charles  II.  made 
a  grant  of  it  to  his  brother  the  Duke  of  York.  A 
strong  force  was  sent  against  the  colony,  and  the 
Dutch  unable  to  offer  resistance,  peaceably  sub- 
mitted. The  name  of  the  colony  was  changed 
from  New  Netherlands  to  that  of  New  York.  It 
passed  again  into  the  hands  of  the  Dutch  for  a  short 
period,  but  finally  became  established  under  the 
English  government.  It  was  the  theatre  of  some 
of  the  most  important  military  operations  during 
the  American  revolution,  and  the  territory  was 
not  wholly  abandoned  by  the  British  till  the 
conclusion  of  peace.  The  present  constitu'^oi  "" 
the  state  was  established  in  1821 . 

JVcjo  York,  city,  in  the  above  state,  the  chief 
city  in  the  western  world  for  population,  wealth 
anil  commerce,  is  situated  in  the  south-western  ex- 
tremity of  the  state,  upon  a  wide  harbour  at  the 
3iouth  of  the  Hudson,  communicating  with  Long 
Island  Sound  and  the  ocean  by  two  entrances. 
The  city  stands  on  the  southern  point  of  the  isl- 
and of  Manhattan  which  is  washed  on  one  side  by 
the  Hudson,  and  on  the  other  by  the  strait  called 
East  River,  which  separates  it  from  Long  Island, 
and  affords  a  navigable  communication  between 
New  York  harbour  and  Long  Island  Sound.  The 
harbour  extends  9  m.  S.  of  the  city  to  the  sea. 
The  first  settlement  was  made  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity, consequently  that  portion  of  the  city  is 
composed  of  narrow,  crooked,  inconvenient  streets, 
and  unsightly  old  buildings  ;  but  the  more  modern 
parts,  and  especially  those  which  have  grown  up 
within  20  years,  are  regular  and  commodious. 
The  finest  street  is  Broadway,  which  traverses 
the  whole  city  in  a  straight  line  from  N.  to  S.  be- 
ing 3  m.  in  length  and  80  feet  in  breadth  ;  it  is 
occupied  chiefly  by  shops  and  elegant  public  build- 
ings, and  few  streets  in  the  world  equal  it  for  the 
eplendor,  bustle  and  fashion  it  exhibits.  The  Bat- 
tery is  an  enclosed  promenade  on  the  shore  at  the 
Bouthern  extremity  of  the  city  ;  it  is  planted  with 
trees,  and  though  not  extensive,  is  pleasant,  much 
frequented,  and  offers  a  delightful  view  of  the 
harbour. 

The  Park  is  a  triangular  enclosure  of  11  acres 
in  the  centre  of  the  city  ;  upon  one  side  of  this 
Btands  the  City  Hall,  an  elegant  structure  with  a 


front  of  white  marble  ;  it  is  216  feet  long  and  105 
broad,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the 
country.  The  Merchants'  Exchange  m  Wall 
Btreet  is  handsomely  built  of  white  marble.  The 
United  States  Branch  Bank  is  also  a  fine  marble 
structure.  St.  Paul's  Chapel  is  esteemed  one  of 
the  finest  buildings  in  the  city  ;  its  spire  is  23-1 
feet  high.     St.  John's  Chapel  has  a  spire  240  feet 

6y 


in  height,  and  is  the  most  costly  church  in  the 
city,  having  been  built  at  the  expense  of  900,000 
dollars.  St.  Patrick's  Cathedral,  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic edifice,  is  the  largest  of  all  the  churches,  and 
is  of  stone,  120  feet  long  and  80  wide.  There  are 
more  than  100  additional  churches,  some  of  them 
very  costly.  Trinity  Church  is  a  Gothic  edifice 
of  stone,  and  belongs  to  the  oldest  and  richest 
episcopal  establishment  in  America,  possessing 
a  property  to  the  amount  of  several  millions  oF 
dollars. 

Columbia  College  at  New  York,  was  founded 
in  1757,  and  till  the  Revolution,  was  called  King's 
College.  It  has  a  President  and  5  professors. 
The  libraries  contain  14,000  volumes.  The  stu- 
dents are  124.  This  institution  is  well  endowed. 
Commencement  is  in  August ;  there  is  but  one 
vacation  of  about  two  months  immediately  after- 
ward. The  college  building  is  of  stone,  stuccoed, 
and  contains  lodgings  for  the  professors,  with 
a  chapel,  library,  museum,  lecture  rooms,  &c.  but 
the  students  do  not  reside  in  it.  The  grounds  at- 
tached to  the  college  are  extensive. 

The  New  York  Institution  comprises  a  large 
edifice,  200  feet  in  lenrrth,  in  the  rear  of  the  City 
Hall,  and  occupied  by  the  Literary  and  Philosophi- 
cal Society,  the  Historical  Society,  the  Academy 
of  fine  Arts,  the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  the 
Museum,  and  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum.  The 
Historical  Society  have  a  library  of  10,000  volumes. 
The  New  York  Society  Library  in  Nassau  street 
has  20,000.  The  State  Prison  is  on  the  eastern 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city, 
and  is  a  large  stone  building,  enclosed  by  a  spa- 
cious yard.  The  almshouse  is  at  Bellevue,  on 
East  river,  and  comprises  three  stone  buildings, 
the  largest  of  which  is  320  feet  in  length.  The 
Hospital  is  a  large  and  well  regulated  establish- 
ment, and  has  a  library  of  4,000  volumes. 

The  ciU'  rises  with  a  moderate  ascent  from  both 
rivers.  "The  view  in  approaching  it  by  the  Nar- 
rows from  the  sea  is  particularly  fine.  The  bay 
contains  many  small  islands,  with  forts  and  castles 
upon  them,  and  the  lofty  spires  of  the  city  are 
visible  at  a  great  distance.  The  water  is  every- 
where deep  and  the  current  rapid  ;  it  has  not  been 
frozen  over  for  50  years.  The  commerce  of  the 
city  is  very  great,  as  may  be  gathered  from  the 
following  items.  During  the  year  1830,  there  ar- 
rived 1,489  vessels  from  foreign  ports;  sailed  for 
foreign  ports  1,138 ;  entered  coastwise  1,332  ;  clear- 
ed coastwise  3,474 ;  total  arrived  and  departed 
7,433.  The  revenue  collected  at  the  custom  house 
in  1829  was  13,052,676  dollars;  being  more  than 
half  the  whole  revenue  of  the  United  States  from 
foreign  commerce.  The  city  expenditure  by  the 
municipal  government  in  ISiO,  was  1,033,419  dol- 
lars. The  population  by  the  census  of  1830,  was 
207,021  in  the  city  and  county  which  take  in  the 
whole  island  of  New  York.  Brooklyn,  on  the 
Long  Island  shore  of  East  river,  is  properly  a 
suburb  of  the  city,  and  contains  a  population  of 
15,396. 

Packets  sail  from  New  York,  to  Liverpool  and 
London  every  week;  to  Havre  every  10  days; 
and  to  Hull,  Greenwich,  Belfast,  Vera  Cruz,  Car- 
thagena,  and  all  the  chief  ports  of  the  United  States 
at  different  times.  Fifty  steam-boats  constant- 
ly pass  between  New  York  and  the  towns  on  the 
Hudson,  Long  Island  Sound  and  other  waters  in 
the  neighbourhood.  There  are  61  banks  in  the 
city,  28  insurance  companies ;  463  schools ;  40 
bookstores ;  450  lawyers  ;  98  clergymen  ;  50  auo 
tioneers :  300  oyster  shops ;  56  lottery  offices 
2z2 


VET 


546 


NIC 


SiWO  Heanied  gtoceriea  and  taverns;  2,380  li- 
censed cartmen  and  porters  ;  2,110  paupers  in  the 
almshouse.  The  real  estat*  of  the  city  is  valued 
at  87,()03,389,  dollars,  the  personal  estate  at  37,G84, 
938  dollars;  total,  127,288,518. 

Most  of  the  pf.Tiodicals  are  newspapers ;  the 
whole  number  is  48,  eleven  of  which  are  daily. 
The  bookselling  trade  is  thriving,  and  there  are 
some  establishments,  in  which  the  republication 
of  English  works  is  carried  on  upon  a  very  large 
scale.  One  of  these  has  issued  between  4  and 
000,000  volumes  in  a  year.  The  number  of  pub- 
lic schools  does  not  exceed  a  dozen  ;  their  annual 
expense  to  the  city  is  25,905  dollnrs.  This  de- 
ficiency however,  in  the  means  of  common  edu- 
cation, is  in  some  degree  made  up  by  a  large 
number  of  charity  scliools.  The  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History,  and  the  New  York  Atheneum, 
are  respectableassociations  for  the  promotion  of 
science  and  literature.  The  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce is  an  incorporated  body  of  merchants,  who 
devote  themselves  to  the  study  of  mercantile  af- 
fairs. Many  other  institutions  for  various  objects 
we  can  only  mention  by  name,  as  the  institution 
for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb;  the  Horticultural  Socie- 
ty; the  National  Academy  of  the  arts  of  Design  ; 
the  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  and  many  charitable 
institutions.  The  government  of  the  city  is  com- 
posed ofa  Mayor,  10  Aldermen,  and  10  Assistants. 

The  rapid  increase  in  population  and  trade 
which  New  York  has  experienced  within  a  few 
years,  and  its  commanding  position  for  a  commer- 
cial mart,  added  to  the  increasing  facilties  for  in- 
ternal navigation,  and  the  growing  prosperity  of 
the  back  country,  must  secure  it  a  permanent  supe- 
riority over  all  other  cities  in  the  United  States. 
Its  population  exhibits  a  great  diversity  of  char- 
acter. The  ancient  Dutch  settlers  have  left  tra- 
ces of  their  national  manners  among  their  de- 
cendants,  and  the  numbtr  of  foreigners  constant- 
ly residing  here  is  very  great.  The  most  nume- 
rous are  the  Irish,  who  are  estimated  at  20,000. 
The  French  and  Spanish  are  next  in  number. 
The  city  was  founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1G14,  and 
was  by  them  called    New  Amsterdam.     It   was 


taken  by  the  English  in  1G()4,  and  received  the 
name  of  New  York.  It  is  in  lat.  40.  42.  40.  N. 
long.  74.  0.  45.  W.,  210  m.  S.  W.  Boston,  90 
N.  E.  Philad.,  227  N.  E.  Washington,  140  S. 
Albany,  and  390  S.  Montreal. 

JVew)  York,  p  t.  Albemarle  Co.  Va.  23  m.  W. 
Charlotte  ;  a  village  in  Cliampaign  Co.  Ohio;  p. 
V.  Montgomery  Co.  Ten.  110  m.  N.  W.  Mur- 
freesborough. 

JVeto  Zealand.     See  Zealand.. 

JVei//an^,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  57  m.  N.  E.  of 
London.     It  has  some  manufactures. 

Mytracht,  a  town  of  Upper  F  ungary,  capital  of 
«  eoant7,.40  m.  N.  £.  Presburg. 


Nezpique,  a  river  of  Louisiana  flowin/f  into  the 
Mermentau. 

JVoan  King  Fou,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
western  part  of  the  province  of  Kiang  Nan. 

J^ganlo  Fou,  a  large  city  of  China  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Hou  Quang.     420  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Nankin. 

jYiaa-ara,  a  river  of  North  America,  connecting 
Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  It  is  35  m.  in  -length 
and  flows  northerly  ;  about  midway  between  the 
two  lakes  it  separates  into  two  channels  forming 
Grand  Island.  A  short  distance  below  the  union 
of  these  channels  are  the  celebrated  falls  ol  Niag 
ara  universally  allowed  to  be  the  grandest  cata 
ract  in  the  world.  Half  a  mile  above  the  falls, 
the  river  is  a  furious  rapid  which  sweeps  away  to 
certain  destruction, every  thing  involved  in  it ;  tho 
the  river  is  here  three  quartere  ofa  mile  broad, 
and  from  this  point  it  rushes  down  with  increased 
velocity  to  the  fall  where  it  leaps  in  one  immense 
mass  down  a  perpendicular  precipice  IGO  feet 
in  depth,  with  a  roar  that  may  be  heard  40  miles. 
The  cataract  forms  an  irregular  semicircle,  the 
deej.est  hollow  of  which  is  called  the  Horse  Shoe 
Fall,  and  is  on  the  Canada  side.  At  the  brink  of 
the  fall  stands  a  small  island,  called  Goat  Island, 
which  breaks  the  great  sheet  of  water  as  it  rushes 
over  the  precipice,  but  the  waters  unite  again  be- 
fore they  reach  the  bottom.  A  bridge  is  thrown 
across  the  falls  from  the  American  side  to  the  isl- 
and. On  the  British  side  a  few  yards  below  is  a 
projection  called  Table  Rock,  commanding  a  maor- 
nificenl  view  of  the  falls.  From  this  rock  a  spiral 
staircase  leads  down  to  the  foot  of  the  cataract 
where  visitors  may  pass  under  the  fall  between 
the  sheet  of  water  and  the  rock.  The  path  leads 
far  under  the  excavated  bank  of  the  river,  which 
in  some  places  forms  a  roof  overhanging  40  feet. 
The  fall  of  such  an  immense  mass  of  water,  pro- 
duces violent  whirls  in  the  air,  and  the  spray  is 
driven  out  with  such  force  that  no  one  can  ap- 
proach the  edge  of  the  cataract  without  being 
drenched  to  the  skin.  It  is  difficulteven  to  draw 
a  breath  here,  and  in  entering  this  tremendous 
cavern  there  is  danger  of  being  blinded  by  the 
strong  driving  showers  of  spray  ;  the  greatest 
distance  to  which  it  is  possible  to  penetrate  with- 
in the  sheet  of  water  is  150  feet.  The  banks  of 
the  river  for  several  miles  below  the  falls  are  per- 
pendicular precipices  of  rock,  and  there  is  reason 
to  believe  that  the  cataract  was  formerly  much 
farther  down  the  river,  the  rock  having  gradually 
worn  away  to  the  present  spot.  A  cloud  of  spray 
is  continually  rising  from  the  foam  of  waters  and 
exhibiting  in  the  sunshine  a  brilliant  rainbow. 
The  island  upon  the  summit  is  about  a  mile  in 
circumference,  and  is  covered  with  trees.  In 
summer  crowds  of  visitors  are  continually  resort- 
ing hither  from  all  parts  of  the  world  ;  and  thera 
are  many  public  houses  in  the  neighbourhood  for 
their  accommodation. 

Mas,  a  small  island,  near  the  W.  coast  of  the 
island  of  Sumatra.     Long.  97.  0.  E.,  lat.  0.  40.  N. 

JVtfte,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland  9  m 
W.  S.  W.  of  Alburg. 

JVibiano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  I'arma 
16  m.  S.  W.  of  Piacenza. 

Jficaragua,  a  province  of  Guatemala,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Honduras,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
S.  E.  by  Costa  Rica,  and  S.  W.  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  It  is  400  m.  from  E.  to  W.  and  120  from 
N.  to  S.  It  is  well  watered  by  lakes  and  rivers, 
and  produces  plenty  of  sugar,  cochineal,  and  fine 
chocolate.     Leon  de  Nicaragua  is  the  capital. 

Meat  dgiM,  a  lake  in  the  foregoing  province 


N?e 


547 


NID 


350  m.  in  circumference.  It  is  interspersed  witli 
islands,  and  abounds  in  fisiies,but  is  infested  with 
crocodiles.  The  S.  W.  extremity  is  only  a  few 
leagues  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the  S.  E.  end 
communicates  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  by  the 
river  St.  Juan. 

jyicaragua,  a  city  of  the  foregoing  province,  sit- 
uate at  some  distance  S.  W.  of  the  lake,  and  near 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  120 
m.  S.  E.  of  Leon  de  Nicaragua.  Long.  86.  10. 
W.,  lat.  II.  15.  N. 

J^icoria,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
between  Samos  and  Tina,  anciently  called  Icaria. 
J't  is  50  m.  in  circumference,  and  full  of  rocks. 
Lonir.  26.  30   E.,  lat.  37.  40.  N. 

JVicastro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
with  an  ancient  castle,  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cosenza. 

Aire,  a  countv  of  Sardinia,  bounded  by  the  Var, 
the  Miritime  Alps,  the  territories  of  Genoa,  and 
the  Mediterranean.  It  was  anciently  an  appendage 
of  Provence  in  France,  but  afterwards  passed  to 
the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  is  36  m.  long,  and  18 
broad  ;  and  contains  about  100  000  inhabitants. 

J^ice,  an  ancient,  handsome,  and  considerable 
town,  on  the  confines  of  France  and  Ilaly,  capital 
of  the  foregoing  province.  It  has  a  strong  citadel 
built  on  a  rock,  and  on  the  W.  it  is  fortified 
with  a  wall  and  ditch.  On  the  E.  side  of  the  rock 
is  the  harbour,  called  Limpia,  from  a  small  river 
that  runs  into  it.  The  inhabitants  export  oil,  silk, 
wine,  cordials,  rice,  oranges,  lemons,  and  all  sorts 
of  dried  fruits.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1792,  retaken  by  the  Austrians  in  1800,  but  evac- 
uated in  a  week  afterwards.  It  is  very  agreeably 
situated,  4  m.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Var,  83 
S.  by  W.  of  Turin,  and  83  E.  of  Aix. 

JYicf,  a  city  of  Natolia.     See  Isnic. 

JiTithaburg,  a  town  of  Persia,  famous  for  a  mine 
of  turquoise  stone  in  its  neighbourhood.  It  is  37 
m.  S.  of  Mesched. 

Nicholas,  a  county  of  the  W.  district  of  Virgin- 
ia. Pop.  3,349.  A  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop. 
8,8.32.  Carlisle  is  the  capital. 

Ni.choJasmlle,  p.t.  Jessamine  Co.  Ken.  30  m.  S. 
E.  of  Frankfort. 

Nicholas,  St.,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  pleas- 
ant of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  between  St.  Lucia 
and  St.  Jago.  It  is  75  m.  in  length  ;  and  is  the 
residence  of  the  bishop  of  the  isles.  Long.  14.  10. 
W.,  lat.  16.  32.  N. 

Nicholas,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  with  a  handsome  church,  to 
which  pilgrims  formerly  resorted.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Meurthe,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  Nancy. 

Nicholas,  St.,  Mole,  a  town,  harbour,  and  cape, 
at  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  St.  Domingo,  com- 
manding the  strait  called  the  Windward  Passage. 
The  harbour  is  strongly  fortified  by  nature  and 
art ;  and  ships  of  any  burden  may  ride  at  anchor  in 
the  basin,  even  during  a  hurricane.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  English  aided  by  the  French  royalists, 
in  1793.  but  evacuated  in  1798.  Long.  73.  30. 
W..  lat.  10.49.  N. 

Nicholas  Island,  a  small  island  on  the  N.  coast  of 
the  island  of  Cuba.  Long.  79.  40.W.,  lat.  33.  50.  N. 

Nirolmr  Islands,  a  group  of  19  islands  on  the  E. 
Bide  of  the  bay  of  Bengal.  They  are  almost  en- 
tirely uncultivated  ;  but  the  cocoa-nut,  the  mel- 
lori  or  lerum  (a  kind  of  bread-fruit),  and  other 
tropical  fruits  grow  spontaneously  ;  there  are  also 
yams  and  sweet  potatoes,  and  the  edible  birds' 
nests  so  much  esteemed  in  China.  Dogs  and 
hogs  are  the  principal  animals.  The  inhabitants 
«e  tall  and  well  proportioned,   with  black  eyes, 


black  lank  hair,  and  dark  copper-coloured  skins. 
They  live  in  little  huts,  having  no  towns,  and  go 
quite  naked,  except  a  cloth  about  the  waist  wilh 
a  small  string  hanging  down  behind.  These  is- 
lands extend  northward,  from  the  N.  point  of 
Sumatra.  The  largest,  which  gives  name  to  the 
rest,  is  25  ra.  long  and  10  broad.  Its  extremity 
is  in  long.  94.  3.  E.,  lat.  6.  39.  N. 

Nicojack  Cave,  in  Georgia,  is  situated  in  an  em- 
inence called  Racoon  Mountain.  Its  mouth  is 
50  feet  high  and  160  feet  wide.  It  is  many  miles 
in  depth  and  the  floor  is  covered  with  a  stream  of 
water  throughout  its  whole  length.  Three  miles 
within  is  a  cataract,  beyond  which  visitors  hav*^ 
not  penetrated.     The  rock  is  limestone. 

Nicolaaef,  a  city  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Catharinenslaf,  founded  by  Catherine  II.,  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Ingul,  at  its  conflux  with  the  Bog. 
The  public  buildings  and  a  number  of  private 
houses  are  constructed  of  a  white  calcareous  stone, 
but  the  rest  of  the  houses  are  of  wood.  This 
place,  being  of  easier  access  by  water  for  vessels 
than  Cherson,  is  now  the  capital  of  the  naval  es 
tablishment  of  the  Black  Sea.  The  admiralty, 
with  a  long  line  of  magazines,  workshops,  wet  and 
dry  docks,  and  every  necessary  department  for 
shipping  are  placed  along  the  bark  of  the  Ingul. 
It  is  30  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Oczakow  and  45  N.  W.ot 
Cherson.  Long.  30.  46.  E.,  lat.  46.  58.  N. 

Nicola,  St.,  the  most  considcable  of  the  isles 
of  Tremeti,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  has  a  har- 
bour, defended  by  a  fortress,  in  which  is  an  abbey 
with  a  church.     Long.  15.  37.  E.,  lat.  42.  10.  N 

Nicolsburg,  a  town  of  Moravia,  with  a  castle  oa 
a  mountain  ,  12  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Laab. 

Nicopoli,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  famous  for  the  first 
battle  fought  between  the  Turks  and  the  Christ- 
ians in  1396,  when  the  emperor  Sigismund  was  de 
feated,  and  had  20,000  men  killed.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the  Osma,  60  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Bucharest  and  150  N.  N.  W.  of  Adri- 
anople.  Long.  25.  43.  E.,  lat.  44.  16.  N. 

Nicopoli,  or  Glanish,  a  town  of  Turkish  Arme 
nia,  built  by  Pompey  in  memory  of  a  victory 
gained  over  Mithridates.  It  is  15  m.  S.  of  Erzerum. 

Nicosia,  the  capital  of  Cyprus,  seated  near  the 
mountain  Olympus.  From  the  time  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great  till  1567,  it  was  9  m.  in  cir- 
cumference ;  but  the  Venetians,  finding  it  too  ex- 
tensive, reduced  it  to  3,  and  fortified  it  with  11 
bastions  and  3  gates  ;  all  the  rest  they  razed  to 
the  foundation,  demolishing  temples,  palaces, 
and  the  most  beautiful  monuments.  In  1570,  it 
was  besieged  45  days  by  the  Turks,  and  thea 
taken  by  a  general  assault.  The  church  of  St. 
Sophia  is  a  fine  old  Gothic  structure.  The  baza- 
ar is  extensive,  well  supplied  with  provisions,  and 
remarkably  clean.     Lon.  33.  26.  E.,  lat.  35. 14.  N. 

Nicosia,  a  towTi  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
12  m.  S.  of  Cofalu. 

Nicotera,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  35  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Reggio,  and  135  S.  E.  of  Naples.  Long.  16. 
30.  E.,  lat.  38.  34.  N. 

Nicoya,  a  town  of  Guatemala,  in  Costa  Rica, 
situate  on  a  small  river,  which  runs  into  the  bay 
of  Salinas,  where  there  is  a  pearl  fishery.  It  is 
98  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Cartago.  Long.  83.  49.  W., 
lat.  10.  40.  N. 

Nicsara,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Caramania,  and' 
an  archbishop's  see,  10  m.  N.  of  Tocat.  Long.. 
36.  9.  E.,  lat.  39.  25.  N. 

Nidau,  a  town  of  Switzerland    in  the  zaniow 


NIG 


548 


NIL 


nf  Bern,  with  a  castle ;  situate  on  the  lake  of 
Biel,I5  m.  N.  W.  of  Bern. 

JVidda,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt, seated  on  a  river  of  tiie  same  name,  20  m. 
N.  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Kiebla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Seville,  near  which 
is  a  considerable  copper  mine  ;  seated  on  the  Tin- 
to,  U  m.  N.  N.  W.  ofMoguer  and  40  W.  of  Se- 
ville. 

JVkmeck,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  on  the  river 
Ada,  16  m.  N.  of  Wurtemberg. 

J\l'lrmecz,  a  strong  town  of  Moldavia,  situate  on 
a  mountain,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  76  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Jassay.  Long.  26.  10.  E.,  lat.  46.  58. 
N. 

J^Tiemen,  a  river  which  rises  in  Lithuania,  and 
passes  by  Biellca  and  Grodno ;  it  then  runs 
throui^h  part  of  Samogitia  and  E.  Prussia,  and  en- 
ters the  Curisch  HafFby  several  mouths,  of  which 
the  principal  and  most  northern  is  called  the  Russ. 

J^ienlnirg,  a  strong  town  of  Hanover,  capital  of 
the  county  of  Hoya,  with  a  considerable  trade  in 
corn  and  wool;  seated  on  the  Weser,  37  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Bremen.     Long.  9.  25.  E.,  lat.  52.  39.  N. 

Nienhurg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  government 
of  Munster,  seated  on  the  Dinkel,  33  m.  N.  W.  of 
Munster. 

Kifnburg,  a  towti  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Aniidlt-Kothen,  seated  in  the  Saale,  8  m.  N  .  W. 
of  Kothen. 

JVienkaus,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  district  of 

Paderborn,  with  a  castle,  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  prince:  seated  on  the  Lippe,  2  ra,  N.  N, 
E.  of  Paderborn. 

JVr.eper.     See  Dnieper. 

Jfi.ester.     See  Dniester. 

JVicMporf,  a  sea-port  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W. 
Flanders,  at  the  mouih  of  the  Yperlee.  Here  are 
sluices,  by  which  the  country  can  be  laid  under 
water.  The  inhabitants  principally  subsist  by  the 
herring  fishery,  and  by  making  nefs  and  ropes. 
9.  m.  S.  W.  of  Ostendf.  Long.  2.  45.  E.,  lat.  51. 
8.  N. 

J^ieuport,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Hol- 
land, seated  on  the  river  Lech,  15  m.  E.  of  Rot- 
terdam. 

JVterre,  a  department  of  France,  including  the 
greater  part  of  tiie  province  of  Nivernois.  Its  takes 
Its  name  from  a  small  river,  which  rises  near 
Champlemy,  and  runs  into  the  Loire,  at  Nevers, 
the  chief  town  of  the  department. 

J'figtr,  a  celebrated  river  of  Africa,  rising  near 
Mount  Lamba  in  the  country  of  the  Snulimas,  on 
the  northern  declivities  of  the  Kong  Mountains. 
No  geographical  problem  ever  presented  a  more 
fruitful  subject  for  conjecture,  doubt,  hypothesis, 
and  research,  both  critical  and  e.^perimental,  than 
the  course  and  termination  of  this  mysterious 
river.  Until  the  travels  of  Mungo  Park  in  1796 
it  was  even  disputed  whether  it  flowed  East  or 
West.  This  traveller  although  he  estiiblished  the 
fact  of  its  easterly  direction,  and  proceeded  some 
distance  along  its  banks,  yet  was  unable  to  make 
any  further  discovery  respecting  its  termination. 
Attempts  made  by  other  travellers  were  followed 
by  no  better  success,  and  Park  in  his  second  jour- 
ney into  the  country  lost  his  life.  Many  authors 
were  of  opinion  tliat  the  river  flowed  into  a  great 
central  lake,  and  iiad  no  communication  with  the 
sea;  others  sought  for  arguments  to  show  that  its 
waters  were  swallowed  up  by  the  sands  of  the  de- 
sert; at  one  time  the  belief  was  very  prevalent 
that  it  flowed  a  great  distance  south  and  ran  into 
the  ocean  by  the  river  Zaire  or  Congo ;  the  Brit- 


ish government  even  despatched  an  expedition 
under  Captain  Tuckey  to  proceed  up  the  Congo 
and  make  discoveries,  but  nothing  satisfactory 
was  the  result.  The  travels  of  Lamg,  Denham, 
and  Clapperton  failed  to  settle  the  long  disputed 
point,  and  an  impenetrable  cloud  of  mystery  con- 
tinued to  hang  over  the  subject  til)  1830  when  the 
frand  discovery  was  efi*ected  by  Richard  and 
ohn  Lander,  the  former  of  whom  had  been  the 
servant  of  Clapperton  in  his  African  travels,  and 
who  attended  him  on  the  expedition  in  which  he 
lost  his  life 

These  travellers  in  March  1830  penetrated  into 
the  country  till  they  reached  theNiger,and  proceed- 
ed down  the  stream  till  they  arrived  at  the  Bight 
of  Benin,  a  termination  which  had  been  fixed  upon 
many  years  before  by  a  German  theorist  named 
Reichard,  although  his  reasoning  was  grounded 
upon  false  data.  The  Niger,  or  Quorra,  or  Joliba, 
for  it  is  called  by  all  these  names,  is  thus  ascer- 
tained to  flow  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  in  about  5. 
N.  lat.  It  discharges  its  waters  by  several  chan- 
nels, forming  a  great  delta  like  the  Nile,  Ganges 
and  Mississippi;  the  channel  by  which  the  Lan- 
ders arrived  at  the  ocean,  has  been  hitherto  known 
as  the  river  Nun,  and  the  delta  is  240  m.  in  ex- 
tent along  the  coast,  from  the  river  Benin  to  that 
of  Old  Calabar;  the  inland  extent  of  the  delta  is 
about  the  same,  and  the  whole  territory  is  inter- 
sected by  various  arms  of  the  river,  such  as  are 
called  bai/ous  on  the  lower  course  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  banks  of  these  streams  are  generally 
overflown,  and  the  land  is  covered  with  mangrove 
trees  growing  in  the  water ;  the  whole  surface  is 
low,  flat  and  swampy. 

For  the  first  half  of  its  course  the  Niger  flows 
in  a  N.  E.  course  ;  between  15.  and  16.  N.  lat.  it 
turns  to  the  E.  and  afterwards  pursues  a  southerly 
direction  to  the  sea.  It  flows  by  the  cities  of  Scgo, 
Jenne,  Tombuctoo,  Boussa,  Yaoori,  Nyfl^e,Rabba, 
Egga,  and  Kisnce,  at  which  last  place  the  delta 
commences.  It  receives  from  the  N  E.  a  branch 
called  the  Tshadda,  which  the  Landers  saw  in  a 
state  of  inundatiim  2  or  3  miles  in  width.  It  is 
now  very  evident  that  neither  Herodotus,  Pliny  .or 
Ptolemy  ever  had  any  knowledge  of  this  river, 
and  that  the  name  of  Niger  ought  no  longer  to  be 
applied  to  it.  Its  most  common  name  in  Africa 
is  the  Quorra. 

Kigono,  a  town  of  Italy ,in  the  duchy  of  Modena, 
22  m.  S.  W.  of  Modena. 

Nigritia.     See  JVrgroland. 

JVi/e,  a  great  river  of  Africa,  which,  according 
to  the  most  authentic  accounts,  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  the  Moon.  It  runs  througli  the 
lake  Dembea,  then  makes  a  circuit  towards  its 
source,  which  it  leaves  25  m.  to  the  E.,  and  en- 
ters into  Nubia,  through  which  country  it  takes 
a  circuitous  course,  and  forms  some  considerable 
cataracts.  It  then  flows  almost  directly  S.  through 
Egypt,  till  it  arrives  at  Cairo  ;  and  a  little  below 
that  city  it  divides  into  two  great  branches,  vv'hich 
with  the  Mediterranean  Sea.fornis  the  island  called 
Delta.  Tiie  ancients  reckoned  eleven  mouths  of 
the  Nile,  of  which  seven  were  considerable  ;  but 
at  prt  sent  there  are  only  two  that  are  at  all  times 
navigable,  and  those  are  alRosettaand  Datnietta 
The  fertility  of  E<rypt  depends  upon  the  over- 
flowing of  the  Nile,  which  takes  place  regularly, 
every  year,  froni  the  15th  of  June  to  the  ]7lh  of 
September,  when  it  begins  to  decrease.  It  is  caus 
ed  by  the  periodical  rains  that  fall  between  the 
tropics,  and  more  particularly  in  Abyssinia,  v/hicb 
is  full  of  high  mountains.     In  Cair  >  there  is  a  z* 


NIP 


649 


NOA 


nal  called  Khalis,  which  is  opened  when  the  water 
is  high  enough ;  thence  it  is  conveyed  into  res- 
ervoirs and  cisterns,  and  is  afterwards  distributed 
into  the  fields  and  gardens,  as  occasion  requires. 

Nile,  a  township  of  Scioto  Co.  Ohio. 

JVimeguen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Guel- 
derland,  with  a  citadel,  an  ancient  palace,  and 
several  forts  The  churches  are  in  general  hand- 
some structures ;  and  the  town-house  is  remark- 
able for  its  beauty  and  magnificence.  The  inhab- 
itants subsist  chiefly  by  brewing  ale,  and  their 
trade  with  Germany.  The  city  is  celebrated  in 
history  on  account  of  several  treaties  of  peace 
concluded  here,  particularly  in  1C78.  ft  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1794.  It  stands  on  the  Waal,  35  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Utrecht.  Long.  5.  .51.  E.,  lat.  51.  52.  N. 

JVimishillen,  a  township  of  Stark  Co.  Ohio. 

A'imptsch,  a  town  of  Prussian    Silesia,   which 

fives  name  to  a  circle  in  the  principality  ofBrieg. 
t  has  a  castle  on  an  eminence  and  is  seated  on 
the  Loch,  26  m.  S.  W.  of  Brcslau. 

JVineveh,  p. v.  Frederick  Co.  Va. 

JVing-Koue,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-nan,  noted  for  its  manufac- 
tures of  paper,  made  of  a  species  of  reed .  Its  dis- 
trict is  very  hilly,  but  pleasant ;  and  the  surround- 
ing mountains,  covered  with  woods,  produce  ex- 
cellent medicinal  plants.  It  is  seated  on  a  river, 
which  runs  into  the  Kiang-hu,  537  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Pekin.     Long.  118.  25.  E.,  lat.  31.  2.  JS. 

J^ing-po,  called  by  Europeans  Liampo,  an  ex- 
cellent sea-port  of  China,  and  a  city  of  the  first 
rank  in  the  province  of  Tche-kiang.  The  silks 
manufactured  here  are  much  esteemed  in  foreign 
countries  especially  in  Japan,  where  they  are  ex- 
changed bv  the  Chinese  for  copper,  gold,  and  sil- 
ver. It  is  seated  on  the  E.  coast,  opposite  Japan, 
660  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long.  120.  18.  E.,  lat. 
29.  58.  N. 

Ninguta,  a  city  of  Eastern  Tartary,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Kirin,  with  considerable  trade,  particu- 
larly in  the  valuable  plant  ginseng,  which  abounds 
in  the  neighbourhood.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hurha, 
110  m.  N.  E.  of  Kirin.  Long.  124.  40.  E.,  lat. 
44.  30.  N. 

JVinian,  Sf.  a  town  of  Scotland ,  in  Stirlingshire, 
with  manufactures  of  leather,  cotton  cloth,  and 
nails.     2  m.  S.  E.  of  Stirling. 

JVinove,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  E.  Flan- 
ders, on  the  Dender,  13  m.  W.  of  Brussels. 

JYto,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  to 
the  S.  of  Naxia,  anciently  called  Nos.  It  is  35 
m.  in  circumference,  and  fertile  in  corn,  but  has 
very  little  wood  or  oil.  The  regular  manners  of 
the  inhabitants,  who  are  all  Greeks,  revives  an 
idea  of  the  simplicity  of  the  primitive  ages  ;  and 
their  kind  treatment  of  strangers  appears  to  be 
trie  genuine  remains  of  ancient  hospitality. 

jWom,  a.  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  with  a  manufacture  of  beautiful  porcelain. 
12  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Geneva. 

J\''ions,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Drome, 
with  a  mineral  spring  called  Pontias,  and  some 
manufactures  of  soap  and  woolen  cloth.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  chain  of  mountains,  on  the 
river  Aigues,  21  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Monteliraart. 

JViorl,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Deux  Sevres,  with  manufactures  of  drug- 
gets, serges,  and  other  coarse  woolen  goods.  It 
IS  seated  on  the  Sevre  Niortoise,  31  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Rochelle  and  46  W.  S.  W.  of  Poitiers  Long. 
0.  33.  W.,  lat.  46.  20.  N. 

Mphon,  the  largest  island  of  Japan,  750  m.  long 
and  froii  150  to  300  broad, containing  55 proviuces. 


It  was  discovered  in  1542,  by  the  Portugnese,  who 
were  cast  ashore  by  a  tempest.  The  chief  town 
is  Jedo. 

Mpissing,  a  lake  of  Upper  Canada  lying  N.  E. 
of  Lake  Huron,^and  flowing  into  it. 

JVitchnei-JVovogorod.     See  JVovogorod. 

Msibin,  or  JVhbin,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Diarbeck,  now  greatly  decayed.  It  is 
seated  in  a  vast  plain,  78  m.  S.  E.  of  Diarbekir. 

J\'isida,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf  of  Naples,  very 
fertile,  and  laid  out  in  slopes  and  terraces  like  a 
large  garden.  It  has  a  harbour,  called  Porto 
Pavone,  5  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Naples. 

JViskayuna,  a  village  in  Schenectady  Co.  N.  Y. 
12  m.  N.  W.  Albany,  on  the  Mohawk,  inhabited 
by  the  Shakers.  It  is  built  with  great  neatness 
and  beauty  upon  a  level  spot  of  about  2,000  acres, 
divided  into  4  farms.  The  fields  are  fenced  in 
right  lines,  and  everything  displays  the  utmo.st 
order  and  regularity.  The  inhabitants  dress  in 
the  usual  Quaker  drub,  and  cultivate  garden  stuffs, 
seeds,  «Stc.  Thej'  have  also  manufaclures  of  vari- 
ous household  wares  which  are  executed  with  great 
skill  and  excellence.  All  their  property  is  held 
in  common.     Pop.  446. 

jXismes,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Card,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are  nu- 
merous monuments  of  antiquity,  of  which  the 
amphitheatre,  built  by  the  Romans,  is  the  princi- 
pal. There  are  likewise  the  ruins  of  a  temple  ot 
Diana,  and  a  grand  tower.  The  Maison  Quarree, 
or  the  Square  Hou^^,  is  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of 
architecture  of  the  Corinthian  order  in  the  world. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  silk,  stuffs,  stockings, 
cloth,  leather,  &,c.,  and  a  considerable  trade  in 
silk,  corn,  dried  fruits,  oil,  and  wine.  It  is  seated 
in  a  plain,  abounding  in  wine  and  oil,  75  m.  N. 
E.  of  Narbonne.     Long.  4.  19.  E.,  lat.  43.  50.  N. 

JVissa,  a  strong  town  of  Servia.  It  was  taken 
by  the" Hungarians  in  1737,  but  retaken  by  the 
Turks  the  following  year.  It  is  seated  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  20  m.  E.  of  Precop  and  120  S. 
E.  of  Belgrade.     Long.  22.  32.  E.,  lat.  43.  32.  N. 

J\ith,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  Ayr- 
shire, flows  through  a  part  of  Dumfriesshire,  to 
which  it  gives  the  name  of  Nithsdale,  and  enters 
Solway  Frith  a  little  below  Dumfries. 

JVivelle,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  chief  place 
of  an  extensive  district  in  Brabant,  with  a  manu- 
facture of  cambrics  ;  seated  on  the  Thienne,  15 
m.  S.  of  Brussels. 

JVivernois,  a  late  province  of  France,  between 
Burgundy,  Bourbonnois,  and  Berry.  It  is  pretty 
fertile,  contains  mines  of  iron,  and  is  watered  by 
a  great  number  of  rivers,  of  which  the  Loire, 
Allier,  and  Yonne,  are  the  principal.  It  now 
forms  the  department  of  Nievre. 

JVixabour,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Chorasan,  80  m. 
S.  E.  of  Mesched.  Long.  CI.  32.  E.,  lat.  35. 
40.  N. 

JVixapa,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Guaxaca,  with  a  rich  Dominican  convent.  The 
country  near  it  produces  a  great  deal  of  indigo, 
cochineal,  and  sugar.  It  is  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Anio- 
quiera.     Long.  1)7.  15.  W.,  lat.  IC.  42.  N. 

Mxonton,  p. v.  Pasquotank  Co.  N.  C.  28  m.  N. 
E.  P^denton. 

JS'izarnpatam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  cir- 
car  of  Guntoor,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kistnah,  34 
m.  S.  W.  of  Masulipatam. 

Mzza  delta  Paglia.  a  town  of  Sardinia,  in  Pied- 
mont, seated  on  the  Belbo,  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Asti. 

Js'iMcote,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  r*"  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  in  Nepaul.     It  has  a  celebrated 


NOO 


550 


If  OR 


to>in^I«  dedicated  to  Bhavany.  Long.  85.  30.  E., 
hit.  87.  40.  N. 

JYoailles,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vienne,  G  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Poitiers. 

J^ounavur,  a  town  of  Hir.doostan,  in  Guzerat, 
capital  of  a  district  <•(  its  name  on  the  coast  of  the 
gulf  of  Cutch,  inhabited  \>y  a  piratical  tribe,  called 
Sangarians.  The  chief  of  the  district,  by  a  treaty 
with  the  B.'tish,  engaged  to  prevent  his  subjects 
from  plunJ^ring  liritish  vesiels.  190  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Anicdabad.     Long.  69.  30.,  lat.  ^2.  22.  N. 

JVohle,  a  township  of  Morgan  Co.  Ohio. 

J\'ubleJjorougli,  p  t.  Lincolr.  Co.  Me.     I'op.  1,870. 

JVoblcsmlle,  p. v.  Hamilton  Co.  Indiana 

JVocrra  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  ofSpoleto, 
Heated  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  18  m.  N.  E. 
of  S  pole  to. 

Js'octra  delli  Pasrnni,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Prin- 
cipato  Cilra,  8  m.  N.  W.  of  Salerno  and  20  S.  E. 
of  Naples. 

\ockumixoK,  a  township  of  Bucks  Co.  ''a. 

Js'ogara,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
21    m.  S.  W.  of  Condom. 

J\'ogarcot,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  Nepaul,  with 
a  celebrated  pagoda,  60  m.  N.  E.  of  Catmandu. 

IfogeiU  la  RotriM,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  E u re -et- Loire,  seated  on  the  liuisne,  35  ni.  N. 
E.  of  Mans. 

Kogent  sur  Seine,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Aube,  seated  on  the  Seine,  25  m.  N.  W.  of 
Troyes 

f^oir,  Cape,  a  promontory  at  the  S.  extremity  of 
Terra  del  Fuego.     Long.  73.  33.  W.,  lat.   54.  32. 

Noirmovtier ,  an  island  of  France,  in  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  Loire.  It  is 
12  m.  long  and  3  broad,  and  has  good  pastures. 
The  principal  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  defend- 
ed by  a  fort.     Lon^.  2.  10.  W.,  lat.  47.  0.  N. 

JVo/a,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
once  a  rich  Roman  colony,  and  .still  a  handsome 
place.  The  silk  spun  in  its  neighbourhood  is 
much  esteemed.    It  is  14  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

J^olensville,  p. v.  Williams  Co.  Ten. 

JS'oli,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  with  a  fort  and  a  good 
harbour,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Genoa.  Long.  8.  41.  E., 
lat.  44.  18.  N. 

JVomhrc  de  Dios,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the 
province  of  Darien,  30  m.  E.  of  Porto  Bello,  to 
which  its  once  flourishing  trade  is  now  trans- 
ferred. 

J\'o7nbre  de  Dios,  a  town  of  Mexico,  the  most 
populous  in  the  province  of  Zacatecas.  170  m. 
N.  of  Guadalaxara.  Long.  104.  15.  W.,  lat.  24. 
0.  N. 

JVomcny,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Meurthe,  on  the  Seille,  15  m.  N   of  Nancy 

JS'ou,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  opposite  the  Canary  Islands.  The  Portu- 
guese, in  their  first  attempts  to  explore  the  W. 
coast  of  Africa,  long  considered  this  promontory 
as  an  impassable  boundary.  This  its  name  im- 
ports;  but  they  doubled  it,  at  last,  in  1412.  Long. 
11.  30.  W.,  lat.  28.  38.  N. 

JVona,  a  sea-port  of  Dalmatia,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  was  once  a  splendid  city,  but  is  now  a  mean 
place,  and  its  harbour  not  cajjable  of  receiving 
large  vessels.  It  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  sea. 
7  m.  N.  by  W.  ofZara. 

J\rontron,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  21  m.  N.  of  Perigueux. 

Moopour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat,  55 
Bi.  E.  of  Surat.  Long.  73.  50.  E.,  lat.  21. 11.  N. 

^ootka  Sound.     See  Oregon. 


Jforherg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Westmanland* 
near  which  are  the  best  iron  mines  in  the  province. 
It  is  34  m.  N.  of  Stroemsholm.  Long.  16.  12.  E., 
lat.  60.  2.  N. 

JVorcia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spole- 
to,  seated  among  mountains,  on  the  river  Fredara, 
20m.  S.  E.  ofSpoleto. 

J^ord,  a  department  of  France,  so  named  from 
its  situation.  It  includes  the  greater  part  of  the 
former  divisions  of  Ilainault,  French  Flanders, 
and  Cambresis. 

Nordburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  at  the  N.  extrem* 
ity  of  the  isle  of  Alsen,  with  a  castle  9  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Sunderburg. 

JVorden,  a,  sea-port  of  Hanover,  in  Friesland^ 
with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  4  m.  from  the  Ger- 
man Ocean  and  14  N.  of  Emden. 

JVordhausen,fi  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Erfurt,  with  7  Lutlieran  churches 
and  a  well-built  orphan-house.  It  has  a  consider- 
able trade  in  corn,  brandy,  and  rape  and  lintseed 
oil,  and  manufactures  of  marble  and  alabaster.  It 
was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1802  :  and  is  seated  on 
the  Zorge,35  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Erfurt.  Long.  10.  56. 
E.,  lat.  51.  30  N. 

JVordheim,  a  town  of  Hanover,  situate  on  the 
Rhume,at  its  conflux  with  the  Leina,  10  m.  N 
of  Gottingen. 

JVflrrf/aopin^,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  GofJiland 
It  is  10  m.  in  circumference,  but  the  houses  are 
scattered,  and  the  inhabitants  do  not  exceed  1 2,000 
The  river  Motala  flows  tlirough  the  town,  forms  a 
series  of  cataracts,  and  is  divided  into  four  prin- 
cipal streams,  which  encircle  several  rocky  islands 
covered  with  buildings  ;  but  at  the  extremity  of 
the  town  it  is  navigable  for  large  vessels.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  woolen  cloth,  paper,  and  fire- 
arms, some  sugar-houses,  and  a  brass  foundery. 
Corn  is  exported  hence  in  great  quantities  ;  and 
a  salmon  fishery  gives  employment  and  riches  to 
many  ot  the  inhabitants.  It  is  110  m.  S.  W.  of 
Stockholm.     Long.  15.  50.  E.,  lat.  58.  35.  N. 

Kordlund,  one  of  the  ancient  divisions  of  Swe- 
den, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lapland,  E.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  S.  by  Sweden  Proper,  and  W. 
by  the  same  and  Norway.  It  contains  six  provin- 
ces. 

JVordland,  a  province  of  Norway,  havintr  the 
North  Sea,  on  the  W.  and  Swedish   Lapland  on 
the  E. 

JVordlingen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  fortified  in  the 
ancient  manner.  Here  the  league  of  the  five 
western  circles  of  the  empire  was  concluded  in 
1702.  In  1796  it  was  taken  by  the  French.  It  ia 
a  commercial  place,  seated  on  the  Eger.  38  m.  N 
N.  W.  of  Augsburg.  Long.  10.  34.  K,  lat.  48 
50.  N. 

Nordmaling,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Angerma- 
nia,  near  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  24  ni.  S, 
W.  of  Uma,  and  70  N.  E.  of  Hermosand. 

Xordstrand ,  an  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  S.  Jutland,  ^Z  m.  long  and  5  broad.  It 
has  a  town  called  Ham,  28  m.  W.  of  Sleswick 
Long.  0.  4.  E.,  lat.  .54.  40.  N. 

Xore,  a  noted  part  of  the  river  Thames,  situated 
oflT  Sheerness,  at  the  point  of  a  sand  bank  which 
runs  eastward  from  the  Isle  of  Grain.  It  is  the 
well  known  limit  of  the  Cooknevs'  summer  voy- 
age.    Long.  0.  44.  E.,  lat.  51.  27.  N. 

JVorfolk,  a  county  of  England,  77  m.  long 
and  45  broad  ;  bound«Hi  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the 
German  Ocean,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Sufl!(>)k,  and  W. 
by  Cambridgeshire  and  Lincolnshire.  It  contains 
1,094,400  acres,  is  divided  into  33  hundreds  and 


NOR 


551 


NOR 


600  parishes,  has  one  ci*"  and  32  market  towns, 
and  sends  12  members  to  parliament.  The  products 
vary  according  to  the  soil  and  situation.  The 
lighter  arable  lands  produce  barley  in  great  plen- 
ty ;  wheat  is  cultivated  in  the  strongest  soils ; 
and  turnips  are  grown  here  in  great  quantities  ; 
buck-wheat  is  also  grown  on  the  light  soils,  and 
used  for  feeding  swine  and  poultry.  The  fenny 
parts  yield  great  quantities  of  butter,  which  is 
sent  to  London  under  the  name  of  Cambridge  but- 
ter. The  sheep  are  a  hardy  small  breed,  nmch 
valued  for  'heir  mutton.  Poultry  of  all  kinds  are 
very  plentnul,  and  the  turkeys  are  reared  here  to 
a  larger  size  than  elsewhere  ;  rabbits  are  extreme- 
ly numerous  on  the  sandy  heaths;  and  there  is 
abundance  of  game,  especially  of  pheasants.  The 
principal  manufactures  of  the  county  are  silks, 
boinabazines,  crapes,  camlets,  <fec.  It  is  watered 
bv  the  Great  Ouse,  Nen,  Little  Ouse,  Waveney, 
Vare,  Bure,  and  some  smaller  streams.  Norwich 
is  the  capital. 

J\'orfo!k,  a  county  of  Massachusetts  lying  on 
B  »ston  Bay.  Pop.  41,901.  Dedham  is  the  capital ; 
a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia.  Pop.  14, 
998.  Portsmouth  is  the  capital. 

JSorfolk,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Va.,  the  chief  commer- 
cial town  of  Virginia.  It  stands  on  a  good  har- 
bour at  the  mouth  of  James  river.  The  situation 
is  low  and  the  neighbourhood  is  marshy.  The 
buildinofs  are  not  remarkable  for  elegance,  but 
gome  of  the  churches  are  neat.  The  streets  are 
irregular.  Here  are  6  churches,  3  banks,  a  ma- 
rine hospital,  and  a  theatre.  The  harbour  is 
strongly  defended.  On  the  opposite  side  is  a  Na- 
vy Yard  of  the  United  States  with  a  dry  dock 
situated  within  the  limits  of  the  town  of  Gosport. 
Pop.  9,816. 

A'orfulk,  p.v.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  34  m.  N.  W. 
Hartford.  Pop.  1,485;  p.v.  St.  Lawrence  Co. 
N.  Y.  Pop.  1,039. 

J^orfolk  Island,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  ly- 
ing E.  of  New  S.  W^ales,  and  settled  by  a  colony 
of  convicts,  subordinate  to  that  government.  It 
was  discovered  in  1774  by  captain  Cook,  who 
found  it  uninhabited,  except  by  birds.  It  is  very 
hilly,  but  some  of  the  valleys  are  tolerably  large. 
Mount  Pitt,  the  only  remarkable  hill,  is  12,000 
feet  high.  The  whole  island  is  covered  by  a  thick 
forest  ,  but  has  not  much  underwood  ;  and  the 
principal  timber  tree  is  the  pine,  which  is  very 
useful  in  buildings,  and  seems  to  be  durable.  The 
island  is  supplied  with  many  streams  of  good  wa- 
ter, which  abounds  with  many  fine  eels.  The 
cliffs  round  the  coast  are  240  feet  high,  quite  per- 
pendicular •  and  anchorage  is  safe  all  round  the 
island,  on  taking  the  leeside  ;  but  there  is  no  har- 
bour, and  from  the  heavy  seas  which  constantly 
beat  upon  the  shore,  there  is  great  difficulty  in 
approaching  it,  in  consequence  of  which  the  set- 
tlers are  encouraged  to  remove  to  Port  Dalrym- 
ple  or  the  Derwent  River,  in  New  Holland,  where 
the  greater  part  of  the  military  and  convicts  were 
removrd  in  1805.  Long.  168.  12.  E.,  lat.  29. 
5.  S. 

Xirrham,  a  village  in  Durham,  Eng.  Its  castle, 
on  the  edge  of  a  rock  above  the  Tweed,  has  been 
many  times  taken  and  destroyed  by  the  Scotch, 
and  as  often  rebuilt  by  the  English.  6  m.  S.  W. 
of  Berwick. 

JVortruindy,  a  former  province  of  France,  now 
forming  the  departments  of  Calvados,  Eure,  Man- 
che,  Orne,  and  Lower  Seine.  The  Normans,  a 
people  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  having  entered 
France  under  Kollo,  Charles  the   Simple  ceded 


this  country  to  them  in  912,  which  from  that 
time  was  called  Normandy.  RoUo,  the  first  duk« 
held  it  as  a  fief  of  the  crown  of  France,  as  did  se- 
veral of  his  successors  after  him.  In  1066,  Wil- 
liam the  7th  duke  having  conquered  England,  it 
became  a  province  of  that  country,  till  ii  was  lost 
in  the  rei^  of  king  John,  and  re-united  to  the 
crown  of  France.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fertile 
provinces  in  France,  and  abounds  in  all  things 
except  wine,  which  defect  is  supplied  by  cider 
and  perry.  It  contains  iron,  copper,  and  a  great 
number  of  rivers  and  harbours. 

JVorridgewock,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.,  on  the 
Kennebec.     Pop.  1,710. 

JVorristaiDv ,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa.,  on  the 
Schuylkill,  17  m.  above  Philadelphia. 

J\'orteJga,  or  Kor  Telge,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in 
the  Baltic.  It  suffered  much  from  ravages  com- 
mitted by  the  Russians  in  1719.  Near  it  is  a 
forge  for  making  fire  arms.  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Stock- 
holm.   Long.  10.  32.  E.,  lat.  50.  44.  N. 

KoTtk  Jlilerton,  a  borough  in  N.Yorkshire,  Eng, 
Near  this  place  was  fought  the  celebrated  battle- 
between  the  English  and  Scots  called  the  Battle 
of  the  Standard,  in  1138.  It  is  seated  in  a  delight- 
ful valley  222  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

North  Cape,  an  enormous  rock  at  the  N.  end 
of  the  island  Maggeroe,  on  the  coast  of  Norway, 
and  the  most  northern  promontory  of  Europe. 
Long.  25.  57.  E.,  lat.  71.  10.  N. 

North  Sea.     See  German  Ocean. 

Northampton, a.  borough  and  the  capital  of  North- 
amptonshire, Eng.  tt  was  formerly  surrounded 
by  a  wall,  and  had  a  castle,  of  which  there  are  still 
some  remains.  In  1075  it  was  almost  entirely 
destroyed  by  fire,  but  was  soon  rebuilt.  The 
houses  are  uniformly  built  of  freestone  and  chief- 
ly slateJ  ;  the  streets  are  regular,  and  the  town  is 
lighted  with  gas.  It  has  4  churches,  8  dissenting 
meeting  houses,  a  capacious  market-place,  a  good 
free  school,  a  general  infirmary,  and  a  county 
gaol  on  the  principles  of  Mr.  Howard.  The  prin- 
cipal manufacture  consists  of  boots  and  shoes, 
chiefly  for  exportation.  In  the  meadows  below 
the  town  a  battle  was  fought  in  1460  between 
Henry  VI.  and  the  Yorkists  in  which  the  former 
was  defeated  and  made  prisoner.  Two  miles  to 
the  S.  is  a  fine  ancient  Gothic  structure  called 
Queen's  Cross,  erected  by  Edward  I.,  in  memory 
of  his  queen  Eleanor.  Northampton  is  seated  on 
the  Nen,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Coventry  and  66  N.  W 
of  London. 

Northamptonshire,  a  county  of  England,  65  m 
long  and  24  where  broadest ;  bounded  S.  by 
Buckinghamshire  and  Oxfordshire.  In  the  N. 
E  part,  near  Peterborough,  commences  a  fenny 
tract,  extending  to  the  Lincolnshire  Wash.  With 
this  single  exception,  Northamptorshire  is  said  to 
contain  less  waste  ground,  and  rnort^  seats  of  the 
nobility  and  gentry,  than  any  other  county.  Its 
greatest  defect  is  a  scarcity  of  fuel,  which' is  but 
scantily  supplied  by  its  woods ;  and,  though  coal 
is  brought  by  the  river  Nen,  it  is  at  a  very  dear 
race.  This  county,  however,  possesses  some  con- 
siderable remains  of  its  old  forests,  particularly 
those  of  Rockingham  on  the  N.  W.,  and  of  Salcey 
and  Whittlebury  on  the  S.  Its  products  are,  in 
general,  the  same  with  those  of  other  farminjf 
counties  ;  but  it  is  peculiarly  celebrated  for  graz- 
ing land.  Woad  for  the  dyers  is  cultivated  here , 
but  the  country  is  not  distinguished  for  manu- 
factures. 

Narthfleet,  a  village  m  Kent,  Eng.  spated  on  tho 
Thames,  2  m.  W.^of  Gravesend     The  church 


IfOR 


562 


IfOR 


contains  fragments  of  monuments  as  ancient  as 
the  14th  century.  Vast  quantities  of  lime  are 
made  here,  and  great  numbers  of  extraneous  fos- 
sils have  been  dug  up. 

JS'orthleach,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
seated  near  the  source  of  the  Lech,  t£j  m.  £.  of 
Gloucester  and  81  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

JVorthop,  a  village  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  3  m. 
S.  E.  of  Flint ;  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
coarse  earthenware,  firebricks,  &c. 

Norlhumberland,  the  most  northern  county  of 
EnarJiind.  In  the  Saxon  heptarchy  it  was  a  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  the  Northumbrians,  which  con- 
tained also  the  counties  of  York,  Lancaster,  Dur- 
ham, Cumberland,  and  Westmoreland,  and  recei- 
ved its  name  from  being  situate  N.  of  the  Hum- 
ber.  It  is  of  a  triangular  form,  64  m.  in  extreme 
length  and  50  in  extreme  breadth ;  bounded  on 
the  E.  by  the  German  Ocean.  The  soil  is  va- 
rious ;  the  E.  part  is  fruitful  in  most  sorts  of  corn, 
with  rich  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers; 
but  the  W.  part  is  mostly  heathy  and  mountain- 
ous. The  S.  E.  part  abounds  with  thick  seams 
of  coal;  and  the  S.  W.  angle  has  rich  lead  mines. 
Limestone  and  iron  ore  abound  in  various  parts. 
Alnwick  is  the  capital;  but  the  largest  town  is 
Newcastle. 

jyorthumberland  Islands,  a  chain  of  islands  in 
the  S.  Pacific,  near  the  N.  E.  coast  of  New  Hol- 
land.    Long.  150.  E.,  lat.  22.  S. 

JVorthumberland  Strait,  the  S.  part  of  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  betw^een  the  island  of  St.  John 
and  the  coast  of  New  Brunswick  and  Nova 
Scotia. 

JVorthioich ,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  with  a 
cotton  manufacture,  and  considerable  salt-works  ; 
seated  on  the  Dan,  at  its  junction  with  the  Weev- 
er,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  Chester  and  174  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Norton  Simnd,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  N.  America,  discovered  by  Cook  in  his 
last  voyage.  The  entrance  is  between  Cape 
Denbigh  on  the  E.  and  Cape  Danby  on  the  W., 
about  70  m.  distant,  both  lying  in  lat.  64.  30.  N., 
and  the  latter  in  long.  162.  55.  W. 

J\''orth,  a  township  of  Harrison  Co.  Ohio.  Pop. 
1,215. 

J\orth  Amenia,  p.v.  Dutchess,  Co.  N.  Y. 

Northampton,  a  town  of  England,  the  capital  of 
Northamptonshire,  with  some  manufactures.  It 
stands  on  the  Nen,  66  m.  N.  W.  London. 

Northamptonshire,  a  county  of  England  con- 
taining 1,017  sq.  m.    Pop.  162,483. 

Northampton,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  on  the 
Connecticut,  95  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  3,613.  It 
is  handsomely  built,  and  very  pleasantly  situated 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Mount  Holyoke,  which 
see.  Here  are  vool en  manufactories.  The  Farm- 
ington  Canal  is  designed  to  extend  from  New  Ha- 
ven to  this  place. 

Northampton,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co. 
N.  Y.  60  m.  N.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  1,392;  a  town- 
ship in  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  and  Burlington  Co.  N.  J.  ; 
p.t.  Lehigh  Co.  Pa.  55  m.  N.  W.  Philad. ;  p.v.  Por- 
tage Co.  Ohio  ;  p.v.  Northampton  Co.  N.  C. 

Northampton,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  8,644.  Eastville  is  the  capital ;  a 
county  of'N.  Carolina.     Pop.  13,103. 

North  Hampton,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H. 
on  the  coast,  7  m.  S.  W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  767. 

North  BLenhein,  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y  55 
m.  S.  W.  Albany. 

Northborough,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass,  36  m. 
W.  Boston.    Fop.  994. 


Northbridge,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  45  m.  S 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,053. 

North  Broohfield,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  68 
m.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  1,241. 

North  Branch,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 

North  Bridgeioater,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  28 
m.  S.  Boston.    Pop.  1,953. 

North  Bend,  p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio,  in  the  S.  W.  corner  of  the  state. 

North  Carolina,  one  of  the  United  States,  bound- 
ed N.  by  Virginia,  E.  by  the  ocean,  S.  by  the 
ocean  and  S.  Carolina  and  W.  by  Tennessee.  It 
extends  from  33.50.  to  36.  30.  N.  lat.  and  from  75. 
45.  to  84.  W.  long.  435  m.  in  length  from  E.  to  W. 
and  180  in  breadth.  It  contains  43,800  sq.  m. 
Nearly  all  the  state  is  level  :  in  the  west  the  Blue 
Ridge  of  mountains  crosses  the  country  from  Vir- 
ginia to  S.  Carolina.  It  :s  watered  by  the  Cho- 
wan and  Roanoke  rivers  which  rise  m  Virginia 
and  flows  through  this  state  into  Albermarle 
Sound;  by  the  Pamlico  and  Cape  Fear  rivers  which 
flow  to  the  sea  in  the  eastern  and  southern  parts, 
and  the  Yadkin  which  passes  into  S.  Carolina. 
A  number  of  low  sandy  islands  are  scattered 
along  the  coast  and  inclose  several  large  sounds, 
as  Pamlico,  Albermarle  and  Currituck  ;  yet  the 
entrances  to  these,  and  the  mouths  of  the  rivers 
are  obstructed  with  shoals,  and  there  is  not  a  good 
harbour  in  the  state.  The  soil  is  to  a  great  extent 
sandy  and  poor,  with  extensive  swampy  tracts  ; 
there  are  however,  fertile  districts  here  and  there, 
and  the  banks  of  the  rivers  are  generally  produc- 
tive. In  the  western  parts  the  soil  is  much  the 
best.  The  Great  Dismal  Swamp  lies  between 
this  state  and  Virginia  and  covers  a  space  of  150, 
000  acres.  In  its  neighbourhood  is  another  called 
the  Little  Dismal  Swamp. 

The  mineral  region  of  this  state  has  lately  at- 
tracted great  attention.  Mines  of  gold  have  been 
discovered    which    have     already   proved    highly 

firoductive  ;  these  mines  are  not  confined  to  the 
imits  of  North  Carolina  but  extend  into  the  ad- 
joining states  of  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Ten- 
nesee,  Georgia  and  Alabama.  They  are  comput- 
ed to  cover  more  than  1,000  sq.  m.  of  surface. 
The  mines  in  this  state  are  very  active  and  em- 
ploy about  20,000  men.     They  are  not  sunk   very 


deep  but  are  wrought  extensively  in  a  horizonta. 
direction.  The  gold  is  also  found  on  the  sur- 
face, in  grains  among  the  sand  and  gravel,  and  is 
obtained  by  washing  the  earth.  The  particles 
seldom  exceed  in  size  the  head  of  a  pin,  although 
occasionally  larger  pieces  are  found ,  and  in  one 
instance  a  lump  weighing  28  pounds  was  discov- 
ered. There  are  a  great  number  of  mills  in 
this  state  for  grinding  the  ore,  which  are  driven 
by  water  or  steam.  The  greater  part  of  the  gold 
is  sent  to  Europe.  The  quantity  afforded  by  all  the 
mines  is  not  known  with  any  accuracy,  although 


NOR 


553 


NOR 


many  exaggerated  statements  have  been  made 
respecting  it,  some  of  which  state  the  amount 
as  high   as  5,000,000  dollars  annually. 

A  great  part  of  the  country  is  covered  with 
forests  of  pitch  pine.  In  the  plains  of  the  low 
country,  this  tree  is  almost  exclusively  the  natu- 
ral growth  of  the  soil.  It  much  exceeds  in  height, 
the  pitch  pine  of  the  Northern  States.  The  tar, 
turpentine  and  lumber,  afforded  by  this  valuable 
tree,  constitute  one  half  the  exports  of  the  state. 
The  moisture  of  the  air,  in  the  swampy  regions, 
loads  the  trees  with  long,  spongy  moss,  which 
hangs  in  clusters  from  the  limbs,  and  gives 
the  forest  a  singular  appearance.  The  mis- 
tletoe is  often  found  upon  the  trees  of  the 
interior.  This  state  also  produces  several  valu- 
able medicinal  roots,  as  ginseng,  Virginia,  and 
Seneca  snakeroot,  &c.  The  rich  intervals  are 
overgrown  with  canes,  the  leaves  of  which  con- 
tinue green  through  the  winter,  and  afford  good 
fodder  for  cattle. 

The  most  common  articles  of  culture  are  maize 
and  wheat,  to  which  the  nature  of  the  soil  seems 
well  adapted.  Some  attention  is  paid  to  cotton 
and  rice.  Tobacco  is  raised  in  the  uplands,  as 
well  as  most  of  the  productions  of  the  Middle 
States.  Agricultural  societies  exist  in  different 
parts  of  the  state,  and  sums  of  money  are  annu- 
ally paid  by  the  government  for  their  assistance. 
Agriculture,  however,  is  in  a  backward  condi- 
tion. 

The  produce  of  the  interior  is  generally  carried 
to  the  trading  towns  in  Virginia  and  South  Car- 
olina for  a  market.  Timber  and  plank,  grain, 
flour  and  naval  stores  are  the  chief  exports.  The 
shipping  of  the  state  amounted  in  1828,  to  54,094 
tons.  The  imports  for  the  same  period,  were 
283,347  dollars  ;  the  exports  of  domestic  produce, 
5(54 ,oOG  dollars. 

In  the  mountainous  parts  of  the  west,  the  climate 
is  temperate,  and  the  air  salubrious  ;  this  region 
's  one  of  the  most  healthy  in  the  country,  and 
though  the  days  in  summer  are  hot,  the  nights 
are  refreshed  by  cool  breezes.  In  all  the  eastern 
parts,  the  climate  is  unhealthy,  and  intermittent 
fevers  are  common  in  summer  and  autumn.  The 
inhabitants  have  a  pale,yellowish,and  bilious  com- 
plexion. The  winters  are  very  mild.  Tiie  wheat 
harvest  takes  place  in  the  beginning  of  June  ;  the 
maize  harvest  early  in  September. 

North  Carolina  is  divided  into  62  counties. 
The  population  is  738,470,  of  whom  240,4G2  are 
slaves.  Raleigh  is  the  capital.  The  other  large 
towns  are  Newbern,  Wilmington  and  Fayetteville. 
The  legislature  is  styled  theGeneral  Assembly  .and 
consists  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Commons. 
Each  county  chooses  on?  senator  and  two  repre- 
sentatives. The  governor  is  chosen  annually  by 
the  legislature,  and  is  ineligible  three  years  out 
of  six.  Voters  for  senators  must  be  freeholders. 
The  clergy  are  excluded  from  the  legislature. 
The  Baptists  are  the  most  numerous  religious  sect; 
they  have  272  churches  ;  the  Presbyterians  12G ; 
the  Lutherans  45;  the  Episcopalians  11 ;  the 
United  Brethren  4.  The  Methodists  have  32 
preachers,  and  there  are  a  number  of  societies  of 
Quakers.  The  state  has  a  university  at  Chapel 
Hill,  and  a  small  literary  fund,  but  which  is  not 
yet  available  for  the  purpose  of  education. 

The  first  permanent  settlements  in  North  Caro- 
lina were  made  by  fugitives  and  seceders  from 
Virginia,  between  1640  and  1650.  The  constitu- 
tion was  the  work  of  the  celebrated  John  Locke. 
Th«i  chief  magistrate  was  called  the  Palatine,  and 
70 


there  was  an  hereditary  nobility,  with  the  titles 
of  Landgrave  and  Caziqne.  The  legislature  was 
called  a  parliament.  This  constitution  was  found 
upon  trial  to  be  ill  adapted  to  the  character  of 
the  people,  and  it  was  abolished  in  1693.  This 
colony  had  been  connected  with  that  of  South 
Carolina,  till  1729,  when  they  were  separated, 
and  the  government  of  both  was  assumed  by 
the  king.  This  continued  till  the  present  consti- 
tution was  established  in  1776. 

J^or  til  castle,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  16  m.  from  Kingsbridge,  Pop.  1,653. 

j\forth  East,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  90  m.  N.  New  York.  Pop.  1,689-  pv 
Erie  Co.  Pa. ;  p.v.  Cecil  Co.  Maryland. 

J\orth  End,  p.v.  Matthews,  Co.  Va. 

Northfidd,  p.v.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimack,  14  m.  above  Concord.  Pop.  1,169; 
a  township  on  Staten  Island  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,171  ;  p.t. 
Franklin  Co.  Mass.  on  the  Connecticut,  80  m. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,757  ;  a  township  of  Washing- 
ton Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,412 ;  a  village  of  Essex  Co. 
N.  Y.  and  a  township  of  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

JVorth  Hero,  an  Island  of  Vermont,  in  Lake 
Champlain.  It  constitutes  a  township.  Pop. 
638. 

Northington,  p.v.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  9  m.  W 
Hartford. 

Kortk  Kingston,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  R.  I.  on 
Narraganset  Bay,  20  m.  S.  W.  Providence.  Pop. 
3,036. 

Northlech,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  80 
m.  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Nortk  Middleton,  p.v.  Bourbon  Co.  Ken. 

Nitrth  Moreland,  p.v.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 

A'ortk  Mountain,  a  portion  of  the  Kittatinny 
range  in  Pennsylvania. 

JVorthport,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  6  m.  S.  Belfast. 
Pop.  1,083. 

J^orth  Providence.   See  Pawlucket. 

JVorth  Salem,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,276. 

JVorthumberland,  a  county  of  England,  border- 
ing upon  Scotland,  containmg  1,850  sq.  m.  Pop. 
198,i)65.  It  contains  the  richest  coal  mines  in  the 
world.  Also  two  counties  in  Upper  and  Lower 
Canada. 

JVorthumherlnnd,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of 
Pennsylvania,  Pop.  18,168.     Sunbury  is  the  cap- 
ital.    Also  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia 
Pop.  7,953. 

JVorthumberland.  p.t.  Northumberland  Co.  Pa. 

JVorthtoood,p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  20  m 
E.  Concord.     Pop.  1,342. 

JVorf.on,  a  village  in  Essex  Co.  Vt.  ;  p.t.  Bristol 
Co.  Mass.  7  m.  N.  W.  Taunton.  Pop.  1,484;  p.t. 
Delaware  Co.  Ohio ;    p.t.  Medina  Co.  Ohio. 

JVorton,  or  Chipping  JVorton,  a  town  of  Oxford- 
shire, Eng.  74  m.  N.  W.  London. 

JVorlon  Sound,  an  inlet  on  the  W.  coast  of  N. 
America,  in  lat.  64,  55. 

JVonoalk.  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn,  on  Long  Is- 
land Sound.  12  m.  S.  W.  Fairfield.  Pop.  3,793; 
p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio.  14  ra.  S.  from  Lake  Erie. 
Pop.  903. 

Kortcay,  a  country  in  the  N.  of  Europe,  be- 
longing to  Sweden,  the  most  westerly  part  of  the 
ancient  Scandinavia.  It  is  bounded  on  the  VV. 
and  N.  by  the  Northern  Ocean,  E.  oy  Swedish 
Lapland  and  Sweden,  and  S.  by  the  Cattegat- 
extending  from  the  Naze  in  lat.  57.  30.,  to  the  N 
Cape  in  lat.  71.  10.  Its  breadth,  which  is  very 
unequal,  is  from  40  to  280  m.  It  is  naturally 
formed  into  two  divisions,  namely,  Northern  anii 
3  A 


NOR 


5t>4 


KOR 


Southern  or  Proper  Norway,  separated  from  each 
other  by  tlie  small  Swedish  province  of  Herndahl. 
It  is  divided  into  the  four  governments  of  Agger- 
huyti,  Christiania  or  Cbristiansand,  Bergen,  and 
Drontheim.  From  its  rocky  soil,  and  northern 
position,  Norway  is  not  populous  in  proportion  to 
its  extent.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  calcula- 
ted at  1,000,000,  who  like  the  Swiss  mountaineers, 
are  exceedingly  attached  to  their  country.  In 
Norway,  they  have  a  particular  code,  called  the 
Norway  Law,  compiled  by  Grieffelfeld,  at  the 
command  of  Christian  V.,  the  great  legislator  of 
this  country.  By  this  law, — the  palladium  of 
Norway,  the  p>easant8  are  free-born.  They  possess 
much  spirit  and  fire  in  their  manner  ;  are  frank, 
•pen    and  undaunted,  yet  not  insolent;   never 


m^    <^^Sl 

rr^^^^k 

/^■(^^iii^^pK 

i 

0^¥||| 

g^p 

1 

S^feiis:-5&«Mr 

.■;.\v^Vi 

fawning,  yet  paying  proper  respect.  Their  prin- 
cipal mode  of  salute  is  by  offering  their  hand ; 
and,  when  they  are  given  or  paid  any  trifle,  the 
peasants,  instead  of  returning  thanks  by  words, 
or  by  a  bow,  shake  hands  with  great  frankness 
and  cordiality.  The  same  causes  which  affect 
the  population  of  Norway  operate  likewise  on 
the  slate  of  tillage ;  for,  although  in  some  places 
vegetation  is  so  quick  that  the  corn  is  sown  and 
cut  in  six  or  seven  weeks,  yet  the  country  does 
not  produce  sufficient  corn  for  its  own  consump- 
tion. It  is,  however,  exceedingly  rich  in  pasture, 
and  consequently  produces  much  cattle.  The 
horses  are  small,  but  strong,  very  active,  and 
hardy.  The  fisheries,  particularly  on  the  W. 
coast,  find  employment  and  wealth  for  the  natives, 
and  supply  the  finest  sailors  for  the  Danish  fleet. 
The  principal  fish  are  salmon,  cod,  ling,  and 
whiting  ;  their  livers  also  yield  train-oil ;  and  the 
smallest  are  given  as  winter  fodder  to  the  cattle. 
The  extensive  forests  of  oak  and  pine  produce 
timber,  spars,  beams,  and  planks,  besides  charcoal, 
turpentine,  bark,  fuel,  and  even  manure ;  and  the 
birch  (the  bark  of  which  is  used  as  a  covering  for 
the  roofs  of  houses)  not  only  supplies  fuel,  but 
also  a  kind  of  wine.  The  general  exports  are  tal- 
low, butler,  dried  fish,  tmiber,  planks,  horses, 
iiorncd  cattle,  silver,  cobalt,  alum,  Prussian  blue, 
copp»>r,  and  iron.  It  abounds  in  lakes  and  rivers  ; 
the  former  so  large  that  they  appear  like  inlets 
of  the  sea;  but  the  rivers  are  m  general  of  a  short 
course,  except  the  Glommen.  The  mountains 
are  numerous,  and  generally  clothed  with  pines 
and  firs;  the  grand  Scandinavian  chain,  which 
runs  from  S.  to  N.,  is  known  by  distinct  appella- 
tions;  the  chief  are  the  ridges  of  Langfial,  Dofra- 
lial,  Kolen,  and  Severnoi.  The  wild  animals  are 
th«  b«ar,  lynx,  wolf,  fox,  and  hare;  but  tb«  most 


singular  creature  is  the  lemming,  or  Norwegian 
mouse,  of  a  reddish  colour,  and  about  five  inches 
long.  These  animals  proceed  in  vast  numbers 
from  the  ridge  of  Kolen  to  the  sea,  devouring 
every  product  of  the  soil  in  their  course,  and  at 
last  seem  to  devour  each  other. 

Norway  was  formerly    governed  by  its  own  he- 
reditary sovereigns.     On  the  demise  of  Hasen  V., 
in  1319,  without  male  issue,  his  grandson  in  the 
female  line,  Magnus  Smek,  united  in  his  person 
the  kingdoms  of  Sweden  and  Norway.     Magnus 
was  succeeded  in  the  kingdom  of  Norway  by  hia 
son  Hagen  VI.,  husband  of  the  celebrated  Marga- 
ret, and  at  his  decease,  in  1380,  Norway   was  uni- 
ted  to  Denmark  by  their  son  Olof  V.,  who  dying, 
without  issue,  Margaret  herself  wa."  raised  to  the 
throne  by  the  unanimous  voice  of  the  nation.     On 
her  death  it  descended  with  Denmark  and  Swe- 
den to  her  nephew  Eric.     Sweden  was  afterwards 
separated  from  Denmark  by  the  valour  and  ad- 
dress of  Gustavus    Vasa.     By  the  treaty  of  Kiel, . 
in  January,  1814,  Norway  was  ceded  by  the  king, 
of  Denmark  to  Sweden  ;  but  the  people,  not   ap» 
proving  of  the  cession,  had  recourse  to  arms,   in." 
order  to  resist  the  entrance  of  the  Swedish  troop**.  ■ 
into  their  country  ;  and  the   diet   elected    Prince' 
Christian,  the  king  of  Denmark's  son,  who   was 
then  governor,  to  the  throne.     However,  on   the 
conclusion    of  the   war  with    France,    the   allied 
powers,  who  had  previously  promised  this  coun- 
try to  Sweden,  if  she  would  take  an  active  part  in 
the  coalition  against  the  French  empire, no  w  did  all 
in  their  power  to  enforce  the  cession.  For  this  pur- 
pose a  considerable  body  of  their  troops  was  march- 
ed into  the  Danish  territories  on  the  continent,  to 
watch  that  power,  and  all  the  ports  of  Norway  were 
blockaded  by  the  Swedish  and  English    fleets  by 
sea,  while  the  Swedish   army,  under  the    crown 
prince,  entered  Norway   by   land.     Amidst  such 
united  efforts,  it  was  not  to   be  expected    that  the 
brave   Norwegians   could    hold  out    long.     After 
the  capture  of  Frederickstadt,  and  the  passage  of 
the  Glommen  by    the  Swedes,   Prince    Christian 
proposed  to  resign  his  crown  into  the  hands  of  tJie 
Diet:  and  on  the  20lh  of  October,  1814,  that  as- 
sembly came  to  the  resolution  that  Norway  should 
be  governed  by  the  king  of  Sweden,  but  as  an  in- 
tegral state,  preserving  its  constitution  and  laws, 
to  which   Sweden  assented.      Christiania  is  the 
capital. 

JVorwich,  a  city  and  county  of  England,  the  cap- 
ital of  Norfolk,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  for- 
merly surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  of  which  some 
ruins  still  semain.  Many  of  the  streets  are  still 
narrow  and  ill-disposed,  though  during  the  last  10 
years  considerable  improvements  have  been  effec- 
ted. Besidesthecathedral,  which  isone  oflhe  most 
spacious  and  elegant  in  the  kingdom,  here  are  32 
,»arish  churches,  two  churches  for  the  Flemings, 
a  number  of  dissenting  meeting-houses,  and  two 
Roman  Catholic  chapels.  On  a  hill,  command- 
ding  an  extensive  view  of  the  city,  is  the  castle, 
an  ancient  and  stately  edifice.  Near  this  city,  on  " 
Mousehold  Heath,  are  the  ruins  oflhe  castle  of 
Kelt,  the  tanner,  by  whose  rebellion,  in  the  reign 
of  Edwnrd  VI.,  the  city  was  reduced  to  a  ruinous 
state.  Norwich  has  extensive  manufactures  of 
crapes,  bombazines,  and  stuffs  of  various  kinds, 
and  a  considerable  trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Yare,  22  m.  W.  of  Yarmouth  and  110  N.  E.  of 
London.     Long.  1 .  20.  E.,  lal.  52.  40.  N. 

JVorwich,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,712;  p.t 
Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,152. 

Norwich,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connec 


NOV 


US 


NOT 


ticut,  21m.  above  Windsor.  Pop.  1,916;  p.t. 
Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  15  m.  W.  Northampton. 
Pop.  787;  p.t.  New  London  Co.  Conn,  on  the 
Thames,  14  m.  above  New  London.  Pop.  5,169, 
this  township  comprises  3  villages,  the  largest  of 
which  is  Chelsea  Landing.  Here  are  large  man- 
ufactures of  cotton,  flannel,  carpeting,  paper,  iron, 
lintseed  oil,  &c.  Here  is  an  ancient  aboriginal 
cemetery  called  the  Burying  Ground  of  the  Unca- 
ses. Also  a  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,374, 
and  a  township  of  Franklin  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Scioto,  b  m.  above  Columbus. 

J\''ossen.  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Muldau,  18 
in.  W.  of  Dresden. 

JVoteburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Petersburg,  seated  on  an  island  in  the  lake  La- 
doga, at  the  place  where  the  Neva  issues.  It  has 
a  good  citadel,  and  was  capital  of  Ingria,  before 
Petersburg  was  built.  It  is  2-')  m.  E.  of  Peters- 
burg.    Long.  31.  9.  E.,  ht.  59.  56.  N. 

Koto,  a  town  of  Sicily,  capital  of  Val  di  Nolo. 
It  was  ruined  by  an  earthquake  in  1693,  and  near 
it  another  town  was  built  called  Noto  Nuovo.  It 
is  a^  m.  S.  W.  of  Syracuse.  Long.  15.  19.  E., 
lat.  36.  50.  N. 

Kottingltam,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Not- 
tinghamshire, Eng.  It  is  situate  on  the  side  and 
summit  of  a  rock,  into  which  are  cut  some  small 
habitations,  and  numerous  vaults  or  cellars.  To  the 
W.  of  the  town,  on  a  rocky  eminence,  is  the  castle, 
a  magnificent  modern  structure,  belonging  to  the 
duke  of  Newcastle,  built  on  the  site  of  an  ancient 
fortress,  celebrated  in  English  history.  It  is  a 
handsome  town,  distinguished  by  its  spacious 
market-place,  and  noted  for  its  excellent  ale.  It 
is  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the  silk  and  cotton 
stocking  manufacture ;  the  lace  manufacture  is 
also  very  extensive.  At  this  town  Charles  I.  set 
up  his  standard,  at  the  commencement  of  the  civil 
war  which  terminated  in  his  destruction.  Not- 
tingham is  seated  on  a  river,  which  communicates 
with  the  Trent,  1  m.  to  the  S.  It  is  16  m.  E.  of 
Derby  and  124  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Long.  1.  9. 
W.,  lat.  52.  58.  N. 

Nottoway,  a  river  of  Virginia  flowing  into  the 
Meherrin. 

Nottinghamshire,  a  county  of  England,  48  ra. 
long  and  25  broad ;  bounded  N.  by  Yorkshire. 
It  enjoys  such  a  temperature  of  soil  and  climate 
as  to  render  it  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  health- 
ful counties  in  England.  Almost  the  whole  of  the 
middle  and  western  parts  of  the  county  were  for- 
merly occupied  by  the  extensive  forest  of  Sher- 
wood, the  only  royal  forest  N.  of  the  Trent;  but 
the  greater  part  is  now  enclosed  and  covered  with 
thriving  towns,  cheerful  villages,  and  extensive 
narks.  The  chief  products  of  this  county  are 
coal,  of  which  there  is  great  plenty,  gypsum,  lead, 
grain  of  all  sorts,  cattle,  malt,  hops,  wool,  liquo- 
rice, and  woad.  The  manufactures  chiefly  con- 
sists of  hosiery,  bobbin-net  and  net-lace,  glass,  and 
earthenware. 

Nottingkam,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  24  m. 
N.  W.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  1,157;  t.  Burlington 
Co.  N.  J. 

Nottingham,  E.  and  W.  two  townships  in  Chester 
Co.  Pa.,  also  towns  in  Washington  Co.  Pa.,  Prince 
George    Co.   Md.  and  Harrison  Co.  Ohio. 

Nottoway,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia.    Pop.  10.  141. 

Nova  Scotia,  a  British  province  of  N.  America, 
which  formerly,  till  1784,  included  the  province 
of  New  Brunswick.  It  is  bounded  on  the  S.  and 
S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  E.  by  the  gut  of  Canso,  N. 


by  Northumberland  Strait,  and  N.  W.  by  Ne^» 
Brunswick  and  the  bay  of  Fundy.  Its  length  if 
235  m.  from  Cape  Sabie  on  the  S.  W.  to  Cape 
Canso  on  the  N.  E.  Its  extreme  breadth  is  88  m. 
but  the  mean  of  the  peninsular  part  is  not  more 
than  45.  It  has  several  lakes  and  a  vast  number 
of  small  rivers.  It  is  a  peninsula,  lying  S.  E.  of 
New  Brunswick,  and  joined  to  it  by  a  narrow  isth- 
mus, at  the  N.  E;  extremity  of  the  bay  of  Fundy. 
The  French  settled  here  before  they  made  any 
establishment  in  Canada,  and  called  it  Acadia. 
The  first  grant  of  lands  was  made  to  Sir  William 
Alexander,  by  James  I.  of  England,  from  whom 
it  received  the  name  of  Nova  Scotia.  Since  its 
first  settlement  it  has  more  than  once  changed 
rulers  and  proprietors,  nor  was  it  confirmed  to 
England  till  the  peace  of  Utrecht  in  1713.  The 
inhabitants  consists  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  and 
a  few  Germans:  recent  accounts  state  ihem  at 
150,000,  and  they  are  rapidly  increasing  in  num- 
ber and  prosperity.  The  soil  is  in  many  parts 
thin  and  sterile,  but  there  are  some  tracts  not  in- 
ferior to  the  best  lands  in  Now  England.  Halifax 
is  the  capital. 

Nova  Zemhla,  an  island  in  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
separated  from  the  continent  of  Russia  by  the 
strait  of  Waigatz.  It  is  540  m.  in  length  and  from 
100  to  240  in  breadth.  This  country  was  discov- 
ered by  the  English  in  1553,  and  it  has  since  been 
visited  by  ships  attempting  to  discover  a  N.  E. 
passage.  In  159.5.  a  Dutch  vessel  being  cast  away 
on  the  coast,  the  crew  were  obliged  to  winter 
here,  and  with  great  difficulty  preserved  their  lives. 
The  country  is  extremely  desolate,  producing  no 
trees,  nor  any  vegetables  but  moss  and  some  iew 
arctic  plants.  It  is  inhabited  by  wild  beasts,  par- 
ticularly white  bears,  white  foxes,  elks,  reindeer, 
and  rabbits.  The  hunters  from  Archangel  now 
generally  winter  here,  and  return  home  in  sum- 
mer with  their  cargoes  of  skins  and  furs.     Long. 

52.  to  78.  E.,  lat.  70.  to  78.  N. 

Novalle,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Tre- 
visano,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Treviso. 

Novara,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  name  in  the  Sardinian  Milanese.  It  contains 
17  churches,  besides  the  cathedral,  and  is  seated 
on  an  eminence,  25  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Milan. 

Novellara,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Modenese, 
with  a  castle,  17  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Parma  and  18 
m.  N.  N.  W.  ofModena. 

Novi,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a 
mountain.  It  is  the  principal  deposit  for  goods 
coming  from  the  Levant,  which  pass  into  Aus- 
trian Italy,  and  thence  into  the  S.  of  Germany. 
Near  this  place,  in  1799,  the  Austrians  and  Rus- 
sians defeated  the  French,  who  lost  their  general 
(Joubert),  and  nearly  10,000  men.  25  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Genoa. 

Novi,  a  fortified  town  of  Croatia,  taken  by  the 
Austrians  in  1789.  It  is  seated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Unna,  52  m.  S.  E.  of  Carlstedt.  Long.  16. 

53.  E.,  lat.  45.  8.  N. 

Novi  Bazar,  a  town  of  Servia,  seated  near  the 
Oresco,  72  m.  W.  of  Nissa  and  95  S.  of  Belgrade. 
Long.  21. 1.  E.,  lat.  43.  35.  N. 

Novigrad,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  Danube,  25  m.  N.  of  Buds. 

Novigrad,  a  town  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  near 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  17  m.  E.  of  Nona  and  25  N. 
W.  ofZaro. 

Novogo'od,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  a  fovem 


NLB 


566 


NUR 


mcnt  of  the  Mm«  name,  and  formerly  called 
Great  Novogorod,  to  distinguish  it  from  other 
towns  of  the  same  appellation.  It  was  for  a  long 
time  governed  by  its  own  dukes,  and  was  in  fact 
a  rspublic,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  nominal 
sovereign.  It  was  the  great  mart  of  trade  between 
Russia  and  the  Hanseatic  cities,  and  made  the 
most  rapid  advances  in  opulence  and  population. 
Its  power  was  so  great,  and  its  sifuation  so  impreg- 
nable, as  to  give  rise  to  a  proverb :  '  Who  can  re- 
sist the  gods  and  Great  Novogorod  ?'  But  in  the 
15th  century  this  independent  republic  was  oblig- 
ed to  submit  to  Ivan  Basilowitz  I.,  grand  duke  of 
Russia.  It  continued,  nevertheless,  the  largest 
and  most  commercial  city  in  Russia,  and  contain- 
ed at  least  400,000  inhabitants.  It  was  first  des- 
olated by  the  cruelties  of  Ivan  Basilowitz  II.  ;  but 
its  splendor  was  not  totally  eclipsed  until  Peter 
the  Great  built  Petersburg,  to  which  he  transfer- 
red all  the  commerce  of  the  Baltic  that  had  before 
centered  here.  It  now  contains  scarcely  8,000 
souls  ;  and  a  vast  number  of  churches  and  con- 
vents stand  as  melancholy  monuments  of  its 
former  magnificence.  The  town  stretches  on 
both  sides  of  the  Volkoff,  a  river  of  considerable 
depth  and  rapidity,  which  separates  it  into  two 
divisions,  namely  the  trading  part  and  the  quar- 
ter of  St.  Sophia  •  in  the  latter  are  the  ruins  of 
the  cathedral,  in  which  several  princes  of  the  du- 
cal family  of  Russia  are  interred.  Novogorod  is 
situate  near  the  N.  end  of  the  lake  Ilmen,  120  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Petersburg.  Long.  31.  45.  E.,  lat.  58. 
25  N. 

J^foeogorod,  JViznei,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of 
a  government  of  the  same  name,  and  an  archbish- 
op 8  see.  It  has  a  castle,  surrounded  by  stone 
walls  ,  also  two  cathedrals,  28  parish  churches, 
and  five  convents.  The  trade  is  considerable,  and 
the  shops  richly  furnished  with  all  kinds  of  for- 
eign and  home  goods.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux 
of  tlie  Occa  with  the  Volga,  250  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Moscow. 

Novogorod,  Seve.rskoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  gov- 
ernment of  Czernigov,  seated  on  the  Desna,  86  ni. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Czernigov. 

J^ovogrodek,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  gov- 
ernment of  Grodno,  seated  on  a  hill  in  a  vast 
plain,  80  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Wilna.  Long.  26.  8.  E., 
iat.  53.  25.  N. 

JVovomirgorod,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Catharineslaf,  160  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cher- 
son  .     Long.  31.  44.  E.,  lat.  48.  40.  N. 

J^outra,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  near  which 
are  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  30  m.  S.  of  Cra- 
cow. 

JVbya,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia.  The  chief 
trade  is  in  ship-building.  It  stands  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tambro,  15  m.  W .  of  Compostella. 

Jfoyers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Yonne, 
with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Serin,  19  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Auxerre. 

jyoyon,  a  town  of  the  department  of  Oise,  the 
birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Calvin.  It  is  an  epis- 
copal see,  and  is  seated  near  the  Oise,  25  m.  N. 
W.  of  Soissons  and  70  N.  by  E.  of  Paris. 

A'ozonion,  a  village  in  Newcastle  Co.  Del. 
22  m.  S.  W.  Wilmington. 

Yozeroy,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Jura, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Sa- 
lins. 

.Yuitffl,  a  country  of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Egypt,  E.  by  the  Red  Sea,  S.  by  Abyssinia  and 
Darfoor,  and  W.  by  Bornou.  It  is  about  600  m. 
in  length  and  450  in  breadth.    The  Nile  runs 


through  it,  on  the  banks  of  which  it  is  fruitful,  but 
in  other  places  barren,  sandy,  and  destitute  of  wa- 
ter. The  inhabitants  make  their  bread  and  drink 
of  a  small  round  seed  called  doca,  or  sefF,  which 
is  a  kind  of  millet.  Their  houses  have  mud  walls, 
are  very  low,  and  covered  with  reeds.  The  dress 
of  the  better  sort  is  a  vest  without  sleeves,  and 
they  have  no  coverings  for  their  heads,  legs,  or 
feet.  The  common  people  wrap  a  piece  of  linen 
cloth  about  them,  and  the  children  go  quite  naked. 
They  are  described  as  a  stupid  and  debauched  peo- 
ple, but  profess  to  be  Mahometans.  The  produc- 
tions of  the  country  are  gold,  elephants'  teeth,  civ- 
it,  and  sandal  wood  ;  and  a  great  many  slaves  are 
sent  into  Egypt. 

JVuez,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Leon, 
on  the  borders  of  Portugal,  15  m.  E.  of  Braganza 
and  48  W.  of  Zamora. 

JVuitz,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cote 
d'Or,  famous  for  its  excellent  wines.  It  is  seated 
at  tlie  foot  of  a  mountain,  15  ra.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Dijon. 

JVun,  or  Vied  de  JVun,  an  extensive  country  of 
Africa,  of  which  the  emperor  of  Morocco  arro- 
gates to  himself  the  sovereignty,  but  his  real  au- 
thority is  extremely  feeble.  It  is  inhabited  by  dif- 
ferent tribes  of  Arabs,  whose  camps  are  scattered 
over  such  interior  parts  of  the  country  as  are  capa- 
ble of  cultivation. 

JVun,  a  river  of  Africa  running  into  the  Bight  of 
Benin,  now  ascertained  to  be  one  of  the  mouths 
of  the  great  river  Quorra  or  Niger.     See  JViger. 

JViinda,  p.t.  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y.  250  m.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  1,291. 

JYundydroo^,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
in  Mysore.  It  is  built  on  the  summit  of  a  moun- 
tain, 1,700  feet  in  height,  the  greater  part  inac- 
cessible ;  but  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish, under  lord  Cornwallis,  in  1792.  It  is  70  m 
N.  of  Seringapatam. 

JVuneaton,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  woolen  cloth  and  ribands.  It  was 
formerly  noted  for  its  nunnery,  and  is  seated 
on  the  river  Anker,  9  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Coventry 
and  98  N.  W.  of  London. 

NunjinagodujK  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
with  a  ruinous  fort,  and  a  large  square  temple.  It 
is  situate  in  the  fork  formed  by  the  junction  of 
Kaundini  with  the  Kapini,  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Mysore. 

JViinrey,  a  village  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  3  m. 
S.  W.  of  Frome.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a 
strong  castle,  the  shell  of  which  still  remains  near- 
ly perfect.  It  was  burnt  by  the  parliament  forces 
in  1645. 

JVurenberg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
Rezat.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  old  wall  and  ditch, 
more  than  3  m,  in  circumference,  formerly  flanked 
with  365  towers  ;  and  through  the  middle  of  tlie 
town  flows  the  river  Pegnitz,  over  which  are  six 
stone  bridges  and  several  of  wood.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  very  industrious,  and  their  maps  and 
prints,  as  well  as  their  musical  and  mathematical 
instruments  are  in  high  esteem  ;  nor  are  they  less 
curious  in  clock-work,  and  in  the  several  manu- 
factures of  iron,  steel,  ivory,  wood,  and  alabaster. 
The  toys  commonly  known  in  England  by  the 
name  of  Dutch  toys  are  also  made  here.  Among 
the  public  institutions  are  a  famous  academy  for 
painting,  an  anatomical  theatre,  and  a  public  li- 
brary. The  ancient  castle  or  palace  is  still  standing 
at  the  extremity  of  the  city,  and  the  arsenal  is  one 
of  the  best  in  Germany.  The  houses  are  built  of 
freestone,  and  are  four  or  five  stories  high.     Nu' 


OAK 


mr 


o»o 


renberg  was  given  to  Bavaria  by  the  treaty  of  Til- 
sit in  1807.  It  is  95  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Munich  and 
250  W.  N.  W.  of  Vienna.  Long.  11.4.  E.,  lat. 
49.   27.  N. 

Jfurtingen,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg  with  an  hos- 
pital, founded  in  1481,  said  to  be  the  richest  found- 
ation in  the  kingdom.  It  is  situate  on  the  Neck- 
ar,  14  ra.  S.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Jfusserpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Sin- 
dy.  It  is  situate  on  the  Sinde,  53  m.  N.  E.  of 
Tatte.     Long.  69.  10.  E.,  lat.  25.  28.  N. 

Jfyhorg,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  the  isle  of  Funen.  The  remains  of  the  old  pal- 
ace, in  which  Christian  II.  was  born,  now  serve 
for  a  magazine  and  arsenal.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay 
of  the  Great  Belt,  ID  m.  E.  of  Odensee.  Long. 
10.40.  E.,  lat.  55.  30.  N. 

ffykioping,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
with  a  good  harbour,  on  the  gulf  of  Lymford.  It 
stands  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island  of  Mors,  which 
is  formed  by  branches  of  the  gulf,  40  m.  W.  by 
S  of  Alburg.     Long.  8.  36.  E.;  lat.  56.  52.  N. 

ffykopins,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  capital  of 
the  isle  of  Falster,  with  a  royal  palace,  and  one  of 
the  best  endowed  hospitals  in  the  kingdom.  It 
stands  on  a  narrow  channel,  opposite  the  island 
of  Laland,  60  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Copenhagen.  Long. 
11.58.  E.,  lat.  54.50.  N. 

Jfukoping,  a  government  of  Sweden,  compre- 
hending the  W.  part  of  Sudermania. 

Jfyfwping,  a  neat  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of 
Sudermania,  with  a  harbour,  and  the  remains  of 


a  strong  castle.  It  is  the  mo«t  ancient  town  in 
the  kingdom,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of 
the  kings  of  Sudermania.  It  is  seated  on  a  rivei 
of  the  same  name,  near  the  Baltic,  70  m.  S.  W. 
of  Stockholm.     Long.  17.  27.  E.,  lat.  58.  35.  N. 

JVyluTid,  a  province  of  European  Russia,  in 
Finland,  lying  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  to  the  W. 
of  Carelia.  It  is  120  m.  long  and  from  30  to  60 
broadband  is  a  fertile  pleasant  country,  being 
better  peopled  and  cultivated  than  the  neighbour- 
ing provinces.  The  inhabitants  (about  115,000) 
carry  on  some  trade  in  corn,  cattle,  planks,  linen, 
and  dried  fish. 

JVys'ot,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Wiburg,  on  the  lake  Saima.  The  castle,  which 
stands  on  a  rock  in  a  river,  near  the  town,  is 
strongly  fortified  by  nature  and  art.  It  was  taken 
by  the  Russians  in  1714,  restored  to  the  Swedes 
at  the  peace  of  Nj'stadt,  but  finally  given  up  to 
the  Russians  by  the  treaty  of  Abo  in  1743.  50 
m.  N.  W.  of  Wiburg. 

jXyslot,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Livonia,  with  a  castle  ;  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Narva. 

Kystadt,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  with  a 
commodious  harbour,  and  a  considerable  trade  in 
all  kinds  of  wooden  vessels.  In  1721  a  peace  was 
concluded  here  between  Russia  and  Sweden.  It 
is  sealed  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  33  m. 
N.  W.  of  Abo.     Long.  21.  31.  E.,  lat.  61.  10.  N. 

J^Tysted,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  S.  E.  coast 
of  the  isle  of  Laland.  It  carries  on  a  considera- 
ble trade  with  the  provinces  of  Germany,  and  is 
22  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Naxkow. 


O 


O,  or  ST.  MARTIN  DO,  a  town  of  France, 
department  of  Orne,  5  m.  S.  of  Argentan. 

Oahoona.  one  of  the  Ingraham  Isles,  which  is 
said  to  be  the  northernmost  of  all  this  cluster.  It 
lies  about  10  leagues  N.  E.  of  Nooheva.  To  this 
island  Captain  Roberts  gave  the  name  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Captain  Ingraham  had  before  called  it 
Washington. 

Oak  Flat,  p.v.  Pendleton  Co.  Va. 

Oak  Grove,  p.v.  Lunenburg  Co.  Va. ;  p.v.  Jas- 
per Co.  Geo. 

Oak  Hall,  p.v.  Pickens  Co.  Alab. 

Oakham,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  62  m.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,010. 

Oakham,  the  chief  town  of  Rutlandshire,  Eng. 
Near  the  church  are  the  decayed  walls  of  an  old 
tjastle  ;  and  in  1749  four  silver  pennies  of  the 
tater  Mercian  kings  were  found  here.  It  is  seated 
in  the  centre  of  a  fertile  valley,  called  the  Vale  of 
Catmorc.  28  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Nottincrham  and  98 
N.  by  W.  of  London.  Long.  0.  46.  W.,  lat.  52. 
42.  N. 

Oak/iampton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng. 
it  has  a  manufacture  of  serges,  and  the  remains 
of  a  castle,  dismantled  bv  Henry  VIII.  It  stands 
on  the  river  Oak,  24  m.  W.  of  Exeter  and  195  W. 
by  S.  of  London. 

Oakingkam.     See  Wokingham. 

OakkiU,p.v.  Green  Co.  N.  Y. ;  p.v.Fauquier  Co. 
Va. ;  p.v.  Howard  Co.  Missouri. 

Oakingham,  p.v.  Laurens  Dis.  S.  C.  92  m.  N, 
W.  Columbia. 

Oakland,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  4,910. 
Pontiae  is  th«  capital.    Also  villiiges  in  Oakland 


Co.  Mich.  Allegany  Co.  N.  Y.,  and  Anne  Arun- 
del, Co.  Md. 

Oakley,  p.v.  Seneca  Co.  Ohio. 

Oakmulga,  p.v.  Chesterfield  Co.  Va. 

Oakm-ulgee,  a  river  of  Georgia  flowing  into  the 
Alatamaha. 

Oaktomie,  p.v.  Covington  Co.  Mississippi, 

OakvUle,  p.v.  Buckingham  Co.  Va. 

Oatland  Mills,  p.v.  Loudon  Co.  Va. 

Oaxaca,  one  of  the  provinces  of  Mexico,  which 
See. 

Oaxaca,  ciiy,  the  capital  of  the  above  province 
is  seated  in  a  beautiful  valley  240  m.  S.  S.  E. 
Mexico.  Pop.  24.000.  The  churches  are  splendid, 
but  the  neighbourhood  is  subject  to  earthquakes. 

Oban,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire, 
seated  3  m.  to  the  S.  of  the  entrance  of  Loch 
Etive.  Here  is  an  excellent  harbour,  capable  of 
containing  upwards  of  500  merchantmen,  defend- 
ed from  the  westerly  winds  by  the  islands  of  Ker- 
rera  and  Mull.     It  is  33  m.  N.  W.  of  Inverary. 

Obdach,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Stiria, 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Achza  and  Traun,  9  ra  S.  E. 
of Judenburg. 

Oberkirch,  a  town  ol  Baden,  15  m.  E.  of  Stras- 
burg. 

Obemberg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Inn,  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Passau. 

Oberndorf,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,8eated  on  the 
Neckar,  8ra.  N.  N.  E.  of  Rothweil. 

Obidos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
with  the  remains  of  a  castle,  on  a  rock.  13  m. 
E.  of  Peniche  and  40  N.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon. 

OboUah,  a  strong  town  of  Persia,  in  Irac-Agemi, 
3  a2 


OCE 


658 


OCE 


•eated  on  a  branch  of  the  Tigris,  near  Bassora. 

Obskaia,  a  gulf  or  bay  of  Siberia,  in  the  Frozen 
Ocean,  about  3G0  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  from  45 
to  60  in  bioadth.  The  S.  W.  extremity,  where  it 
is  entered  by  the  river  Oby,  is  in  long.  G9.  15.  E., 
lat.  6(5  55.  N. 

Obvinsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Perm,  situated  on  the  Kama,  60  m.  N.  of  Perm. 
Long.  56.  0.  E.,  lat.  58.  44.  N. 

Ouy,  '>r  Ob,  the  largest  river  of  Siberia.  It  is- 
sues frorr  Lake  Altyn,  in  the  desert  of  Ischimska, 
runs  N.  W.  and  W.  by  Kolivan,  Narim,  and  Sur- 
gut, till  it  receives  the  Irtysh  from  Tobolsk,  when 
It  flows  N.  and  N.  E.,  and,  after  a  course  of  1,900 
m.  enters  the  gulf  of  Obskaia.  It  is  a  large  smooth 
stream,  abounds  in  fish,  and  is  navicrible  almost 
to  its  source.  In  its  course,  especially  after  the 
influx  of  the  Irtysh,  it  forms  a  great  number  of 
islands. 

Ocana,  an  ancient  town  of  Spain,  in  La  Man- 
cha,  formerly  fortified,  but  now  in  a  state  of  de- 
cay. In  1810  a  battle  was  fought  in  its  vicinity 
between  the  French  and  Spaniards.  30  m.  S.  S. 
£.  of  Madrid. 

Ocana,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  St.  Martha,  on  the  Rio  de  Oro,  which 
flows  to  the  Magdalena.  It  is  240  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
St.  Martha.     Long.  73.  26.  W.,  lat.  7.  40.  N. 

Oceanica,  a  nai.ie  introduced  by  Malte  Brun,  to 
designate  a  fifth  grand  division  or  the  globe,  com- 
prising the  islands  of  the  Indian  Seas  and  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  with  the  continent  of  New  Holland, 
and  all  the  Antarctic  regions.  The  limits  and 
general  character  of  this  division  of  the  earth  are 
described  by  this  celebrated  geographer  in  the 
following  words. 

The  Chinese  Sea  separates  Asia  from  the  great 
ocean,  as  the  Mediterranean  separates  Africa  from 
Europe.  To  the  west  we  continue  the  boundary 
line  through  the  strait  of  Malacc^,  and  then  turn- 
ing round  the  north  point  of  Sumatra,  we  proceed 
to  the  point  where  the  92d  meridian  east  from 
London  crosses  the  equator.  Through  the  whole 
southern  hemisphere,  that  meridian  will  form  a 
convenient  division  between  the  seas  of  New 
Holland  and  those  of  Madagascar  and  Africa. 
The  islands  of  Amsterdam  and  St.  Paul  will,  on 
this  principle,  remain  connected  with  the  Archi- 
pelago of  the  Indian  Ocean.  When  we  leave  the 
Chinese  Sea  to  the  north,  the  channel  between 
Formosa  and  the  Philippines  being  the  broadest, 
marks  the  natural  boundary.  From  this  we  draw 
a  line  which,  following  that  part  of  the  waters 
which  in  most  of  islands,  separates  the  Japanese 
seas  to  a  distance  of  300  or  450  m.,  and  reaches 
the  point  of  intersection  of  the  4()th  parallel  '>f 
north  latitude  with  the  l.'")2d  meridian.  The  40th 
parallel  will  continue  to  bound  the  new  division 
of  the  world,  till  we  come  to  the  point  where  it  is 
crossed  bv  the  158th  western  meridian  from  Lon- 
don. Tailing  our  departure  from  this  point,  we 
separate  the  North  American  seas  from  those  of 
the  Oceanic  Archi[)plago  by  the  shortest  line  that 
can  be  drawn  from  this  to  the  point  of  intersection 
«f  the  108th  western  meridian  and  the  equator. 
This  meridian  will  be  our  boundary  through  the 
Kouthern  lien.isphere 

The  fifth  part  of  the  world  thus  determined  is 
found  to  be  situated  in  the  Great  Ocean,  that 
which,  of  all  others,  is  the  Ocean,  by  way  of 
eminence.  This  essentl.il  character  is  not  com- 
-non  to  it  with  any  other  division  of  the  globe : 
it  is  a  character  which  impresses  a  special  physi- 
ognomy  on   its  geography,   as    well  as   on   its 


natural  and  its  civil  history.  It  is  therefore  wof 
thy  of  being  made  the  foundation  of  its  name. 
It  will  be  called  Oceanica,  and  its  inhabitants 
Oceanians  ;  names  which  will  supersede  the  un- 
meaning or  inaccurate  designations  of  Austral- 
asia, Notasia,  Austral  India,  and  Australia.  New 
Holland  has  not  one  Asiatic  feature.  Extend- 
ing the  principle  of  the  nomenclature  which  is  in 
present  use,  we  ought  to  call  Africa  "  Occiden- 
tal Asia."  This  designation  would  be  equally 
correct  with  those  others.  There  is  no  occasion 
for  perpetuating  the  memory  of  the  pretended 
Terra  Auslralis,  in  the  name  of  a  part  of  the  world 
which  is  not  exclusively  situated  on  the  Austral 
(or  southern^  hemisphere.  The  happier  term  of 
Polynesia  will  be  preserved  for  that  subdivision 
of  Oceanica  to  which  it  has  been  specially  ap- 
plied. 

The  great  countries  of  Oceanica  are  exposed 
to  the  influence  of  a  vertical  sun.  It  is  probable 
that  New  Holland,  unless  it  contains  inland  sras, 
has  a  climate  as  hot  and  arid  as  Africa.  The 
marshy  shores  of  some  islands  in  the  north-west 
of  Oceanica,  exposed  to  an  intense  heat,  generate 
a  pestiferous  air,  which  may  be  corrected  by  hu 
man  cultivation.  Notwithstanding  these  local  in- 
conveniences, Oceanica  presents  to  the  industri- 
ous, the  healthy,  and  the  temperate,  a  greater  di- 
versity of  delightful  climates  than  any  other  part 
of  the  world.  Such  islands  as  are  small  and  ele- 
vated resemble  so  many  paradises.  By  selecting 
localities  with  the  proper  elevations,  the  English- 
man may  find  his  fresh  lawns  and  his  moss-cov- 
ered trees,  the  Italian  his  orange-groves,  and  the 
West  Indian  planter  his  fields  of  sugar  cane. 
The  small  extent  of  these  islands  procures  for 
them  the  temperature  of  the  ocean.  The  heat 
never  becomes  insQpportable,  even  for  northern 
Europeans.  The  air  is  continually  renewed  by 
the  light  sea  and  land  breezes,  dividing  the  em- 
pire of  day  and  night.  Their  perpetual  spring  is 
rarely  disturbed  by  hurricanes  or  earthquakes. 
None  of  the  great  races  of  quadrupeds,  either  of 
Asia  or  New  Holland,  has  extended  to  the  small 
islands  of  Polynesia.  The  pig  is  the  only  one 
found  everywhere  domesticated,  and  is  the  same 
species  as  in  India  and  China.  Dogs,  cats,  and 
rats,  formed  the  whole  quadruped  class  in  these 
islands  before  Captain  Cook  supplied  them  with 
goats  and  cattle.  Ornithology  offers,  through  the 
whole  of  Oceanica,  a  little  more  variety,  along 
with  many  features  of  mutual  resemblance. 

The  vegetable  kingdom  of  Oceanica  presents  to 
us  all  the  riches  of  India  in  new  splendour,  and 
accompanied  by  new  pleasures  unknown  to  Asia. 
In  the  Sunda  islands,  the  Philippines,  and  the 
Moluccas,  rice  occupies  the  place  of  wheat;  and 
the  culture  of  it  is  probably  extended  over  New 
Guinea.  Further  to  the  east,  in  the  islands  of 
Polynesia,  there  are  four  exceedingly  useful  escu- 
lent plants,  which  grow  either  spontaneously,  or 
under  the  influence  of  culture ;  the  potato,  the 
yam,  and  two  species  of  arum,  from  which,  by 
culture  and  boiling,  a  sweet  farinaceous  substance 
is  obtained. 

Two  orders  of  trees  are  spread  overall  the  mid- 
dling and  small  islands  of  Oceanica,  which  de-; 
light  both  the  eye  and  the  taste.  The  numerous 
family  of  the  palms  is  extended  over  the  most  re 
mote  and  smallest  islands.  Between  the  tropics 
there  is  scarcely  a  rock  or  a  sand-bank  on  which 
these  trees  do  not  display  their  astonishing  vege-' 
tation.  The  palms  have,  in  the  interior  structure 
of  their  trunks,  no  analogy  with  other  trees.     In 


OCE 


559 


OCR 


habit  and  in  strMcture  they  resemble  the  ferns,  in 
their  blossom  the  grab^es,  and  the  asparigi  in  their 
mode  of  fructification  But  no  trees  are  so  portly 
and  magnificent  as  the  palms.  They  present  a 
straight  column,  perfectly  cylindrical,  crowned 
at  the  summit  with  a  vast  load  of  sprightly  leaves, 
arranged  in  circles  over  one  another,  and  put 
forth  from  their  common  receptacle  large  panicles, 
partially  inclosed  in  ample  sheaths,  and  loaded 
with  flowers  and  with  fruit.  But  their  majestic 
appearance  is  their  least  merit.  Their  beauty  is 
surpassed  by  their  usefulness.  The  external 
layers  of  the  trunk  furnish  a  hard  and  heavy  wood, 
which  may  be  formed  into  planks  and  stakes. 
The  sheaths  which  contain  the  clusters  of  fruit 
acquire  such  thickness  and  consistence  that  they 
are  often  used  as  vessels.  The  large  leaves  are 
employed  for  roofing  wigwams  and  cottages.  Ma- 
terials for  wadding,  flock,  and  cordage,  are  fur- 
nished by  the  fibrous  pericarp  of  the  cocoa-tree, 
by  the  leafstalks  of  several  other  species,  and  by 
the  filamentous  tissue  which,  in  all  of  them,  covers 
the  trunk.  Of  these  are  made  ropes,  cables,  and 
even  sail-cloth,  and  they  are  used  as  oakum  in 
caulking  vessels.  The  leaves  of  the  Macaw  tree 
(latinier)  serve  for  fans  to  the  Indian  fair  ones; 
those  of  the  Borassus  fiahelUfurmis  furnish  para- 
sols which  can  cover  ten  people  at  a  time.  The 
leaves  of  some  palms  are  used  for  writing  on  : 
the  shell  of  the  cocoa-nut  supplies  us  with  a  na- 
tural cup.  This  order  of  trees  furnishes  a  number 
of  excellent  dishes.  The  sweet  and  pulpy  sub- 
stance surrounding  the  shells  of  some  is  eaten  and 
pressed  in  a  variety  of  forms  :  such  are  the  Areca 
catechu  and  the  PlicEtiix  dactylifera.  In  some,  as 
the  cocoa-nut,  the  perisperm  or  cotyledonous 
tnaller,  while  in  others,  as  the  cabbage  palm,  or 
Areca  oJeracea,  the  terminal  leaf-bud  is  used  as  a 

[lot-herb.  The  milky  liquid  contained  in  the 
arge  cavity  of  the  cocoa-nut  is  capable  of  being 
converted  into  wine,  vinegar,  and  alcohol.  From 
the  same  fruit  a  good  oil  is  procured. 

Another  family  of  nutritious  trees  enjoyed  by 
the  Oceanian  nations  is  that  of  the  Jlrlocarpi  or 
bread-fruit  trees.  This  valuable  genus  rises  to  a 
height  of  forty  feet.  Its  trunk  acquires  the  thick- 
ness of  the  human  body.    The  fruit  Is  as  large  as 


a  chiH'.o  head.  Gathered  before  it  is  fully  ripe, 
and  baked  among  ashes,  it  becdhies  a  wholesome 
bread,  resembling  fresh  wheaten  bread  in  taste. 
For  a  period  of  eight  months,  this  tree  yields  its 
fruit  in  such  profusion,  that  three  of  them  will 
support  a  man  for  a  year.  The  inner  bark  of  the 
same  tree  is  manufactured  into  a  kind  of  cloth. 
'  ts  wood  is  well  adapted  for  building  cottages  and 
tfanoes.  Its  leaves  are  used  as  nap&ins  ;  its  glu- 
tinous and  milky  juice  furnishes  good  cement  and 
glue. 

The  inhabitants  of  Oceanica  seem  to  be  refera- 
ble to  two  stocks,  totally  distinct  both  in  physiog- 


nomy and  in  language ;  the  Malays,  or  Ye  ^ow 
Oceanians,  and  the  Oceanian  Negroes. 

The  Malays  are  no  longer  considered  by  the 
learned  as  having  originally  come  from  the  pen- 
insula of  Malacca  :  it  is  now  understood  that  it 
was  not  till  a  comparatively  recent  period  that 
they  became  inhabitants  of  that  country.  Their 
national  historians  trare  their  origin  to  the  island 
of  Sumatra;  they  also  describe  them  as  connect- 
ed with  the  Javanese ;  but  we  find  them  at  pre- 
sent extending  over  numerous  countries.  Not 
only  are  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  maritime  parts 
of  Borneo,  Celebes,  Luzon,  and  the  Moluccas,  of 
the  Malay  race  ;  but  the  innumerable  tribes  ol 
Polynesia,  or  eastern  Oceanica,  seem  to  have  the 
same  origin.  Although  the  Marians  are  5,500  ni. 
from  Easter  Island,  and  though  Owyhee  is  at 
nearly  an  equal  distance  from  New  Zealand,  we 
have  a  collection  of  facts,  authenticated  by  the 
concurring  testimony  of  numerous  observers, 
which  force  us  to  regard  the  families  disseminated 
over  this  wide  region  as  having  a  common  origin. 
The  islanders  have  tawny  complexions,  varying 
a  little  in  the  different  tribes,  independently  of 
any  ascertainable  circumstances  in  their  habits  of 
life  or  their  climate.  The  fairest  are  generally  in 
the  most  westerly  regions  ;  some  of  them,  as  the 
Battas  of  Sumatra,  are  directly  under  the  equator. 
The  hair  of  the  head  is  long,  lank,  rough,  and  al- 
ways black.  The  hair  of  the  beard,  and  in  gen- 
eral of  every  part  except  the  head,  is  scanty. 
They  are;  in  the  practice  of  plucking  out  that  of 
the  beard  in  their  youth.  The  Mahometan  priests, 
affecting  to  wear  long  beards,  cultivate  them  to 
the  best  of  their  power,  but  not  with  so  much 
success  as  to  escape  ridicule.  Their  persons  are 
short,  squat,  and  robust;  their  lower  limbs  some- 
what large,  but  not  ill-formed.  The  busts  of  the 
females  are  much  inferior  in  symmetry  to  those 
of  the  women  of  Indostan.  The  face  is  round, 
the  mouth  wide,  the  teeth  remarkably  good,  the 
chin  square,  the  cheek  bones  high,  the  cheeks 
rather  hollow.  The  nose  is  short  and  small,  never 
prominent,  but  never  flat ;  the  eyes  are  small,  and 
like  those  of  other  Orientals,  always  black.  They 
are  an  ill-looking  people  compared  to  the  Arabs, 
Birmans,  and  Siamese.  They  are  less  handsome- 
ly formed  than  the  Chinese,  but  have  much  better 
features. 

Differences  in  colour  and  in  the  appearance 
of  the  hair  have  been  observed  between  the 
great  and  the  common  people  in  Otaheite,  which 
led  Forster  to  believe  that  a  Malay  colony  had 
subdued  in  these  islands  some  prior  negro  tribes, 
of  the  race  which  inhabits  New  Guinea  and  New 
Holland.  But  others  may,  with  some  probability, 
ascribe  this  difference  to  habit  and  diet,  as  the 
great  live  on  the  flesh  of  quadrupeds,  and  the 
common  people  chiefly  on  fish. 

The  sifnilarity  of  the  languages,  as  exhibited  in 
the  very  imperfect  vocabularies  given  by  Forster 
Father  Gobien,  Marsden,  and  others,  is  strongly 
marked.  The  inhabitants  of  eastern  Oceanica 
speak  the  same  language  in  different  dialects,  and 
this  presents  a  singular  analogy  to  that  of  the 
Malays,  particularly  that  spoken  in  Sumatra. 

Ochsenfurt,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia, 
seated  on  the  Maine,  10  m.  S.  E.   of  Wurtzburg. 

Ochsenhausen,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  capital 
of  a  petty  principality  (formerly  the  territory  of 
a  rich  abbey),  which  was  given  to  prince  Met- 
ternieh  in  1803.     14  m.  S.  of  Ulm. 

Ocracoke  Inlet,  the  entrance  to  Pamlico  Sound, 
in  N.  Carolina,  7  leagues   S   W.  of  Caue  Hattfr- 


OEL 


fieo 


OHi2 


IM.    Lat.  34.  55.  N.     It  is  14  feet  deep  at  low 
water. 

Ocridtt..     See  Lochrida. 

Oczakotc,  or  Otc/iuhof,  a  decayed  sea-port  and 
fortress  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Cathari- 
nenslaf.  It  has  been  frequently  an  object  of  con- 
test between  the  Turks  and  Russians,  many  thou- 
sands of  whom,  on  both  sides,  have  fallen  in  its 
different  sieges.  The  Russians  took  it  by  storm 
in  1788,  and  it  was  confirmed  to  them  by  the 
subsequent  peace.  This  important  place  is  the 
key  to  both  the  Bog  and  the  Dnieper,  rivers  of 
great  consequence  to  this  part  of  the  empire.  It 
18  seated  near  the  Black  Sea,  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  estuary  of  the  Dnieper,  opposite  Kinburn,  50 
m.  W.  of  Cherson  and  190  N.  E.  of  Constanti- 
nople.    Long.  30.  30.  E.,  lat.  46.  35.  N. 

OdenbarA,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Deux  Fonts  ;  seated  on  the  Glan,  34  m.W.  of 
Mentr.. 

Odensee,  a  town  of  Denmark,  capital  of  tho 
isle  of  Funen,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  supplies 
the  greatest  part  of  the  army  with  all  their  leath- 
er accoutrements,  and  is  particularly  famous  for 
gloves.  Here  are  also  manufactures  .of  cloth, 
sugar,  and  soap  ;  it  is  situate  on  a  river,  6  m.  from 
the  bay  of  Stegestrand  and  90  W.  by  S.  of  Co- 
penhagen.    Long.  10.  25.  E.,  lat.  55.  30.  N. 

Oder,  a  river  of  the  Austrian  empire,  which 
rises  in  the  mountains  of  Moravia,  and  flows 
through  Brandenburg  and  Pomerania.  Below 
Stettin  it  forms  a  large  lake  or  bay,  called  Gross 
Haff,  and  then  enters  the  Baltic  Sea  lay  three 
channels,  called  Peene,  Swin,  and  Diwencrw ;  be- 
tween which  lie  the  islands  of  Usedom  andWollin. 

Oderberg.  a  town  of  Moravia,  on  the  confines 
of  Silesia,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Oder,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Elsa,  18  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Tes- 
cheii. 

Oderberg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Brandenburg,  situate  on  the  Oder,  25  m.  N.  W. 
of  Custrin. 

Odernheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  on  the  Seltz,  14  m.  S.  of  Mentz. 

Odernheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Deux  Ponts  ;  seated  on  the  Glan,  near  its 
conflux  with  the  Nahe,28  m.  S.  W.  of  Mentz. 

Odessa ,  a.  fortified  sea -port  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Catharinenslaf.  The  town  is 
well  built,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  size  and 
importance.  The  population  is  estimated  at 
nearly  40,000  who  carry  on  a  good  trade  and 
have  manufactures  of  woolens,  silks,  gunpowder, 
soap,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  Black 
Sea,  44  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Oczakow  and  99  E.  of 
Cherson. 

Odeypore.     See  Oudipore. 

Odeypore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
Jushpour,  m  the  province  of  Orissa.  Itis()0  m. 
N.  E.  of  Ruttenpour  and  220  N.  W.  of  Cuttack. 
Long.  83.  22.  E.,lat  22.  37.  N. 

OdUuim,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  Here 
are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  castle,  and  of  a 
royal  palace,  barns,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bas- 
ingstoke Canal,  24  n>.  N.  E.  of  Winchester  and 
42  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Ochsfeld,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  seated 
on  the  Alier,  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Brunswick. 

Oc/cwan,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  situ- 
ate near  the  Flohe,  9  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Chemnitz. 

OfJan,  an  island  of  Sweden,  in  the  Baltic,  se- 
^•arated  from  the  coast  of  Gothland  by  a  strait  12 
in.  broad  in  the  narrowest  part.  It  is  80  m.  long, 
bat  not  more  than  9    broad.    The  N.   part  has 


fine  forests,  and  quarries  of  excellent  freestone 
the    S.   is   more   level,  and   very  fertile.      Both 
parts   abound    in    alum    mines.     Bornholm,    the 
chief  town,  is  seated  on  the  strait,  22  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Calmar.     Long.  16  50.  E  ,  lat.  56.  48.  N. 

Oeh,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  which  now  forms 
part  of  the  government  of  Breslau,  belonging  to 
the  duke  of  Brunswick.  The  town  stands  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  is  surrounded  with  walls, 
and  has  a  palace,  formerly  occupied  by  the  prince. 
17  m.  E.  iN.  E.  of  Breslau.  Long.  17.  31.  E.,  lat. 
51.  12.  N. 

Oelsnitz.  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Elster,  6  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Plauen. 

Oepen,  or  Eupcn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Limburg,  with  considerable  manufactures  of 
cloth  ;  situate  on  the  Weze,  4  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Limburg. 

Oesel,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast  of 
Livonia,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Riga.  It 
is  74  m.  long  and  50  broad,  defended  by  two  forts, 
and  belongs  to    Russia    Arensberg  is  the  capital. 

Getting,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the  Inn,  8 
m.  N.  W.  of  Burkhausen. 

Ottting,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  well-endow 
ed  college.  It  is  seated  on  the  Wirnitz,  28  ni.  S. 
of  Anspach  and  69  N.  N.  W.  of  Munich.  Long. 
10.  40.  E.,  lat.  48.  56.  N. 

Offa's  Dike,  an  entrenchment  of  England  cast 
up  by  OfFa,  a  Saxon  king,  to  defend  England 
from  the  incursions  of  the  Welsh.  It  extends 
through  Herefordshire,  Shropshire,  Montgomery- 
shire, Denbighshire,  and  Flintshire,  from  the 
Wye  to  the  Dee. 

Offanto,  a  river  of  Naples,  which  rises  in  the 
Apennines,  passes  by  Conza  and  Monte  Verde, 
separates  Capitanata  from  Basilicata  and  Terra  di 
Bari,  and  enters  the  gulf  of  Venice  near  Barletta. 
It  is  the  ancient  Aufidus. 

Offen.     See    Buda. 

Offenbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt, and  the  principal  manufacturing  town  in 
the  duchy,  seated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Maine,  5 
rn.  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Offenburg,  a  town  of  Baden,  seated  on  the  Kint- 
zig,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Strasburg. 

Offida,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Ancona,  26  m.  S.  of 
Loretto. 

O^M«s,  p.  V.  Hampshire    Co.Va. 

Ogdm,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  10  m.  N.  W. 
Rochester.     Pop.  2,401 ;  p. v.  Scott  Co.  Missouri. 

Ogdensburg,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Os- 
wegatchie.  It  is  the  lowest  point  of  ship  naviga- 
tion on  the  St.  Lawrence  from  Lake  Ontario  ;  be- 
low, the  river  is  obstructed  by  rapids.  It  is  120 
m.  above  Montreal. 

Ogechee,  a  river  of  Georgia,  flowing  into  the 
Atlantic,  20  m.  S.  Savannah. 

Ogerslieim,  a.  town  of  the  Bavarian  circle  of  the 
Rhino,  12  m.  N.  of  Spire. 

Oglethorpe,  Ti  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  13,558. 
Lexington  is  the  capital. 

Oglio,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  principality  of 
Trent,  enters  Italy,  and  flows  between  the  prov- 
inces of  Begamasco  and  Bresciano,  through  the 
lake  of  Isero,  to  the  borders  of  the  Milanese,  and 
turning  S.  E.  enters  the  Mantuan,  where  it  joins 
the  Po,  above  Borgoforte. 

Ogmo,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  seated 
at  the  N.  E.  point  of  the  gulf  of  Siam,  56  m.  S, 
E.  of  Siank     Long.  101.  28.  E.,  lat.  13.  33.  N. 

Oheteroa,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  13  m    in 


OHI 


561 


OHI 


clreuit.  It  has  no  harbour,  and  is  neither  so  pop- 
ulous nor  fertile  as  the  islands  to  the  N.  of  it ;  but 
its  manufactures  are  of  a  superior  kind,  the  cloth 
is  of  a  better  dye,  and  the  spears  and  clubs  are 
better  carved  and  polished.  The  people  are  lus- 
•    ty  and  well  made,  and  rather  browner  than  those 

♦      of  Tahiti.     Long.  150.  47.  W.,  lat.  22.  27.  S. 

Ohio,  a  river  of  the  United  States  flowing  into 
the  Mississippi,  from  the  N.  E.  It  is  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  Allegany  and    Monongahela 

'»  which  rise  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  and 
unite  at  Pittsburg  in  the  former  state.  Its  gen- 
eral course  to  the  Mississippi  is  S.  W.  but  it  has  in- 
numerable sinuosities ;  its  length  in  a  straight 
line  from  Pittsburg  to  the  Mississippi  is  614  m. 
and  by  its  w^indings  908.  In  the  lower  part  of  its 
course  its  width  is  about  a  mile.  There  is  no  ob- 
struction to  the  navigation  except  the  falls  at 
Louisville,  which  are  avoided  by  a  canal.  See 
Louisville.  In  winter  and  spring  it  is  50  feet  deep- 
er than  at  the  end  of  summer,  when  it  may  be  for- 
ded at  the  falls.  The  rams  at  the  end  of  the  year 
raise  the  water  sometimes  12  feet  in  a  day.  Their 
highest  elevation  is  in  March.  For  half  its  length 
in  the  upper  part,  it  is  frozen  in  the  w-inter,  and 
the  breaking  up  of  the  ice  in  March  often  occa- 
sions immense  damage.  In  the  spring  of  1832  an 
tmcommon  flood  of  the  river  inundated  a  great 
part  of  Cincinnati,  overflowed  many  other  towns 
upon  the  banks,  and  destroyed  a  vast  amount  of 
property. 

The  Ohio  is  a  very  beautiful  river,  and  the  in- 
terval lands  upon  its  borders  are  highly  fertile.  It 
embosoms  more  than  100  islands,  and  the  scenery 
along  its  course  is  diversified  with  abrupt  eminen- 
ces, and  extensive  alluvial  tracts  covered  with 
thick  forests  of  sycamore,  dogwood,  and  other 
beautiful  trees.  It  is  of  great  importance  in  the 
navigation  of  the  western  states  and  is  connected 
with  Lake  Erie  by  a  canal.  See  the  following  ar- 
ticle. 

Ohio  Canal,  unites  the  Ohio  with  Lake  Erie. 
Beginning  at  Cleveland,  on  the  lake,  it  proceeds 
southerly  along  the  Cuyahoga,  to  the  portage  be- 
tween this  stream  and  the  Tuscawaras;  here  it 
strikes  the  latter  stream, and  passes  along  its  valley 
southwesterly.  It  then  passes  off  to  the  Scioto  and 
dessends  the  valley  ofthatriver  to  the  Ohio  at  Ports- 
mouth. It  is  306  m.  in  length,  besides  a  lateral  cut 
to  Columbus  of  11  m.,  and  the  Dresden-cut  with 
slack  water  navigation  of  17  m.  It  has  11,185  ft.  of 
lockage.  This  canal  was  projected  by  the  state  of 
Ohio.  It  was  begun  in  1825,  and  is  now  nearly 
finished.  It  has  cost  less  than  10,000  dollars  a 
mile.  Another  canal  joins  the  Ohio  with  the 
Miami.  It  leaves  the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati  and  ex- 
tends northerly  to  Dayton  on  the  Miami.  It  is 
70  m.  in  length.  A  further  communication  is 
projected  from  this  point  to  Lake  Erie  and  the 
Ohio  canal  by    rail-roads. 

Ohio,  one  of  the  United  States  ;  bounded  N.  by 
Michigan  Territory  and  Lake  Erie,  E.  by  Penn- 
sylvania and  Virginia,  S.  by  Virginia  and  Ken- 
tucky and  W.  by  Indiana.  It  extends  from  38.  30. 
to  42.  N.  lat.,  and  from  80.  35.  to  84.  47.  W.  long. 
220  m.  in  length  and  breadth,  and  containing  40, 
000  sq.m.  It  is  washed  on  the  whole  southern 
limit  by  the  Ohio,  and  is  intersected  by  its  tribu- 
taries the  Muskingum,  Scioto  and  Great  and  Lit- 
Ue  Miami.  The  Maumee,  Sandusky  and  Cuya- 
hoga flow  into  Lake  Erie.  In  this  part,  the  state 
has  150  m.  of  coast,  containing  several  harbours, 
the  chief  of  which  are  those  of  Sandusky,  Cleve- 
land and  Ashtabula.  There  are  no  mountains  in 
71 


the  state,  and  hardly  any  hills.  Most  of  the  soil 
is  susceptible  of  cultivation.  In  the  north  it  is 
somewhat  marshy  ;  the  banks  of  the  rivers  are 
highly  fertile  :  in  the  interior  are  extensive  plains 
of  excellent  soil,  and  the  state  altogether  may  be 
pronounced  equal  in  fertility  to  almost  any  region 
of  the  earth.  The  forests  consist  of  walnut,  various 
species  of  oaks,  hickory,  sugar  maple,  and  other 
sorts;  beech,birch,poplar,asli,  sycamore,  paw-paw, 
buckeye,  cherry,  dogwood,  elm,  hornbeam,  «&c. 
With  the  exception  of  a  few  cypress  tress,  this 
state  produces  hardly  any  evergreens.  Many 
sorts  of  medicinal  roots  are  found  here,  as  ginsenir, 
valerian,  colunibo,  snakeroot,  and  bloodroo"t 
Coal  is  abundant  in  the  eastern  parts,  as  also  iron, 
but  there  are  few  mines.  Marble  is  plentiful,  and 
salt  springs  furnish  water  nearly  as  strong  as  that 
of  the  sea.  Near  the  falls  of  tlie  Little  Miami,  are 
the  Yellow  Springs,  the  waters  of  which  are  a 
strong  chalybeate,  and  in  considerable  esteem  for 
their  medicinal  qualities. 


The  agricultural  products  are  maize,  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  spelt  and  buckwheat.  Fruits  are 
abundant,  and  the  soil  is  thought  to  be  the  best 
for  garden  vegetables  of  any  in  the  western  coun- 
try. Tobacco  has  been  lately  introduced.  Hemp 
is  cultivated  in  some  parts. 

Ohio  enjoys  the  most  active  commerce  of  all 
the  western  states.  The  northern  and  eastern 
counties  export  to  Montreal  and  New  York  by 
the  lake,  great  quantities  of  agricultural  produce. 
But  the  chief  of  the  exports  are  to  New  Orleans. 
The  articles  are  flour,  grain,  pork,  bacon,  lard, 
whiskey,  horses,  and  cattle. 

The  domestic  manufactures  are  considerable ,and 
there  are  some  large  manufactories  of  woolen,  cot- 
ton,and  paper,  at  Cincinnati,  Zanesville,  SteTiben- 
ville,  Dayton,  and  other  places.  The  manufacture 
of  steam  machinery,  and  oilier  articles  from  iron, 
is  considerable.  To  tlicse  may  be  added  linseed 
and  castor  oil, whiskey,  cabinet  Airnitiire  sind  snit. 

The  number  of  counties  in  Ohio  is  73.  Tiie 
Pop.  937,637.  Slavery  is  prohibited.  The  leg- 
islature is  called  the  Gniiral  Assnnhhj,  and  con- 
sists of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 
Tiie  senators  are  chosen  for  two  years  and  the 
representatives  for  one.  The  Governor  is  chosen 
for  two  years.  Suffrage  is  universal  and  elections 
are  popular.  Columbus  is  tlie  seat  of  government 
and  Cincinnati  the  largest  city.  The  other  towns 
of  importance  are  Zanesville,  Steubenville,  Cliilli- 
cothe,  Dayton,  Marietta  and  Circleville.  Tliere 
are  4  tribes  of  Indians  in  the  state;  the  Wyan- 
dots,  Shawnees,  Delawares,  and  Ottawas.  Tlie 
Senecas  have  recently  removed  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  four  tribes  number  about  1 ,500  souls, 
and  own  336,341  acres  of  land,  which  is  secured 
to  them  by  treaty.  Considerable  annuities  are 
paid  them  by  the  United  States  government. 


OKI 


562 


OLE 


The  most  numerous  reli^ouB  sect  are  the 
Presbyterians  ;  they  have  203  ministers  ;  tlie  Bap- 
tists 140;  tlie  MeUiodists  91;  the  Lutherans  87; 
Uje  Associate  Presbyterians  20  ;  the  German  Re- 
formed 82;  tiie  Episcopalians  16;  the  Sweden- 
borgians  4  ;  there  are  also  some  Catholics,  Uni- 
tarians, Universalists,  Quakers  and  Shakers. 
Two  universities  enjoy  endowments  from  tlie 
state;  they  are  established  at  Athens  and  Oxford. 
Tliere  are  also  colleges  at  New  Athens,  Hudson 
and  Gam  bier,  and  about  20  incorporated  acade- 
mies in  different  places. 

The  first  settlement  in  Ohio  was  made  at  Ma- 
rietta in  17d3.  A  territorial  government  was 
established  the  ne.xt  year.  In  lfc'02  it  was  admit- 
ted as  a  slate  into  the  Union.  The  fertility  of 
the  soil,  and  happy  local  position  of  the  state  for 
trade,  have  made  it  one  of  the  most  desirable  re- 
gions of  the  western  country  for  emigrants,  and 
its  inorea.se  in  population  and  wealth  has  been 
al.niost  unparalleled. 

Oliinu,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a  fine 
castle.  Great  quantities  of  tobacco  are  produced 
in  the  neighbourhood.  It  is  situate  on  the  Ohla, 
1()  m.  S.  E.  of  Breslau. 

Olirdruf,  a  town  of  Sa.xony,  in  Sa.xe-Gotha,  with 
a  castle  and  numerous  manufactures.  8  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Gotha. 

Olaingf.n,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  capital  of  the 
district  of  Hohenlohe,  with  an  academy.  In  the 
vicinity  of  the  town  many  Roman  antiquities  have 
been  found  since  1741.  It  stands  on  the  river 
Ohm,  which  divides  it  into  the  Old  and  New 
Town,28m.  S.  S.  W.  Mergentheim.  Long.  9. 
42.  E.,  lat.  49.  11.  N. 

Oick,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness- 
Bhire,  extending  4  m.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  contain- 
ing some  little  wooded  islands:  its  outlet  at  the 
N.  end  IS  the  river  Oich,  which  flows  by  Fort  Au- 
gustus into  the  S.  extremity  of  Loch  Ness. 

Oil  Creek,  p.t.  Crawford  Co.  Pa.,  on  a  creek  of 
the  same  name,  falling  into  the   Allegany. 

Oire,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'  Otranto, 
with  an  old  casJc,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
ennines, 20  m.  N.  E.  of  Tarento. 

Oisc,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  former  provinces  of  the  Isles  of  France  and 
Picardy.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  river  Oise, 
which  has  its  source  in  the  Ardennes,  and  joins 
the  Seine  below  Pontoise.  Beauvais  is  the  capi- 
tal 


Ohefonoko  Steamp,  in  Georgia  and  Florida  is  a 
Bort  of  marshy  lake  180  m.  in  circumference  giv- 
ing rise  to  the  rivers  St.  Mary  and  Suwany.  Du- 
ring the  wet  season  it  has  the  appearance  of  an 
inland  sea  witli  numerous  islands.  It  is  inhabited 
by  immense  numbers  of  alligators,  snakes,  frogs, 
and  all  sorts  of  reptiles  that  arc  engendered  in  miry 
regions    Vast  swarms  of  moschetoes  infest  the  air 


in  summer,  and  the  poisonous  vapours  which  th« 
heat  of  the  sun  raises  from  its  waters  in  that  sea 
son  render  the   neighbourhood   uninhabitable  for 
any  human  being. 

Ockloconee,  a  river  rising  in  Georgia,  and  flow- 
ing through  Florida  into  Ockloconee  Bivy,  40  m. 
E.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Apalachicola. 

Okotsk,  a  town  of  Siberia,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  same  name,  in  the  government  of  Ir- 
kutsk. It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Okota,in 
a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  called  the  Sea  of 
Okotsk,  490  m.  E.  S.  of  Yakutsk.  Long.  143. 
12.  E.,  lat.  59.  20.  N. 

Oldenburg,  a  grand  duchy  of  Germany,  consist- 
ing of  several  scattered  portions.  Oldenburg 
Proper  was  formerly  a  county,  united  with  Del- 
menhorst,  and  when  the  line  of  its  counts  became 
extinct,  in  ll)G7,  it  devolved  to  the  royal  family  of 
Denmark.  In  1773  it  was  exchanged  by  Denmark 
with  the  grand  duke  of  Russia  for  the  district  of 
Kiel  in  Holstein  ;  and,  in  1777,  the  emperor  of 
Germany  raised  it  to  the  the  rank  of  a  duchy. 
The  reigning  duke  was  expelled  by  Napoleon  in 
1810,  but  was  restored  in  1813,  and  at  the  con- 
gress of  Vienna  received  the  title  of  grand  duke 
He  now  possesses,  besides  Oldenburg  Proper  (in- 
cluding Delmenhorst  and  the  lordships  of  Varel, 
Jever,  and  Kniphausen),  the  principality  of  Eu 
tin  (formerly  the  bishopric  of  Lubec)  in  Holstein 
and  the  lordship  of  Birkenfeld,  ceded  by  Prussia 
out  of  the  territory  on  the  Rhine.  The  inhabi- 
tants are  of  the  Lutheran  religion. 

Oldenburg,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  the  foregoing  duchy,  and  the  residence  of 
the  grand  duke.  The  church  of  St.  Lambert  con- 
tains the  tombs  of  the  last  counts  of  Oldenburg, 
which  are  very  curious.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hun- 
ta,  22  m.  W.  of  Bremen  and  76  S.  S.  W.  of 
Hamburgh. 

Oldenburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Holstein,  seated  near  the  Baltic,  28  m.  N.  of 
Lubec. 

Oldensael,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Ove- 
ryssel,  30  m.  E.  of  Deventer. 

Oldeslohe,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Holstei.i, 
with  extensive  salt-works,  seated  on  the  Trave, 
17  m.  W.  of  Lubec. 

Old  Fort,  p.v.  Centre  Co.  Pa.;  p. v.  Burke  Co. 
N.  C. 

Oldham,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  built  on 
high  ground,  on  a  branch  of  the  Medlock,  and 
near  the  Irk,  whose  streams  give  motion  to  the 
machinery,  &c.,  of  numerous  manufactures,  7  m 
N.  of  Manchester. 

Oldham,  a  county  of  Kentucky  on  the  Ohio 
Pop.  9,563.  Westport  is  the  capital. 

Old  Point,  Comfort,  a  cape  on  the  North  en 
trance  of  James  river,  Va. 

Old  Town,  or  Indian  Old  Town,  i  settlement 
of  Penobscot  Indians  on  an  island  'u  Penobscot 
river,  Maine,  12  m.  above  Bangoj  They  are 
about  300  in  number,  and  have  a  Catholic  priest 
and  a  school. 

Old  Town,  p.t.  Allegany  Co.  Md.;p.v.  Ross 
Co.  Ohio. 

Ocean,  p.t.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop  561. 

Oleron,  a  populous  and  fertile  island  of  France, 
5  m.  from  the  W.  coast,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
the  Charente.  It  is  20  m.  long  and  5  broad,  and 
belongs  to  the  department  of  Lower  Charente. 
This  island  was  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the 
crown  of  England  ;  and  here  Richard  L  com- 
piled the  code  of  maritime  laws  called  the  Laws 
of  Oleron,  which  are  received  by   a.]'  nations  in 


OLT 


563 


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Europe  as  the  ground  and  substruction  of  all  their 
marine  constitutions. 

Oleion,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  with  a  castle  ;  sealed  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  island  of  Oleron,  13  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Roche- 
fort.  Long.  1.   15.  W.,  lat.  45.  48.  N. 

Oleron,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  on  the  Gave,  10  ra.  S.   W.  of  Pau. 

Olika,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia,  with  a 
eitadel,  20  m.  E.  of  Lucko. 

Olinda.     See  Pernambuco. 

OZtto,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  king  of  Navarre,  but  now 
much  reduced.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country, 
20  m.  N.  of  Tudela. 

OUea,  a  sea-port  of  W.  Prussia,  where  a  peace 
was  concluded,  in  16G0,  between  the  emperor  of 
Germany  and  the  kings  of  Sweden  and  Poland. 
It  is  situate  on  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Dantzic.  10 
m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Dantzic.  Long.  18.  32.  E.,lat. 
54.  24.  N. 

Oley,  a  township  of  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

OZicc,townships  in  Morgan  and  Meigs  Cos. Ohio. 

Olivenca,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  which,  with  its  territory,  formerly  be- 
longed to  Portugal,  but  was  ceded  to  Spain  in 
1801.     It  is  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Badajoz. 

Ollorton,  a  town  of  Nottinghamshire,  Eng. 
seated  on  the  river  Maun,  and  surrounded  by  hop 
plantations,  which  contribute  greatly  to  its  pros- 
perity. 14  m.  N.  W.  of  Newark  and  137  N.  by 
W.  of  London. 

Olmedo,  a  decayed  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seat- 
ed near  the   Adaja,  25  m.  S.  of  VaJladolid. 

Olmutz,  a  district  or  circle  of  the  Austrian  prov- 
ince of  Moravia,  containing  2,000  sq.  m.  with  347, 
300  inhabitants.  The  N.  part  is  mountainous, 
but  the  S.  level  and  fertile. 

Olmutz,  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  and 
formerly  of  Moravia,  is  an  archbishop's  see,  and 
has  a  famous  university.  It  is  fortified,  well 
built,  and  almost  surrounded  by  the  river  Morau. 
In  1741  it  was  taken  by  the  king  of  Prussia  who 
attempted  it  again  in  1758,  but  was  obliged  to 
raise  the  siege.  The  emperors  of  Russia  and 
Austria  met  here  in  1805,  previously  to  the  battle 
of  Austerlitz.  It  is  80  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Vienna, 
and  97  S.  of  Breslau.  Long.  17.  15.  E.,  lat.  49. 
33.  N. 

Olney,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  bonelace  ;  seated  on  the  Ouse, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Northampton  and  55  N.  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Olonetz,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly  in- 
cluded in  the  government  of  Novogorod.  In  this 
district  are  mines  of  copper  and  iron.  The  capital 
is  Petrozavodsk. 

Olonetz,  a  town  of  the  foregoing  government 
near  which  are  a  mineral  spring  and  an  iron  forge. 
It  is  situate  on  the  river  Olonzo,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  lake  of  Ladoga,  100  m.  across  the  lake,  N. 
E.  of  Petersburg. 

Olonetz  Mountains,  a  chain  of  mountains  in 
the  N.  W.  part  of  Russia,  which  runs  in  a  direc- 
tion almost  due  N.  for  the  space  of  1 ,000  m.  form- 
ing part  of  the  boundary  between  this  country  and 
Sweden. 

Olonne,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ven- 
dee, 35  m.  W.  of  Fontenay  le  Comte. 

Olphcn,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  17  m. 
S.  S    W.  of  Munster. 

Olten,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Soleure  ;  seated  on  the   Aar,  17  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Soleure. 


Olympian  Springs,  in  Bath  Co.  Ken.,  ncaf 
the  source  of  Licking  river  ;  they  are  considera- 
bly frequented  by  invalids.  The  water  conta-na 
iron,  sulphur,  and  carbonic  acid. 

Olympus,  a  celebrated  mountain  of  Natolix 
The  ancients  supposed  its  top  reached  the  heavens, 
and  from  that  circumstance  placed  the  residence 
of  the  gods  there,  and  made  it  the  court  of  Jupiter. 
It  is  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Bursa.  Also  a  mountain  in 
Thessaly,  separated  from  Ossa  by  the  celebrated 
vale  of  Temf>e ;  it  is  6,000  feet  in  height.  There 
is  beside  a  mountain  in  the  island  of  Candia  with 
this  nama 

Oniugh,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Tyrone,  14  m.  S.  of  Strabane. 

Oman,  a  province  of  Arabia,  bonnded  on  the 
N.  W.  by  the  Persian  Gulf,  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  by 
the  ocean,  and  S.  W.  by  extensive  deserts.  It  is 
possessed  by  a  number  of  petty  sovereigns,  the 
most  considerable  of  whom  is  the  imam  of  Ros- 
tak.  The  chief  town  is  Mascat. 

Ombo,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Nile, 26  m.  N.  of  Esne. 

Oinbrone,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Siennese, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ombrone,  5  m.  S.  of 
Grossetto. 

Omegna,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  prov- 
ince of  Novara,  on  the  N.  E.  side  of  Lake  Orta, 
25  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Novara. 

Omer,  St.,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Pas  de  Calais.  It  owes  its  name  and 
importance  to  a  saint,  who  built  a  grand  monaste- 
ry here  in  the  7th  century.  The  cathedral  and  the 
church  of  St.  Berlin  are  magnificent  structures. 
About  a  league  from  the  town  is  a  great  morass, 
in  which  are  some  floating  islands.  St.  Omer  is 
seated  on  the  Aa,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  8  m.  N. 
W.  of  Aire  and  135  N.  of  Paris.  Long  2.  15.  E., 
lat.  50.  44.  N. 

Ommen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,    in    Ove- 
ryssel,  sealed  on  the  Vecht,  17  m.  N.    E.  of   D« 
venter. 

Ommirabih.     See  Morbeys. 

Omoa,  a  town  of  Honduras.  It  is  seated  on 
the  bay  of  Honduras,  80  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Val- 
ladoJid. 

Omsk,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Tobolsk,  situate  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Om  with  the  Irtysh,  350  m.  S.  E.  ofTobolsk. 
Long.  74.  54.  E.,  lat.  54.  14.  N. 

Onecote,  a  village  in  Stifibrdshire,  Eng.  8  m. 
N.by  E.  of  Cheadle,  noted  for  the  rich  copper 
mines  in  its  vicinity. 

C)nec/(oi<7,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the 
N.  Pacific,  5  leagues  W.  of  Atooi.  Its  eastern 
coast  is  high,  and  rises  abruptly  from  the  sea, 
but  the  other  parts  consist  of  low  ground,  except 
a  round  bluff'head  on  the  S.  E.  point.  It  produ- 
ces plenty  of  yams,  and  a  sweet  root  called  tee. 
Long.  161.  0.  W.,  lat.  21.  50.  N. 

Oneg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Archangel,  on  the  river  Onega,  near  the  White 
Sea,  80  m.'S.  S.  W.  of  Archangel.  Long.  37.  54. 
E.,  lat.  63.  53.  N. 

Onega,  a  river  and  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Olonetz.  The  lake  is  100  m.  long 
and  40  broad,  and  has  a  communication  with  the 
lake  Ladoga.  The  river  gives  its  name  to  a 
country  fuUof  woods,and  flows  into  theWhiteSea. 

Oneglia,  a  province  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont,  surrounded  by  the  territory  of  Genoa, 
and  the  sea.  It  abounds  in  olire-oil,  fruits,  and 
wine. 

Oneglia,  or   OneiiU,  a  sea^port  of  Piedmont 


OON 


564 


ORA 


capital  of  tlie  above  province.  In  1792,  the  French 
took  it  by  storm,  and  set  it  on  fire  in  several  pla- 
ces. It  18  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Imperiale, 
55  m.  S.  W.  of  Genoa.  Long.  7.  57.  E.,  lat.  43. 
58.  N.  . 

Oneida,  a  lake  of  New  York  discharging  its 
water  into  L.  Ontario.  It  has  a  canal  communi- 
cation with  the  Mohawk.  It  is  20  m.  long  and  4 
broad. 

Oneida,  a  county  of  New  York  lying  upon  the 
above  lake.  Pop.  41,326.  Uticaisthe  capital. 
Oneida  Castle,  p. v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 
One  Leg,  a  township  in  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio, 
114m.  N.E.Columbus.  Pop.  1,645.  The  ge- 
nius that  invented  this  name  must  have  been  a 
limping  concern. 

Onezkoe,  a  lake  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Olonetz,  120  m.  long  and  40  broad.  It  contains 
several  islands. 

Ongar,  or  Chipping  On<rar,  a  town  in  Essex, 
Eng.  21  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Ongolr,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
capital  of  a  district  of  its  name  belonging  to  Bri- 
tain. It  is  78  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Condapilly  and  166 
N.  by  W.  of  Madras.  Long.  79.  56.  E.,  lat.  15. 
28.N. 

Onion,  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Vermont, 
which  flows  through  a  fertile  country,  and  after 
a  course  of70  m.  lalls  into  Lake    Champlain. 

Onondaga,  a  lake  of  New  York  communicating 
with  lake  Ontario.     It  is  6  m.  long  and  1    broad. 
Onondaga,  a  county  of  New  York  on  the  above 
lake.    Pop.  58,974.  Syracuse  is  the  capital. 

Onondaga,  p.t.  in  the  above  county  50  m.  W. 
Utica.  Pop.  5,668.  Here  are  very  large  salt  works. 
See    Sal.ina. 

Onrust,  a  small  island  near  the  coast  of  Java, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  of  Batavia.  Here 
the  Dutch  formerly  repaired  their  ships,  and  had 
large  warehouses,  which  were  destroyed  by  the 
British. 

Onslow,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  7,814. 
Ontario,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  situate  between 
75.  and  79.  W.  long.,  and  43.  and  44.  N.  lat.  Its 
length  is  180  m.  and  50  its  medium  breadth.  On 
its  S.  W.  part  it  receives  the  waters  of  lake  Erie 
by  the  river  Niagara,  and  near  the  S.  E.  the 
Onondago  River  ;  and  on  the  N.  E.  is  its  outlet 
the  river  Iroquois,  or  St.  Lawrence.  It  is  500  m. 
in  circumference,  and  abounds  with  fish,  among 
which  are  the  Oswego  bass,  weighing  three  or 
four  pounds.  The  islands  are  principally  at  the 
eastern  end.  The  chief  harbours  are  York  and 
Kingston,  belonging  to  the  British,  and  Sackets' 
Harbour  belonging  to  the  Americans. 

Ontario,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  40,167. 
Canandaigua  is  the  capital ;  also  a  county  in  Up- 
per Canada. 

Ontario,  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,587. 
Oodamally  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Coimbe- 
tore,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Coimbetore. 

OonaJashka,  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Northern 
Archipelago,  visited  by  Cook  in  his  last  voyage. 
The  natives  are  described  as  very  peaceable. 
Fish  and  other-sea  animals,  birds,  roots,  berries. 
and  even  sea  weed,  compose  their  food.  They 
dry  quantities  of  fish  during  the  summer,  which 
they  lay  up  in  small  huts  for  their  use  in  winter. 
Their  clothing  is  chiefly  composed  of  skins. 
The  upper  garment,  made  like  a  wagoner's 
frock,  reach  down  to  the  knees.  Besides  this, 
they  wear  a  waistcoat  or  iwo,  a  pair  of  breeches, 
a  fur  cap,  and  boots.  They  manufacture  mats 
and  baskets  of  gr&sa,  which  are  both  "tronjr  and 


beautiful  ;  and  there  is  a  neatness  and  perfection 
in  most  of  their  works,  which  shows  that  they 
are  not  deficient  in  ingenuity  and  perseverence. 
Long.  165.  0.  W.,  lat.  53.  5   N. 

Oosthorrh,  a  town  and  fort  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  Isle  of  Cadsand,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Sluys. 

Oostenhy,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  Isle  of 
Oeland,  27  m.  S.  of  Borkholm. 

Ootatore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carna- 
tic, 22  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Tanjore  and  80  S.  W.  of 
Pondicherry. 

Opelousas,  p.  v.  St.  Landry  Parish,  Louisiana. 
223  m.  N.   W.  New  Orleans. 

Opiieim,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
Bergen,  45  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Bergen. 

Oporto,  or  Porto,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Portugal, 
in  Entre  Douro  e  Minho.  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  by  nature  almost  impregnable  ;  and  is  no- 
ted for  its  strong  wines,  of  which  large  quantities 
are  exported  to  England  ;  whence  all  red  wines 
from  Spain  and  Portugal  are  called  Port  wines. 
The  other  chief  exports  are  oranges,  lemons,  oil, 
sumach,  and  linen  cloth.  Its  commerce  greatly 
increased  after  the  earthquake  at  Lisbon,  in  1755; 
before  that  time  the  population  was  estimated  at 
20,000,  and  it  is  now  said  to  be  70,000.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  mountain,  near  the  river 
Douro,  which  forms  an  excellent  harbour,  172 
m.  N.  by  E.  of  Lisbon.  Long.  8.  22.  W.,  lat.  41 
10.  N. 

Oppeln,  a  province  of  the  Prussian  states,  com- 
prising the  greater  part  of  Upper  Silesia.  It  con- 
sists chiefly  of  hills  and  mountains  abounding 
with  extensive  forests,  and  containing  a  large 
store  of  valuable  minerals.  The  district  called 
the  principality  of  Oppeln,  including  more  than 
half  this  province,  was  formerly  governed  by  its 
own  duke. 

Oppeln,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  with 
a  Catholic  collegiate  church.  It  has  a  great  trade 
in  wool,  and  stands  on  the  Oder,  150  m.  S.  £.  of 
Breslau.     Long.  18.  0.  E.,  lat.  50.  39.  N. 

OppenJieim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 
Darmstadt.  The  vicinity  produces  excellent  wine. 
It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  Rhine, 
12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Mentz. 

Oppenhcim,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  N. 
Y.  on  the  Mohawk.  Pop   3,650. 

Oppido,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Reg- 
gio. 

Oppido,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  5  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Acerenza. 

Oppurg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Meissen,  with  a  castle,  4  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Neu- 
stadt. 

Orach,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bosnia, 
near  the  river  Drino,  60  m.  S.  W.  of  Belgrade. 

Oran,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Algiers,  in  the 
province  of  Tremecen,  with  an  excellent  harbour, 
almost  opposite  Carthagena  in  Spain.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1509,  and  re-taken  in 
1708.  In  1732  the  Spaniards  became  masters  of 
it  again.  In  1790  it  was  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, little  besides  the  exterior  walls  being  left 
standing,  when  2,000  persons  perished.  225  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Algiers.  Long.  0.  5.  W.,  lat.  35. 
58.  N. 

Oran,  p.v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y. 
Orange,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Vancluse,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant place  in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  but  at  pre- 
sent is  remarkable  only  for  its  antiquities.  A 
triumphal   arch,  200   paces  from  the  town,  was 


ORU 


565 


ORE 


formerly  within  its  limits  ;  and  here  are  also  the 
remains  of  a  fine  amphitheatre,  some  aquedvjcts, 
«&c.  The  fortifications  were  demohshed  by  Louis 
XIV.  in  1682.  The  chief  manufactures  are  linen, 
Borge,  and  paper.  The  city  is  seated  in  a  fine 
plain,  on  the  river  Aigues,  12  m.  N.  of  Avignon 
and  57  S.  of  Valence. 

Oranfre,  a  county  of  Vermont.  Pop.  27,286. 
Chelsea  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  New  York. 
Pop.  45,372.  Goshen  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
the  E.  District  of  Virginia.  Pop.  14,637.  Orange 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop. 
23,875.  Hillsborough  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
Indiana.     Pop.  7,909.  Paoli  is  the  capital. 

Orancre,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  15  m.  S.  E.  Mont- 
pelier.  °Pop.  1,016;  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  80 
m.  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  880 ;  p.v.  Orange  Co.  N. 
Y.;  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  J.;  towns  in  Cuyahoga,  Rich- 
land, Trumbull,  Shelby,  Meigs  and  Delaware 
Cos.  Ohio. 

Oran<reburg,  a  District  of  S.  Carolina.  Pop. 
18,455.' 

Orancre  Springs,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  Va.  100  m.  N. 
W.  of  Richmond. 

Orangetmcn,a.  township  of  Rockland  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  the  Hudson.  Pop.  1,947. 

Orangeville,  p.t.  Genessee  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  S. 
BataviaT  Pop.  1,525 ;  p.v.  Columbia  Co.  Pa. 

Orange  River,  a  river  of  S.  Africa  in  the  Cape 
Colony  running  into  the  Atlantic  in  lat.  28.  30.  S. 

Oranienbaum,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  duchy 
of  Anhalt- Dessau,  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Dessau. 

Oranienbaum,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Ingria.  It 
is  seated  in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  20  m.  W.  of 
Petersburg. 

Oranicnburg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  Middle 
Mark  of  Brandenburg ;  situate  on  the  Havel,  18 
m.  N.  of  Berlin. 

Oratava,  a  town  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island  of 
TenerifFe,  and  the  chief  place  of  trade.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  bottom  of  an  amphitheatre  of  mountains, 
out  of  which  rises  the  Peake  of  TenerifFe.  Its  port 
is  at  3  m.  distance.  Long.  16.  24.  W.,  lat.  28. 
23.  N. 

Orbassan,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with  1,700  in- 
habitants, 6  m.  S.  W.  of  Turin. 

Orbe,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Pays  de 
Vaud,  32  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bern. 

Oibe,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  late  electorate 
of  Mentz,  celebrated  for  its  salt  works,  26  m.  E.  of 
Frankfort. 

Orbitcllo,  a  sea-port  of  Tuscany,  in  the  province 
of  Sienna,  with  a  good  harbour,  protected  by  sev- 
eral forts.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  mouth  of  tne  Albegna,  63  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Si- 
enna.    Long.  11.  6.  E.,  lat.  42.  28.  N. 

Orbre,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the  Ce- 
vennes,  flows  by  Beziers,  and  enters  the  gulf  of 
Lions  at  Serignan. 

Orcades.     See  Orkneys. 

Orchies,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
12  m.  S.  S.  E.ofLisle. 

OrclUlla,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in  the  Carri- 
bean  Sea,  N.of  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma.  Long. 
65.  20.  E.,  lat.  12.  0.  N. 

Orcliimont,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
territory  of  Luxemburg,  situate  on  the  Semoy, 
18  m.  N.  of  Sedan. 

Ordingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  late  elec- 
torate of  Cologne;  seated  near  the  Rhine, 36  m. 
N.N.  E.  of  Cologne. 

Orduna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated  in 
a  valley  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  20  m.  S. 
W.  of  Bilbao. 


Orehro,  a  government  of  Sweden,  comprising 
the  old  province  of  Nericia,  part  of'  Westmann- 
land,  and  a  small  part  of  Warmoland.  It  contains 
1,780  square  miles,  with  100,000  inhabitants. 

Orebro,  the  capital  of  tlie  ahove  mentioned  gov 
ernment  has  a  considerable  trade  with  Stockholm, 
across  the  lakes  Hielmar  and  Maeler,  by  means 
of  the  river  and  canal  ot  Arboga ;  sending  iron, 
vitrol,  and  red  paint,  in  particular,  to  that  capital. 
In  the  middle  of  the  town,  on  a  small  island  form 
ed  by  the  Swart,  stands  the  castle,  formerly  a 
royal  residence.  It  is  seated  near  the  W.  extrem- 
ity of  the  lake  Hielmar,  100  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Stockholm.    Long.  15.  12.  E.,  lat.  59.  30.  N. 

Oregon,  or  Columbia,  a  river  of  the  United 
States  flowing  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  about  lat.  55.  N.  and 
flows  S.  W.  to  the  Sea  in  lat.  46.  15.  N.  Its 
length  is  1,500  m.,  and  it  has  several  large  tribu- 
taries as  Clark's  River,  Lewis's  River,  and  the 
Multnomah.  Its  head  streams  are  near  those  of 
the  Missouri,  and  its  course  is  considerably  ob- 
structed by  falls,  but  it  admits  a  navigation  180 
m.  from  its  mouth.  All  its  waters  abound  in  fine 
salmon,  and  towards  the  sea,  they  contain  great 
numbers  of  seals. 

Oregon  Territory,  the  popular  name  of  all  that 
part  of  the  United  Slates  territory  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  watered  by  the  abovemention- 
ed  river.  It  extends  from  42.  to  51.  N.  lat.  along 
the  coast  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  bounded  N. 
by  the  Russian  and  British  American  possessions, 
E.  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  S.  by  the  Mexican 
territories,  and  W.  by  the  Pacific.  Between  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  the  sea  is  another  chain 
through  which  the  Oregon  river  passes  at  tlie 
great  falls,  and  still  farther  west  another  ridge 
runs  parallel  with  the  coast  at  about  150  m.  dis- 
tance. These  ridges  are  lofty,  and  their  peaks 
are  covered  with  perpetual  snow.  Among  these 
mountains,  there  are  sheltered  and  fertile  valleys. 
The  timber  in  the  mountains  is  pine,  spruce,  fir, 
&-C.  The  plains  generally  have  a  fine  soil ;  but  are 
very  deficient  in  timber.  The  prairies,  like  those 
on  tlie  eastern  sides  of  these  mountains,  are  cov- 
ered with  grass,  and  a  profusion  of  most  beautiful 
flowers.  Among  the  prairie  plants  are  two  or 
three  kinds  of  edible  roots,  wliich  furnish  vegeta- 
ble food  to  the  savages,  as  an  aid  to  the  great 
proportion  of  salmon,  which  they  devour.  Wild 
sage  is  also  an  abundant  herb.  It  grows  of  a 
height  equal  to  that  of  small  tree  ;  and  on 
these  extensive  plains  is  one  t)f  the  principal  ar- 
ticles of  fuel.  The  sea  sliore,  for  a  considerable 
distance  to  the  interior,  is  skirted  with  deep  and 
thick  forests  of  evergreens,  such  as  pine  and  hem- 
lock. Sheltered  on  the  north  by  protecting  ridges 
of  mountains,  and  the  breezes  from  the  west  be- 
ing softened  by  coming  over  immense  extents  of 
sea,  the  climate  is  as  mild  as  it  is  in  the  country 
east  of  these  mountains  four  of  five  degrees  south 
of  that  point.  When  Lewis  and  Clark  left  the 
country  in  March,  and  in  tiie  latitude  of  Mon- 
treal, the  prairies  were  in  blossom,  and  the  for- 
wardness of  the  season  seems  to  have  correspond- 
ed with  that  of  North  Carolina  at  the  same  time. 
The  winters  are  rainy,  and  some  parts  of  them 
severe. 

The  Spaniards  first  discovered  this  country. 
The  river  was  discovered  by  Captain  Gray,  in  the 
ship  Columbia  of  Boston  ;  and  it  was  explored  in 
1805  by  Lewis  and  Clark.  A  settlement  of  fur 
traders  was  made  at  its  mouth  by  the  Americans, 
but  it  was  afterwards  abandoned.  The  Indians 
3B 


ORE 


566 


ORK 


in  the  territorj  are  numbered  at  140,000.  On  the 
northern  part  of  the  coast  is  Nootka  Sound  lying 
between  a  large  island  and  the  continent.  The 
savages  which  inhabit  these  parts  are  better  known 
than  any  other  of  the  Northwestern  tribes. 

These  savages  call  themselves  Wakash.  Their 
height  is  above  the  middle  stature,  and  they  are 
of  a  muscular  frame.  Their  features  are  charac- 
terized by  a  prominence  of  the  cheek-bones. 
Their  faie  j«  oiien  very  much  compressed  above 
the  cheeks,  and  appears  to  sink  abruptly  between 
the  temples.  Their  nose,  flat  at  the  base,  is  mark- 
ed by  wide  nostrils,  and  a  round  point.  Their 
forehead  is  low,  their  eyes  small  and  black,  and 
their  lips,  broad,  thick  and  round.  In  general, 
they  are  entirely  destitute  of  beard,  or,  at  most 
have  only  a  small  thin  tuft  at  the  point  of  their 
chin.  This  deficiency,  however,  is  perhaps  owing 
to  an  artificial  cause  ;  for,  some  of  them,  and, 
especially  their  old  men,  have  bushy  beards,  an'J 
even  mustachios.  Their  eye-brows  are  scantily 
supplied  with  hair,  and  are  always  straight ;  but 
they  have  a  considerable  quantity  of  very  harsh, 
and  very  strong  hair  on  their  head,  which,  with- 
out »  single  exception,  is  black  and  straight,  and 
float/i  on  their  shoulders.  A  coarse  dress  of  linen, 
with  A  covering  from  the  skin  of  the  bear  or  sea- 


otter,  red,  black,  and  white  pigments,  with  which 
they  besmear  their  body,  the  whole  of  their  or- 
dinary costume,  in  short,  forms  the  image  of 
wretchedness  and  ignorance.  Their  war-dress  is 
extraordinary.  They  muffle  up  their  head  with 
pieces  of  wood,  carved  into  the  representation  of 
eagles,  wolves,  and  porpoises'  heads.  Several 
families  live  together  in  the  same  hut,  the  wooden 
half  partitions  of  which,  give  it  the  appearance 
of  a  stable.  Some  of  their  woolen  stuffs,  although 
manufactured  without  a  loom,  are  very  good,  and 
are  ornamented  with  figures  of  a  brilliant  colour. 
They  carve  clumsy  statues  of  wood. 

Their  light  canoes,  which  are  flat  and  broad, 
bound  over  the  waves  in  the  steadiest  manner, 
without  the  assistance  of  the  outrigger,  or  balance 
board,  an  essential  distinction  between  the  ca-noes 
of  the  American  tribes,  and  those  of  the  south- 
ern parts  of  tlie  East  Indies,  and  the  islands  of 
Oceanica. 

Orc^rund,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  l^pland.  on 
thcgulfof  Bothnia, opposite  the  small  island  ofGin- 
son.  Tlie  chief  article  exported  is  iron,  from  the 
long  celebraied  mine  of  Dannemora  in  its  vicinity. 
It  is  70  m.  N.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  18.  5.  E.,  lat. 
:;■;).  21.  N. 

Ord,  a  government  of  Russia,  once  a  province 


of  the  government  of  Bielgorod.  Its  capital  of 
the  same  name,  is  seated  on  Occa  and  Orel,  207 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Moscow.  Long.  35.  20.  E.,lat.  53. 
O.N. 

Orellana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  23 
m.  E.  of  Marida. 

Orenburg,  a  government  of  Asiatic  Russia, 
bounded  by  European  Russia  and  the  government 
of  Tobolsk. 

Orenburg,  a  town  and  fortress  of  the  above  gov- 
ernment. It  is  a  place  of  considerable  commerce, 
and  is  seated  on  the  Ural,  260  in.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ufa. 
Long.  55.  4.  E.,  lat.  51.  46.  N. 

Orense,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  and  a  bishops 
see.  Here  are  some  celebrated  tepid  and  '.jt 
springs.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on 
the  river  Minho,  47  m.  S.  E.  of  Compostella. 
Long.  7.  50.  W.,  Lit.  42.  22.  N. 

Orfa,  Ourfa,  or  Rouah,  a  city  of  Turkey,  in  Di- 
arbeck,  said  to  be  the  Ur  of  the  Chaldees.  The 
walls  are  3  m.  in  circumference,  defended  by 
square  towers ;  on  a  rocky  hill  to  the  S.  is  a  stately 
castle.  It  has  a  good  trade,  particularly  in  car- 
pets and  leather,  and  has  a  canal  to  the  Euphrates. 
The  country  round  is  fertile  in  corn  and  fruit.  It 
is  83  m.  N.  E.  of  Aleppo  and  100  S.  W.  of  Diar- 
bekir.     Long.  38.  20.  E.,  lat.  36. 50.  N. 

Orford,  a  borough  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  a  castle,  which,  with  the  church, 
is  a  sea-mark.  It  is  seated  near  the  German 
Ocean,  between  two  channels,  18  rn.  E.  by  N.  of 
Ipswich  and  88  N.  E.  of  London. 

Or/orrf,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,829; 
townships  in  Kent  and  Suffolk  Co.  U.  C. 

Orford  jYess,  a  cape  of  England,  on  the  S.  E. 
coast  of  Sussex,  where  a  light-house  is  erected 
for  the  direction  of  ships.     Loner.  1.  34.  £.,    lat. 

52.  4.  N 

Orgaz,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with  a 
castle,  15  m.  S.  of  Toledo. 

Orgeht,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura,  < 
seated  at  the   source  of  the    Valouse,  30  m.  S.   S 
W.  ofSalins. 

Orgiva,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  25  m.  S.  of  Granada. 

Orient.     See  L' Orient. 

Orihuela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  university,  and  a  citadel  built 
on  a  rock.  The  inhabitants  have  manufactures 
of  silk,  brandy  distilleries,  and  some  saltpetre 
works  ;  and  here  are  made  curious  snufl-boxes, 
with  the  roots  of  the  terebinthus,  much  esteem- 
ed for  preserving  Spanish  snuff.  It  is  seated  in  a 
very  fertile  country,  on  the  Segura,  12  ni.  N.  E. 
of  Murcia. 

Oriskany,  p. v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  7  m.  from 
Utica.  Here  are  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woolen  cloths. 

Orissa,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Bahar  and  Bengal,  W.  by  Berar,  S  by 
Golconda,  and  E.  iiy  tiie  bay  of  Bengal.  The 
greater  part  of  the  province  now  belongs  to  the 
British.  It  is  divided  into  the  districts  ofCuttack, 
Mohurbunge,  and  Konjeur. 

Orislagni,  a  fortified  town  of  Sardinia,  and  an 
archbishop's  see,  with  a  good  harbour.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  W.  coast,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name, 
42  m.  N.  W.  of  Cagliari.     Long.  8.  51.  E.,  lat.  39. 

53.  N. 

Orkcned,i  town  of  Swedeii,,in  Schonen,  24  m, 
N.  of  Christianstadt. 

Orkney  Islands,  the  ancient  Orcades,  a  cluster 
of  islands  to  the  N.  of  Scotland,  from  which,  they 
are  separated  by  Pentland  Frith.  They  lie  between 


ORL 


567 


ORO 


67.  and  35.  and  49.  16.  N.  lat.,  and  are  about  30 
in  number,  but  several  are  small  and  uninhabited. 
The  largest  is  sometimes  dignified  with  the  appel- 
lation of  Mainland,  but  is  more  frequently  called 
Pomona.  Beyond  this  island,  to  the  N.  E.,  are 
seen,  among  others,  Rowsa,  Eglisha,  and  Westra ; 
Shappinsha  and  Edda ;  Stronsa,  Sanda,  and  N. 
Ronalsha ;  and  to  the  S.  appear  Hoy,  and  S. 
Ronalsha,  with  others  of  inferior  note.  The  cur- 
rents and  tides  which  flow  between  these  islands 
are  rapid  and  dangerous,  and  near  the  small  isle 
of  Swinna  are  two  whirlpools,  very  dangerous 
to  mariners,  especially  in  calms.  The  sea  coast 
swarms  with  seals  and  otters,  and  is  visited  by 
whales,  cod,  ling,  and  haddocks,  herrings  and 
other  fish  ;  and  on  the  shores  are  found  large  oys- 
ters, muscles,  cockles,  &c.  The  islands  are  vis- 
ited by  eagles,  falcons,  wild  geese  and  ducks  in 
great  variety,  berons,  hawks,  gulls,  &c.  Springs 
of  pure  water  are  found  in  all  the  mountainous 
parts,  and  there  are  numerous  lakes  and  rivulets 
abounding  in  fish.  The  heath  on  the  mountains 
shelter  grouse,  plovers,  snipes,  &c.,  but  there  are 
no  partridges,  hares,  nor  foxes.  There  are  great 
numbers  of  small  sbeep  and  black  cattle,  swine, 
rabbits,  and  red  deer.  The  products  of  the  valleys 
and  plains  are  chiefly  big  and  oats.  Except  ju- 
niper, wild  myrtle,  heath,  and  a  shrub  called 
cyorhordon,  there  is  scarcely  a  tree  or  plant  to  be 
seen  ;  but  this  nakedness  cannot  have  been  their 
former  state,  as  many  trunks  of  large  oaks  are  to 
be  found  in  all  the  mosses.  The  climate  in  sum- 
mer is  moist  and  cold,  but  in  winter  there  is 
very  little  snow,  and  that  lies  only  a  short  time. 
Preceding  the  autumnal  equinox,  dreadful  storms 
of  wind  rain,  and  thunder  occur.  For  about  three 
weeks  in  midsummer  these  islands  enjoy  the  rays 
of  the  sun  almost  without  intermission  ;  but,  for  the 
same  space  in  winter,  that  luminary  hardly  rises 
above  the  horizon,  and  is  commonly  obscured  by 
clouds  and  mists.  In  this  gloomy  season  the  ab- 
scene  of  day  is  supplied  partly  by  moon-light  and 
partly  by  the  radiance  of  the  Aurora  fforealis, 
which  here  gives  a  light  nearly  equal  to  that  of  a 
full  moon.  The  coasts  afford  numerous  bays  and 
harbours  for  the  fisheries.  The  chief  exports  are 
hnen  and  woolen  yarn,  stockings,  butter,  dried 
fish,  herrings,  oil,  feathers,  and  skins  of  various 
kinds,  and  kelp.  The  English  language  prevails 
in  all  these  islands,  although  there  are  many 
words  in  the  Norse,  or  Norwegian,  still  in  use. 
The  inhabitants  have  the  general  character  of 
being  frugiil,  sagacious,  circumspect  and  hospita- 
ble ;  but  the  common  people  are  superstitious. 
The  Orkney  and  Shetland  Isles  unite  in  sendinnr 
one  member  to  the  imperial  parliament. 

Orlamunda,a.  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Gotha, 
seated  on  the  Saale  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Or- 
la,  40  m.  W.  S.  \V.  of  Altenburg. 

Orland,  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  Pop.  075. 

Orlando,  a  cape  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  15  m. 
W.  by  N,  ofPatti.    Long.  15.4.  E.,  lat.  38.  14.  N. 

Orlean,  p.t.  Fauquier  Co.  Va. 

Orleans,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Loiret,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Loire,  and  has  a  canal  thence  to  the  Loing, 
near  Montargis.  Under  the  sons  of  Clovis,  it  was 
the  capital  of  a  kingdom.  In  1428  it  stood  a  me- 
morable siege  against  the  English,  which  was 
raised  by  the  celebrated  Joan  of  Arc,  called  the 
Maid  of  Orleans.  It  is  now  considered  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  pleasant  cities  in  France. 
The  prmcipal  public  buildings  are  the  cathedral, 
town  houiio,  court  of  justice,  mint,  and  theatre. 


The  trade  consists  in  stockings,  sheepskins,  wine, 
brandy,  corn,  grocery,  ancT  particularly  sugar, 
which  is  brought  raw  from  Nantes  and  Roche  He. 
The  fauxbourg  of  Paris  is  of  a  prodigious  length, 
and  that  of  the  Olivet,  on  the  left  side  of  the  Loire, 
has  a  communication  with  the  city  by  a  bridge  of 
nine  arches.  Near  the  city  is  a  forest,  contain- 
ing 94,000  acres,  planted  with  oak  and  ctlier  val- 
uable trees.  Orleans  is  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Blois  and 
60S.  S.  W  of  Paris.  Long.  1.  54.  E.,  lat.  47.54. 
N. 

Orleans,  a  county  of  Vermont.  Pop.  13,980. 
Irasburgh  is  the  capital.  A  parish  of  Louisiana. 
Pop.  3,793. 

Orleatis,  p.t.  B.irnstable  Co.  Mass.  84  m.  S.  E. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,799;  p. v.  Orange  Co.  Ind. 

Orleans,  an  island  and  town  oi  Liov^r  Canada, 
in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  a  little  to  the  £.  of  Que- 
bec.    Long.  09.  50.  W.,  lat.  17.  0.  N.  ^ 

Orlenga,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govertiment 
of  Irkutsk,  situate  on  the  Lena,  235  in.  N.  of 
Irkutsk.     Long.  105.  40.  E.,  lat.  56.  0.  N. 

Ormea,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, seated  on  the  river  Tanaro,  12  m.  S.  of 
Mondovi. 

Ormskirk,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  The 
chief  branch  of  trade  is  cotton  spinning;  coarse 
thread  is  also  made  for  sail-cloth.  3  ni.  N.  by  E. 
of  Liverpool  and  209  N.  N.  \V.  of  London. 

Ormus,  a  small  island  in  a  strait  of  the  same 
name,  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  9  m. 
S.  of  Gombron.  In  1505  the  Portuguese  were 
permitted  to  form  a  settlement  here,  and  it  was 
afterwards  frequented  by  a  number  of  rich  mer- 
chants. In  1622  the  Persians,  by  the  assistance 
of  the  English,  expelled  the  Portuguese  and  de- 
molished the  buildings.  Some  time  after  the 
Persians  rebuilt  the  fort,  and,  though  they  could 
never  bring  it  to  be  a  place  of  trade  as  before,  it 
is  still  the  kev  of  the  gulf  of  Persia,  on  account 
of  the  commodiousness  of  the  harbour.  It  is  al- 
most deserted  ;  for  it  produces  nothing  but  salt, 
which  sometimes  is  two  inches  deep  upon  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  Long.  56.  25.  E.,  lat.  27. 
20.  N. 

Ornans,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Doubs, 
seated  on  the  Louvre,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Besaneon. 

Omc,  a  department  of  France,  including  the 
old  province  of  Perche  and  part  of  that  of  Nor- 
mandy. It  takes  its  name  from  a  river  which 
rises  in  the  department,  and  runs  into  the  Eng- 
lish Channel  8  m.  below  Caen.  The  capital  is 
Alencon.  .„ 

Oronoco,  or  Orinoco,  a  river  of  S.  America 
which  issues  from  the  small  lake  Ipava,  in  lat.  5. 
5.  N.,  flows  E.  and  S.  E.  to  the  lake  Pariina,  from 
which  it  runs  toward  the  W.;  but,  after  receiving 
the  Guaviari,  it  bends  N.,  then  N.  E.  and  E.,  till 
it  enters  the  Atlantic  by  an  extended  delta  of 
mouths  opposite  the  isle  of  Trinidad  ;  but  the 
principal  one  is  considerably'  to  the  S.  E.  of  that 
island,  in  lat.  8.  30.  N.  In  this  singular  winding 
course,  estimated  at  1,400  m.  it  receives  many 
large  rivers  ;  and  its  chief  estuary  is  so  deep  and 
impetuous  as  to  stem  the  most  powerful  tides 
See  Parima. 

Oronsa,  a  small  fertile  island  of  Scotland,  one 
of  the  Hebrides,  to  the  S.  of  Colonsa.  Here  are 
the  ruins  of  an  abbey,  with  many  sepulchral 
statues,  and  some  curious  ancient  sculpture. 

Orington,  p. v.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y. 

Orono,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  10  m.  N.  E.  Ban- 
gor. Pop.  1,473  This  township  contains  Indian 
Old  Town. 


OSA 


CG8 


OSS 


Oropesa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  on  a 
cape  of  its  name,  in  the  Mediterranean,  55  m. 
E,  N.  E.  of  Valencia.     Longr.  0.  5.  £.,  lat.  40.  8. 

N. 

Orr,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Kirkcudbrightshire, 
which  issues  from  a  small  lake  to  the  E.  of  New 
Galloway,  and  flows  into  the  Solway  Frith  at 
Dalbeattie. 

Orrington,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  30  m.  N. 
Castine.  Pop.  1,234. 

Orsville,  a  village  of  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  C. 

Orsova,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hungary,  on 
the  confines  of  Servia,  seated  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Danube,  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Temeswar,  and  75 
E.  of  Belgrade.     Long.  22.  40.  E.,  lat.  45.  10.  N. 

Orsoy,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  stales,  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Cleves. 

Orsza,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Mohilef,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Dnieper,  38  m.  N.  of  Mohilef 

Orta,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  ecclesiastical 
states,  seated  near  the  Tiber,  10  m.  E.  of  V'iterbo. 

Orta,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  the 
province  of  Novara,  seated  on  a  lake  of  its  name, 
21  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Novara. 

Ortf.gal,  a  cape  and  castle  of  Spain,  on  the  N. 
coast  of  Galicia,  30  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Ferrol.  Long. 
7.  50.  W.,  lat.  43.  46.  N. 

Ortenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, with  a  castle ;  situate  on  the  Nidder,  17  m. 
S.  E.  of  Giesen. 

Ortenburg,  a  town  and  citadel  of  Bavaria,  in  a 
county  of  the  same  name  ;  seated  near  the  river 
Vills,  10  m.  W.  of  Passau. 

Ortenburg,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Carinthia,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Drave,  opposite 
the  influx  of  the  Liser,  32  m.  W.  of  Clagenfurt. 

O  rlhe.s,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  celebrated  for  a  victory  gained  here  by 
the  allied  army  over  the  French  in  1814.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  by  the  river  Pau,  20 
m.  N.  W.  of  Pau. 

Orton,  a  town  in  Westmoreland,  Eng.  276  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Ortona  a  Mare,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo 
Citra,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  13  m.  £.  of  Civita 
di  Chieti. 

Ortrand,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Meissen,  situate  on  the  borders  of  Lusatia,  16  m. 
N.  E.  of  Meissen. 

Oruro,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  jurisdiction 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  audience  of  Charcas. 
The   country   abounds  in  cattle,  and   has  many 

fold  and  silver  mines.  It  is  150  ni.  N.  W.  of 
lata.     Long.  68.  30.  W.,  lat.  18.  10.  S. 

Orvieto,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal 
stales,  capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  with  a  magnificent  palace  and  a 
fine  Gothic  cathedral.  It  is  seated  on  a  craggy 
rock,  near  the  conflux  of  the  Paglia  and  Chiana, 
50  m.  x\.  N.  W.  of  Rome.  Long.  12.  20.  E.,  lat. 
42.  42.  N. 

Orville,  p. v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Orwell,  a  river  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  which  runs  S. 
E.  by  Ipswich,  and,  uniting  with  the  Stour,  forms 
the  fine  harbour  of  Harwich.  Above  Ipswich  it 
lu  called  the  Gipping. 

Orwell,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Champlain, 
35  m.  N.  W.  Rutland.  Pop.  1,598  ;  a  township  of 
Oswego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  501  ;  p.v.  Bradford  Co. 
Pa. 

Orwigsburg,  p.t.  Schuylkill  Co.  Pa.  26  m.  N. 
W.  Reading. 

Otaca,  a  city  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of  Niphon, 


defended  by  a  magnificent  castle.  It  has  a  har- 
bour, and  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  places 
of  the  empire.  It  stands  on  the  Jedogawa,  over 
which  are  several  bridges  of  cedar,  30  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Miaco.     Long.  136.  5.  E.,  lat.  35.  5.  N. 

Osage,  a  river  of  the  United  States  flowing 
easterly  between  the  Kansas  and  Arkansas  and 
joining  the  Missouri  in  the  centre  of  the  State  of 
that  name.     It  is  300  m.  in  length. 

Osages,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  Missouri  and  Ar- 
kansas, comprising  about  6,000  souls.  They  are 
divided  into  the  great  and  little  Osages,  and  have 
two  or  three  villages,  but  live  in  a  scattered, 
wandering  state.  They  raise  some  corn  but  are 
half  the  year  occupied  in  hunting. 

Oschatz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Meissen,  with  a  college  and  some  manufactures 
of  cloth ;  seated  on  the  Chemnitz,  16  m  N.  W. 
of  Meissen. 

Osero,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  havinor 
on  the  N.  that  of  Cherso,  to  which  it  is  joined  by 
a  bridge.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name 
Long.  15.  30.  E.,  lat.  44.  56.  N. 

Osiot.     See  Siout. 

Osma,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  university.  The  cathedral 
and  the  episcopal  palace  are  at  Brogo  d'Osma,  a 
little  to  the  E.  It  stands  on  the  Douero,  48  m. 
S.  E.  of  Burgos.  Long.  2.  52.  W.,  lat.  41.  50. 
N. 

Osnaburg,  or  Osnabruck,  a  province  of  Hano- 
ver, lying  between  the  grand  duchy  of  Oldenberg 
and  Prussian  Westphalia.  It  is  40  m.  long  and 
20  broad ;  produces  much  corn  and  flax,  and 
plenty  of  turf,  coal,  and  marble.  The  most  ben- 
eficial manufacture  is  a  coarse  kind  of  linen, 
which  is  exported  to  distant  parts. 

Osjiahurg,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
with  a  castle  and  a  university.  It  is  celebrated 
for  the  peace  of  Westphalia,  concluded  here  in 
1648.  The  Catholics  and  Protestants  have  each 
two  churches  and  a  gymnasium.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Hase,  25  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Munster.  Long.  7. 
54.  E.,  lat.  52.  18.  N. 

Osorno,  a  town  of  Chile,  seated  on  Rio  Bueno 
in  a  territory  where  there  are  mines  of  gold,  80 
m.  S.  of  Valdivia.  Long.  73.  20.  W.,  lat.  40. 
58.  S. 

Osrushna,  a  town  of  Western  Tartary,  in  Tur 
kestan,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  80  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Samarcand,  and  260  S.  of 
Taras.     Long.  66.  20.  E.,  lat.  40.  40.  N. 

Ossetia,  the  country  of  the  Ossi,  or  Osseti,  one 
of  the  seven  Caucasian  nations,  between  the 
Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian ;  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Great  Cabarda,  E.  by  the  Lesguis  Tartars, 
and  S.  and  W.  by  Imeritia.  It  is  divided  into  19 
districts  of  very  unequal  size  ;  some  containing 
only  five,  and  others  50  villages,  each  of  which 
comprises  from  20  to   100  families.     Their   lan- 

fuage  has  some  analogy  with  that  of  the  Persians, 
'heir  history  is  entirely  unknown.  The  Circas- 
sians and  Tartars  call  them  Kusha. 

Ossiun,  a  township  of  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y 
Pop.  812. 

Ossipee,  a  lake  in  N.  Hampshire,  in  Strafford 
county  :  it  covers  a  space  of  7,000  acres.  On  the 
western  shore  is  an  Indian  mound  from  which 
have  been  taken  skeletons,  tomahawks,  &c.  Ossi- 
pee Mountain  is  on  the  N.  W. 

Ossipee,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  x\.  H.  lying  upon 
the  above  lake,  32  m.  N.  E.  Concord.  Pop.  1,935. 

Ossory,  the  western  division  of  Queen's  county, 
in  Ireland.     It  gives  name  to  a  bishonric,  but  the 


OST 


589 


OTA 


eatheSral  is  now  at  Irishlown,  in  the  county  of 

Kilkenny. 

Ossuna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  It 
was  formerly  strong,  but  less  by  its  ramparts  than 
by  a  fountain  in  the  middle  of  the  town,  which 
furnished  the  inhabitants  with  water,  while  the 
country  for  8  m.  round  was  totally  deprived  of 
that  neccessary  article.  50  ni.  E.  N.  E.  of  Seville. 
Long.  5.  8.  W.,  lat.  37.  22.  N. 

Ostalric,  a  town  of  Spain, in  Catalonia.  It  had 
a  strong  ca.stle,  taken  by  the  French  and  demol- 
ished in  1695.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tordera,28  m. 
N.  E.  of  Barcelona. 

Osten.l,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  W.  Flanders,  seated  among  a  number  of  canals, 
and  almost  surrounded  by  two  of  the  largest  of 
them,  into  which  ships  of  great  burden  may  enter 
with  the  tide.  It  is  famous  for  the  long  siege  it 
sustained  from  the  Spaniards,  from  July  1601  to 
September  1604,  when  it  capitualaled  on  honora- 
ble terms.  On  the  death  of  Charles  11.,  of  Spain, 
the  French  seized  Ostend ;  but  in  1706,  after  the 
battle  of  Ramillies,  it  was  retikeii  by  the  allies. 
It  was  again  taken  by  the  French  in  1745,  but 
restored  in  1748.  In  the  war  of  1756  the  French 
garrisoned  this  town  for  the  empress  queen,  Maria 
Theresa.  In  1792  it  was  once  more  captured  by 
the  French ;  evacuated  in  1793 ;  and  repossessed 
in  1794.  In  1798  a  body  of  British  troops  landed 
here,  and  destroyed  the  works  of  the  Bruges  Ca- 
nal ;  but,  the  wind  shifting  before  they  could  re- 
embark,  they  were  compelled  to  surrender  to  the 
French.  10  m.  W.  of  Bruges  and  22  N.  E.  of 
Dunkirk.     Long.  2.  56.  E.,  lat.  51.  14.  N. 

Osterkofen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  the 
Danube,  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Passau. 

Osterode,  a  town  of  Hanover,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  woolen  stuffs ;  also  a  magazine  for  corn, 
which  is  delivered  out  to  the  miners  of  Harz  For- 
€8t  at  a  fixed  price.  It  is  seated  on  the  Saale,  18 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Gottingen. 

Osterode,  a  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  castle,  situ- 
ate on  the  Dribentz,  46  m.  S.  E.  of  Marienburg. 

Ostersund,  a  town  of  Sweden  seated  on  the  E. 
Bide  of  the  lake  Storsio,  76  m.  N.  W.  of  Sunds- 
wald.     Long.  16.  10.  E.,  la.  63.  10.  N. 

Ostencic/i,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Magdeburg,  with  good  woolen 
manufactures ;  situate  on  the  Use,  17  m.  W.  by 
N.  of  Halberstadt. 

Ostia,  a  decayed  sea-port  of  Italy,  in  the  papal 
states,  and  a  bishop's  see.  In  the  neighbourhood 
are  extensive  salt-works.  It  stands  near  the 
eastern  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  12  m.  S.  W.  of 
Rome. 

Ostiglid,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Mantua,  seated  on  the  Po,  15  m.  S.  E.  of 
Mantua. 

Ostinghausen,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  situate  on 
the  A  1st,  8  m.  W.  of  Lipstadt. 

Ostrog,  a  town  of  Russian  Poland,  in  Volhynia, 
near  the  river  Horin,  30  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Constan- 
tinow. 

Ost^olenka,  a  town  of  Poland,  where  the  Rus- 
sians were  repulsed  by  the  French  in  1806  :  seat- 
ed on  the  Narew,  50  m.  N.  E   of  Warsaw. 

Ostrocizza,  a  town  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  with 
the  ruins  of  a  castle,  formerly  fortified.  14  m.  N. 
of  Scardona. 

Ostrovno,  a  village  of  Russian  Lithuania,  where 
the  French  defeated  a  body  of  Russians  in  1812. 
17  m.  W.  of  Vitepsk. 

Osfuni,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto, 
seated  ou  a  mountain,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
72 


16  m.  W.   N.  W.   of  Brindisi,  and  50  S   E.  of 
Bari. 

Oswald,  St.,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng 
on  the  Pict's  wall,  4  m.  N.  of  Hexham.  Here 
Oswald  defeated  Codwall,  a  British  usurper,  who 
was  killed  on  the  first  onsets  and  here  he  set  up 
the  first  cross  in  the  kingdom  of  Northumberland. 

Oswegatchie,  a  river  of  New  York  flowing  into 
the  St.  Lawrence ;  also  a  township  in  St.  Law- 
rence Co.     Pop.  3,934. 

Osicego,  a  river  of  New  York,  forming  the  out- 
let of  several  small  lakes,  and  flowing  into  Lake 
Ontario.  It  has  several  canals  which  assist  its 
navigation. 

Oswego,  a  county  of  New  York.     Pop.  27,104. 

Oswego,  the  capital  of  the  above  county,  stands 
at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  river.     Pop.  2,703. 

Oswestry,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  It  had  a. 
wall  and  a  castle,  long  since  demolished.  Of  late 
years  the  town  has  been  much  extended  and  im- 
proved. It  has  a  flourishing  cotton  manufactory, 
and  a  good  trade.     179  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Oszmiana,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  in  the 
government  of  Wilna,  32  m.  S.  E.  of  Wiln^. 

Otaha,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in  the  S. 
Pacific.  It  lies  N.  of  Ulitea  ;  and  is  divided  from 
it  by  a  strait,  which,  in  the  narrowest  part,  is  not 
more  than  2  m.  broad.  This  island  is  smaller  and 
more  barren  than  Ulitea,  but  has  two  good  har- 
bours. 

Otaheite,  or  Tahiti,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
discovered  in  1767  by  captain  Wallis,  who  called 
it  George  the  Third's  Island.  Captain  Cook,  who 
came  hither  in  1768  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus, 
sailed  round  the  whole  island  in  a  boat,  and  staid 
three  months  :  it  was  visited  twice  afterwards  by 
that  celebrated  navigator.  It  consists  of  two  pen 
insulas,  about  30  leagues  in  circumference.  Great 
part  of  it  is  covered  with  woods,  consisting  partly 
of  bread-fruit  trees,  palms,  cocoa-nut  trees,  plan- 
tians,  bananas,  mulberries,  sugar-canes,  and  others 
peculiar  to  the  climate,  particularly  a  kind  of  pine- 
apple and  the  dragontree.  The  birds  most  com- 
mon are  two  sorts  of  parroquets,  one  of  a  beautiful 
sapphirine  blue,  another  of  a  greenish  color,  with 
a  few  red  spots ;  a  king-fisher,  of  a  dark  green, 
with  a  collar  of  the  same  hue  round  its  white 
throat ;  a  lar^e  cuckoo,  several  sorts  of  pigeons 
or  doves  ;  and  a  bluish  heron.  The  only  quadru- 
peds found  on  the  island  were  hogs,  dogs,  and 
rats.  The  inhabitants  have  mild  features,  and  a 
pleasing  countenance.  They  are  about  the  ordi- 
nary size  of  Europeans,  of  a  pale  mahogany  brown, 
with  fine  black  hair  and  eyes.  Their  provisions 
are  chiefly  fish,  pork,  cocoa-nuts,  bread-fruit,  and 
bananas ;  and  they  employ  sea-water  as  a  sauce 
both  to  fish  and  pork.  Nothing  can  exceed  their 
agility  in  swimming,  diving,  and  climbing  trees; 
and  they  are  praised  for  their  gentleness,  good 
nature,  and  hospitality.  Previously  to  the  intro- 
duction of  European  habits,  the  men  wore  a  piece 
of  cloth  round  their  middle,  and  another  wrapped 
about  the  head,  like  a  turban  ;  the  women  had  a 
piece  of  cloth,  with  a  hole  in  the  middle,  through 
which  thoy  passed  their  heads,  so  thai  one  part  of 
the  garment  hung  down  behind  and  the  other  be- 
fore to  the  knees,  a  fine  white  cloth,  like  muslin, 
passing  over  this  in  various  elegant  turns  round 
the  baly.  Tattooing  was  common  among  both 
sexes.  Their  houses  had  seldom  any  walls,  but 
consisted  only  of  a  roof,  thatched  with  the  long 
prickly  leaves  of  the  palm  tree,  and  supported  by 
a  few  pillars  made  of  the  bread-fruit  tree. — The 
native  cloth  is  made  of  the  fibrous  bark  of  the 
3b2 


OTT 


570 


ODD 


mulberry  tree,  which  is  beaten  with  a  kind  of  mal- 
jet ,  and  a  glue,  made  of  the  hibiscus  esculentus 
18  employed  to  make  the  bark  cohere.  Some  of 
these  pieces  are  two  or  three  yards  wide  and  50 


yards  long.  Omai,  a  native  of  this  island,  was 
carried  to  England  by  captain  Cook,  and  carried 
back  by  him  in  his  last  voyage.  In  1791^)  king 
Pomare  ceded  the  district  of  Matavia,  on  the  N. 
side  of  this  island,  to  some  of  the  missionaries  be- 
lonffintr  to  the  London  Missionary  Society,  through 
whose  labors  all  the  inhabitants  of  Otaheite  and 
many  of  the  neighbouring  islands  have  been  led 
to  renounce  idolatry.  The  sovereign  himself  be- 
came a  decided  convert  to  Christianity.  A  gen- 
eral reformation  of  manners  has  been  effected,  a 
number  of  schools  established,  the  useful  arts  in- 
troduced, and  civilization  is  rapidly  advancing. 
Point  Venus  is  in  long.  149.  36.  W.,  lat.  17.  29.  S. 

Otchakof.     See  Oczakotc. 

Otego,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,148. 

Otis,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  20  m.  S.  E.  Lenox. 
Pop.  1,013  ;  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.     Pop.  350. 

Otisfidd,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  40  m.  N.  of 
Portland. 

Otisco,  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  a  small  lake 
of  the  same  name.     Pop.  1,938. 

Otirij,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Wharf,  under  a  high  craggy  cliff,  25  m.  W. 
of  York  and  203  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Oloque,  an  island  of  S.  America,  in  the  bay  of 
Panama.     Long.  80.  10.  W.,  lat.  8.  10.  N. 

Olranio,  or  Terra  d'Otranto,  a  province  of  Na- 
ples, 70  m.  long,  and  30  broad ,  hounded  on  the 
N.  by  Terra  di  Bari,  and  on  all  other  parts  by  the 
sea.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  abounding  in 
olives,  figs,  and  wine.     See  Lecce. 

Otranto,  a  strong  city  and  sea-port  of  Naples, 
capital  of  Terra  d'Otranto,  and  an  archbishop's 
see,  with  a  harbour  and  a  citadel.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable trade,  ant'  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
140  m.  S.  E  of  Lari.  Long.  18.  35.  E.,  lat.  40. 
20.  N. 

Otrar,  a  town  of  W.  Tartary,  in  Turk/>8tan, 
near  the  river  Sirr,  70  m.  W.  S.  VV.  of  Taraz. 

Otricoli,  a.  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states, 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  "Tiber,  7  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Magliano. 

Otsego,  a  small  lake  in  New  York  giving  rise  to 
one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Susquehanna. 

Oiivo'o.a  county  of  New  York  lying  on  the  above 
lake.     Pop  51,372.     Cooperstown  is  the   capital. 

Otseto,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  4,368. 

Otselir.,  p.t..  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,238. 

Ottawa,  or  Grand  River  rises  in  the  mountains 
N.  of  Lake  Huron,  and  flows  into  the  St.  Law 


rence  above  Montreal.  Its  navigation  is  obstructed 
by  rapids. 

Ottendorf,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  with  a 
castle  ;  situate  near  the  mouth  of  the  Meden,  27 
m.  N.  W.  of  Stade. 

Ottenheim,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  N.side  of 
the  Danube,  5  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Lintz. 

Otterberg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
the  Rhine,  5  m.  N.  of  Kayserslautern. 

Otterhurn,  a  village  m  Northumberland,  Eng. 
on  the  river  Reed,  noted  for  a  battle  in  i;?88  be- 
tween the  English  and  Scotch,  when  Henry  Percy, 
surnamed  Hotspur,  was  taken  prisoner,  and  Doug- 
las, the  Scotch  general,  killed.  On  this  battle 
the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chase  is  founded.  21  m.  N. 
of  Hexham. 

Otter  Creek,  a  stream  of  Vermont  rising  in  the 
Green  Mountains  and  flowing  into  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Otter  Bridge,  p.v.  Bedford  Co.  Va.  120  m.  S.  W 
Richmond. 

Ottersherg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy 
of  Bremen,  with  a  fort,  17  m.  N.  E.  of  Bremen. 

Ottery,  St.  Mary,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng. 
It  has  a  large  church  with  two  square  towers,  and 
manufactures  of  flannels,  serges,  <fec.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  rivulet  Otter,10  m.  E.  of  Exeter  and  161 
W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Ottmachau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
government  of  Oppeln,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
river  Niesse,  7  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Niesse. 

Otto,  p.t.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,224. 

Ottsville,  p.v.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  40  m.  E.  Philad. 

Otttcciller,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  with  an  ancient  castle ;  seated 
among  mountains,  16  m.  N.  N.   E.  of  Sarbruck. 

Ouhy,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  lying  to  the 
S.  of  Gilolo,  and  subject  to  the  sultan  of  Bachian. 
It  abounds  in  clove  trees.  The  Dutch  have  a 
small  fort  on  the  W.  side.  Long.  126.  50.  E.,  lat. 
1.  30.  S. 

Oude,  a  province  of  Hindoostan.  to  the  N.  of 
Allahabad.  It  is  subject  to  a  nabob,  whose  do- 
minions lie  on  both  sides  of  the  Ganges,  occupy- 
ing (with  the  exception  of  the  district  of  Rampour) 
all  the  flat  country  between  that  river  and  tJie 
northern  mountains,  as  well  as  the  principal  part 
of  that  fertile  tract  lying  between  the  Ganges  and 
Jumna,  known  by  the  name  of  Dooab,  to  within 
40  m.  of  the  city  of  Dehli.  Oude  and  its  depen- 
dencies are  estimated  at  360  m.  in  length  from  E, 
to  W.,  and  in  bi-eadth  from  150  to  180.  The  na- 
bob is  in  alliance  with  the  British  ;  and  a  brigade 
of  the  Bengal  army  is  constantly  stationed  on  its 
western  frontier,  which  answers  the  purpose  of 
covering  Oude  as  well  as  Bengal,  and  of  keeping 
»he  western  states  in  awe.  The  capital  is  Luck- 
now. 

Oude.,  a  decayed  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Oude,  said  to  have  been  the  caf)ital 
of  a  great  kingdom  1,200  years  before  the  Chris- 
tian era.  It  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  M.vha- 
borat,  a  famous  Hindoo  work  in  Sanscrit,  under 
the  name  of  Adjudiah.  But  no  traces  of  its  former 
magnificence  are  left.  It  is  seated  on  the  Gogra, 
nearly  adjoining  Fyzabad. 

Oudenard,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  E. 
Flanders,  in  the  middle  of  which  is  a  fort.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  very  fine  linen  and  of  curious 
tapestry.  This  town  was  besiegred  by  the  French 
in  1708,  but  the  duke  of  Marlborough  entirely 
routed  their  army.  In  1745  it  wa?  t«l(<>n  by  the 
French,  restored  by  the  peace  of  )'*1'?  *gain  sur- 
rendered to  the  French  in  1794,  and  ftnafly  ceded 


OVE 


571 


OWT 


to  thft  Netherlands  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon.  It 
is  seated  on  both  sides  the  Scheldt,  12  in.  S.  of 
Ghent,  and  29  W.  of  Brussels. 

Oudenhiirg,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W. 
Flanders,  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Ostend. 

Oudenwater,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  the  province  of  Utrecht,  the  birth-place  of  the 
celebrated  Jarnes  Arminius  ;  seated  on  the  Little 
Yssel,  10  m.  W.  S.  VV.  of  Utrecht. 

Oudipour,  or  Meywar,  a  territory  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  province  of  A^imere,  belonirinflr  to  the  Raj- 
poots, and  lying  E.  of  the  river  Pudda.  It  con- 
sists in  general  of  mountains,  divided  by  narrow 
valleys  accessible  only  by  narrow  passes,  and 
abounds  with  fortresses      See  Cheitore. 

Oudipour,  the  capital  of  the  above  territory,  is 
seated  on  the  Banass,  134  in.  S.  S.  W.  of  .^gimere 
and  17.5  N.  E.  of  Amedabad.  Long.  74.  4.  E  , 
lat.  2.5.  23.  N. 

Ouen-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Tche-kian,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  with  a  good 
harbour.  300  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Nan-king.  Long.  121. 
10.  E.,  lat.  28.  2.  N. 

Ongcin,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Malwa,  the  residence  of  one  of  the  Western 
Mahratta  chiefs.  It  is  six  m.  in  circumference, 
surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  with  round  towers. 
Here  are  four  mosques,  several  Hindoo  temples, 
and  a  modern  palace.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sippara, 
which  flows  into  the  Chumbul,  150  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Burhampour.     Long.  75.  56.  E.,  lat.  23.  26.  N. 

Oulz.  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Peid- 
mont,  seated  in  a  valley,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Susa. 

Oundle,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng.  on 
the  Nen,  over  which  are  two  bridges,  26  m.  N.  E. 
of  Northampton  and  78  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Oural,  or  Ural  Mountains.     See  Ural. 

Ourcm,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estreraadura, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  12  m.  W.  of  Tomar. 

Ourfa.     See  Orfa. 

Oiirique,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  cele- 
brated for  a  victory  obtained  by  Alphonso,  king 
of  Portugal,  over  five  Moorish  kings,  in  1139. 
The  heads  of  these  five  kings  are  the  arms  of 
Portugal.     It  is  26  ra.  S.  W.  of  Beja. 

Ouse,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng.  formed  of  the 
Ure  and  Swale,  which  rises  near  each  other  in 
the  romantic  tract  called  Richmondshire,  ana 
unite  at  Aldborough-  It  flows  thence  through 
York,  where  it  is  navigable  for  considerable  ves- 
sels ;  and  after  receiving  the  Wharf,  Derwent, 
Aire,  and  Don,  it  meets  the  Trent  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Lincolnshire,  where  their  united  streams 
form  the  H  umber. 

Ouse,  a  river  in  Sussex,  Eng.  in  St.  Leonard 
Forest,  the  other  in  the  forest  of  Worth.  It  flows 
by  New  Haven,  and  enters  the  English  Channel. 

Ouse,  or  Grand  River,  a  river  of  Upper  Cana- 
da flowing  southernly  into  Lake  Erie,  near  its 
eastern  extremity.  Here  begins  the  Welland 
Canal,  which  See 

Oussore,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, Uken  by  the  English  in  1792.  19  m.  S.  E. 
of  Bangalore  and  69  E.  N.  E.    of  Seringapatam. 

Oatetro.  a  town  and  fortress  of  Portugal,  in 
Tras  OS  Monies,  seated  on  a  mountain  9  m.  S.  E. 
of  Braganza. 

Onerflackee,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Holland,  between  the  mouths  of  the  Meuse.  Som- 
merdyck  is  the  principal  town. 

Overton,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  8, 
246.  Monroe  is  the  capital.  Also  a  p. v.  Perfy  Co. 
Ten 

Owrysehe,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 


bant, seated  on  the   Ysche,  8  m.  N.  E.  of   Brus* 
sels. 

Ovcrijssel,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands,  boun- 
ded on  the  N.  by  Friesland  and  Groningen,  E.  by 
Hanover  and  Westphalia,  S.  by  Guelderland, 
and  W.  by  the  Zuyder  Zee.  It  is  nearly  equal 
in  extent  to  the  whole  of  N.  and  S.  Holland,  and 
contains  many  morasses.  Its  greatest  riches  con- 
sist in  turf,  which  is  dug  up  here,  and  sent  to  the 
neighbouring  provinces  :  the  other  exports  are 
cattle,  butter,  cheese,  hides,  tallow,  wool,  and  lin- 
en.    Zwolle  is  the  capital. 

Ovid,  p. t.  Seneca  Co.  N.Y.  between  Seneca 
and  Cayuga  Lakes.  Pop.  2,756. 

Ouisconsin,  a  river  of  Michigan  or  N.  W.  Ter- 
ritory, rising  between  Lakes  Michigan  ;ind  Supe- 
rior and  falling  into  the  Mississippi  at  Prairie  du 
Chien.     It  is  350  m.  in  length. 

Ovidopol,  a  town  and  fort  of  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Catherinenslaf.  It  had  its  name  from 
a  curious  antique  tomb,  supposed  to  be  that  of  the 
poet  Ovid,  discovered  in  1795.  It  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dniester,  60  m.  S.  W.  of  Oczakow 
Long.  30.  22.  E.,  lat.  46. 10.  N. 

Ociedo,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  Asturias 
d'Oviedo,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  university 
Near  it  are  the  hot  springs  of  Rivera  de  Abajo, 
which  bear  some  resemblance  to  those  of  Bath. 
It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Ove  and  Deva, 
which  form  the  Asta,  55  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Leon. 
Long.  5.  53.  W.,  lat.  43.  20.  N. 

OiBosco,  a  lake  in  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  flowing 
into  Seneca  river. 

Owasco,'p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,350. 

Owego,  p.t.  Broome  Co.  N.  Y.  30  m.  S.  E. 
Utica. 

Owen,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  5,792. 
Owenton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Indiana. 
Pop.  4,060.  Spencer  is  the  capital. 

Owenton,  p.t.  Owen  Co.  Ken.,  20  m.  N.  E. 
Frankfort.  Pop.  143. 

Owenville,  p.v.  Gibson  Co.  Ind.,  190  m.  S.  W. 
Indianapolis 

Owingsville,  p.v.  Bath  Co.  Ken.,  70  m.  B 
Frankfort. 

Owyhee,  or  Hawaii,  the  largest  and  most  east- 
ern of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Its  length  from  N.  to  S.  is  84  m.  and  its 
breadth  70.  It  is  divided  into  6  districts,  2  of 
which,  on  the  N.  E.  side,  are  separated  by  a  moun- 
tain, which  rises  in  three  peaks,  the  summits  of 
which  are  18,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea; 
they  are  perpetually  covered  with  snow,  and  may 
be  seen  at  40  leagues  distance.  To  the  N.  of 
this  mountain  the  coast  consists  of  high  and  abrupt 
cliffs,  down  which  fall  many  beautiful  cascades  ; 
and  the  whole  country  is  covered  with  cocoa-nut 
and  bread-fruit  trees.  To  the  S.  the  ground  is 
covered  with  cinders,  and  in  many  places  has 
black  streaks,  which  8»»ein  to  mark  the  course  of 
a  lava  that  has  flowed  from  the  mountain  to  the 
shore.  The  southern  promontory  looks  like  the 
mere  dregs  of  a  volcano.  The  projecting  head- 
land is  composed  of  broken  and  craggy  rocks  pil- 
ed irregularly  on  one  another,  and  terminating 
sharp  points ;  yet  amid  these  ruins,  are  many 
patches  of  rich  soil,  carefully  laid  out  in  planta- 
tions. The  fields  are  enclosed  by  stone  fences, 
and  are  interspersed  with  groves  of  cocoa-nut 
trees.  Here  Captain  Cook,  in  1779,  fell  a  victim 
to  a  sudden  resentment  of  the  natives,  with 
whom  he  unfortunately  had  a  dispute.  The  in- 
habitants, formerly  devoted  to  the  most  degrad- 
ing superstition,  hare  within  a  few  years  wholly 


03tP 


872 


OZW 


f. 


renounced  idolatry,  and  some  American  missiona- 
ries are  settled  amongst  them.  They  are  said  to 
be  naturally  mild,  friendly,  and  hospitable  to 
strangers.  The  king  and  chiefs  ceded  this  island 
to  Great  Britain  in  1794.  Long.  15G.  0.  W.,lat. 
19.  28.  N. 

Ozbow,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  180  m.  N.  W. 
Albany. 

Oxford,  the  capital  of  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Cherwell  with  the  Thames,  and  has  a  canal  to 
Braunston,  in  Northamptonshire.  The  city,  with 
the  suburbs,  is  of  a  circular  form,  3  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, and  was  anciently  surrounded  by 
walls,  of  which  some  remains  are  yet  to  be  seen  ; 
as  also  of  iu  extensive  castle,  the  tower  of  which 
now  serves  for  a  county  gaol.  It  has,  besides  the 
cathedral,  13  parish  churches,  a  number  of  dis- 
senting chapels,  a  famous  university,  a  noble 
market-place,  and  a  magnificent  bridge.  The  uni- 
versity is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  a  sem- 
inary for  learning  before  the  time  of  .\lfred,  al- 
though it  owed  its  revival  and  consequence  to  his 
liberal  patronage.  Here  are  20  colleges  and  four 
halls,  several  of  which  stand  in  the  streets,  and 
^ive  the  city  an  air  of  magnificence.  The  col- 
eges  are  provided  with  sufficient  revenues  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  master,  fellow,  and  students. 
In  the  halls  the  students  live,  either  wholly,  or  in 
part,  at  their  own  expense.  The  colleges  are, 
University,  Baliol,  Merton,  Exeter,  Oriel,  Queen's, 
New,  Lincoln,  All  Souls,  Magdalen,  Brazen  Nose, 
Corpus  Christi,  Christ  Church,  Trinity,  St.  John 
Baptist,  Jesus,  Wadham,  Pembroke,  Worcester, 
and  Hertford.  Of  these,  the  most  ancient  is  Uni- 
versity College,  founded  before  the  year  872  ;  and 
to  Christ  Church  College,  begun  by  cardinal  Wol- 
Bey  and  finished  by  Henry  VIII.,  belongs  the 
cathedral.  The  halls  are  Alban,  Edmund,  New 
Inn,  and  St.  Mary  .Magdalen.  Among  the  libra- 
ries in  the  university,  the  most  distinguished  is 
the  Bodleian  (founded  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley), 
those  of  All  Soul's  College,  Christ  Church, 
Queen's,  New,  St.  John,  Exeter,  and  Corpus 
Christi. 

Among  other  public  buildings  are  the  theatre, 
the  Ashmolean  museum,  the  Clarendon  printing- 
house,  the  Radcliffe  infirmary,  and  an  observatory. 
Magdalen  bridgfe,  besides  the  beauty  of  its  archi- 
tecture, has  this  singularity,  that  more  than  half 
of  it  is  on  dry  ground,  and  the  rest  covers  two 
small  stripes  of  the  Cherwell ;  this  bridge  is  526 
feet  long.  At  Oxford,  king  John,  compelled  by 
his  barons,  summoned  a  parliament  to  meet  in 
1258,  the  proceedings  of  which  were  so  disorder- 
ly that  it  was  afterwards  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Mad  Parliament.  Charles  I.  assembled  a 
parliament  here  in  1625,  in  consequence  of  the 
plague  then  raging  in  London  ;  and  in  1644  he 
•ummoned  sucn  of  the  members  of  both  houses 
as  were  devoted  to  his  interests :  those  were  se- 
ceders  from  the  parliament  then  sitting  at  West- 
minster. This  city  was  distinguished  for  its  at- 
tachment to  that  unfortunate  king,  who  here 
held  his  court  during  the  whole  civil  war.  With- 
out the  town  are  many  ruins  of  the  fortifications 
erected  in  that  war.  Oxford  is  governed  by  a 
mayor,  dependent  on  the  chancellor  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  university,  and  sends  four  mem- 
bers to  parliament,  two  for  the  university  and  two 
for  the  city.  50  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Coventry  and  55 
W.  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  1.  15.  W.,  lat.  51. 
46.  N. 

Ozfordskire,  a  county  of  England,  bounded  E. 


by  Buckinghamshire,  W.  by  Gloucestershire,  S. 
by  Berkshire,  and  N.  by  Warwickshire  and 
Northamptonshire.  The  extreme  length  is  48  m. 
and  breadth  38,  but  its  form  is  very  irregular.  It 
contains  450,000  acres,  is  divided  into  14  hnn 
dreds  and  207  parishes,  has  one  city  and  12  mar- 
ket towns  and  sends  nine  members  to  parliament 
The  soil  though  various,  is  fertile  in  corn  and 
grass.  The  S.  part,  especially  on  the  borders  of 
Buckinghamshire,  is  hilly  and  woody,  having  a 
continuation  of  the  Chiltern  hills  running  through 
it.  The  N.  W.  part  is  also  elevated  and  stony. 
The  middle  is,  in  general,  a  rich  country,  watered 
by  numerous  streams  running  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
terminating  in  the  Thames.  Of  these  the  most 
considerable  are  the  Windrush,  Evenlode,  Cher- 
well,  and  Tame  ;  the  last,  although  an  inconsider- 
able rivulet,  ha=  obtained  some  importance  from 
having  been  supposed  to  give  name  to  the  Thames. 
The  products  of  Oxfordshire  are  chiefly  those 
common  to  the  Midland  farming  counties  ;  and  a 
great  improvement  has  taken  place  of  late  years 
in  the  agricultural  system.  Its  hills  yield  ochre, 
pipe-clay,  and  other  earths,  useful  for  various  pur- 
poses. Corn  and  malt  are  conveyed  from  it  by 
the  Thames  to  the  metropolis ;  and  the  Oxford 
Canal  affords  a  direct  water  communication  with 
Liverpool,  Manchester,  and  the  Wednesbury  col- 
lieries, as  well  as  with  London  and  Bristol. 

Ox,fl»r(f,  a  county  of  Maine.  Pop.  35,217.  Paris 
is  the  capital.  Also  a  county  of  Upper  Canada 
on  the  Thames  and  Grand  rivers. 

Oxford,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  55  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,034  ;  p.v.  Penobscot  Co.  Me. ;  p.t. 
New  Haven  Co.  Conn.  12  m.  N.  W.  New  Haven. 
Pop.  1,762;  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.Y.  110  m.  W 
Albany.  Pop.  2,947.  Also  towns  and  villages  in 
Sussex  Co.  N.  J.,  Philad., Chester  and  Adams  Cos. 
Pa.  Caroline  Co.  Va.,  Granville  Co.  N.C.,  Tus- 
carawas, Coshocton  and  Guernsey  Cos.  Ohio. 

Oxford,  p.t.  Talbot  Co.  Maryl.  50  m.  S.  E. 
Baltimore.  It  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  one  of  the 
largest  commercial  towns  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state. 

Oxford,  p.t.  Butler  Co.  Ohio.  Pop.  2,900.  The 
whole  township  belongs  to  the  Miami  University, 
established  here.  This  institution  was  founded  in 
1824.  It  has  11  instructers  and  82  students.  The 
libraries  have  2,200  volumes. 

Oye,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  the  straits 
of  Calais,  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Calais. 

OijoTiaz  a  town  of  France  in  the  department  ot 
Ain,8m  N.  ofNantua. 

Oyster  Bay,  p.t.  Queens  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Isl- 
and.    Pop.  5,193. 

Oyster  Ponds,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long 
Island. 

Ozama,  a  river  of  Hispaniola,  formed  b}'  the 
confluence  of  two  streams  which  unite  about 
a  league  above  St  Domingo.  .In  rainy  seasons  it  is 
of  considerable  size,  and  is  very  convenient  for 
brinj^nng  down  the  produce  from  the  interior.  It 
runs  into  the  sea  below  St.  Domingo. 

Ozark  Mountains,  a  range  extending  from  the 
central  parts  of  the  state  of  Missouri  south-wester- 
ly toward  the  Mexican  territories.  It  is  crossed 
by  the  Arkansas  and  Red  rivers.  The  northern 
part  is  most  elevated  ;  but  little  is  known  of  any 
part  of  these  mountains. 

Ozwiczin,  a  town  of  Poland,  covered  on  one 
side  by  a  great  morass,  and  on  the  other  defend- 
ed by  a  castle,  whose  walls  are  of  wood.  It  is 
situate  on  the  Weitschel,  34  m.  W.  of  Cracow 
Long.  19  10   E.,  lat.  50.  10.  N. 


fAD 


sn 


PAH 


PACAJES,  atown  of  Buenos  Ayres,  capital  of  a 

grovince  of  its  name,  with  a  great  trade  in  cattle. 
3in.S.  VV.  of  La  Paz. 

Pacem,  a  town  in  the  N.  part  of  Sumatra,  capi- 
tal of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  120  m.  S.  E. 
of  Acheen.     Long.  97.  15.  E.,  lat.  4.  0.  N. 

Pachamac,  or  Pachacama,  a  town  of  Peru,  in 
the  province  of  Cercade,  situate  in  a  valley  of  its 
name,  formerly  beautified  with  a  magnificent  tem- 
ple, built  by  the  incas,  in  which  the  Spaniards, 
when  they  conquered  Peru,  found  immense  rich- 
es.    It  is  18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lima. 

Pachete,  a  town  and  fort  of  Bengal,  formerly 
the  capital  of  a  district  of  its  name,  which  is  now 
included  in  the  government  of  Burdwan.  It 
stands  near  the  Dummooda,  10  ra.  N.  E.  of  Ro- 
gonatpour. 

Pachnca,  a  town  of  Mexico,  noted  for  the  rich 
silver  mines  in  its  vicinity,  56  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Mex- 
ico.    Long.  100.  41.  W.,  lat.  20.  44.  N. 

Pacific  Ocean,  otherwise  called  the  South  Sea, 
lying  between  Asia  and  America.  It  is  the  larg- 
est ocean  in  the  world,  extending  over  more  than 
one-third  of  its  whole  surface,  and  being  upwards 
of  10,000  m.  in  breadth.  When  Magellan  entered 
this  ocean,  through  the  dangerous  strait  that  bears 
hi»  name,  he  sailed  three  months  and  20  days  in 
a  uniform  direction  to  the  N.  W.  without  discov- 
ering land.  In  the  distress  he  suffered  in  this 
voyage,  before  he  discovered  the  Ladrone  Islands 
he  had  the  consolation  of  enjoying  such  calm 
and  gentle  weather,  with  fair  winds,  that  he 
cave  this  ocean  the  name  of  Pacific.  The  Span- 
iards, on  passing  the  isthmus  of  Darien  from  N. 
to  S.,  at  the  first  discovery  of  this  ocean,  named 
it  th?  South  Sea ;  but  with  respect  to  America,  it 
is  more  properly  the  western  ocean.  On  one 
side  of  the  equator  it  is  called  the  North,  and  on 
ihe  other  the  South  Pacific. 

PackersvUle,  p. v.  Clearfield  Co.  Pa. 
Pactolus,  p. v.  Sullivan  Co.  Ten. 
Pa^y,  a  town  of  France,   department  of  Eure, 
on  the  Eure,  11  m.  E.  of  Evreux. 

Padang,  a  sea-port  051  the  W.  coast  of  Suma- 
tra, in  the  possession  of  the  Dutch.  It  was  taken 
by  the  British  in  1781,  and  again  in  1794;  but 
finally  surrendered  to  the  Dutch  in  1814.  In 
1707  it  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, and  upwards  of  300  lives  were  lost.  Long. 
m.  49.  E.,  lat.  0.  50.  S. 

Paadington,  a.  viUnge  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  1  m. 
SV .  by  N.  of  London.  From  the  number  of  build- 
ings erected  of  late  years  it  is  now  joined  to  the 
metropolis,  but  the  parish  still  contains  some 
beautiful  rural  spots  and  handsome  seats.  A  ca- 
nal passes  hence  to  the  Grand  Junction  Canal 
near  Brentford. 

Paddytown,  p. v.  Hampshire  Co    Va. 
Paderhorn,   an  ancient   principality   of  West- 
phalia, 40  m.  long  and  25  broad,  remarkable    for 
its  bacon  and  venison.     It  now  belongs  to  Prus- 
sia. 

Paderborn,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian  West- 
phalia, formerly  capital  of  a  principality  of 
the  same  name.  The  rivulet  Pader  rises  under 
the  high  altar  of  the  cathedral,  and  in  the  collegi- 
ate church  are  the  remains  of  St.    Blase.      The 


most  remarkable  of  the  convents  is  the  college 
formerly  belonging  to  the  Jesuits,  and  here  is  al- 
so a  celebrated  university.  It  is  52  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Munster.     Long.  8.  55.  E.,  lat.  51.  41.  N. 

Padron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated  on 
the  Ulla,  12  m.  S.  of  Compostella. 

Padstow,  a  town  in  Cornwell,  Eng.  with  a  con- 
venient harbour,  and  some  coasting  trade.  It  i."* 
seated  at  the  mooth  of  the  Camel,  on  the  Bristol 
Channel,  30  m.  W.  of  Launceston  and  243  VV.  by 
S.  of  London. 

Padua,  a  province  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
government  of  Venice,  40  m.  long  and  35  broad, 
bounded  by  Rovigo,  Verona,  Vicenza,  Treviso, 
and  Venice.  It  is  well  watered,  and  one  of  the 
most  fertile  countries  in  Italy. 

Padua,  a  fortified  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 
above  province,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  7  m.  in 
circumference,  but  much  less  considerable  than 
formerly  ;  for  great  part  of  the  area  within  the 
walls  is  unbuilt,  and  the  town  in  general  so  thin- 
ly inhabited  that  grass  grows  in  many  of  the 
streets.  The  houses  are  built  with  piazzas,  which 
when  the  town  was  in  a  flourishing  state,  may 
have  had  a  magnificent  appearance  ;  but  they  now 
rather  give  it  a  gloomy  air.  The  cathedral  is  one 
of  the  richest  in  Italy  :  in  the  sacristy  is  a  statue 
of  the  celebrated  Petrarch,  who  was  a  canon  of 
the  church,  and  left  to  it  a  part  of  his  library.  The 
Franciscan  church  is  dedicated  to  St.  Antonio, 
the  patron  of  the  city,  whose  body  is  enclosed  in 
a  sarcophagus,  under  an  altar  in  the  middle  of 
the  chapel.  Near  this  church  is  the  school  of  St. 
Antonio,  where  many  of  the  actions  of  the  saint 
are  painted  in  fresco,  some  of  them  by  Titian. 
The  church  of  St.  Justina  is  remarkable  for  its 
rich  Mosaic  pavement.  The  hall  of  the  town- 
house  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Europe,  and  con- 
tains the  cenotaph  of  Livy,  who  was  a  native  of 
Padua.  The  university,  once  so  celebrated,  is 
now  on  the  decline.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
cloth,  silk,  ribands,  and  leather,  all  on  a  small 
scale.  Padua  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1796. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Brenta  and  Bachiglione,  in  a 
fine  plain,  20  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Venice.  Long.  11. 
53.  E.,  lat.  45. 14.  N. 

Padvla,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra, 

14  m.  N.  of  Policastro. 

Pagahm,  a  decayed  city  of  Birniah,  anciently 
capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  abandoned  in  the  13th  century  in 
consequence  of  a  divine  admonition.  The  re- 
mains of  its  ancient  splendor  are  numerous 
moulderinor  temples,  and  the  vestiges  of  a  fort. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Irrawaddy,  110  m.  S.  W.  of 
Ummerapoora.     Long.  94.  34.  E.,  lat.  21.  10.  N. 

PagesviUe,  p. v.  Newberry  Dis.  S.  C. 

Pagliano,  a  town  of  Nap'?s,  in  Abruzzo  Ultra, 

15  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Aquilla. 

Pago,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  separated 
from  Dalmatia  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is  20  m. 
long  and  6  broad,  chiefly  barren,  and  the  soil 
stony  ;  but  it  is  well  peopled,  contains  salt  works, 
and  produces  wine  and  honey.  The  chief  town 
is  of  the  same  name.  Long.  51.  10.  E.,  lat.  44 
40.  N. 

Paltang,  a  sea-port  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  penia 


PAL 


674 


PAL 


■ula  of  Malaya,  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same 
name,  famous  for  a  great  number  of  elephants 
and  for  plenty  of  pepper.  It  is  140  m.  N.  E.  of 
Malacca.     Long.  103.  30.  E.,  lat.  3.  55.  N. 

Fuinbeevf,  a  sea-port  of  France,  department  of 
Loire  Inferieure,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Loire. 
Hence  all  the  ships  belonging  to  Nantes  take 
their  departure,  and  here  they  anchor  on  their  ar- 
rival. 22  m.  W.  by  N.  of  JNantes.  Long.  1.  59. 
W.,  lat.  47.  17.  N. 

Painesvillc,  p.t.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio,  on  Lake 
Erie.  Pop.  1,402.  It  has  a  good  harbour,  and  is  a 
flourishing  place  with  2  weekly  newspapers. 

PainRsirille,  p. v.  Amelia  Co.  Va. 

Pahisxoirk,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
The  inhabitants  are  employed  chiefly  in  the 
clothinor  trade.  It  stands  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  7 
m.  S.  S"!  E.  of  Gloucester. 

Paint,  townships  in  Wayne,  Holmes,  Fayette 
and  Ross  Cos.  Ohio. 

Painted  Post,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Tioga      Pop.  974. 

Paishawur.     See  Peishore. 

Paisley,  a  town  of  Scotland,  the  largest  in  Ren- 
frewshire. It  has  considerable  manufactures  of 
silk  and  linen,  gauze,  lawn,  muslin,  cambric, 
thread,  ifec.  ;  also  extensive  soap,  candle,  and 
cotton  works.  The  river  White  Cart  divides  it 
into  the  Old  and  New  Town,  which  communicate 
by  three  bridges.  The  latter  stands  on  the  E. 
Bide  of  the  river,  and  consists  of  many  handsome 
buildings  ;  it  also  contains  the  magnificent  re- 
mains of  an  abbey  church,  the  only  one  which 
Paisley  formerly  required.  By  means  of  the  riv- 
er, and  a  canal,  vessels  of  40  tons  can  come  up 
and  unload  at  the  quay.  9  m.  W.  of  Glasgow. 
Long.  4.  23.  W.,  lat.  55.  57.  N. 

Paita,  a  sea-port  of  Peru,  with  an  excellent 
harbour.  It  has  frequently  been  plundered  by 
the  buccaneers;  and  in  1741  it  was  burnt  by 
Commodore  Anson,  because  the  governor  refused 
to  ransom  it.     Long.  80.  49.  W.,  lat.  5.  12.  S. 

Palachy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  district  of 
Coimbetore,  with  a  small  fort.  In  its  vicinity  a 
pot  was  dug  up,  a  few  years  since,  containing 
Roman  silver  coins  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius. 
It  stands  in  a  well  cultivated  country,  14  m.  S.  of 
Coimbetore  and  37  W.  of  Daraporam. 

Palacios,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  12  m. 
S.  of  Seville. 

Palacios,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  32  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Leon. 

Palais,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  island 
of  Belleisle.  It  has  a  strong  citadel,  which  stood 
a  long  siege  against  the  English  in  1761,  and 
then  surrendered  on  honorable  terms.  It  stands 
on  the  N.  E.  side  of  the  island,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
L'Orient.     Lot.g.  3.  7.  W.,  lat.  47.  19.  N. 

Palais,  St..  a  town  and  district  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  which,  with  the  town 
and  district  of  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  formed 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  former  province  of  Low- 
er Navarre.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Bidouse,  18 
m.  S.  E.  of  Bayonne.  Long.  1.  4.  W.,  lat.  43. 
21.  N.  "^  " 

Palamlmnn,  or  Balambuan,  a  town  on  the  E. 
end  of  the  island  of  Jajian,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  its  name,  which  abounds  with  cotton,  rice, 
maize,  fruit,  horses,  antelopes,  buffaloes,  and  oxen. 
It  stands  on  a  bay  in  the  strait  of  Bali.  Long. 
114.  2.5.  E.,  lat.  8. 10.  8. 

Pal/imcotta,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Tinevelly.  Long.  77.  46.  E.,  lat.  6. 
42.  N. 


Palamos,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Cata 
Ionia,  seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  5^ 
m.  N.  E.  of  Barcelona. 

Palamoio,  a  town  of  Bengal,  capital  of  a  well 
cultivated  district  of  its  name,  seated  on  the 
Coyle,  140  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Patna. 

Palais.     See  Pelew  Islands. 

Palatinate  of  the  Rhine,  and  Bavaria.  See 
Rhine  and  Bavaria. 

Palatine,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  2,745. 

Palawan.     See  Paragoa. 

PaUizuola,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
province  of  Brescia,  seated  on  the  Oglio,  20  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Brescia. 

Palemhang,  a  district  or  kingdom  of  Sumatra, 
on  the  N.  E.  coast,  conquered  by  the  British  in 
1812.  The  chief  articles  of  export  are  gold,  tin, 
pepper,    silk,  ivory,  wax,  rice,  &c. 

Palembang,  the  capital  of  the  above  district 
and  the  emporium  of  the  inland  commerce  of  Su- 
matra. The  inhabitants  consists  of  Malays,  Chi- 
nese, and  Arabs.  This  town  is  seated  on  a  river 
of  its  name,  about  60  m.  from  the  sea.  Lontr 
104.  54.  E.,  lat.  2.  59.  S. 

Palencia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  five 
churches,  11  convents,  and  two  hospitals.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Carrion,  70  m.  S.  E.  of  Leon. 
Long.  4.  28.  W.,  lat.  41.  59.  N. 

Paleno,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citra, 
9  m.  E.  S.  E.ofSolmona. 

Palenzuela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
seated  on  the  Arlanza,  a  little  above  the  influx  of 
the  Arlanzon,  30  m.  S.  W   of  Buriros. 

Palermo,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  80  m.  N.  E.  Port- 
laltid.     Pop.  1,258. 

Palermo,  a  fortified  city  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Mazara,  capital  of  the  island,  and  an  archbishop's 
see.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
N.  coast,  near  the  extremity  of  a  kind  of  natural 
amphitheatre,  formed  by  high  and  rocky  moun- 
tains. The  country  between  the  city  and  the 
mountains  is  one  of  the  richest  plains  in  the  world; 
the  whole  appearing  a  magnificent  garden,  filled 
with  fruitful  trees  and  watered  by  fountains  and 
rivulets.  The  two  principal  streets  intersect  each 
other  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  where  they  form 
a  handsome  square,  called  the  Ottangolo,  from 
the  centre  of  which  is  seen  the  whole  of  these  no- 
ble streets,  and  the  four  elegant  gates  which  ter- 
minate them,  each  at  the  distance  of  half  a  mile. 
The  Porto  Felice  opens  to  the  Marino,  a  delight- 
ful walk,  which  has  on  one  side  the  wall  of  the 
city,  and  on  the  other  the  sea  ;  and  in  the  centre 
is  an  elegant  kind  of  temple,  frequentlv  made  use 
of  as  an  orchestra.  The  churches  of  Palermo  are 
upwards  of  300,  and  many  of  them  very  rich 
and  magnificent.  The  cathedral  is  a  large  Go- 
thic structure,  supported  within  by  SO  columns 
of  oriental  granite,  and  divided  into  a  oreat  num- 
ber of  chapels,  some  of  which  are  extremely  rich 
particularly  that  of  St.  Rosolia,  the  patroness  of 
Palermo.  The  relics  of  this  saint  are  preserved 
in  a  large  box  of  silver,  enriched  with  precious 
stones  ;  and  they  are  considered  as  the  greatest 
treasures  of  the  city.  Here  are  also  found  the 
tombs  of  several  of  the  ancient  Norman  kings.and 
of  the  emperors  Henry  VI.  and  Frederic  II.  of  the 
finest  porphyry.  This  city  has  suffered  greatly 
at  different  periods  by  earthquakes  and  inunda- 
tions. The  harbour,  defended  by  two  castles,  is 
dangerously  open  to  the  sea  from  the  N.  E. ;  and 
even  at  the  anchoring  place,  ships  are  in  danger 


PAL 


575 


PAL 


when  a  westerly  wind  rushes  through  the  valley 
of  Colli  between  the  mountains.  About  the  mid- 
dle of  the  llth  century  the  Norman  king,Roger,es- 

•  .      tablished  silk  manufactures  in  this  city,  by  means 
f'        of  prisoners  taken  in  his  war  with  the  Greeks,  and 

they  still  flourish,  though  not  so  lucrative  since 
the  manufacture  has  extended  to  Italy.  One 
mile   from   Palermo  is   a   celebrated    convent  of 

•  Capuchins,  in  which    is  a   vault,  made  use  of  as 
*    a  receptacle  for  the  dead.      It  consists  of  4  wide 

■*  passages,  each  about  40  feet  in  length,  with  arch- 
es along  the  sides,  in  which  the  bodies  are  set 
upright,  clothed  in  coarse  garments,  with  their 
heads,  arms,  and  feet  bare.  On  the  floor  are 
handsome  trunks,  containing  the  bodies  of  per- 
sons of  distinction,  the  keys  of  which  are  kept  by 
the  relations.  In  1799  when  the  French  made 
themselves  masters  of  Naples,  Palermo  became 
the  residence  of  the  court;  at  present  it  is  the 
seat  of  the  viceroy  of  the  Sicilian  parliament  and 
of  the  chief  boards  of  the  island  administration. 
130  m.  W.  of  Messina,  and  200  S.  by  W.  of 
Ninles.     L-jnr.  13.  23.  E.,lat.  3S.  7.  N. 

Palestine,,  a  country  of  Syria,  so  called  from 
the  Philistines,  who  inhabited  its  sea-coast.  In 
the  Scriptures  it  is  styled  the  Land  of  Canaan, 
and  the  Promised  Land :  it  is  also  called  Judcea, 
from  the  patriarch  Judah  ;  and  the  Holy  Land, 
from  its  having  been  the  scene  of  the  birth,  min- 
istry, and  death  of  Jesus  Christ.  It  is  divided 
from  the  other  parts  of  Syria  on  the  N.  by  Mount 
Libanus,  and  on  the  E.  by  the  river  Jordan  and 
1  the  Dead  Sea;  Arabia  PetrBea  on  the  S.,  and  the 
».  .  Mediterranean  on  the  W.  It  is  in  general  a  fer- 
'  tile  country,  abounding  where  cultivated,  with 
corn,  wine,  and  oil ;  and  it  might  supply  the 
neighbouring  country  with  all  these,  as  it  anciently 
did,  were  the  present  inhabitants  equally  indus- 
trious. The  parts  about  Jerusalem  are  the  most 
mountainous  and  rocky  ;  but  they  feed  numerous 
herds  and  flocks,  and  yield  plenty  of  honey,  with 
excellent  wine  and  oil ;  and  the  valleys  produce 
large  crops  of  corn.  This  country  has  been  con- 
quered and  occupied  by  such  a  variety  of  foreign 
races  tiiat  it  is  difficult  to  say  which  forms  the 
basis  of  its  present  population.  It  now  belongs 
to  the  Turkish  empire,  and  is  included  in  the 
pachalics  of  Acre  and  Damascus,  the  former  com- 
prehending the  sea-coast  and  the  latter  extending 
over  the  interior. 

Pale.Hine,  p.t.  Lawrence  Co.  Indiana;  p. v.  Craw- 
ford Co.  Illinois.     80  m.  E.  Vandalia. 

Palestrina,  one  of  the  largest  of  tiie  islands 
called  the  Lagunes,  near  Venice.  It  has  a  town 
of  the  same  name,  6  m.  S.  of  Venice. 

Palestrina,  anciently  Praeneste,  an  episcopal 
town  of  Italy,  in  the  delegation  of  Rome,  with 
the  title  of  a  principality.  Here  formerly  stood 
a  temple  dedicated  to  Fortune,  the  ruins  of  which 
may  yet  be  seen.  It  is  25  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Rome. 
Long.  13.  5.  E.,  lat.  41.  52.  N. 

Paliano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states, 
situate  on  a  hill,  20  m.  E.  of  Rome. 

Paligaut,  or  Palicaud,  a  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Malabar,  built  by  Hyder,  on  his  conquest  of  that 
province.  Around  it  are  scattered  many  villages, 
which  contain  a  considerable  population  and  have 
some  trade.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1783 
and  again  in  1790,  and  was  confirmed  to  them  at 
the  peace  of  1792.  It  stands  between  two  rivu- 
lets, near  their  junction,  at  the  foot  of  the  south- 
ern extremity  of  the  Ghauts,  25  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Coimbetore  and  56  E.  by  N.  of  Paniany. 

Paligonda,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 


natic,  with  the  remains  of  a  fort,  in  which  is  a 
considerable  temple.  It  ia  seated  on  the  Paliar, 
25  m.  W.  of  Arcot. 

Palk  Strait,  a  strait  at  the  N.  end  of  the  island 
of  Ceylon,  in  the  bay  of  Bengal,  which  separates 
that  island  from  the  coast  of  Coromandel.  It  ig 
celebrated  for  the  extensive  pearl  fishery  carried 
on  in  it,  on  both  shores,  formerly  by  the  Dutch 
and  now  by  the  British. 

Palliser  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  S. 
Pacific  ;  the  largest  is  about  15  m.  long  and  10 
broad.     Long.  146.  30.  W.,  lat.  15.  38.  S. 

Palma,  one  of  the  Canary  islands,  to  the  N.  of 
Ferro,  50  m.  in  circumference,  and  very  fertile. 
It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  much  frequente<l 
for  its  excellent  wines  and  safe  harbour.  Long. 
17.  50.  W.,  lat:  28.  37.  N. 

Palma,  a  strong  city,  capital  of  the  island  ol 
Majorca,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  public  squares-, 
the  cathedral,  and  the  royal  palace,  are  magnifi- 
cent. It  contains  4,000  houses,  built  after  the 
antique  manner;  a  univ^ersity,  more  ancient  than 
celebrated  ;  and  22  churches,  besides  the  cathe- 
dral. The  harbour  is  extremely  good.  It  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  17<J6,  and  retaken  in 
1715.  It  is  seated  on  the  S.  VV.  side  of  the  island. 
Long.  2.  30.  E.,  lat.  39.  35.  N. 

Palma,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the 
Xenil,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Guadalquivir,  30 
m.  S.  W.  of  Cordova. 

Palma,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
on  the  river  Cadoan,  20  m.  E.  of  Setuval. 

Palma,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  40  m.  N.  W. 
of  Bogota. 

Palma  J^uova,  a  strong  frontier  town  of  Italy, 
in  the  Venetian  province  of  Udina,  seated  on  a 
canal,  which  communicates  with  the  Lizonzo,  10 
m.  S    E.  of  Udina.  Long.  13.  15.  E.,  lat.  40.2.  N. 

Palma  di  Solo,  a  sea-port  of  Sardinia,  on  the  S. 
W.  coast,  38  m.  S.  VV.  of  Cagliari. 

Palmas,  a  river  of  Mexico,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Nassas  and  Sauceda,  in  New  Biscay, 
whence  it  flows  E.  about  200  m.  between  the 
provinces  of  Panuco  and  New  Leon,  into  the 
gulf  of  Mexico. 

Palmas,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Grand  Ca- 
nara.     See  Canaries. 

Palmas,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  16 
leagues  S.  E.  of  Mindanao.  Long.  127.  0.  E., 
lat.  5.  33.  xV. 

Palmas,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the  Ivory  coast 
of  Guinea.     Long.  5.  34.  W.,  lat.  4.  26.  N. 

Palmela,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  8  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Setuval. 

Palmer,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  82  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,237.    Here  are  some  manufactures. 

Palmr.rtoicn,  p. v.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  46  rn. 
from  Albany. 

Palm.erston  Isle,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
discovered  by  Cook  in  1774.  It  consists  of  about 
10  islets,  connected  by  a  reef  of  coral  rocks,  and 
lying  in  a  circular  direction ;  the  principal  one 
not  exceeding  a  m.  in  circumference,  nor  more 
than  three  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It 
abounds  with  cocoa-nuts,  scurvygrass,  and  the 
wharra-tree,  but  has  no  inhabitants.  Long.  162. 
57.  W.,  lat.  18.  0.  S. 

Palmyra,  or  Tadmor,  once  a  magnificent  city 
of  Syria,  originally  built  by  king  Solomon,  in  the 
midst  of  a  sandy  desert,  bounded  on  three  sides, 
by  a  chain  of  high  mountains.  On  the  decline  of 
the  Macedonian  empire  in  the  E.,  it  became  the 
capital  of  a  principality,  under  the  name  of  Pal- 
myra ;  and  h  declared  for  the  Romans,  on  Adiian 


PAM 


576 


PAN 


marching  his  army  through  Syria  to  Egjpt.  The 
city  flourished  and  increased  to  the  time  of  Aure- 
lian,  when  it  resisted  the  Roman  power  under 
queen  Zenobia,  who  was  at  length  taken  captive, 
dnd  led  in  triumph  through  the  streets  of  Rome. 
Soon  afterwards  the  inhabitants  massacred  the 
soldiers  who  had  been  left  in  garrison ;  this  oc- 
casioned the  return  of  Aurelius,  who,  having 
made  himself  master  of  the  place,  caused  the  in- 
habitants to  be  destroyed,  and  gave  up  the  city  to 
pillage.  Its  stupendous  ruins  were  visited,  in 
1751,  by  Mr.  Wood,  who  published  a  splendid 
account  of  them  in  1753.  The  inhabitants  consist 
of  about  40  Arab  families,  living  in  mud  cottages, 
erected  within  the  spacious  court  of  a  once  mag- 
nificent temple.  100  m.  S.  E.  of  Aleppo.  Long. 
38.  50.  E.,  lat.  33.  20.  N. 

Palmyra,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  28  m.  E.  Nor- 
ridjrewock.  Pop.  912;  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
3,434  ;  p.t.  Pike  and  Lebanon  Co.  Pa.,  Halifax  Co. 
N.  C,  Warren  Co.  Missouri,  Montgomery  Co. 
Ten.,  Warren  and  Portage  Cos.  Ohio,  Edwards 
Co.  Illi.  and  Pike  Co.  Miss. 

Palnaud,  a  district  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  ceded  to  the  British  in  1801,  and  included 
in  the  coUectorship  of  Guntoor.  It  is  situate  near 
the  river  Kistna.  Timerycotta  is  the  principal 
place. 

Palos,  a  sea-port  of  Spain  in  Andalusia,  with  a 
tolerable  harbour  ;  celebrated  as  the  place  whence 
Columbus  sailed  on  his  first  adventurous  voyage 
in  1492.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tinto, 
50  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Seville.  Long.  6.  52.  W.,  lat. 
37.  10.  N. 

Palos  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  in  Murcia, 

19  m.  E.  ot  Carthagena.  Long.  0  40.  W.,  lat.  37 
37.  N. 

PaJota,  a  fortified  town  of  Hungary,  40  m. 
S.  by  W.  of  Buda.      Long.   18.  0.  E.,   lat.  47.  0. 

Palotza,  a  town  of  Hungary,  situate  on  the  Pop- 
rah,  54  m.  N.  of  Cassovia.  Long.  21.  20.  E.,  lat. 
47.  42.  N. 

Palte,  a  famous  lake  of  Thibet,  lying  to  the  S. 
W.  of  Lassa,  about  12  m.  S.  of  the  river  Samboo. 
It  is  represented  as  a  wide  trench,  of  about  6  m. 
broad,  surrounding  an  island  30  m.  long  and  20 
broad.  On  the  W.  shore  of  this  island  is  a  mon- 
astery, and  the  seat  of  the  Lamissa  Turcepamo, 
or  the  Great  Regenerate,  in  whom  the  Thibetians 
think  that  a  divine  spirit  is  regenerated,  as  it  is 
in  the  Great  Lama.  The  word  lamissa,  is  the 
feminine  of  lama,  which  signifies  a  priest. 

Pame'.ia,  a  township  of  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,2()3. 

Pamiers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
riege,  and  a  bishop's  see.  In  the  vicinity  is  a 
mineral  spring.  It  is  seated  on  the  Arriege,  36 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Toulouse.  Long.  1.  35.  E.,  lat. 
43.6.  N. 

Pamlico  Sound,  a  kind  of  inland  sea,  on  the 
coast  of  N.  Carolina,  100  m.  long  and  from  10  to 

20  broad,  separated  in  its  whole  length  from  the 
Atlantic,  by  a  beach  of  sand,  hardly  a  mile  wide. 
It  has  several  inlets,  but  that  of  Ocracoke,  in  lat. 
35.  10.  N.,  is  the  only  one  that  will  admit  vessels 
of  burden. 

Pamyas,  the  name  given  in  South  Africa  to 
the  wido  prairies  or  plains  South  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata.  The  great  plain  on  the  east  of  the  Cor- 
dilleras, is  about  900  m.  in  breadth,  and  divided 
into  regions  of  different  climate  and  produce.  On 
leaving  Buenos  Ayres,  the  first  region  is  cover- 
ed, for  180  m.  with  clover  and  thistles  ;    the  sec- 


ond region  (480  m.)  produces  long  grass,  without 
a  weed ;  and  the  third,  reaching  the  base  of  the 
Cordilleras,  is  a  grove  of  low  trees  and  shrubs, 
in  which  such  beautiful  order  is  observed  that 
one  may  gallop  between  them  in  every  direction. 
The  two  last  have  nearly  the  same  appearance 
throughout  the  year.  The  trees  and  shrubs  are 
evergreens,  and  the  grass  only  changes  from 
green  to  brown.  The  first  region  varies  with  the 
four  seasons.  In  winter  the  leaves  of  the  thistle 
are  luxuriant,  and  the  whole  surface  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  turnip  field.  The  clover  is  also 
rich  and  strong,  and  the  wild  cattle  are  grazing 
at  full  liberty.  In  spring  the  clover  has  vanish- 
ed, and  the  leaves  of  the  thistle  are  extended. 
In  a  month  the  whole  region  becomes  a  wood  of 
thistles,  ten  or  eleven  feet  high,  in  full  bloom. 
The  stems  of  the  thistles  are  so  close  and  strong, 
that,  independent  of  the  prickles,  they  form  an 
impenetrable  barrier,  which  has  arisen  so  sudden- 
ly, that  an  invading  army  might  be  imprisoned  by 
them.  Before  summer  is  over  the  thistles  are 
dead,  and  the  violence  of  the  pampero  or  hurri- 
cane levels  them  with  the  ground,  where  they 
rapidly  decompose,  and  the  clover  again  quickly 
appears.  If  millions  of  inhabitants  could  be  sud- 
denly placed  on  these  pampas  they  would  have 
nothing  to  do  but  to  drive  out  their  cattle  to  graze, 
and  without  preparation  plough  what  ground  they 
pleased.  But  they  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  peo- 
pled.  Between  the  few  settled  inhabitants  or 
gauchos,  and  the  roving  Indians  who  inhabit 
the  south  part  of  the  pampas,  a  cruel  extermina- 
ting war  is  carried  on.  The  Indians  always  on 
horseback,  are  however,  incapable  of  acting  on 
foot,  and  are  easily  repulsed.  The  climate  of 
the  pampas  is  subject  to  great  difference  of  tem- 
perature, though  the  gradual  changes  are  very 
regular.  The  winter  is  as  cold  as  an  English  No- 
vember. The  summer  is  very  oppressively  hot. 
But  the  whole  pampas  enjoy  an  atmosphere  as 
beautiful  and  salubrious  as  the  most  healthy  parts 
of  Greece  and  Italy,  without  the  malaria.  The 
south-west  wind  or  pampero,  generated  by  the 
Andes,  rushes  over  the  plains  with  a  violence 
which  it  is  almost  impossible  to  withstand  ;  but 
they  make  the  weather  afterwards  particularly 
healthy  and  agreeable. 

Pampelonnc.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Alby. 

Pampliega,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  12 
m.  S.  W.  of  Burgos. 

Pampola,  or  Pampeluna,  a  city  of  Spain,  capi 
tal  of  Upper  Navarre,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a 
strong  citadel,  and  a  university.  The  squares 
are  handsome,  and  adorned  with  shops  full  of 
rich  merchandise.  It  was  taken  by  the  French, 
on  their  invasion  of  Spain ;  but  surrendered  to 
the  allied  forces  in  1831.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ar 
ga,47  m.  S.  of  Bayonne  and  197  N.  E.  of  Madrid. 
Long.  1.  42.  W.,  lat.  42.  49.  N. 

Pamplona,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  famous 
for  mines  of  gold,  and  numerous  flocks  of  sheep 
in  its  vicinity.  It  is  150  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bo- 
gota.    Long.  71.  30.  W.,  lat.  6.  30.  N. 

Panagia,  a  town  of  Romania,  14  m.  N.  of  Gal- 
lipoli. 

Panama,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Colombia.  It 
stands  on  a  fine  bay  of  its  name,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  and  contains  a  hand- 
some cathedral,  and  a  number  of  churches,  con- 
vents, and  monasteries.  Before  the  abolition  of 
the  trade  by  the  galleons,  it  was  the  emporium 
for  all  the  merchandise  of  Chile  and  Peru,  intend 


PAN 


577 


PAR 


ed  for  Europe.  See  Porto  Bella.  The  trade  and 
commerce  are  still  considerable,  and  in  the  har- 
bour is  a  fine  pearl  fishery.  The  city  is  surround- 
ed by  a  wall  and  other  fortifications,  and  is  60 
m.  S.  by  W.  of  Porto  Bello.  Long.  80.  21.  W., 
lat.  8.49.  N. 

Panama,  p. v.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y. 

Panaraga,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Java,  capi- 
tal of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  60  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Mataram. 

Panarucan,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Java, 
formerly  the  capital  of  a  principality,  but  now 
subject  to  tlie  Dutch.  The  chief  export  is  long 
pepper.     Long.  113.  25.  E.,  lat.  8.  0.  S. 

Panaxj,  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  between 
those  of  Paragoa  and  Negros.  It  is  of  a  triangu- 
lar form,  250  m.  in  circumference,  populous  and 
fertile,  and  watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers 
and  brooks.  The  chief  commodity  for  exporta- 
tion is  rice.     Iloila  is  the  capital. 

Pancras,  St.  an  extensive  parish  in  Middlesex, 
Eng.  2  m.  N.  W.  of  London.  The  old  church  and 
churchyard  have  long  been  noted  as  a  burial  place 
for  Roman  Catholics. 

Pancsova,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hungary, 
seated  near  the  Danube,  10  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Bel- 
grade. 

Pangasena,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  in  the 
E.  Indies,  45  m.  long  and  10  broad,  lying  between 
Celebes  and  Bourton. 

Pango,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  cap- 
ital of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  stands 
on  the  river  Barbela,  95  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  St.  Sal- 
vador.    Long.  14.  45.  E.,  lat.  4.  20.  S. 

Punjab,  a  country  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Hin- 
doostan,  being  that  watered  by  the  five  eastern 
brandies  of  the  Indus.  It  was  the  scene  of  Alex- 
ander's last  campaign,  and  the  termination  of  his 
conquests.  It  forms  a  square  of  2.50  miles,  and 
includes  the  whole  of  Lahore  and  a  great  part  of 
Moultan  Proper.  To  the  lower  part  of  Moultan 
it  is  flat  and  marshy,  inundated  by  the  rains 
which  fall  between  May  and  October. 

Paniany,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malabar,  containing  above  40  mosques,  500 
houses  belonging  to  traders,  and  1,000  huts  inhab- 
ited by  the  lower  orders  of  people.  The  port  is 
frequented  by  small  vessels  from  different  places 
on  the  coast ;  and  much  rice  is  exported  hence 
to  the  northern  parts  of  the  province.  It  is  seated 
in  a  sandy  plain,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river,  32 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Calicut.  Long.  75.  48.  E.,  lat.  10. 
47.  N. 

Pannanuch,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeen- 
shire, situate  a  little  below  the  waterfall  called 
the  Lin  of  Dee.  It  is  noted  for  its  mineral  wa- 
ters ;  and  has  houses  and  baths  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  company. 

Pannlput,  a.  iown  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Dehli,  celebrated  for  a  battle,  in  1761,  be- 
tween an  army  of  200,000  Mahrattas,  and  Abdal- 
lah,  sultan  of  Candahar,  at  the  head  of  150,000 
Mahotnedans,  in  which  the  former  were  totally 
defeated.  Panniput  is  situate  in  an  extensive 
plain,  72  m.  N.  W.  of  Dehli.  Long.  76.  55.  E.,  lat. 
29.13.  N. 

Panomi,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  16  m.  S.  of  Sa- 
lonichi. 

Pantalaria,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  be- 
longing to  Sicily,  and  situated  between  that  isl- 
and and  the  coast  of  Tunis.  It  is  30  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, and  abounds  in  cotton,  fruits,  and 
wine. 

Panton,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Va.  Pop.  605. 
73 


Panuco,  or  Guastsca,  a  province  of  Mexico, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  W. 
by  Mechoacan  and  New  Biscay.  The  tropic  of 
Cancer  divides  it  into  two  parts  ;  the  S.  part 
abounds  with  provisions,  and  has   some  veins  of 

fold  and  mines  of  salt ;  but  the  other  is  poor  and 
arren. 

Panuco,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  is  situate  near  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  210  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Mexico.  Long.  98. 50.  W.,  lat.  22. 
50.  N. 

Pao-king,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Hou-quang,  830  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Pekin.     Long.  111.0.  E.,  lat.  27.  5.  N. 

Paoli,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Ind.  106  m.  S.  W.  In- 
dianapolis. 

Pao-ning,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Se-tchuen,  on  the  river  Kialing, 
700  m.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  105.  35.  E.,  lat. 
31.  3.  N. 

Paoom,  one  of  the  two  New  Hebrides,  in  the 
S.  Pacific,  to  the  S.  of  Mallicollo.  Long.  168.  29. 
W.,  lat.  16.  30.  S. 

Pao-ting,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  the 
most  considerable  in  the  province  of  Pe-tcheli 
next  to  Pekin.  The  country  around  is  pleasant 
and  as  fertile  as  any  part  of  China.  78  in.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  115.  25.  E.,  lat.  38.  54. 
N. 

Papa,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  county  of  Ves- 
prin,  45  rn.  W.  of  Buda. 

Paperville,  p. v.  Sullivan  Co.  Ten. 

Papovl,  St.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Au- 
de,  on  the  Lande,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Carcassone  and 
35  S.  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Pappenhurg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  E.  Fries- 
land,  with  two  churches,  and  numerous  yards 
for  ship-building.  It  is  seated  on  a  canal,  which 
communicates  with  the  river  Ems,  13  m.  S.  of 
Einbden. 

Pappenheim,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  formerly  the 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  seated 
on  a  hill  near  the  Altrauhl,  13  m.  N.  E.  of  Dona- 
wert. 

Papua.     See  Guinea,  J\ew. 

Para,  a  handsome  city  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a 
government  of  the  same  name,  with  a  citadel  and 
castle.  The  chief  business  is  cultivating  tobacco 
and  sugar  canes,  and  gathering  cotton  which 
grows  wild  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  estuary  oi 
the  Tocantin,  80  m.  from  the  ocean.  Long.  49 
25.  W.,  lat.  1.  50.  S. 

Parades,  or  Pracels,  a  vast  multitude  of  smalJ 
islands  and  rocks  in  the  China  Sea,  lying  off  the 
coast  Of  Cochin-China.  They  extend  300  m.  it 
length  by  CO  in  breadth,  and  the  intercurrents 
among  them  render  their  navigation  dangerous 

Paradella,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  12  m 
S.  E.  of  Lainego. 

Paradise,  villages  in  York  and  Lancaster  Cos 
Pa. 

Paragoa,  or  Palawan,  the  most  westerly  of  the 
Philippine  islands,  being  180  m.  long  and  from 
20  to  40  broad,  divided  between  the  king  of  Bor- 
neo and  the  Spaniards,  with  some  independent 
natives  in  the  interior  parts,  who  are  black,  and 
have  no  fixed  place  of  abode.  The  Spaniards- 
have  a  garrison  at  the  N.  end  of  the  island,  at  a 
place  called  Tatay.  Long,  118.  45.  E.,  lat.  11 
O.N. 

Paraguay,  an  extensive  country  of  S.  America, 
bounded  on  the  xV.  by  Amazonia,  £.  by  Brazil,  S 
by  Patagonia,  and  W.  by  Chile  uid  Peru.     It 
3  C 


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contains  numerons  lakes  and  rivers ,  of  the  latter, 
the  three  principal  are  the  Parana,  Paraguay,  and 
Uraguay,  the  united  streams  of  which  form  tlie 
celebrated  Rio  de  la  Plata.  These  rivers  annual- 
ly  overflow  their  banks.  The  climate  is  in  gen- 
eral moist  and  temperate,  though  in  some  places 
it  is  cold.  In  the  temperate  parts  the  soil  is  ex- 
tremely fertile,  producing  grain,  beans,  peas,  cot- 
ton, tobacco,  and  the  valuable  herb  called  para- 
guay,  which  is  peculiar  to  this  country,  and  the 
infusion  of  which  is  drank  instead  of  tea.  Here 
are  also  a  variety  of  fruits  and  very  rich  pastures  ; 
but  the  country  is  destitute  of  woods.  Cattle, 
eheep,  horses,  and  mules  are  in  great  abundance  ; 
of  the  last  many  thousands  were  annually  sent  to 
Peru.  In  the  mountains  toward  Tucuman,  the 
condor,  the  largest  bird  of  the  vulture  tribe,  is 
not  unfrequent ;  and  the  ostrich  is  found  in  the 
wide  plains.  Several  independent  tribes  of  in- 
digenes live  in  the  interior,  on  the  Rio  Grande; 
one  of  them,  called  Abipones,  are  a  warlike  race, 
and,  by  a  novelty  in  American  manners,  chiefly 
cavalry,  securing  and  taming  the  wild  horses  in- 
troduced by  the  Spaniards.  In  1515  the  Span- 
iards discovered  this  country  by  sailing  up  the 
Rio  de  la  Plata,  and,  in  1535,  founded  the  town 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  In  1580  the  Jesuits  were  ad- 
mitted into  these  fertile  regions,  and,  in  the  next 
century,  founded  the  famous  missions  of  Paraguay. 
In  1757  Spain  exchanged  the  colonies  on  the  E. 
shore  of  the  Uraguay  for  the  Portuguese  colony 
of  St.  Sacrament,  vehich  caused  that  river  to  be- 
come the  boundary  of  the  respective  possessions 
of  the  two  crowns.  In  1767  the  court  expelled 
the  Jesuits,  and  the  natives  were  put  upon  the 
same  footing  with  the  other  Indians  of  the  Span- 
ish part  of  S.  America. 

Paraguay  revolted  from  the  government  of 
Spain  at  the  same  time  with  the  neighbourimr  prov- 
inces. Soon  after  the  declaration  of  independence 
the  direction  of  affairs  fell  into  the  hands  of  Doctor 
Francia  a  native  of  the  country, who  procured  him- 
self to  be  declared  Dictator  for  life.  This  govern- 
ment has  continued  to  the  present  moment  the 
most  arbitrary  and  despotic  rule  on  the  face  of  the 
earth  ;  yet  his  administration  has  been  generally 
equitable.  All  intercourse  with  foreigners  has 
been  avoided,  and  those  who  have  entered  the 
country  have  experienced  great  difficulties  in  re- 
turing.      Asuncion  is  the  capital. 

Paraiba,  a  province  of  Brazil,  between  those  of 
Rio  Grande  and  Tamarica.  It  abounds  in  sugar 
canes,  bram-wood,  tobacco,  and  cotton.  The 
chief  town,  which  is  of  the  same  name,  is  sfeated 
on  the  river  Paraiba.  The  Dutch  obtained  pos- 
•«ssio|i  of  it  in  1635,  and  fortified  it  with  a;  slight 
jampMt;  but  the  Portuguese  retook  it^on  af- 
.er.  W 

Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Surinam,  Guiana, 
md  the  phief  place  of  the  Dutch  colonies  in  S. 
America.  It  has  a  strong  but  small  citadel,  and 
a  noble  road  for  shipping,  where  there  are  seldom 
fewer  than  80  vessels,  loading  coffee,  sugar,  cot- 
ton, and  indigo.  The  streets  are  strait,  and  lined 
with  orange,  shaddock,  tamarind,  and  lemon  trees, 
in  continual  bloom.  It  surrendered  to  the  Eng- 
lish in  1799  and  in  1803.  It  is  situate  on  the  fi. 
Bide  of  the  river  Surinam,  10  m.  from  its  mouth. 
Long.  55.  25.  W.,  lat  5.  48.  N. 

Parana,  a  province  of  Paraguay,  so  named 
from  a  large  river,  which  receives  the  Paraguay  at 
Gorientes,  and  afterwards,  joining  the  Uruguay, 
forms  the  river  Plata. 

Purchwitz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussian  Silesia, 


with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  cloth  :  seated 
on  the  Katzbach,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Leignitz. 

Pardubitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Chrudin,  with  a  fortified  castle  and  a  manufacture 
of  knives  and  sword  blades.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Elbe,  23  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Prague.  Long.  15.  41 
E.,  lat.  49.  58.  N. 

Parechia.     See  Paros. 

Parenxa,  a  sea-port  of  Istria,  on  a  peninsula  in 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  with  a  harbour  for  large  ves- 
sels. Itis28m.  S.  by  W.of  Capo  d'Istria.  Long. 
13.  50.  E.,  lat.  45.  18.  S. 

Parga,  a  sea-port  on  the  coast  of  Albania,  op 
posite  to  the  southern  point  of  the  island  of  Corfu, 
memorable  as  the  only  place  which  bade  defiance 
to  the  arms  of  Ali  Pasha,  tyrant  of  Albania,  co 
whom  it  was  eventually  surrendered  on  condition 
of  his  paying  an  indemnity  to  those  of  the  inhabi- 
tants who  should  refuse  to  remain.  The  evacua- 
tion took  place  in  1819,  most  of  the  inhabitants 
removing  to  the  Ionian  islands.  30  m.  S.  W.  of 
Joannina. 

Paria,  a  province  of  Colombia,  lying  to  *he  S. 
E.  of  Cumana,  on  the  banks  of  the  Oronoco,  and 
including  the  delta  of  that  river.  On  the  N.  of 
this  province,  between  Cumana  and  the  island 
of  Trinidad,  is  a  large  bay,  called  the  Gulf  ot 
Paria. 

Paria,  the  capital  of  the  above  province.  Here 
are  some  silver  mines,  and  its  cheeses,  made  from 
the  milk  both  of  sheep  and  cows,  are  in  high  es- 
teem. It  is  140  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Plata.  Lonir. 
68.  82.  W.,  lat.  18.  30.  S. 

Paridrong,  a  strong  town  of  Thibet,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Bootan,  45  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Tassasudon. 

Parilla,  or  Santa,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Lima,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  80  m.  S.  E.  of  Truxillo,  and  280  N.  W.  of 
Lima.     Long.  77.  50.  W.,  lat.  8.  56.  S. 

Purima,  a  lake  of  S.  America,  near  the  borders 
of  Amazonia  and  Guiana,,  of  a  square  form,  80  m. 
long  and  40  broad.  It  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  in- 
undation formed  by  the  Orinoco  ;  for  thai  river 
enters  on  the  N.  and  issues  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
lake,  near  its  N.  W.  angle.  From  the  S.  E.  of 
this  lake  issues  the  White  River,  called  also  the 
Parima,  which  flows  S.  to  the  Black  River,  and 
thence  S.  E.  to  the  river  Amazon.  To  the  W.  of 
this  lak'j,  before  the  main  stream  of  tlie  Orinoco 
turns  to  the  N.,  there  are  two  other  brandies  that 
flow  from  it  to  the  Black  River.  Hence  there  are 
three  communications  between  those  two  great 
rivers,  the  Orinoco  and  the  Amazon. 

Paris,  the  capital  of  France,  and  of  civilized 
Europe,  lies  on  both  banks  and  occupies  two  is- 
lets of  the  Seine.  This  city,  which  pretends  to 
a  rivalry  in  arts  and  elegancies  with  Athens,  and 
in  magnificence  with  Thebes,  had  the  meanest 
commencement.  Julius  Coesar  found  tlie  princi- 
pal islet,  now  called  "  the  city  "  (la  cite),  covered 
with  huts,  and  serving  as  a  retreat  for  fishermen 
of  the  tribe  of  Gauls  called  "  Parisii."  The  sur 
rounding  woods  and  marshes,  and  the  waters  of 
the  Seine,  which  had  hitherto  protected  these  bar- 
barians, were  but  a  weak  obstacle  to  the  Roman 
legionaries,  upon  whose  approach  they  burned 
their  huts  and  fled  farther  into  the  woods.  Caj- 
sar,  having  completed  l.he  conquest  of  Gaul,  held 
a  conference  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Gallic  hordes 
in  this  islet,  and  approving  the  site,  laid  in  it  the 
foundation  of  a  city,  called  by  the  Romans  "  Lu- 
tetiaParisiorum,"  from  the  name  of  the  tribe,  and 
the  word  "  Loutouhezi,"  by  whicli  the  natives 
designated  the  cluster  of  bats  which  had  disap- 


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peared.  The  new  city  improved  rapidly  under 
the  influence  of  Roman  laws,  arts,  and  adminis- 
tration. During  the  reign  of  Charlemagne,  who, 
amidst  his  conquests,  never  lost  sight  of  the  arts 
of  civilization,  Paris  advanced  in  arts  and  letters 
as  well  as  wealth  and  extent.  The  adventurous 
and  roving  Normans,  tempted  by  the  wealth  of 
the  city,  and  despising  the  feeble  successors  of 
Charlemagne,  who  had  abandoned  the  capital  as 
a  patrimony  to  hereditary  counts,  plundered  it 
three  times,  after  short  intervals — in  845, 857,  and 
872.  Under  the  third  or  Capetian  race,  it  improv- 
ed still  more  rapidly  than  before.  It  became  the 
fi.xed  royal  residence  and  seat  of  government; 
the  capital  of  the  kingdom  in  fact  as  well  as  in 
name.  Philip  Augustus  added  to  its  strength  and 
beauty  by  many  new  edifices,  by  paving  the 
streets,  and  by  surrounding  the  whole  city  with 
deep  fosse  and;  thick  wall  defended  by  five  hun- 
dred towers.  Paris  at  this  time  had  sixteen  gates, 
and  covered  a  surface  of  seven  hundred  and  tliirty- 
nine  square  acres.  Louis  IX.  (St.  Louis)  built 
hospitals  and  schools,  reformed  the  more  barba- 
rous and  vexatious  "  customs"  (laws),  regulated 
the  administration  of  justice,  and  created  a  po- 
lice. Paris  was  taken  in  1426  by  the  English,  who 
were  compelled  to  abandon  it  in  1436.  Francis 
I.  had  the  glory  of  introducing  into  Paris  science, 
literature  and  the  fine  arts.  The  Grecian  orders 
of  architecture  were  now  adopted  for  the  first 
time,  and  the  interior  of  the  new  edifices  adorn- 
ed with  sculpture  and  the  paintings  of  the  Italian 
roasters.  Henry  IV.  erected  the  Pont  Neuf,  and 
laid  out  several  squares  cr  •places  in  the  old  city 
on  the  islets  in  the  Seine,  hitherto  the  quarter  of 
the  court.  Paris  is  indebted  to  Louis  XIV.  for  a 
great  portion  of  its  magnificence  : — for  its  noble 
and  healthful  Boulevards; — for  the  triumphal 
arches  (of  which  two  are  splended  monuments) 
by  which  it  is  entered  at  the  gates  of  St.  Den- 
is, St.  Martin,  St.  Antoine,  and  St.  Bernard  ; — 
for  the  Place  Vendome  and  Place  des  Victoi- 
res  ; — for  the  colonnade  of  the  Louvre  ;  the  Hospit- 
al of  Invalids  ;  the  garden  of  the  Tuileries,  design- 
ed by  Lenotre,  under  the  immediate  inspection  of 
Colbert ; — for  the  promenades  and  plantations  of 
.the  Champs  Elysees.  The  Revolution  came,  and 
with  it  the  genius  of  devastation  for  a  time.  The 
works  of  art  only  are  a  permanent  loss,  and  for- 
tunately they  were  neither  many,  nor  irreparable 
chefs  d'oeuvre  ; — whilst  the  public  health,  conve- 
nience, and  beauty  of  the  town,  have  gained  in- 
calculably by  the  removal  or  desecration  of  the 
churches  and  convents.  Spacious  and  convenient 
markets,  open  and  well-built  streets  or  other  edi- 
fices of  great  public  ornament  and  utility,  now  oc 
cupy  the  sites  of  such  religious  houses  as  were 
destroyed  ;  and  those  left  standing,  but  desecra- 
ted, have  been  converted  into  prisons,  penitentia- 
ries, hospitals,  colleges,  schools  or  other  public 
establishments  for  the  purposes  of  society  or  char- 
ity. Paris  is  under  eternal  obligations  to  Bona- 
aparte  :  he  did  more  for  it  than  even  Louis  XIV. 
He  combined,  in  a  greater  degree,  the  useful  with 
the  magnificent.  Despotic  as  he  was,  he  saw 
that  the  mass  of  the  people  was  now  a  power 
which  must  not  be  dazzled  merely,  as  in  the  time 
of  Lous  XIV.,  but  conciliated  and  served.  His 
designs  are  said  to  have  been  essentially  his  own. 
It  seems  most  probable  that  they  could  have  been 
conceived  only  by  the  same  mind  which  had  the 
force,  energy  and  resources  to  execute  them.  He 
freed  the  bridges  and  banks  of  the  Seine  from  the 
embeirrassment  and  deformity  of  the  old  houses  bj 


which  they  were  still  crowded  ;  built  magnificent 
quays  and  wharves ;  and  erected  four  bridges  of 
remarkable  beauty,  as  monuments  of  art.  He 
not  only  conceived  (for  even  the  conception  was 
a  great  merit),  but  had  nearly  executed,  at  his  fall, 
the  Canal  del'Ourcq.  He  distributed  the  public 
supply  of  water  by  fifteen  new  and  abundant 
fountains,  of  which  some  are  beautiful  specimens 
of  architecture.  The  immense  architectural  and 
sculptural  mass  called  "  the  Fountain  of  the  El- 
phant"  was  left  by  him,  and  still  remains  unfinish- 
ed. The  people,  not  merely  of  Paris,  but  of  the 
whole  kingdom,  are  indebted  to  him  for  those 
spacious  markets,  so  commodiously  arranged  for 
the  sale  of  every  kind  of  produce  ;  for  public 
stores,  especially  the  wine  stores,  which  surprise 
by  their  vastness,  the  happy  ingenuity  of  their 
distribution,  and  their  architectural  grandeur.  He 
erected,  near  the  barriers,  five  abattoirs  or  slaugh- 
ter-houses ;  and  thus  relieved  the  town  from  the 
inconvenient  and  dangerous  presence  of  herds  of 
cattle,  the  revolting  spectacle  of  blood,  and  the 
noxious  miasmata  of  butchery  and  tallow-melting. 
The  vast  granary  of  reserve,  destined  by  him  to 
protect  the  people  of  Paris  against  famine  and  the 
change  ot  seasons,  now  unfinished  or  abandoned, 
remains  a  monument  of  the  instability  of  all  hu- 
man power  and  the  uncertainity  of  all  human 
projects.  He  cleared  the  Place  du  Carousel,  be- 
tween the  Louvre  and  the  Tuileries,  of  its  ob- 
structions and  nuisances  ;  adorned  it  with  a  tri- 
umpiial  arch  ;  completed  the  Louvre  ;  filled  its 
galkry  with  sculpture  and  paintings.  The  gar- 
den of  the  Tuileries  owes  much  of  its  magnifi- 
cence to  the  noble  vista  which  he  opened  by  the 
rue  Castiglione  to  the  triumphal  column  in  the 
Place  Vendome  ; — the  opp^te  view  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  with  its  im>le  portico,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Seine;  and  th^^nfinished  but  grand 
triumphal  arch  of  Neuilly.  Many  of  the  public 
buildings,  canals,  and  other  public  works  left  un- 
finished by  Bonaparte,  have  been  carried  on,  and 
some  have  been  completed,  since  the  restoration 
of  the  house  of  Bourbon.  A  new  quarter,  as  it  is 
called,  was  begun,  in  1823,  in  the  western  sub- 
urb of  Paris,  touching  the  Champs  Elysees,  ex- 
tending to  Chaillot,  and  spreading  above  the 
Chaussee  d'Antin.  The  style  of  structure  is 
elegant,  and  the  scale  within  the  reach  of  ordi- 
nary fortunes.  A  second  quarter  opens  by  its 
main  street,  which  is  spacious  and  planted  with 
rows  of  trees,  a  communication  between  two 
main  points  of  the  fauxbourgs  Montmartre  and  St. 
Martin.  The  progress  of  all  these,  however,  has 
been  slow,  and  in  some  parts  suspended  ;  and 
some  generations  will  probably  have  passed  away 
befor^jhe  "  Ville  de  Frangois  Premier"  and  Nou- 
velle  Mienes,"  with  their  brilliant  associations,or 
the"  HRit  Londres,"  with  its  national  rivalry,  are 
monuments  of  any  thing  but  magnificent  projects, 
and  the  want  of  capital  or  perseverance.  Great 
undertakings  are  rarely,  if  ever,  completed  by 
private  enterprise  in  Paris:  they  have  been  pro- 
jected and  executed  only  by  the  government.  The 
palace  of  the  Exchange,  considered  the  noblest 
edifice  of  the  kind  in  Europe,  was  completed  and 
opened  for  the  transaction  of  commercial  business, 
and  for  the  sittings  of  the  tribunal  of  commerce, 
since  the  accession  of  Charles  X. 

It  is  difficult  to  give  within  short  limits  a 
coup  d'osil  of  so  crowded,  diversified,  and  even  dis- 
orderly, a  mass  as  the  French  capital, — its  church- 
es, palaces,  public  buildings,  and  monuments  ot 
art.     Of  its  churches,  the  most  remarkable  aro  the 


PAR 


580 


PAR 


cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  in  the  old  city, — a  large 
and  lofty  edifice,  with  two  high  and  massive  tow- 
ers, presenting  a  style  of  arcliitecture  imposing 
and  curious,  and  well  executed  for  its  early  date ; 
— the  church  of  St.  Eustache,  a  model  of  light 
and  graceful  classic  architecture  ; — the  churches 
of  St.  Roch  and  St.  Sulpice,  modern  edifices  in  a 

frand  and  noble  style  ; — that  of  St.  Genevieve, 
uilt  near  the  close  of  the  last  century, — dese- 
crated during  the  Revolution  into  a  Pantheon  for 
the  remains  of  the  great  men  of  France,  with  the 
simple  and  sublimely  affecting  inscription — "  Aux 
grands  hommes  la  patrie  reconnoissante,"  and 
re-desecrated  in  1830  ; — admired  for  its  dome, — 
sustained  by  the  mass  of  the  building  in  the  form 
of  a  Greek  cross  at  its  intersection — its  principal 
fagade  and  peristyle  of  twenty  fluted  Corinthian 
columns  imitated  from  the  Pantheon  at  Rome. 
Paris  boasts  several  palaces,  of  which  the  princi- 
pal are  the  Tuileries,  with  its  vast  open  court  and 
imposing  fagade  on  tJie  one  side,  and  its  public 
garden,  adorned  with  alleys  of  forest  tr^^es,  terra- 
ces ,  plantations,  basins,  and  copies  in  marble  and 
bronze  of  the  most  celebrated  pieces  of  sculp- 
ture ; — the  Louvre,  with  its  gallery  of  works  of 
art,  and  its  colonnade,  regarded  as  a  specimen  of 
the  nearest  approach  to  perfection  in  architecture  ; 
the  Palace  or  Chamber  of  Deputies,  with  a  grand 
Corinthian  portico,  and  several  statues  of  colossal 
size, — the  beautiful  Palais  Bourbon — both  conti- 
guous, immediately  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine  ; 
— the  old  and  majestic  Luxembourg,  or  Chamber 
of  Peers,  with  its  two  grand  pavilion  wings  and 
central  quadrangle  surmounted  by  a  cupola,  and 
its  splendid  garden  openmg  on  the  observatory  ; 
the  Palace  of  Justice,  in  the  old  city,  inhabited  by 
kings  of  the  present  dynasty  down  to  the  twelfth 
in  succession,  now  occupied  by  the  courts  of  jus- 
tice;  the  Palis  Royal,  inhabited  and  recently 
repaired  by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  with  its  adjoin- 
ing public  garden,  galleries  and  shops, — concen- 
trating as  in  a  focus,  wealth  and  idleness,  litera- 
ture, industry  and  the  arts,  gaming  and  every 
other  species  of  dissipation  and  depravity. 

The  chief  public  edifices  are  the  Hospital  or 
Hotel  of  Invalids,  with  its  gilded  dome,  its  orna- 
mented fagade,  with  central  Ionic  pilasters,  and 
a  planted  esplanade  extending  before  it ; — the 
Hotel  dcs  Monnaies,  or  mint,  in  which  also  all 
national  medals  are  struck,  with  its  colonnade, 
arcades,  and  statues,  forming  a  noble  facade  to- 
wards the  Seine,  on  its  left  bank  ; — the  Observa- 
tory, communicating  by  a  grand  avenue  with  the 
l.uxembourg; — the  Exchange,  already  mentioned, 
built  in  a  simple  and  noble  style,  forming  a  paral- 
lelogram 212  feet  long  and  12G  broad,  with  a 
peristyle  of  sixty-six  Corinthian  columns.^^^ 

Three  of  the  sixteen  bridges  over  tl^fsSeine 
merit  particular  notice  : — the  bridge  of  the  Gar- 
den of  Plants,  formerly  called  Pont  d'Austerlitz, 
with  five  arches  of  iron,  remarkable  for  its  ele- 

Snce  and  solidity ;  the  Pont  d'Jena,  changed  to 
at  of  "  the  Invalids,"  at  the  instance  of  Blucher, 
■who  was  actually  laying  a  train  to  blow  it  up  in 
1815;  and  between  these,  from  the  Louvre  to  the 
Institute,  the  Pont  des  Arts,  incomparably  light 
and  graceful,  and  used  only  by  foot  passengers. 

Of  the  public  monuments  of  art,  the  most  per- 
fectly beautiful  is  the  bronze  column  in  the  Place 
Vendome,  modelled  upon  that  of  Trajan  at  Rome, 
but  exceeding  its  proportions  by  a  twelfth.  The 
most  remarkable  merit  in  this  column,  perhaps 
is,  that,  presenting  in  relief  on  its  pedestal  the 
•uxclaMic  trophies  of  modern  war,  in  every  va- 


riety of  arms  and  costume,  it  yet  seems  perfectly 
in  the  classic  and  antique  style  and  taste.  The 
triumphal  arch  of  the  Carousel,  modelled  upon 
that  of  Septimius  Severus  at  Rome,  is  unexcep- 
tionably  beautiful  in  itself,  but  small  in  proportion 
to  the  surrounding  area,  and  rendered  for  a  time 
still  more  disproportionate  by  the  removal  of  the 
celebrated  Venetian  horses  of  Lysippus  with  their 
car  from  its  summit,  in  1815.  These,  however, 
have  been  recently  replaced  by  an  exact  copy  in 
bronze.  It  has.  like  its  model,  three  arcades  in 
front,  with  an  additional  transverse  arcade.  The 
modern  triumphal  arch  at  Neuilly  exceeds  the 
arch  of  the  Carousel,  and  even  those  of  Louis 
XIV.  at  the  gates  of  St.  Denis  and  St.  Martin,  in 
grandeur  and  advantage  of  position,  rather  than 
beauty.  Colossal  statues  have  been  re-erected  to 
Henry  IV.  on  tiie  Pont  Neuf,  and  Louis  XIV.  in 
the  Place  des  Victoires. 

Judging  by  the  daily  congregation  of  thousands 
of  both  sexes  in  the  open  air, — young  men  idly  lol- 
ling or  lounging, — old  men,  with  even  a  cer 
tain  air  of  gravity,  wasting  life  in  the  coffee- 
houses and  public  gardens, — the  gaming-houses 
equally  public  and  crowded, — one  would  be  dis- 
posed to  pronounce  the  people  of  Paris  a  race  the 
most  frivolous,  idle,  and  depraved.  But  the  loung 
ers  and  gamesters  are,  to  a  considerable  extent, 
congregated  from  all  parts  of  Europe  ;  and  the 
old  men  are  small  annuitants,  content  with  their 
actual  means  of  subsistence, — without  further  in- 
crease by  industry  or  speculation.  Science,  liter- 
ature, and  the  fine  arts,  are  at  the  same  time  cul- 
tivated in  a  still  greater  proportion  of  numbers  by 
the  studious  and  the  industrious,  and  with  every 
advantage  which  schools  of  public  instruction,  li- 
braries, and  museums,  can  afford.  The  public 
schools  and  colleges  forming  component  branch- 
es of  one  great  system  of  public  education  in  med- 
icine, jurisprudence,  and  the  military  art,  abstract 
and  experimental  science,  literature,  the  fine  and 
useful  arts,  from  the  institute  down  to  the  two  ad- 
mirable institutions  for,the  instruction  of  the  blind 
and  the  deaf  and  dumb,  witii  appropriate  and  some 
noble  edifices  devoted  to  them,  and  lectures  by 
eminent  professors,  either  gratuitous  or  on  mod- 
erate terms,  are  too  numerous  to  be  detailed.  The 
chief  public  libraries  are  five  in  number: — the  Roy- 
al Library,  containing  500,000  vols.,  100,000 
MSS.,  100,000  medals,  and  1,500,000  engrav- 
ings ;  the  Mazarine  Library,  93,000  vols.,  and 
41,000  MSS. ;  the  Library  of  the  Arsenal,  170,000 
vols.,  6,000  MSS.  ;  the  Library  of  St.  Genevieve, 
110,000  vols.,  and  2,000  MSS.;  the  City  Library, 
42,000  vols.  Tlie  principal  museums  are  that,  or 
rather  those,  of  the  Garden  of  Plants, — an  incom- 
parable teniple  of  natural  science  in  every  branch, 
raised  chiefly  by  the  illustrious  BufFon,  and  his 
worthy  successor,  the  late  count  Lacepede  ;  the 
Louvre,  still  containing  1,200  pictures  and  500 
pieces  of  sculpture,  among  which  are  many  chefs 
d'oEuvre  ;  and  the  Conversatory  of  Useful  Arts 
{Arts^et  Metiers,)  containing  specimens  or  models 
of  the  machinery  and  instruments  used  in  every 
branch  of  manufacture. 

Paris  is  the  great  centre,  not  only  of  French  but 
of  continental  intellect  in  literature  and  science. 
From  its  press  issue  the  most  valuable,  if  not  the 
greatest  number,  of  literary  publications  ;  and  it 
has  a  still  more  decided  lead  in  scientific  research 
and  discovery.  Pans  is  also  as  decidedly  the 
first  manufacturing  town  of  France.  Its  princi- 
pal manufacturing  establishments  called  royal,  are 
three  : — the  Gobelins  tapestry,  to  which  that  ot 


FAB. 


581 


PAR 


La  Savonniere  has  been  united  ;  the  manufactory 
of  glass,  which  employs  2,700  men ;  and  the  por- 
celain manufactory  at  Sevres,  remarkable  not  only 
for  the  value  of  its  productions,  but  for  its  curious 
museum  of  all  the  objects  connected  with  the  art, 
ranged  in  order.  Paris  also  excels  in  many  of  the 
commonly  used  articles  of  luxury  and  fashion, — 
in  male  and  female  dress,  jewelry,  wrought  gold 
and  silver,  watches,  clocks,  furniture,  carriages, 
&c.  So  strong  is  the  tendency  to  trading  indus- 
try, that  its  exports  have  increased  since  the  Revo- 
lution to  a  degree  unprecedented  in  the  history  of 
commerce. 

Society  has  become  essentially  changed  in  Par- 
is since  the  Revolution.  The  nobles  have  lost 
»heir  importance,  if  not  existence,  as  a  caste. 
That  numerous  aggregate  of  families  formerly 
called  the  "court,"  has  disappeared.  Wealth, 
however,  is  not  the  first  distinction,  nor  hats  it  the 
same  weight  in  obtaining  access  to  good  company, 
in  Paris  as  in  other  places.  The  Parisian  society 
of  men  of  letters  and  artists  is,  perhaps,  the  most 
intellectual,  interesting  and  polished,  in  existence, 
-from  the  fund  of  knowledge  and  accomplish- 
ment which  it  contains,  and  tlie  passing  admixture 
of  European  rank  and  talents.  The  Parisians  are 
doubtless  polished  and  artificial  in  their  manners  ; 
but  they  are  also  really  social  and  obliging  :  and 
the  many  hospitals  which  they  support  for  the 
helpless  of  both  sexes  and  every  age, — of  which  7 
contain  3,156  beds, — with,  moreover,  several  bu- 
reaux for  the  distribution  of  private  domiciliary  re- 
lief,— sufficiently  prove  that  they  are  humane  and 
charitable.  Their  love  of  amusement  and  pleas- 
ure is  attested  by  their  crowded  public  walks, 
their  3,500  coffee-houses,  and  twelve  theatres. 
Paris  lies  in  north  lat.  43.  50.  II., — long.  "20.  11. 
(reckoning,  with  the  French  astronomers,  from 
the  western  point  of  the  He  de  Fcrro,) — 98  leagues 
S.  E.  of  London,  250  leagues  S.  W.  of  Copenha- 

f en,  380  leagues  S.  W.  of  Stockholm,  500  leagues 
.  W.  of  St.  Petersburgh,  600  leagues  S.  VV.  of 
Moscow,  324  leag-ues  W.  of  Cracow,  300  leagues 
S.  W.  of  Dantzic,  216  leagues  S.  W.  of  Berlin, 
210  leagues  W.  S.  W.  of  Dresden,  195  leagues 
W.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig,  115  leagues  W.  by  N.  of 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  204  leagues  W.  by  N. 
of  Prague,  850  leagues  W.  of  Vienna,  270 
leagues  W.  of  Presburg,  552  leagues  N.  W.  of 
Constantinople,  333  leagues  N.  W.  of  Na- 
ples, 260  leagues  N.  N.  W.,  of  Rome,  230  leagues 
W.  N.  W.  of  Venice,  107  leagues  N.  W. 
Bern,  148  leagues  W.  N.  W.  of  Zurich,  100 
leagues  W.  N.  W.  of  Basle,  280  leagues  N.  by  E. 
of  Madrid,  350  leagues  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Its  area 
is  10,600  square  acres,  of  100  perches  each  ;  its 
•iircumference,  by  the  Boulevards,  about  six 
leagues  ;  its  diameter  about  two  leagues  ;  and  its 
pop.  900,000.  It  is  divided  into  12  municipal  dis- 
trictSjCalled  arrondissements ;  9  on  the  right  and  3 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine, — with  a  mayor  and 
justice  of  peace  in  each ;  and  these  arrondisse- 
ments are  again  subdivided  into  forty-eight  quar- 
ters, each  with  a  commissary  of  police.  The 
municipal  administration  and  police  of  Paris  are 
wholly  in  the  hands  of  the  executive  government. 
Paris,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  46  m.  N.  of  Portland. 
Pop.  2,307  ;  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  9  m.  S.  W. 
Utica.  Pop.  2,765.  Also  towns  and  villages  in 
Fauquier  Co.  Va.,  Jefferson  Co.  Ind.,  Bourbon  Co. 
Ken.  Pop.  1,219.  Henry  Co.  Ten,  and  Union, 
Portage,  Stark  and  Richland  Cos.  Ohio. 

ParishviUe,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop. 
1,479. 


Parfce  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  7,534.  Rock 
ville  is  the  capital ;  also  a  village  in  the  same 
county.     88  m.  W.  Indianapolis. 

Parker,  a  township  of  Butler  Co.  Pa. 

Parker  River,  a  small  stream  ot  Essex  Co.  Mass. 
flowingthrough  Newbury  into  Plum  Island  Sound. 

Parkershurg,  p.t.  Wood  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ohio. 
12  m.  below  Marietta. 

Parkgale,  a  village  in  Cheshire,  situate  on  the 
estuary  of  the  Dee,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Chester.  Pack 
tt-boats  frequently  sail  hence  to  Ireland 

Parkman,  a  township  of  Somerset  Co.  Me. 
Pop.  803;  p.t.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio.  156  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus.     Pop.  709. 

Parks,  p. v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Parma,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  under  which  name  are 
included  the  duchies  of  Parma  Proper,  Placenza, 
and  Guastalla.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  and  N. 
by  the  Milanese,  E.  by  the  Modenese,  and  S.  by 
Tuscany  and  Genoa.  The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn, 
wine,  oil,  hemp,  and  pasturage ;  and  there  are 
some  inconsiderable  mines  of  copper  and  silver. 
The  celebrated  Parmesan  cheese  is  no  longer  made 
in  this  country,  but  at  Lodi,  in  the  Milanese,  and 
some  other  places.  By  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in 
1814,  this  duchy  was  given  to  the  ex-empress 
Maria  Louisa. 

Parma,  an  ancient,  rich,  populous,  and  hand- 
some town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  foregoing 
duchy.  It  has  a  university,  a  magnificent  cathe- 
dral, and  the  largest  opera-house  in  Europe, 
which  has  seats  for  8,000  people.  The  dome,  and 
the  church  of  St.  John,  are  painted  by  the  famous 
Correggio,  who  was  a  native  of  this  place.  The 
other  most  remarkable  places  are  the  ducal  palace, 
with  its  gallery  and  collection  of  artificial  curi- 
osities ;  the  large  Benedictine  convent,  in  which 
12,000  soldiers  were  quartered  in  1724  ;  the  Pa- 
lazzo ^Giardino,  a  ducal  palace,  connected  with  the 
town  ;  and  the  promenade  between  the  town  and 
citadel.  Charles,  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  car- 
ried away  a  library  from  this  place  to  Naples, 
which  contained  18,000  volumes,  and  a  very  val- 
uable cabinet  of  curiosities,  with  a  rich  collection 
of  medals.  The  inhabitants,  about  36,000,  trade 
in  silk,  and  silk  stockings.  In  1734  a  bloody 
battle  was  fought  here  between  the  Austrians  and 
the  French  and  Sardinians,  in  which  the  former 
were  defeated.  Parma  is  situated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts, 
united  by  three  bridges,  40  m.  N.  W.  of  Modena 
and  60  S.  E.  of  Milan.  Long.  10.  30.  E.,  lat.  44. 
50.  N. 

Parma,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  12  m.  N.  Roch- 
ester. Pop.  2,569. 

Parnassus,  or  Pamasso,  a  celebrated  mountain 
in  Greece.  It  has  two  heads,  one  of  which  was 
famous  for  being  consecrated  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses,  and  the  other  to  Bacchus.  It  is  the  high- 
est in  Greece,  and  has  a  fine  fountain,  supposed 
to  be  the  ancient  Castalia.     8  m.  N.  of  Livadia. 

Paro,  or  Porrogong,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  cap- 
ital of  a  district  of  its  name  in  the  province  of 
Bootan,  with  a  castle,  the  residence  of  a  governor. 
It  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  idols,  and  the 
forging  of  swords,  daggers,  and  arrows.  It  stands 
on  the  Patchieu,  in  a  fertile  valley,  20  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Tassasudoh. 

Paros,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
one  of  the  Cyclades,  to  (.he  W.  of  Naxia.  It  is 
10  m.  long  and  eight  broad,  and  the  soil  is  well 
cultivated.  The  trade  consists  in  wheat,  barley, 
wine,  and  pulse,  and  in  calicoes.  It  formerly 
produced  a  great  deal  of  oil,  but  the  Venetian 
3c2 


PAS 


582 


PAS 


army  burnt  all  the  olive  trees.  This  island  was 
anciently  dedicated  to  Bacchus,  on  account  of  its 
excellent  wines  ;  and  has  been  so  famous  for  its 
marble  that  the  best  carvers  would  make  use  of 
no  other.  The  statuaries  Phidias  and  Praxiteles 
were  natives  of  this  island  ;  and  the  famous  Arun- 
delian  marbles  at  Oxford  were  brought  from  this 
place. 

Paros,  or  Parccliia,  the  capital  of  the  Islo  of 
Paros,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  anciently  the 
largest  and  most  powerful  town  of  the  Cyclndes ; 
but  is  greatly  decayed.  The  walls  of  the  castie 
are  built  of  ancient  pieces  of  marble,  and  most  of 
the  columns  are  placed  long-wise  ;  some  of  iheni, 
that  stand  upright,  support  cornices  of  amezing 
size.  The  natives  build  their  houses  of  marble, 
which  they  find  ready  cut  to  their  hands ;  but 
thev  take  no  care  to  place  the  pieces  in  a  regular 
manner ;  their  fields  likewise  are  inclosed  with 
friezes,  altars,  and  basso-relievos.  The  present 
inhabitants  are  so  ignorant  that  instead  of  great 
sculptors,  and  skilful  architects,  tliey  have  no- 
thincr  but  carvers  of  mortars  and  salt-cellars. 
Paros  is  situate  or  the  W.  coast  of  the  island. 
Long.  25.  44.  E.,  lat.  37.  8.  N. 

ParishviUe,  p. v.  St  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  35  m. 
S.  E.  Ogdensburg.     Pop.  1,479. 

Parret,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Somersetshire,  Eng.  receives  the  Odered,  Ivel 
and  Throne,  and  enters  the  Bristol  Channel  at 
Bridgewater  Bay. 

Parramatta,  a  town  in  New  S.  Wales,  capital 
of  the  province  of  the  same  name,  with  a  church, 
court-house,  hospital,  orphan-house,  goal,  &c. 
Pop.  1,200  the  soil  in  most  places   is  remarkably 

food.  It  is  seated  at  the  head  of  the  harbour  of 
ort  Jackson,  15  m.  W.  by.  N.of  Sydney. 

Parsippany,  p. v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J.  25  ra.  N.  W. 
Newark. 

Parsonsfidd,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.    Pop.  2,465. 

Partenkirch,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  48  m.  S.  S.  W. 
tS  Munich. 

Parthenay,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Deux  Sevres,  with  a  c<msiderable  trade  in  cattle 
end  corn,  and  manufactures  of  serge,  hats,  leath- 
er, and  earthenware.  It  is  seated  on  the  Thoue, 
21    m.  S.  of  Thours  and  28  N.  N.  E.  of  Niort. 

P ar toner aia,  a  ferry-town  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  near  the  mouth  of  the  frith  of  Tay,  9  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  St.  Andrew. 

Paru,  a  town  and  fort  of  Brazil,  in  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Para ;  situate  on  the  N.  side  of  the  head 
of  the  estuary  of  the  Amazon,  200  m.  from  the 
ocean.     Long.  54.  20.  W.,  lat.  1.  50.  S. 

Parys,  a  mountain  of  Wales,  on  the  N.  W. 
coast  of  the  Isle  of  Anglesey,  famous  for  a  cop- 
per mine,  which  is  wrought  similarly  to  a  stone 
quarry  open  to  day.  This  mine  was  not  opened 
till  1768,  and  the  quantity  of  ore  is  prodigious. 
The  purest  part  is  exported  raw  to  the  smelting 
works  at  Swansea  and  other  places  :  the  most  im- 
pure is  calcined  on  the  spot,  and  deprived  of  its 
Bulphur,  which  is  sublimed,  and  afterwards  form- 
ed into  rolls  of  brimstone.  Quantities  of  nearly 
pare  copper  are  obtained  from  the  waters  beneath 
the  bed  of  ore,  by  the  intervention  of  iron.  A 
load  ore,  rich  in  silver,  is  also  found  in  this  moun- 
tain. The  smelling  and  boiling  houses  are  in  the 
valley  below,  near  the  sea,  and  at  Amlwich  is  a 
commodious  haven  for  vessels  employed  in  the 
copper  and  brimstone  trade. 

Pas,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas  de 
Calais,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Arras 

Pascagoula,  a  river  of  Mississippiiflowing  south 


iato  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  barred  at  the  mouth 
against  vessels  drawing  more  than  5  feet  water. 

Pus  de  Calais,  a  department  of  France,  contain- 
ing the  provinces  of  Artois  and  Bourbonnois.  It 
has  a  superficial  area  of  2,500  sq.  m.  with  570,000 
inhabitants.  The  climate  is  humid  and  changea- 
ble, several  districts  are  marshy,  but  the  soil  in 
general  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  flax,  Ac.  Arras 
18  the  capital. 

Pascical.k,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  near 
v'hicli  are  some  iron  works.  It  stands  on  the 
Ucker,  28  in.  W.  of  Stettin. 

Pasqua,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Xalisco,  100  ra. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Compostella. 

Pasqtiaro,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Mechoacan,  24 
m.  S.  W.  of  Mechoacan. 

Pasquotank,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop. 
8,618.    Elizabeth  is  the  capital. 

Passage,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  be- 
tween those  of  Fontarabia  and  St.  Sebastian,  3 
m.  E.  of  the  latter. 

Passaic,  a  river  of  New  Jersey  rising  in  New 
York  and  flowing  S.  E.  into  Newark  Bay.  It 
has  a  fall  of  70  feet  at  Patterson,  where  the  riv- 
er is  40  yards  wide  and  falls  in  an  unbroken  sheet, 
forming  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cascades  in  the 
country. 

Passamaquoddy  Bay,  an  inlet  of  the  Bay  of  Fun- 
dy  between  the  eastern  part  of  Maine  and  New 
Brunswick.  It  contains  the  Island  of  Campobel- 
lo.  Moose,  Deer,  and  several  others,  and  receives 
the  waters  of  many  rivers.  The  tides  in  the  bay 
rise  more  than  30  feet ;  the  waters  abound  with 
herring,  cod,  mackerel  and  pollock,  the  taking  of 
which  afford  occupation  to  great  numbers  of  peo- 
ple. The  bay  is  12.  m.  long  and  6  wide  :  it  is 
navigable  for  the  largest  ships. 

Passamaquoddy  Indians.     See  Perry. 

Passao,  Cape,  a  cape  of  S.  America,  in  Quito. 
Long.  80.  50.  W.,  lat.  0.  30.  S. 

Passaro,  Cape,  anciently  called  Pachimum,  the 
m  ost  southerly  point  of  Sicily.  It  has  a  fort  Id 
protect  the  country  from  the  incursions  of  the 
Barbary  corsairs.  Off^  this  cape,  Sir  George 
Byng  defeated  a  Spanish  squadron  in  1735.  Long. 
15.  22.  E.,  lat.  36.  35.  N. 

Passarowitz,  a  town  of  Servia,  where  a  peace 
was  concluded  in  1718  between  Charles  VI.  and 
Achmet  III.  It  is  situate  near  the  river  Moravia, 
33  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Belgrade. 

Pasaruan,  a  town  of  the  Island  of  Java,  capi- 
tal of  an  extensive  principality',  with  a  trade  in 
cotton  and  rice,  30  m.  W.  of  ranarucan. 

Passau,  a  fortified  city  of  Bavaria,  capital  of 
the  circle  of  Lower  Danube,  and  formerly  of  a 
principality  of  its  name,  which  in  1815  was  di- 
vided between  Bavaria  and  Austria.  It  stands 
on  the  Danube,  where  it  receives  the  Inn  and  Ilz, 
and  bv  these  rivers  is  divided  into  four  parts  ; 
namely,  the  town  of  Passau,  Insadt,  Ilstadt,  and 
the  fortified  castle  of  Oberhaus,  on  the  mountain 
of  St.  George.  This  city  is  celebrated  for  the 
treaty,  or  religious  peace,  concluded  here  in  1552. 
In  1662  the  cathedral  and  greatest  part  of  the 
town  were  consumed  by  fire,  but  tleyhave  been 
handsomely  rebuilt.  It  is  65  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Ra- 
tisbon  and  135  W.  by  N.  of  Vienna.  Long.  13. 
32.  E.,  lat.  48.  34.  N. 

Passenheim,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Konigsberg,  73  m.  S.  of  Konigsberg. 

Passignano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states, 
17  m.  N.W.  of  Perugia. 

Passy,  a  village  of  France,  department  of  Par- 
is, near  the  town  of  St.  Denys.     Here  is  a  man- 


FAT 


a» 


PAT 


nfactnre  of  considp-able  extent  for  speedily 
bleaching  cotton  and  linen  cloth. 

Passyunb,^  township  of  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa.  ad- 
joining the  city. 

Pasto,  or  St.  Juan  de  Pasto,  a  town  of  New 
Granada,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  name,  seated 
in  a  valley,  120  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Quito.  Long.  76. 
55.  W.,  lat.  1.50.  N. 

Pa^trana,a.  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  32  m. 
£.  of  Madrid. 

Patairimia,  a  country  in  the  most  southern  part 
of  S.  America,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Buenos 
Ayres.and  extending  1 ,100  m.  on  the  eastern  coast, 
from  Rio  de  la  Plata  to  the  straits  of  Magellan. 
This  country  has  no  timber  in  the  S.  parts, 
though  the  N.  contains  an  immense  quantity,  and 
numerous  flocks  of  cattle.  The  E.  coast  is  gen- 
erally low.  The  natives  are  tall,  stout,  and  well 
made,  some  of  them  six  feet  five  inches  in  height ; 
but  their  hands  and  feet  are  remarkably  small. 
Their  colour  is  a  kind  of  bronze.  They  have  no 
other  clothing  than  skins,  which  they  wear  with 
the  hair  inward,  and  a  little  apron  of  leather. 
Here  is  found  the  tougon  or  American  ostrich, 
the  largest  bird  of  the  western  continent,  being 
generally  6    feet   high.     The    Patagonians   hunt 


them  on  horseback  and  kill  them  with  clubs.  The 
principal  harbour  is  that  of  Port  St.  Julian. 

Paiak,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  protestant 
college,  situate  on  the  Latoreza,  25  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Cassovia. 

Patarut,  a  city  and  district  of  Mysore.  See 
Seringapatam. 

Patani.  a  town  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  pen- 
insula of  Malaya,  capital  of  a  district  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  well  defended  harbour.  The  inhab- 
itants have  some  trade  with  the  Chinese.  300  m. 
N.  by  W.  of  Malacca.  Long.  100.  50.  E.,  lat. 
7.  5.  N. 

Patapsco,  a  river  of  Maryland  flowing  S.  E.  in- 
to the  Chesapeak.  It  forms  the  harbour  of  Balti- 
more. 

Patay,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret, 
where  the  English  were  defeated,  in  1429,  by  Jo- 
an of  Arc.     15  ui.  N.  W.  of  Orleans. 

Patclwuge,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long- 
Island. 

Paterno,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
built  on  the  ruins  of  Hybla,  so  celebrated  for  its 
honev.     15  m.  W.  of  Catania. 

Patrrsoti,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Passaic. 
Pop.  7.331.  It  is  situated  just  below  the  falls  of 
the  river,  and  has  recently  grown  into  importance 
by  its  manufactures.  Tliere  are  17  cotton  facto- 
ries, running  30,000  spindles  ;  and  consuming  an- 
nually 2.000,000  pounds  of  cotton  ;  a  manufacture 
of  sail  cloth  with  1,600  spindles  and  consuming 
yearly  600,000  pounds  of  flax  ;  a  slittinw  and  roll- 
ing mill  working  annually  896,000  pounds  of  iron ; 


nail  factories  making  yearly  more  than  850,000 
pounds  of  nails  ;  besides  iron  and  brass  founden«8 
and  manufactures  of  machinery.  The  capital  em 
ployed  is  more  than  1 ,000,000  dollars. 
Patesville,  p.v.  Breckenridge.  Co.  Ken. 
PatlitMl,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  2  m 
W.  of  Dysnart,  long  famous  for  its  manufacture 
of  nails,  and  now  including  different  branches  of 
weaving  woolen  and  linen. 

Ptumos,  or  Patinos,  an  island  in  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  lying  26  m.  S.  ol  the  Isle  of  Samos, 
famous  for  being  the  place  where  St.  John  wrote 
the  Apocalypse.  It  is  2.5  m.  in  circumference, 
but  produces  very  little,  only  a  few  valleys  beinw 
capable  of  cultivation  ;  partridges,  rabbits,  quails, 
turtles,  pigeons,  and  snipes  abound.  In  the 
midst  of  the  island  rises  a  mountain,  terminated 
by  the  convent  of  St.  John,  the  abbot  of  which 
is  the  prince  of  the  country.  The  hermitage  ol 
the  Apocalypse  is  situate  on  the  side  of  the 
mountain  between  the  convent  and  the  port  of 
Scala.  It  leads  to  the  church  of  the  Apocalypse, 
which  is  built  against  a  grotto  in  a  rock,  point- 
ed out  as  the  asylum  of  St.  John,  during  his  ex- 
ile. The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  sailors  or  ship- 
builders ;  and  have  some  trade  in  cotton,  and 
stockings  of  their  manufacture.  Long.  26.  24. 
E.,  lat.  37.  24.  N. 

Patna,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  Bahar, 
seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges,  opposite 
the  influx  of  the  Gunduck,  and  fortified  with  a 
wall  and  citadel.  In  the  citadel  were  confined 
the  British  prisoners  taken  in  1764,  by  Meer  Cos- 
sim,  nabob  of  Bengal,  by  whose  order  they  were 
brutally  massacred.  This  occasioned  the  storm- 
ing of  the  city  since  which  period  it  has  acknowl- 
edged the  British  sway,  and  is  the  residence  of 
the  provincial  courts,  &c.  The  buildings  are  high 
but  the  streets  are  narrow.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade.  320  m.  N.  W,  of  Calcutta.  Long. 
85.  10.  E.,  lat.  24.  35.  N. 

Patras,  a  sea-port  of  Greece,  m  the  Morea,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  The  Jews,  who  are  one-thirrf  of 
the  inhabitants,  have  4  synagoffues,  and  there  are 
several  handsome  Greek  churches.  The  princi- 
pal articles  of  trade  are  silk,  leather,  honey,  man- 
na, pomegranates,  citrons,  and  oranges.  It  is 
seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  entrance  of 
the  gulf  of  Lepanto,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Lepanto. 
Long.  21.  45.  E.,  lat.  38.  17.  N. 

Patri.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
situate  near  a  lake  of  tlie  same  name,  13  m.  N. 
W.  of  Naples. 

Pntrica,  a  town  of  the  papal  states,  in  Campag- 
na  di  Roma,  13  m.  S.  of  Rome. 

Patrick,  a  county  in  the  E.  district  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  7,303.  The  Court  House  is  270  m.  S.  W. 
Richmond. 

Patrickmlle,  p.v.  Craven  Co.  N.  C. 

Patrimony  of  St.  Peter,  &  province  of  Italy,  in 
the  papal  slates,  43  m.  long  and  30  broad,  bound- 
ed N.  by  Orvieto,  E.  by  Umbria  and  Sabina,  S. 
by  Campagna  di  Roma,  and  S.  W.  by  the  sea. 
It  was  granted  by  the  emperor  Constantine,  to 
support  a  church  he  had  hnilt  in  honour  of  St.  Pe- 
ter, and  for  the  use  of  a  bishop  of  Rome.  The 
country  is  fertile  in  corn  and  fruit,  and  produces 
much  alum. 

PcUrington,a.toyfnin  E.Yorkshire,  Eng.  Here 
the  Roman  road  from  the  Picts'  wall  ended ;  seat- 
ed r.earthe  mouth  of  the  Humber,  18  m.  E.  S  fi. 
of  Hull  and  188  N.  of  London. 

Patschkau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  th« 
river  Neisse,  13  m.  W.  of  Neisse 


PAU 


584 


PAW 


Patta,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Zanffuebar,  10 
m.  in  circuit,  inliabited  chiefly  by  Arabians,  seat- 
ed at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 
Long.  43.  0.  E.,  Iat.1.56.  N. 

Pattan,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Nepaul,  con- 
taining several  temples,  and  about  24,000  houses. 
10  m.  K.  S.  E.  of  Catmandu. 

Patlensen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  7  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Hanover. 
Patterson,  p.t.  Putnam  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,536. 
PaUi,  a.  sea.- port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
and  a  bishop's  see;  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Patti, 
38  m.  W.  ofMessina.  Long.  15.  22.  E.,  lat.  38. 
IJ.  N. 

i*a/<iar«,  atown  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Oude,  55  m.  N.  W.  of  Canoge  and  55  E. 
N.  E.  of  Agra. 

Pattonsharg,  p.v.  Botetourt  Co.  Va.  on  James 
river,  190  ni.  W.  Richmond. 

Pattun,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  same  name,  in  Guzerat.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Surswulty,  48  m.  N.  of  Aniedabad.  Long. 
72.  30.  E..  lat.  23.  45.  N. 

Patucket,  or  Patctucket  FaUs,on  the  Merrimack, 
between  Lowell  and  Dracut,  are  a  violent  rapid 
of  30  feet  descent  in  a  course  of  60  rods.  A  bridge 
13  thrown  over  them,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  ri- 
ver are  numerous  manufactures.  See  Lowell. 

Patuxent,  a  navigable  river  of  Maryland,  which 
flows  into  the  W.  side  of  Chesapeak  Baj',  30  m. 
S.  of  Annapolis. 

Patzow,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  Bechin,  with  a 
Carmelite  convent,  and  manufactures  of  cloth. 
17  m.  E.  of  Tabor. 

Pan,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Pyrenees,  with  a  castle  where 
Henry  VI.  was  born.  It  was  the  ancient  resi- 
dence of  the  kings  of  Navarre ;  and,  before  the 
revolution,  the  capital  of  Beam.  Here  are  man- 
ufactures of  cloth,  linen,  &c.,  and  the  environs 
are  productive  in  wine  and  fruit.  It  is  seated  on 
an  eminence,  by  the  river  called  the  Gave  de 
Pau,97  m.  S.  of  Bourdeaux.  Long.  0.  23.  W.,  lat. 
43.  7.  N. 

Paul,,  St.,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  See 
Amsterdam. 

Paul,  St.,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  a  district  of  its 
name,  founded  by  a  colony  of  Jesuits  and  Indians 
in  1570.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  20,000, 
the  greater  part  of  whom  are  farmers.  The  town 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence,  surrounded 
on  three  sides  by  low  meadow-land,  and  washed 
at  the  base  by  rivulets  which  almost  insulate  it 
in  rainy  weather.  It  is  36  m.  from  the  sea  and 
190  W.  of  Rio  Janeiro.  Long.  45.  56.  W.,  lat. 
23.  26.  S. 

Paul,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas 
de  Calais,  18  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Arras. 

Paul,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Vienne,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Limoges. 

Paul,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Var,  7 
m.  W.  of  Nice. 

Paul  de  Fenouilhet,  St.,  a  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  18  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Perpignan. 

Paul  de  Leon,  St.,?L  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre.  on  a  bay  of  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 30  m.  N.  E.  of  Brest.  Long.  4.  0.  W.,  lat. 
48.  41.  N. 

Paul  de  OmagiLas,  St.,  a  town  of  Amazonia,  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  river  Amazon,  and  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Peru.     Long.  96.  20.  W.,  lat.  4.  10.  S. 
Paulding,  a  county  of  Ohio.     Pop.  160. 
Paul   Troix  Chateaux,  St.,  a  town  of  France, 


department  of  Drome,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  16  m. 
S.  of  Montelimar. 

Paula,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra,  12 
m.  W.  N.  W.  ofCosenza. 

Paulograd,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Catharinenslaf,  32  m.  E.  of  Catharinen 
slaf.     Long.  35.  54.  E.,  lat.  47.  10  N. 

Pausa,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Voigtiand,  7  m. 
N.  N.  W.  ofPlauen. 

Pausilippo,  a  mountain  5  m.  W.  of  Naples,  cele- 
brated for  a  grotto,  which  is  a  passage  cut  through 
the  mountain  nearly  a  m.  in  length,  20  feet  m 
breadth  and  30  in  height.  People  of  fashion  drive 
through  this  passage  with  torches  ;  but  the  coun- 
try people  find  their  way  by  the  light  which 
enters  at  the  extremities,  and  at  two  holes  pierced 
through  the  mountain,  near  the  middle  of  the  grotto. 
On  this  mountain  is  the  tomb  of  Virgil ;  and  its  N. 
and  E.  sides  are  covered  with  villas  and  gardens. 

Pduzk,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  in  Pomcrelia,  near 
the  W.  coast  of  the  gulf  of  Dantzic,  25  m.  N.  W. 
of  Dantzic. 

Pavia,  a  province  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Milan,  called  for  its  fertility  the  Garden 
of  the  Milanese.  It  is  bounded  by  Parma,  Milan, 
and  Lodi,  and  comprises  an  area  of  320  sq.  m.  with 
about  120,000  inhaliitants. 

Pavia,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  celebrated  university, 
and  a  citadel.  Besides  the  cathedral,  there  are 
18  churches,  and  numerous  convents.  The  chief 
articles  of  commerce  are  corn,  hemp,  cheese,  and 
wine.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  Lombardy,  and 
has  undergone  various  changes.  In  1706  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Austria;  in  1796  it  was  taken 
by  the  French,  and  retained  till  the  peace  of  1814. 
It  is  seated  in  a  beautiful  plain,  on  the  Tesino, 
near  its  conflux  with  the  Po,  17  m.  S.  of  Milan. 
Long.  9.  15.  E.,  lat.  45.  13.  N. 

Pavoasan,  the  capital  of  the  Isle  of  St.  Thomas, 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
with  a  fort  and  a  good  harbour.  It  lies  under  the 
equator,  in  long.  8.  30.  W. 

Pawlings,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,705. 

Pawlet,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  35  m.  N.  Ben- 
nington. 

Pawnees,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  Missouri  Ter 
They  comprise  3  distinct  bands  independent  in 
government,  but  connected  by  a  general  interest 
and  carry  on  wars  in  concert.  Their  number  is 
between  6  and  7,000.  The  Grand  Pawnees  re 
side  in  a  village  on  the  Loup  Fork  of  the  Missouri 
and  have  about  3,500  souls.  The  village  of  the 
Republican  Pawnees  is  4  m.  distant,  and  contains 
1,000.  The  Loup  Pawnees  are  established  3  m. 
farther  up  the  river  ;  their  numbers  arc  about 
2,000.  They  live  chiefly  by  hunting,  but  practise 
a  little  agriculture,  and  keep  horses  and  dogs. 

Patctucket,  a  river  rising  in  Bristol  Co.  Mass. 
and  flowing  S.  into  Seekonk  river,  4  m.  N.  E.  of 
Providence,  R.  I. 

Pawtucket,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  on  the  above 
river.  Pop.  1,4.58.  The  river  here  divides  Massa- 
chusetts from  R.  I.  On  the  opposite  side  is  the 
town  of  North  Providence  in  Providence  Co.  R. 
I.  Pop.  3,503.  The  two  towns  are  united  by  a 
bridge,  and  together  form  one  of  the  largest  man- 
ufacturing places  in  the  country.  The  manufac- 
tures are  mostly  of  cotton  ;  they  employ  45,000 
spindles  and  9,000  looms.  There  are  three  falls  in 
the  river  which  afford  a  very  great  water  power 

Pawtuzet,  a  river  of  R.  I.  flowing  easterly  into 
Narraganset  Bay,  5  m.  below  Providence.     It  haa 


P£D 


585 


PfcQ 


many  falls  and  a  great  number  of  cotton  factories 
are  situated  upon  its  banks. 

Pawtuxet,  p.v.  in  Warwick  and  Cranston  town- 
ships R.  I.  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  river,  with 
manufactures  of  woolen  and  cotton.  It  is  a  port 
of  entry  and  has  some  commerce. 

Paxton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  55  m.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  597 ;  also  townships  in  Dauphin  Co. 
Pa.  and  Ross  Co.  Ohio. 

Paxu,  one  of  the  Ionian  islands,  a  little  S.  of 
Corfu,  about  15  m.  in  circumference,  inhabited  by 
about  6,500  Greeks.  It  produces  wine,  oil,  and 
almonds.     Long.  20.  20.  E.,  lat.  39.  21.  N. 

Payerne,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  on  the  river  Broye,  22  m.  S.  W.  of  Bern. 

Paymorro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  42 
m.  N.  by  E.  of  Ayamonte  and  73  N.  W.  of  Seville. 

Paynesville,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C. 

Pays  de  Vaud,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  extend- 
ing along  the  lake  of  Geneva,  and  rising  gradual- 
ly from  the  edge  of  that  lake.  It  is  richly  laid 
out  in  vineyards,  corn-fields,  and  meadows,  and 
chequered  with  many  villages  and  towns.  Lau- 
sanne is  the  capital. 

Paz,  La,  a  city  of  Buenos  Ayres,  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Besides 
the  cathedral,  it  contains  four  churches,  an  hospi- 
tal, a  college,  and  several  convents.  It  is  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a  valley  abounding 
in  wine  and  fruits,  220  m.  N.  W.  of  Plata.  Long. 
68.  50.  W.,  lat.  17.  0.  S. 

Pazzy,  a  town  of  Romania,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
8  m.  S.  W.  of  Gallipoli. 

Peacham,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,351. 

Peach  Bottom,  p.t.  York  Co.  Pa. 

Peachtown,  a  village  of  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y. 

Peak,  a  mountainous  tract  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Derbyshire,  Eng.  which  abounds  in  lead,  iron, 
millstones,  marble,  alabaster,  coal,  and  a  coarse 
sort  of  crystals.  It  is  much  visited  on  account  of 
its  extraordinary  caverns  and  other  curiosities. 
The  "  Wonders  of  the  Peak,"  which  have  been 
celebrated  both  in  prose  and  verse,  are  noticed  in 
this  work  under  the  articles  Buxton,  Castleton, 
Chatstuorth,  and  Tideswell. 

Peaks  of  Otter,  a  portion  of  the  Blue  ridge  of 
mountains  in  Virginia,  being  the  highest  summits 
in  the  state.     They  are  3,103  feet  in  height. 

Pea-Patch,  a  small  island  in  the  Delaware,  a 
little  above  the  mouth  of  the  canal.  Fort  Dela- 
ware upon  this  island,  commands  the  passage  up 
the  river. 

Pcarlington,  p.v.  Hancock  Co.  Miss. 

Pearl  Islands,  islands  lying  in  the  bay  of  Pan- 
ama. The  inhabitants  of  Panama  have  planta- 
tions on  them. 

Pearl  River,  a  navigable  river  of  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  which  after  flowing  through  a  fer- 
tile territory,  falls  into  Lake  Borgne,  a  little  E.  of 
Lake  Pontchartrain. 

Pease,  a  \ownship  of  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 

Pechlarn  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Danube.  The  river  is  very  wide;  and 
here  the  Romans,  who  called  it  Prseclara,  had 
aharbour  for  their  navy.  14  m.  W.  of  St.  Polten. 

Pe.dee,  a  navigable  river  of  the  United  States, 
which  rises  in  N.  Carolina,  and  is  there  called 
Yadkin  River  :  on  entering  S.  Carolina,  it  takes 
the  name  of  Pedee,  and  flows  into  Winyaw  Bay 
at  Georgetown. 

Pedena,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Istria,  25 
m.  S.  E.  of  Capo  d'Istria. 

Pedemirea,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadu 
1%,  on  the  sea-coast,  33  m.  S.  W.  of  Leiria. 
74 


Pedir,  a  town  of  Sumatra,  on  the  N.  coast,  40 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Acheen.  Long.  96.  36.  E.,  lat.  5, 
22.  N. 

Pedraza,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  with 
a  castle,  in  which  the  two  sons  of  Francis  I. 
were  confined.  It  was  the  birth-place  of  the  em- 
peror Trajan.  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Segovia. 

Pedro  Point,  the  most  northern  point  of  the  isl- 
and of  Ceylon,  opposite  Point  Calymere  on  the 
continent  of  Hindoostan.  Long.  80.  27.  E.,  lat. 
9.52.  N. 

Pedro,  St.,  one  of  the  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean  called  Marquesas.  Long.  138.  51.  W., 
lat.  9.  58.  S. — Also  the  name  of  a  large  river  of 
Mexico,  which  runs  into  the  Rio  del  Norte,  on 
the  borders  of  Cohahuila  ; — a  river  of  Brazil 
which  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ; — and  several  in- 
considerable settlements  in  S.  America,  consist- 
ing only  of  a  few  scattered  families  of  Indians. 

Peebles,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Pee- 
blesshire, seated  on  the  Tweed,  over  which  is 
an  elegant  bridge.  It  is  divided  by  Eddlestone 
Water  in  the  Old  and  New  Town,  has  manufac- 
tures of  carpets  and  serges,  and  is  noted  for  its  ex- 
cellent ale.  On  a  projecting  rock  near  the  Tweed, 
stands  Nidpath  Castle  ;  and  on  an  eminence  on 
the  E.  stands  Horseburg  Castle.  It  is  22  m. 
S.  of  Edinburgh.     Long.  3.  7.  W.,  lat.  55.  40.  N. 

Peeblesshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  30  m.  long 
and  12  broad  ;  bounded  N.  by  Edinburghshire,  E. 
by  Selkirkshire,  S.  by  Dumfriesshire,  and  W.  by 
Lanarkshire.  It  is  divided  into  16  parishes,  con- 
taining 10,046  inhabitants.  Its  hills,  among  which 
are  those  of  Tweedsmuir,  abound  with  salubrious 
springs,  and  feed  numbers  of  sheep  and  cattle. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Tweed  and  Lyne ; 
the  former  runs  through  the  county,  whence  it 
is  sometimes  called  Tweedale. 

Pee  Pee,  a  township  of  Pike  Co.  Ohio. 

Peekskill,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson.  50  m.  N.  New  York. 

Peel,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
situate  on  a  spacious  bay.  At  the  S.  extremity 
of  the  bay  is  Peel  Isle,  a  rock  of  great  magnitude 
and  height,  on  the  summit  of  which  is  a  castle, 
and  the  dilapidated  cathedral  of  the  isle,  dedicat- 
ed to  St.  Germain,  the  first  bishop,  who  lived  in 
the  fifth  century.  The  town  is  much  decayed 
and  the  inhabitants  are  indolent  and  poor.  10 
m.  W.  of  Douglas.  Long.  4,  40.  W.,  lat  54. 
13.  N. 

Peeling,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.     Pop.  291 

Peene,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  out  of 
some  lakes  in  Mecklenburg,  flows  through  Hi- 
ther Pomerania  to  the  western  branch  of  the  Oder 
which  is  thence  called  Peene,  and  runs  by  Wol- 
gast  into  the  Baltic  Sea,  at  Peenemunde. 

Peenemunde,  a  town  and  fort  of  Prussian 
Pomerania,  in  the  isle  of  Usedom,  and  the  resi 
dence  of  the  governor  of  the  island.  It  commands 
the  entrance  and  mouth  of  the  Peene,  near  which 
it  stands.  6  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Wolgast.  Long.  13.55. 
E.,  lat.  54.  8.  N. 

Peer,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  prov 
ince  ofLimburg,24  m.  N.  N.  W,  of  Maestricht. 

Pegau,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Elster,  10  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig. 

Pegau,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Stiria, 
near  which  are  considerable  lead  mines.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Meur,  9   ra.  N.  N.  W.  of  Gratz. 

Pegna  de  Francia,a.  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,.27 
m.  S.  S.  E.  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 

Pegnafiel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with  a 
palace,  and  a  strong  castle.      It  is  seated  at  th« 


FK: 


586 


PEK 


fcot  of  a  mountain,  near  the  Duero,  38  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Valladolid.  Long.  4.  0.  W.,  lat.  41. 
33.  N. 

Pegnafirme,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadu- 
ra,  afthe  mouth  of  the  Mongola,  36  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Lisbon. 

Pegnajlory  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  seat- 
ed on  the  Pravia,  8  m.  N.  W.  of  Oviedo. 

Petrnaflor,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  48  m. 
N.  E.  of  Seville. 

Pegnagarcia,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
26  m.  E.'of  Castel  Branco. 

Pagnamacor,A  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Beira,  with  a  castle,  31  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Castel 
Branco.     Long.  6.  o2.  W.,  lat.  40.  6.  N. 

Prgnaranda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  39 
m.  S.  hy  E.  of  Burgos.— Another,  33  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Avila. 

Pegnilz,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  near  its  source,  10  m.  S. 
of  Bayreuth. 

Pegnon  de  Velez,  a  sea-port  and  fortress  of  Mor- 
occo, seated  on  a  rock  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  town  of  Velez.  It  was  built  by  the  Spaniards 
in  1508,  taken  by  the  Moors  in  1522,  and  retaken 
in  16G4.  It  is  73  m.  S.  E.  of  Ceuta.  Long.  4.  16. 
W.,  lat.  35.  12.  N. 

Pegu,  a  province  of  Birmah,  bounded  N.  by 
Arracan  and  Ava,  W.  and  S.  by  the  bay  of  Ben- 
gal, and  E.  by  Siam.  It  is  very  fruitful  in  corn, 
roots,  pulse,  and  fruits :  its  other  products  are 
teak  timber,  elephants,  elephants'  teeth,  bees- 
wax, lac,  saltpetre,  iron,  lead,  tin.  petroleum, 
very  fine  rubies,  small  diamonds,  and  plenty  of 
lead.  The  inhabitants  are  generally  of  low  stat- 
ure and  have  small  eyes.  The  woman  are  much 
fairer  than  the  men,  small,  but  well  proportioned. 
In  the  low  flat  part  of  the  country,  which  is  liable 
to  be  overflov^ed,  the  houses  are  built  upon  stakes, 
and  in  time  of  inundation  the  inhabitants  commu- 
nicate with  each  other  by  boats.  Pegu  was  long 
an  independent  kingdom,  and,  in  1752,  conquered 
the  kingdom  of  Birmah  ;  but  Alompra,  whom  the 
king  of  Pegu  had  continued  as  chief  at  Moncha- 
bou,  soon  afterwards  revolted,  and  in  1757  reduc- 
ed Pegu  to  a  dependent  province. 

Pegu,  a  city  of  the  above  province,  erected  on 
the  site  of  the  former  city  which  was  ruined  by 
Alompra  in  1757.  The  ancient  city  was  a  quad- 
rangle, each  side  measuring  nearly  a  mile  and  a 
half,  and  surrounded  bv  strong  walls  and  other 
fortifications,  now  in  ruins.  The  magnificent  tem- 
ple of  Shoemadoo  still  exists  as  a  monument  of 
its  ancient  greatness.  The  present  city  occupies 
about  one-fourth  of  the  former  area.  On  the  N. 
and  E.  sides  it  borders  on  tlie  old  wall,  and  is 
fenced  round  by  a  stockade.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  300  m.  S.  of  Ummera- 
poora.     Long    96.  11.  E.,  lat.  17.  40.  N. 

Pei-ho,  or  White-river,  a  river  of  China,  in  Pe- 
tche-li,  which  passes  near  Pekin,and  by  the  cities 
of  Tong-tchou  and  Tiensing,  into  the  Yellow  Sea. 
The  tide  flows  110  m.,  and  frequently  submerges 
the  flat  country  on  its  banks. 

Peijia,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  principality  of 
Hildesheim,  with  a  palace  and  a  Capuchin  con- 
vent. 20  m.  E.  of  Hanover. 

Peipus,  or  Tchudskoi,  a  large  lake  of  Russia, 
between  the  governments  of  Petersburg  and  Livo- 
nia The  river  Naurova  issues  from  this  lake,  by 
which  it  has  a  communication  at  Narva  with  the 
0ulf  of  Finland. 

Peishore,  or  Peshawar,  a  town  of  Afghanistan, 
capital  of  a  fine  and  populous  district  of  its  name. 


The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  100  ,(^"'0.  Hera 
the  Hon.  M.  S.  Elphinston  had  his  audience 
with  the  Afghan  king  in  1809.  95  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Cabul.     Long.  70.  37.  E.,  lat.  33.  32.  N. 

Peiskretscham,  a  town    of  Prussian    Silesia,  in 
the   government  of  Oppeln,  39  m.  S.  £.  of  Op-       ^ 
peln. 

Peitz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  Ucker  mark  of 
Brandenburg,  with  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
yarn  ;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  iron- works 
It  stands  on  the  Mauk^e,  which  runs  into  the 
Spree,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cotbus  and  37  S.  S.  E. 
of  Frankfort. 

Pekin,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  China,  in 
the  province  of  Pe-tche-li.  Its  name  signifies  tJie 
Northern  Court,  to  distinguish  it  from  i\an-king, 
the  Southern  Court,  where  the  emperor  formerly 
resided.  This  capital  forms  an  oblong  square, 
and  is  divided  into  two  cities ;  one  inhabited  by 
Chinese,  the  other  by  Tartars.  Those  two  cities, 
exclusive  of  the  suburbs,  are  nearly  14  miles  in 
circumference.  The  walls  of  the  city  are  28  feet 
high,  24  thick  at  the  base,  and  12  at  the  top  ;  and 
there  are  spacious  towers  at  70  feet  distance  from 
each  other.  The  gates  are  high,  and  well  arch- 
ed, supporting  buildings  of  nine  stories  high  ;  the 
lowest  of  which  is  for  the  soldiers  when  they 
come  off  guard  :  they  are  nine  in  number,  three 
in  the  S.  wall,  and  two  in  each  of  the  other  sides. 
The  middle  gate,  on  the  E.  side,  opens  into  the 
Tartar  or  imperial  city,  which  is  a  space  witliin 
the  general  enclosure,  about  a  mile  from  N.  to  S. 
and  three-fourths  of  a  mile  from  E.  to  W.,  with  a 
rivulet  winding  through  it.  A  wall  of  large  red 
pohshed  bricks,  20  feet  high,  covered  with  a  roof 
of  tiles  painted  yellow  and  varnished,  surrounds 
this  space,  in  which  are  contained  the  imperial 
palace  and  gardens,  the  public  offices,  and  lodg- 
ings for  the  ministers,  the  eunuchs,  artificers,  and 
tradesmen  belonging  to  the  court.  Between  the 
other  two  gates  in  the  S.  wall,  and  the  opposite 
ones  on  the  N.  side  of  the  city,  run  two  stiaight 
streets,  each  4  m.  in  length  and  120  feet  wide. 
One  street  of  the  same  width  runs  from  one  of  the 
eastern  to  the  corresponding  western  gate,  but  the 
other  is  interrupted  by  the  imperial  city,  round  the 
walls  of  which  it  is  carried.  The  other  streets 
branch  from  these  main  streets  at  right  angles,  and 
are  very  narrow.  The  houses  have  no  windows 
nor  openings  to  the  street,  except  the  great  shops  ; 
most  of  them  are  poorly  built,  and  have  only  a 
ground  floor.  It  is  astonishing  to  see  the  con- 
course of  people  in  the  main  streets,  yet  not  one 
Chinese  woman  among  them,  and  the  confusion 
occasioned  by  the  number  of  horses,  camels, 
mules,  asses,  waggons,  carts,  and  chairs ;  with 
out  reckoning  the  several  mobs  which  gather 
about  the  jugglers,  ballad-singers,  &c.  Personb 
of  distinction  have  always  a  horseman  to  go  be- 
fore them  and  clear  the  way.  All  the  great 
streets  are  guarded  by  soldiers,  who  patrole  night 
and  day  with  swords  by  their  sides,  and  whips  in 
their  hands,  to  chastise  those  who  make  any  dis- 
turbance, or  take  them  into  custody.  The  "minor 
streets  have  lattice  gates  at  their  entrance  into 
the  great  streets,  which  are  shut  up  at  night,  and 
guarded  by  soldiers,  who  suffer  no  assernblies  in 
the  streets  at  that  time.  The  emperor  s  palace 
and  garden,  which  occupy  two-thirds  of  the  Tar- 
tar city,  is  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall,  2  m.  in 
length,  with  pavilions  at  each  corner  encompassed 
by  galleries,  supported  by  columns  ;  the  architec- 
ture of  the  stupendous  pile  of  buildings  of  which 
the  palace  consists  is  entirely  different  from  that 


PEL 


537 


PEM 


of  the  Europeans.  The  temples  and  the  towers 
of  Pekin  are  so  numerous  that  it  is  difficult  to 
count  them.  The  surrounding  country  is  sandy 
and  unproductive,  but  provisions  of  all  kinds  are 
exceedingly  plentiful,  being  brought,  as  well  as 
the  merchandise,  from  all  parts  by  canals  from 
the  rivers,  which  are  always  crowded  with  ves- 
Bels  of  different  sizes.  An  earthquake  which  hap- 
pened here,  in  1731,  hurried  above  100,000  per- 
sons in  the  ruins  of  the  houses.  The  inhabitants 
are  estimated  at  2,000,000.  It  is  60  m.  S.  of  the 
great  wall.  Long.  116.  27.  E.,  lat.  39.  54.  N. 
Pelagiiisi,  an  island  in  the   Grecian  Archipela- 

fo,  about  8  m.   in  circumference.  Long.  24.12. 
;.,  lat.  39.  30.  N. 

Pelegrino.  a  mountain  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily, 
nearly  2  m.  W.  of  Palermo.  On  this  mount  is  a 
cavern,  in  which  is  the  image  of  St.  Rosolio,  the 
patroness  of  Palermo,  who  is  said  to  have  died 
nere  :  and  round  this  cave  a  church  is  built, 
where  priests  attend  to  watch  the  precious  relics, 
and  receive  the  offerings  of  the  pilgrims. 

Peleio  Islands,  or  Palaos,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  lying  between  133.  and  136.  E. 
long,  and  6.  and  8.  N.  lat.  They  are  encircled  on 
the  VV.  side  by  a  reef  of  coral;  and  are  18  in 
number,  of  which  the  principal  ones  are  Oroolong, 
Eiuungs,  Emillegue,  Artingal,  Corooraa,  and  Pe- 
lelew.  They  are  well  covered  with  trees  of  va- 
rious kinds  and  sizes;  and  every  part  of  that  call- 
ed Corooraa  bears  the  marks  of  industry  and  good 
cultivation.     Captain    Wilson,  of  the   Antetope 

1  E.  India  packet,  who  was  wrecked  here  in 
1783,  found  the  natives  simple  in  their  manners, 
delicate  in  their  sentiments,  and  friendly  in  their 
disposition.  The  astonishment  which  they  man- 
ifested on  seeing  the  English,  plainly  showed 
that  they  had  never  before  seen  a  white  man. 
They  had  no  idea  of  the  nature  of  powder  and 
shot,  and  were  exceedingly  amazed  on  seeing  its 
effects.  Their  principal  arms  consist  of  bamboo 
darts,  from  5  to  8  feet  long,  pointed  with  the 
wood  of  the  betel-nut  tree  ;  but  there  are  short 

^'  ones  for  different  marks,  which  are  thrown  by 
means  of  a  stick  two  feet  long.  The  chiefs  wear  a 
bone  round  one  of  their  wrists,  in  the  form  of  a 
bracelet,  which,  being  a  mark  of  greathonour  con- 
ferred by  the  king,  is  never  to  be  parted  with  but 
with  life.  They  are  not  all  of  the  same  degree,  as 
appeared  from  a  difference  in  the  bone  they  wore. 
Captain  Wilson  was  invested  with  the  highest 
order  of  the  bone.  With  respect  to  property,  in 
these  islands,  a  man's  house  or  canoe  is  consider- 
ed as  his  own,  as  is  also  the  land  allotted  to  him, 
as  long  as  he  occupies  and  cultivates  it ;  but, 
whenever  he  removes  to  another  place,  the  ground 
reverts  to  the  king.  The  natives  make  canoes 
out  of  the  bark  of  trees,  some  large  enough  to  car- 
ry 30  men.  Yams  and  cocoa  nuts,  being  their  chief 
articles  of  subsistence,  are  attended  with  the  ut- 
most care  ;  and  the  milk  of  the  latter  is  their  com- 
mon drink.  On  particular  occasions,  they  add  to 
their  ordinary  fare  certain  sweetmeats,  and  a 
Bweet  beverage,  obtained  by  the  aid  of  a  syrup, 
extracted  either  from  the  pEiIm-tree  or  the  sugar- 
cane. Their  houses  are  raised  about  three  feet 
from  the  ground,  the  foundation  beams  being 
laid  on  large  stones,  whence  spring  the  upright 
supports  of  their  sides,  which  are  crossed  by  oth- 
er timbers  grooved  together,  and  fastened  by 
wooden  pins,  the  intermediate  space  being  closely 
tilled  up  with  bamboos  and  palm-tree  leaves, 
platted  together  :  the  inside  is  without  any  divis- 
ions, forming  one  great  room.    They  have  little 


baskets,  nicely  woven  from  slips  of  the  plantain, 
tree,  and  wooden  baskets  with  covers,  neatly 
carved,  and  inlaid  with  shells.  No  one  goes 
abroad  without  a  basket,  which  usually  contains 
some  betel-nut,  a  comb,  a  knife,  and  a  little 
twine.  The  best  knives  are  made  of  a  piece  of 
the  large  mother-of-pearl  oyster,  ground  narrow, 
and  the  outward  side  a  little  polished.  The  combs 
are  made  of  the  orange-tree,  of  which  there  are  a 
few  of  the  Seville  kind;  the  handle  and  teeth  are 
fastened  to  the  solid  wood.  The  n?hing  hooks 
are  of  tortoise  shell ;  and  twine,  cord,  and  fishing- 
nets,  are  well  manufactured  from  the  busks  of 
the  cocoa-nut.  Of  the  plantain  leaf  are  formed 
mats,  which  serve  the  people  as  beds.  They  also 
use  a  plantain  leaf  at  meals,  instead  of  a  plate  ; 
and  the  shell  of  a  cocoa  nut  supplies  the  place  of 
a  cup.  There  are  vessels  of  a  kind  of  earthen 
ware,  of  a  reddish  brown  colour,  in  which  they 
boil  their  fish,  yams,  &,c.  A  bundle  of  cocoa-nut 
husks  serves  them  for  a  broom  ;  and  thick  bam- 
boos, with  bores  five  or  six  inches  in  diameter, 
are  the  buckets  or  cisterns.  The  shell  of  the  tor- 
toise is  here  remarkably  beautiful,  and  the  natives 
have  discovered  the  art  of  moulding  it  into  little 
trays  or  dishes  and  spoons.  Some  of  the  great  la- 
dies have  also  bracelets  of  the  samemat.ufacture, 
and  ear-rings  inlaid  with  shells.  The  Pelewans,  in 
general,  ai-e  stout  and  well  made,  rather  above  the 
middle  stature,  and  of  a  deep  copper  colour. 
Their  hair  is  long,  and  generally  formed  into  one 
large  loose  curl  round  their  heads.  The  men  are 
entirely  naked  :  but  the  women  wear  two  little 
aprons,  one  before,  the  other  behind.  Both  sexes 
are  tattooed,  have  their  teeth  made  black  by  art, 
and  the  cartilage  between  the  nostrils  bored, 
through  which  they  frequently  put  a  sprigor  blos- 
som of  some  plant  or  shrub.  The  men  have  the 
left  ear  bored,  and  the  women  both  ;  a  few  of  the 
former  wear  beads  in  the  perforated  ear,  the  lat- 
ter either  the  leaf,  or  an  ear-ring  of  inlaid  tor- 
toise-shell. Both  sexes  are  very  expert  swimmers ; 
and  the  men  are  admirable  divers.  Such  an 
opinion  had  Abba  Thulle,  the  king  of  the 
island,  entertained  of  the  English  that  on  their 
departure,  he  permitted  his  second  son,  Lee  Boo, 
to  accompany  them  to  England,  where  he  arrived 
in  1784.  In  a  few  months  after,  this  hopeful 
youth  died  of  the  small-pox,  and  the  E.  India  Com- 
pany erected  a  monument  over  his  grave  in  Ro- 
therhithe  church-yard. 

Pelham,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  32  m.  N. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,075;  p.t.  Hampshire  Co. 
Mass.  80  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  904  ;  p.t.  West- 
chester Co.  N.  Y.  on  East  River,  20  m.  from  New 
York.     Pop.  334. 

Pelissane,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Aix. 

Bellerin,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Low- 
er Loire,  situate  on  the  Loire,  with  a  harbour  for 
small  vessels,  10  m.  N.  of  Nantes,  and  23  S.  E.  of 
Painboeuf. 

Peloponnesus.     See  Greece. 

Pemaquid  Bay  and  Point,  on  the  coast  of  Maine, 
in  lat.  43.37.  N.,  long.  69.  30.  W. 

Pemba,!in  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  near  the 
coast  of  Zanguebar,  about  100  m.  in  circumfer- 
ence. Long.  41.  10.  E.,  lat.  4.  50.  S. 

Pemba,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Congo,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  It  IS  seated 
on  the  Lozo,  90  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  St.  Salvador.  Long. 
14.  40.  E.,  lat.  6.  45.    S. 

Pembina,  a  river  of  North  America  flowintt  in- 
to the  Red  River  of  Lake  Winnipeg  in  lat.  48. 


PEN 


588 


PEN 


Pen'Aridge,  a  town  in  Herefordshire,  Eng.  with 
R  manufacture  of  woolen  cloth;  seated  on  the 
Arrow,  7  m.  W.  of  Leominster  and  145  W.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Pembroke,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimack,  40  m.  W.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  1,312; 
p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  N.  W.  Plymouth. 
Pop.  1,324  ;  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  25  m.  E.of 
Buffalo.  Pop.  3,831. 

Pembroke,  a  borough  of  Wales,  capital  of  Pem- 
brokeshire. It  stands  on  the  innermost  creek  of 
Milford-haven,  over  which  are  two  bridges,  but 
the  harbour  is  become  injured  by  the  rubbish  of 
the  neighbouring  lime-stone  quarries.  It  was  an- 
ciently surrounded  by  walls,  and  had  a  magnifi- 
cent castle,  the  remams  of  which  still  give  it  an 
appearance  of  uncommon  grandeur.  263  ra.  W. 
by  N.  of  London.  Long.  4.  48.  W.,  lat.  51. 
43   N. 

Pembrokeshire,  a  county  of  Wales,  37  m.  long 
and  28  broad  ;  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  sea, 
except  on  the  E.,  where  it  is  bounded  by  Caer- 
marthenshire,  and  Cardiganshire.  It  contains 
33.'>,600  acres,  is  divided  into  7  hundreds  and  145 
parishes,  has  one  city  and  7  market  towns,  and 
sends  three  members  to  parliament.  Pop.  in  1821, 
74,009.  The  rivers  are  inconsiderable.  A  great 
part  of  the  county  is  plain  and  tolerably  fertile, 
consisting  of  rich  meadows  and  arable  land.  The 
N.  E.  part  alone  is  mountainous,  which,  however 
yield  good  pasturage  for  sheep  and  cattle.  This 
county  abounds  with  objects  of  antiquarian  inter- 
est, such  as  druidical  circles,  cromlechs,  single 
Btone  monuments,  castles,  «fec. 

Pemigewasset,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the 
Merrimack  in  N.  H.  It  joins  the  Winipisiogee, 
at  Sanbornton. 

Penang.     See  Prince  of  Wales  Island. 
Petiautier,  a  town   of  France,  department    of 
Aude,  4  m.  N.  of  Carcassone. 

Pendennis,  a  castle  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  on  a  hill 
of  the  same  name,  on  Falmouth  Bay.  It  was 
built  by  Henry  VIII.  for  the  security  of  the  coast, 
and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay  is  another  cal- 
led St.  Maws.  It  is  a  little  to  the  S.  E.  of  Fal- 
mouth, the  harbour  of  which  it  defends. 

PendJeton,  a  large  village  in  Lancashire,  Eng. 
2  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Manchester.  The  inhabitants 
are  principally  employed  in  the  trade  and  manu- 
factures of  the  various  Manchester  goods. 

Pendleton,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  6,271.  Franklin  is  the  capital ;  a  coun- 
ty of  Kentucky.  Pop.  3,806.  Falmouth  is  the  cap- 
ital ;  also  a  town  in  Pickens  Dis.  S.  C.  100  m.  N. 
W.  Columbia. 

Penicke,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Portugal,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  with  a  good  harbour  and  a  citadel; 
seated  on  a  peninsula,  48  m.  N.  W  of  Lisbon. 
Long.  9.  20.  VV.,  lat.  39.  22.  N. 

Fenig,  a  town  of  Saxony,  and  the  chief  place 
of  one  of  the  lordships  forming  the  county  of 
Schomburg,  with  a  manufacture  of  woolen  stuffs 
and  a  pottery;  seated  on  the  Mulda,  11  m.  N. 
W.  of  Chemnitz. 

Peni-scola,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  seated 
on  a  high  point  of  land,  surrounded  on  three 
■ides  by  the  i>ea,  and  of  difficult  access  by  land. 
It  is  30  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Tortosaand  80  N.  N.  E. 
of  Valencia.     Long.  0.  24.  E.,  lat.  40.  24.  N. 

Penjield,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  6  m.  E.  Roch- 
ester. Pop.  4,475;  also  a  township  of  New  Bruns- 
wick in  Charlotte  Co.  at  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

Penishehr,  a  town  of  Afghanistan,  capital  of  a 
district  in  the  province  of  Cabul,46m.  N.  of  Cabul. 


Penistone,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  with 
a  small  woolen  manufacture.  It  has  a  handsome 
parish  church,  three  meeting-houses,  a  grammai 
school,  and  three  other  schools  free  to  the  whole 
parish.  The  environs,  especially  to  the  W  ,  have 
rather  a  dreary  and  barren  appearance.  The 
town  is  seated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Don, 
13  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Huddersfield  and  177  N.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Penkridge,  a  decayed  town  in  Staffordshire, 
Eng.  seated  on  the  river  Penk,  6  m.  S.  cf  Stafford 
and  129  iN.  W.  of  London. 

Penkum,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  seated 
on  the  Randow,  between  two  small  lakes,  15  m. 
S.  W.  of  Stettin. 

Penmaenmawr,  a  mountain  of  Wales,  in  Caer- 
narvonshire, overhanging  the  sea,  and  rising  to 
the  height  of  1,540  feet.  It  is  4  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Aberconway,  and  the  road  to  Holyhead  crosses  it 
on  the  side  of  a  dreadful  precipice,  from  which  it 
is  defended  by  a  wall. 

Penn,  a  township  of  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa.  ad- 
joining the  city,  also  townships  in  Chester,  Nor- 
thampton and  Schuylkill  Cos.  Pa.  and  Morgan 
Co.  Ohio. 

Pennar,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  in 
Mysore,  flows  by  Gooty,  Gandicotta,  Cuddaph, 
and  Vellore,  ahd  enters  the  bay  of  Bengal  at 
Gangapatnam. 

Pennington,  p. v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J.  9  m.  N. 
W.  Trenton. 

Pennsborough,  2  townships  in  Cumberland  Co. 
Pa.  and  villages  in  Lycoming  Co.  Pa.  and  Wood 
Co.  Va. 
PennsbuTg,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa. 
Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  Lake  f3rie  and  New  York,  E.  by  New 
York  and  New  Jersey,  S.  by  Delaware,  Maryland 
and  Virginia,  and  W.  by  Virginia  and  Ohio.  It 
extends  from  39.  42.  to  42.  N.  lat.  and  from  74.  to 
80.  40.  W.  long,  and  contains  43,950  sq.  m.  The 
centre  of  the  state  is  occupied  by  the  great  Apala- 
chian  chain  of  mountains,  which  here  spread  out 
to  their  greatest  width,  and  occupy  two  thirds  of 
the  whole  territory.  The  Delaware  bounds  the 
state  on  the  East.  The  Susquehanna  with  its  nu- 
merous branches  intersect  nearly  the  whole 
mountainous  region.  The  Allegany,  Mononga- 
hela  and  Ohio,  water  the  western  parts.  A  small 
portion  of  the  northern  limit  is  washed  by  Lake 
Erie. 

In  the  country  E.  of  the  mountains,  the  climate 
does  not  differ  greatly  from  that  part  of  New  Jer 
sey  in  the  same  parallel,  and  may  be  characteris- 
ed in  general  terms  as  mild  and  temperate.  The 
mountainous  country  lies  exposed  to  the  chilling 
north-west  winds,  and  the  winter  in  this  part  is 
severe,  with  deep  snows.  W.  of  the  moun- 
tains, the  climate  becomes  milder ;  here  the  easter- 
ly winds  of  the  Atlantic  coast  are  unknown,  and 
the  country  is  not  exposed  to  the  sudden  chan- 
ges which  they  occasion.  The  heat  of  the  sum- 
mer is  not  so  great  as  upon  the  coast,  and  the  au- 
tumn is  long,  serene  and  temperate. 

East  of  the  mountains  the  soil  is  excellent;  in 
this  part  the  land  is  level,  and  enriched  from  the 
washing  of  the  hills  and  uplands.  In  the  interior, 
the  soil  is  rocky  and  barren,  with  fertile  spots  in 
the  valleys,  and  along  the  borders  of  the  streams. 
Some  o^  these  valleys  contain  land  as  rich  as  any 
in  the  state ;  but  generally  the  soil  being  a  black 
mould,  two  or  three  feet  deep,  and  among  the 
mountains,  is  not  well  adapted  to  cultivation. 
W.  of  the  mountains,  the  country  improves,  and 


FEW 


PUN 


around  the  head  streams  of  the  Ohio,  is  generally 

fertile. 

The  most  important  mineral  is  anthracite  coal, 
in  which  this  state  far  surpasses  all  other  portions 
»f  the  country.  In  no  part  of  the  world,  indeed, 
is  this  valuable  material  found  so  abundantly  as 
in  Pennsylvania.  It  abounds  in  the  Wyoming 
and  Lackawanna  valley,  between  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  the  Susquehanna.  The  anthracite  district  is 
principally  occupied  by  mountains  rnnning  paral- 
lel to  the  Blue  Ridge,  often  broad,  with  table  sum- 
mits, and  rising  generally  about  1,500  feet  above 
the  ocean. 

The  coal   occurs   in  the   greatest  quantity  in 
those  parts  of  this  region  most  accessible  by  water. 
.     Extensive  veins  and  beds  range  from  the  Lehigh 
to  the  Susquehanna,  crossing  the  head  waters  of 
Schuylkill  and  Swatara,  about  10  m.  N.  W.  of  the 
Blue   Ridge.     It  is  abundant  near  the  Susquehan- 
>       na,  and  Lackawanna,  but  in  no  part  is  it  so  plen- 
tiful as  at  Mauch  Chunk,  a  village  on  the  Lehigh, 
•  %     a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 

The  anthracite  region  of  the  Susquelianna  lies 
in  the  valley  formed  by  the  Susquehanna  and  the 
Lackawanna,  one  of  its  branches;  this  region 
is  distinguished  as  the  valleys  of  the  Wyoming 
and  Lackawanna,  but  is  in  fact  without  any  nat- 
ural division,  and  constitutes  a  single  formation. 
It  is  between  60  and  70  m.  long,  and  5  broad. 

The  coal  lies  in  beds,  and  not  as  commonly,  in 
reins;  these  are  of  every  thickness,  from  a  foot 
to  27  feet ;  none  are  much  esteemed  that  are  less 
than  three  or  four  ;  few  are  wrought  that  are  less 
than  6.  The  lateral  extent  of  the  beds  is  immense  ; 
they  break  out  in  the  precipices  and  hills,  and 
upon  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Lack- 
awanna, and  form  in  some  places  the  pave- 
ment of  these  rivers ;  they  appear  in  the  sides 
and  channels  of  almost  every  stream  from  the 
mountain  ;  they  blacken  the  soil  in  numerous 
places  ;  and  wells  are  often  sunk  in  the  coal. 
In  many  of  the  mines  of  this  region,  the 
naturalist  is  gratified  by  seeing  vast  deposits  of 
vegetable  impressions  and  remains  which  accom- 
pany the  coal,  usually  in  the  slate  which  forms 
the  roof,  and  occasionally  in  that  of  the  floor; 
they  exist  also  in  the  sandstone,  and  sometimes 
even  in  the  coal  itself.  There  are  instances  where 
they  fill  the  slate  for  a  space  of  ten  feet  in  thick- 
ness. The  impressions  are  very  perfect,  indica- 
ing  repose  and  calm  at  the  time  of  their  deposi- 
tion, and  excluding  the  possibility  of  transport 
from   distant  countries. 

There  are  many  species  of  ferns,  none  of  them, 
it  is  said,  modern,  and  most  or  all,  tropical. 
There  are  impressions  sometimes  several  feet  long 
and  of  the  same  width,  of  the  bark  of  gigantic 
vegetables  ;  some  botanists  say  they  are  palms  ; 
occasionally  there  are  entire  limbs  carbonized, 
and  there  are  frequently  broad  leaves  6  or  7  in- 
ches in  diameter.  Culmiferous  plants  are  nu- 
merous, and  also  the  aquatic  algas  and  rushes  ; 
the  leaves  of  the  plants  are  usually  in  full  expan- 
sion, the  most  delicate  parts  of  their  structure  be- 
ing accurately  preserved  or  copied.  Large  quan- 
titles  of  clay  and  iron  and  bog  ore  are  connected 
with  the  coal  strata  of  this  valley,  and  chalybeate 
mineral  springs  occur  in  numerous  places. 

The  western  part  of  Pennsylvania  is  as  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  bituminous  coal  as  the  east- 
ern is  with  anthracite.  It  is  found  on  the  rivers 
Conemaugh,  Alleghany,  Mononaahela  and  Ohio, 
and  in  numerous  places  W.  of  the  Alleghany 
lidge,  which  is,  with  some  exceotions.  its  eastern 


boundary.  It  occurs  upon  these  mountains  at  a 
considerable  elevation,  and  elsew^here,  in  nearly  a 
horizontal  position,  alternating  with  grey  sand 
stone,  often  micaceous,  and  bordered  by  argillace- 
ous schist.  The  veins  are  generally  narrow, rarely 
above  6  feet  in  width.  The  coal  is  abundant, 
and  of  excellent  quality  near  Pittsburg. 

Springs  holding  salt  in  solution,  are  common 
in  various  parts  of  the  bituminous  coal  region  ; 
they  are  generally  weak  near  the  surface,  but 
deep  springs,  disclosed  by  boring,  are  often  strong. 
One  of  these,  which  contains  as  much  salt  as  the 
ordinary  waters  of  Salina,  was  discovered  by 
boring,  about  20  m.  from  Montrose,  bordering  on 
the  state  of  New  York.  The  most  considerable 
saline  springs  are  on  the  banks  of  the  Cone- 
maugh and  Kiskaminitas,  about  30  m.  E.  of  Pitts- 
burg. These  rivers  for  many  miles  wind  rapidly 
through  rocky  ravines  bordered  by  hills  of  300 
and  400  feet  in  height,  that  rise  with  steep  ac- 
clivities, presenting  mural  precipices  of  grey  sand- 
stone, in  places  jutting  over  the  road  and  torrent. 
The  sandstone  is  ordinarily  fine,  but  is  sometimes 
a  coarse  aggregate,  principally  quartz.  Its  thin 
laminae  are  generally  in  a  horizontal  position. 
The  lower  strata,  often  in  a  decomposing  state, 
contains  vegetable  impressions.  This  rock  usu- 
ally rests  on  dark  and  very  fissile  argillaceous 
schist,  that  contains  much  sulphuret  of  iron,  and 
forms  the  roof  and  floor  of  numerous  beds  of  bi- 
tuminous coal  adjacent  to  the  streams.  These 
beds  are  from  a  few  inches  to  5  feet  in  tliickness, 
and  occur  at  various  altitudes,  from  200  feet 
above  the  river  to  a  great  depth  below.  Large 
quantities  of  salt  are  made  at  these  springs.  Iron 
ore  is  found  in  abundance  in  the  extensive  cal- 
careous valley,  between  the  ridges  of  the  Apala- 
chian  mountains,  particularly  in  the  counties  of 
Centre  and  Huntingdon.  It  is  mostly  raised  from 
beds  of  argillaceous  earth,  resting  on  limestone. 
The  iron  manufactured  in  the  counties  before 
mentioned  is  distinguished  for  its  tenacity  and 
malleability.  Bituminous  coal  from  the  Allegha- 
ny   mountain    is  often  used  for  making  pig  iVon. 

The  Bedford  Springs  near  the  town  of  that 
name  among  the  mountains  in  the  S.  of  the  state, 
were  discovered  in  1804.  They  arise  from  a 
limestone  rock,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain.  The 
water  is  cold,  odourless,  soft  and  agreeable  to  the 
taste;  it  is  charged  with  iron,  magnesia  and  lime, 
and  is  efficacious  in  removing  cutaneous  and 
chronic  complaints.  There  are  several  salt 
springs  in  the  state.  Wild  animals  are  abundant 
among  the  mountains  and  in  all  the  unsettled 
parts.  The  most  remarkable  of  these  is  the 
cougar,  or  catamount,  sometimes  called  panther 


This  animal  is  common  to  both  parts  of  the  west 
ern  continent  but  is  not  known  in  the  eastern. 
Copper  ore,  in  a  variety  of  combinations,  ia 
3D 


PEN 


590 


PER 


found  m  many  places  among  the  motmtaina. 
There  is  a  lead  mine  at  I'erkiomen.  At  Mercer, 
on  the  western  border  of  the  state,  is  a  manufac- 
tory of  copperas  from  iron  pyrites. 

The  limestone  of  this  state  affords  good  marble. 
On  the  Schuylkill,  in  Montgomery  county,  is  a 
quarry  of  bluish  marble,  which  is  extensively 
wrought,  and  exported.  Many  of  the  buildings 
in  Philadelphia  are  ornamented  with  it.  There 
are  quarries  of  slate  in  York,  Lancaster  and 
Wayne  counties,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 
Tlie  state  is  divided  into  two  districts,  the 
eastern  and  western.  The  counties  are  51,  the 
townships  f>51.  The  pop.  is  1,347,(J72.  Harris- 
burg  is  the  seat  of  gfovernment,  and  Pliiladelphia 
the  largest  city.  The  other  large  towns  are  Pitts- 
burg, Reading,  and  Lancaster.  Agriculture  is 
«kilfully  condncted  in  the  eastern  parts.  Wheat, 
maize,  garden  vegetables  and  fruit  are  raised  in 
great  quantities.  In  the  interior  and  western 
parts  the  farmers  also  cultivate  buckwheat,  rye, 
oats,  barley,  hemp  and  flax.  The  commerce  of 
the  state  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  single  port  of 
Philadelphia.  The  port  of  Presqu  Isle,  on  Lake 
Erie  has  also  some  commerce,  and  the  internal 
trade  across  the  mountains  is  very  active.  The 
shipping  of  the  state  in  1828  was  104,614  tons. 
The  imports  during  the  same  year  were  10,100,152 
dollars.  The  exports  of  domestic  produce  2,617,1 52 
dollars.  Total  exports  4,089,435  dollars.  The 
manufactures  of  Pennsylvania  are  very  extensive. 
At  Philadelphia  are  large  manufactures  of  cotton, 
iron,  glass  and  china  ware,  besides  the  great  va- 
riety of  articles  made  in  small  establishments. 
The  cloth  annually  manufactured  is  estimated  at 
24,000,000  yards.  At  Pittsburg  and  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, are  very  large  establishments  of  various 
kinds.  The  glass  manufactures  of  this  place  are 
particularly  celebrated,  and  furnish  cut  glass 
ware,  and  window  glass,  equal  to  any  in  the 
country.  The  glass  is  white,  clear  and  excellent, 
both  in  texture  and  polish.  The  cotton  manu- 
f.icture  is  also  extensive,  and  occupies  several 
large  establishments  here  and  in  the  neiplibouring 
towns  of  Alleghany  and  Birmingham.  The  man- 
ufactures of  iron  employ  9  founderies,  8  rolling 
mills  and  9  nail  factories,  which  make  18  tons  of 
nails  daily.  There  arc  also  7  manufactories  of 
steam  engines,  and  lately  the  manufacture  of  su- 
gar mills,  and  small  steam  machinery  to  drive 
them,  has  become  an  important  branch  of  business. 
There  are  two  establishments  in  Pittsburg  for  the 
manufacture  of  steel.  There  are  great  numbers 
of  iron  works  in  various  parts  of  the  state.  At 
York,  is  a  foundery  for  church  bells,  manufactures 
of  cutlery,  surgical  instruments,  &c.  Elegant 
carpeting  is  also  made  at  the  same  place.  At 
Mayanunk,  on  the  Schuylkill,  are  large  cotton 
and  woolen  manufactories.  At  Chambersburg, 
besides  other  establishments,  are  extensive  man- 
ufactories of  edge  tools,  axes,  carpenters'  tools, 
hatclifts,  chisels,  &-c.  of  a  quality  and  temper 
equal  to  any  made  in  Enirland.  At  Bush  Hill, 
near  Philadelphia,  is  a  manufacture  of  elegant 
floor  cloths,  from  hemp  and  flax,  and  of  table 
cloths  from  cotton.  At  Bethany,  in  Wayne 
r.nxinty.  is  a  glass  manufactory,  which  produces 
450,000  feel  of  window  glass  annually.  At  Mead- 
viljo  is  a  manufactory  of  paper  from  straw,  which 
IS  extensively  used  for  wrapping  paper.  This  is 
the  first  successful  attempt  to  make  paper  from 
Htraw. 

In  the  western  part  are  large  manufactures  of 
•uit  from  springs.     The  principal  salt  works  are 


on  the  Conemaugh,  a  stream  running  into  the 
Alleghany.  The  salt  manufactured  at  Kiska 
minitas  and  Conemaugh  has  in  some  years 
amounted  to  300,000  bushels ;  it  is  sold  at  from 
20  to  25  cents  per  bushel  at  the  works  ;  the  ex- 
pense of  manufacturing  does  not  exceed  10  cents 
a  bushel. 

A  large  portion  of  the  numerous  salt  works  are 
near  the  river  in  the  ravines  of  the  Kiskaminitas, 
and  coal  for  fuel  is  procured  from  veins  situated 
above  the  works,  in  the  side  of  the  hill,  and  costs 
but  a  cent  a  bushel.  Considerable  salt  is  made 
near  Pittsburg,  from  a  fountain  obtained  by  boring 
270  feet ;  the  water  is  strong,  and  is  raised  by  r 
steam  engine;  the  salt  is  white,  and  of  a  good 
quality.  This  fountain  is  sufficient  for  the  annu- 
al manufacture  of  25,000  bushels.  There  are 
other  salt  springs  on  the  Ohio,  and  also  on  the 
Chenango  and  Mahony. 

The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives.  The  senators  are 
chosen  for  four  years,  and  the  representatives  an- 
nually. Suffrage  is  universal.  The  govern- 
or is  chosen  for  three  years  by  a  popular  vote. 
There  is  no  Lt.  governor  and  no  council.  The 
governor  can  only  be  elected  thrice  in  12  years 
and  on  retiring  from  office  becomes  a  senator. 
The  legislature  meets  annually  at  Harrisburg  in 
December.  The  state  sends  24  representatives  to 
Congress.  The  state  expenses  for  1830,  were 
6,357,994  dollars,  of  which  enormous  sum  5,495, 
550  dollars  were  for  canals,  railroads  and  other 
internal  improvements. 

The  Presbyterians  are  the  most  numerous  re- 
ligious sect,  and  are  divided  into  two  clas.ses  ;  one 
of  which  call  themselves  Associate  Presbyterians. 
These  two  have  266  preachers.  The  Baptists 
have  144;  the  Methodists  140;  the  German  Re- 
formed Church  73;  the  Episcopalians  60;  there 
are  also  Lutherans,  Unitarians,  Catholics,  Qua-  - 
kers,  Dutch  Reformed,  Universalists  and  Jews. 

The  navigation  of  the  Schuykill  has  been  im- 
proved by  a  series  of  canals  from  Philadelphia  to 
Port  Carbon  in  the  coal  region,  a  distance  of  100 
miles:  64  m.  of  which  consist  of  canals,  and  the 
remainder  of  portions  of  the  river,  rendered  navi- 
gable by  dams  and  slack  water.  The  canals  are 
36  feet  wide,  and  vi^ere  finished  in  1825.  The  Un- 
ion canal  extends  from  Reading  on  the  Schuylkill 
to  Middletown  on  the  Susquehanna,  83  miles;  it 
is  36  feet  wide  and  four  deep.  There  is  a  tunnel 
on  this  canal  729  feet  long,  18  feet  wide  and  16 
high,  being  the  longest  in  the  United  States. 
Tills  canal  was  completed  in  1828.  A  branch  ex- 
lends  up  the  Swatara  to  the  Schuylkill  coal, 
mines.  The  Conestoga  creek  is  rendered  naviga- 
ble by  canals,  18  m.  from  Lancaster  to  the  Sus- 
quehanna. The  Lehigh  canal  extends  from  Eas- 
ton  to  Mauch  Chunk  46  3-4  m. ;  it  is  4  feet  wide 
and  4  deep,  and  is  esteemed  the  most  perfect  ca- 
nal in  America  ;  it  was  executed  in  2  years,  and 
cost  25,000  dollars  a  mile.  The  Lackawaxen  ca- 
nal extends  from  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  canal 
25  m.  up  the  Lackawaxen  creek  to  the  coalmines, 
and  is  navigable  for  boats  of  25  tons. 

The  Pennsylvania  canal  is  a  work  undertaken 
by  the  stale,  and  designed  to  form  a  communica- 
tion between  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg.  A  lail- 
road  is  to  be  constructed  from  Philadelphia  to 
Columbia  80  m.  Here  the  canal  begins  and  ex- 
tends to  the  Union  canal  at  Middletown,  thence 
W.  to  the  Juniata,  and  up  that  river  to  the  moun- 
tains, which  are  to  be  crossed  by  a  railroad  or  tun- 
nel ;  beyond  this  the  canal  is  to  be  continued  to 


PEN 


591 


pe:t 


Plttsburff.     The  whole  length  of  this  commtinica- 
lion  will  be  394  m. 

The  other  canals  new  constructing  by  the  state 
government  are  one  from  Middletown  on  the  Un- 
ion canal  to  Muncey  Hills  on  the  W.  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna,  90  m.  Another  from  Northum- 
berland on  the  Susquehanna  up  the  E.  branch  to 
JJanticoke  falls,  55  m  Another  from  Bristol  up 
the  Delaware  to  Easton  on  the  Lehigh,  60  m. 
This  is  called  the  Delaware  canal.  Another  from 
Meadville  on  French  creek,  a  head  water  of  the 
Alleghany,  to  Muddy  River  in  the  N.  W.  of  the 
state,  20  m.  The  whole  length  of  the  canals  in 
the  state  will  be  728  m. 

The  Mauch  Chunk  railroad  extends  from  the 
coal  mine,  to  the  river  Lehigh,  9m;  it  was  com- 
pleted four  years  since.  The  Mill  Creek  railway 
extends  3  ni.  from  Port  Carbon  up  Mill  Creek  to 
the  coal  mines.  The  Lackawaxen  railroad  ex- 
tendfe  16  m.,  from  the  Lackawaxen  canal  at  Hones- 
dale,  to  the  coal  mines  at  Carbondale,  on  the  Lack- 
awanna, passing  through  Rix's  Gap,  in  the  Moos- 
ic  Mountain.  An  ascent  and  descent  of  1,812  feet 
is  passed  by  8  inclined  planes,  at  5  of  which  on  the 
western  side  of  the  mountain  are  stationary  en- 
gines. Tliis  railroad  cost  about  12,000  dollars  a 
mile,  and  went  into  operati.inin  1829.  Besides 
these,  there  are  now  in  progress  the  following; 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  from  Philadelphia  through 
Lancaster  to  Columbia,  on  the  Susquehanna,  84 
m. ;  Schuylkill  West  Branch  Railroad,  from 
Schuylkill  Haven  to  the  coal  mines  on  Broad 
Mountain,  13  m.  long,  including  a  branch  of  2  1-2 
m. ;  Schuylkill  Valley  Railroad,  from  Port  Car- 
bon, eastward  up  the  valley  of  the  Schuylkill, 
nearly  to  its  head,  10  m.  long,  passing  through  a 
district  richly  supplied  with  coal ;  this  last  is  near- 
ly completed  The  Baltimore  and  Susquehan- 
na Railroad  is  to  extend  from  Baltimore  to  York 
Haven,  on  the  Susquehanna,  60  m. 

This  state  has  a  university  at  Philadelphia  and 
colleges  at  Carlisle,  Canonsburg,  Pittsburg, 
Meadville,  Alleghany,  Uniontown  and  Washing- 
ton. Common  education  however  is  in  a  back- 
ward statp.  About  one  third  of  all  the  children 
in  the  State  attend  school.  The  sum  of  2,000,000 
dollars  was  bequeathed  by  the  late  Stephen  Girard 
to  found  a  school  in  Philadelphia. 

Pennsylvania  has  its  name  from  William  Penn, 
a  quaker  who  began  a  settlement  in  the  state  in 
1681.     He  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  which 


was  observed  on  both  sides  with  such  scrupulous 
honour  that  not  the  least  discord  arose  between 
the  settlers  and  the  savages  for  70  years.  The 
original  charter  of  their  state  continued  till  after 
the  revolution.  The  present  constitution  was 
established  in  1790. 

Pennygant,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  of 


E.ngland,  in  Yorkshire,  7  m.  N.  of  Settle.  Itt 
summit  is  3,930  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
On  its  sides  are  two  awful  orifices,  called  Hulpil 
and  Huntpit  holes ;  through  each  of  them  runs  a 
brook,  both  of  which  run  under  ground  for  about 
a  mile,  and  cross  each  other  in  the  bowels  of  the 
earth  without  mixing  their  waters. 

Pennytown,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  Co.  N  Y. 
10  m.  N.  W.  Trenton. 

Peno,  a  town  of  Pike  Co.  Missouri. 
Penobscot,  a  river  of  Maine  and  the  larorest  in 
the  state.  It  has  two  large  head  streams,  ihe 
chief  of  which  runs  W-  of  Moosehead  lake  in  the 
highland  which  separate  Maine  from  Canada.  It 
flows  S.  and  on  joining  the  ocean  foims  a  wide 
bay  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  It  is  navigable 
to  Bangor,  50  m. 

Penobscot,  a  countv  of  Maine  on  the  above 
river.  Pop.  31,530.  Sangor  is  the  capital.  Also 
a  town  on  the  river  30  m.  below  Bangor.  Pop.l  ,271. 
Penobscot  Indians.  See  Indian  Old  Town. 
Penrice,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  Norman  castle  ;  and  3  m 
to  the  N.,  on  a  mountain,  is  a  Druidical  monu- 
ment, called  Arthur's  stone.  Penrice  is  sealed 
on  the  Bristol  Channel.  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Caermar- 
then  and  220  W.  of  London. 

Penrith,  a  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.,  in  the 
church-yard  is  a  singular  monument  of  antiquity, 
called  the  Giant's  Grave.  The  ruins  of  the 
ancient  castle  overlook  the  town  from  the  W., 
and  on  the  heights  to  the  N.  is  a  square  stone 
building  called  the  "Beacon,"  well  situated  for 
giving  alarm  in  times  of  danger.  The  ascent  to 
it  is  difficult,  but  the  prospects  from  the  summit 
of  the  hill  are  extensive  and  beautiful.  283  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Penryn,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  Here 
are  large  warehouses  for  flour  and  grain  imported 
from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  several  good  brewe- 
ries, which  supply  the  shipping  at  Falmouth  ;  and 
it  has  a  great  trade  in  the  pilchard  and  New- 
foundland fisheries.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of 
Falmouth  Haven,  3  m.  N.  W.  of  Falmouth  and 
263  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Pensacola,  p.t.  Escambia  Co.  W.  Florida,  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  the  largest  town  in 
West  Florida,  and  has  a  capacious  harbour,  but 
the  town  can  be  approached  only  by  small  vessels 
It  is  a  naval  station  of  the  United  States.  The 
situation  is  comparatively  healthy,  and  the  town 
is  somewhat  thriving.  The  town  was  founded 
at  an  early  period  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is  50  m. 
E.  S.  E.  Mobile.  900  m.  S.  W.  Washington. 
Lat.  30.  25.  N.,  long.  87.  W.  Pop.  about  2,000. 

Pensford,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  hats;  seated  on  the  Chew,  6 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Bristol  and  117  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Pentlund  Frith,  a  strait  which  divides  the  Ork- 
ney Islands  from  Caithness-shire,  in  Scotland. 
It  is  20  m.  long  and  10  broad,  and  dangerous  to 
those  who  are  not  acquainted  with  its  tides  and 
currents ;  especially  in  passing  the  •  Pentland 
Skerries,  a  cluster  of  rocks  at  the  E.  end  of  the 
frith.  On  the  largest  of  these  rocks  is  a  lignt- 
house.     Long.  2.  42.  W.,  lat.  58.  35.  N. 

Pentland  Hills,  a  ridge  of  hills,  in  Scotland,  4 
m.  W.  of  Edinburgh. 

Penza,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  prov- 
ince of  Kasan.  Its  capital,  of  the  same  name,  is 
seated  on  the  Sura,  where  it  receives  the  rivule*, 
Penza,  220  m.  S.  W.  of  Kasan.  Long.  45.  38 
E.,  lat  53  30  N 


TER 


PER 


Penzanet,  a  sea-port  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  It  was 
burnt  by  the  Spaniards  in  1593,  but  soon  rebuilt, 
and  made  one  of  the  tin-coinage  towns.  Its  trade 
is  considerable,  and  consists  chiefly  in  pilchards 
and  other  fish,  and  in  shipping  lead,  tin,  and  cop- 
per, which  abound  in  the  vicinity.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  mildness  and  salubrity  of  the  air, 
and  the  agreeableness  of  its  situation,  Penzance 
is  much  frequented  by  invalids,  for  whose  accom- 
modation there  are  cold  and  hot  sea-water  baths, 
&c.  It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  Mount  Bay,  10 
ra.  N.  E.  of  the  Land's  End  and  280  W.  by  S.  of 
London. 

Peoria  Lake,  in  Illinois,  an  expansion  of  the 
river  Illinois,  20  m.  in  length  and  2  in  breadth. 
It  is  vtry  deep  and  has  no  perceptible  current. 
Here  is  a  settlement  called  Peoria,  on  its  banks. 
Pepin  Lake,  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi, 
100  m.  below  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony.  24  m. 
long  and  from  2  to  4  broad. 

Pepperell,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  40  ra.  N. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,440. 

Pequignij,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somme ;  memorable  for  an  interview  and  treaty 
between  Louis  XI.  of  France  and  Edward  IV.  of 
England,  in  1475,  on  a  bridge  built  for  that  pur- 
pose. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Somme,  15  m.  S 
E.  of  Abbeville 

Perak,  a  sea-port  of  Malaya,  capital  of  a  king- 
dom on  the  W.  coast.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  180  m.  N.  W.  of  Malacca.  Long. 
100.0.  E.,lat.  4.  23.  N. 

Peray,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardeche,  noted  for  its  wines.  It  is  sealed  on  the 
Rlione  opposite  Valence,  32  m.  N.  of  Viviers. 

Perdido,  a  river  separating  Florida  from  Ala- 
bama and  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of'Me-xico. 

Perdu  Mount,  a  lofty  mountain  of  the  Pyrenees, 
with  a  double  summit,  of  which  the  higher  is 
computed  at  11 ,000  feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  of 
very  difficult  access,  as  the  calcareous  rock  often 
assumes  the  form  of  perpendicular  walls,  from  100 
to  600  feet  in  height ;  and  glaciers  increase  the 
difficulty.  About  2,000  feet  from  the  summit  is  a 
lake,  which  throws  its  waters  to  the  E.,  into  the 
Spanish  valley  of  Beoussa. 

Perga,  a  town  of  Albania,  on  the  gulf  of  Ven- 
ice, 25  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Arta. 

Pergamar,  a  town  of  Romania,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  fiO  m.  S.  W.  of  Adrianople.  Long.  25.  55. 
E.,  lat.  41.  10.  N. 

Pergamo,  a  town  of  Natolia,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  palace  and  a  castle.  It  is  not  so  con- 
siderable as  formerly,  but  has  nine  mosques,  and 
occupies  an  oblong  circumference  of  3  m.  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain.  Here  parchment  was  inven- 
ted. It  is  seated  on  the  Germasti,  15  m.  from  its 
mouth  and  37  N.  of  Smyrna.  Long.  27.  27.  E., 
lat.  39.  5.  N. 

Peria,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Irac, 
90  m.  W.  of  Ispahan.  Long.  51.  25.  E.,  lat.  32. 
20.  N. 

Periac,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
celebrated  for  its  salt  works.  It  is  seated  on  a 
lake  of  its  name,  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Narbonne. 

Periapatam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore. 
The  environs  are  rich  and  beautiful,  and  abound 
in  sandal  wood.  It  is  40  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Serin- 
gapatam. 

Periers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Man- 
che,  9  m.  N.  of  Coutances. 

Perigord,  a  former  province  of  France,  now 
forming  the  department  of  Dordogne. 

PtrijTueux,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 


partment of  Dordogne,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Hewf 
are  the  ruins  of  a  temple  of  Venus,  an  amphithea 
tre,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Hie,  50  m.  S 
W.   of  Limoges.      Long.   0.   43.  E.,   lat.  45.  II 

Perinda,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of  Dowlatabad, 
188  m.  N.  V^.  of  Hydrabad.     Long.  75.  50.   E.,       * 
lat.  18.  33.  N. 

Perinaura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Coimbetore,  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Bhawani- 
kudal. 

Perleberg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg 
with  considerable  cloth  manufactures.  It  is  seat 
ed  on  the  Stepenitz,  42  m.  W.  N.  W.  o^"  Ruppin. 
Long.  12.  3.  E.,  lat.  53.  8.  N. 

Perkinsotisville,  a  village  of  Amelia  Co.  Va. 
Perkiomen,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  25  ii.  N.  Fhiladel. 
Perm,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  prov 
ince  of  Kasan.  It  is  divided  into  two  piovinces, 
Perm  and  Catharinenburg,  the  capitals  of  which 
are  of  the  same  name. 

Perm,  a  town  Russia,  capital  of  a  governmenf 
and  province  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Kama,  at  the  influx  of  the  Zegochekha,  020 
m.  E.  by  N.  of  Moscow  and  810  E.'  by  S.  of  Pe- 
tersburg.    Lonfif.  55.  10.  E.,  lat.  57.  55.  N. 

Permacoil,  a  town    of  Hindoostan,  in    the  Car 
natic,  situate  on  a  mountain,  20  m.  N.   N.  W.  of       ^ 
Pondicherry. 

Pernalla,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat,  38 
m.  S.  of  Surat. 

Pernamhuco,  or  Fernamhuco,  a  province  of  Bra 
zil,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S. 
by  Bahia,  and  E.   by   the  desert   territory.     It  is 
about  470  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  370  from  E.  to  W.        ^, 
and  abounds   in   sugar-cane,   cotton,    and  Brazil 
wood. 

PernamJiuco,  the  capital  of  the  above  province, 
consists  of  three   divisions,  Recife,    St.    Antonio, 
and  Boa  Vista.  The  two  former  are  situated  on  two 
flat  sand  banks,  surrounded  by  the   sea,  and  con- 
nected together  by  a  bridge,  partly  of  stone  and 
partly  of  wood  ;  the  other  division  is  connected, 
with    Boa  Vista,  situated  on   the  continent,  by   a 
narrow  wooden  bridge.      The  greatest  part  of  the 
extent  of  sand  between  Olinda,  a  town   about  a 
league  distant,  on  the  same  sand  bank  as  Recife, 
and  the  latter,  remains  uncovered,  is  open   to  the 
sea,  and  the  surf  there  is  very  violent.     The  tide 
enters  between  the  bridges,  and  encircles  the  mid- 
dle compartment.    The  first  division  of  the  town  is 
composed  of  brick  houses,  of  three,  four,  and  even 
five  stories  in  height :  most  of  the  streets  are  nar- 
row and  there  are  no  public  buildings  that  require 
notice.      St.  Antonio,  the  principal  division   of 
the  town,  is  composed  chiefly  of  large  houses  and 
broad  streets.     It  contains  the  governor's    palace 
(formerly  the  Jesuits'  convent),  the  treasury,  the 
town  hall  and  prison,  tlie  barracks,  and  the  Fran 
ciscan,  Carmelite,  and  Penha  convents.     It  com- 
prises several  squares,  and  has  to  a  certain  degree 
a  gay  and  lively  appearance.     The  river  Capibar 
ibe  discharges  its  waters  into  the  ciiannel  between 
St.  Antonia  and  Boa  Vista.     The  harbour  belong 
ing  to  Recife,  called  the  Mosqueiro,  situated   on 
the  outward    bank,   is   formed  by  a  reef  of  rocks, 
which  runs  parallel  with  the  town,  at  a  very  small 
distance.     Pernambucois  daily  increasing  in  opu- 
lence and  importance,  and  European  fashions  pre- 
vail.    Long.  35.  20.  W.,  lat.  8.  13.  S. 

Pemau,  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  in  Livonia, 
with  a  castle  ;  seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 


FER 


803 


PER 


the  same  name,  95  m  N.  of  Riga.  Long.  24.  3. 
E.,  lat.  .58.  30.  N 

Femes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  the  celebrated 
orator  Flechier,  bishop  of  A'israes.  12  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Avignon. 

Femes,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Pas  de  Ca- 
lais, seated  on  the  Clarence,  17  m.  N.  W.  of  Arras. 

Femo,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Nyland,  on  the  coast  of  the  Baltic,  36  m.  E.  of 
Helstngfors. 

Feronne,  a  strong  town  of  France,  department 
of  Somme.  It  was  called  Pacelle,  because  never 
taken,  though  often  besieged,  till  the  2fith  of 
June,  1815,  when  it  was  stormed  by  the  British. 
Charles  the  Simple  was  imprisoned  in  the  castle, 
where  he  miserably  died  ;  and  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy detained  Louis  XI.  here  three  days,  till  he 
consented  to  sign  a  disadvantageous  treaty.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Somme,  27  m.  S.  W.  of  Cambray 
and  80  K.  by  N.  of  Paris.  Long.  3.  2.  E.,  lat.  49. 
55.  N. 

Ferousa,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont;  seated  on  the  river  Cluson,  6  m.  N. 
W.  of  Pignerol. 

Ferpignan,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  with  a 
good  citadel  and  a  university.  The  inhabitants 
carry  on  a  trade  in  corn,  wool,  iron,  and  wine, 
and  have  manufactures  of  silk,  woolens,  soap, 
liqueurs,  &c.  This  town  was  the  scene  of  two 
battles  between  the  French  and  Spaniards,  in 
1793.  It  is  seated  partly  on  a  gentle  declivity 
and  partly  in  a  plain,  on  the  Tet,  near  the  Med- 
iterranean, 95  m.  S.  E.  of  Toulouse.  Long.  2.54. 
E.,  lat.  42.  42.  N. 

Ferquimans,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop. 
6,857.     Hertford  is  the  capital. 

Ferrinton,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,155. 

Ferry,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Pop.  14,257.  New  Bloomfield  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  3,331.  A 
county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  3,377.  Perry  ville  is  the 
capital.  A  countv  of  Ohio.  Pop.  14,018.  Somerset 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  3,371. 
Rome  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  W.  Tennessee. 
Pop.  7,038.  Shannonsville  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  Alabama.  Pop.  11,509.  A  county  of  Mississippi. 
Fop.  2,285.    Augusta  is  the  capital. 

Perry,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Me.  on  Passama- 
quoddy  Bay.  Pop.  735.  Here  is  a  remnant  of  the 
Paseamaquoddy  Indians  consisting  of  about  5U 
families,  under  the  government  of  a  chief  named 


executed    with    considerable    neatness.      Their 

numbers  are  diminishing. 

Ferry,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,792 ;  also 
towns  and  villages  in  Venango  Co.  Pa..  Geaugp 
Stark,  Wayne,  Shelby,  Tuscarawas,  Muskingum, 
Gallia,  Brown,  Franklin,  Licking,  Fairfield,  and 
Richland  Cos.  Ohio.  Perry  Co.  Ken.  and  Perry 
C-o.  Alabama. 

Ferryopolis,  p. v.  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Ferryslnirg,  p.t.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y.  30  m. 
S.  Butfalo.     Pop.  2,440 ;  p.t.  Wood  Co.  Ohio. 

Ferrysville,  p. v.  Alleghany  Co.  Pa.  7  m.  N 
Pittsburg. 

Ferrysville,  villages  in  Madison  Co.  N.  Y., 
Richland  Co.  Ohio,  iMercer  Co.  Ken.,  Perry  Co. 
Missouri,  Perry  Co.  Ten.  and  Bond  Co.  Illinois. 

Ferstpolis,  anciently  the  capital  of  the  Persian 
empire.  It  was  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great, 
who  set  it  on  fire.  Its  magnificent  ruins  are  50 
m.  N.  E.  ofShiras. 

Fershore,  a  town  in  Worcestershire,  Eng. 
Here  are  two  churches,  and  that  of  Holy  Cross 
contains  several  ancient  monuments.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Avon,  9  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Worcester  and  108 
W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Fersia,  a  large  kingdom  of  Asia,  consisting  of 
several  provinces,  which,  at  different  times,  have 
had  their  particular  kings.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  the  mountains  of 
Caucasus,  W.  by  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  S.  by 
the  gulfs  of  Persia  and  Ormus  and  the  Arabian 
Sea,  and  E.  by  Hindoostan.  It  is  about  1,225  m. 
in  length  from  E.  to  W.  and  900  in  breadth  from 
N.  to  S.,  the  chief  rivers  are  the  Tigris  and  Amuc. 
In  the  N.  and  E.  parts  it  is  mountainous  and 
cold  ;  in  the  middle  and  S.  E.  parts  sandy  and 
desert;  and  in  the  S.  and  W.  level  and  fertile, 
though  for  several  months  very  hot.  The  soil 
produces  various  sorts  of  pulse  and  corn,  and 
cotton  in  great  abundance.  In  several  places 
naptha,asort  of  bitumen,  rises  out  of  the  ground, 
and  here  are  numerous  mines  of  gold,  silver, 
iron,  turquois  stones,  and  salt;  but  the  first  two 
of  these  are  not  worked  on  account  of  the  scarcei- 
ty  of  wood.  This  country  produces  all  the  va- 
rious sorts  of  fruits,  excellent  wine,  and  a  great 
number  of  mulberry  trees.  The  citron  here 
grows  to  great  perfection.     Likewise  dates,  pista- 


Socbason.  They  are  catholics  and  have  a  priest 
of  that  religion,  and  a  protestant  missionary 
among  them  during  the  summer.  They  live  in 
rude  wigwams,  and  subsist  by  fishing,  hunting 
and  the  manufacture  of  chip  baskets,  which  are 
73 


cbio-nuts,  and  trees  which  produce  manna.  Sheep 
and  goats  are  abundant ;  as  are  also  camels, 
buffaloes,  and  horses.  The  principal  manufac- 
tures are  silks,  silks  mixed  with  cotton  or  with 
camels'  or  goats'  hair,  brocades,  gold  tissues,  gola 
velvet,  carpets,  calicoes,  camlets,  &c.  The  Per- 
sians are  subjected  to  a  despotism  similiar  to  that 
which  presses  upon  all  oriental  nations ;  yet  their 
3d2 


PER 


894 


PER 


character  is  materially  different.  They  are  more 
gay,  lively,  and  active.  They  are  said  to  be  ex- 
tremely ostentatious,  and  to  surpass  all  other  na- 
tions in  politeness — if  the  most  profuse  and  hy- 
pocritical flattery  may  be  so  called.  Their  dress 
18  liijhter  than  that  of  the  Turks,  and  they  are 
lavish  in  the  use  of  jewels  and  gold  ornamenta. 
The  beard  is  held  in  high  estimation,  and  every 
art  employed  to  render  it  thick  and  tufted. 
They  are,  however,  the  most  learned  people  of 
the  E. ;  poetry  and  the  sciences  may  even  be  con- 
sidered OS  their  ruling  passion.  In  the  former, 
their  fame  is  decidedly  superior  to  that  of  any  oth- 
er oriental  nation.  The  names  of  Hafiz,  Ferdusi, 
and  Sadi,  are  classic  even  in  Europe.  The  reli- 
Ifion  of  the  country  is  Mahomedism,  of  the  sect 
of  All.  In  the  beginning  of  the  last  century, 
Persia  wag  overrun  by  the  Afghans,  who  carried 
fire  and  sword  tiirough  its  remotest  extremities, 
and  reduced  its  proudest  capitals  to  ashes.  The 
atrocities  of  the  Afghans  were  avenged,  and  the 
independence  of  Persia  vindicated,  by  Nadir 
Shah ;  but,  though  the  victories  of  this  daring 
chief  threw  a  lustre  on  his  country,  after  his  death 
the  country  was  almost  torn  to  pieces  by  civil  war, 
till  the  fortune  of  arms  gave  a  decided  superiori- 
ty to  Kiirreem  Khan.  His  death  gave  rise  to  an- 
other disputed  succession,  with  civil  wars,  as 
furious  as  before.  At  length  Aga  Mahommed,  a 
eunuch,  raised  himself  to  the  sovereignty,  and  not 
only  retained  it  during  his  lifetime,  but  transmit- 
ted is  to  his  nephew,  the  present  sovereign,  who 
assumed  the  title  of  Futteh  Ali  Shah.  He  is  rep- 
resented as  an  accomplished  prince  ;  and  his  eld- 
est son  is  said  to  be  highly  promising. 

Persian  Gulf,  a  sea  or  inland  lake,  between 
Persia  and  Arabia.  The  entrance  near  Ormus  is 
not  above  30  m.  over ;  but  within  it  is  from  120 
to  250  in  breadth,  and  the  length  from  Ormus  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Euphrates  is  500  m.  The 
southern  side  is  particularly  celebrated  for  its 
pearl  fishery. 

Person,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina,  Pop.  10,027. 
Roxborough  is  the  Capital. 

Perth,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Perth- 
shire. It  has  been  the  residence  of  the  sovereigns 
of  Scotland,  and  the  seat  of  the  parliament  and  of 
the  supreme  courts  of  justice.  Near  the  town 
are  some  saline  springs,  called  Pitcaithly  Wells, 
deemed  beneficial  in  scorbutic  cases.  Perth  is 
seated  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  Tay,  which  is 
navigable  for  small  vessels,  but  the  largest  are 
obliged  to  unload  at  Newburg.  Over  the  river  is 
a  modern  bridge  of  10  arches,  the  most  beautiful  in 
Scotland,  to  the  town  of  Kinnoul.  Here  are  sev- 
eral incorporated  trades,  some  of  which  have  halls. 
The  salmon  fishery  is  a  great  article  of  trade  ; 
and  the  manufactures  of  linen  and  cotton  goods, 
leather,  boots,  shoes,  and  gloves  are  considerable. 
35  in.  N.  by  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Long.  3.  20.  W., 
lat.  56.  24.  N. 

Perthes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
«t-Marne,  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Melun. 

Perthes,  a  town  in  the  dejwrtment  of  Upper 
Marne,  fi  m.  N.   W.  of  St.  Dizier. 

Pert/tshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  7G  m.  long 
and  68  broad  ;  bounded  W.  by  Argyleshire,  N. 
by  the  shires  of  Inverness  and  Aberdeen,  E.  by 
Angus-shire,  S.  E.  by  the  frith  of  Tay  and  the 
counties  of  Fife  and  Kinross,  and  S.  by  the  frith 
of  Forth  and  the  counties  of  Clackmannan,  Stirl- 
ing, and  Dumbarton.  It  contains  4,068,640  Eng- 
lish acres,  is  divided  into  76  parishes,  and  the 
number  of  inhabttants  in  1821  was  i;}9,0o0.     The 


counter  exhibits  scenes  of  rugged  and  strikin? 
magnificence,  contrasted  with  the  most  beautiful 
ones  of  cultivation.  The  Grampian  mountains 
cross  it  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.,  the  highest  of 
which  is  Beniawers.  The  country  N.  W.  of  this 
ridge  is  mountainous,  and  contains  several  lakes  ; 
but  the  opposite  side,  though  not  free  from  hills, 
is  more  low  and  fertile.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Forth  and  Tay.     Perth  is  the  capital. 

Pertigi,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  19  m. 
S.  E.  of  Castel  Arot'opese. 

Perttiis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  near  the  Durance,  11  m.  N.  of  Aix.  38  S. 
E.  of  Avignon. 

Peru,  an  independent  state  of  S.  America,  the 
largest  of  the  former  Spanish  viceroyalties,  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  republic  of  Colombia,  W.  by 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  by  Chile,  and  E.  by  Brazil- 
It  is  750  m.  in  medium  length,  from  N.  to  S.,and 
about  500  in  breadth.  Rain  is  unknown  in  the 
S.  parts  ;  but  in  the  N.,  where  the  mountains  are 
not  so  high,  it  often  rains  excessively.  There 
are  large  forests  on  the  sides  of  the  mountains 
which  advance  near  the  sea ;  but  none  of  the 
trees  are  like  those  in  Europe.  Peru  has  been 
long  celebrated  for  its  mines  of  gold  and  silver, 
which  are  the  chief  or  only  source  of  its  riches. 
Besides  the  produce  of  the  mines,  the  commodi- 
ties exported  are  sugar,  Vienna  wood,  cotton,  Pe- 
ruvian bark,  copper,  and  cocoa.  The  fiercest 
beasts  of  prey  in  Peru  are  the  puma  and  jaguar, 
inaccurately  called  lions  and  tigers  by  the  Euro- 
peans ;  for  they  possess  neither  the  undaunted 
courage  of  the  former,  nor  the  ravenous  cruelty 
of  the  latter.     The  lama,  or  American   camel,  in- 


habits the  cold  districts,  and  the  elk,  bear,  deer,  ar 
madilloes,  monkeys,  &.C.,  are  numerous.  Among 
the  birds,  the  most  remarkakle  is  the  condor, 
which  is  entitled  to  pre-eminence  over  the  flying 
tribe,  in  bulk,  strength  and  courage.  The  river 
Guayaquil  abounds  with  alligators,  and  the  neigh- 
bouring country  swarms  almost  as  much  with 
snakes  and  vipers  as  that  round  Porto  Bello  does 
with  toads.  When  the  Spaniards  landed  in  this 
country,  in  1530,  they  found  it  governed  by  sr  v- 
ereigns  called  Incas,  who  were  revered  by  liieir 
subjects  as  divinities  .  and  the  inhabitants  were 
found  to  be  much  more  polished  than  the  natives 
of  other  parts  of  America,  those  of  Mexico  ex- 
cepted. These  were  soon  subdued  bj'  the  Span- 
iards, under  the  command  of  Francic  Pizarro. 
Aft.er  the  assassination  of  Pizarro,  in  1541,  the 
country  continued  a  prey  to  civil  contentions 
and  insurrections,  till  about  the  year  1562,  when 
Tupac  Amaru  the  son  of  Manco  Capac,  who 
had  taken  refuge  m  the  mountains,  was  attack- 
ed by  the  viceroy  Toledo.  The  inca  surrender- 
ed himself,  and  was  led  to  tlie  scaffold  amid  the 


PES 


595 


PET 


tears  of  the  people  The  royal  authority,  thus 
established,  continued  without  interruption  till 
1781,  when  a  descendant  of  Amaru  began  an  in- 


Burrection.     After  two  years  of  varied  success  he 
was,  however,   surprised  and   taken  prisoner  to- 

f ether  with  his  family,  who  were  all  executed, 
eru  now  remained  in  subjection  to  Spain,  and  in 
a  comparative  state  of  tranquillity  for  some  time  ; 
and  in  1809,  when  juntas  were  established  in  La 
Paz  and  Quito,  Peru,  sent  out  troops  which  sup- 
pressed their  rising  efforts.  In  1817  the  Peru- 
vian army  was  compelled  to  evacuate  Chile;  and 
Chile  in  return  sent  an  army  into  Peru,  under 
general  San  Martin,  who  in  1821,  in  conjunction 
with  the  fleet  under  Lord  Cochrane  succeeded 
in  liberating  it  from  the  Spanish  j'oke.  The 
country  has  since  undergone  so  many  changes 
that  it  cannot  at  present  be  considered  as  in  a  set- 
tled state.     Lima  is  the  capital.     See  America. 

Peru,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.30  m.  N.  E.  Ben- 
nington. Pop.  4.55.  This  town  produces  the  best 
iron  in  the  United  States;  p.t.  Berkshire  Co. 
Mass.  118  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  729;. p.t.  Clinton 
Qo.  N.  y.  on  Lake  Champlain  opposite  Burling- 
ton. Pop.  4,949  ;  p. v.  Huron  and  Delaware  Cos. 
Ohio. 

Perucria,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  pope's  do- 
minions comprehending  the  ancient  province  of 
Perugino.  It  is  25  m.  long  and  24  broad  ;  and 
is  bounded  W.  by  Tuscany,  S.  by  Orvieto,  E.  by 
Spoleto  and  Urbino,  and  N.  by  Citta  di  Castello. 
The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn  and  good  wine. 

Perua-ia,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  with  a  strong  citadel  and  univer- 
sity. The  churches,  and  many  other  buildings, 
public  and  private,  are  very  handsome.  It  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  Tiber,  85  m.  N.  of 
Rome.  Long.  12.  20.  E.,  lat.  43.  6.  N. 

Perugia,  a  lake  of  Italy,  8  m.  W.  of  the  city  of 
its  name.  It  is  almost  round,  5  m.  in  diameter, 
and  in  it  are  three  islands. 

Peruvian  Mountains, 9.  range  in  the  north-eastern 
part  of  New  fork  running  parallel  with  Lake 
Champlain.  The  highest  summit  is  called  White- 
face, and  is  3,000  feet  above  the  lake. 

Pesaro,  a  sea-port  of  the  ecclesiastical  states, 
in  the  delegation  of  Urbino,  and  a  bishop's  see  ; 
the  cathedral  is  magnificent,  and  it  has  several 
handsome  churches,  with  exquisite  paintings. 
The  environs  are  remarkable  for  producing  olives 
and  excellent  figs.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Foglia,  on  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
17  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Urbino.  Long.  13.  2.  E.,  lat. 
45.  52.  N. 

Pesr.ara,  a  strong  town  of  Naples,  in    Abruzzo 
Citra,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Chieti. 
Peschiera,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in 


the  Veronese.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1796;  and  the  garrison  surrendered  to  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1799.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Mincio, 
where  it  proceeds  from  the  lake  Garda,  16  m.  W. 
of  Verona. 

Pcscia-,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  province  of 
Florence,  celebrated  for  its  fine  oil,  25  ra.  N.  E 
of  Florence. 

Pescina,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ultra, 
near  the  Lake  Celano,  20  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Aquila. 

Pesenas,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  He- 
rault,  on  the  river  Herault,  12  ra.  N.  E.  of  Be- 
ziers. 

Pest,  a  town  of  Hun^fary,  capital  of  a  palatinate 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  fortress,  a  royal  palace, 
and  a  university,  the  only  one  in  the  kingdom. 
Here  are  many  Greek  merchants,  who  conduct 
the  Levant  trade  to  Germany  and  the  northern 
nations.  It  is  seated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Danube, 
opposite  Buda,  96  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Presburg.  Long. 
19.  8.  E.,  lat.  47.  30.  N. 

Pesti,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra, 
seated  near  the  magnificent  ruins  of  the  ancient 
Paestum,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Salerno. 

Petapa,  a  town  of  Mexico,  25  m.  S.  E.  of 
Guatimala. 

Petaguel,  a  province  on  the  N.  coast  of  Brazil, 
between  the  provinces  of  Seara  and  Rio  Grande. 
It  contains  mines  of  silver. 

Pe-tche-li,  the  principal  province  of  China, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Great  Wall  and  part  of 
Tartary,  E.  by  the  Yellow  Sea,  S.  by  Chaiig-tong 
and  Ho-nan,  and  W.  by  the  mountains  of  Chan- 
si.  It  contains  nine  cities  of  the  first  class,  which 
have  many  others  under  their  jurisdiction.  Al- 
though Pe-tche-li  extends  no  further  than  42.  N. 
lat.  yet  all  its  rivers  are  so  much  frozen  during 
four  mouths  in  the  year  that  waggons  with  the 
heaviest  loads  may  safely  pass  them.  The  soil  is 
sandy,  and  produces  very  little  rice  ;  but  it  abounds 
with  all  other  kinds  of  grain,  and  with  the  greater 
part  of  the  fruit  trees  common  in  Europe.  But, 
what  renders  this  province  the  most  considerable, 
is  that  the  riches  of  the  whole  empire  are  brought 
hither,  the  southern  provinces  furnishing  it  with 
every  thing  they  produce  that  is  most  uncommon 
and  delicious.  The  inhabitants,  in  general,  are 
reckoned  not  so  polite,  nor  so  apt  to  learn  the 
sciences,  as  those  of  the  southern  provinces  ;  but 
they  are  stronger  and  more  warlike.  Their  num- 
ber is  estimated  at  38,000,000.  Pekin  is  the  capital. 

Peter  and  Paid,  St.,  or  Petrirpauloskoi,  a  sea-port 
of  Russia,  in  Kamtschatka.  The  town  consists 
of  some  log-houses  and  a  few  conical  huts.  Cap- 
tain Clerke,  who  succeeded  captain  Cook,  and 
died  at  sea,  was  interred  here.  It  is  seated  on  the 
E.  side  of  Awatska  Bay.  Long.  158.  48.  E.,  lat. 
53.  1.  N. 

Peter  le  Port,  St.,  a  market  town  in  the  island 
of  Guernsey,  with  an  excellent  harbour,  defended 
by  two  castles. 

Peterborough.  &  city  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
It  is  a  bishop's  see,  and  contains  8,5.58  inhab- 
itants ;  the  cathedral  was  formerly  a  monaste- 
ry. The  market-place  is  spacious,  the  streets  re- 
gular, and  many  of  the  buildings  extremely  neat. 
The  manufacture  of  stockings  is  extensive,  and 
considerable  trade  is  carried  on  in  corn,  coal,  and 
timber.  81  m.  N.  of  London.  Long.  0.  4.  W  . 
lat.  52.  30.  N. 

Peterborough,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H  40 
m.  S.  W.  Concord.  Pop.  1,984.  Here  are  maa 
ufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  paper,  oil,  «fec. ;  p.t. 
Madison  Co.  N.  Y.  122  m.  W.  Albany. 


PET 


696 


PET 


Peterhead,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdoen- 
Bhire,  situate  on  a  peninsula,  about  a  m.  S.  of  the 
mouth  of  U^ie.  It  has  two  harbours,  defended  by 
piers  ;  a  considerable  trade  in  the  fishery,  and  to 
the  Baltic  ;  and  manufactures  of  thread,  woolen 
cloth,  and  cotton.  Here  is  a  small  fort  and  a  bat- 
tery. A  mineral  spring,  of  a  powerful  diuretic 
quality,  and  the  sea-bathing,  bring  a  great  resort 
of  company,  for  whose  accommodation  there  is  a 
ball-room  and  many  elegant  houses.  34  m.  N.  E. 
of  Aberdeen.     Long.  1.  35.  W.,  lat.  57.27.  N. 

Peters,  a  township  of  Franklin  Co.  Pa. 

Petersburali,  a  government  or  province  of  Rus- 
sia, at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  gulf  of  Finland. 
The  greater  part  of  this  province,  was  formerly 
callea  Ingermanland  or  Ingria.  It  comprises  an 
area  of  lri,00()  square  miles,  with  700,000  inhabit- 
ants.    Timber  forms  the  chief  source  of  wealth. 

Petersburgh,  the  metropolis  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire, in  the  government  of  the  same  name,  is  sit- 
uated on  the  river  Neva,  near  the  gulf  of  Finland, 
and  is  built  partly  upon  some  islands  in  the  mouth 
of  that  river,  and  partly  upon  the  continent.  So 
late  as  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  tho 
ground  on  which  Petersburgh  now  stands  was  only 
a  vast  morass,  occupied  by  a  few  fishermen's  huts. 
Peter  the  Great  first  began  this  city  in  1703.  He 
built  a  small  hut  for  himself,  and  some  wretched 
wooden  hovels.  In  1710  the  Count  Golovkin 
built  the  first  house  of  brick,  and  the  next  year 
the  emperor,  with  his  own  hand,  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  house  of  the  same  material.  From  these 
small  beginnings  rose  the  imperial  city  of  Peters- 
burgh ;  and,  in  less  than  nine  years  after  the 
wooden  hovels  were  erected,  the  seat  of  empire 
was  transferred  from  Moscow  to  this  place.  The 
streets,  in  general  are  broad  and  spacious;  and 
three  of  the  principal  ones,  which  meet  in  a  point 
at  the  admiralty,  are  at  least  two  m.  in  length. 
The  mansions  of  the  nobles  are  vast  piles  of  build- 
ing, furnished  with  great  cost,  in  the  same  ele- 
gant style  as  at  Paris  or  London,  and  situated 
chiefly  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Neva,  either  in  the 
admiralty  quarter,  or  in  tiie  suburbs  of  Livonia 
and  Moscow,  which  are  the  finest  parts  of  the 
city.  The  views  upon  the  banks  of  the  Neva  ex- 
hibit the  grandest  and  moat  lively  scenes  imagi- 
nable. That  river  is  in  many  places  as  broad  as 
the  Thames  at  London  :  it  is  also  deep,  rapid,  and 
as  transparent  as  crystal ;  and  its  banks  are  lined 
on  each  side  with  a  continued  range  of  grand 
buildings.  On  the  N.  the  fortress,  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  tjie  academy  of  arts,  are  the  most 
striking  objects.  On  the  opposite  side  are  the 
imperial  palace,  the  admiralty,  the  mansions  of 
many  Russian  nobles,  and  the  English  line,  so 
called  because  it  is  mostly  occupied  by  English 
merchants.  In  the  front  of  these  buildings,  on 
the  S.  side,  is  the  quay,  which  extends  three  m. 
eicept  where  it  is  interrupted  by  the  admiralty  ; 
and  the  Neva,  during  the  whole  of  that  space,  has 
been  embanked  by  a  wall,  parapet,  and  pavement 
of  hewn  granite.  There  are  no  fewer  than  35 
great  churches  (almost  every  sect  of  Christains 
Being  tolerated),  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  is 
supposed  to  be  about  300,000.  It  is  said  that  3,000 
one-horse  sledges  are  employed  for  passengers  in 
the  streets,  in  winter.  From  its  low  and  marshy 
situation,  it  is  subject  to  inundations,  which  have 
sometimes  risen  so  high  as  to  threaten  the  town 
■with  a  total  submersion.  The  opposite  divisions 
of  Petersburg,  situated  on  each  side  of  the  Neva, 
are  connected  by  two  bridges  on  pontoons,  which, 
on  account  of  the  large  masses  of  ice  driven  down 


the  stream  from  lake  Ladoga,  are  usually  removed 
when  these  masses  first  make  their  appearance  ; 
and  for  a  few  days,  till  the  river  is  frozen  hard 
enough  to  bear  carriages,  there  is  no  communi- 
cation between  the  opposite  parts  of  the  towt>. 
Among  the  noblest  ornaments  of  Petersburg  is  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  in  bronze, 
erected  by  Catherine  II.  in  1782.  It  is  of  colossal 
size,  and  stands  on  a  huge  pedestal  of  rock,  brought 
there  at  great  expense.  Within  the  walls  of  the 
fortress  is  the  cathedral  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul, 
in  which  are  deposited  the  remains  of  Peter  the 
Great,  and  of  the  successive  sovereigns,  except 
Peter  II  ,  who  was  buried  at  Moscow.  The  lite- 
rary and  scientific  institutions  are  numerous 
but  the  most  important  is  the  university,  founded 
in  1819.  A  Bible  society  is  established  on  an  ex- 
tensive scale,  having  upwards  of  200  auxiliaries 
in  different  parts  of  the  empire.  Of  the  charita- 
ble institutions  the  principal  are  the  foundling 
hospital,  the  sailors'  hospital,  the  lazaretto,  the 
asylum  for  the  blind,  the  asylum  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  the  humane  society,  &.c.  The  manufac- 
tures are  various,  and  some  of  them  of  considera- 
ble extent ;  and  the  commercial  intercourse  is 
important  from  its  extensive  communication  with 
the  interior,  this  being  the  only  great  maritime 
outlet  in  the  gulf  of  Finland.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  hemp,  flax,  skins,  leather,  iron,  tallow, 
&c.  :  the  imports  suffar,  coffee,  cotton,  indigo, 
dyewood,  spices,  hardware,  &c.  The  number  of 
ships  that  enter  the  Neva  annually,  of  which 
nearly  half  are  British,  varies  from  1,000  to  1,700. 
In  1831  this  city  suffered  severely  hy  the  pesti- 
lential cholera.  Petersbujg  is  355  m.  N.  W.  of 
Moscow,  430  N.  E.  of  Stockholm,  and  1,400  E.  N. 
E.  of  London.     Long.  30.  20.  E,,  lat.  59.  56.  N. 

Pelersburg,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  25  m.  N. 
E.  Albany.  Fop.  2,011  ;  p.t.  Adams, Lancaster  and 
Perry  Cos.  Pa. ;  p.t.  Dinwiddle  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ap- 
pomattox, 25  m.  S.  Richmond.  This  town  is  a 
port  of  entry,  and  has  a  considerable  commerce 
in  grain,  flour,  cotton  and  tobacco.  Pop.  8,322; 
p.t.  Elbert  Co.  Geo.  on  the  Savannah,  35  m.  above 
Augusta ;  p. v.  Woodland  Co.  and  Boone  Co.  Ken. 
p.t.  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio  ;  p. v.  Pike  Co.  Ind. 

Petersdorf,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province 
of  Samland,  24  m.  S.  of  Konigsberg. 

Petersfield^a.  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  54  m. 
S.  W.  of  London. 

Petershagen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Weser,  7  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Minden. 

Petersham,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  67  m .  W. 
by  N.  Boston.     Pop.  1 ,695. 

Petershavsen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden, 
with  a  Benedictine  abbey  and  a  fort ;  seated  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Rhine,  opposite  Constance. 

Peterstown,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  Va. 

Petersville,  p.t.  Frederick  Co.  Va. 

Peterwaradin,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  one  of  the 
strongest  frontier  places  the  house  of  Austria 
has  against  the  Turks,  over  whom,  in  1716, 
prince  Eugene  here  gained  a  great  victory.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Danube,  opposite  the  fortress  of 
Neusatz,  in  Hungary.  40m.N.  W.  of  Belgrade 
Long.  20.  30.  E.,  lat.  45.  23.  N. 

Petherton,  Sovth, 9.  ioyrn  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
with  a  manufacture  of  dowlas  ;  130  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  London. 

Petigliano,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  Sien- 
nese,  8  m.  W.  of  Castro  and  45  S.  E.  of  Sien> 
na. 

Petit  Guave,  a  sea-port  of  St.  Domingo,  seated 


PPO 


597 


PHI 


on  a  bay  at  the  W.  end  of  the  island.    It  is  200 
m.  E.  of  Jamaica.  Long.  72.  52.  W.,  lat.  18.  27.  N. 

Fetovne,  a  city  of  Eastern  Tartary,  in  tlie  prov- 
ince of  Kirin,  inhabited  principally  by  Tartar 
soldiers  and  Chinese  condemned  to  exile.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Songari,  150  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Kirin. 
Long.  125.  55.  E.,  lat.  45.  10.  N. 

Petrclla,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Principato 
Citra,  11  m.  E.of  Molise. 

Pelrdla,  a  town  of  Albania,  26  m.  S.  E.  of 
Durazzo. 

Pelrikotc,  a  town  of  Poland,  and  for  some  time 
the  meetinir-place  of  the  Polish  diets,  80  m.  S.  VV. 
of  Warsaw.     Long.  19.  46.  E..  lat.  51.  12.  N. 

Pelrina,  a  strong  town  of  the  Austrian  states, 
in  Croatia,  seated  on  the  Kulpa,  37  m.  £.  of  Carl- 
stadt. 

Petrozavodsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  Olonetz,  with  manufactures  of 
stoneware,  leather,  lead,  &c.,  and  a  foundery  for 
cannon.  It  is  seated  on  Lake  Onega.  65  m 
N.  E.  of  Olonetz. 

PettapoUy,a.  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  district 
of  Guntoor,  seated  on  the  bay  of  Bengal,  38  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Condavir  and  48  N.  E.  of  Ongole. 

PettatD,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Stiria, 
with  considerable  manufactures;  seated  on  the 
Drave,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Marchburg. 

Pettycur,  a  harbour  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
one  mile  W.  of  Kinghorn,  in  the  frith  of  Forth. 
It  is  the  usual  landing-place  of  passengers  from 
Leith,  on  the  opposite  shore. 

Peticorth,  a  town  in  Sussex,  Eng.  In  the  cen- 
tre of  the  town  is  a  very  handsome  market-house 
of  stone  ;  and  in  the  church  are  interred  the  re- 
mains of  many  of  the  Percies,  earls  of  Northum- 
berland ;  seated  near  the  Arun,  12  m.  N.  E.  of 
Chichester  and  48  S.  W.  of  London. 

Pevense.y,  a  village  in  Sussex,  Eng.  14  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Hastings,  situate  on  a  small  river  which 
runs  into  a  bay  of  the  English  Channel,  called 
Pevensey  Harbour.  Here  is  an  ancient  castle, 
which  belonged  to  Robert,  earl  of  Morton,  and  is 
said  to  be  the  largest  and  most  entire  remain  of 
Roman  buildings  to  be  seen  in  Britain.  Peven- 
sey was  anciently  a  famous  haven,  though  now  it 
is  nearly  2  m.  from  the  sea.  Here  William  the 
Conqueror  landed,  when  he  invaded  England. 

Peytonslrurg,  a  village  of  Pittsylvania  Co.    Va. 

Pfuffenhofen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  Bene- 
dictine monastery  at  a  small  distance.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Ilm,  15  m.  S.  of  Ingolstadt. — Also  a 
town  of  Wurtomberg,  on  the  Zaber,  18  m.  N.  of 
Stuttgard  ; — a  town  ofthe  Austrian  states,  in  Ty- 
rol, seated  on  the  Inn,  15  m.  W.  of  Innspruck; — 
and  a  village  of  Bavaria,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Ulm. 

Pfalzel,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Lower  Rhine.  It  has  a  convent,  which  was  form- 
erly a  palace  of  the  kings  of  the  Franks,  and  is 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  3  m.  N.  E.  of  Treves. 

Pfeddersheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  ;  seated  on  the  river  Prim,  5  rn.  W.  of 
Worms. 

Pfo.ffi^o^^,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Zurich,  12  m.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Pfeter,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Danube,  14  m.  E. 
by  S.  of  Ratisbon. 

Pjinz-and-Entz,  one  of  the  ten  circles  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Baden,  lying  along  the  two  rivers 
Pfinz  and  lintz,  from  the  Rhine  to  the  frontiers  of 
Wurteraberg.     Bruchsal  is  the  chief  town. 

Pforten,  a  town  of  Lusatia,  10  m.  S.  of  Guben. 

Pforzheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  with 


a  castle,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  wood,   and 

manufactures  of  cloth,  stuffs,  stockings,  jewell- 
ry,  and  watches.  It  is  seated  on  the  £ntz,  15  m. 
E.  by  S.  of  Durlach. 

Pfreimht,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed at  the  conflux  of  the  Pfreimbt  with  the  Nab, 
10  m.  E.  of  Amberg. 

Pfullendorf,  a  town  of  Baden,  seated  on  the 
Andalspatch,  22  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Constance. 

Pful'ivgen,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  8  m.  S.  E. 
of  Tubingen. 

Phalslmrg,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Meurthe,  near  the  Vosges  mountains,  27 
m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Strasburg. 

Phanagora,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  island  of 
Taman,  with  a  strong  fort.  The  ruins  still  show 
that  it  has  formerly  been  large  and  magnificent. 
It  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  Black  Sea,  70  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Caffa.     Long.  36.  40.  E..  lat.  45.  12.  N. 

Pharos,  a  smau  isia..i  ^7i  liie  Mediterranean  Sea 
opposite  Alexandria,  in  Eg}-pt,  the  space  between 
which  and  the  continent  forms  an  extensive  har- 
bour. It  has  a  communication  with  the  continent 
by  a  stone  causeway'and  bridge.  It  had  former- 
ly an  exceedingly  high  tower  upon  it  called  the 
Pharos,  on  the  ton  of  which  were  lights  for  the  di- 
rection of  ships.  '  Long.  31.  11.  E.,  lat.  30.  24.  N. 

Pharsalia,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  12  m.  N.  W. 
Norwich.  Pop.  987. 

Pharza,  anciently  Pharsalia,  a  town  of  Greece, 
in  Thessaly,  famous  for  the  decisive  victory  gain- 
ed by  Julius  CsBsar  over  Pompey,in  48  B.  C.  It 
is  an  archiepiscopal  see,  and  seated  on  the  £ni- 
peus,  10  m.  S.  of  Larissa. 

Phelps,  p.t.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  200  m.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  4,798. 

Philadtlphia.     See  Mla-Sheir. 

Pliiluddphia,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of 
Pennsylvania  comprising  120  sq.  m.  besides  the 
city  of  that  name  and  its  suburbs.     Pop.  188,961. 

Philadelphia,  the  chief  city  in  Pennsylvania  and 
formerly  the  seat  of  government,  stands  on  the 
western  bank  of  the  Delaware,  126  miles  from 
the  sea  by  the  course  of  the  river  and  bay,  and  5 
miles  above  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and 
Schuylkill.  The  site  is  a  perfect  level,  and  the 
city  is  built  on  the  most  uniform  rectangular  plan. 
The  houses  are  of  dark  colored  brick,  and  the 
streets  from  50  to  100  feet  wide  ;  it  is  probably 
the  most  regular  city  in  the  world,  a  circumstance 
that  secures  it  numberless  advantages  in  the  way 
of  convenience,  but  which  deprives  it  of  all  that 
is  picturesque  and  diversified  in  aspect.  It  has 
many  buildings  of  striking  elegance ;  the  finest 
is  the  United  States  Bank,  which  has  a  front  of 
white  marble,  on  the  model  of  the  Parthenon. 
Another  edifice  formerly  occupied  for  the  same 
purpose  has  a  handsome  marble  front  of  the  Cor- 
inthian order  ;  some  of  the  other  banks,  and  many 
ofthe  churches  are  fine  specimens  of  architecture. 

The  Pennsylvania  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  is  a 
chartered  company  having  for  its  object  the  en- 
couragement of  the  arts  of  painting,  sculpture, 
architecture  and  engraving.  It  has  a  good  col- 
lection of  paintings,  some  fine  pieces  of  statuary 
and  a  library. 

The  academy  of  Natural  Sciences  have  also  a 
good  museum  and  library,  and  conduct  a  scientific 
journal.  There  are  about  40  periodicals  in  the 
city  including  23  newspapers,  8  of  which  are 
daily.  Bookselling  is  an  active  branch  of  busi- 
ness, and  consists  chiefly  in  the  republication  of 
English  works. 

The  manufactures  of  this  city,  and  the  neigh 


•^' 


PH/ 


598 


PHI 


bonrhood  are  principally  ofcQtton  cloth, iron, glass, 
china,carpcnter'8  work,&.c.  In  the  mechanic  arts 
no  city  of  the  United  States  is  superior  to  Phila- 
delphia. There  are  7  marliets  in  the  city,  87 
places  of  public  worship,  2  theatres,  13  banks  and 
10  public  schools.  In  the  north-western  suburb  is 
the  State  Prison  or  Eastern  Penitentiary,  the  larg- 
est building  in  the  United  States  ;  it  is  built  of  gra- 
nite, and  covers  a  space  of  10  acres ;  the  principal 
front  is  670  feet  in  length. 

The  arcade  has  two  marble  fronts  and  contains 
Peal»-'s  Museum,  the  beat  scientific  collection  in 
this  country.  Here  are  most  of  the  birds  from 
which  Wilson  drew  the  figures  which  illustrate  his 
work  on  Ornithology.  This  museum  also  con- 
tains the  most  perfect  skeleton  of  the  mammoth 


which  has  yet  been  found  in  this  country.  The 
mint  of  the  United  States  is  a  neat  marble  edifice. 
The  University  of  Pennsylvania,  established  at 
this  place  was  founded  in  1755;  it  has  9  instructers 
and  125  students.  The  Pennsylvania  Hospital, 
b  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  institutions  of  the 
kind  in  the  country  ;  it  comprises  two  buildings, 
one  of  278  feet  in  length  ;  the  number  of  patients 
Is  usually  about  200.  West's  painting  of  Christ 
healing  the  sick,  presented  by  the  artist  to  the 
hospital,  is  shown  in  a  building  attached  to  the 
establishment.  The  Philadelphia  library  was  es- 
tablished by  the  exertions  of  Dr  Franklin,  and 
now  contains  22,000  volumes  :  the  building  is  or- 
namented with  a  marble  statue  of  the  founder. 
The  American  Philosophical  Society  have  a  libra- 
ry of  4,000  volumes.  The  Atheneuin  2,000.  The 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  2,000.  The  Society 
of  Friend«  2,000,  and  the  Hospital  5,000.  The 
Pennsylvania  University  occupies  an  edifice  orig- 
iiially  designed  for  the  residence  of  the  President 
of  the  United  States. 

Ti.o  Fiir  Mount  Water  Works  constitute  an  im- 
mense lydraulic  establishment  upon  the  Schuyl- 
kill a  lutle  above  the  cily,  fo.r  supplying  Philadel- 
phia w.th  wat^r ;  the  Schuylkill  is  dammed,  and 
the  wr'er  of  the  river  raised  into  reservoirs  hold- 
ing nearly  20,000,000  gallons.  From  these  the 
water  *  conveyed  in  pipes,  amounting  in 
■ggregale  length  to  55  miles,  through  Philadel- 
pTiiaand  the  suburbs.  These  works  cost  nearly 
a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars.  There  are  two 
bridges  over  the  Schuylkill  below  the  water  works. 

The  Delaware  at  the  city  is  ihree  quarters  of  a 
mile  wide,  and  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line. 
The  iity  extends  nearly  from  the  Delaware  to  the 
Schiit^lkill.  The  streets  are  kept  uncommonly 
clear  the  markets  are  well  supplied,  and  living 
is  cht-aper  than  in  any  other  large  city  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  a  very  agreeable  place  of 
residence  except  in  summer,  when  the  heat  is 
intense.  It  was  founded  by  William  Penn  in 
1682 ;  and  is  governed  by  a  Mayor,  two  councils 


and  a  board  of  aldermen.     The  expenses  of  the 
city  in  1830  were  255,551    dollars.     In  commerce 
it  is  the  fourth  city  in   the  union  :    in   1828  the 
shipping  owned  here  amounted  to  104,080  tons. 
It  is  in  N.  lat.  39.  57.  W.,  Long.  75.  18.     138  m. 
N.  E.  Washington  ;  100  N.  E.  Baltimore;    90  S. 
W.  New  York;  300 S.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  167.811. 
Philadelphia,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.   N.  Y.   173  m 
N.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  1,167;  p. v.  Monroe  Co.  Ten 
Philanthropy,  p. v.  Bath  Co.  Ohio. 
Philip,  St.,  a.  town  of  Spain.     See  Xativa. 
Philip,  St.,  a  town  of  Brazil.  See  Luis  de  Mar- 
anham,  St. 

Philip  Islands,  two  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
discovered  by  captain  Hunter  in  1791.  They 
are  5  m.  asunder,  but  almost  joined  by  a  sandy 
spit  above  water.  They  are  covered  with  shrubs, 
have  few  tall  trees  on  them,  and  the  land  is  low. 
Long,  of  tne  eastern  island  140.  3.  E.,  lat.  8.  6.  S. 

Philippeville,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, 22  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Namur. 

Philippi,  a  town  of  Macedon,  and  an  archbish- 
op s  see.  Near  this  place  commonly  called  the 
plains  of  Philippi,  Cassius  and  Brutus  were  de- 
feated by  Augustus  and  Mark  Antony,  in  42  B.  C. 
It  is  greatly  decayed,  but  an  amphitheatre  and 
several  other  monuments  of  its  ancient  grandeur 
remain.  60  m.  E.  of  Salonica.  Long.  24.  18. 
E.,  lat.  40.  40.  N. 

Philippine,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Flanders.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1747, 
and  again  in  1794  ;  but  restored  in  1814.  It  is 
seated  on  an  arm  of  the  Scheldt,  15  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Ghent. 

Philippine  Islands,  a  large  cluster  of  islands, 
said  to  be  1 ,100  in  number,  in  the  E.  Indian  Ocean. 
They  were  discovered  by  Magellan  in  1519.  The 
air  is  very  hot  and  moist,  and  the  soil  fertile  in 
rice,  &c.  The  trees  are  always  green,  and  there 
are  ripe  fruits  all  the  year.  There  are  many  wild 
beasts  and  birds,  quite  unknown  in  Europe.  The 
inhabitants  are  affable,  hospitable,  and  honest. 
They  cultivate  the  land  with  considerable  skill, 
and  rear  pigs,  fowls,  goats,  and  buffaloes,  unde- 
the  same  roof  with  themselves.  The  houses  are 
bamboo,  covered  with  palm  leaves,  raised  on  pil- 
lars to  the  height  of  nine  feet.  The  chief  food  con- 
sists of  rice,  cocoa-nuts,  and  salted  fish.  Further 
particulars  are  given  under  the  names  of  the  re- 
spective islands. 

Philippines,  JS'ew.     See  Pelew  Islands. 

Philippopoli,  a  town  of  Macedon,  founded  by 
Philip,  the  father  of  Alexander  the  Great.  It 
was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1818. 
It  is  seated  on  a  small  island  formed  by  the  Ma- 
rizza,  95  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Adrianople. 

Philips  JVorton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng 
and  104  m.  W.  of  London. 

Philipsburg,  p. v.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.,  Warren 
Co.  N.  J.,  Centre  Co.  Pa.  and  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio. 

Pbilipsville,  a  village  in  New  Feliciana  Parish, 
Louisiana. 

PAi7/ips,  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  1,152.  Hel 
ena    is  tlie  capital. 

Phillips,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  109  m.  N.  Port- 
land. 

Philipsburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  formerly  fortified  and  considered 
as  one  of  the  bulwarks  of  the  empire.  It  was 
taken  by  the  French  in  1734,  when  the  duke  of 
Berwick  was  killed  at  the  siege ;  but  it  was  re- 
stored the  year  following  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna. 
In  1799  it  was  four  times  blockaded  by  the  French 
republicans,  and  was  at  length  completely  dis. 


P.D 


599 


PIL 


mantled.  It  is  seated  ©n  the  Rhine,  17  m.  N.  of 
Durlach. 

Fhilipstadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Wermeland, 
seated  in  a  mountainous  country,  abounding  in 
iron  mines,  between  two  !akes,  and  watered  by  a 
rivulet.  29  m.  N.  £.  of  Carlstodt  and  ICO  W.  by 
N.  of  Stockholm. 

Pkilipstown,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  King's 
county.  40  m.  W.  of  Dublin.  Long.  7.  13.  W., 
lat.  53.  13.  N. 

Phillipstown,  p.t.  Putnam  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  nearly  opposite  West  Point.  Pop. 
4,81G. 

PhUlipston,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  65  m.  N. 
W.  Boston.     Pop.  932. 

Philone,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Ohio.  14  m.  from 
Cohimbus. 

Phipshurg,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  on  the  Kenne- 
bec.    20  in.  S.  W.  Wiscasset. 

Piacenza.     See  Placenza. 

Pianezza,  a  town  and  castle  of  the  Sardinian 
states,  in  Piedmont,  sealed  on  the  Dora,  6  m.  W. 
of  Turin. 

Pianoza,  an  island  off  the  coast  of  Tuscany,  6 
m.  S.  of  that  of  Elba.  It  is  level  and  low,  as  the 
name  imports.  Long.  10.  34.  E.,  lat.  42.  40. 
N. 

Piave,  a  river  of  Auatrian  Italy,  which  rises  in 
the  delegation  of  Feltre,  flows  through  the  Vene- 
tian territory,  and  falls  into  the  gulf  of  Venice, 
IG  m.  N.  E.  of  Venice. 

Piazza,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto,  situ- 
ate almost  in  the  centre  of  the  island,  38  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Lentini. 

Picardy,  a  former  province  of  France,  on  the 
English  Channel,  now  chiefly  included  in  Uie  de- 
partment of  Somme. 

Pickaicay,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  15,935,  Clr- 
cleville  is  the  capital.  Also  a  town  in  this  Co. 
on  the  Scioto. 

Pickering,  a  town  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It 
had  a  strong  castle,  in  which  Richard  II.  waa 
confined,  now  in  ruins.  The  parish  church  is  an 
ancient  and  spacious  building,  with  a  fine  lofty 
spire ;  and  here  are  meeting-houses  for  Indepen- 
dents, Wesleyans,  Primitive  Methodists,  and 
Friends.  26  m.  N.  E.  of  York  and  222  N.  by  W. 
of  London. 

Pico,  one  of  the  Azores  or  Western  Islands. 
It  has  a  volcanic  mountain,  called  Pico,  about 
8,000  feet  in  perpendicular  height,  from  the  sur- 
face of  the  sea  to  the  summit  of  the  peak  ;  on  its 
sides  are  numerous  craters,  several  of  which  are 
now  almost  concealed  by  trees.  The  last  erup- 
tion of  the  peak  happened  in  1718,  and  destroyed 
several  vineyards.  The  island  is  about  80  m.  in 
circumference,  and  produces  a  great  deal  of  wine. 
Long.  28.  26.  W.,  lat.  38.  29.  N. 

Pichincha,  a  volcano  in  South  America,  15,993 
feet  above  the  sea.  It  is  situated  near  Quito, 
11  deg.  S.  of  the  equator. 

Pickens,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  6,620. 
Pickens  is  the  capital. 

Pickensville,  p.v.  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  C. 

Pictou,  a  small  island,  between  that  of  St.  John 
and  the  continent  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  E.  end 
of  Northumberland  Strait.  Long.  62.  15.  W., 
lat.  45.  50.  N. 

Pcits'  Wall,  in  England,  a  famous  barrier  against 
the  Picts,  of  which  some  remains  are  left.  It  be- 
gan at  the  entrance  of  Solway  Frith,  in  Cumber- 
land, and,  passing  E.  by  Carlisle,  was  continued 
across  the  island  to  Tynemouth. 

Pidaura,  a  town  of  the  Morea,  the  ancient 


Epidaurus.  It  is  sitoate  on  the  W.  coast  of  the 
gulf  of  Egina,  25  m.  E.  of  Napoli  di  Romania. 
Long.  23.  22.  E.,  lat.  37.  40.  N. 

Piedmont,  a  principality  of  Italy,  150  m.  long 
and  90  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Valais, 
E.  by  the  Milanese,  S.  by  the  county  of  Nice  and 
the  territory  of  Genoa,  and  W.  by  France.  It 
contains  many  high  mountains,  among  which  are 
rich  and  fruitful  valleys,  as  populous  as  any  part 
of  Italy.  In  the  mountains  are  rich  mines  of 
several  kinds,  and  the  forests  afford  a  great  deal 
of  game.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Po,  Tana- 
ro,  Sturia,  and  Doria.  This  country  has  a  great 
trade  in  raw  silk  ;  and  it  produces  com,  rice, 
wine,  fruits,  hemp,  flax,  and  cattle.  It  belongs 
to  the  king  of  Sardinia,  whose  authority  was  re- 
stored in  1814.     Turin  is  the  capital. 

Pienza,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  25  m.  S.  E.  of 
Siena. 

Piercy,  a  township  of  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  Pop. 
236. 

Piermont,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.      Pop.  1,042. 

Pierpont,  p.t.  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio. 

Pierrepoint,  p.v.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
749. 

Pierre,  St.,  a  small  island  near  Newfoundland, 
ceded  to  the  French  in  1763,  for  drying  and 
curing  their  fish.  They  were  dispossessed  of  it 
by  the  English  in  1793.  Long.  56.  0.  W.,  lat. 
46.  39.  N. 

Pierre,  St.,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Martinico, 
situate  on  a  round  bay,  on  the  W.  coast,  15  m. 
N.  W.  of  Fortroyal.  Long.  61.  21.  W.,  lat.  14. 
44.  N. 

Pierre  le  Moutier,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Nievre,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Moulins  and  150 
S.  of  Paris. 

Pielola,  a  village  of  Austrian  Italy,  near  Man- 
tua, the  birth-place  of  Virgil,  to  whose  memory 
an    obelisk  was  erected  in  1797,  by  Bonaparte. 

Pietro,  St.,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  13 
m.  long  and  3  broad,  near  the  S.  W.  coasts  of 
Sardinia,  taken  by  the  French  in  1763,  but  reta- 
ken soon  after. 

Pignerol ,  or  Pignerola,  a  town  of  Piedmont, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  manufactures  of  woolen, 
silk,  papter,  and  leather,  and  a  trade  in  .corn, 
wine,  spirits,  &c.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cluson, 
20  m.  S.  W.  of  Turin. 

Pike,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. Pop.  4,843.  Milford  is  the  capital  ;  a 
county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  6,024.  Piketon  is  the 
capital ;  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  2,677. 
Pikeville  is  the  capital;  a  county  of  Indiana. 
Pop.  2,464.  Petersburg  is  the  capital ;  a  county 
of  Missouri.  Pop.  6,1!^.  Bowling  Green  is  the 
capital ;  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  5,402. 
Holmesville  is  the  capital ;  also  towns  and  villages 
in  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,016.  Bradford 
Co.  Pa.,  Knox,  Perry,  Madison,  Wayne,  Starke 
and  Clark  Cos.  Ohio. 

Pikeland,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Pike  Run,  a  township  of  Washington  Co.  Pa. 

Pikesmlle,  p.v.  Baltimore  Co.  Maryland. 

Pikeville,  p.v.  Marion  Co.  Alabama. 

Pilesgrove,  a  township  of  Salem  Co.  N.  J. 

Pilgram,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  at  the  source  of  the  Iglau,  28  m.  E^  of 
Tabor. 

Pillav,  a  sea-port  of  Prussia,  on  the  Baltic. 
The  harbour  is  good,  and  it  is  well  fortified,  be- 
ing considered  as  the  bulwark  and  key  of  the 
kingdom.  Here  is  a  magazine  for  military  stores ; 
and  below  the  gate  of  the  castle  is  a  stone  equea> 


PIO 


600 


PIS 


trian  statue  of  Frederic  William  the  Great.  The 
streets  are  broad  and  straight,  and  the  houses 
built  in  the  Dutch  taste.  In  1807  it  was  taken 
by  the  French,  and  re-taken  by  the  Russians  in 
1813.  It  is  20  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Konigsberg,  of 
which  it  is  the  port.  Long.  20.  20.  E.,  lat.  54. 
38.  N.  ■ 

Pilnitz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  with  a 
royal  palace,  celebrated  for  a  treaty  entered  into 
by  the  princes  of  Europe  against  France,  in  1792. 
The  palace  was  burned  down  in  1818,  but  has 
since  been  rebuilt.     7  m.  S.  E.  of  Dresden. 

Pilsen,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle  of 
the  same  name,  which  is  particularly  rich  in 
sheep,  and  noted  for  excellent  cheese.  The  town 
is  fortified  and  well  built,  and  seated  at  the  con- 
flux of  the  Radbuza  and  Walta,  55  m.  S.  W.  of 
Prague.     Lon^.  13.  39.  E.,  lat.  49.  42.  N. 

Pilsno,  or  Pilzow,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland, 
seated  on  the  Wisloka,  60  m.  E.  of  Cracow. 

Pi/tea,  a  town  of  Rus.sia,  in  Courland,  capital 
of  a  fertile  district  of  its  name  ;  seated  on  the  riv- 
er Windau,  16  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Goldingen. 

Pinckneij,  p.t.  Lewis  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  783; 
p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Missouri. 

PiuckneyviUe,  p.t.  Union  Dis.  S.  C. 

Pine,  townships  in  Alleghany  and  Lycoming 
Cos.  Pa. 

Pine  Grove,  a  township  of  Schuylkill  Co.  Pa.; 
p.v.  Warren  Co.  Pa. 

Pine  Hill,  p.v.  York  Dis.  S.  C. 

PinevUle,  p.v.  Charleston  Dis.  S.  C.  50  m.  N. 
Charleston. 

Pines,  Isle  of,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  off  the 
S.  end  of  New  Caledonia,  14  m.  in  length.  It  is 
a  pointed  hill,  sloping  toward  the  extremities, 
which  are  very  low  ;  and  on  the  low  land  are 
many  tall  pine  trees.  Long.  167.  38.  E.,  lat.  22. 
38.  S.     See  Pinos. 

Piney,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube, 
12  m.  E.  N.  E.  ofTroyes. 

Ping-king ,  or  Ping-yuen,  a  city  of  China,  of 
the  first  rank,  in  the  province  of  Koeitcheou,  930 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  107.  28.  E.,  lat.  26. 
38.  N. 

Pingliang,  a  cily  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Chen-si ;  seated  on  the  river 
Kin-ho,  550  m.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  106.  25. 
E..  l.U.  35.  35.  N. 

Pbikcl,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Coa,  28  m.  N. 
by  W.  of  Guarda.  Long.  6.  40.  W.,  lat.  40. 
46.  N. 

Pinneberg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of 
Hoistein,  capital  of  a  small  province  of  its  name, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the  Owe,  10  m. 
N.  W.  of  Hamburgh. 

Pinos,  an  island  of  the  W.  Indies,  on  the  S. 
side  of  Cuba,  25  m.  long  and  15  broad,  mountain- 
ous, and  covered  with  pines.  Long.  82.  33.  W., 
lat.  22.  2.  N. 

Pinsk,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Minsk.  There  are  many  Jews  among 
the  inhabitants,  and  the  Greeks  have  a  bishop. 
The  chief  manufacture  is  dressing  Russian  leather. 
It  is  surrounded  by  morasses,  and  stands  on  a  riv- 
er of  the  same  name,  90  m.  E.  of  Brzesc.  Long. 
26.  20.  E.,  lat.  52.  18.  N. 

Piomlino,  a  small  principality  of  Italy,  on  the 
coast  of  Tuscany,  to  which  was  annexed  the 
Island  of  Elba,  separated  by  a  channel  7  m. 
broad. 

PiombinOf  a  sea-port  of  Italy,  capital  of  the 


above  principality.      It  has  a  good  harbour,  de 
fended  by  a  citadel,  and  is  seated  on  a  peninsula, 
40   m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Leghorn.     Long.  10.  23.  E., 
lat.  42.  57.  N. 

Piperno,  a  town  of  the  ecclesiastical  states,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  built  out  of  the  ruins  of  the 
ancient  Privernum,  and  seated  on  a  mountain,  9 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Terracina. 

Pipley,  a  town  of  Bengal,  seated  on  the  Suban 
reeka,  not  far  from  its  mouth,  53  m.  S.  of  Mid- 
napore. 

Piqua,  p.t.  Miami  Co.  Ohio. 

Pirano,  a  small  sea-port  of  the  Austrian  states, 
in  Istria,  seated  on  a  peninsula  6  m.  S.  W.  of 
Capo  d'Istria. 

Piritz,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  seated  near  the  lake 
Maldui,  12   m.  S.  by  W.  of  New  Stargard. 

Pirmasens,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
the  Rhine.  Near  this  place,  in  1793,  the  French 
were  defeated  by  the  Prussians.  It  is  13  m.  E. 
of  Deux  Ponts. 

Pima,  a  town  of  Saxony,  celebrated  for  a 
battle  fought  in  its  neighbourhood,  between  the 
allies  and  the  French,  in  1813.  It  has  a  castle  on 
a  mountain,  called  Sonnenstein,  which  was  almost 
destroyed  by  the  Prussians  in  1756  and  1758,  and 
is  now  an  asylum  for  invalids,  «&c.  It  is  a  place 
of  considerable  trade,  situate  on  the  Elbe,  12  m.  S. 
E.  of  Dresden. 

Pisa,  a  city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of  the  Pisano, 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  famous  university 
and  three  forts.  The  river  Arno  runs  through 
Pisa,  and  over  it  are  three  bridges,  one  of  which 
is  constructed  of  marble  ;  and  there  is  a  canal 
hence  to  Leghorn.  This  city  formerly  contained 
100,000  inhabitants,  but  there  are  not  at  present 
20,000.  The  manufactures  consist  of  steel,  jew- 
ellry,  embroidery,  damasks,  velvet,  taffeta,  and 
calico.  The  cathedral  is  a  magnificent  structure, 
and  on  the  right  side  of  the  choir  is  a  leaning 
tower,  much  noticed  by  travellers.  There  are 
upwards  of  80  other  churches:  that  of  St.  Stephen, 
belonging  to  an  order  of  knights,  is  particularly 
deserving  of  notice.  The  other  remarkable  build- 
ings are  the  palaces  of  the  grand  duke  and  arch- 
bishop, the  arsenal,  the  great  hospital,  and  the 
magnificent  exchange,  which  last  is  almost  super- 
fluous, as  the  trade  of  Pisa  is  removed  to  Leghorn. 
It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  at  a  small  distance 
from  the  Mediterranean,  11  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Leg- 
horn and  42  W.  by  S.  of  Florence.  Long.  10.  23. 
E.,  lat.  43.  43.  N. 

Pisano,  a  territory  of  Tuscany,  lying  N.  of  the 
Florentino,  on  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  47  m. 
long  and  25  broad,  abounds  in  corn,  oil,  and  wine, 
and  is  well  cultivated.     Pisa  is  the  capital. 

Piscadores.     See  Pong-hou. 

Piscataqtui,  a  river  of  New  Hampshire,  the 
mouth  of  which  forms  the  only  port  in  that  state, 
and  at  its  entrance  is  a  lighthouse,  in  long.  70.  41. 
W.,  lat.  43.  4.  N. 

Piscataway,  a  township  of  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J. ; 
p.t.  Prince  George  Co.  Maryland.  18  m.  S.  of 
Washington. 

Pisco,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  the  province  of  lea, 
with  a  good  road  for  ships.  It  is  seated  in  a  coun- 
try fertile  in  excellent  fruits  and  good  wine,  130 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lima.  Long.  75.  55.  W.,  lat.  13. 
36.  S. 

Pisek,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  the  circle 
of  Prachin.  Bohemian  diamonds  are  found  here. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Wotawa,  near  its  conflux  with 
the  Muldau,  58  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Prague.  Long.  14 
0.  E.,  lat.  49.  21.  N. 


I*IT 


m 


PLA 


Pistoia,  a  city  of  Tuscany,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
with  a  citadel.  There  are  several  fine  churches, 
magnificent  palaces,  and  handsome  streets ;  but 
it  is  almost  deserted,  in  comparison  to  what  it  was 
formerly.  The  Austrians  defeated  the  Neapolitans 
here  in  1815.  It  is  seated  near  the  river  Stella, 
20  miles  N.  W.  of  Florence.  Long.  11.  29.  E., 
lat.  43.  55.  N. 

Pitcairn's  Island,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific 
Ocean  in  lat.  2-5.  2.  S.  L..n^.  130.  21.  VV.  It  is 
surrounded  by  rocks  and  difficult  of  access,  yet 
is  fertile  and  pleasant.  Here  the  mutineers  of 
the  Bounty  formed  a  settlement  which  has  since 
been  visited  by  British  and  American  ships.  The 
inhabitants  are  about  50  or  (iO,  a  mixture  of  Eu- 
ropeans and  OUiheitans;  their  mHnner.s  are  civil- 
ized, and  they  speak  English. 

Pitcaitklij,  a  village  of  Sotland.  seatpd  in  a  se- 
questered vale,  5  miles  S.  of  Perth.  Its  mineral 
waters  have  been  lonij  famed  in  tfcorbul.ic  com- 
plaints, and  it  has  good  accoaiinodatioiis  for  in- 
valids. 

Pitha,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Bothnia, 
seated  on  a  small  island,  at  thf  mouth  of  a  river 
of  its  name,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  is  joined 
to  the  continent  by  a  wooden  bridi/e,  and  is  95 
miles  N.  N.  E.  nf  Uma.  Long.  23.  58.  E.  lat. 
65.  15.  N. 

Pitschen.  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Breslau,  on  the  frontiers  of  Poland, 
50  miles  E.  of  Breslau. 

Pitt,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  12,174. 
Greenville  is  the  Capital. 

PUtemop.ein,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire, 
with  a  harbour  on  the  frith  of  Forth.  In  the  vi- 
cinity are  coal  mines  and  salt- works.  10  miles  S. 
by  E.  of  St.  Andrew  and  24  N.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Pittshorough,  p.v.  Chatham  Co.  N.  C.  2G  m.  VV. 
Raleigh. 

Pittsburg,  city,  Alleghany  Co.  Pa.  the  chief 
town  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  It  stands 
upon  a  point  of  land  at  the  junction  of  the  Alle- 
ghany and  Monongahela  rivers,  which  here  take 
the  name  of  Ohio.  It  is  built  on  a  reorular  plan 
upon  the  slope  of  an  eminence,  and  a  level  plain 
nt  its  foot.  It  IS  finely  situated  for  trade,  and  en- 
joys a  communication  by  steiimboats  with  all  the 
jrreat  towns  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi ;  but  it 
IS  most  distinguished  for  its  large  and  flourishing 
manufactures  of  glass,  iron,  woolen  and  cotton. 
for  whicli  see  Fennsi/lvania.  The  surrounding 
tountry  is  exceedinsrly  rich  in  bituminous  coal, 
which  IS  delivered  at  the  houses  for  three  cents 
the  bushel.  The  congtant  use  of  this  fuel  causes 
a  perpetual  nlnud  of  black  smoke  to  hang  over 
the  place.  The  suburbs,  Birminnrham  and  .Alle- 
ghany, lie  on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  two  rivers 
and  communicate  with  the  city  by  bridges.  Pitts- 
burg is  a  very  flourishing  place  ;  it  is  not  a  hand- 
somely built  town  :  yet  it  contains  some  neat  edi- 
fices.    Pop.  12..542. 

PittsjieJ d,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  125  m.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  3..^70.  It  is  a  pleasant  town  and  has 
manufactures  of  cloth,  muskets  and  drums.  Here 
are  barracks  and  a  hospital  of  the  United  Slates. 
p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  15  m.  N.  W.  Concord. 
Pop.  1,271  ;  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  505;  p.t. 
Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1 .005. 

Piltsfortl,  p  t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,005  p.t. 
Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  1,841. 

Pittsgrove,  p.t.  Salem  Co.  N.  J. 

Pinston,p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,804; 
pt.  Hunterdon   Co.  N.  J.  ;    p  t    Luzerne  Co.  Pa 

PUtstown,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,702. 
76 


Pittsylvania,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vit 
ginia.   Pop.  26,022. 

Piura,  a  town  of  Pern,  capital  of  a  province  of 
the  same  name.  This  was  the  first  Spanish  set 
tlement  in  Peru,  being  founded  by  Pizarro  in 
1531.  It  is  25  m.  S.  E  of  Paita.  Long.  80.  29, 
W.,lat.  5.  15.  S. 

Pizzighitone,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  with  a 
strong  castle,  in  which  Francis  I.  of  France  was 
kept  prisoner.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1733, 
again  in  1796,  and  retaken  by  the  Austrians  and 
Russians  in  1799.  It  is  situate  on  the  Adda,  10  m 
N.W.  of  Cremona  and  30  S.  E.  of  Milan. 

Pizzo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra,  on 
the  gulf  of  St.  Euphemia  4  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Monte 
Leone. 

Pi'acentia,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estremadura,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  in  a 
plain,  almost  surrounded  by  mountains,  50  m.  N. 
K.  of  Alcantara  and  110  W.  S.  W.  of  Madrid. 
Long.  5.  55.  VV.,  lat.  40.  G.  N. 

PiaceiUia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated  on 
the  Deva,  25  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Bilbao. 

Placentia,  a  sea-port  of  Newfondland,  on  the 
E.  side  of  a  large  bay  on  the  S.  part  of  the  island. 
The  harbour  is  capacious,  and  defended  by  a  fort, 
called  St.  Louis.  It  is  60  m.  W.  S.  VV.-of  St. 
John.     Long.  53.  43.  W.,  lat.  47.  15.  N. 

Placenza,  a  fortified  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a 
duchy,  included  in  that  of  Parma,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  good  citadel,  and  a  celebrated  universi- 
ty. The  churches,  squares,  streets,  artd  fountains 
are  beautiful.  The  inhabitants,  about  30,000,  have 
scarcely  any  other  employment  than  the  manu- 
facture of  silk  stuffs.  At  this  place  the  Austrians 
gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the  Spaniards  and 
French  in  1746.  In  1796  it  was  taken  by  the 
French,  who  were  forced  to  evacuate  it  in  1799. 
In  1800  it  again  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French, 
and  was  retained  till  1814.  It  is  of  greater  ex- 
tent than  Parma,  and  is  seated  in  a  well  cultivated 
country,  near  the  river  Po,  38  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Parma.  Long.  9.  33.  E.,  lat.  45.  5.  N.  See 
Parma. 

PUun,  townships  in  Stark,  Wayne  and  Frank- 
lin Cos.  Ohio. 

Pliunfjdd,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  874; 
p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,-581 ;  p.t.  Hamp- 
shire Co.  Mass.  no  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  983; 
p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,626;  p.t.  Essex 
Co.  N.  J.  Northampton  Co.  Pa.  and  Coshocton 
Co.  Ohio. 

Plaistow,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  Pop. 
59L 

P/rtrt,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  ofPil- 
sen.  with  a  castle,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Egra. 

Plaqunrntnes,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop. 
4,489.  Fort  Jackson  is  the  capital ;  also  the 
name  of  a  bend  in  the  Mississippi,  70  m.  below 
New  Orleans. 

Platte  river,  a  branch  of  the  Missouri,  from  the 
west ;  it  is  400  m.  long  and  joins  the  Missouri  in 
lat.  41.  N. 

Plassey,  a  town  of  Bengal,  in  the  district  of 
Nuddeah,  memorable  for  a  great  victory  obtain- 
ed by  colonel  Clive  in  1757  over  the  nabob  Sura- 
jah  Dowlah.     It  is  25  m.  S.  of  .Moorshedabad. 

Plata  or  Chuquisara,  a  rich  and  populous  city 
of  Peru,  capital  of  the  province  of  Las  Charcas, 
and  an  prohbishop's  see,  with  a  university.  The 
cathedral  is  large,  and  finely  adorned  with  paint- 
iniTs  and  orildincs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Chimao, 
Vm  m.  S."E.  of  Cusco.  Long.  66.  34.  W.,  lat. 
19.  16.  S. 

3E 


?'■» 


PLE 


602 


PLY 


Plata  or  Rio  de  la  Plata,  a  large  river  of  S. 
America,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  great  rivers 
Parana  and  Uraguay.  It  was  discovered  in  1515 
by  Juan  Diaz,  de  Solis,  a  Spanish  navigator  who 
was  slain  by  the  natives  in  endeavouring  to  make 
a  descent  in  the  country.  It  forms  the  S.  bound- 
ary of  Brazil,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  between 
the  capes  of  St.  Anthony  and  St.  Mary,  the  lat- 
ter in  lat.  35.  S.  It  is  H'tO  m.  broad  at  its  mouth  ; 
and  at  Monte  Video,  (iO  m.  up  the  river,  the  land 
i«  not  to  be  discerned  on  either  shore  when  a 
Tessel  IS  in  the  middle  of  the  channel.  This  river 
his  many  islets  and  shoals,  which  cause  adverse 
cuirents,  and  render  its  navigation  intricate; 
aita  the  only  safe  port  on  its  shores,  for  ships  of 
considerable  burden,  is  Monte  Video. 

Plata,  a  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  in  Para- 
guay, seated  on  the  S.  W.  of  the  river  Plata. 

Plate,  a  town  and  castle  of  Pomerania  on  the 
river  Rega,  19  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Camin. 

PlattekiU,  a  township  of  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,044. 

Ptatten,  a  lake  of  Hungary,  60  m.  to  the  S. 
E.  of  that  of  Neusidler.  It  is  46  m.  in  length, 
from  3  to  8  in  breadth,  and  abounds  with  fish. 

Platlen,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Saaiz,  on  the  frontiers  of  Saxony,  14  m.  N.  of  Eln- 
boge  n . 

Plattshurg,  p.t.  Clinton  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
Champlain  63  m.  S.  Montreal.  Pop.  4,913.  It 
was  the  scene  of  some  important  military  events 
during  the  late  war,  and  is  particularly  distin- 
guished for  the  defeat  of  the  British  army  under 
Sir  George  Prevost,  and  the  capture  of  the  Brit- 
ish fleet  by  Commodoje  Mc  Donoutrh  in  Sept. 
1814. 

Plav,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  grand  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  a  lake  of 
the  same  name  20  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gustrow. 

Plaurn,  a  town  of  Saxony,  capital  of  Voigtland, 
with  a  castle.  It  has  considerable  cotton  manu- 
factures, and  is  seated  on  the  Elster,  80  m.  S.  W. 
of  Dresden.     L<jng.  12   12.  E.,  lat.  5i).  28.  N. 

Plauen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburo-,  on 
a  lake  formed  by  the  Havel,  from  which  is  a  ca- 
nal to  the  Elbe.  It  has  a  manufacture  of  porce- 
lain, and  is  5  ni.  W.  N.  W.  of  Brandenburg. 

Pleasant,  townships  in  Franklin  Madison^  Clark, 
and  Brown  Cos.,  Ohio. 

Pleasant  Grove,  villages  in  Lunenburg  Co.  Va. 
Orange  Co.  N.  C.  Greenville.  Dis  S.  C.  Henry 
Co.  Geo. 

Pleasant  Garden,  villages  in  Burke  Co.  N.  C. 
and  Maury  Co.  Ten. 

Pleasant  Hill,  p.v.  Wythe  Co.  Va. 

Pleasant  Level,  p.v.  Warren  Co.  Ken.  and  Mon- 
roe Co.  Alab. 

Pleasant  Plain,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Ten. 

Pleasant  Ridve,   p.v.  Green  Co.  Alab. 

Pleasant  Valley,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2, 
419.  Here  are  cotton  and  other  manufactures; 
p.Y.  Putnam  Co.  N.  Y.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  and  P'air- 
fax  Va. 

Pleasantville.  a  village  of  Shelby   Co.  Alab. 

Plesis,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y. 

Ples.ti'.,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Oppeln,  capital  of  a  lordship,  with  a 
a  fine  castle.  It  is  surrounded  bv  walls  flanked 
with  tmvf>rs.  and  seated  on  the  Vistula,  30  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  llatibor.     Long.  19.  3.  E.,  lat.  49.  !37.  N. 

Plcttrnherir,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  with  an  an- 
cient castle  ;  situate  on  the  Else  and  Oester,  13 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Arensbcrg. 

Pleyherg,  a  to-\-n  and  oaatle  of  Austria,  in  Can- 


inthia,  seated  on  the  Feistez,  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain 20  m.  E.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Ploczko,a.  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a  Palatinate 
of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  cas- 
tle. It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  Vistula,  35  m. 
N.  W.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  19.29.  E.,  lat.  52.  46.  N. 

Plocn,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of/ 
Holstein.  It  has  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  and  is 
seated  on  the  N.  side  of  a  lake,  24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Lubec.     Long.  10.  30.  E.,  lat.  54.  11.  N. 

hloormel,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Mor- 
biham,  on  the  river  Due,  27  m.  N.  E.  of  Vannes. 

Plotzkau,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  principality 
of  Anhalt,  with  a  castle;  seated  on  the  Saale,  10 
m.  W.  of  Kothen. 

Pluckemin,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J. 

Plvdenz,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  capital  of 
a  lordship  of  its  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  plain, 
on  the  river  111,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Felkirch. 

Plum  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts, 
extends  from  Newburyport  harbour  to  Ipswich. 
It  is  9  m.  long  and  a  mile  in  breadth.  It  is  com- 
posed of  sand  hills  bearing  a  scanty  vegetation  of 
plum  bushes.  The  whole  surface  of  the  island 
IS  furrowed  into  singular  hollows  and  ridges  like 
immense  snow  drifts.  It  produces  also  wild  grapes 
and  cherries,  and  in  the  autumn  affords  a  delight- 
ful resort  for  parties  of  pleasure  who  frequent  the 
island  in  great  numbers  to  enjoy  the  sea  breezes 
On  the  north  end  stands  two  light  houses. 

Plumb,  a  township  of  Alleghany  Co.  Pa. 

Plumpstead,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 

Pluviers,  or  Pithivierc,  a  town  of  France,  in  the 
department  ofLoiret,20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Orleans. 

Plymouth,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in  Devon- 
shire, Eng.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Plym, 
and  next,  to  Portsmouth,  is  the  most  considerable 
harbour  in  England  for  men  of  war.  It  affords 
fine  anchorage  for  ships,  particularly  since  the 
constitution  of  the  magnificent  break-water  across 
its  entrance.  The  fishery  for  pilchards  extend 
no  further  E.  than  this  port,  whence  great  quan- 
tities are  exported  to  Italy  and  other  cntholic 
countries.  It  carries  on  a  considerable  foreign 
and  domestic  trade.  The  charitable  institutions 
are  numerous,  and  among  those  for  literary  pur- 
poses are  the  Athenseum  and  a  public  library.  It  is 
43  m.  S.  W.  of  Exeter  and  216  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don. Long.  4.  7.  W.,  lat.  50.  23.  N. 

Plymouth,  a  county  of  Massachusetts,  border- 
ing on  Mass.  Bay.  Pop.  42,993.  Plymouth  is  the 
capital. 

Plymouth,  p.t.  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
30m.S.  E.  Boston.  Pop.  4,751.  Itis  memorable 
in  American  history  as  the  place  where  the  first 
settlers  of  New  England  landed  in  December 
1G20.  The  Forefathers'  Rock,  on  which  ther 
first  set  foot  has  been  removed  from  the  sea  shore 
to  the  centre  of  the  town.  The  fortifications, 
erected  to  defend  them  from  the  Indians  may 
still  be  seen  here ,as  also  the  first  well  dug  in  New 
England.  The  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  is  annu- 
ally celebrated  at  this  place,  and  a  large  stone  ed- 
ific  called  Pilgrim  Hall  was  erected  here  in  1S20 
by  the  New  England  .society  for  use  on  such  occa- 
sions. The  harbour  is  shallow  and  insecure  ;  the 
town  has  some  commerce  and  manufactures  of 
cordage,  iron  and  cotton.  Pop.  4,751. 

Plipnouth,  p.t.  GraRon  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  1,175  ; 
p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Va.  Pop.  1,237  ;  p.t.  Litchfield 
Co.  Conn.  Pop.  2,064  ;  p.v.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  1  591.  also  towns  in  Luzerne  and  Montgom- 
ery Cos.  Pa.  Washington  Co.  N.  C.  Richmond  Co. 
Ohio 


POl 


iis 


POL 


Plympton,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  32  m.  S.  E. 
Boston,  with  manufactures  ofiron.  Pop.  920. 

Plffmpton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  It 
had  once  a  castle,  now  in  ruins  ;  and  is  one  of  the 
stannary  towns  for  tin.  It  is  seated  near  the  Plym, 
7  m.  E.  of  Plymouth  and  218  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Pli/nlimmon,  a  vast  and  lofty  mountain  of 
Wales,  partly  in  Montgomeryshire,  and  partly  in 
Cardiganshire.  The  Severn,  the  Wye,  and  other 
rivers,  have  their  source  in  this  mountain. 

Po,  the  principal  river  of  Italy,  which  has  its 
source  at  Monte  Viso,  in  Piedmont,  flows  N.  E. 
to  Turin,  and  thence  proceeding  in  an  easterly 
course  it  divides  Austrian  Italy  from  the  states  of 
Parma,  Modena,  and  the  pope's  dominion,  and 
enters  the  gulf  of  Venice  by  four  principal  months. 
In  its  course  it  receives  several  rivers,  and  often 
overflows  its  banks,  as  most  of  those  rivers  de- 
scend from  the  Alps, and  are  increased  by  the  melt- 
ing of  the  snow.  It  is  crossed  like  the  Rhine  by 
flying  bridges. 

Po,  a  river  of  China,  in  the  province  of  Kiang- 
si,  which  runs  into  the  Po-yang-hou,  a  small  dis- 
tance from  Jao-tcheou. 

Pocotaligo,  p.v.  Beaufort  Dis.  S.  C. 
Pocklington,  a  town  in  E.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  on  a 
stream  that  runs  into  the  Derwent,  14  m.    E.   of 
York  and  194  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Podeastcin,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  near 

the  source  of  the  Pullach,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Bamberg. 

Podgorza,  a  free  city  of  the  Austrian  empire, 

in    Galicia,  seated   on    the   Vistula,   opposite   to 

Cracow. 

Podiachia,  one  of  the  eight  palatinates  of  Po- 
land, bounded  N.  and  E.  by  the  river  Bog,  S.  by 
the  palatinate  of  Lublin,  and  W.  by  tiie  Vistula. 
It  has  an  area  of  5,520  sq.  m.  with  433,000  inhabi- 
tants.    The  capital  is  Siedlce. 

Podolia,  a  government  of  Russia,  wrested  from 
Poland,  in  1793.  The  Dniester  separates  it  from 
Moldavia  on  the  S.  W.,  and  the  Bog  crosses  it 
from  the  N  in  a  S.  E.  direction.  It  has  an  area 
of  20,400  sq.  m.  with  1,330,000  inhabitants. 

Podolsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Moscow  "iS  m.  S.  of  Moscow. 

Podor,  a  fortress  of  Africa,  on  the  river  Senegal, 
built  by  the  French.  It  was  ceded  to  the  English 
in  1703,  but  afterwards  taken  by  the  French,  and 
confirmed  to  them  by  the  peace  of  1783.  Long. 
14.  20.  W..  lat.  17.  1 .  N.  In  the  woods  and  plains 
in  the  neighborhood,  are  found  numerous  herds 
of  the  harnessed  antelope.  An  animal  singularly 
marked  with  stripes  crossing  each  other  and  re- 
sembling a  harness. 

Poggio,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  handsome 
palace,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Florence. 

Pogcriobonzi,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  the  ruins 
of  a  citadel,  seated  near  the  Elsa,  20  m.  S.  of 
Florence. 

MgULU,  an  Island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the 
W^H|p  of  the  island  of  Sumatra,  and  separated 
from  the  N.  end  of  that  of  Nassau  by  a  narrow 
channel,  which  contains  a  number  of  smaller  isl- 
ands, the  whole  of  which  are  sometimes  called 
the  Nassau  or  Poggy  islands.  It  is  triangular, 
and  about  20  m.  in  length.  Long.  99.  33.  E.,  lat. 
2.  20.  S. 

Point,  a  township  of  Northumberland  Co.  Pa. 
Point  Coupee,  a  parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  5,936. 
Point  Coupee  is  the  capital. 

Point  Lahaddie,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Missouri,  on 
the  Missouri. 
Pointopolis,  p.v.  Clermont  Co.  Ohio 


Point  Pleasant,  villages  in  Windham  Co.  Vt., 
Mason  Co.  Va.,  Clermont  Co.  Ohio  Martin  Co. 
Indiana. 

Point  Remove,  p.v.  Pulaski  Co.  Ark. 
Poirino.  a  town   of  tlie    Sardinian    states,   in 
Piedmont;  seated  on  the  Bonna.  14  m.  S.  E.  of 
Turin. 

Poissy,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise,  the  birthplace  of  Louis  XI.;  seated  near 
the  forest  of  St.  Germain,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris. 

Poitiers,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Vienne,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Its  pop 
is  not  in  proportion  to  its  extent;  for  it  includes 
1  number  of  gardens  and  fields  within  its  circuit. 
It  has  several  Roman  antiquities,  particularlv  an 
amphitheatre,  partly  demolished  ;  and  a  triumphal 
arch,  which  serves  as  a  gate  to  the  great  street. 
Here,  in  135C,  Edward  tlie  Black  Prince  gained 
a  victory  over  the  French,  taking  prisoners  kinir 
John  and  his  son  Philip,  whom  he  brought  to 
England.  The  principal  manufactures  are  stock- 
ings, woolen  caps,  gloves,  and  combs.  It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Clain,  85  m.  S.  W.  of  Tours 
and  120  N.  by  E.  of  Bordeaux.  Long.  0.  21.  E., 
lat.  46.  35.  N. 

Poitou,  a  province  of  France,  which  now  forms 
the  three  departments  of  Vendee,  Vienne,  and 
Deux  Sevres. 

P'ola,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Istria,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  Here  are  large  remains  of  a  Roman  amphi- 
theatre and  a  triumphal  arch.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Venice,  38  m. 
S.  of  Capo  d'  Istria.  Long.  14.  9.  E.,  lat.  45.  13.  N 
Poland,  a  large  country  of  Europe,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Prussia,  Courland,  Livonia,  and  Russia 
W.  by  the  Baltic,  Brandenburg,  and  Silesia,  S.  by 
Hungary  and  Moldavia,  and  E.  by  Russia  and  the 
territories  wrested  by  that  power  from  the  Turks. 
It  was  formerly  divided  into  four  principal  parts, 
Great  Poland,  Little  Poland,  Red  Russia,  and 
Lithuania.  In  1772  a  partition  of  this  country, 
projected  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  was  effi-cted  by 
tliat  monarch,  in  conjunction  with  the  empress  of 
Russia  and  the  emperor  of  Germany.  By  this 
partition  one-third  of  the  country  was  wrested 
from  the  republic,  the  diet  being  compelled,  by  a 
foreign  force,  to  make  and  to  ratify  this  important 
cession.  The  three  partitioning  powers,  more- 
over, forcibly  effected  a  great  change  in  the  con- 
stitution. In  1791,  however,  the  king  and  the 
nation,  in  concurrence,  almost  unanimously,  and 
without  any  foreign  intervention,  established 
another  constitution,  and  one  so  unexceptionable 
every  way  that  it  was  celebrated  by  Mr.  Burke 
as  a  revolution  whereby  the  conditions  of  all  were 
made  better  and  the  rights  of  non.«  infringed.  By 
it  the  broils  of  an  elective  monarchy,  of  which 
Poland,  on  almost  every  vacancy  of  the  throne, 
had  been  involved  in  the  calamities  of  war,  were 
avoided,  the  throne  being  declared  hereditary  in 
the  house  of  Saxony.  A  few  of  the  nobility,  how- 
ever, discontented  at  the  generous  sacrifice  of 
some  of  their  privileges,  repaired  to  the  court  of 
Russia  ;  and,  their  representations  concurring  with 
the  ambitious  views  of  the  empress,  she  sent  an 
army  into  Poland,  under  pretext  of  being  guaran- 
tee of  the  constitution  of  1772.  Her  interference 
was  too  powerful  to  be  resisted  ;  and  this  new 
constitution  was  overthrown.  But  the  principal 
object  for  which  the  Russian  army  entered  i'o 
land  was  not  yet  attained.  The  empress  had 
planned,  in  conjunction  with  the  kind  of  Prus 
sia,  a  second  partition  of  this  country,  which 
took  place  in  1793.     Such  multiplied  oppressions 


POL 


604 


POL 


•t  last  roused  the  spirit  of  the  nation.  General 
Kosciusko  appeared,  in  1794,  at  the  head  of  a 
PoUsh  army,  to  assert  the  independence  of  his 
country,  and  to  recover  the  provinces  wrested 
from  it.  He  was  successful  at  first,  against  the 
king  of  Prussia  ;  but  was  at  length  overpowered 
by  numbers ;  the  country  was  in  different  parts 
desolated,  the  houses  burnt,  and  the  inhabitants 
massacred  in  crowds.  The  brave  Kosciusko  was 
taken  prisoner,  and  sent  with  a  number  of  other 
patriots  into  confinement  at  Petersburgh,  for  hav- 
ing dared  to  defend  his  native  country  against 
foreign  aggression.  The  king  formerly  resigned 
his  crown  at  Grodno,  in  1795,  and  was  afterwards 
removed  to  Petersburgh,  where  he  remained  a 
state  prisoner,  till  his  death,  in  1798.  The  whole 
of  the  country  was  divided  among  the  three  par- 
titioning powers.  Austria  had  Little  Poland,  and 
the  greatest  part  of  Red  Russia  and  Podolia, 
which  is  now  called  the  kingdom  of  Galicia  ; 
Prussia  had  Great  Poland,  Polish  Prussia,  a 
small  part  of  Lithuania,  and  Polachia  ;  and  Rus 
sia  had  Samogitia,  the  remainder  of  Lithuania, 
Volhinia,  and  Podolia.  In  the  war  with  Prussia, 
in  1806,  the  French  penetrated  into  Poland,  and 
proclaimed  their  desire  to  restore  its  ancient  inde- 
pendence, when,  treaties  of  peace  having  been 
adjusted  with  Russia  and  Prussia,  the  project 
Was  for  the  most  part  abandoned.  By  the  pl^ace 
of  Tilsit,  the  king  of  Prussia  renounced  the  pos- 
session of  the  greater  part  of  his  Polish  provinces, 
when  they  were  erected  into  the  dukedom  of 
Warsaw,  in  favor  of  the  king  of  Saxony.  In 
1809  Austria  was  compelled  to  cede  part  of  Gal- 
icia to  Russia,  and  a  further  portion  to  the  new 
■tales.  But  on  the  retreat  of  the  French  army 
out  of  Poland,  in  1813,  the  Russians  took  posses- 
sion of  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  the  congress  of 
Vienna  not  only  confirmed  to  that  power  all  the 
polish  and  Lithuanian  provinces  acquired  before 
1795,  but  added  the  sovereignty  of  the  central 
provinces,  which  form  the  present  kingdom  of 
Poland. 

The  towns  of  Poland   are   for  the    most   part 
built   with    wood  ;    and    the    villages   consist  of 


mean  cottages,  or  huts.  The  country  is  so  fer- 
tile in  corn,  in  many  places,  that  it  supplies  Swe- 
den and  Holland  with  large  quantities,  and  it  has 
extensive  pastures.  Peat,  ochre,  chalk,  belemni 
tes,  agate,  chalcedony,  cornelians,  onyxes,  jasper 
rock  crvstaVs,  amethysts,  garnets,  topazes,  sapphi- 
res, and  even  rubies  and  diamonds  are  found  in 
Poland  ;  also  talc,  spar,  lapis  calaminaris,  coal 
iron,  lead,  and  quickiilver.    Here  is  much  leatlt- 


er,  fur,  hemp,  flax,  saltpetre,  alum,  manna,  hon 
ey,  and  wax ;  and  there  are  mines  of  salt,  of  a 
great  depth,  out  of  which  is  dug  rocksalt.  Hor- 
ses are  numerous,  very  strong,  swift,  and  beau 
tiful  ;  and  horned  cattle  are  bred  in  immense 
numbers. 

Poland,  the  central  portion  of  the  preceding 
country,  erected  into  a  separate  state  in  1815.  It 
comprises  the  chief  part  of  that  which,  from  1807 
to  1813,  formed  the  duchy  of  Warsaw,  and  is 
bounded  by  the  respective  acquisitions  of  Russia, 
Austria,  and  Prussia.  The  form  of  the  territory 
is  a  square  of  200  m;  in  the  middle  stands  the 
capital,  Warsaw  ;  but  there  is  also  a  detached 
tract  extending  N.  E.  towards  Lithuania.  Its 
area  is  47,000  square  m.  and  its  population  3,472 
500.  It  is  subject  to  the  same  sovereign  as  Rus- 
sia, but  is  governed  in  every  respect  as  a  separate 
monarchy,  the  czar  being  represented  by  a  vice- 
roy. The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Catholic,  but 
Protestants  are  numerous,  as  are  also  the  Jews. 

This  remnant  of  the  great  republic  of  Poland 
has  rendered  itself  noted  for  the  desperate  attempt 
which  it  made  in  1830  and  1831  to  throw  off  the 
Russian  yoke.  The  Polish  constitution  granted 
in  1815  by  the  Emperor  Alexander,  had  been  re- 
peatedly violated,  and  many  causes  of  animosity 
between  the  Poles  and  their  oppressors  tended 
to  embitter  their  servitude.  The  Grand  Duke 
Constantine,  commander  in  chief  of  the  army, out- 
raged the  feelings  of  the  nation  by  his  insulting 
demeanortowards  the  soldiery.  At  length  inspired 
by  the  recent  example  of  the  French  and  Belgians 
the  Poles  rose  in  insurrection  at  Warsaw  on  the 
29th  of  November  1830  ;  the  revolt  immediately 
spread  throughout  the  kingdom  and  extended  in- 
to Lithuania  and  other  parts  of  ancient  Poland. 
An  obstinate  and  sanguinary  war  commenced, 
and  the  Poles  animated  by  the  greatness  of  the 
object  for  which  tney  were  contending,  and  hop- 
ing for  aid  from  the  powers  of  western  Europe,  ob- 
tained some  advantages  in  the  outset  which  seem- 
ed to  promise  a  successful  result  to  their  heroic 
efforts.  But  none  of  the  European  powers  stirred 
in  their  behalf;  the  Russians  poured  in  fresh  ar- 
mies, and  Poland  overpowered  by  numbers,  was 
forced  to  submit  in  the  autumn  of  1831.  This  un- 
fortunate country  now  groans  under  a  heavier  ty- 
rany  than  before.  To  the  Russian  armies  that 
crushed  the  revolution,  Europe  owes  the  further 
infliction  ofthe  pestilential  cholera.  This  disor- 
der was  introduced  by  them  from  Asia  into  Po- 
land during  the  campaign  of  1831,  and  spread 
over  a  great  part  of  Europe. 

Poleron.     See  Pooluroon 

Poland,  p.t.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio.  Pop,  1,173. 

Polesia,  a  name  commonly  given  to  the  palatin- 
ate of  Brzesc,in  Lithuania. 

Pol,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas 
de  Calais,  noted  for  its  mineral  waters.  16  m.  N 
W.  of  Arras. 

Policandro,  an  island  in  the  Grecian  M^^^e- 
lago,  one  ofthe  Cyclades,  20  m.  in  circunMPnce. 
Here  are  a  few  villages,  a  castle,  and  a  harbour; 
but  it  consists,  in  general,  of  barren  rocks  and 
mountains.  It  lies  between  Milo  and  Paros 
Long.  25.  31.  E.,  lat.  36.  32  N. 

P6licastro,&  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Cit- 
ra,  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name;  in  the  med- 
iterranean, 85  m.  S.  £.  of  Naples.  Lon.  15  40 
E.,  lat.  40.  15.  N. 

Polignano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice . 
16  m.  E  of  Bari.  ' 


POM 


605 


PON 


Poligny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura, 
■eated  on  a  rivulet,  23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Besangon. 

Polina,  a  town  of  Albania,  12  m.  S.  of  Durazzo. 

Politz,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  in  the  government 
of  Stettin,  celebrated  for  its  hops.  Cj  ra.  N.  of 
Stettin. 

PoUtzka,  a  walled  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  cir- 
cle of  Chrudim,  on  the  frontiers  of  Moravia,  23 
m.  S.  E.  of  Cruz  dim. 

Polizz,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara,  at 
the  foot  of  the  mountain  Madonia,  23  m.  S.  E. 
of  Palermo. 

Polkowitz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  in  the  principality 
of  Glogau,  12  m.  S.  of  Glogau. 

Pojlockshaws,  a  town  of  Scotland  in  Renfrew- 
shire, on  the  river  White  Cart,  3  m.  VV.  S.  W.  of 
Glasgow. 

Poluo,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  on  the 
river  Grabow,  38  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Colberg. 

Polore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the  Carnatic, 
26  m.S.  S.  W.of  Arcot,  and5o  m.  N.  W.of  Pon- 
dicherry. 

Polotsk,  a  strong  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Vitepsk,  celebrated  for  a  number  of  bat- 
tles having  been  fought  in  its  vicinity,  between 
the  French  and  Russians,  in  1812.-  It  is  seated 
on  the  Dwina,  at  the  influx  of  the  Polota,  60  m. 
S.  W.  of  Vitepsk.  Long.  27.  50.  E.,  lat.  55.  43.  N. 

Poltava,  a  government  of  Russia,  between  those 
of  Catharineslav  and  Charkov.  It  has  an  area 
of  16,000  square  miles,  with  1,500,000  inhabit- 
ants ;  is  fertile  in  corn ;  and  affords  very  rich 
pasturage. 

Poltava,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  govern- 
ment, with  a  considerable  trade  in  cattle,  corn, 
flax,  hemp,  wax,  «fcc.  It  is  famous  for  a  battle, 
in  1709,  between  Peter  the  Great  and  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden,  in  which  the  latter  was  totally 
defeated    737  m.  S.  E.  of  Petersburgh. 

Pollr.n,  5^,a  town  of  Austria,  the  residence  of  a 
great  number  of  the  nobility.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try yields  excellent  saffron.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Drasam,33m.  W,  of  Vienna.  Long.  15.  41.  E., 
lat.  48.  13.  N. 

Poltzin,  a  town  of  Prussia  in  Pomerania,  near 
which  are  medicinal  springs  and  baths.  50  ni. 
N.  E.  of  Stargard. 

Polynesia,  a  term  applied  by  modern  geogra- 
phers to  numerous  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
from  the  Lad  rones  to  Easter  Island.  The  prin- 
cipal groups  are  the  Ladrones,  Carolinas,  Pelew, 
Sandwich,  Society,  Friendly  Navigator's,  Har- 
vey, Georgian,  and  the  Marquesas  Islands. 

Pombal,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Estremadura,  16 
m.  N.  E.  of  Leiraand2l  S.  of  Coimbra. 

Pomegue,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediteranean, 
near  the  coast  of  France,  at  the  entrance  into  the 
harbour  of  Marseilles  defended  by  a  tower. 

Pomrrania,  an  extensive  province  of  Prussia, 
ig  the  S.  coast  of  the  Baltic,  and  com- 
pnsiniT  }J|a,rea  of  12,000  square  miles,  with  670, 
4'»*y  iia^iB"'*^-  !••  's  divided  into  the  govern- 
Stettin,  Stralsund  and  Coslin,  and  is 
watered  by  several  rivers,  of  which  the  Oder, 
Peene,  Ucker,  Rega,  Persante  Ihna,  Stolpen,and 
Leho  are  the  most  considerable.  The  air  is  pret- 
ty cold,  but  compensated  by  the  fertility  of  the 
soil,  which  abounds  in  pastures  and  corn,  of 
which  a  great  deal  is  exported.  The  country  is 
flat,  contains  many  lakes,  woods,  and  forests,  and 
has  several  good  harbours.  It  was  formerly  an 
independant  duchy  of  the  German  empire,  and 
was  divided  into  Hither  and  Further  Pomerania. 
The  latter,  and  part  of  Hither  Pomerania,  were 


seized  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  confirmed  to 
him  in  1720  ;  the  remainder  N.  of  the  Scene  was 
ceded  by  the  king  of  Sweden,  at  the  treaty  of 
Kiel  in  1814.  to  the  king  of  Denmark,  in  ex- 
change for  Norway,  but  soon  after  came  to  Prus- 
sia in  exchange  for  Saxe  Lunenburg. 

Pomerelia,  a  district  of  W.  Prussia,  extending 
W.  from  the  river  Vistula  to  the  duchy  of  Pome- 
rania, of  which  it  was  formerly  a  part.  It  is  now 
included  in  the  government  of  Dantzic. 

Pomona,  or  Mainland,  the  largest  of  the  Or.  ney 
Islands,  being  24  miles  long  and  from  t  to  10 
broad  ;  but  intersected  by  numerous  arms  of  the 
sea.  The  general  appearance  of  the  country  \9 
much  the  same  as  the  Mainland  of  Shetland; 
but  the  soil  is  more  fertile,  and  in  some  parts  bet 
ter  cultivated.  Kirkwall  is  the  capital.  See 
Orkneys. 

Pondichcrry,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic. It  was  first  settled  by  the  Fiench  in  1674  ; 
and  previously  to  the  war,  of  1756  was  a  fine  city. 
It  extended  along  the  sea  coast  above  a  mile, 
was  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  breadth,  and  had 
a  citadel  then  the  best  of  its  kind  in  India.  The 
city  has  been  repeatedly  taken  by  the  English, 
particularly  in  1761  (when  it  was  immediately 
razed,  in  retaliation  of  M.  Lally's  conduct  towards 
Fort  St.  David)  and  the  last  time  in  1793.  I« 
was  restored  to  the  French  at  the  general  peace 
85  m.  S.  by  Yf .  of  Madras.  Long.  79.  53.  E., 
lat.  11.42.  N. 

Pondico,  a  small  uninhabited  igland  of  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago,  near  the  coast  of  Negropont. 
Long.  23.  29.  E.,  lat.  39.  9.  N. 

Pondsville,  p. v.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y. 

Povferrada,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  on  the 
river  Sill,  40  m.  S.  W.  of  Leon. 

Pong-hou,  or  Piscadorcs,  a  cluster  of  islands  in 
the  China  sea,  which  lie  about  six  leagues  from 
the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of  Formosa.  They  are 
only  sand-banks  or  rocks;  and  not  a  shrub  is  to 
be  seen  upon  them.  The  harbour  of  Pong-hou, 
the  principal  island,  is  good,  and  was  fortified  by 
the  Dutch,  while  they  were  masters  of  Formosa. 
A  Chinese  garrison  is  kept  here,  with  one  of  the 
mandarins  called  literati,  whose  chief  employ  is 
to  watch  the  trading  vessels  between  China  and 
Formosa.     Long.  121.  25.  E.,  lat.  25,  30.  N. 

Pons,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Charente,  with  a  mineral  spring;  seated  on  a  hill, 
near  the  river  Sevigne,  10  m.  S.  of  Saintes. 

Pons,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Herault, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  in  which  are  fine  marble 
quarries,  24  m.  N.  of  Narbonne.  Long.  2. 47.  E., 
lat.  43.  29.  N. 

Pont  Audemer,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  with  manufactures  of  woolen,  linen,  and 
leather,  and  a  brisk  trade  in  corn,  cattle,  and  ci- 
der; seated  on  the  Rille,  23  m.  W.  S.  V^'.  of  Rouen. 

Pont  a  Morisson,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Meurthe.  It  had  once  a  university,  which  was 
removed  to  Nancy  in  1769.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Moselle,  which  divides  it  into  two  parts,  14  m. 
N.  N.  W.of  Nancy. 

Pont  de  Camare,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Aveiron,  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters,  40  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Rodez. 

Pont  de  Ce,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire,  seated  on  the  Loire,  3  m.  S.  of  Angers. 

Pont  de  l'£rche,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Eure,  seated  on  the  Seine,  18  m.  N. 
of  Evreux. 

Pont  I'Eveque,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
3s2 


roN 


fl06 


POO 


ment  of  Calvados.  It  is  a  trading  place,  seated 
Dii  the  Touque,  4  m.  from  the  sea,  and  40  W.  S. 
W.  of  Rouen.     Long.  0.  10.  E.,  lat.  49.  17.  N. 

Pont  de  Vavx,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  seated  on  the  Resouze,  near  its  con- 
flux with  the  Saone,  8  m.  S.  of  Macon. 

Pont  de  Vesle,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  witli  manufactures  of  stuffs  and 
tapestry  ;  seated  on  the  Vesle, 12   ra.  W.  of  Bourg. 

Pont  Gi.baut,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Puy  de  Dome,  10  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Cler- 
mont. 

PotU  St.  Esprit,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Gard,  on  the  river  Rhone,  over  which 
IS  one  of  the  finest  bridges  in  Europe,  consisting 
of  19  great  and  four  small  archep.  To  facilitate 
the  passage  of  the  water,  in  time  of  floods,  aper- 
tures are  made  through  each  pier,  six  feet  above 
the  common  level  of  the  river;  and,  to  stem  the 
ranidlty  of  the  river,  the  bridge  is  not  built  in  a 
right  line,  but  in  a  curve.  Here  are  manufac- 
tu'res  of  silk,  and  a  good  trade  in  wine,  oil,  and 
fruits.  17  m.  S.  of  Viviers  and  55  N.  E.  of  Mont- 
pelier.     Long.  4.  40.  E.,  lat.  44.  15.  N. 

Pont  St.  Marence,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Seine-ot-Oise,  5  m.  N.  of  Senlis. 

Pont  sur  Seine,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Seine, 
20  m.  N.  W.  of  Troyes  and  55  S.  E.  of  Paris. 

PorU  sur  Yonne,  a  town  of  France  in  the  de- 
partment of  Yonne,  seated  on  the  Yonne,  8  ra.  N. 
W.  of  Sens. 

Ponla  Ddgada,  a  sea-port  of  St.  Michael,  one 
of  the  Azores.  It  is  defended  by  a  citadel,  and 
contains  about  8,000  inhabitants.  Long.  25.  40. 
W.,  lat.  37  45.  N. 

Pontarlier,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Doubs,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a  mountain.  It  is 
5eated  on  the  Doubs,  and  the  frontiers  of  Swit- 
lerland,  22  m.  W.  of  Neufchatel  and  35  S.  E.  of 
Besangon.     Long.  6.  26.  E,  lat.  46.  55.  N. 

Ponte,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Saono  and  Or- 
eo, 19  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Turin. 

Ponte  de  Lima,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre 
Douto  e  Minho,  seated  on  the  Lima,  over  which 
is  a  magnificent  bridge,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Braga. 

Ponte  Stura,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
the  duchy  of  Montferrat.  seated  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Stura  and  Po,  5  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Casal. 

Ponta  Veta,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  (ialicia,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Leris,  29  m.  N.  of  Tay. 

Pontcharbrain,  a  lake  of  Louisiana  30  m.  long 
and  25  broad.  It  lies  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the 
state  and  discharges  its  waters  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  through  Lake  Borgne.  It  receives  the 
waters  of  Lake  Maurcpas  and  is  connected  with 
the  Mississippi  at  New  Orleans  by  a  canal.  The 
lake  is  navigable  for  small  vessels. 

Pimteba  or  Ponte  Imptriule,  a  town  of  the  Aus- 
trian states,  in  Carinthia,  seated  on  the  Fella, 
over  wtiich  it  has  a  bridge  to  Ponteba  Venela,  a 
small  to»«'n  of  the  province  of  Friuli.  It  is  20  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Friuli  and  25  S.  W.  of  Villach.  ^ 

Pontffract,  a  borough  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
It  is  situate  in  a  very  rich  soil,  noted  for  its  gar- 
dens and  nurseries.  Its  castle,  now  in  ruins,  has 
been  the  scrne  of  various  tragical  events  in  the 
English  history,  particularly  the  miirdrr  of 
Richard  II.  22  m.  S.  W.  of  York  and  175  N.  N. 
W    of  London. 

PonteLand,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng., 
on  the  river  Pont,  7  m.  N.  E.  of  Newcastle.  It 
»pp<tn  to  have  been  the  Roman  station  called 


Pons  JKlii ;  and  here,  in  1244,  a  peace  was  con- 
cluded between  Henry  III.  and  the  king  of  Scot- 
land. 

Ponti»n,  p  V  Oakland  Co.  Michigan  of  Huron 
river,  tJowing  into  L.  St.  Clair. 

Pontian  Islands,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in 
the  Mediterranean,  opposite  to  the  coast  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro. 

Pontiana,  a  river  of  Borneo,  which  enters  the 
ocean  by  several  mouths,  at  the  W.  side  of  the 
island,  under  the  equinoctial  line,  where  the 
Dutch  have  a  factory. 

Pontivy,    a    town   of   France,   department    of 
Morbihan.  with  a  linen  manufacture  ;  seated  o, 
the  river  Blavet,  25  m.  N.  of  Vannes. 

Pontoise,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Seine-et 
Oise,  with  a  castle.  The  parliament  of  Paris  was 
transferred  to  this  place  in  1652,  1720,  and  1753. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  Oise,  20  m. 
N.  W.  of  Paris.     Long.  2.  6.  E.,  lat.  49.  3.  N. 

Pontorson,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Manche,  on  the  Coesnon,  with  a  tide  harbour, 
10  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Avranches. 

Pontrrmoli,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  strong 
castle ;  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Apennines,  on 
the  river  Maora,  40  m.  S.  W.  of  Parma.  Long, 
9.  40.  E.,  lat.  44.  25.  N. 

Ponirievx,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  on  the  river  Trieux,  10  m.  N.  W. 
of  St.  Brieux. 

Pontypool,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng, 
with  extensive  iron  works,  and  a  manufacture  of 
japanned  ware.  It  is)  seated  between  two  hills, 
on  the  river  Avon,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Monmouth 
and  148  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Ponza,  one  of  the  Pontian  Islands,  in  the  Medit- 
erranean, containing  a  town,  harbour,  and  con- 
siderable salt  works.  It  was  taken  by  the  British 
in  1813.     Long.  13. 10.  E.,  lat.  40.  53.  N. 

Ponzone,  a  town  of  the  Sardian  slates,  in  the 
duchy  of  Montferrat,  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Genoa.    , 

Poole,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in  Dorsetshire, 
Eng.  It  is  a  county  of  itself,  and  situate  on  a 
peninsula  projecting  into  a  capacious  bay.  The 
principal  branch  of  business  here  is  the  New- 
foundland fishery.  It  has  also  a  large  importa- 
tion of  deals  from  Norway,  a  gen'.;ral  commerce 
with  America  and  various  parts  of  Europe,  and  a 
fine  coasting  trade,  particularly  in  corn  and  coal. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  is  an  oyster  bank, 
from  which  vast  quantities  are  carried  to  be  fat- 
tened in  the  creeks  of  Essex  and  the  Thames. 
Poole  is  40  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Winchester  and  105 
N.  by  S.  of  London.  Long.  1  59.  W.,  lat.  50. 
43.  N. 

Pooloroon,  or  Po^eron,  one  of  the  Banda  Isl- 
ands, 100  m.  S.  E.  of  Amboyna.  Long.  130.  0. 
E.,  lat.  4.  20.  S. 

Poolotroy,  one  of  the  Banda  Islands,  on  which 
the  Dutch  have  a  regular  pentagon,  ca 
R<»venge. 

Paol'in'Ur,,  p.  V.  Montgomery  Co.  Marj 

N.  W.  Washington  ;  p. v.  Spartanburg        

Poena.,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  the  modern  capi- 
tal of  the  Mahratta  empire.     At  the  bottom   of 
Parvate  Hill,  in  the  vicinity,  is  a  large  square  fieldj,    ' 
enclosed  with  high  brick  walls,  where  the  Peishnrti^ 
used  to  assemble  the  Brahmins,  to  whom  he  gav(r 
alms  at  the  great  feast,  when  the  rainy  season  ter 
minated.     The  view  from  this  hill  commands  the 
town  with    all  its  gardens  and    plantations,  the 
cantonments,   and  the    British  residency  at    the 
Sungum.     The  town  is  entirely  defenceless,  the 
streets  long  and  narrow,  and  the  houses  very  ir- 


POP 


eo7 


POR 


regularly  built.  The  more  respectable  dwellings 
are  raised  with  large  blocks  of  granite  to  the 
height  of  abo<it  14  feet,  after  which  the  super- 
structure is  composed  of  timber  frames,  with 
slight  brick  walls  ;  those  of  the  common  people 
are  only  one  story  high,  with  tiled  roofs.  The 
palace  is  surrounded  by  high  and  thick  brick 
walls,  with  round  towers  at  the  angles,  and  has 
only  one  entrance.  The  affairs  of  government 
are  under  the  direction  of  the  British  resident. 
100  m.  S.  E.  of  Bombay.  Long.  73.  55.  E.,  lat. 
lb.  30.  N. 

PooTunder,  a  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in  Beja- 
pore,  where  tiie  archives  of  Poona  are  kept ;  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  18  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Poona. 

Poote,  a  town  of  France,  department  Of  May- 
cnne,  6  m.  W.  S    W.  of  Alengon. 

Popa  Miuire,  a  tosvn  of  Terra  Firma,  with  a 
convent  and  chapel  of  the  virgin,  to  which  the 
Spaniards  in  those  parts  go  in  pilgrimage,  espe- 
cially those  who  have  been  at  sea.  It  is  seated 
on  a  high  mountain,  50  m.  E.  of  Carthagena. 
Long.  74.  32.  W..  lat.  10. 15.  N. 

Popacton,  p. v.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 

Popayan,  a  province  in  the  W.  part  of  New 
Granada.  A  chain  of  barren  mountains  runs 
tlirough  the  country  from  N.  to  S.,  and  the  soil 
near  the  sea  is  flat,  marshy,  and  often  flooded  by 
the  rains. 

Popayan,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
and  the  most  ancient  city  erected  by  Europeans 
in  this  part  of  America.  It  contains  a  cathedral, 
several  churches  and  convents,  and  two  nunneries. 
The  trade  is  considerable,  and  the  inhabitants  are 
estimated  at  25,000,  chiefly  rnulattoes.  It  stands 
in  a  large  plain,  200  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Santa  Fe  and 
i40  N.  E.  of  Quito.  Long.  75.  55.  W.,  lat.  2 
35.  N. 

Pope,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  3,323.  Gol- 
conda  is  the  capital. 

Popedom,  or  Ecclesiastical  States,  a  country  of 
Italy,  bounded  N.  by  the  Po,  which  separates  it 
from  the  Austrian  states,  E.  by  the  Adriatic,  S. 
by  Naples,  and  W.  by  Tuscany.  It  is  120  m 
long  and  from  80  to  100  broad,  divided  into  the 
delegations  of  Bologna,  Ferrara,  Forli,  Ravenna, 
Urbino  and  Pesaro,  Ancona,  Fermo,  Pontecorvo, 
Macerata,  Perugio,  Spoleto,  Viterbo,  Ascoli,  Ben- 
evento,  Camerino,  Civita  Vecchia,  and  Rieti. 
The  papal  government  is  a  bar  to  industry,  and 
ill  calculated  to  promote  the  happiness  of  its  sub- 
jects ;  the  country  is  consequently  badly  culti- 
vated and  thinly  inhabited.  Trade  and  manufac- 
tures are  but  little  encouraged  ;  and  were  it  not 
for  dates,  figs,  almonds,  olives,  and  other  fruits, 
which  grow  spontaneously,  the  indolence  of  the 
inhabitants  is  such  that  they  would  be  absolutely 
starved.  The  pope,  according  to  the  ancient 
canon  law,  is  the  supreme,  universal,  and  inde- 
pendent head  of  the  church,  and  is  invested  with 
sovereignty  over  all  Christian  sovereigns,  com- 
munities, and  individuals.  He  has  the  titles  of 
holy  father  and  holiness,  and  is  elected  at  every 
vacancy  from  among  the  cardinals,  each  of  whom 
is  styled  his  eminence.  Their  number  was  fixed 
by  Slxtus  V.  at  70.  in  allusion  to  the  number  of 
the  disciples  sent  out  by  Christ  to  teach  the  world 
—an  allusion  without  any  remarkable  propriety ,as 
no  two  classes  of  people  could  be  more  unlike. 
The  annual  revenue  of  the  pone,  which  formerly 
amounted  to  upwards  of  £2,000,000  sterling,  is 
now  reduced  to  about  £600,000,  including  the 
exactions  in  foreign  countries.  His  military  force 
ia   inconsiderable ;  his  naval  force  consists  of  a 


few  galleys,  stationed  at  Civita  Vecchia.  In  1798 
this  state  was  taken  possession  of  by  the  French, 
who  overturned  its  ancient  government,  and  erect- 
ed it  into  a  republic,  styled  the  Roman  republic, 
under  the  direction  of  five  consuls.  They  otli- 
ged  the  pope,  Pius  VI.,  to  remove  from  Rome, 
first  into  Tuscany,  and  afterwards  into  'France, 
where  he  died  at  Valence,  August  19th,  17!)9.  Ia 
December  following,  a  conclave  was  held  at  Ve- 
nice, and  on  March  13th,  IdOO,  cardinal  Chiaro- 
monti  was  elected  to  the  papal  chair,  under  the 
title  of  Pius  VII.,  and  assumed  the  sovereignty. 
A  concordat  was  concluded  for  France  in  Tb(>8, 
and  in  1804,  Napoleon  was  crowned  by  the  pope  ; 
but  in  1807  the  emperor  became  imperious,  whi.'« 
the  pope  maintained  a  strong  feeling  of  indepen- 
dence. Measures  of  violence  vere  resorted  to; 
Rome  was  occupied  by  French  troops ;  the  pope 
was  removed  into  France,  and  his  states  trans- 
formed into  a  kingdom,  ander  Napoleon's  son 
He  continued  a  kind  of  prisoner  till  the  allies  had 
invaded  France  in  1814,  when  he  was  restored  to 
most  of  his  former  prerogatives.  He  died  in  1823, 
and  was  succeeded  by  cardinal  Annibal  della 
Genga,  under  the  title  of  Leo  XII.,  on  whose 
death,  in  1826,  cardinal  Francesco  Soverio  Castig- 
lioni  (the  present  pontiflf)  was  elected  to  the  papal 
chair  and  took  the  title  of  Pius  VIII.  Rome  is 
the  capital. 

Poperinghe,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W. 
Flanders,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  6  m.  W. 
of  Ypres. 

Poplar  Grove,  p. v.  Dinwiddle  Co.  Va.  Newbury 
Dis.  S.  C. 

Poplar  Plains,  p.v.  Fleming  Co.  Ken. 

Poplar  Ridge,  p.v.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Poplar  Springs,  p.v.  Arundel  Co.  Md. 

Poplartown,  p.v.  Worcester  Co.  Md. 

Popo,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  Slave  coast 
The  inhabitants  have  scarcely  any  houses,  except 
the  king's  village,  which  is  in  an  island  in  the 
midst  of  a  river.     Long.  2.  33.  E.,  lat.  6.   18.  N. 

Popocatepeti,  on  the  Smoking  mountain,  a  volca- 
no 45  m.  S.  E.  in  sight  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
27,716  feet  above  the  sea. 

Pora,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Sumatra,  54  m.  long,  and  from  9.  to  13 
broad.     Long.  98.  30.  E.,  lat.  1.  10.  S. 

PorcaA,  a  sea- port  of  Hindoostan,  in  Travan- 
core,  taken  by  the  English  in  1795.  It  is  popu- 
lous, and  carries  on  a  considerable  trade.  85  m. 
N.  W.  of  Travancore.  Long.  76. 20.  E.,  lat.  9. 
15.  N. 

Porchester,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  4  m. 
N.  of  Portsmouth,  at  the  upper  end  of  the  har- 
bour, between  Fareham  and  Fortsea  Island.  It 
has  an  ancient  castle  which  served,  during  the 
last  war,  for  the  reception  of  prisoners  of  war, 
and  ordnance  stores. 

Porco,  town  of  Buenos  Ayres,  capital  of  a 
province  which  commences  on  the  W.  side  of 
Potosi,  from  which  it  extends  60  ra.  It  has  its 
name  from  a  mountain,  in  which  is  a  rich  silver 
mine,  the  first  worked  by  the  Spaniards  after 
their  conquest  of  the  country.  25  m.  W,  S.  W. 
of  Potosi.     Long.  67.  20.  W.,  lat.  19.  40.  S. 

Porcuna,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on 
the  Salado,  22  m.  N.  W.  of  Jaen. 

Porentrui,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  canton  of 
Bern,  seated  on  the  Hallan,  neai  Mount  Jura, 
24  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Basel.  Long  7.  10.  E.  lat 
47.  27.  N. 

Porlock,  a  town  in  Somersetshire  Eng.  with  a 
trade  in  coal  and  lime.    It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of 


POR 


608 


POR 


the  Bristol  Channel,  surrounded  by   hills,   7  m. 
W.  of  Minehead  and  170  W.  of  London. 

Porrogong.     Sec  Paro. 

PoJselou,  a  rich  and  commercial  town  of  the 
kingdom  of  Siam.  It  is  surrounded  with  14  bas- 
tion's, and  situate  on  a  large  river,  300  m.  N.  of 
its  mouth  in  the  gulf  of  Siam  Long.  100.  2.  E., 
lat.  17.  48.  N. 

Port  au  Prince,  a  sea-port  of  St.  Domingo, 
eeated  on  a  bay  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island,  with 
considerable  trade.  It  was  nearly  burnt  down  in 
1791,  by  the  revolting  negroes,  and  was  talien  by 
the  English  and  royalists  in  1794.  Long.  72.  10. 
W.,  lat.  18.  40.  N. 

Port  Baltic.    See  RogerwicL 

Port  Byron,  p.v.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Port  Conway,  p.v.  King  George  Co.  Va. 

Port  Dalrymplc,  a  harbour  on  the  N.  coast  of 
Van  Dienien's  Land,  where  a  British  settlement, 
dependent  on  the  colony  of  Port  Jackson,  was  es- 
tablished in  1804.     Launceston  is  the  capital. 

Port  Desire,  a  harbour  on  the  E.  coast  of  Pata- 
gonia, where  ships  sometimes  touch  in  their  pas- 
sage to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Long.  67.  56.  W., 
lat.  47.  50.  S. 

Port  Dessieux,  p.v.  St.  Charles  Co.  Missouri. 

Port  Deposit,  p.v.  Cecil  Co.  Md.  on  the  Susque- 
hanna ;  a  canal  10  m.  in  length,  here  passes  along 
the  river. 

P(rrt  Discovery,  a  harbour  on  the  W.  coast  of 
N.  America,  in  tlie  gulf  of  Georgia.  Long.  237. 
20.  E.,  lat.  48.  7.  N. 

Port  Egmont,  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the 
world,  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Folkland  Island, 
discovered  by  commodore  Byron  in  1765.  The 
whole  navy  of  England  might  ride  here  in  per- 
fect security  from  all  winds  ;  and  every  thing  for 
the  refreshment  of  ships  is  to  be  obtained  in 
abundance.     Long.  55.  0.  W.,  lat,  51.  27.  S. 

Port  Elizabeth,  p.v.  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J. 

Port  Francais,  a  harbour  on  the  W.  coast  of 
N.  America,  discovered  by  Perouse  in  1786.  It 
n  of  a  circular  form,  not  to  be  fathomed  in  the 
middle,  and  bordered  by  peaked  mountains,  of  an 
excessive  height,  covered  with  snow.  The  na- 
tives on  this  coast  are  described  as  the  most 
complete  thieves,  possessed  of  an  activity  and 
obstinacy  capable  of  executing  the  most  difficult 
projects.  Peltry  is  abundant,  particularly  that 
of  the  eea-otter.  In  this  harbour  is  a  small  island. 
Long.  137.  30.  W.,  lat.  58.  37.  N. 

Port  GiJison,  p.v.  Claiborne  Co.  Mississippi 45 
m.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

Port  Genesee,  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Genesee  ;  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  it  is  a  port  of 
entry  with  a   custom  house. 

Port   Glasgow,  p.v.  Severn  Co.  N.  Y. 

Port  Glasgow,  a  town  of  Scotland,  inRenfrew- 
Bhire,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Clyde,  erected  in 
1710  to  serve  as  the  port  of  the  city  of  Glasgow, 
whose  magistrates  appoint  a  bailiff  for  its  govern- 
ment. The  harbour  is  excellent,  and  there  are  ex- 
tensive warehouses  on  the  quay,  belonging  to 
the  Glasgow  merchants.  Contiguous  to  the  town, 
and  near  the  shore,  stands  the  castle  of  Newark, 
a  strong  fortified  edifice.  It  is  4  m.  E.  of  Green- 
ock and  20  \V.  by  N.  of  Glasgow. 

Port  Jackson,  a  bay  and  harbour  on  the  coast  of 
New  S.  Wales,  13  m.  N.  of  Botany  Bay.  The 
capes  that  form  its  entrance  are  high,  rugged,  and 
perpendicular  cliffs  ;  and  the  harbour  is  one  of  the 
noblest  in  the  world,  extending  14  m.  in  length 
with  numerous  creeks  or  coves.  The  name  of  Port 
Jackson  was  given  to  it  by   captain  Cook,   who 


observed  it  in  sailing  along  the  coast.     See  5y<f- 
ney. 

Port,  Jervis,  a  village  on  the  Delaware  in  Or- 
ange Co.  N.  Y.  at  a  point  where  the  states  of 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  join.  A 
canal  extends  from  this  place  to  the  Hudson  in 
one  direction  and  to  the  coal  region  in  Pensylva- 
nia,  on  the  other,  it  is  108  m.  in  length. 

Port  Kent,  p.v.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y. 

Port  Louis  a  strong  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Morbihan,  with  a  citadel  and  a  good 
harbour.  It  stands  on  the  extremity  of  a  penin- 
sula, at  the  mouth  of  the  Biavet,  27  m  W.  of 
Vannes.     Long.  3  18.  W.,  lat.  47.  40.  N. 

Poplin,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  Pop. 
829,91. 

Port  Louis,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Mauri- 
tius, or  Isle  of  France,  situate  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  island  in  a  low  and  flat  valley,  surrounded  by 
mountains.  In  1817  it  was  almost  entirely  burnt 
down,  but  has  since  been  rebuilt.  It  was  long  the 
chief  settlement  of  the  French  in  this  part  of  the 
world,  but  now  belongs  to  the  British.  Long. 
57.  32.  E.,  lat.  20.  10.  N. 

Port  Mahon,  a  sea-port  and  chief  place  of  a  dis- 
trict of  the  island  of  Minorca,  with  an  excellent  har- 
bour. It  is  built  chiefly  on  lofty  rocks.  The 
houses  are  in  general  good,  and  are  all  provided 
with  cisterns,  and  many  with  terraces.  The 
Place  D'Armes  is  large  and  handsome  ;  on  one 
side  are  barracks  capable  of  containing  1,200  men 
The  only  public  walk  is  the  Alameda,  which  is 
merely  an  alley  of  trees.  On  one  side  of  the  har- 
bour is  a  dock-yard,  and  on  the  other  a  natural 
mole.     Long.  4.  5.  E.,  lat.  36.  17.  N. 

Port  Paix,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  St.  Do- 
minffo,  with  a  good  harbour,  opposite  the  island 
of  Tortue.     Long.  73.  2.  W.,  lat.  19.  58.  N. 

Port  Patrick,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  inWigton- 
shire,  confined  by  the  sea  on  one  side,  and  on  the 
other  by  overhanging  rocks  and  hills.  It  is  near- 
ly opposite  Donaghadee,  in  Ireland,  from  wliich 
it  is  20  m.  distant;  and  packet  boats  sail  hence 
for  that  place  every  day.  The  harbour  is  good, 
and  has  one  of  the  finest  quays  in  Great  Britain, 
with  a  reflecting  light-house.  It  is  28  m.  W.  of 
Wigton  and  107  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Long.  5. 
3.  W.,  lat.  54.  58.  N. 

Port  Penn,  a  vilhge  of  Newcastle  Co.  Del.  on 
the  Delaware,  opposite  Reedy  Island.  8  m.  S.  of 
Newcastle. 

Port  Republic,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  Va.  131  m 
N.  W.  Richmond. 

Port  Roseway.     See  Shelburne. 

Port  Royal,  a  sea-port  of  Jamaica,  once  a  con- 
siderable town,  abounding  in  riches  and  trade. 
In  1692  it  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  in 
1702  by  a  fire,  in  1722  by  an  inundation  of  the  sea, 
and  in  1744  by  a  hurricane.  After  these  extraor- 
dinary calamities,  the  custom-house  and  public 
offices  were  removed,  and  no  market  sufft'red  to 
be  held  here  in  future.  It  now  consists  of  about 
200  houses,  built  on  a  neck  of  land  which  juts 
out  several  miles  into  the  sea,  and  is  guarded  by 
a  strong  fort.  The  harbour  is  deep,  and  1,000 
ships  may  ride  in  it,  secure  from  every  wind.  It 
is  six  miles,  cross  the  bay,  S.  S.  W.  of  Kingston, 
Long.  76.45.  W.,lat.  18.0.  N. 

Port  Royal,  p.t.  Caroline  Co.  Va.  on  the  Rap- 
pahannoc  30  m.  below  Fredericksburg;  p.v. 
Maryland  Co.  Ind ;  p.v.  Montgomery  Co 
Ten. 

Port  Royal,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  S.  Carolina, 
separated  from  the  neighbouring  continent  by  an 


FOR 


«BP 


POR 


*  arm  of  the  sea,  called  Broad  River,  which  forms 
the  most  commodious  harbour  in  the  state,  at  the 

.,•        town  of  Beaufort. 

'  Port  St.  Anne.     See  Killougk. 

*  Port  St.  Jwian,  a  harbour  on  the  E.  coast  of  Pat- 
agonia, where  ships  bound  for  the  Pacific  usually 
touch.     Long.  68.  44.  W.,  lat.  49.  10.  S. 

Port  St.  Mary,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Auda- 
lusia,  on  the  bay  of  Cadiz.  The  principal  trade  is 
in  salt.     The  English  made  a  descent  here  in  1702, 

*  with  a  design  to  besiege  Cadiz,  but  without  suc- 
cess.    10  m.  N.  E.  of  Cadiz. 

•  P(rrt  sur  Saone,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Upper  Saone,  on  the  river  Saone,  8  m.  N.  W. 
of  Vesoul. 

Port  Tobacco,  p.t.  Charles  Co.  Maryland,  near 
the  mouth  of  a  small  stream  running  into  the  Po- 
tomac, 34  m.  S.  W.ashington. 
•  Port  Vendre,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 

I"  Eastern  Pyrenees,  with  a  small  harbour  on  the 

Mediterranean,  defended  by  two  forts.     It  is  25 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Perpignan. 

Port  IVilliam,  p. v.  Gallatin  Co.  Ken.  44  m.  N. 
W .  Frankfort. 

Portailown,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Armagh,  with  a  linen  manufacture  ;  situate  on 
the  river  Bann,  16  m.  N.  of  Newry. 

Portage,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop,  18,827. 
Ravenna  is  the  capital. 

Portage,  a  towship  in  Portage  and  Sandusky 
Co.  Ohio. 

Portalegre,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
emtejo,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  a  manufacture 
of  woollen  cloth,  and  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  high 
mountain,  30  m.  N.  of  Elvas. 

Portarlington,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  partly  in 
Kinor's  and  partly  in  Queen's  county  ;  seated  on 
the  Barrow,  31  m.  N.  of  Kilkenny  and  36  S.  W. 
of  Dublin. 

Porter,  a  township  of  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
811.  A  township  of  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,890;  p.t.  Scioto  Co.  Ohio. 

Portici,  a  village  4  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  the  city  of 
Naples,  on  part  of  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hercu- 
laneum,  near  Mount  Vesuvius.  Here  is  a  palace 
of  the  king  of  Naples,  enriched  with  a  vast  number 
of  fine  statues,  and  other  remains  of  antiquity, 
taken  out  of  the  ruins  of  Herculaneum. 

Portland,  a  peninsula  in  Dorsetshire  Eng.  con- 
nected with  the  mainland  by  a  ridge  of  pebbles, 
called  the  Chesil  Bank,  e.xtending  above  7  m.  up 
the  S.  W.  coast.  Between  this  bank  and  the 
mainland  is  a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea  called  the 
Fleet.  Portland  Isle  is  4  m.  long  and  2  broad, 
surrounded  by  inaccessible  rocks,  except  at  the 
landing  place,  at  the  N.  W.  end,  where  there  is  a 
strong  castle,  called  Portland  Castle,  built  by 
Henry  VIII.  The  peninsula  is  noted  for  its  free- 
stone, which  is  used  for  building  the  finest  struc- 
tures, and  about  9,000  tons  of  it  are  annually  ex- 
.  ported,  it  lies  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  Weymouth 
bav,  and  on  its  S.  extremity,  called  Portland  Point, 
two  liorht-houses  have  been  erected.  Long.  2.  27. 
W.,  kt.  50.  31.  N. 

Portland,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  the  largest 
town  in  the  state,  and  till  lately  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment. It  has  a  good  harbour  on  Casco  Bay 
and  a  large  coasting  trade,  with  considerable  for- 
eign commerce.  It  has  many  handsome  build- 
ings, among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  custom 
house  and  the  mariners  church.  The  town  is 
generally  well  built.  The  shipping  of  the  port 
in  1328  amounted  to  56,949  tons.  On  the  N.  E. 
side  of  the  town  stands  an  observatory,  70  feet  in 
77 


height,  and  the  entrance  to  the  harbour  is  defended 
by  several  forts.  Pop.  12,001 .  Lat.  43.  39.  N. 
Ion.  70.  19.  W. 

Portlund,  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
Ontario  with  a  harbour.  Pop.  1,771.  The  light 
house  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbour  is  a  great  cu- 
riosity •  it  is  lighted  with  natural  gas,  arising 
from  a  spring  in  the  neighbourhood. 

Portland,  a  township  in  Huron  Co.  Ohio  p.v. 
Dallas  Co.  Alab. 

Portland  Islands,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  in 
the  S.  Pacific.  They  are  low  and  covered  with 
wood ;  and  the  centre  one  is  in  Long.  149.  8.  E., 
lat  2.  38.  S. 

Porto,  a  small  sea-port  of  the  papal  states,  in 
the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter.  It  is  the  see  of  a 
bishop  (who  is  generally  a  cardinal),  dependent 
only  on  the  pope,  and  is  seated  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Tiber,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Rome. 

Porto  Bella,  a  sea-port  of  Terra  Firma,  on  the 
N.  coast  of  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  nearly  opposite 
Panama  on  the  S.  coast.  It  is  a  very  unhealthy 
place;  and  the  country  around  it  swarms  with 
toads  and  other  reptiles  in  the  rainy  season.  Be- 
fore the  abolition  of  the  trade  by  the  galleons,  in 
1748,  and  the  introduction  of  register  ships,  this 
place  was  the  great  mart  for  the  rich  commerce 
of  Peru  and  Chile.  The  town  stands  close  to  the 
sea,  on  the  side  of  a  mountain  that  surrounds  the 
harbour,  which  is  safe  and  commodious.  It  was 
taken  in  1742  by  admiral  Vernon,  who  demol- 
ished the  fortifications ;  but  it  has  since  been 
strongly  fortified.  It  is  60  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Pana- 
ma and  300  W.  of  Carthagena.  Long.  79.  50. 
W.,  lat.  9.  33.  N. 

Porto  CaieZ/o,  a  sea- port  of  Venezuela,  S.  Amer- 
ica, with  a  good  harbour,  defended  by  forts.  It 
is  a  flourishing  place,  containing  a  population  of 
8,000,  and  is  the  centre  of  the  navigation  and 
commerce  of  Venezuela.  70  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Ja- 
go  de  Leon.     Long.  67.  32.  E.,  lat.  10.  31.  N. 

Porto  Farino,  a  sea-port  of  the  kingdom  of  Tu- 
nis.    Long.  10.  16.  E  ,  lat.  37.  12.  N. 

Porto  Ferrajo,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Elba, 
with  a  good  harbour,  capable  of  containing  the 
largest  fleets.  This  town  is  celebrated  as  having 
been  the  residence  of  Napoleon  from  May  4, 1814, 
to  February  26,  1815,  when  he  sailed  on  his  final 
expedition  to  France.  Its  position  is  central  in 
the  Mediterranean  ;  and  it  perfectly  commands 
the  coast  of  Italy.  It  is  a  very  pretty  town,  built 
on  a  shelving  rock,  that  closes  in  a  circular  bay, 
about  2  m.  deep  and  as  many  in  breadth.  The 
land  all  round  is  high  and  woody,  and  the  entrance 
to  the  bay  is  easy  of  approach.  The  streets 
and  fortifications  rise  one  above  another,  like 
rows  of  seats  in  an  ancient  amphitheatre,  and 
present  a  most  beautiful  spectacle  to  those  who 
approach  by  water.  A  commodious  quay  com- 
municates, by  means  of  large  flights  of  steps, 
with  all  the  streets.  Porto  Ferrajo  was  built  and 
fortified  by  Cosmo  I.  duke  of  Florence  in  1548  ; 
but  the  fortifications  were  not  finished  till  1628, 
when  Cosmo  II.  completed  them  with  a  magnifi- 
cence equal  to  that  displayed  by  the  old  Romans 
in  their  public  undertakings ;  and  it  is  now  deem- 
ed impregnable.  The  gates  are  decorated  with 
sculpture,  and  the  rings  for  fastening  cables  to 
arc  of  carved  bronze.  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Piombino, 
on  the  coast  of  Italy.  Long.  12. 17.  E.,  lat.  42, 
53.  N. 

Porto  Fino,  a  small  sea-port  on  the  coast  of 
Genoa,  with  a  fort,  situate  between  two  moun« 
tains,  13  m.  S.  E.  of  Genoa 


POR 


CIO 


roA 


'  Porto  Galete,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated 
in  a  small  bay,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Bilbao. 

Porto  Greco,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Capitan 
ata,  near  the  gulf  of  Venice,  16  m.  N.  W.of  Man- 
fredonia. 

Porto  Gruaro,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in 
Friuli,  seated  on  the  Lema,  20  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Palnia  Nova. 

Porto  Lon^ont,  a  sea-port  on  the  S.  E.  side  of 
tlie  Isle  of  Elba,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  a  for- 
tress upon  a  rock,  almost  inaccessible.  It  is  4  m. 
S.  E.  of  Porto  Ferrajo  and  35  N.  W.  of  Orbitello, 
on  the  coast  of  Italy.  Long.  10.  20.  E.,  lat.  42. 
50.  N. 

Porto  Marin,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  48 
m.  E.  of  Coniposlella. 

Porto  Praija.  a  town  and  bay  of  St.  Jago,  one 
of  the  Cape  de  Verde  islands.  The  town  stands 
on  an  elevated  plain,  and  is  the  residence  of  the 
Portuguese  governor  of  the  islands.  Long.  23. 
29.  W".  lat.  14.  54.  N. 

Porto  del  Priruipe,  a  sea-port  on  the  N.  coast 
of  Cuba,  with  a  good  harbour.  Near  it  are  sev- 
eral sprino-s  of  bitumen.  Long.  78.  15.  W.,  lat. 
21.  52  N. 

Porto  Real,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  bay  of  Cadiz.7  m.  E.  of  Cadiz. 

Porto  Rico,  an  island  of  the  VV.  Lidies,  60  m. 
E.  of  St.  Domingo,  belonging  to  the  Spaniards. 
It  is  120  m.  long  and  40  broad,  diversified  with 
woods,  valleys,  and  plains,  and  watered  by  springs 
and  rivers,  but  unhealthy  in  the  rainy  season.  It 
produces  sugar,  rum,  ginger,  cotton,  maize,  and 
rice ;  and  there  are  so  many  cattle  that  they  are 
often  killed  for  the  sake  of  tlie  skins  alone.  St. 
Juan  de  Porto  Rico  is  the  capital. 

Porto  Saiito,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic,  the  least 
of  the  Madeiras,  15  m.  in  circumference.  In  1518 
a  Portuguese  ship,  coasting  along  the  African 
shore,  was  driven  out  to  sea  by  a  sudden  squall, 
and,  when  they  all  expected  to  perish,  they  dis- 
covered this  island,  which,  on  account  of  their 
escape,  they  named  Porto  Santo;  and  hence  they 
descried  the  island  of  Madeira.  It  produces  little 
corn  ;  but  there  are  oxen  and  wild  hogs,  and  a 
vast  number  of  rabbits.  Its  most  valuable  pro- 
ductions are  dragons'  blood,  honey,  and  wax.  It 
has  no  harbour,  but  good  anchorage  in  the  road. 
Long.  16.  25.  W.,  lat.  32.  58.  N. 

Porto  Se^ro,  a  fertile  jn-ovince  of  Brazil,  S.  of 
that  of  Ilheos  and  N.  of  Spiritu  Santo.  The  cap- 
ital, of  the  same  name,  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a 
rock,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  that  flows  into  the 
Atlantic.     Long.  40.  0.  W..  lat.  16.  20  S. 

Port  Vecchio,  a  sea-port  of  Corsica,  seated  on 
a  l)av  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island,  38  m.  S. 
E.  of  Ajaccio.  Long.  9.  10.  E.,  lat.  41.  40.  N. 

Porto  Veiicro,  a  sea-port  on  the  coast  of  Genoa, 
at  the  entrance  of  the-  gulf  of  Spezzia.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill, 
at  the  top  of  which  is  a  fort,  5  m.  S.  of  Spezzia. 
Long.  9.  38.  E.,  lat.  44.  5.  N. 


I'tBe 


At  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  it,  is  situate  uie  town 
of  Portsmouth. 

Portsmouth,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in  Hamp- 
shire, Eng.  It  is  the  most  considerable  haven  for 
men  of  war,  and  the  most  strongly  fortified  place 
in  England.  Its  capacious  harbour  is  made  by  a 
bay  running  up  between  the  island  of  Portsea,  on 
which  the  town  is  situate,  and  the  opposite  pen- 
insula, having  a  narrow  entrance  commanded  by 
the  town  and  forts.  Many  of  the  largest  ships 
are  always  laid  up  here  :  and  in  time  of  war,  it 
is  the  principal  rendezvous  of  the  grand  channel 
fleet.  The  docks,  arsenals,  storehouses,  barracks, 
«fec.,are  all  of  capital  magnitude,  and  kept  in  tlie 
most  perfect  order.  To  the  S  of  the  town  is  llie 
noted  road  ofSpithead,  where  the  men  of  war  an- 
chor when  prepared  for  actual  service.  Poitsmcutli 
has  one  spacious  church,  and  contains  7,269  in- 
habitants. Portsea,  built  on  what  was  formerly 
called  Portsmouth  Common,  is  now  become 
much  larger  than  the  parent  town,  containing  a 
population  of  34,785.  72  rn.  S  .  W.  London  Long. 
1.  6.  W.,  lat.  50.  47.  N. 

Portsmouth,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Piscataqua  with  an  e.xcellent  har. 
hour.  It  is  the  only  sea-port  in  the  state,  and  has 
considerable  commerce.  Here  is  a  navy  yard  of 
the  United  States.  The  town  has  7  churches, 
a  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Branch  bank,2  insurance  offi- 
ces, and  an  athenaeum.  Two  bridges  cross  the  riv- 
er to  Kitterv  in  Maine.  In  December  1813  a  fire 
destroyed  397  buildings  here.  It  is  24  m.  N.  N. 
E.  Newburyport,  56.  m.  N.  by  E.  Boston  and  54 
S-  S.  W.  Portland.  Pop.  8,032.  Lat.  43.  5.  N. 
Lon.  70.  45.  W^. 

Portsmouth,  p.t.  Newport  Co.  R.  I.  on  the  N. 
end  of  Rhode  Island.  Pop.  1,727;  p.v.  Norfolk 
Co.  Va.  on  Elizabeth  river  opposite  Norfolk  ,  p.v. 
Scioto  Co.  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto  near  its  junction 
with  the  Ohio.  90  m.  S.  Cumberland.  Pop.  1,063. 
The  Ohio  canal,  which  see,  leaves  the  river  at 
this  place  ;  p.t.  Carteret  Co.  N.  C.  near  Ocra 
cokelnlet. 

Porteoy,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  in  Banffshire, 
with  manufactures  of  fine  linen  and  sewing 
thread.  The  vicinity  is  celebrated  for  its  miner- 
als, especially  for  a  fine  vein  of  serpentine,  call- 
ed Portsoy  marble  ;  a  species  of  asbestos,  of  a 
greenish  color,  which  has  been  wrought  into  in- 
combustible cloth  ;  and  a  brilliant  kind  of  granite 
of  a  flesh  color.  Portsoy  stands  on  a  point  of 
land  projecting  into  Murray  Frith,  9  m.  W.  Banff. 

Portsvillt,  p.v.  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y. 

Portugal,  the  most  western  country  on  the  con 
tinent  of  Europe,  bounded  on  the  \V.  and  S.  by 
the  Atlantic,  Ocean,  and  E.  and  N.  by  Spain.  It 
extends  from  36.  56.  to  42.  20.  N.  lat.",  and  from 
6.  25.  to  9.  30.  W.  long.,  and  is  divided  into  the 
provinces  of  Entre  Douro-e-Minho,  Tras  os  Mon- 
tes,  Beira,  Estremadura,  Alemtejo.  and  Algarve. 
It  contains  36,510  sq.  m.  and  a  pop.  of  3,782,550. 
Though   Spain  and    Portugal    are    in    the    same 


Portree,  &  town  of  Scotland,  on  the  E.  side  of    climate,  yet  the  air   of  the  latter  is    much    more 


the  Isle  of  Skye,  one  of  the  Hebrides.  The 
habitants  trade  chiefly  in  black  cattle,  sheep,  and 
kelp.  It  has  an  excellent  harbour,  sheltered  at 
Its  mouth  bv  the  Isle  of  Raaza.  Long.  6.  16.  V^., 
lat.  57.  33.  N. 

Portsea,  an  island  between  Chichester  Bay  and 
the  harbour  of  Portsmouth,  in  Hampshire,  Eng. 
It  is  alow  tract,  about  14  m.  in  circumference,sep- 
arated  from  the  mainland  on  the  N.  b}'  a  creek, 
over  which  are  two  bridges,  one  for  the  entrance 
and  the  other  for  the  departure  of  passengers. 


te.^•perate  than  that  of  the  former,  on  account  of 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  sea.  Agriculture  is  in 
a  very  backward  state ;  the  implements  of  indus- 
try are  of  the  rudest  construction,  and  very  little 
corn  is  raised.  Indian  corn,  imported  from  Af- 
rica, is  used  by  the  peasants  instead  of  wheat. 
Lemons  flourish  here  in  great  abundance.  This 
fruit  was  introduced  into  the  country  from  the 
east  by  the  Arabs.  Olives,  vineyards,  oranges, 
nuts,  almonds,  figs,  and  raisins  are  plentiful,  and 
in  the  low  grounds  rice  and  maize  are  cultivated. 


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bil 


The  inhabitants  also  make  considerable  quantities 
of  salt  witli  the  sea- water,  especially  in  the  bay 
of  St.  Ubes,  whence  a  great  deal  is  exported. 
Their  export  trade  consists  of  the  produce  of 
their  own  country,  and  the  merchandise  which 
.icw  receive  from  their  foreign  possessions,  com- 


prising Madeira,  Cape  Verd  Islands,  some  settle- 
ments in  Africa,  Goa,  and  Macao  :  the  latter  con- 
sists of  wine,  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  indigo, 
hides,  and  many  excellent  drugs.  The  horses  of 
Portugal  were  formerly  in  great  esteem ;  but 
they  are  now  so  fond  of  mules  that  horses  are 
scarce.  Towards  the  frontiers  of  Spain  there 
are  mountains,  in  which  gold  and  silver  were  for- 
merly found  ;  and  the  river  Tajo  was  anciently 
celebrated  by  the  poets  for  its  golden  sands. 
There  are  also  mines  of  iron,  tin,  lead,  quarries  of 
marble,  and  some  precious  stones.  The  Portu- 
gueseare  indolent  and  luxurious.  Plays  and  church 
festivals,  bull  fights,  balls,  music,  &c.,  engross 
the  whole  attention  of  those  who  are  not  compelled 
to  labour  for  their  subsistence.  The  peasants  are 
in  a  state  of  vassalage,  and  subsist  on  the  hardest 
fare.  In  many  respects  they  bear  a  striking  re- 
semblance to  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Tagus,  Douro,  Guadiana, 
Mondego,  and  Caldao.  The  government  is  an 
absolute  monarchy.  Formerly  it  had  its  Cortes 
or  representative  body,  but,  from  1697  to  the  re- 
cent revolution,  they  were  never  assembled.  The 
established  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic  ;  and 
there  are  two  archbishops  and  13  bishops. 

Portugal  appears  to  have  been  known  at  an 
early  period  to  the  Phenicians  and  Carthaginians. 
It  subsequently  followed  the  fortune  of  Spam,  and, 
after  being  the  scene  of  various  military  opera- 
tions, was  finally  reduced  and  constituted  a  Ro- 
man province  under  Augustus.  The  Romans 
were  succeeded  by  the  Goths  and  other  barba- 
rians. The  Saracens,  orMoor.s,  invaded  the  pen- 
insula from  Africa,  and  after  the  battle  of  Xeres, 
A.  D.  712,  set  up  several  kingdoms,  and  were 
not  expelled  from  Portugal  till  the  13th  century. 
In  109"2  Alphonso  VI.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon, 
made  Henry  of  Burgundy,  grandson  of  Robert 
king  of  France,  count  of  Portugal,  as  a  reward  for 
assisting  him  against  the  Moors.  Alphonso,  son 
of  Henry,  was  the  first  king.  The  last  of  his 
descendants  by  the  male  line  dying  in  1580, 
Philip  II.  of  Spain  took  possession  of  the  throne 
in  right  of  his  mother.  The  rapacity  of  the  Span- 
ish viceroys  was  so  great  that  in  1640,  the  Por- 
tuguese revolted,  and  made  John  IV.,  duke  of 
Braganza,  king.  In  1807  the  British  fleet  pre- 
served the  royal  family  from  falling  into  the  hands 
of  Bonaparte,  and  conveyed  them  to  Brazil.  Por- 
tugal itself,  also,  after  a  lorg  and  severe  contest, 
was  delivered  from  the  French  yoke  bj  English 


armies  under  the  command  of  the  duke  of  Wel- 
Imgton  and  other  generals.  The  Queen  died  at 
Rio  Janeiro,  March  20,  1816,  in  the  82nd  year  of 
hfer  age,  and  the  prince  regent  became  king.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  general  peace,  the  "people 
became  discontented,  partly  through  the  degra- 
dation of  the  kingdom  to  the  situation  of  a  depen- 
dent colony,  and  partly  through  the  maladminis- 
tration of  the  regency.  Plot  after  plot  was  form- 
ed, in  which  many  officers  of  distinction  were 
implicated,  who,  as  soon  as  they  were  detected, 
were  removed,  and  replaced  by  British  officers. 
This  only  served  to  increase  the  discontent  ooth 
of  the  people  and  of  the  army,  and  to  hasten  a 
revolution.  Every  thing  having  been  previously 
arranged  between  the  civil  and  military  authori- 
ties, a  new  constitution  was  announced  at  Oporto 
August  24,  1820,  and  in  September  a  council  of 
regency  was  formed  at  Lisbon,  and  letters  issued 
to  assemble  the  cortes.  John  VI.  by  a  royal  de- 
cree issued  at  Rio  Janeiro,  February  1831,  ap- 
proved of  the  constitution,  and,  leaving  his  eldest 
son  Don  Pedro  as  regent  of  Brazil,  returned  to 
Portugal,  and  took  an  oath  to  maintain  the  new 
constitution,  July  4,  1821.  On  the  12th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1822,  the  Brazilians  proclaimed  the  prince 
regent  constitutional  emperor  of  Brazil,  and  the 
independence  of  that  empire  has  been  since  ac- 
knowledged by  the  court  of  Lisbon.  On  the  30lh 
of  April,  1824,  Don  Miguel,  the  king's  youngest 
son,  general  of  the  army,  surrounded  with  guards 
the  palace  of  his  father,  in  order  to  depwjse  him, 
and  to  make  his  nephew  regent.  The  foreign 
ambassadors  discountenanced  the  conspiracy  ;  the 
king  took  refuge  on  board  an  English  man  of  war  ; 
under  the  protection  of  Britain  he  resumed  the 
government ;  and  Don  Miguel  left  the  kingdom 
John  VI.  died  in  March,  1826. 

As  soon  as  Pedro  IV.  heard  of  his  father's  death, 
he  declared  his  determination  to  remain  in  Brazil, 
and  to  abdicate  the  throne  of  Portugal  in  favour  of 
his  daughter  Donna  Maria  da  Gloria  (who  was 
born  in  1819),  on  condition  that  his  brother  Don 
Miguel  should  marry  her,  and  that  a  free  consti- 
tution should  be  adopted  as  contained  in  a  charter 
which  he  sent  over  from  Brazil.  The  acceptance 
of  this  charter  was  resisted  by  the  ultra-rovalist 
faction  at  Lisbon,  and  a  rebellion  took  place  un- 
der the  direction  of  the  marquis  of  Chaves.  In 
consequence  of  the  invasion  of  the  kingdom  by 
the  rebels,  who  had  mustered  their  armies  in 
Spain,  the  sister  of  Pedro  IV.,  who  had  by  him 
been  appointed  regent,  claimed  the  assistance  of 
George  IV. ;  who,  in  compliance  with  ancient 
treaties  between  the  two  kingdoms,  sent  an  army 
to  Lisbon  in  1827,  which  checked  the  rebelliqp. 
Don  Miguel,  who  resided  at  Vienna,  returned  to 
Lisbon  in  the  spring  of  1828,  having  first  visited 
Paris  and  London,  at  both  which  places  he  pro- 
fessed his  determination  to  adhere  to  the  consti- 
tution. The  professions  of  Don  Miguel  soon  ap- 
peared to  be  insincere,  and  on  the  30th  of  June 
he  assumed  the  title  of  king  of  Portugal  and  Al- 
garve.  A  weak  resistance  was  made  by  the  gar- 
ri«on  and  inhabitants  of  Oporto,  but  it  was  soon 
overcome,  and  Don  Miguel  now  reigns  as  abso- 
lute king.     Lisbon  is  the  capital. 

Posadas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated 
on  the  Guadalquivir,  19  m.  S.  W.  of  Cordova. 

Posata,  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Sardinia,  45  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Castle  Aragonese. 
Long.  9. 30.  E.,  lat.  40.  36.  N, 

Posega,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  capital  of  a  pala 
tinate  of  the  same  name.     It  was  taken  from  the 


POT 


612 


POT 


Turks,  by  the  Austrians  in  1687;  and  is   seated 
near  the  Orlava,  18  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Brod. 

Posen,  Grand  duchy  of,  a  province  of  the  Prus- 
sian statt^s,  comprising  that  part  of  Poland  which 
was  restored  to  Prussia  in  1815.  On  the  E.  it  is 
bounded  by  the  new  kingdom  of  Poland,  and  S. 
and  W.  by  Silesia  and  Brandenburg.  It  is  divided 
into  the  two  governments  of  Posen  and  Brom- 
berg,  contains  about  12,000  sq.  m.  with  800,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  watered  by  the  Netz,  the  War- 
tha,  the  Obra,  and  the  Brahe. 

Posen,  the  capital  of  Prussian  Poland,  and  of 
the  government  of  the  same  name,  is  a  bishop's 
see,  and  has  a  university,  and  a  castle  on  an  isl- 
and in  the  river  Wartha.  The  cathedral  is  mag- 
nificent. The  suburbs  are  extensive,  and  contain 
many  fine  buildings.  The  river  Wartha  frequent- 
ly inundates  the  town,  but  is  very  beneficial  to  its 
trade  with  Germany.  By  the  partition  of  Po- 
land, in  1773,  Posen  became  subject  to  the  king 
of  Prussia.  In  1806  it  was  entered  by  the  French 
army,  under  marshal  Davoust,  and  added  to  the 
duchy  of  Warsaw,  till  1815,  when  it  was  re- 
stored to  Prussia.  It  is  seated  in  a  pleasant 
plain,  27  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Gnesna.  Long.  17.  0. 
E.,  lat.  52.  24.  N. 

Posey,  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  6,833.  Mount 
Vernon  is  the  capital. 

Posnerk,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  principality 
of  Aldenburg.  it  has  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
leather,  and  is  seated  on  the  Gams,  near  its  con- 
flux with  the  Orla,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Saalfeld. 

Possession  Island,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
near  the  N.  point  of  New  Holland.  Here  captain 
Cook  hoisted  the  British  colours,  and  took  posses- 
sion of  all  the  E.  or  N.  E.  coast  of  New  Holland 
in  the  name  of  king  George  III.,  which  he  called 
hew  S.  Wales.  Long.  141.  39.  E.,  lat.  10. 
33.  S 

Possession  Island,  an  uninhabited  island  in  the 
S.  Pacific.     Long.  141 .  40.  E.,  lat.  46.  30.  S. 

Possinko,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
10  m.  N.  E.  of  Santarem. 

Post  Oak,  p.v.  Roane  Co.  Ten. 

Potenza,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  seated 
near  the  sourse  of  the  Basiento,  11  m.  S.  by  W. 
of  Acerenza. 

Potomac,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  which 
rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Virginia,  and  separates 
that  state  from  Maryland,  almost  its  whole  course, 
till  it  enters  the  W.  side  of  Chesapeak  Bay.  It 
is  navigable  nearly  300  m.  for  large  ships  and 
where  it  enters  the  Chesapeak  is  7  1-2  m.  wide. 
Its  whole  length  is  550  m.  The  passage  of  the 
Potomac,  through  the  mountains  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  at  Harper's  Ferry,  presents  the  appear- 
ance of  an  immense  rent,  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
wide,  through  a  stupendous  wall  of  rocks.  The 
broken  fragments  of  the  mountain  which  lie  scat- 
tered all  around,  and  its  craggy  front,  torn  down 
to  the  base,  attest  the  violence  of  the  disruption, 
and  forcibly  remind  the  spectator  of  the  period, 
when  the  mountain  ridge  opposed  a  barrier  to  the 
stream,  and  when  its  collected  waters  swelled  to 
auch  a  mass  as  to  tear  away  the  mountain  from 
its  foundation.  Washington,  Alexandria  and 
Georgetown  are  situated  upon  this  river. 

Potomac  and  Ohio  Canal,  called  also  the  Chesa- 
peak and  Ohio  Canal,  is  designed  to  uAite  the  Po- 
tomac with  the  Ohio.  It  leaves  the  Potomac  at 
Georgetown  and  proceeds  up  the  north-eastern 
bank  of  the  river  through  the  mountains,  by  a 
tunnel  4  miles  in  length,  and  down  the  vallies  of 
th«  Yoaghiogeny  and  Monongahela  to  the  Ohio. 


Its  length  will  be  360  m.  and  its  width  60  feet 
It  was  begun  July  4th  1828. 

Potosi,  a  town  of  Bolivia.  Here  are  the  best 
silver  mines  in  all  America,  in  a  mountain  in  the 
form  of  a  sugar-loaf.  Silver  was  as  common  in 
this  place  &8  iron  is  in  Europe ;  but  the  mines 
are  now  much  exhausted,  or  at  least  little  is  ob- 
tained in  comparison  of  what  was  formerly  pro- 
duced. The  country  around  is  naked  and  barren. 
The  town  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  the  mountain 
of  Potosi,  260  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Arica.  Long.  67 
30.  W.,  lat.  19.  50.  S. 

Potosi,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Missouri,  70  m. 
W.  S.  W.  St.  Louis.  It  is  surrounded  by  nu- 
merous lead  mines.     See  .Missouri. 

Potsdam,  a  province  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
Brandenburg,  comprehending  the  districts  for- 
merly termed  the  Ucker  Mark,  the  Mark  of  Preg- 
nitz,  and  the  greatest  part  of  the  Middle  Mark. 
It  is  bounded  N.  by  Pomerania  and  W.  Prussia,  *l 
and  S.  and  W.  by  Saxony.  The  city  of  Berlin, 
with  a  small  district  lying  around  it,  forms  a  dis- 
tinct government.  Potsdam  contains  an  area  of 
about  8,000  sq.  m.,  with  488,000  inhabitants. 

Potsdam,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  govern- 
ment, situated  on  an  island  formed  by  the  rivers 
Spree  and  Havel.  The  public  buildings  display 
great  magnificence  and  taste.  The  royal  palace 
is  an  admirable  structure,  and  the  houses  near  it 
are  almost  all  built  in  the  Italian  style.  In  the 
market  place  is  a  marble  obelisk,  75  feet  in  height ; 
also  marble  statues  of  the  first  four  kings  of  Prus- 
sia. The  garrison  church  is  large,  and  has  a  mar- 
ble pulpit,  under  which  is  the  tomb  of  the  Great 
Frederick,  whose  remains  are  enclosed  in  a 
wooden  coffin,  covered  with  copper,  without  any 
ornament  or  victorious  trophies,  to  recall  the  mem- 
ory of  bis  actions.  On  a  hill,  near  the  city,  is  the 
royal  palace  of  Sans  Souci,  which  is  only  one 
story  high,  yet  remarkable  for  its  grandeur  and 
magnificence.  The  inhabitants  of  Potsdam  have 
manufactures  of  silk,  velvet,  cotton,  linen,  &c. 
It  was  entered  without  opposition  on  the  24th  of 
October,  1805,  by  the  French,  who  carried  away 
with  exultation  the  sword  and  scarf  worn  by  the 
immortal  Frederick  during  the  seven  years'  war. 
13  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Berlin.  Long.  13.  49.  E.,  lat 
52.  52.  N. 

Potsdam,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  90  m. 
W.  Plattsburg.     Pop.  3,650. 

Potter,  a  county  of  the   W.  District  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    Pop.  1 ,265.     Cowdersport  is  the  capi- 
tal ;    also  a  township  of  Centre  Co.  Pa. 
Potter's  Hollow,  p.v.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y 
Potterstown,  a  village  of  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 
Pottersville,  p.v.  Louisa  Co.  Va. 
Potteries,  The,  a  district  in   Staffordshire,  Eng. 
extending  about  10  m.  in  length  and   one   and  a 
half  in  breadth.     It  comprises  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages of  Burslem,  Hanley,  Lane   End,  Etruria, 
Stoke    upon  Trent,  Tunstall,  Longport,  Shelton, 
Brownhills,   &c.,  situated  in  a  part  of  the  coun- 
ty abounding  in  coal,  and  clays  of  great  variety 
in  colour  and  texture,  which,  together  with  the 
great  canal  intercourse  kept  up  with  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom,  furnish  a  large  portion  of  industry  and 
wealth. 

Potion,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng.  12  m.  E. 
of  Bedford  and  48  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

PottsoTove,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 
on  the  Schuylkill. 

Pottstown,   p.v.   Montgomery  Co.  Pa.  in  th«' 
above  township. 
Pottsville,  p.v.  Schuylkill  Co.  Pa 


•^ 


PR\ 


Old 


PRlC 


Poughkiepsie,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  85  m.  above  New  York.  Pop.  7,222.  It 
is  about  a  mile  from  the  banks  of  the  river  which 
is  here  bold  and  rocky.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out  and  makes  an  elegant  appearance.  It  is 
a  place  of  considerable  trade. 

Pougues,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Nievre,  noted  for  its  ferruginous  mineral  spring. 
5  m.  N.  W.  of  Nevers. 

Poulton,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  It  is  much 
frequented  in  the  bathing  season.  234.  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Poundridge,  p.v.  West  Chester  Co.  N.  Y. 

Pouranjn,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
AUier,  seated  on  the  Sioule,  19  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Moulins. 

Powaio  River,  a  small  stream  flowing  info  the 
Merrimack  4  m.  above  Newbury  port,  between 
Amesbury  and  Salisbury.  On  the  bank  of  the 
river  are  several  manufactories  and  mills.  Here 
is  a  steep  eminence  called  Powaw  Hill,  on  which 
the  Indians  were  accustomed  to  celebrate  their 
powaws,  and  which  exhibits  an  enchanting  pros- 
pect from  the  summit. 

Poicelton,  p.t.   Hancock  Co.  Geo. 

Pnichatan,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia.  Pop.  8,517.     Scotsville  is  the  Capital. 

Poyang-hou,  a  lake  of  China,  in  the  N.  part  of 
the  province  of  Kiang-si,  formed  by  the  conflu- 
ence of  several  rivers,  which  meet  here  from 
every  point  of  the  compass.  It  is  250  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, and  surrounded  by  a  most  desolate 
region. 

Pozzuolo.     See  Puzzuoli. 

Prabiit,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  100  ra. 
N.  of  Siam.     Lon.    101.  10.   E.,   lat.  15.   40.  N. 

Pracels.     See  Paracels. 

Prachatitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Prachin,  23  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Pisek. 

Prach'm,  a  mountain  of  Bohemia,  on  which 
formerly  stood  a  castle  of  the  same  name.  It 
gives  name  to  a  circle  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Mul- 
dau,  of  which  Pisek  is  the  cipital. 

PradeSjO.  town  of  France,  department  of  Eastern 
Pyrenees,  seated  in  a  fin«  plain  on  the  river  Tet, 
24  m.  W.  S.  W.    of  Perpignau. 

Pradcs,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  near 
which  is  a  magnificent  abbey,  where  the  ancient 
kinors  of  Arragon  were  interred.  It  is  39  m.  N. 
W.  of  Barcelona. 

Pragn,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Vistula,  op- 
posite Warsaw,  of  which  it  is  considered  as  a  su- 
burb. 

Pragilas,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states  in  Pied- 
mont, 7  m.  W.  of  Turin. 

Pracrne,  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  and  formerly 
an  archie piscopal  see.  It  comprehends  four  towns, 
the  Old,  New,  and  Little  Town,  and  the  Hrads- 
chin.  It  is  15  m.  in  circumference,  is  built  up- 
on seven  hills,  and  contains  85,000  inhabitants. 
The  Mulda-i  runs  through  the  city,  separating 
the  Old  Town  from  the  New,  and  over  it  is  a 
bridire  of  18  arches,  with  a  strong  tower  at  each 
end.  The  Old  Town  is  very  populous  ;  the  hous- 
es are  high  and  the  streets  narrow.  In  this  part 
are  the  remains  of  a  palace,  where  the  ancient 
kinffs  resided  ;  but  the  finest  ornament  is  the  uni- 
versity, frequented  by  a  great  number  of  students  ; 
here  also  is  a  magnificent  college,  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  Jesuits,  and  the  Jews  have  nine 
synagoorues.  The  New  Town  contains  fine  struc- 
tures, handsome  gardens,  and  large  streets  ;  al- 
so an  arsenal,  andf  a  secular  foundation,  whose 
abbess  was   a  princess  of  the  empire.    The  Lit- 


tle Town,  whioh  is  the  most  ancient  part,  of 
Prague,  has  broad  streets,  and  is  very  popu!ou3 
The  Hradschin  once  belonged  to  theLitlle  Town 
but  in  1756  it  was  made  the  fourth  town  of 
Prague  :  its  principal  buildings  are  the  royal  pal- 
ace, in  which  is  a  hall,  100  paces  long  and  40 
broad,  without  any  pillar  to  support  the  roof; 
the  cathedral  of  St.  Veit,  containing  the  buryal- 
place  of  the  kings  and  many  relics ;  the  chapel 
of  Our  Lady  of  Loretto  ;  the  magnificent  archi- 
episcopal  palace;  and  the  large  palace  of  Tscher- 
nin.  Prague  has  suflered  frequents  devastation- 
by  war.  The  White  Mountain,  without  the  «rate 
of  Slrahow,  is  celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  in 
1620  by  the  Austrians  over  Frederic  V.,  the  elec- 
tor palatine,  whom  the  Bohemians  had  chosen  for 
their  king.  In  1631  Prague  was  taken  by  the 
Saxons  ;  and  by  the  Swedes  in  1()48.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  storm  in  1741  by  the  French,  who  were 
obliged  to  leave  it  in  1742.  In  1757  it  was  besieg- 
ed by  the  king  of  Prussia,  after  a  great  victory, 
obtained  near  this  city,  over  the  Austrians ;  but 
the  defeat  at  Kollin  obliged  him  to  raise  the  siege. 
75  m.  S.  E  of  Dresden.  Long.  14.  30.  E.,  lat.  50. 
6.  N. 

Prairie,  townships  in  Wayne,  Holmes,  and 
Franklin  Cos.  Ohio. 

Prairie  Creek,  p.v.  Vigo  Co.  Ind. 
Prairie  du  Chicn,  a  settlement  in  Crawford  Co. 
Michigan,  on  the  Mississippi,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Wisconsin.       It  was  founded  many  years  since  by 
the  French  traders. 

Prairie  du  Roche  p.t.   Randolph  Co.  Illinois. 
Prairie  Mound,  p.t.  Lillard   Co.  Missouri. 
PrallsvUle,  p.v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 
Prasto,  a  small  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea, 
situate  to  the  W.  of  the  gulf  of  Napoli,  16  m.  N 
by  E.  of  Misitra. 

Prato,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  citadel,  10.  m 
N.  W.  of  Florence. 

PratlsvUle,  p.v.  Alleghany  Co.  Md. 
Prats  de  Molo,  a  fortified  town  of  France,    de- 
partment of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  on  the  Tet,  29  m. 
S.  W.  of  Perpignau. 

Prausnitz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussian  Silesia. 
It  has  a  fine  church,  containing  the  tombs  of  the 
counts  of  Hatzfeld,  and  is  18  m.  N.  ofBreslau. 

P/-eiZe,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  16,255.  Eaton 
is  the  capital ;  p.t.  Cortland  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,435. 
Praija.  See  Porto  Praya. 
Precop,  or  Perecop,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Rus- 
sia, in  the  government  of  Catharinenslaf,  and  pro- 
vince of  Taurida,  seated  on  the  isthmus  that  joins 
the  Crimea  to  the  continent.  A  deep  trench,  four 
m.  in  length,  is  cut  across  the  isthmus,  over  which 
is  a  bridge,  and  upon  that  a  vaulted  gate,  called 
the  Golden  Gate  of  the  Tartars.  Loner.  35.  34. 
E.,  lat.  46.  8.  N. 

Prer.opia,  a  town  of  Servia,  on  the  river  Morale, 
20  m.  W.  of  Nissa. 

Pergc'.,  a  river  ofE.  Prussia,  which  issues  from 
the  lake  Augerburg,  and  flowing  bv  Insterburg, 
Welau,  and  Kongsberg,  enters  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  Ff  isch  HafF. 

Premislau,  a  town  of  Poland,  with  a  strong  cas- 
tle, and  a  Greek  and  Latin  bishop's  see;  seated 
on  the  Pana,  60  m  W.  by  S.  of  Lemburg.  Long. 
21.0.  E.  lat.  49.  0.  N. 

Prenzlo,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  capital  of  what 
was  formerly  called  the  Ucker  Mark.  It  contains 
6  churches,  and  has  a  brisk  trade  in  corn,  tobac- 
co, and  cattle.  Seated  on  thi?  lake  and  river  Uc- 
ker, 58  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Berlin.  Long.  13.  55, 
E.,  lat.  53.  19.  N. 

3F 


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Prerav,  a  town  of  Moravia ,  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  llie  Beczwa, 
13  m.  S.  E.  of  Olmutz.  Long.  17.  29.  E.,  lat.  49. 
S3.  N. 

Presburg,  a  city  of  Hungary.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Danubie,  which  is  here  very  rapid,  and  about 
250  yards  in  breadth.  The  inhabitants  are  estimat- 
ed at  30,000.  Its  castle,  a  noble  Gothic  struc- 
ture, was  burned  down  in  the  commencement  of 
the  present  century.  This  town  was  declared  by 
a  royal  decree  of  1536,  the  capita!  of  Hungary, 
on  account  of  its  vicinity  to  Vienna,  and  the  sov- 
ereigns are  still  crowned  in  its  cathedral ;  but  the 
principal  officers  of  government  reside  at  Buda, 
and  the  diets  and  supreme  courts  of  judicature 
meet  at  Perth.  In  December,  1805,  a  treaty  of 
peace  was  concluded  here  between  Austria  and 
France.  38  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Vienna  and  95  W.  N. 
W.  of  Buda.     Long  17.  9.  E.,  lat.  48.  9.  N. 

Prescot,  a  town  of  Lancashire,  Eng.  It  is  a 
long  stragjrling  town,  and  may  be  said  to  be 
built  almost  over  coal  pits,  several  being  worked 
close  to  its  extremities.  It  is  estimated  that  2,000 
persons  are  employed  in  the  collieries  of  Prescot; 
whence  Liverpool  is  chiefly  supplied  with  fuel. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  watch  movements,  pin- 
ion wire,  small  files,  and  coarse  earthen  ware  ; 
and  also  some  manufactories  of  cotton,  hats,  &c. 
8  m.  E.  of  Liverpool  and  197  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Prescot,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  76  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  158;  also  a  village  of  Upper  Canada, 
on  the  St.  Lawrence  nearly  opposite  Ogdensburcr. 
Presenzano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavo- 
ro.  It  appears  by  an  inscription  to  be  the  ancient 
Rufa>,  and  its  territory  has  the  name  of  Costa  Ru- 
fraria.     It  is  28.  m  N.  of  Naples. 

Presidii,  Stato  delli,  formerly  the  name  of  a 
small  territory  of  Italy,  on  the  coast  of  the  Sien- 
nese.  It  includes  5  fortresses,  which  were  re- 
tained by  Spain  when  the  territory  of  Sienna  was 
ceded  to  the  duke  of  Tuscany  in  1557.  In  1735 
it  was  ceded  to  the  king  of  the  Two  Sicilies  ;  and 
now  belongs  to  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany. 

Presteign,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Radnorshire. 
The  site  of  its  castle  is  now  laid  out  in  public 
walks.  It  is  seated  near  the  source  of  the  Luor, 
in  a  rich  valley,  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Hereford 
and  151  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Lono-.  2  58. 
W.  lat.  52.  15.  N. 

PresUma,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  11  m. 
N.  of  Coimbra. 

Presto,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  Zealand,  with 
a  good  harbour  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  42  m.  S. 
S.  W  of  Copenhagen.  Long.  12.  6.  E., lat.  55.  9.  N. 
Preston,  a  borough  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  The 
chief  manufactures  are  the  various  branches  of 
cotton  and  muslin,  which  are  now  carried  on  to  a 
considerable  extent.  Preston  exhibits  a  nearer  ap- 
proach than  any  other  town  in  the  kingdom  to 
universal  suffrage,  the  right  of  voting  being  in 
the  male  inhabitants  at  large.  It  is  noted  for  the 
defeat  of  the  pretender's  adherents  in  J715,  when 
most  of  them  were  made  prisoners  ;  also  for  a 
kind  of  public  carnival,  or  jubilee,  held  every  20 
years,  the  last  of  which  was  in  1822.  It  is  seated 
near  the  river  Ribble  and  the  Lancaster  Canal,  22 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lancaster  and  217  N.  N.  W.  of 
London.     Long.  2,  53.  W.,  lat.  53.  46.  N. 

Preston,  p.t.  New  London  Co.  Conn,  on  the 
Thames  1.5  m.  above  New  London.  Pop.  1,935; 
p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  106  m.  W.  Albany.  Pop. 
1,213. 

Preston,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virgin- 
ia.   Pop.  5,009      K^ingwood  is  the  capital. 


Prestonpans,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ha3ding- 
tonshire,  with  a  safe  harbour,  called  Morrison's 
Haven,  on  the  frith  of  Forth.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  salt,  stone  and  earthern  ware,  and  bricks 
and  tiles.  At  this  place  the  royal  army  was  de- 
feated by  the  Pretender's  adherents  in  1745.  8 
m.  E.  by  N.  of  Edinburgh. 

Prestonslmrg,  p. v.  Floyd  Co.  Ken. 
Prestonsville,  p  v.  Rhea  Co.  Tenn. 
Preston  Hollow,  p. v.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y. 
Prestch,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony  with  a  fine 
castle,  seated  on  the  Elbe,  10  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Brit- 
ten, a  town  of  Saxony  on  the  Elbe,  18  rn.  S.  by  E. 
of  Wittenberg. 

Prevesa,  a  town  of  Greece,  in  Albania,  and  "^ 
bishop's  see.  It  stands  on  the  ruins  of  the  aw- 
cient  Nicopolis,  built  by  the  emperor  Augustus, 
in  memory  of  his  victory  over  Anthony.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Venetians  in  1684,  was  ceded  to  the 
Turks  in  1718,  taken  by  the  French  in  17)8,  and 
retaken  the  following  year  by  the  Turks  in  whose 
hands  it  remained  till  the  recent  liberation  of 
Greece.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  on  the  gulf 
of  Larta,  70  m.  N.  W.  of  Lepanto.  Long.  21.5. 
E.,  lat.  39.  14.  N. 

Preuilly,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  In 
dre-et-Loire.  Near  it  are  mines  of  iron  ;  and 
it  stands  on  the  Claise,  18    m.  S.  of  Loches. 

Priaman,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  tlie  island 
of  Sumatra,  where  the  Dutch  had  formerly  a  fac- 
tory. The  environs  produce  but  little  pepper; 
but  the  air  is  healthy,  and  it  stands  on  a  small 
river  in  which  gold  is  found.  The  English  E. 
India  company  formed  a  settlement  here  in  1685. 
Long.  98.  0.  E.,  lat.  1.  0.  S. 

Priestford,  p. v.  Hartford  Co.  Maryland. 
Primkenau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in   the 
government  of  Leignitz,  with  an  iron  forgo  and  a 
manufacture  of  paper,  16  m.  S.  W.  of  Glojau. 

Prince  Edward,  a  county  of  the  E.  District 
of  Virginia.  Pop.  14,107.  Hampden  and  Syd- 
ney college  in  this  Co.  was  founded  in  1774.  It 
has  6  instructors  and  54  students. 

Prince  Frederick,  p.v.  Calvert  Co.  Maryland  40 
m.  S.  Annapolis. 

Prince    George,  a  county  of  the  E.   District   of 
Virginia.     Pop.  8,308.     City  Point  is  the  capital. 
Prince  Georges,  a  county   of  Maryland.     Pop 
20,473.  Upper  Marlborough  is  the  capital. 

Prince  William,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of 
Virginia.  Pop.  9,320.  Brentsville  is  the  capi- 
tal.° 

Prince  William,  a  township  of  York  Co.  N.  B. 
Princess  Jinne,   a  county  of  the    E.  District  of 
Virginia.     Pop.  9,102. 

Prince  of  WalesCape,  the  north-western  extrem- 
ity of  America,  discovered  by  captain  Cook,  in 
1778.     It  is  on  the  E.  side  of  Bhering's  Strait. 

Prince  of  Wales  Fort,  the  most  northern  settle- 
ment of  the  Hudson  Bay   Company,  on  the    west 
side    of  Hudson's  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Church 
hill  River.     Long.  94.  7.  W.,  lat.  58.  47.  N. 

Prince  of  Wales  Island,  or  Penang,  an  island  8 
m.  from  the  W.  coast  of  Malacca,  18  m.  long 
and  8  broad,  divided  longitudinally  by  a  ridge  of 
mountains.  The  channel  to  the  mainlnnd  is  a 
safe  road  for  ships.  This  island  was  purchased  of 
the  king  of  Quedaby  the  English  E.  India  Com- 
pany, who  formed  a  settlement  here  in  1786  ;  and, 
in  five  years  after,  Georgetown,  its  capital,  was 
established  as  a  sea-port.  The  inhabitants  were 
estimated  in  1805  at  14,000,  since  which  time 
they  have  considerably  increased.  Long,  iS.  50 
£.,  lat.  0.  36.  N. 


PtU 


PRO 


Prince  William,  Henry's  Island,  an  island  in  the 
Eastern  Ocean,  lying  W.  N.  W.  of  Tench  Island. 
It  is  pretty  high,  well  wooded,  and  about  70  m.  in 
circuit.  The  population  is  estimated  at  50,000. 
It  was  discovered  by  lieutenant  Ball  in  1790,  and 
a  hiorh  mountain  in  the  centre  was  called  Mount 
Philip.  Longr.  149.  30.  E.,  lat.  1.  32.  S.— Also 
the  name  of  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  dis- 
covered by  captain  Wallis  in  1767.  Long.  141.  6. 
W.,  lat.  17.  0.  S. 

Prince  William  Sound,  a  gulf  on  the  N.  W. 
coast  of  America,  discovered  by  Cook  in  1778,  and 
visited  and  e.xplored  by  Vancouver  in  1794.  The 
dress  of  both  sexes  is  a  sort  of  close  robe,  made 
of  the  skins  of  various  animals,  and  commonly 
worn  with  the  hairy  side  outward,  sometimes 
reaching  only  to  the  knees,  but  generally  to  the 
ancles.  The  men  often  paint  their  faces  of  a 
black  colour,  and  of  a  bright  red,  and  sometime 
of  a  blueish  or  leaden  hue  ;  but  not  in  regular 
figure.  The  women  puncture  or  stain  the  chin 
with  black,  that  comes  to  a  point  on  each  of  their 
cheeks.  Their  canoes  are  of  two  sorts  ;  the  one 
large  and  open,  the  other  small  and  covered  :  the 
framing  consists  of  slendei  pieces  of  v;ood,  and 
the  outside  is  composed  of  the  skins  of  seals,  or 
other  sea  animals  stretched  over  the  wood.  Their 
weapons,  and  implements  for  hunting  and  fishing, 
resemble  those  used  by  the  Esquimaux.  The 
principal  animals  are  bears,  common  and  prne  mar- 
tens, sea  otters,  seals,  racoons,  small  ermines,  fox- 
es, and  the  whitish  cat  or  lynx.  The  birds  found 
here  are  the  falcon,  the  great  king-fisher,  the 
white-headed  eagle,  and  the  humming  bird. 
Long.  147.  21.  W.,  lat.  59.  33.  N. 

Prince's  Island,  an  island  near  the  W.  coast 
of  Guinea,  90  m.  in  circumference,  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1471.  It  is  elevated  and 
fertile,  and  has  a  town  on  the  N.  part,  with  a 
good  harbour.     Long.    7.   40.   E.,  lat.  1.   40.   N. 

Prince  s  Island,  a  small  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  near  the  W.  entrance  of  the  strait  of  Sun- 
da.  It  is  visited  by  European  ships  for  wood  and 
water.     Long.  104.  30.  E.,  lat.  6.  15.  S. 

Prince's  Islands,  four  small  islands,  in  the  sea 
of  Marmora,  near  the  strait  of  Constantinople, 
called  Prinkipo,  Prote,  Kalke,  and  Antigone. 
The  first  is  the  largest,  and  has  a  town  contain- 
ing above  2,000  inhabitants.  Long.  28.  56.  E., 
lat.  40.  51.  N. 

Princeton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  52  m.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,345.  It  was  called  Wachusett 
by  the  Indians,  and  within  its  limits  stands  the 
mountain  of  that  name,  which  See. 

Princeton,  p.t.  Somerset  and  Middlesex  Cos. 
N.  J.  40  m.  N.  E.  Philadelphia.  The  college  of 
iievt  Jersey,  or  Nassau  Hall,  is  established  at  this 
place.  It  was  founded  in  1746  ;  it  has  10  instruct- 
ors and  105  students ;  the  libraries  have  12,000 
volumes.  It  has  two  vacations  in  spring  and 
autumn  of  12  weeks.  Commencement  is  in 
September.  Here  is  also  a  Theological  Seminary. 

Princeton,  p.v.  Caldwell  Co.  Ken.;  p.v.  Butler 
Co.  Ohio;  p.t.  Gibson  Co.  Indiana. 

Princetown,  p.t.  Schenectady  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
819. 

Principato,  a  province  of  Naples,  divided  into 
Principato  Citra  and  Ultra,  that  is,  the  Further 
and  Hither  Principality.  The  former  is  60  m. 
long  and  30  broad  ;  the  soil  fertile  in  wine,  corn, 
►  ..  oil,  and  saffron  ;  and  it  has  a  great  deal  of  silk, 
*"  and  several  mineral  springs.    Salerno  is  the  cap- 

ital. Principato  Ultra  is  37  m.  long  and  30 
iiroad ;  and  the  soil  not  fertile  ia  corn  or  wine, 


but  it  produces  chesnutf,  and  has  excellent  pa«- 
tures.     Avellino  is  the  capital. 

Pristina,  a  town  of  Romania,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  which  was  pillaged  by  the  Austrians  in  10d9. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rusca,  150  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Belgrade.     Long.  21.  36.  E.,  lat.  42.  43.  N. 

Piitzicalk,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
seated  on  the  Doranitz,  13  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Perle- 
berg. 

Privas,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Ardeche.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  near 
the  confluence  of  three  small  rivers,  68  m.  S.  ol 
Lyons      Long.  4.  36.  E.,  lat.  44.  45. 

Procida,  a  island  in  the  gulf  of  Naples,  near 
that  of  Ischia,  8  m.  in  circumference,  and  very 
fertile  and  populous.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  small  fortified  place,  on  a  high  craggy 
rock,  by  ths  sea  side.  Long.  14.  8.  E.,  lat.  40 
43.  ?f. 

Proctorsville,  p.v.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  88  m.  S. 
Montpelier. 

Prodano,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  W.  coast  of  the  Morea,  formerly  called  Sphac- 
teria.  It  is  36  m.  S.  S,  E.  of  Zante.  Long.  21. 
24.  E.,  lat.  37.  15.  N. 

Prome,  a  city  of  Birmab,  province  of  Ava.  It 
was  formerly  more  considerable  than  at  present, 
having  been  greatly  reduced  by  frequent  wars. 
Much  teak  timber  is  sent  hence  to  Rangoon.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Irrawaddy,  120  m.  N.  W.  of  Pe- 
gu.    Long.  95.  0.  E..  lat.  18.  50.  N. 

Prospect,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.,  on  the  Penob- 
scot, 8  m.  N.  E.  Belfast.  Pop.  2,381 ;  p.t.  Prince 
Edward  Co.  Va.  105  m.  S.  W.  Richmond. 

Prospect  Hill,  p.v.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y. ;  p.v. 
Fairfax  Co.  Va. ;  p.v.  Caswell  Co.  N.  C 

Prosperous,  a.  village  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Kildare,  16  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  It  has  a  con- 
siderable manufacture  of  cotton. 

Prosnitz,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Olmutz.  8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Olmutz. 

Provence,  a  former  province  of  France,  which 
now  forms  the  department  of  Var,  Lower  Alps, 
and  Mouths  of  the  Rhone. 

Proviaence,  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  the 
best  of  those  planted  by  the  English.  It  was 
taken  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1782,  but  retaken  the 
next  year.  A  light-house  was  erected,  in  1804, 
on  an  eminence  overlooking  Nassau,  the  chief 
town.     Long.  77.  20.  W.,  lat.  25.  3.  N. 

Providence,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic,  which  the 
Buccaniers  fortified,  but  afterwards  abandoned. 
It  is  150  m.  E.  of  the  coast  of  Nicaragua.  Long. 
80.  44.  W.,  lat.  13.  25.  N. 

Providtnce  river,  a  stream  of  Rhode  Island 
formed  by  the  union  of  two  rivers  just  above  the 
city  of  Providence.  It  flows  into  Narraganset 
Bay,  and  is  navigable  from  Providence  to  the  sea 
for  ships  of  900  tons. 

Providence,  city,  chief  of  a  county  of  the  same 
name  in  Rhode  Island,  is  the  largest  place  in  the 
state  and  the  second  city  in  New  England  for 
population,  wealth,  and  business.  It  stands  at 
the  head  of  Narraganset  Bay,  which  at  this  ex- 
tremity becomes  narrowed  to  the  width  of  a  riv- 
er. It  is  built  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  the  two 
parts  being  connected  by  a  bridge.  The  new 
town  on  the  W.  of  the  river  has  all  the  bustle 
and  liveliness,  and  displays  the  flourishing  ap 
pearance  of  a  commercial  city.  The  hill  on  th» 
opposite  side,  or  East  Providence,  is  chiefly  oc 
cupied  by  private  mansions,  beautifully  situated, 
and  adorned  with  gardens  and  court  yards.  On 
the  summit  of  a  steep  eminence  staaas  tue  cot- 


PRO 


616 


PRU 


jege,  OTerlooklng  the  city.  The  streets  are  ir- 
regular, but  there  are  many  beautiful  situations 
and  fine  edifices  in  the  city.  Here  is  a  hand- 
Bome  arcade  three  stories  high,  with  28  rooms 
on  each  fl«or.  Each  front  consists  of  an  Ionic 
portico,  with  granite  pillars.  Providence  has  12 
churcnes,  a  theatre,  a  public  library,  many  cot- 
ton and  woolen  manufactories,  paper  mills,  dye- 
houses,  &c.  Its  distance  from  the  sea  is  35 
miles,  but  merchant  ships  of  the  largest  size  can 
come  up  to  the  wharves.     Steam-boats  pass  be- 


L'-'lS 

_  S!p, 

tween  Providence  and  New  York,  through  Long 
Island  Sound,  during  all  the  open  season,  and 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  summer  travelling  from 
Boston  to  the  S.  passes  by  this  route.  Providence 
was  founded  by  Roger  Williams  in  1G36.  It  re- 
tained the  denomination  and  government  of 
a  town  until  1831,  when  a  city  charter  was 
adopted. 

Brown  University  at  this  place  was  founded 
in  1764,  and  was  first  established  at  Warren  :  it 
was  removed  to  Providence  in  1770.  It  has  been 
Buppoited  solely  by  individual  patronage,  and 
its  funds  are  not  large.  The  college  edifices  are 
two  brick  buildings,  containing  100  rooms  for  stu- 
dents, and  others  for  public  purposes.  The  col- 
lege is  delightfully  situated  on  an  eminence  in 
the  E.  part  of  the  town,  which  commands  a 
beautiful  prospect.  The  libraries  contain  12,000 
volumes,  including  those  belonging  to  literary 
societies.  The  officers  are  a  President  and  8  Pro- 
fessors. The  board  of  trustees  is  composed  of  36 
members,  of  whom  22  must  be  Baptists,  5  Qua- 
kers, 5  Episcopalians  and  four  Congregationalists. 
The  Fellows,  or  Learned  Faculty,  are  12,  of 
•whom  8,  including  the  President,  must  be  Bap- 
tists. The  number  of  students  in  le31,  was  95. 
There  are  3  vacations  in  May,  September  and 
December,  amounting  to  13  weeks.  Commence- 
ment is  in  September. 

Providence  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  in  1828 
owned  20,252  tons  of  shipping.  It  is  in  lat.  41. 
51.  N..  long.  71.  10.  W. ,  30  m.  N.  bv  W.  Newport, 
40  S.  S.  W.  Boston,  74  E.  Hertford.  Pop. 
16,832. 

ProvideTire,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  25  m.  N. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,.''>79;  also  townships  in  Essex 
Co.  N.  J. ;  Luzerne,  Bedford,  Delaware  and 
Montgomery  Cos.  Pa.;  p. v.  Mecklenburg  Co. 
W.  C. 

Providence  Inn,  p.v.  Chesterfield  Co.  Va. 

Providence,  a  county  of  Rliode  Island.  Pop. 
47,014.     Providence  city  is  the  capital. 

Provincetovm,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  on 
Cape  Cod,  at  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula.  It  is 
60  m.  8.  E.  of  Boston  in  a  straight  line  and  116 
by  land.  It  has  an  excellent  harbour  but  there 
•re  no  wharves.    The  houses  are  of  one  story 


and   built  on   piles  driven    into  the  sand  with 

spaces  between  them  for  the  sand  to  drift  through, 
otherwise  they  would  be  completely  buried.  The 
inhabitants  live  by  fishing,  as  the  cape  produces 
nothing  but  a  scanty  vegetation  of  coarse  grass 
sufficient  for  the  pasturage  of  a  few  cows.  Pop. 
1,710. 
P-iovins,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Seine- 
,  et-Marne,  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade  in  corn,  and  some  woolen 
manufactures,  and  is  seated  on  the  Vouzie,  60  m. 
S.  E.  of  Paris'. 

Prucli.  See  Bruek. 
Prusa,  or  Pnisia.  See  Bursa. 
Prussia,  a  large  country  of  Europe,  occupying 
a  great  part  of  the  N.  of  Germany,  and  extending 
with  little  interruption  from  the  confines  of 
Lithuania  to  those  of  the  Netherlands.  It  is  a 
very  fertile  country,  producing  a  great  deal  of 
flax,  hemp,  and  corn.  There  are  a  great  number 
of  domestic  animals:  and  the  sea,  the  rivers,  and 
lakes,  supply  abundance  of  fish.  Game  abounds  ; 
and  elks,  wild  asses,  and  uri,  are  found  in  the 
forests  :  these  last  are  of  a  huge  size,  and  liave 
some  resemblance  to  beeves  ;  their  hides  are  ex- 
tremely thick  and  strong,  and  they  are  sold  to 
foreigners  at  a  great  price.  One  of  the  most  re- 
markable productions  of  this  country  is  yellow 
amber,  which  is  found  along  the  sea-coast. 
Tliere  are  two  large  lakes,  besides  the  rivers  Vis- 
tula and  Pregel.  The  inhabitants  are  generally 
of  a  good  constitution,  laborious,  and  robust. 
There  are  a  great  number  of  mechanics  ;  but  the 
principal  business  is  husbandry,  with  the  feedin.g 
of  cattle.  The  present  monarchy  of  Prussia 
consists  of  two  distinct  parts  separated  by  the 
German  States,  and  contains  105,770  sq.  m.  of  ter- 
ritory, and  a  pop.  of  12,552,278.  The  army 
amounts  to  165,000  men.  The  revenue  is  40, 
000,000  dollars:  the  public  debt  120,000,000. 
The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy.  The 
religion  of  the  royal  family  is  protestant,  but  all 
creeds  are  tolerated. 

In  the  13th  century  Prussia  belonged  to  the 
knights  of  the  Teutonic  order.  In  1454,  that  part 
since  denominated  Polish,  or  W.  Prussia,  revolt- 
ed to  Casimir  IV.  king  of  Poland,  and  was  incor- 
porated into  the  dominions  of  the  republic.  At 
the  same  time  the  knights  were  constrained  to 
hold  the  remaining  part,  called  Ducal  or  E.  Prus- 
sia, as  a  fief  of  the  crown  of  Pola:id.  In  1525  Al- 
bert, the  grand  master,  betrayed  the  intt-rests  of 
his  fraternity,  and  concluded  a  treaty  with  Sigis- 
mund,  king  of  Poland,  by  which  E.  Prussia  was 
erected  into  an  hereditary  duchy,  and  given  to 
him  as  a  Polish  fief.  Having  adopted  the  tenets 
of  Luther,  he  married  a  princess  of  Denmark, 
and  transmitted  this  rich  inheritance  to  his  de- 
scendants:  one  of  wiiom,  Frederic  William,  was 
the  first  duke  that  threw  off"  his  dependence  on 
Poland.  The  foundation  of  the  Prussian  mon- 
archy was  established  by  him,  between  1640  and 
1688.  His  son  and  successor,  Frederic,  in  1701 
assumed  the  title  of  King  of  Prussia,  which  was 
soon  after  acknowledged  by  all  the  Christian 
powers,  except  Poland,  which  did  not  acknow- 
ledge it  till  1764.  In  1742  Frederic  II.  acquired 
the  duchy  of  Silesia  from  the  house  of  Austria; 
and  by  his  wonderful  victories,  and  the  still  more 
wonderful  resources  by  which  he  repaired  occa- 
sional defeats,  he  became  the  admiration  of  the 
age.  In  1772  he  compelled  the  Poles  to  cede  to 
him  Western  Prussia,  excepting  the  cities  of 
Dantzic  and  Thorn.     He  cultivated   the  arts  of 


# 


PRZ 


61t 


PUL 


peace  as  well  as  war,  distinguishing  himself  as  a 
poet,  philosopher,  and  legislator,  and  expending 
large  sums  in  the  improvement  of  the  country. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  nephew,  Frederic  Wil- 
liam II.,  in  1736,  who  forcibly  annexed  to  his 
kingdom  Dantzic  and  Thorn,  with  several  con- 
biderable  provinces,  which  he  styled  Southern 
Prussia.  He  had  also  a  share  in  the  general  con- 
test against  France,  in  the  early  part  of  the  revo- 
lution ;  but  made  peace  with  that  country  in 
April,  1795;  and  died  at  Berlin  in  1797. 

His  son,  Frederic  William  III.,  continued  on 
amicable  terms  with  France,  till  the  dissolution 
of  the  Germanic  body  in  1806,  and  the  consequent 
/ormation  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine, 
when,  thinking  himself  aggrieved,  he  declared 
war  against  France.  This  war  was  of  short  du- 
ration, but  of  most  disastrous  consequence  to 
Prussia.  By  the  peace  of  Tilsit,  the  whole  of 
the  Polish  dominions  belonging  to  Prussia,  with 
a  few  exceptions,  were  transferred  to  another 
prince  ;  and  the  king  of  Prussia  had  further  to 
renounce  his  right  to  all  the  territories,  without 
exception,  situated  between  the  Elbe  and  the 
Rhine ;  to  those  belonging  to  Saxony  and  the 
House  of  Anhalt  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Elbe; 
and,  lastly,  to  the  circle  of  Rothus,  in  Lower  Lu 
satia,  which  was  ceded  to  Saxony.  Thus  was 
Prussia  reduced  to  the  lowest  rank  among  the 
powers  of  Europe.  On  the  memorable  retreat  of 
the  French  armies  from  Russia,  and  the  arrival 
of  the  Russians  within  the  territories  of  Prussia, 
she,  however,  threw  off  her  alliance  with  France, 
joined  Russia  in  the  war,  and  made  such  extraor- 
dinary efforts  to  retrieve  her  lost  character,  by 
the  magnitude  of  her  armies  and  the  courage 
which  she  maintained  in  the  field,  that  on  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  all  the  countries  which  had 
been  wrested  from  her  by  the  treaty  of  Tilsit  were 
restored. 

The  kingdom  is  now  divided  into  10  provinces, 
namely,  E.  Prussia,  W.  Prussia,  Brandenburg, 
Pomerania,  Westphalia,  Cleves  and  Berg,  Silesia, 
Posen,  Saxony,  and  Lower  Rhine ;  which  are 
subdivided  into  23  governments.  For  military 
purposes,  the  kingdom  is  divided  into  five  great 
parts,  viz.  Prussia,  Brandenburg  and  Pomerania, 
Silesia  and  Prussian  Poland,  Saxony,  and  finally 
Westphalia  with  the  Lower  Rhine.  Berlin  is  the 
capital  of  all  Prussia. 

Prussia,  Proper,  an  extensive  division  of  the 
Prussian  states,  between  the  northern  frontier  of 
Poland  and  the  Baltic.  It  comprises  the  provin- 
ces of  E.  and  W.  Prussia,  divided  formerly  by 
the  Vistula,  and  now  by  a  line  a  few  m.  to  the  E. 
of  that  river.  E.  Prussia  lies  between  19.  20.  and 
24.  15.  of  E.  long,  and  52.  32.  and  56. 3.  of  N.  lat., 
and  has  a  superficial  extent  of  15,000  sq.  m.  with 
856,000  inhabitants.  It  is  divided  into  the  gov- 
ernments of  Konigsberg  and  Gumbinnen.  W. 
Prussia  is  a  less  extensive  country,  its  area  being 
10,000  sq.  m.  its  population  560,000.  It  is  divided 
into  the  governments  of  Dantzic  and  Marien- 
werder. 

Pruth,  a  river  that  rises  in  Marmarosch,  in 
Hungary,  crosses  part  of  the  palatinate  of  Lem- 
burg.  flows  through  Moldavia,  and  enters  the 
Danube  above  Leni,  in  Bessarbia. 

Prujjm,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  with  a  princely  abbey ;  seated  on 
the  river  Pruym,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Przesmislia,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  capital 
of  a  circle  of  its  name,  with  a  castle ;  seated  on 
^  river  San,  54  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Lemberg. 
78 


Przihram,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Beraun,  with  a  silver  mine  and  an  iron  foundery , 
seated  near  the  river  Muldau,  28  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Prague. 

Pskof,  or  Pleskof,  a  government  of  Russia,  ly- 
ing between  those  of  Livonia  and  Smolensko.  It 
comprises  an  area  of  22,000  sq.  m.  with  700,000 
inhabitants. 

Pikof,  the  capital  of  the  above  government, 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  strong  castle.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Welika,  at  its  entrance  into 
the  lake  Tchudskoi,  80  m.  S.  of  Narva  and  170 
S.  by  W.  of  Petersburgh.  Long.  27.  52.  E.,  at. 
57.  38.  N. 

Pucculoe,  a  town  of  Bengal,  40  m.  N.  W.  of 
Dacca. 

Puckholi,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Lahore,  86  ra.  S.  W.  of  Cashmere  and  145  N, 
W.  of  Lahore.     Long.  75.  5.  E.,  lat.  33.  45.  N. 

Pudda,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Agimere,  divides  the  provinces 
of  Cutch  and  Guzerat,  and  runs  into  the  gulf  of 
Cutch. 

Pudoga,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Olonetz,  situate  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  lake  of 
Onezkoe,  108  m.  E.  of  Olonetz.  Long.  36.  30. 
E.,  lat.  61.36.  N. 

Puebla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated  near 
the  Atlantic,  29  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Compostella. 

Pxublu  de  los  Angelas,  a  city  of  Mexico,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  name.  The  streets  are  broad 
and  straight,  and  the  buildings  in  general  of  stone, 
lofty  and  elegant.  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is  a 
large  square,  adorned  on  three  sides  with  uniform 
porticoes,  where  are  shops  filled  with  rich  com- 
modities, and  on  the  other  with  the  cathedral, 
which  has  a  beautiful  front,  and  two  lofty  towers. 
Besides  the  cathedral,  there  are  several  other 
churches  and  convents,  well  built  and  finely 
adorned.  A  small  river  runs  through  the  town, 
and  the  adjacent  valley  produces  vines  and  all 
sorts  of  European  fruits.  It  is  80  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Mexico.     Long.  99.  22.  W.,  lat.  19.  30.  N. 

Puebla  JVuova,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Veragua,  seated  near  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
100  m.  W.  of  St.  Jago.  Lon<r.  83.  0.  W.,  lat.  8. 
34.  N. 

Puebla  de  Sanabria,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Leon,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Astorga. 

Puente,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  on  the 
river  Agra,  8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pamplona. 

Puerto  Bello,  Puero  Rico,  «&c.  See  Porto. 

Puglia,  the  ancient  Apulia,  containing  the  three 
provinces  of  Capitanata,  Bari,  and  Otranto,  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 

Pughtown,  p.v.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Pulaski,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  4,899. 
Hartford  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Kentucky. 
Pop.  9,522.  Somerset  is  the  capital ;  a  county 
of  Arkansas.  Pop.  2,395.  Little  Rock  is  the 
capital ;  also  a  p.v.  Giles  Co.  Tenn. 

Pulhely,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Caernarvonshire, 
seated  on  an  inlet  of  Cardigan  Bay,  between  two 
rivers,  16  m.  S.  of  Caernarvon  and  243  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Pulx)  Condore,see  Condort ;  and  so  with  other 
islands  that  have  sometimes  Pulo  [Island]  prefi.ved. 

Pullicate,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carna- 
tic,  on  the  sea-coast,  and  at  the  S.  end  of  a  large 
lake  to  which  it  gives  name,  23  m.  N.  of  Madras. 

Pulteney,^X.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  30  m.  S.  Ca- 
nandaigua.     Pop.  1,730. 

Pulteneyville,  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lak* 
Ontario. 

3r3 


PUT 


618 


PUZ 


Pultney,  a  township  of  Belmont  Co.  Ohio,  on 
the  Ohio. 

PuUousk,  a  town  in  the  interior  of  Poland, 
where  in  1807  a  battle  was  fought  between  the 
French  and  Russians,  in  which  both  sides  claim- 
ed the  victory,  it  is  sealed  on  the  Narew,  30  m. 
N.  of  Warsaw. 

Pidtowa.     See  Potjiva. 

Puna,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  35  m. 
long  and  12  broad,  lying  at  tlie  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Guayaquil.  It  has  an  Indian  town  of  the 
•anie  name,  on  its  S.  side.     115  m.  N.  of  Paita. 

Punch  Hall,  a.  village  of  Caroline  Co.  Mary- 
land. 

Punhcte,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
bt  the  conflux  of  the  Zezere  with  the  Tajo,  6  m. 
N.  \V.  of  Abrantes. 

Punta  del  Guda,  the  capital  of  St.  Michael,  one 
of  the  Azores,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  situate 
on  the  S.  side,  and  contains  10,000  inhabitants. 
The  streets  are  regular  and  of  convenient  width, 
and  the  churches,  religious  houses,  and  public 
edifices  may  be  deemed  elegant.  There  is  no 
harbour  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town,  and  vessels 
usually  anchor  at  a  distance  from  the  shore  in  an 
open  road.     hong.  25.  42.  W.,  lat.  37.  47.  N. 

Puiixetamny,  p. v.  Jefferson  Co.  Pa.  70  m.  N. 
E.  Pittsburg. 

Purbf-ck,  Isle  of,  a  rough  and  heathy  tract  in 
Dorsetshire,  to  the  S.  of  Pool  Bay.  It  is  insulated 
by  the  sea  and  rivers,  and  is  famous  for  its  stone 
quarries,  the  principal  of  which  lie  at  its  eastern 
extremity,  near  Swannage,  whence  the  stone  is 
exported  :  it  is  of  the  calcareous  kind,  but  dis- 
tinguished into  numerous  sorts,  the  finest  of  which 
deserves  the  name  of  marble,  and  is  used  for 
chimney-pieces,  hearths,  &c. ;  while  the  coarser 
kinds  are  made  use  of  in  paving.  Tobacco-pipe 
clay  is  dug  up  in  several  parts  of  this  island,  the 
finest  near  Corfe  Castle,  of  which  much  is  export- 
ed, particularly  for  the  Staffordshire  potteries. 

Purcherui,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Granada,  70  m.  E.  of  Granada.  Long.  2.  25.  W., 
lat.  37.  19.  N. 

Purfleet,  a  village  in  Essex,  Eng.  situate  on  the 
Thames,  4  m.  W.  of  Grays-Thurrock.  It  has  ex- 
tensive lime-works,  and  a  large  magazine  for  gun- 
powder. 

Purijicacion,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Xalisco,  90  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Compostella.  Lonff. 
105.  30.  W.,  lat.  19.  58.  N. 

Purmerend,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  N.  Holland,  10  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Amsterdam. 

Parneah,  a  town  of  Bengal,  capital  of  a  fertile 
and  populous  district  of  its  name  ;  seated  on  the 
Scraw,  125  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Moorshedabad. 

Purijsibarg,  t.  Beaufort Dis.  S.  Con  the  Savan- 
nah, 20  m.  above  Savannah,  94  m.  S.  W. 
Cliarleston.  It  was  established  by  a  colony  of 
Swi?8,  to  introduce  the  cultivation  of  silk. 

Puscldavo,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Grisons,  3  m.  IN.  from  a  lake  to  which  it 
gives  name.  It  is  17  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bormio,  and 
§0  E.  of  Chiavenna. 

Putala,  cir  Pateli,a.  mountain  of  Thibet,  near  the 
banks  of  the  Burrampooter,  7  m.  E.  of  Lassa.  On 
Its  summit  is  the  palace  of  the  grand  lama,  the 
high  priest  of  Thibet. 

Put  in  Bay,  a  harbour  in  Ohio  at  the  West  end 
ef  Lake  Erie,  formed  by  the  largest  of  the  Bass 
Islands,  14  m.  N.  W.  Sandusky.  It  has  2  entran- 
ces, and  is  deep  enough  for  the  largest  vessels, 
and  sheltered  from  every  wind.  Here  the  Ameri- 
can fleet  under  Commodore  Perry  rendezvoused  in 


September  1813  when   he  captured    the  British 

Squadron. 

Putlitz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the    province  of 
Brandenburg,  with  an  old  castle,  11  m.  N.  N.  E 
of  Perleberg. 

PM^reftm,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  12,701. 
Carmel  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop. 
230.  Sugar  Grove  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of 
Georgia.  Pop.  13,653.  Eatonton  is  the  rapital. 
Putnam,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
Champlain.  Pop.  718  ;  p.t.  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio. 
Putney,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  seated  on  the 
Thames,  over  which  is  a  wooden  bridge,  4  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  London.  On  Putney  heath  is  an  obelisk, 
erected  in  178(5,  in  commemoration  of  Mr.  Hart- 
ley's mvention  of  fire-plates,  for  securing  buiH- 
ings  from  fire  ;  and  on  its  borders  are  several  ele- 
gant mansions. 

Putney,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connec- 
ticut.    33  m.  S.  \\  indsor.     Pop.  1,510. 

Puttan  Somnautfi,  or  Puttan,  a  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  near  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Guzerat 
Peninsula.  Somnauth  is  one  of  the  twelve  iniao-es 
of  Seeb  which  are  said  to  have  descended  from 
heaven  to  earth ;  and  the  great  fame  of  its  tem- 
ple attracted  the  cupidity,  while  it  stimulated  the 
bigotry,  of  Sultan  Mahmood,  of  Ghizni.  Accord- 
ing to  Mahomedan  authors,  the  image  was  de- 
stroyed, but  the  Hindoos  assert  that  the  god  re- 
tired into  the  ocean  !  The  symbol  placed  in  the 
temple  is  deemed  peculiarly  propitious  to  those 
who  desire  offspring.  It  is  visited  by  pilgrims 
from  every  quarter,  who  pay  a  trifling  duty  to 
the  Nabob  for  permission  to  perform  their  devotions 
at  this  favourite  shrine.  The  Bombay  Presidency 
is  stated  to  have  used  its  influence  with  the  Junag- 
har  State,  in  1816,  to  secure  greater  freedom  of 
pilgrimage  to  Puttan.  It  stands  near  the  sea,  95  m. 
S.  of  Noanagur.     Long.  69.  40.  E.,  lat.  21.  2.   N. 

Puy,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Loire,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The 
cathedral  is  famous  for  a  prodigious  quantity  of 
relics;  and  Our  Lady  of  Puy  is  celebrated  in  the 
annals  of  superstition.  Puy  has  manufactures  of 
blankets,  linen,  lace,  silk,  stuff's,  and  stoneware. 
It  is  seated  on  the  mountain  Anis,  near  the  river 
Loire,  45  m.  N.  E.  ofMendoand  05  S.  E.  of  Cler- 
mont.    Long.  3.  58.  E.,  lat.  45.  58.  N. 

Puy  de  Z)onie,  a  department  of  France,  contain- 
ing part  of  the  former  province  of  Auvergne.  It 
has  its  name  from  a  mountain,  situate  to  the  W. 
of  Clermont,  the  capital  of  the  department. 

Puy  en  Anjou,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Maine-et-Loire,  10  m.  S.'S.  W.  of  Saumur. 

Puy  r  Eveque,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lot. 
16  m.  W.  by  N.  ofCahors. 

Puy  la  lioque,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Tern-et-Garonne,  18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cahors. 

Pay  Moisson,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Low- 
er Alps,  15  m.  S.  of  Digne. 

Pwycertftf,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  cao- 
ital  of  the  county  of  Cerdagna,  seated  at  the  foot 
of  the  Pyrenees,  near  the  source  of  the  Segra,  47 
m.  W.by  S.  ofPerpignan  and  78  N.  by  W.  of 
Barcelona.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794 
Long.  1.  50.  E.,  lat.  42.  36.  N. 

Puyzaurens,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  28  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Alby. 

Puizuoli,  or  Pozzuolo,  a  celebrated,  but  now 
inconsiderable  city  of  Italy,  on  the  bay  of  Na- 
ples Here  are  the  remains  of  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Serapis,  an  interesting  monument  of  an- 
tiquity, being  different  from  the  Roman  and 
Greek  temples,  and  built  in  the  manner  of  the 


QUA 


619 


QUA 


Asiatic  ;  probably  by  the  Egyptian  and  Asiatic 
merchants  settled  at  Puzzuoli,  which  was  the 
great  emporium  of  Italy,  till  the  Romans  built 
Ostia  and  Antium.  It  has  been  converted  into  a 
Christian  cathedral,  and  so  much  modern  work 
added  that  at  present  only  the  front  of  the  ancient 
edifice  is  visible.  Many  other  remains  of  temples, 
amphitheatres,  and  other  public  buildings  in  this 
citv,  alFird  convincing  proofs  of  its  former  mag- 
nificence. The  ruins  of  Cicero's  villa,  near  this 
place,  are  of  such  extent  as  to  give  a  high  idea  of 
the  wealth  of  that  great  orator;  9  m.  VV.  of  Naples. 
Pijriimids,  a  range  of  ancient  and  stupendous 
E^vptian  monuments,  extending  northwards  from 
Cairo,  but  on  the  opposite  or  west  side  of  the 
Nile.  Tliev  are  continued  almost  uninterrupted- 
ly for  about  21  leagues,  upon  a  plain  occupying 
tiie  lower  slope  of  a  ridge  of  hills,  which  runs 
parallel  to  the  Nile.  This  plain  is  elevated  about 
8J  feet  above  tlie  ground  inund  ited  by  the  river 
and  consists  of  hard  rock,  forming  a  proper  sup- 
port for  the  immense  weight  of  the  structures 
erected  upon  it.  The  pyramids  are  distinguished 
by  their  form,  which  the  name  expresses,  and 
still  more  by  their  great  dimensions.  The  three 
larjest  are  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  town  of 
Gizeh,  and  are  named  from  their  founders.  The 
following  are  their  names  and  dimensions. 
Feet  hicrh.  Ft.  sq.  at  base. 
Cheops  499  693 

Cephrenes  398  655 

Mycerinus  162  280 

The  pyramids,  at  first  view,  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  solid  masses ;  and  it  seems  to  have 
been  the  intention  of  the  founders,  that  the  few 
openings  which  they  contain,  should  remain  per- 
petually closed.  The  ingenuity  of  successive 
ao-es  has  traced  the  openings  of  the  great  pyramid, 
which  were  so  studiously  concealed.  The  exte- 
rior opening  is  60  feet  above  the  basej  and  leads 
into  a  passage  66  paces  long.  Beyond  are  succes- 
sive galleries,  one  120  feet,  another  170,  and  an- 
other 180  feet  long.  The  principal  chamber,  at 
the  end  of  the  longest  gallery,  is  :J6  feet  long,  16 
broad,  and  13  high.  At  the  farthest  extremity  is 
tlie  sarcophagus,  for  the  reception  of  which  this 
enormous  structure  is  supposed  to  have  been  rear- 
ed. This  pyramid  is  ascended  on  the  outside  by 
an  uninterrupted  flight  of  steps,  from  2  1-2  to  4 
feet,  diminished  in  height,  as  they  approach  the 
top.  The  breadth  is  so  proportioned  to  the  height 
that  a  line  stretched  from  the  top  to  the  bottom 
would  touch  the  angle  of  every  step.  The  ex- 
ternal part  is  built  oi  square  stones,  cut  in  the 
rock  found  along  the  Nile.  They  are  com- 
pacted together  solely  by  their  own  weight,  with- 
out lime,  lead,  or  cramps  of  any  metal.  In  the 
body  of  the  pyramid,  however,  which  is  full  of 
irregular  stones,  it  has  been  necessary  to  employ 
a  mortir  composed  of  lime,  earth,  and  clay.  The 
pyramid  of  Cephrenes  was  first  opened  by  M.  Bel- 
Koni,  in  1818.      The  sarcophagus  was  found  to 


contain  bones,  supposed  to  be  human,  which  n^ 
peared  to  confirm  the  belief,  that  these  stupend- 
ous monuments,  as  has  been  asserted  by  Strabo 
and  Diodorus,  were  intended  as  sepulchres  of  the 
kings  of  Egypt.  But  a  thigh  bone,  which  was 
carried  to  London,  and  examined  by  the  royal 
college  of  Physicians,  was  pronounced  to  belong 
to  a  cow,  whence  it  has  been  inferred  that  these 
structures  were  reared  in  honour  of  this  favourite 
object  of  Egyptian  worship. 

Pifrbauin,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  lord- 
ship of  its  name,  situate  on  the  frontier  of  Fran- 
conia,  13  m.  S.  E.  of  Nuremburg. 

Pyrenees,  a  range  of  mountains  which  divide 
France  from  Spain,  and  the  most  celebrated  in 
Europe,  except  the  Alps.  They  reach  from  the 
Mediterranean  to  the  Atlantic,  about  212  m.  in 
length,  and  have  difierent  names,  according  to 
their  different  situ;itions.  The  passages  over 
them  are  not  so  difficult  as  those  of  the  Alps: 
one  of  the  most  frequented  is  that  firom  Pampelu- 
na  to  St.  Jean  de  Pied  de  Port,  by  which  the 
French  under  Soult  marched  to  attack  the  Brit- 
ish before  Pampeluna,  in  July  1813.  These 
mountains  contain  iron,  copper,  lead,  silver,  gold, 
cobalt,  and  zinc  ;  they  also  furnish  great  quanti- 
ties of  timber  for  ship-building,  and  abundance 
of  pitch  and  tar.     See  Perdu.,  SlouiU. 

Pyrenees,  Eastern,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  provinces  of  Roussillon,  Cerdagne, 
and  part  of  Languedoc.  Its  area  is  estimated  at 
1,650  sq.  m.,  and  the  pop.  at  126,500.  Although 
great  part  of  the  country  is  mountainous,  yet  it 
is  fertile  in  corn,  excellent  wine,  olives,  oranges, 
&c.     Perpignan  is  the  capital. 

Pyrenees.  Lower,  a  department  of  France,  com- 
prehending the  province  of  Beam  and  Navarre. 
The  principal  products  are  corn,  wine,  flax,  chest 
nuts,  and  other  fruits  ;  the  manufactures  woolen, 
linen,  leather,  and  recently  cotton.  The  prov 
ince  contains  an  area  of  about  3,000  sq.  m.,  with 
380 ,000  inhabitants.     Pan  is  the  capital. 

Pyrenees,  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  in- 
cluding the  province  of  Bigorre,  and  comprising 
an  area  of  1,800  sq.  m.  with  200,000  inhabitants. 
Here  are  excellent  horses  and  good  partridges. 
The  valleys  are  very  fertile,  furnishing  rye,  mil- 
let, Spanish  corn,  and  flax.  The  mountains  have 
mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  copper,  and  quarries  of 
slate,  marble,  and  jasper.  Tarbes  is  the  capi 
Ul. 

Pyrmont,  a  U)wn  of  the  N.  W.  part  of  Grermany, 
capital  of  a  small  district  of  the  same  name,  be 
longinff  to  the  prince  of  Waldeck.  Near  it  are 
minepJ  waters,  weli  known  to  all  Europe,  and 
frequented  by  persons  of  the  highest  rank.  It 
is  seated  in  a  delightful  valley,  between  high 
mountains,  38  m.  S.  yV.  of  Hanover.  Long.  9. 
20.  E.,  lat.  51.  57.  N. 

Pyrstein,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  tfie  principalihr 
of  Passau,  insulated  in  Austria.  It  is  10  m.  N.  W 
of  Lintz  and  22  E.  of  Passau. 


Q 


QUACHA,  a  lake  of  Louisiana  between  the 
Mississippi  and  Barataria  Bay. 

Quackenbrw  i,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the 
principality  of  Osnaburg;  seated  on  the  Hase.  28 
m.  N.  of  Osni  nirg. 


(Quadra  and  Vancouver's  Island,  an  island  on 
the  N.  W.  coast  of  America,  on  the  S.  W.  coast 
of  which  is  Nootka  Sound.  It  was  so  named  by 
captain  Vancouver  in  compliment  to  senor  Qua- 
dra, the  Spanish  commandment  at  Nootka.     It  is 


QUE 


eeo 


QUE 


aboQt  300  m.   in  length,  and  80  in   its  greatest 
oreadth. 

Quadrello,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
20  m.  E.  N.  E.of  Naples. 

qitaker  HiU,  p.v.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  E. 
Fishkill. 

Quaker  Springs,  p.v.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  31  m. 
N.  Albany. 

Quakertown,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 
(^uanir-ping,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  retche-li,  212  m.  S.  S.    E.    of 
Pekin.     Long.  114.  30.  E.,  lat.  3G.  47.  N. 

(^uanirsi,  an  inland  province  in  the  S.  of  Chi- 
na. It  produces  plenty  of  rice,  being  watered  by 
several  large  rivers.  The  southern  part  is  a  flat 
country,  and  well  cultivated  ;  but  the  northern  is 
full  of  mountains,  covered  with  trees.  It  con- 
tains mines  of  all  sorts,  and  particularly  a  gold 
mine.  Here  is  a  tree  called  quang-Jang,  the  pith 
of  which  is  made  into  bread ;  and  a  small  spe- 
cies of  insect  which  produces  white  wax.  Quel- 
ling is  the  capital. 

Quanff-tong,  a  province  of  China,  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  Kiang-si  and  Fo-kien,  on  the  S.  by 
the  ocean,  and  on  tne  W.  by  Tonquin.  It  is  di- 
versified by  valleys  and  mountains,  and  yields  two 
crops  of  corn  in  a  year.  The  northern  frontier 
consists  of  a  range  of  lofly  mountains,  which 
abound  in  gold,  jewels,  tin,  quick-silver,  copper, 
and  iron.  Ebony  and  several  sorts  of  odoriferous 
wood  are  produced  in  this  province,  as  well  as 
various  sorts  of  fruit.  There  is  a  species  of  lem- 
on as  large  as  a  man's  head  ;  and  another  sort 
which  grows  out  at  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  whose 
rind  is  very  hard,  and  contains  a  great  number 
of  little  cells,  full  of  an  excellent  yellow  pulp. 
A  prodigious  number  of  ducks  are  bred  in  this 
province,  their  eggs  being  hatched  in  ovens.  The 
mountains  are  covered  with  a  kind  of  osiers, 
which  creep  along  the  ground,  and  are  so  tough 
that  they  make  baskets,  hurdles,  mats,  and  even 
ropes  of  them.  Here  is  also  a  tree  the  timber  of 
which  is  remarkably  hard  and  heavy,  and  is 
thence  called  ironwood.  Canton  is  the  capital, 
but  the  viceroy  resides  at  Chao  king. 

Quangtong,  a  town  on  the  N.  borders  of  Bir- 
mah,  in  the  province  of  Ava,  with  a  fort,  seat- 
ed on  the  Irrawaddy,  150  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Um- 
merapoora. 

QuarUico  Mills,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  Maryland. 

^uariiz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Leignitz,  10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Glogau. 

Qmr/esville,  p.v.  Brunswick  Co.  Va. 

Quarre,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Yonne, 
6  m.  S.  of  Avallon. 

Quarto,  two  towns  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
the  one  6  ni.  W.  and  the  other  12  S.  W.  of  Salpes. 

Quarten,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  near  Wallen- 
Stadt  Lake,  5  m.  E.  of  Claris. 

Quatre  Br/w,^  hamlet  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
was  the  scene  of  an  obstinate  conflict  between  the 
British  and  French,  on  the  16th  of  June,  1815. 

Queaux,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vi- 
enne,  21  ni.  S.  E.  of  Poitiers. 

Quebec,  the  capital  of  Canada,  and  of  British 
America,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers 
St  Lawrence  and  St.  Charles  (or  the  Little  River), 
about  320  milc-s  from  the  sea.  It  is  built  on  a  rock, 
which  is  partly  ot  marble  and  partly  of  slate,  and 
is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  Near  it  is  a 
fine  lead  mine.  At  the  time  it  was  founded,  in 
1608,  the  tide,  it  is  said,  reached  the  foot  of  the 
rock  ;  but  since  that  period  this  river  has  sunk  so 
&>  that  a  large  spot  of  ground  is  lefl  dry,  and  on 


this  an  extensive  suburb  is  built,  styled  the  Low 
er  Town,  which  stands  at  the  foot  of  a  rocky  pre- 
cipice, about  48  feet  in  height,  and  is  chiefly  in- 
habited by  merchants.  The  houses  in  both  towns 
are  of  stone,  strong,  and  well  built.  The  fortifi- 
cations are  extensive,  but  irregular.  The  natural 
situation  of  the  town  renders  its  defence  easy. 
If  attacked  by  ships  from  the  river,  their  guns 
cannot  injure  the  works  of  the  Upper  Town, 
though  the  ships  themselves  would  be  liable  to 
great  injury  from  the  cannon  and  bombs  from 
these  elevated  ramparts.  The  Lower  Town  is 
defended  by  a  platform,  flanked  with  two  bastions, 
which,  at  high  water  and  spring  tides,  are  almost 
level  with  the  surface  of  the  water.  A  little 
above  the  bastion,  to  the  right,  is  a  half  bastion, 
cut  out  of  the  rock  ;  a  little  higher  a  large  bat- 
tery, and  higher  still  a  square  lort,  the  most  re- 
gular of  all  the  fortifications,  and  in  which  the 
governor  resides.  The  passages  which  form  a 
communication  between  these  rocks  are  extremely 
rugged.  The  rock  which  separates  the  Upper 
from  the  Lower  Town  extends,  with  a  bold  and 
steep  front,  a  considerable  distance  W.  along  the 
river  St.  Lawrence.  The  Lower  Town  is  well 
supplied  with  water,  which  is  sometimes  scarce 
in  the  Upper  Town.  This  city  was  erected  by 
the  French  in  1608;  the  English  reduced  it,  with 
all  Canada,  in  162i),  but  it  was  restored  in  1G32. 
In  1711  it  was  besieged  by  the  English  without 
success  ;  in  1759  it  was  again  conquered,  after  a 
battle  memorable  for  the  death  of  general  Wolfe 
in  the  moment  of  victory,  and  was  confirmed  to 
them  by  the  peace  of  1763,  In  1775  it  was  at- 
tacked by  the  Americans  under  g-eneral  Mont- 
gomery, who  was  slain,  and  his  army  repulsed. 
Of  late  years  great  improvements  have  been  effec- 
ted, and  the  present  population  amounts  to  nearly 
22,000.  The  chief  exports  are  grain,  flour,  tim- 
ber, lumber",  &.C.  The  basin  of  Quebec  is  capable 
of  containing  100  sail  of  the  line.  180  m.  N.  E. 
Montreal.  330  m.  N.  of  Boston.  Long.  70.  48. 
W.,  lat.  46.  55.  N. 

Queida,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  in  the  peninsula  of 
Malacca.  The  king  is  tributary  to  Siam.  The 
principal  town  is  of  the  same  name,  has  a  harbour, 
and  is  300  m.  N.  of  the  city  of  Malacca.  Long. 
100.  5.  E.,  lat  7.  5.  N. 

Quedlinberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in 
the  principality  of  Anhalt,  with  a  castle.  The 
river  Bode  divides  it  into  the  Old  and  New  Town. 
It  has  a  trade  in  brandy  and  linen,  and  is  10  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Halberstadt.  Long.  11.  10.  E.,  lat. 
51.50.  N. 

Quern  Ann,  a  county  of  Maryland,  on  the  E.  of 
Chesapeak  Bay.  Pop.  14,396.  Centreville  is 
the  chief  town. 

Queen  Ann,  a  town  of  Maryland,  in  Prince 
George  county,  situate  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  the 
Patuxent,  13  m.  S.  W.  of  Annapolis  and  22  E.  of 
Washington. 

Queen  Charlotte  Island,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pa- 
cific, 6  m.  long  and  1  broad,  discovered  by  captain 
Wallis  in  1767.     Long.  138.  4.  W.,  lat.  19.  18   S. 

Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in 
the  N.  Pacific,  explored  by  captain  Carteret  in 
1767.  The  most  considerable  he  named  Egmont, 
but  the  Spaniards  call  it  Santa  Cruz.  It  is  60  m. 
long  and  from  20  to  30  broad,  woody  and  moun- 
tainous, with  many  valleys  intermixed.  The  in- 
habitants are  very  nimble,  vigorous,  and  active  ; 
and  their  weapons  are  bows  and  arrows  pointed 
with  flint.  On  the  N.  side  is  a  harbour  nan;ed 
Swallow  Bay.     Long.  164.  26.  E.,  lat.  10.  42  S. 


't 


QU£ 


621 


QUI 


Queen  Charlotte  Sound,  a  sound  at  the  N.  ex- 
tremity of  the  S.  island  of  New  Zealand,  near 
Cook  Strait.     Long.  174.  14.  E.,  lat.  41.  6.  S. 

Qaeenliorough,  a  borough  in  Kent,  Eng.  in  the 
Isle  of  Sheppey.  It  had  once  a  strong  caste,  re- 
mains of  which  are  still  to  be  seen.  The  chief 
emplo)'ment  of  the  inhabitants  is  fishing,  and 
oysters  are  here  in  great  plenty.  The  town  is 
sealed  near  the  mouth  of  the  Medvvay,  15  m.  N. 
W.  of  Canterbury  and  45  E.  by  S.  of  London. 
Long.  0.  49.  E.,  lat.  15.  23.  N. 

Qiieensborough,  a  town  of  S.  Carolina,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Great  Pedee  River,  32  m.  N.  iN. 
W.  of  Georgetown. 

Q>teenshoroiigh,a.  village  in  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio. 

Queens    Coitnty,   a  county    of  Ireland,  in    the 

frovince  of  Leinster,  about  30  m.  long  and  29 
.•oad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  King's  county,  E. 
by  Kildare,  S.  E.  by  Carlow,  S.  by  Kilkenny, and 
W.  by  Tipperary  and  King's  county.  It  is  di- 
vided into  nine  baronies  and  50  parishes,  contains 
about  134,000  inhabitants,  and  sends  three  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  It  was  formerly  full  of  woods 
and  bogs,  but  is  now  much  improved  in  cultiva- 
tion.    Maryborough  is  the  capital. 

Queens  County,  a  county  of  New  York,  in  the 
W.  part  of  Long  Island.  Pop.  22,276.  N.  Hemp- 
stead is  the  chief  town. 

Queensferry,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Linlith- 
gowshire, seated  on  the  frith  of  Forth,  where  it  is 
not  more  than  2  m.  wide.  It  has  a  trade  in  soap, 
and  a  much  frequented  ferry.  It  is  9  m.  W.  of 
Edinburgh. 

Queenstadt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  5  m. 
N.  E.  of  Halberstadt. 

Queenstown,  a  town  of  Upper  Canada,  on  the 
river  Niagara,  7  miles  below  the  falls.  Here  all 
the  merchandise  and  stores  received  from  Kings- 
ton for  the  upper  part  of  the  province  are  sent  in 
waggons  to  Chippewa,  a  distance  of  10  m.  the 
falls  and  broken  course  of  the  river  rendering  the 
navigation  impracticable  for  that  space.  It  is  7 
m.  above  Fort  Niagara  and  20  N.  by  E.  of  Fort 
Erie. 

Queenstown,  p.v.  Queen  x\nn's  Co.  Maryland. 
33  m.  S,  E.  Baltimore. 

Queich,  a  river  of  Bavaria,  which  passes  by 
Anweiller  and  Landau,  and  enters  the  Rhine  near 
Germersheim. 

Quei-ling,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  pro- 
vince of  Quang-si.  It  has  its  name  from  a  flower 
called  quei,  which  grows  on  a  tree  resembling  a 
laurel,  and  emits  such  a  sweet  odor  that  it  per- 
fumes the  whole  country.  It  stands  on  a  rivers 
that  runs  into  the  Ta,  but  with  such  rapidity  as 
t>ot  to  be  navigable.  It  is  180  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Canton  and  587  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  109.  51.  E., 
lat.  25.  12.  N. 

Quemahoming,  a  township  of  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Quentin,  St.,  a  strong  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  with  a  considerable  manufacture 
of  lawns  and  cambrics;  also  gauze,  linen,  and 
thread.  Near  this  place,  in  1557,  Philip  II.  of 
Spain  gained  a  signal  victory  over  the  French, 
and  afterwards  took  the  town  by  storm,  but  it 
was  restored  to  France  in  1559.  It  is  seated  on 
an  eminence,  on  the  river  Somme,  21  m.  S.  of 
Cambray  and  83  N.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Long.  3  20. 
E.,  lat.  49.  50.  N. 

Quercy,  a  province  of  France,  now  formmg  the 
department  of  Lot. 

Queretaro,  a  city  of  Mexico,  capital  of  a  pro- 
vince of  the  same  name.  Pop.  35,000.  95  m.  N. 
W.  Mexico. 


Querfort,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Merseberg,  formerly  the  capital  of 
a  principality  of  its  name,  with  a  castle,  14  m. 
W.  of  Merseberg.  Long.  11.  50.  E.,  lat.  51.  23. 
N. 

Querimba,  a  cluster  of  small  islands  on  the 
coast  of  Mozambique,  fertile  in  fruits  and  pastures 
The  principal  one,  cf  the  same  name,  is  in  long. 
41.  30.  E.,  lat.  11.40.  S. 

Qucsjwy,  a  fortified  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  with  an  old  castle.  In  1793  it  was  taken 
by  the  Austrians,  but  retaken  the  next  year.  It 
is  seated  in  an  extensive  plain,  on  the  rivulet 
Ronelle,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Valenciennes  and  122  N. 
E.  of  Paris.     Long.  3.  40.  E.,  lat.  50.  15.  N. 

Quiheroii,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Morbihan 
with  a  fort,  situate  at  the  extremity  of  a  peninsula, 
to  the  N.  of  Belleisle.  \n  1795  it  was  taken  by 
some  French  royalists  in  the  pay  of  Great  Britain  ; 
but,  owing  to  the  desertion  and  treachery  of  some 
of  the  soldiers,  the  republicans  soon  took  it  by  sur- 
prise. It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1800,  but 
evacuated  soon  afterwards.  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Port  Louis. 

Quicaro,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  near 
the  coast  of  Veragua,  about  20  m.  long  and  (/broad 
Long.  82.  39.  W.,  lat.  7.  50.  N. 

Qui.limanry,  a  sea-port  of  Zanguebar,  in  the 
kingdom  of  Melinda.  It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a 
riverof  the  same  name,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Melinda. 
Long.  41.  40.  E.,  lat.  3.  10.  S. 

Quillan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aude, 
25  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Carcassone. 

Quillebasuf,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Eure,  seated  on  the  Seine,  37  m.  W.  of  Rouen, 
and  42  N.  W.  of  Evreux. 

Quiloa,  a  sea-port  of  Zanguebar,  capital  of  a 
kingdom  of  the  same  name,  with  a  small  citadel. 
This  country  was  for  some  time  in  the  possession 
of  the  Portuguese,  from  whom  it  was  wrested  by 
the  imam  of  Mascat.  It  produces  abundance  of  rice, 
millet,  fruits, cattle,  and  poultry.  The  inhabitants 
are  Mahomedans  partly  black  and  partly  tawny. 
The  capital  is  well  built,  and  stands  on  an  island, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Coava.  Long.  40.  0.  E., 
lat.  8.  38.  S. 

Quimper,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Finisterre,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  conflux  of  the  Oder  and  Benaudet,  34. 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Brest  and  112  W.  by  S.  of  Rennes. 
Long.  4.  6.  W.,  lat.  47.  58.  N. 

Quimpcrle,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Fmisterre,  seated  on  the  IsoUe,  30  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Quimper. 

Quincy,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  9  m.  S.  E.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  2,192.  Here  is  a  quarry  of  excellent 
granite  much  used  for  building  in  Boston  and  the 
neighborhood.  The  Qui7icy  Railroad  extends  from 
this  place  to  Neponset  river.  It  is  3  m.  in  length 
with  a  single  track.  It  was  constructed  in  1826, 
and  was  the  first  undertaking  of  the  kind  in  Amer- 
ica. On  an  elevated  rock  at  the  commencement  of 
the  railroad,  stands  a  square  tower  of  stone  with  an 
inscription  commemorating  the  foundation  of  the 
work.  The  view  from  the  summit  of  the  tower  is 
exceedingly  fine,  embracing  Boston  Bay,  its 
islands,  and  a  wide  extent  of  country. 

Quincy,  p.v.  Morgan  Co.  and  Adams  Co. 
Illinois. 

Quingey,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Doubs,  seated  on  the  Louve,  12  m.  S.  W.  of 
Besancon. 

Quin-nog,  or  Chin-chi,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of 
Cochin-China,  much  freauented  by  the  vessels  of 


RAB 


RAD 


tlie  country,  being  an  excellent  harbour.  The 
entrance  is  narrow,  and  ships  ot  burden  can  get 
in  only  at  high  water.  At  the  head  of  the  har- 
bour is  the  city  of  Quin-nong.  Long.  109.  15. 
E.,  lat.  13.  52.  N. 

QuiTison,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Low- 
er Alps,  29  m.  S.  of  Digne. 

Q-iintin,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Cotes  du 
Nord,  seated  in  a  valley,  on  the  Goy,  10  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  St.  Brieuc. 

Quinziaa,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  the  kingdom 
of  Fez,  100  m.  in  length,  extending  from  the  de- 
sert of  Gret  to  the  river  Nocor. 

Quirjwn,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic,  near  the  N. 
coast  of  Newfoundland.  Long.  53.  22.  W.,  lat. 
51.  40.  N. 

Quistello,a.  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  famous  for 
an  action  l)etween  the  French  and  Austrians  in 
17;i4,  wl.er.  manslial  Broglio  was  surprised  in  his 
bed.    It  is  Heated  or  the  Seccia,  15  m.  S.  of  Mantua. 

Q'litn,  a  presideury  of  the  republic  of  Colombia, 
lying  between  two  chains  of  the  high  mountains 
called  the  Andes.  The  eastern  governments  are 
chiefly  immense  tracts,  thinly  scattered  with  mis- 
sionary villages.  The  vegetable  productions  vary 
with  the  eievration  ofthe  ground.  Tlie  champaign 
country  produces  abundant  crops  of  maize  ;  and 
the  deep  ravines,where  the  temperature  is  hot,pro- 
duce  sugar-cane.  The  elevated  lands  possess  a 
colder  climate,  and  produce  wheat,  barley,  &c. 
Immense  flocks  of  sheep  are  reared  in  the  moun- 
tain plains,  and  their  wool  furnishes  materials  for 
the  manufactures  of  this  province.  The  lands  are 
generally  well  cultivated,  and  there  are  a  great 
number  of  towns  and  villages  inhabited  almost 
entirely  by  Indians.  The  streets  are  generally 
straight  and  in  the  direction  of  the  four  cardinal 
points  ;  and  the  roads  are  laid  out  in  a  line,  cros- 
sing each  other,  so  that  the  aspect  of  the  country 
is  tnat  of  a  large  garden.    Although  this  country 


is  situate  on  both  sides  the  equator,  yet  it  lies  so 
high,  and  so  near  the  snow-clad  mountains,  that 
the  air  is  very  temperate.  There  are  no  noxious 
animals  ;  for  the  tigers  and  serpents  are  below  in 
the  forests.  The  state  of  society  in  this  province 
has  undergone  considerable  improvement  since  its 
deliverance  from  Spanish  domination,  and  the 
manufactures  are  in  a  flourishing  state.  Hats, 
cotton  stuffs,  and  coarse  woolen  cloths,  are  made 
here  in  great  quanities,  and  exported  to  other  parts 
of  S.  America. 

Quito,  the  capital  ofthe  above  country,  is  seat- 
ed on  the  skirts  ofthe  volcanic  mountain  of  Pin- 
chincha,  in  a  pleasant  valley,  but  on  high  ground. 
9,510  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Having  n^ 
mines  in  its  neighbourhood,  it  is  chiefly  famous 
for  manufactures  of  cotton,  wool,  and  flax.  The 
town  is  plentifully  supplied  with  water,  and  enjoys 
a  delightful  climate  ;  but  it  is  subject,  together 
with  the  whole  country,  to  the  awful  calamity  of 
earthquakes.  Of  these  a  very  destructive  one  was 
experienced  in  1755.  In  1797  the  face  of  the 
whole  district  was  changed  by  a  most  dreadful 
concussion,  and  40,000  persons  were  in  one  mo- 
ment hurled  into  eternity.  Violent  shocks  of 
earthquakes  have  since  been  frequently  experi- 
enced. It  is  notwithstanding  very  populous,  and 
inhabited  by  several  families  of  distinguished  rank. 
400  m.  S.  W.  of  Bogota.  Long.  77.  55.  W.,  lat. 
0.  13.  S. 

Quizama,,  a  province  of  Africa  in  the  S.  part  of 
Angola.  It  is  mountainous  and  badly  cnltivated, 
but  produces  abundance  of  honey,  wax,  and  salt. 
The  inhabitants  are  warlike,  and  have  never  sub- 
mitted to  the  Portuguese. 

Quoja,  an  inland  country  of  Africa,  lying  E. 
of  Sierre  Leone.  It  is  well  cultivated,  but  has 
little  commercial  intercourse. 

Quovedo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Istria 
Quorra,  See  JYiger. 


R 


RAAB,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hungary,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
It  is  a  strong  frontier  bulwark  against  the  Turks, 
and  is  seated  at  the  conflux  ofthe  Raab  and  B,ab- 
nitz,  not  far  from  the  Danube,  38  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Presburg.     Long.  17.  7.  E.,  lat.  47.  38.  N. 

Raajeirur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malwa,  74  m.  N  E.  of  Ougein  ana  214 
S.  S.  W.  of  Agra.     Long.  70.  56.  E.,  lat.  24   2.  N. 

Rtuiza,  one  ofthe  Hebrides  of  Scotland,  between 
the  mainland  of  Ross-shire  and  the  Isle  of  Skye. 
It  is  annexed  to  the  parish  of  Portree,  in  the 
county  of  Inverness,  and  is  about  12  m.  long 
and  4  broad,  rising  with  a  gentle  ascent  from  the 
W  side  to  a  great  height  on  the  E.  side,  which  is 
nearly  perpendicular.  It  is  famous  for  its  mill- 
stone quarries,  and  at  the  N.  E.  end  stands  Cas- 
tle Broichin,  which  is  a  noted  sea-mark.  Long. 
«.  0.  W.,  lat.  57.  32.  N. 

Rahasteins,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  river  Tarn,  18  m. 
N.  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Rabat,  a  sea-port  of  Algiers,  in  Tremecen,  with 
a  castle.  It  has  fine  mosques  and  handsome 
palaces,  and  is  seated  at  the  mouth  ofthe  Burigrig, 
between  Fez  and  Tangier.  Long.  5.  28.  W.,  lat. 
30.  40.  N. 


Rabenstein,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  on  the  river 
Ottava,  21  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Rakonitz. 

Riibun,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  2.175. 
Clayton  is  the  capital. 

Racca,  a  town  of  Turkey,  in  Diarbekir,  at  the 
conflux  ofthe  Beles  with  the  Euphrates.  Near 
it  are  the  ruins  of  Old  Racca,  once  a  magnificent 
city.     It  is  110  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Diarbekir. 

Rac.horc,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
ofBejapore,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  name,  sub- 
ject to  the  nizam  ofthe  Doccan.  It  is  seated  on 
the  S.  bank  ofthe  Kistna,  SO  m.  S.  W.  of  Hydra 
bad.     Long.  78.  3.  E.,  lat.  IG.  22  N. 

Racketon,  a  village  of  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y. 

Raconi0i,&  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  magnifi- 
cent castle  belonging  to  the  prince  of  Cangnano  ; 
seated  in  a  plain,  18  m.  S.  of  Carignano. 

Radehcrg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  near  which  is  a 
bath,  called  Augustus  bath,  discovered  in  1717 
It  is  seated  on  the  Roder,  8  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Dres- 
den. 

Radebiirg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  celebrated  for  earthen  ware,  and  seated  on  the 
Roder,  14  m.  N.  of  Dresden. 

Radicofani,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  in  the  former 
province  of  Sienna,  seated  on  a  steep  hill,  40  m. 
S.  E.  of  Sienna. 


RAI 


aa 


RAM 


Radimpour,  or  Radunpmir,  a  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  the  province  of  Agimere,  situate  on  the 
Puddar,  175  m.  N.  of  Sural  and  250  S.  W.  of 
Agi.nere.     Long.  71.  48.  E.,  lat.  23.  58.  N. 

Radnor,  JYew,  a  borough  of  Wales,  in  Radnor- 
shirp.  New  Radnor  is  seated  near  the  soui'ce  of 
the  Somergil,  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  which  a  cas- 
tle formerly  stood,  24  m.  N.  W.  of  Hereford  and 
159  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Radnorshire,  a  county  of  Wales,  30  m.  long 
and  25  broad.  The  number  ofinhabitants  in  1821 
was  22,459.  Its  principal  rivers  are  the  Wye 
and  Tend,  the  former  divided  it  from  Brecknock- 
shire, and  the  latter  from  Shropshire.  The  E. 
and  S.  parts  are  tolerably  level  and  productive  of 
corn.  The  other  parts  are  rude  and  mountainous 
devoted  chiefly  to  the  rearing  of  cattle  and 
sheep. 

Radnor,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.  Pa. 

Radom,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Sandomir,  60  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Sandomir. 

Radom sk,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate 
of  Siradia,  50  m.  S.  E.  of  Siradia. 

Radstadt,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  near  the  source  of 
the  Ens,  35  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Salzburg.  Long.  13. 
26.  E.,  lat.  47.  18.  N. 

Ragivolo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mantua,  19  m.  S.  of  Mantua. 

Ragland,  a  village  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng. 
famous  for  its  castle,  where  Charles  1.  passed 
much  of  his  time,  and  lived  in  a  magnificent  style. 
This  caslle  was  the  last  in  Cromwell's  time  which 
surrendered  to  general  Fairfax.  5  m.  N.  E.  of 
Usk  and  8  E.  of  Monmouth. 

Ragnit,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  with  a 
very  ancient  castle,  in  which  is  a  large  royal  mag- 
azine for  provisions,  &c.  It  is  situate  on  the  Nie- 
jnen,56  m.  E.  N.  E.of  Konigsberg.  Long.  21.  30. 
E.,  lat.  55.  30.  N. 

Rasoogur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malwa,  116  m.  N.  E.  of  Ougein  and  256 
S.  of  Dehli.  Long.  77.  30.  E.,  lat.  214.  23.  N. 

Ragusa,  a  district  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  con- 
taining the  territory  of  the  ancient  republic  of 
Ragusa  and  several  islands.  It  has  an  area  of 
700  square  miles,  with  55,000  inhabitants.  The 
soil  is  so  barren  that  the  inhabitants  receive  the 
greatest  part  of  their  necessaries  from  the  neigh- 
bouring islands  and  Turkish  provinces.  The  chief 
rivers  are  the  Drino  Gliuta,  and  Ombla 

Ragusa,  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  2  miles  in  circumference, 
and  strong  by  situation,  having  an  inaccessible 
mountain  on  the  land  side,  and  a  strong  fort  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  has  a  considerable  trade 
with  the  Levant  and  Italy,  and  is  66  m.  W.  of 
Scutari.     Long.  17.  55.  E.,  lat.  42.  32.  N. 

Ragusa,  a  populous  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Noto  near  the  river  Maulo,  18  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Noto. 

Rahioay,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J.  5  m.  S.  W. 
Elizabethtown. 

Raiatea,  orloretea,  the  Ulietea  of  captain  Cook, 
the  largest  of  the  Society  Isles,  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
about  40  m.  in  circumference.  The  mountains 
are  lofty,  and  picturesque.  The  lowland  is  ex- 
tensive, and  the  valleys,  which  are  capable  of  the 
highest  cultivation,  are  not  only  spacious,  but 
conveniently  situated  for  affording  to  the  inhabit- 
ants an  intercourse  with  other  parts  of  the  island. 
It  is  well  supplied  with  rivers  and  streams  of  ex- 
cellent water.  On  the  N.  W.  is  a  small  but  very 
secure  harbour,  called  Haraanino,  which  is  shel- 
tered from  the  strong  £.  and  S.  winds  by  the 


mountains  of  the  interior.     Long.  151.  38.  W. 
lat.  16.  45.  S. 

Rain,  a  fortified  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  tlw» 
Acha,  12  m.  W.    f  Neuberg. 

Rain,  or  Old  R  in,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ab- 
erdeenshire, near  the  river  Ury,  23  m.  N.  W. 
of  Aberdeen. 

Rain  Lake,  a  laite  of  N.  America,  lying  E.  of 
Lake  of  the  Woods,   and   W.  of  Lake  Superior 
Jt  is  nearly  100  m.  long,  but  in  no  part  more  than 
20  wide. 

Raisin,  a  river  of  Michigan  Territory  flowing 
into  Lake  Erie.  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Detroit  river. 

Raisin  Market,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  En^. 
near  the  source  of  the  Ancbolm,  IG  m.  N.  E.  of 
Lincoln  and  147  N.  of  London. 

Rajamundry,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
an  extensive  and  fertile  district  of  its  name,  in  the 
province  of  the  Circars.  The  principal  riches 
consist  in  teak  timber.  It  is  the  residence  of  the 
British  civil  establishment,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Godavery,  35  m.  from  its  mouth  and  170  S.  W. 
of  Cicacole.  Long.  81.  57.  E.,  lat.  17.  0.  N. 

Rajapour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bejapore,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  6  m.  N.  of  Geriah. 

Rajemal,  a  district  of  Bengal,  separated  by  a 
range  of  hills  from  Bahar.  It  is  now  annexed  to 
the  collectorsliip  of  Boglipore. 

Rajemal,  a  decayed  town  of  Bengal,  seated  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Ganges,  68  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Moorshedabad. 

Rakelslnirg,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Stiria,  with  a  considerable  trade  in  wine  and 
iron.  It  is  a  frontier  fortress  towards  Hungary, 
and  is  situate  on  an  island  in  the  river  Muer,  36 
m.  S.  E.  of  Graiz.  Long.  15.  58.  E.,  lat.  46.  45. 
N. 

Rakonitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name.  Very  good  beer  is  brewed 
here,  and  forms  the  principal  article  of  trade.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Miza,  30  m.  W.  of  Prague. 
Long.  14.0.  E.,  lat.  50.5.  N. 

Raleigh,  the  capital  of  N.  Carolina,  in  Wake 
county.  It  was  named  after  the  celebrated  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  under  whose  direction  the  first 
settlement  in  N.  America  was  made  at  Roanoke 
Island.  It  stands  on  the  Neuse,  near  the  centre 
of  the  state.  Here  is  a  large  and  handsome 
statehouse,  with  several  other  public  buildings. 
The  remoteness  from  navigation  is  its  greatest 
disadvantage.  It  is  95  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Neubern, 
the  former  capital,  and  145  W.  S.  W,  of  Peters- 
bur?,  in  Virginia.  Long.  78.  52.  W.,  lat.  35.  40. 
N.  Pop.  1 ,700. 

Raleigh,  p. v.  Union  Co.  Ken.  on  the  Ohio. 

Rulphsville,  a  township  of  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio. 

Rama,  or  Ramula,  a  decayed  town  of  Palestine, 
with  many  fine  ruins  of  Christian  churches,  and 
other  buildings,  which  attest  its  former  magnifi- 
cence. 20  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Jerusalem. 

Ramada,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  New  Granada, 
100  m.  E.  of  St.  Martha.  Long.  72.  20.  W.,  lat. 
11.10.  N. 

Ramagiri,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Arkawati,  with  a 
strong  fort  on  the  opposite  bank,  on  a  large  rocky 
hill,  50  m.  N.   E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Ramah,  p.v.  Wilkinson  Co.  Geo.  33  m.  S.  Mil 
ledgeville. 

Ramapo,  p.t.  Rockland  Co.  N.  Y.  on  a  smalt 
stream  of  the  same  name,  running  into  the  Hud- 
son, 35  m.  N.  New  York.  Pop.  2,837.  Hero  are 
large  maaufactuxes  of  cotton  and  iron. 


RAM 


834 


RAO 


Rambert,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ain,  with  a  linen  manufanture  and  considerable 
iron  works ;  seated  near  the  river  Albeline,  24 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bourg  en  Bresse 

Rambert,  St.,  a  town  in  the  de  artment  of  Loire, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Montbrison. 

Ramberviller,  a  town  in  the  d  partment  of  Vos- 
ges,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Nancy. 

RambouiUet,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Seine- 
et-Oise.  Here  was  a  royal  palace,  which  was  de- 
molished in  17!)3.    27  m.  S.  W.  of  Paris. 

Raillery, 9.  town  of  France,  department  of  Aube, 
seated  on  the  river  Aube,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Troyes. 

RamUlics,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Bra- 
bant, memorable  for  a  signal  victory  obtained  by 
the  duke  of  Marlborough  over  the  French  in 
1706.  it  is  seated  at  the  source  of  the  Geete, 
10  m.  N.  ofNamur  and  24  S.  E.  of  Brussels. 

Ramiseram,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Manara,  at 
the  W.  end  of  Adam's  Bridge,  and  separated  from 
Marawar,  on  the  continent  of  Hindoostan  by  a  nar- 
row channel.  It  is  30  m.  in  circuit;  and  contains 
some  beautiful  trees,  a  few  villages,  and  a  cela- 
brated  temple,  to  which  a  vast  concourse  of  pil- 
grims resort.     Long.  79.  22.  E.,  lat.  9.  18.  N. 

Ramla,  a  town  of  Palestine  the  ancient  Arima- 
thea,  now  in  a  ruinous  stale.  Here  is  a  manufac- 
ture of  soap,  which  is  sent  into  all  parts  of  Egypt. 
18  m.  N.  W.  of  Jerusalem. 

Rammekens,  a  sea-port  of  Zealand,  in  the  isle  of 
Walcheren.  It  was  one  of  the  towns  put  into  the 
hands  of  the  English  as  a  security  for  a  loan  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  4  m.  S.  of  Middle- 
burg.  Lon^.  3.  40.  E.  lat.  51.  29.  N. 

Rammelberg,  a  lofty  and  extensive  mountain  of 
Germany,  in  that  part  of  the  Hartz  Forest  which 
lies  within  the  principality  of  Grubenhagen.  On 
this  mouniain  arc  several  silver  mines  ;  and  at  the 
foot  of  it  is  the  city  of  Goslar. 

Ramnad,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  in  the  province  of  Marawar. 
Long.  78.  49.  E.,  lat.  21.  28.  N. 

Ramno,  a  town  of  Bengal,  in  the  district  of 
Chittagong.     Long.  92.  15.  E.,  lat.  6.  26.  N. 

Rampour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  Dehli,32  m. 
S.  of  Cossipour  and  105  E.  of  Dehli. 

Ramsay,  a  town  of  the  isle  of  Man,  situate  on  a 
large  bay,  on  the  N.  E.  Coast.  The  bay  affords 
good  anchorage,  but  the  harbour  will  only  admit 
small  vessels.  Near  it  is  a  lighthouse  ;  and  the 
entrance  of  the  town  is  defended  by  a  fort.  It  is 
15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Douglas.  Lonff.  4.  26.  W.  lat. 
54.  18.  N. 

Ramsaysburir,  p. v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

Ramsey,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng.  It 
had  formerly  an  extensive  abbey,  of  which  only 
the  ruins  of  a  gateway  remain.  It  is  seated  in  the 
fens,  near  the  meres  of  Ramsay  and  Wittlesey, 
12  m.  N.  E.  of  Huntingdon  and  69  N.  of  London. 

Ramsey,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Wales,  separ- 
ated from  Pembrokeshire  by  a  narrow  channel, 
called  Ramsey  Sound.  Near  it  is  a  group  of  dan- 
gerous rocks  known  by  the  name  of  the  Bishop  and 
his  Clerks,  frequented  in  the  breeding  season  by 
vast  multitudes  of  sea-fowls.  The  island  is  2 
m.  long  and  one  and  a  quarter  broad.  4  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  St.  David.     Long.  5.  20.  W.,  lat.  51.  55. 

Ramsaate,  a  sea-port  in  Kent,  Eng.  in  the  isle 
of  Thanet,  near  the  Downs.  It  was  formerly  an  ob- 
scure fishing  town,  and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth contained  only  25  inhabited  houses.  It  has 
of  late  years  greatly  increased  in  size  and  popula- 
tion.    The  harbour  is  nearly  circular,  and  has  2 


fine  stone  piers,  a  dry  dock,  and  a  lighthouse. 
Ramsgate  is  a  member  of  the  port  of  Sandwich, 
and  is  much  frequented  as  a  bathing  place.  17 
m.  W.  by  N.  of  Canterbury  and  72  E.  S.  E.  of 
London.     Long.  1.  24.  E.,  lat  51.  20.  N. 

Ramteak,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Berar,  held 
sacred  to  Ram,  by  the  Hindoos,  who  have  a  tem- 
ple here.     18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Nagpour. 

Ranai,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  about  three  leagues  W.  of  Mowee. 
The  S.  part  is  high  and  craggy ;  but  the  other 
parts  have  a  better  aspect,  and  are  well  inhabited. 
It  produces  very  few  plantains  and  bread  fruit  trees 
but  abounds  in  yams,   sweet  potatoes,  and  taro. 

Randal  I  stolen,  p. v.  Baltimore  Co.  Maryland. 

Randal Isville,  p. v.  Robeson  Co.  N.  C. 

Randatstoion,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Antrim,  4  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Antrim. 

Randera.th,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  River  Worm,  10 
m.  N.  W.  of  Juliers. 

Randers,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Gude,  25  m.  E.  of  Wi- 
burg. 

Randolph,  a  county  of  the  W.  District,  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  5,000.  Beverly  is  the  capital ;  a  coun- 
ty of  N.  Carolinia.  Pop.  12,400.  Ashborough  is 
the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  3,912. 
Winchester  is  the  capital;  a  county  of  Illinois. 
Pop.  4,436.     Kaskaskia  is  the  capital. 

Randolph,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  35  m.  N.  Wind 
sor.  Pop.  2,743;  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  15  m.  S. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,200;  and  townships  in  Morris  Co. 
N.  J.  Portage  and  Montgomery  Cos.  Ohio. 

Ransfamatty,  a  town  of  Bengal ,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  in  the  collectorship  of  Rungpore. 
It  has  a  celebrated  pagoda,  and  stands  near  the 
Burrampootar,  on  the  confines  of  Assam,  and  Boo- 
tan,  170  m.  N.  E.  of  Moorshedabad.  Long.  90. 
8.  E.,  lat.  26.  10.  N. 

Rangoon,  a  sea  port  of  Pegu,  and  the  principal 
mart  for  teak  timber  in  the  Birman  Empire.  It 
was  founded  by  Alompro,  king  of  Birmah,  in  1755; 
and  is  the  residence  of  a  governor,  who  lives  with- 
in the  fort.  Here  is  a  custom-house,  built  of 
brick,  but  the  wharfs  and  dwelling-houses  are 
all  constructed  of  wood.  In  its  neighbourhood 
are  numerous  convents;  and  2  m.  N.  of  the  town, 
on  a  rocky  eminence,  is  a  very  grand  temple, 
which  is  a  splendid  object  at  the  distance  of  many 
m.  Rangoon  surrendered  to  the  British, February 
1 ,  1825.  It  is  seated  on  the  most  eastern  branch  of 
the  Irrawaddy  (which  hence  to  the  sea  is  called 
the  Rangoon,  or  Syriam  River)  18  m.  N.  of  its 
mouth  and  60  S.  of  Pegu.  Long.  96.  10.  E.,  lat. 
26.  48.  N. 

Rannoch,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  N. 
part  of  Perthshire,  11  m.  in  length.  It  receives 
the  waiers  of  Loch  Ericht  from  the  N.,  and  com- 
municates with  Loch  Tumel  on  the  E.  and  Loch 
Lidoch  on  the  W.  On  its  S.  side  is  a  forest  of 
birch  and  pine. 

Rantampour,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
capital  of  a  district  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of 
Agimere.  96.  m.  E.  of  Agimere.  Long.  76.  57, 
E.,  lat.  26.  35.  N. 

Rantzow,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  du^hv  of 
Holstein,  24  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lubec. 

Raolronda,  a  town  of  Hindostan,  in  Visiapour, 
near  which  is  a  rich  diamond  mme.  20  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  SoUapour. 

Raon  I,  Etape,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Etape  and 
Meurthe,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Nancy, 


RAT 


(196 


RAV 


Rapallo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  stales,  in  the 
province  of  Genoa,  seated  on  a  bay  of  its  name, 
16  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Genoa. 

Jiaphoe,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Donegal,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  cathedral  serves 
as  a  parish  church.  11  m.  S.  W.  of  Londonderry 
and  21  N.  E.  of  Donegal. 

Rapid  Ann,  a  river  of  Virginia  flowing  into  the 
Rappahanoc  10  m.  above  Fredericksburg. 

Rapides,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  7,559. 
Alexandria  is    the  capital 

Raplioe,  t.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

RapoUa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata  5  m. 
W.  of  Venosa. 

Rappahannoc,  a  river  of  Virginia,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  called  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flows 
bv  Falmouth,  Fredericsburg,  Portroyal,  Leeds, 
Tappahannoc,  and  Urbanna,  intoChesapeak  Bay. 

Rapperschweil,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  seated  on  a  neck  of  land  that 
advances  into  the  lake  of  Zurich,  over  which  is 
a  wooden  brido-e,  1,850  feet  long  It  is  18  m.  S. 
E.  of  Zurich  and  20  N.   W.  of  Glaris. 

Rapps,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  river  Teya,  8 
xn.  N.  by  W.  of  Horn. 

Raritan,  a  river  of  New  Jersey,  which  runs  by 
Brunswick  and  Amboy  into  Arthur  Kull  Sound, 
and  helps  to  form  the  fine  harbour  of  Amboy.  A 
canal  is  in  progress  from  this  river  to  the  Del- 
aware at  Latnberton.  It  will  be  38  m.  long,  75 
feet  wide  and  7  feet  deep. 

Jlascia,  the  eastern  division  of  Sclavonia,  water- 
ed by  the  river  Rasca,  which  runs  into  the  Mo- 
luve.     The  inhabitants  are  called  Rascians. 

Rasehorg,  a  seaport  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  can- 
non in  Nyland.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Fin- 
land, 37  m.  S.  E.  of  Abo.  Long.  23.  18.  E.,  lat, 
SO.  16.  N. 

Rastadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  with  a 
noble  castle.  In  1714  a  treaty  was  negociated 
here  between  the  French  and  Austrians  ;  and  in 
1796  the  former  defeated  the  latter  near  this  place. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Merg,  near  the  Rhme,  5.  m.  N. 
E.  of  Baden  and  24  S.  W.  of  PhiUpsburg. 

Rastenhurg,  a  fortified  town  of  E.  Prussia,  with 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  small  river  (Jluber,  50  m. 
S.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 

Ratenau,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
seated  on  the  Havel,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Branden- 
burg. 

Ratibor,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  formerly 
the  capital  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle.  The  cathedral  and  town-house 
are  worthy  of  notice.  It  is  seated  in  the  Oder, 
15  m.  N.  E.  of  Troppau  and  85  S.  S.  E.of  Breslau. 

Ratishon,  a  strong  city  of  Bavaria,  and  the  see 
of  an  archbishop,  transferred  from  Mentz  to  this 
place  in  1798.  The  abbey  of  St.  Emmeran  con- 
tains the  relics  of  St.  Denys,  a  valuable  library, 
and  a  fine  collection  of  mathematical  instruments, 
The  town-house  is  magnificent,  and  in  its  hall 
the  general  diets  of  the  empire  used  to  meet. 
Ratisbon  has  a  great  trade  in  salt,  for  which  it  is 
a  depot,  and  sends  large  quantities  of  corn  and 
wood  to  Vienna.  In  1809  a  battle  was  fought  in 
the  vicinity  between  the  Austrians  and  French,  in 
which  the  latter  were  victorious.  It  has  an  an- 
cient bridge  of  15  arches  over  the  Danube,  and 
stands  on  the  S.  side  of  that  river,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Regen,  6  m.  N.  bv  E.  of  Munich  and  195 
W.  by  N.  of  Vienna.  Lon.  12.  6.  E.,  lat.  48.58.  N. 

Ratoath,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Meath,  12  m.  E.  of  Trim  and  12  N.  W.  of  Dub- 
lin 

79 


Ratmansdorf,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Carniola  with  a  castle,  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Clag- 
enfurt. 

Ratsha,  or  Ratska,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Scla- 
vonia on  the  N.  side  of  the  Save,  opposite  the  in- 
flux of  the  Drin,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Peterwaradin. 

Rattan.     See  Ruatan. 

Rittetiberg,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Austrian 
states,  in  Tyrol,  with  a  citadel.  In  its  vicinity 
are  copper  mines,  which  also  yield  some  silver. 
It  is  situate  on  the  Inn,  26  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  In- 
spruck  and  44  S.W.  of  Salzburg. 

Ratzeburg,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  a  principality,  subject  to  the  duke  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Strelitz.  It  is  seated  on  an  island,  in 
the  midst  of  a  lake,  30  m.  in  circumference.  The 
buildings  are  of  brick,  and  almost  every  house  is 
shaded  with  a  tree.  From  the  lake  of  Ratzeburg 
issues  the  river  Waknitz,  which  joins  the  Trave 
near  Lubec.  Ratzeburg  is  noted  for  its  excellent 
beer,  and  is  14  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Lubec  and  22  S.  of 
Lauenburg.  Lon.  10.  52.  E.    lat  53.43.  N. 

Rauhsville,  p.  v.  Northampton  Co.   Pa. 

Raudnitz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bohemia,  seated 
on  the  Elbe,  20  m.  N.  of  Prague. 

Raumo,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Finland,  20  m.  S. 
of  Biorneburg  and  55  N.  by  W.  of  Abo. 

Rauschenberg,  a.town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Cassel,  7  m.  N.  N.  E,  of  Marburg  and  32  S.  S. 
W.  of  Cassel. 

Rauvee,  or  Ravey,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  one  of 
the  five  E.  branches  of  the  Indus.  It  rises  in  La- 
hore, on  the  borders  of  Thibet,  flows  by  the  city  of 
Lahore  to  Toulomba,  in  the  country  of  Moultan, 
and  28  m.  below  joins  the  Chunaub.  The  Rauvee 
is  the  Hydraotes  of  Alexander. 

Ravello,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  10  m.  W.  of  Salerno  and  25  S. 
E.  of  Naples. 

Ravenglass,  a  sea-port  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  It 
stands  on  an  inlet  of  the  Irish  Sea,  between  the 
Mite  and  Esk,  which,  with  the  Irt,  run  into  this 
inlet,  and  form  a  good  harbour  ;  but,  the  adjacent 
country  furnishing  little  for  exportation,  its  chief 
trade  is  in  oysters.  2  m.  from  the  town,  on  the 
S.  side  of  the  Esk,  are  ruins  of  3  m-  in  circumfer- 
ence, called  the  city  of  Burnscar,  of  which  no 
historical  documents  appear  to  exist.  Raven- 
glass  is  16  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Whitehaven,  and  279 
N.  N.  W.  London.  Lon.  3.  30.  W.,  lat.  64. 
22.  N. 

Ravenna,  n.  city  of  Italy,  in  the  states  of  t;"* 
church,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  several 
colleges,  a  great  number  of  religious  houses,  and 
a  ruinous  citadel.  It  has  a  celebrated  harbour, 
but  the  sea  has  gradually  withdrawn  4  m.  from 
the  town.  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Goths,  resid- 
ed here,  and  afterwards  the  exarchs  of  the 
Greek  emperors.  The  mausoleum  of  Theodoric 
is  still  to  be  seen,  and  is  covered  by  a  single 
stone,  21  feet  in  diameter  and  15  thick.  Ra- 
venna is  seated  on  the  river  Mantone,  37  m.  S.  E. 
of  Ferrara  and  162  N.  of  Rome.  Long.  12.  5 
E.,lat.  44.  25.  N. 

Ravenna,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio  135  m.  N.  E 
Columbus.     Pop.  806. 

R/tvensberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  county  of  its  name,  now  included  in 
the  government  of  Minden.  36  m.  S.  W.  of 
Minden. 

Ravensburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wirtem- 
burg,  with  a  considerable  trade,  particularly  in  pa- 
per ;  seated  on  the  Cheus,  18  m.  N.  of  Lindau. 

Ravenstein,  a  town    of  the  Netherlands,  in   N. 
3G 


REC 


626 


RED 


Brabant,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Maese,  8 
in.  W.  S.  W.  of  Nimeguen. 

Ravitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  near  the 
confines  of  Silesia,  with  a  considerable  manufac- 
ture of  cloth,  55  m.  S.  of  Posen. 

Rawa,  a  town  of  Poland,  with  a  strong  castle, 
seated  in  a  morass,  and  almost  surrounded  by  the 
rive»  Rawa,  55  m.  S.  W.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  19. 
55.  E.,  lat.  51.51.  N. 

Rawlinashurg,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C. 
130  m.  N.  W.  Raleigh. 

iirti/mond,  p. t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  26  m.  N. 
Portland  ;  p.t.  Rockinjrham  Co.  N.  H.  21  ra.  W. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,000. 

Rai/nkam,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  on  Taunton 
river  3  m.  E.  Taunton  32  m.  S.  Boston.  Pop. 
1,209.  Iron  ore  abounds  here,  and  in  the  town 
are  manufactories  of  bar  iron,  hollow  ware,  nails, 
&c.  The  first  forge  in  America  was  set  up  here 
in  1052  by  James  and  Henry  Leonard. 

Raypour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa,  60 
m.  S.  of  Ruttunpourand  80  W.  of  Sumbulpour. 
Re,  an  island  in  France,  16  m.  long  and  4  broad 
separated  from  the  coast  of  Lower  Charente  by 
the  strait  of  Breton,  above  7  m.  wide.  The  pro- 
ducts are  bitter  wine,  salt,  brandy,  and  the  liquor 
called  aniseed.     St.  Martin  is  the  capital. 

Readjield,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,884. 
Read  House,  p.v.  Charlotte  Co.  Va. 
Reading,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Berk- 
shire, Eng.  The  principal  manufactures  are  can- 
vas, blankets,  gauze,  ribands,  and  pins  ;  it  has  a 
trade  in  malt,  flour,  and  timber.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  a  rich  abbey,  in  which  Henry  I  was  in- 
terred. It  is  seated  on  the  Kennet,  near  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Thames,  26  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ox- 
ford and  37  W.  of  London. 

7?e«rft»o-,  p.v.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  14  m.  N. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,806;  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn. 
Pop.  1,70!)  ;  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,568. 
Reading,  p.t.  Berks  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuylkill 
54  m.  N.  W.  Philad.  It  is  a  flourishing  and  reg- 
ularly built  town  inhabited  principally  by  Ger- 
mans. Here  are  large  manufactures  of  hats. 
The  Union  canal  commences  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. Pop.  5,850.  Also  a  township  of  Adams 
Co.  Pa ;  p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio,  and  a  town- 
ship of  Perry  Co.  Ohio. 

Readington,  a  township  of  Hunterdon  Co. 
N.J. 

Readyville,  p.v.  Rutherford  Co.  Ten. 
Realejo,  a  sea-port  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Nicaragua,  with  three  churches.  The  chief 
trade  is  in  pitch,  tar,  and  cordage.  It  is  situate 
among  swamps,  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its 
name,  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Leon,  to  which  it 
serves  as  a.  harbour.  Long.  87.  46.  W.,lat.  12. 
43.  N. 

ReaJviUe,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Tarn-et-Garonne,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Montauban  and 
20  S.  of  Cahors. 

Reamstown,  p.v.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 
♦  ReccaruUi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal    states, 

and  delegation  of  Ancona.  It  has  a  great  fair  in 
September,  which  continues  15  days ;  and  is  seat- 
ed on  a  mountain,  near  the  river  Munsone,  14 
m.  S.  of  Ancona. 

Reckem,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  near  the 
Meuse,  5  m.  N.  of  Maestricht. 

RerMin<rhausen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westpha- 
lia, capital  of  a  county  belonging  to  the  duke  of 
Aremberg.  It  has  a  strong  citadel,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Lippe,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Munster.  Lonw. 
7.36.  E.,lat.  51.  33.  N 


Rectorstown,  p.t.  Fauquier  Co.  Pa. 
Reculver,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  at  the  month 
of  a  small  branch  of  the  Stour,  8  m.  N.  E.  of 
Canterbury.  It  is  the  Regulbium  of  the  Romans 
and  its  ancient  church  has  two  spires,  which  are 
called  by  mariners  the  Two  Sisters. 

Red  Bank,  a  township  of  Armstrong  Co.  Pa.  ; 
p.v.  Colleton  Dis.  S.  C. 

Red  Ridge,  p.v.  Hawkins  Co.  Ten. 
Red  Creek,  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  N.  Y. 

Red  Head,  a  cape  of  Scotland,  in  Augusshire, 
the  S.  point  of  Lunan  Bay.  Here  are  the  ruins 
of  a  castle,  almost  surrounded  by  the  sea. 

Red  Lake,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  lying  S.  of 
Lake  of  the  Woods.  It  is  60  m.  long  and  15 
broad,  and  on  the  N.  side  is  fed  by  several  small 
rivers.  Its  outlet  at  the  S.  E.  extremity,  in  lat. 
47.  20.,  is  called  Red  River,  and  flows  into  the 
Mississippi,  a  little  above  St.  Anthony  Falls. 

Red  Sea,  a  sea  celebrated  in  holy  writ.  It  ex- 
tends 1,300  m.  from  N.  to  S.,  dividing  Africa  from 
Arabia,  and  is  200  broad  in  the  widest  part.  It  is 
separated  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  N., 
by  the  isthmus  of  Suez,  and  communicates  on 
the  S.  by  the  strait  of  Babelmandel  with  the  In- 
dian Ocean. 

Redbridge,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Test,  3  m.  W.  of  Southampton.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade  in  coal,  timber,  corn,  &c. 

Redjield,  p.v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 

Red  Hill ,  p.v.  Kershaw  Dis.  S.  C. 

Red  Hook,  pt.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  50  m.  S.  Albany.    Pop.  2,n83. 

Red  House,  p.v.  Caswell  Co.  N.  C. 

Redon,n  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille-et- 
Vilaine.  It  serves  an  a  mart  for  the  commerce  of 
Rennes,  and  is  seated  on  the  Vilaine,  20  m.  E. 
of  Vannes  and  62  S.  S.  W.  of  Rennes.  Long.  2. 
10.  W.  lat.  47.  48.  N. 

Redondela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  stands  on  Vigo  Bay,  8  m.  N. 
E.  of  Vigo. 

Redomla,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Mondego,  17  m.  W.  of  Co- 
imbra. 

Redondo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  23 
m.  S.  W.  ofElvas. 

Redruth,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  It  is  seated 
in  the  very  heart  of  the  mining  country,  12  m. 
N.by  E.of  Helstoneand  263  W.  by  S.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Red  River,  one  of  the  western  branches  of  the 
Mississippi,  rising  in  New  Mexico,  and  flowing 
Southeasterly  into  the  Mississippi  240  m.  above 
New  Orleans.  It  is  1,800  m.  long  and  has  a  very 
serpentine  course  with  a  narrow  channel ;  100  m, 
above  Natchitoches  it  spreads  out  into  a  great 
number  of  channels  which  intersect  a  swampy 
tract.  A  great  mass  of  trees  floated  down  the 
stream  have  collected  here  and  formed  what  i» 
called  the  Great  Raft  which  is  60  or  70  m.  in  ex 
tent  and  covers  the  river  so  that  it  may  be  crossec 
on  horseback  ;  in  many  parts  the  raft  is  overgrowr 
with  trees  Above  and  below  this  place  the 
river  is  navigable  for  steamboats  except  in  th* 
rainy  season. 

Red  River,  a  stream  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  rising 
near  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi,  and  flowing 
northerly  and  northeasterly  170  m.  into  the  south 
end  of  the  lake.  The  Assiniboin  is  one  of  its 
branches.  At  the  junction  of  the  two  streams  is 
a  trading  establishment  found  by  Lord  Selkirk. 
Red  River  is  also  the  name  of  a  branch  of  the 
Utawas  in  Canada;  a  branch  of  the  Cumberland 


REG 


C27 


REW 


in  Tennessee,  a  branch  of  the  Kentucky  in  Ken 
and  of  White  river  in  Arkansas. 

Red  River,  a  town  of  Pulaski  Co.  Arkansas. 

Red  Sheril,  p. v.  Stokes  Co.  N.  C. 

Red  Stone,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Reedsborough,  t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  662. 

Reedy  Island,  in  the  Delaware  50  m.  below 
Philadelphia,  it  is  3  m.  long}  the  principal  chan- 
nel is  on  the  E.  side. 

Reepham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  with  a  trade 
in  malt;  situate  on  the  Eyre,  over  which  it  has  a 
ford,  11  m.  N.  E.  of  Dereham  and  112  N.  by  E. 
of  London. 

Rees,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Cleve,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Wesel. 

Rees,  or  Rens,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
the  province  of  Lower  Rhine.  Hard  by  it,  on  the 
Rhine,  is  the  Konigstuhl,  or  Thronus  Regalis,  a 
remarkable  piece  of  antiquity,  consisting  of  a 
round  vault,  built  of  freestone,  aud  resting  on 
nine  stone  pillars,  one  of  which  stands  in  the 
middle.  The  vault  is  80  feet  in  circumference, 
and  has  two  stout  doors,  the  ascent  to  which  is 
by  28  stone  steps,  ft  is  furnished  with  seven 
seats,  agreeably  to  the  number  of  electors  at  that 
time  ;  and  on  this  regal  chair  the  electors  of  Ger- 
many formerly  held  consultations  relative  to  ths 
election  of  a  king  and  emperor,  and  other  weighty 
matters  of  the  empire.  Rees  is  seated  near  the 
Rhine,  5  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Coblentz. 

Reesville,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Reetz,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  18  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  New  Stargard. 

Regen,  a  circle  of  Bavaria,  adjacent  to  Bohemia, 
with  the  circle  of  Upper  Maine  on  the  N.  W.  and 
that  of  Lower  Danube  on  the  S.  W.  Ratisbon 
and  Alenburg  are  the  chief  towns. 

Regen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Deckendorf  and  49 
£.  of  Ratisbon. 

Regenshcrg,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  strong  castle.  It  is  seated  on  a 
rock  called  the  Lagerberg,  9  m.  N.  W.  of  Zurich. 

Rrgensburg.     See  Ratisbon. 

RegenstauJ^,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Neuburg,  on  the  river  Regen,  8  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Ratisbon. 

Regenstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxony,  6 
m.  S.  of  Halberstadt. 

Regenswalde,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Rega,  24  ra.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Camin. 

Rcggio,  a  sea-port  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  The  churches,  convents, 
and  many  houses,  are  built  of  stones  from  ancient 
edifices,  and  numerous  inscriptions  are  to  be  met 
with  on  the  walls.  The  environs  produce  the 
best  silk  in  Calabria;  and  on  the  coast  is  found 
a  species  of  muscle,  that  yields  a  kind  of  wool,  of 
which  gloves  and  stockings  are  made.  Regsrio 
was  nearly  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1783. 
It  is  seated  on  the  strait  of  Messina,  12  m.  E.  S. 
E.  of  Messina  and  95  S.  by  W.  of  Cosenza.  Lonor. 
16.  50.  E.,  lat.  38.  4.  N. 

Reggio,  a  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  duchy  of 
the  same  name,  included  in  that  of  Modena,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  with  a  strong  citadel.  In  the 
cathedral  are  paintings,  by  the  greatest  masters  ; 
and  in  the  square  is  the  statue  of  Brennus,  chief 
of  the  Gauls.  The  principal  trade  is  in  silk.  It 
was  taken  bv  prince  Eugene  in  1706,  and  by  the 
king  of  Sardinia  in  1742.     In  1796  the  inhabi- 


tants were  the  first  Italians  that  renounced  alle- 
giance to  their  sovereign,  and  solicited  the  pro- 
tection of  the  French.  Reggio  is  the  birthplace 
of  the  poet  Ariosto.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, on  the  river  Tessone,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Modena 
and  80.  S.  E.  of  Milan.  Long.  11.  5.  E.,  lat.  44. 
43.  N. 

Reghebil,  a  town  of  Negroland,  in  VVanffara, 
situate  on  a  lake  at  the  influx  of  a  branch  of  the 
Niger,  240  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Chanara.  Long.  19. 
10.  E.,  lat.  13.  20.  N. 

Regina,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra,  14 
m.  N-  of  Cosenza. 

Regis,  St.,  a  town  of  Lower  Canada,  situate  on 
the  boundary  line  that  separates  Canada  from  the 
United  States,  and  on  a  river  of  its  name,  at  its 
junction  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  50  m.  S.  VV.  of 
Montreal.     Long.  74.  10.  VV.,  lat.  45.  0.  N. 

Regnano,  a  town  of  the  papal  states,  seated 
near  the  Tiber,  17  m.  N.  of  Rome. 

Rekoboth,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  37  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,468,  also  a  hundred  of  Sussex 
Co.  Del. 

Reichenau,  &n.  island  in  the  Zeller  Zee,  or  lower 
lake  of  Constance,  3  m.  long  and  1  broad,  aboun- 
ding with  vines  and  other  fruit-trees.  4  m.  W. 
of  Constance. 

Reichenau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a  castle, 
18  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Konigingratz. 

Reichenhach,  one  of  the  four  governments  into 
which  Prussian  Silesia  was  divided  in  1815.  It 
comprises  the  county  of  Glatz,  the  principalities 
of  Munsterberg,  Bricg,  and  Schweidnitz,  and  a 
considerable  part  of  that  of  Jauer ;  and  has  an 
area  of  2,500  sq.  m.  with  470,000  inhabitants. 

Reichenhach,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  gov- 
ernment, has  considerable  manufactures  of  linen, 
canvas,  and  fustian,  and  is  seated  on  the  rivulet 
Peil,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Schweidnitz. 

Reichenhuch,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Voigtland. 
The  inhabitants  are  principally  clothiers ;  and 
their  method  of  dyeing,  particularly  scarlet,  is 
brought  to  great  perfection.  10  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of 
Zurickau. 

Reichenburg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Buntzlau,  with  a  considerable  manufacture  of 
cloth.     28  m.  N.  of  Jung  Buntzlau. 

Reichenfels,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states  in 
Carinthia,  24  m.  N.  E.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Reichenhall,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  rich  salt 
spring.  Some  salt  is  made  here  ;  but,  for  want 
of  fuel,  most  of  the  brine  is  carried  over  the  hills 
to  Traunstein,  a  distance  of  14  m.  by  engines  and 
pipes.  Seated  on  the  Sala,  9  m.  S.  VV.  of  Salz- 
burg. 

Reichshofen,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
ofLowerRhine,withacastle,nm.  N.of  Haguenau. 

Reifferscheid .  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states, 
formerly  the  capital  of  a  county  in  the  duchy  of 
Juliers.  It  is  seated  on  the  Effel,  30  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Cologne  and  52  N.  by  VV.  of  Treves. 

Rein,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Styria 
on  the  River  Save,  25  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cilly. 

Reiner,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  gov 
ernment  of  Reichenbach,  with  a  mineral  spring, 
and  manufactures  of  cloth  and  paper,  11  m.  VV. 
of  Glatz. 

Reiseithurar,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  78.  m.  S.  W. 
of  Konigsberg.  ^ 

Reisterstoion,  p.v.  Baltimore  Co.  Maryland.  15 
m.  N.  VV.  Baltimore. 

Rembertstoicn,  p  v.  Sumter  Dis.  S.  C. 

Remsen,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  35  m.  N.  Roma 
Pop.  1,400. 


REN 


G2S 


RElJ 


RetnbervUler,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  17  in.  N.  N.  E.  of  Epinal. 

Remich,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands  on  the  Mo- 
selle, 20  ra.  S.  E.  of  Luxemburg. 

Remiremont,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vosges,  J 1  m.  S.  E.  of  Epinal. 

Remo,  St.,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  situate  in  a  fruitful  valley, 
with  a  good  harbour,  in  the  Mediteranean,  7  m. 
E.  by  N.  of  Vintimigliaand  6C  S.  E.  of  Genoa. 

Rems  and  Fils,  one  of  the  12  departments  of 
the  kingdom  of  Wurlemberg,  situate  E.  of  that 
of  Rothenburg.     Goppingen  is  the  capital. 

Remy,  St.,  a 'town  of  France,  department  of 
Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  A  triumphal  arch,  and  a 
mausoleum,  in  the  neighbourhood,  display  the 
taste  of  the  Augustan  age  ;  the  former  is  not  en- 
tire, but  the  latter  is  in  the  best  state  of  preserva- 
tion.    10  m.  N.  E.  of  Aries. 

Rendeshurff,  a  fortilied  town  of  Denmark,  in  the 
duchy  of  Holstein,  on  the  frontiers  of  Sleswick, 
and  on  the  river  Eyder.  It  is  composed  of  three 
parts,  the  Old  Town,  the  Skleusskule,  and  the 
New  Town  ;  the  former  of  which  stands  on  an 
island  formed  by  the  river.  The  prmcipal  manu- 
factures are  porcelain,  earthenware,  and  gold  and 
silver  lace  ;  and  the  trade  in  timber,  by  means  of 
the  Eyder  Canal,  is  considerable  15  m.  W.  of 
Kiel  and  16  S.  S.  E.  of  Sleswick.  Long.  9.  53. 
E.,lkt.  54.20.  N. 

Renfrew,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  and  the  county 
town  of  Renfrewshire.  The  principal  branch 
manufacture  is  that  of  thread,  but  many  looms 
are  employed  in  the  silk  and  muslin.  Robert  XL 
had  a  palace  here.  It  is  seated  near  the  Clyde,  to 
which  there  is  a  canal,  9  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Glasgow, 
and  13  E.by  S.  of  Greenock  Long.4.  26  W., 
lat.55.  54.  N. 

Renfrewshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  30  m.  long 
and  from  10  to  20  broad ;  bounded  on  the  W.  and 
N.  by  the  frith  of  Clyde,  E.  by  Lanarkshire,  and 
S.  by  Ayrshire.  It  is  divided  into  20  parishes, 
and  the  number  of  inhabitants  in  1821  was  112, 
175.  In  the  N.  part,  towards  the  borders  of  the 
Clyde,  the  soil  is  fertile,  but  the  S.  part  is  moun- 
tainous and  rather  barren.  Besides  the  Clyde, 
it  is  watered  by  the  Gryfe,  and  the  White  and 
Black  Cart.     The  largest  town  is  Paisley. 

Reni,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bessar- 
abia, seated  on  the  Danube  135  m.  S.  W.  of  Ben- 
der. 

Kennes,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
contains  eight  parish  churches,  besides  the  cath- 
edral, several  convents,  and  a  small  university. 
The  streets  are  broad  and  strait,  but  they  were 
narrow  before  the  fire  in  1720,  which  lasted  sev- 
en days,  and  consumed  850  houses.  In  the  great 
square  are  the  Palace  of  Justice  and  tli»?  Hotel 
de  Ville.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vilaine,  which  di- 
vides it  into  two  parts.  190  m.  W.  S.  W,  of 
Paris.     I^ng.  1.  42.  W.,  lat.  48.  7.  N. 

Rensselaer,  a  county  of  New  York,  on  the  East 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  Pop.  49,472.  Troy  is  the 
capital.  Also  a  village  in  this  county.  12  m.  E. 
Albany,  with   a  manufacture    of  window   glass. 

Reruiselaervilie,  p.t.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y.  24  m.  S, 
W.  Albany.  Pop    3,689. 

Rentown,  a  village  of  Scotland,  near  which  is 
one  of  the  most  considerable  printfields  in  Scot- 
land ;  also  the  old  mansion  of  Dalquhnrn,  where 
Dr.  Smollett  was  born,  and  the  lofty  column  erect- 
ed to  his  memory,  on  the  bank  of  the  Levon,  4 
m.  N.  W.  of  Dumbarton. 


Renty,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas  de 
Calais,  seated  on  the  Aa,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Aire,  50 
N.  W.  of  Arras. 

Reole,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Gironde 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 
Repaillz,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Sa- 
voy, famous  for  the  retreat  of  Amadeus,  duke  of 
Savoy,  in  1440,  when  he  went  to  enjoy  the  plea- 
sures of  a  country  life;  seated  on  a  river  which 
runs  into  the  lake  of  Geneva,  20  m.  N.  E.  of 
Geneva. 

Reppen,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  16  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Custrin. 

Repton,  a  village  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  8  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Derby,  celebrated  for  the  burial  place  of  sev- 
eral of  the  Saxon  kings  of  Mercia,  and  for  severa.' 
antiquities.  Here  is  a  noted  free-school,  which 
appears    to   have  been  the  refectory  of  a  priory 

Requena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  castle,  and  a  considerable  manufacture  of  silks. 
It  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1706  and  retaken 
by  the  French  the  next  year.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  on  the  borders  of  Valencia,  64  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Cuenza.     Long.  1.  9.  W.,  lat.  39.  44.  N. 

Resht,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of  Ghilan.  It 
has  a  considerable  trade,  particularly  in  silk  ;  and 
much  rice  grows  in  the  environs.  It  is  seated 
on  a  )-iver,  6  m.  from  the  Caspian  Sea  and  100  N. 
of  Cashin.     Long.  49.  50.  E.,  lat.  37.  28.  N. 

Resolution  Island,  an  island  in  the  N.  Atlantic, 
50  m.  long  and  20  broad,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
entrance  into  Hudson  Strait.  Long.  65.  0.  W., 
lat.  61.  40.  N. 

Resolution  Isle,  a  small  island  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
160  leagues  E.  of  Otaheite,  so  called  from  the 
ship  in  which  Cook  made  his  second  voyage. 
Long.  141.  15.  W.,  lat.  17.  23.  S. 

Retel,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  Aisne,  26  m 
N.  E.  of  Rheims.     Long.  4.  24.  E,,  lat.  49.  32.  N. 

Retford,  East,  a  borough  in  Nottinghamshire, 
Eng.  It  is  in  general  well  built,  and  consists  of 
three  principal  streets,  disposed  nearly  in  the 
form  of  a  Roman  Y.  The  chief  trade  is  in  malt, 
and  it  has  manufactures  of  hats.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Idle,  29  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Nottingham  and  144 
N.  by  W.  of  London.  West  Retford  is  situated 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Rethem,  a  town  of  Hanover,  seated  on  the  Aller, 
35  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Hanover. 

Retimo,  a  sea-port  of  Candia,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  citadel.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks 
in  1645.  The  silk,  wool,  honey,  wax,  laudanum, 
and  oil,  are  preferred  to  all  others.  It  is  seated 
on  the  N  coast  of  the  island,  42  m.  W.  of  Candia. 
Long.  24.  38.  E.,  lat.  35.  20.  N. 

Retz,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Schwara,  28 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Amberg. 

Reus,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  man- 
ufactures of  silk,  cotton,  leather,  and  hats,  and  a 
considerable  trade  in  wine,  brandy,  &c. ;  seated 
in  the  middle  of  a  most  fruitful  plain,  17  m.  S.  W. 
of  Tarragona. 

Reuss,  a  principr.lily  of  Saxony,  lying  between 
the  Prussian  and  Bavarian  territories,  comprising 
an  area  of  600  sq.  m.  with  85.000  inhabitants,  of 
whom  the  greater  part  are  Lutherans.  Gera  is 
the  chief  town. 

Reuss,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  which  rises  in 
the  lake  of  Locendro,  on  the  N.  W.  of  St.  Gothard, 
flows  through  the  lake  of  Lucern  and  the  town 
of  that  name,  and  joins  the  Aar  below  Bruck. 

Reutlingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtem- 
burg.     In  the  town-house  is  preserved  an  ancient 


AHE 


RHl 


battering-ram  ;  and  in  the  vicinity  are  many  pa- 
per and  powder  mills.  It  is  seated  on  the  Echetz. 
near  the  Neckar,  17  m.  S.  of  Stutgard. 

Revel,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  near  the  canal  of  Languedoc,  27  m.  S. 
E.  of  Toulouse. 

Revel,  a  government  of  Russia.     See  Esthonia. 

Revel,  a  sea-port  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Esthonia,  and  a  bishop's  see.  it  is 
surrounded  by  high  walls  and  deep  ditches,  and 
defended"  by  a  castle  and  good  bastions.  The 
houses  are  well  built,  and  have  fine  gardens.  It 
is  become  a  place  of  great  trade,  since  the  Rus- 
sians obtained  possession  of  it  in  1710;  and 
there  are  two  great  fairs,  in  Ma}'  and  September, 
frequented  by  English  and  Dutch  merchants.  It 
is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  partly  in  a 
pleasant  plain  and  partly  on  a  mountain,  160  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  Riga  and  220  VV.  by  S.  of  Peters- 
burgh.     Long.  24.  17.  E.,  lat.  59.  18.  N. 

Revello,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, seated  near  the  Po,  on  the  top  of  a  moun- 
tain, fortified  by  nature  and  art,  8  m.  N.  W.  of 
Saluzzo. 

Revero,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Man- 
tuan,  seatid  on  the  Po,  opposite  Ostiglia,  20  m. 
S.  E.  of  Mantua. 

Rcvin,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, seated  on  the  river  Meuse,  6  m.  E.  of 
Rocroy. 

Revolution  Isle,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  to  the  N.  W.  of  the  Marquesas,  of  which 
they  may  be  deemed  a  continuation.  They  were 
discovered  in  1791.  The  most  considerable  are 
Baux  and  Marchand.  The  latter  is  about  15  m. 
in  circuit,  and  was  taken  possession  of,  in  the 
name  of  the  French  nation,  by  captain  Marchand. 
Long.  140.  5.  VV.,lat.  0.  21.  S. 

Rncah,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Allahabad,  the  residence  of  a  Hindoo  chief, 
tributary  to  the  British,  57  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Alla- 
habad. 

Reteari,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict in  the  province  of  Dehli-  It  is  the  residence 
of  a  chief,  tributary  to  the  British,  and  is  seated 
on  the  Sadi,  55  m.  S.  W.  of  Dehli.  Long.  76. 
52.  E.,  lat.  2A.  13.  N. 

Reynoldshurgh,  p. v.  Humphreys  Co.  Ten.  on  the 
Tennessee,  83  ni.  W.  Nashville. 

Rhama.nie,  a  town  and  fort  of  Egypt,  on  the 
W.  branch  of  the  Nile,  where  the  canal  of  Alex- 
andria enters  that  river.  It  is  2-5  m.  above  Ro- 
Betta  and  58  E.  S.  E.  of  Alexandria. 

Rliayadergwy,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Radnor- 
Bhire.  It  is  situate  on  the  Wye,  where  there  was 
formerly  a  cataract,  which  is  now  destroyed,  and 
a  neat  bridge  erected  ;  and  an  eminence  near  it 
cs  the  site  of  an  ancient  castle,  of  which  no  ruins 
remain.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  lead  and  cop- 
per mines.  19  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  New  Radnor  and 
178  of  London. 

Rhea,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop.  8,182. 
Washington  is  the  capital. 

R/ieatown,  p. v.  Green  Co.  Ten. 

Rheda  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  10  m.  N. 
of  Lipstadt. 

Rheims,  a  city  of  France,  department  of  Marne, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  The  inhabitants  are  es- 
timated at  40,000.  The  principal  church,  built 
before  the  year 406,  is  a  very  beautiful  structure; 
and  that  of  St.  Nicaise  is  remarkable  for  its  fine 
architecture.  Behind  the  high  altar  of  the  church 
of  St.  Remy,  the  corpse  of  that  archbishop  is  pre- 
served  in  a  magnificent  shrine.     The  kings  of 


France  have  been  successively  crowned  at 
Rheims  ;  probably  because  Clovis,  the  founder 
of  the  French  monarchy,  when  converted  from 
paganism,  was  baptized  in  the  cathedral  here,  in 
the  year  496.  The  remains  of  an  amphitheatre, 
a  castle,  and  a  triumphal  arch,  are  among  the 
ancient  monuments  of  the  Romans.  Rheims  is 
long  and  narrow,  and  the  houses  are  low.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  flannel,  coverlets,  and  other 
wo  jlen  stuffs.  The  city  was  taken  and  retaken 
several  times,  by  the  French  and  allied  armies, 
in  1814.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain,  surrounded  by 
hills  that  produce  excellent  wine,  on  the  river 
Vesse,  62  m.  N.  of  Troyes  and  75  N.  E.  of  Paris. 
Long.  4.  2.  E.,  lat.  49.  15.  N. 

Rkein,  a  town  of  Prussia,  with  a  large  fortified 
castle,  seated  on  a  lake,  75  m.  S.  E.  of  Konigs- 
berg.  Long.  21.38.  E.,  lat.  53.  48.  N. 

Rheinau,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Thurgau,  with  an  abbey,  on  an  island  formed 
by  the    Rhine,  5  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  SchafFhausen. 

Rkeinbach,  or  Rhynbach,  a  town  of  the  Prussian 
states,  in  the  province  of  Cleves  and  Berg,  20 
m.  S.  of  Cologne. 

Rkeinherg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states  in  the 
government  of  Cleves,  seated  near  the  Rhine, 
13  m.  E.  of  Gelders,  and  4  N.  by  W  of  Cologne. 

Rheine.  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Ems,  18  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Osnaburg. 

Rheineck,  a  town  of  Germany,  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  16  m.  N.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Rheineck,  a  town  of  Franconia,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  the 
river  Sinn,  25  m.  N.  by  W.  ot  Wurtzburg. 

Rheineck,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
Rheinthal,  in  the  canton  of  St.  Gall,  with  a  cas- 
tle, seated  on  the  Rhine,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Con- 
stance. 

Rheinfelden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  the 
best  of  the  four  Forest-towns ;  seated  on  the 
Rhine,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  8  m.  E.  of  Basel. 

Rheinfels,  a  strong  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the 
Prussian  states.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important 
places  on  the  Rhine,  and  stands  on  a  stupendous 
craggy  rock,  at  the  foot  of  which  is  the  fortified 
town  of  St.  Goar.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1794. 16  m.  S.  of  Coblentz. 

Rluinmagen,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
the  government  of  Coblentz,  situate  on  the  Rhine 
19  m.  N.  W.  of  Coblentz. 

Rheinthal,  a  district  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  St.  Gall,  lying  along  the  Rhine.  It  is  a 
fertile  valley,  30  m.  long  and  from  3  to  8  broad, 
and  produces  excellent  wine.  Rheineck  is  the 
capital. 

Rheimahurn,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Erlbach,  10  m.  S.  E. 
of  Landau. 

Rhena,,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  on  the  river  Radegast,  14  m.  E.  S. 
E.of  Lubec. 

Rhenen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Utrecht,  seated  on  the  Rliine,  20  m.  S  .E. 
of  Utrecht. 

Rhine,  a  great  and  remarkable  river  of  Europe, 
which  rises  in  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Gri- 
sons.  It  is  formed  of  three  streams,  the  Further 
Rhine  from  the  head  of  the  valley  of  Disentis  ;  the 
Middle  Rhine  from  the  valley  Medelo,  and  ap- 
pendage of  St.  Gothard  ;  and  the  Hither  or  Up- 
per Rhine  from  the  mount  A  vicula.  The  first  two 
torrents  united  take  the  name  of  Lower  Rhine 
which  receives  the  Upper  Rhine  at  Richenau  ;  antt 
the  height  is  here  about  6,180  feet  above  the  sev 
3g2 


RHO 


630 


BkBQ 


Flowing  by  Coire,  at  the  distance  of  a  mile,  the 
Rhine  Here  becomes  navigable  for  rafts.  It  is 
Boon  after  the  boundary  between  the  Rheinthal 
and  a  territory  of  Austria,  and  passes  through  the 
Lake  of  Constance  from  E.  to  W.  Leaving  this 
lake,  it  flows  W.  by  Schaffhausen,  below  which 
it  forms  a  celebrated  cataract.  It  continues  in  a 
westerly  course  to  Bale,  when  it  turns  to  the  N.  and 
enters  the  Netherlands,  in  which  course  it  waters 
many  considerable  cities  and  towns,  and  receives 
some  large  rivers.  Below  Emmerick,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleve,  it  divides  into  two  streams,  the 
riffht,  which  retains  its  name,  passes  on  to 
l/lrecht,  when  it  divides  once  more  into  two 
Streams  :  the  smaller  one  is  called  the  Vecht, 
which  runs  N.  into  the  Zuider  Zee  at  Muyden  ; 
and  thi'  other,  the  remains  of  the  noble  Rhine, 
flows  W.  by  Woerden  to  Leyden,  where  it  di- 
vides into  several  channels,  and  afterwards  is  lost 
among  hills  of  sand  near  the  village  of  Catvvyck. 

Rhme,a.  province  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse, 
to  the  N.  of  the  Bavarian  circle  of  the  Rhine, 
comprising  an  area  of  1,000  square  m.  with  155,000 
inhabitants. 

R/iine,  Circle  of,  a  province  of  Bavaria,  situate 
to  the  W.  of  the  Rhine,  between  Weissemburg 
and  Worms.  It  was  ceded  to  Bavaria  in  1814. 
It  contains  an  area  of  1,800  square  m.  with  308,000 
inhabitants. 

Rhine,  Lf/ioer,  a  grand  duchy  of  the  Prussian 
states,  composed  of  territories  taken  from  France 
and  the  grand  duchy  of  Berg  in  1814,  and  assign- 
ed to  Prussia  by  the  congress  of  Vienna.  It  is 
bounded  N.  by  the  province  of  Cleves  and  Berg, 
E.  by  Nassau  and  Hesse-Darmstadt,  S.  by  the 
French  and  W  by  the  Dutch  frontier.  It  has  an 
area  of  5,700  square  m.  with  950,000  inhabitants. 
Aix-la-Chapelle  is  the  capital. 

Rhine,  Lower  and  Upper,  two  divisions  of  Ger- 
many, abolished  in  1806. 

Rhine,  Lower,  a  department  of  France,  con- 
taining the  late  province  of  Lower  Alsace.  It  has 
an  area  of  1,900  square  m.  with  440,000  inhabi- 
tants.    Strasburg  is  the  capital. 

RJiine,  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  consist- 
ing of  the  late  province  of  Upper  Alsace,  and 
containing  an  area  of  about  1,700  square  m.  with 
320,000  inhabitants.     Colmar  is  the  capital. 

Rhinebeck,  p. v.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  26  m.  S. 
Hudson,  on  the  Hudson.     Pop.  2,938. 

Rhode  Island,  an  island  in  the  state  of  the  same 
name,  in  Narragansel  Bay  15  m.  long  from  N.  E. 
to  S.   W.  with  a  mean  breadth  of  2  1-2   m.,  con- 


taining about  37  sq.  m. ;  it  is  a  very  beautiful  is- 
land ;  the  air  is  pure  and  salubrious,  and  the  cli- 
mate milder  than  on  the  continent,  rendering  it  a 
very  desirable  residence  for  invalids  in  summer. 
I'he  surface  of  the  island  is  agreeably  diversified, 


but  it  is  destitute  of  trees,  the  whole  island  having 
been  laid  waste  by  the  British  in  the  revolutiona- 
ry war.     It  affords  excellent  pasturage,  and  main 
tains  more  than  30,000  sheep.  The  town  of  New- 
port is  in  the  S.  part.  , 

Rhode  Island,  one  of  the  New  England  States 
bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Massachusetts  ;  S.  by  the 
ocean  and  W.  by  Connecticut.  It  extend.s  from 
4] .  15.  to  42.  N.  lat.  and  from  71.  8.  to  71.  52.  W. 
long.  42  m.  in  average  length  and  29  in  breadth 
and  containing  1,225  sq.  m.  including  Nrraganset 
Bay  which  intersects  it  from  N.  to  S.  and  embo- 
soms Rhode,  Connecticut,  Prudence,  and  sever- 
al other  small  islands.  Block  Island  which  lies  oflT 
the  coast  also  belongs  to  this  state.  The  riverx- 
are  the  Pawtucket,  Pawtuxet  and  Pawcatuck 
which  flow  into  Narraganset  Bay.  There  are  no 
mountains  in  the  state,  nor  any  hilly  tracts,  yet  the 
general  face  of  the  country  is  somewhat  rough  and 
rocky.  There  are  some  level  districts  upon  the 
borders  of  Narraganset  Bay,  and  some  flats  on  the 
Atlantic  shores.  The  aspect  of  the  country  on 
the  whole  is  picturesque,  the  highest  eminences, 
are  Mount  Hope,  in  Bristol ;  Hopkins'  Hill,  in 
W.  Greenwich  ;  and  Woon&ocket  Hill,  in  Smith- 
field  but  they  are  not  remarkable  for  eleva- 
tion. The  whole  state  enioys  a  salubrious  cli- 
mate ;  the  winter  in  the  maritime  parts  is  sensibly 
milder,  and  the  seasons  there  are  more  uniform 
than  in  the  rest  of  New  England  ;  the  heat  of 
summer  is  much  alleviated  by  refreshing  sea 
breezes.  In  other  respects  the  climate  resembles 
that  of  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts.  The 
soil  is  pretty  uniform  ;  on  the  continent  it  is  gen- 
erally a  gravelly  loam,  which  is  tolerably  fertile 
but  difficult  of  cultivation.  Upon  the  islands,  the 
soil  is  light  and  productive.  There  are  a  few 
pine  plains  in  the  state,  but  very  little  alluvial 
land.  Considerable  quantities  ot  anthracite  coal 
exist  in  the  state  but  the  mines  are  little  worked  at 
present.  Iron  ore  occurs  in  the  northern  parts, 
and  there  is  a  mine  wrought  at  Cranston.  There 
are  quarries  of  limestone  at  Smithfield,  and  the 
same  place  affords  excellent  marble.  Beds  of  ser- 
pentine, are  found  at  Newport.  The  mineral 
treasures  of  this  state  as  far  as  yet  discovered,  are 
not  on  the  whole  either  extensive  or  valuable. 

Rhode  Island  is  divided  into  5  counties.  Provi- 
dence, Kent,  Washington,  Newport  and  Bristol. 
The  Pop.  is97,212.  Fourteenof  which  are  slaves. 
There  is  no  seat  of  government ;  the  legislature 
meet  alternately  at  F^rovidence,  Newport,  East 
G-eenwich  and  South  Kin<.;ston.  The  other  large 
towns  are  Bristol,  Warwick  and  North  Providence 
The  Blackstone  canal,  which  See,  lies  partly  m  this 
state,  and  a  railroad  is  projected  from  Providence  te 
Boston.  Agricultural  industry  is  chiefly  confined 
to  grazing  and  the  da-ry. 

The  islands  and  shores  of  Narraganset  bay  arc 
celebrated  for  their  fine  cattle,  their  numerous 
flocks  of  sheep,  and  the  excellence  and  abundance 
of  their  butter  and  cheese.  Of  the  different  kinds 
of  grain,  maize,  barley,  oats  and  rye,  are  the  most 
generally  cultivated. 

The  commerce  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  ports 
of  Newport  and  Providence.  The  foreiom  imports, 
in  1828,  amounted  to  1,128,226  dollars"?  The  ex 
ports  of  domestic  produce  to  541,675  dollars,  and 
the  shipping  to  40,066  tons. 

Pawtucket  has  the  largest  manufactories  in  the 
state.  The  manufactures  of  this  place  are  chiefly 
of  cotton.  The  mills  are  seated  upon  three  falls 
in  Pawtucket  river,  and  run  45,000  spindles.  They 
employ  nearly  900  looms. 


RHO 


631 


unit 


Providence  has  also  large  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, woolen,  cordage,  spermaceti,  &c.  Warwick 
has  several  cotton  manufactories,  and  at  Newport 
is  a  manufacture  of  lace.  At  Slatersville,  in  the 
town  of  Smithfield.  are  extensive  manufactures 
of  cotton.  Rhode  island  is  almost  exclusively 
occupied  in  manufactures. 

Blackstone  river  affords  an  immense  water  pow- 
er for  manufactories.  Upon  Woonsocket  Falls, 
and  in  the  neighbourhood,  are  about  20  different 
establishments,  and  others  are  begun.  These  al- 
ready produce  annually  2,500,000  yards  of  sheet- 
ing, calico,  shirting,  drilling,  satinet,  &c.  At 
this  place  are  also  an  iron  foundry  and  manu- 
factures of  machinery. 

Rhode  Island  is  the  only  state  in  the  Union 
that  is  without  a  written  constitution,  the  gov- 
ernment being  to  this  day  founded  on  the  pro- 
visions of  the  charter,  granted  to  the  colony  by 
Charles  II.  in  1663.  The  obligations  of  this  char- 
ter as  a  constitution  of  civil  government,  became 
annulled  by  the  declaration  of  independence,  but 
by  the  common  consent  of  the  people,  the  form  of 
government  was  preserved  without  any  essential 
variation.  The  legislature  is  called  the  General 
^ssevMij,  and  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  ;  the  senators  are  10.  The  rep- 
resentatives are  two  from  each  town  but  Provi- 
dence, Portsmouth  and  Warwick  send  each  four, 
and  Newport,  sends  6.  The  representatives  are 
chosen  twice  a  year.  The  executive  consists  of 
a  Governor,  whose  powers  are  very  limited,  and 
a  Lt.  Governor,  both  of  whom  have  seats  in  the 
Senate ;  these,  as  well  as  the  State  Treasurer, 
Secretary,  and  Attorney  General  are  chosen  an- 
nually. Suffrage  is  universal.  The  legislature 
have  2  stated  sessions  annually,  and  meet  com- 
monly four  times  a  year.  Common  schools  are 
supported  by  an  annual  payment  of  10,000  dollars 
from  the  state  ;  and  there  is  an  university  at  Prov- 
idence. The  most  numerous  religious  sect  are 
the  Baptists,  who  have  12  ministers  ;  the  Congre- 

fationalists  have  10,  and  the  Episcopalians,  8. 
'here  is  a  remnant  of  the  Narraganset  Indians  at 
Charlestown  in  this  st.ate,  amounting  to  about 
430,  and  possessing  3,000  acres  of  land.  They 
are  Baptists,  and  support  a  missionary. 

Rhode  Island   was  settled  by  Roger  Williams, 
who  was  expelled  from   Massachusetts  for  avow 
ing  himself  a  friend  to  religious  freedom.     With 
a  few  followers   he  journeyed  beyond  the  limits 


of  the  state  and  founded  a  settlement  in  1636 
which  he  called  Providence.  Two  years  after- 
ward their  number  had  increased  so  far  that  a 
settlement  was  made  on  the  island  of  Jlquetnet,  or 
Rhode  Island.  A  government  was  organized  and 
a  code  of  laws  established  in  1647.  Religious 
toleration  with  a  trifling  exception  has  always 
prevailed  in  this   state.     It  was  the  last  of  the 


states  which  acceded  to   the  Union.     This  took 
place  in  1790. 

Rhodes,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Maori,  40  m.  long 
and  15  broad.  The  soil  is  pretty  fertile  but  badly 
cultivated.  This  island  is  much  celebrated  ia 
ancient  history,  having  been  frequently  under 
the  dominion  of  different  masters.  The  Saracens 
became  possessors  of  it  in  665 ;  and,  in  ]  309,  it  was 
taken  from  them  by  the  knights  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem,  who  afterwards  took  the  name  of 
Knights  of  Rhodes.  They  retained  it  till  1623 
when  it  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  afleran  obstinate 
resistance  ;  and  the  small  number  of  knights  that 
remains  were  afterwards  removed  to  Malta.  Like 
the  neighbouring  islands,  it  has  been  reduced  by 
the  oppressions  of  the  Porte  to  a  state  of  great 
poverty  and  wretchedness. 

Rhodes,  the  capital  of  the  above  island,  and  an 
archbishop's  see  ;  was  anciently  9  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, and  was  regarded  by  Alexander, 
who  deposited  his  last  will  here,  as  tiie  first  city 
in  the  world  ;  but  the  present  town  occuj»ies  only 
a  quarter  of  the  extent  of  the  ancient  city.  It 
has  a  good  harbour,  with  a  narrow  entrance  be- 
tween two  rocks,  on  which  are  two  towers  to  de- 
fend the  passage.  Here,  in  all  probability,  stood 
the  famous  Colossus,  a  statue  of  bronze,  70  cubits 
high  reckoned  one  of  the  seven  wonders  of  the 
world  :  it  was  thrown  down  by  an  earthquake  ; 
and,  when  the  Saracens  became  masters  of  the 
island,  they  knocked  it  to  pieces,  and  sold  the 
fragments  to  a  Jew  of  Edessa,  near  900  years 
after  its  fall.  Rhodes  was  deemed  an  impregna- 
ble fortress,  being  surrounded  by  triple  walls  and 
double  ditches,  which  have  long  been  in  a  state 
of  dilapidation.     Long.  28.  20.  E.,  lat.  36.  27.  N. 

Rhodf.s.      See  Rodez. 

Rhone,  a  large  river  that  rises  in  Switzerland, 
in  Mount  Furca,  and  soon  joins  a  more  conside- 
rable stream  from  an  extensive  glacier  called  that 
of  the  Rhone.  After  passing  thorough  the  vale  of 
Valais,  it  runs  through  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  and 
separating  Savoy  from  Bresse,  it  flows  W.  to 
Lyons,  then  S.  to  Vienne,  Tournon,  Valence, 
Viviers,  Pont  St.  Esprit,  Avignon,  Beaucaire, 
Tarascon,  and  Aries,  and  enters  the  Mediterrane- 
an by  several  mouths. 

Rhone,  a  department  of  France,  so  named  from 
the  river  Rhone,  which  flows  on  its  E.  border. 
It  includes  the  late  provinces  of  Beaujolois  and 
Lyonois,  and  contains  an  area  of  1050  square 
miles,  with  330,000  inhabitants.  Lyons  is  the 
capital. 

Rhone,  Mouths  of  the,  a  department  of  France 
on  the  coast  of  the  Mediteranean,at  the  influx  of 
the  Rhone,  containing  the  W.  part  of  the  late 
province  of  Provence.  It  comprises  an  area  of 
2,000  square  miles,  with  300,000  inhabitants. 
Marseilles  is  the  capital. 

Rhonhouse,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Kirkcud- 
brightshire, 8  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Newton  Douglass, 
noted  for  a  great  annual  fair,  and  a  weekly  cat- 
tle market  from  October  to  January. 

Rhaden,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  on  the 
Monne,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lipstadt. 

Rhynberg,  or  Rhinsberg,  a  town  of  Branden 
burg,  with  a  handsome  palace,  built  by  Frederic 
II.,  when  hereditary  prince.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhyn,  10  m.  N.  of  Ruppin. 

Rhyney.     See  Rumney. 

Rhynow,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  at  the  conflux 
of  the  Rhyn  with  the  Havel,  dto;  S.  E.  of  Havel- 
burg. 


RIC 


632 


RID 


Raizan,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a 
province  of  the  government  of  Moscov?.  It  com- 
prises an  area  of  13,000  square  m.  with  1,000,000 
of  inhabitants,  and  had  anciently  its  own  princes. 
The  soil  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and  flax. 

Raizan,  the  capital  of  the  above  government, 
an  archbishop's  see,  was  formerly  considerable 
for  its  extent  and  riches,  but  was  almost  ruined 
by  the  Tartars  in  1568.  U  is  seated  at  the  con- 
flux of  tiie  Trubesh  with  the  Occa,  100  m.  S.  E. 
of  Moscow.  Long.  40.  37.  E.,  lat.  54.  55.  N. 

Riba  de  Sella,  a  small  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  As- 
turias,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  29  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
Gijon. 

Ribadavia,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Avia  with  the  Minho,  in  the 
territory  that  produces  the  best  wine  in  Spain,  15 
m.  W.  S.  W.  ofOrense. 

Rihadeo,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Galicia.  with 
a  good  harbour,  defended  by  two  castles.  It  is 
seated  on  a  rock,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  de  Mi- 
rando,45  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Lugo.  Long.  6.  47.  W., 
lat.  43.  38.  N. 

Riba,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  on  the 
river  Xarama,  8    m.  E.  of  Madrid. 

Ribble.,  a  river  which  rises  in  W.  Yorkshire, 
Eng.  runs  across  Lancashire,  and  enters  the  Irish 
Sea  below  Preston. 

Ribemont,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne,  seated  on  an  eminence  near  the  Oise,  10 
m.  S.  of  St.  Quentin. 

Riberac,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  17  m.  E.  of  Perigueux. 

Ribtiik,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Ratibor,  20  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Ratibor. 

Rihnik,  or  Rimnik,  a  town  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Wallachia.  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here,  in  1789, 
the  Auslrians  and  Russians  gained  a  great  victo- 
ry over  the  Turks.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  08  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Tergovist. — Anoth- 
er of  the    Allh,  50  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Tergovist. 

Ribnitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Scliwerin,  seated  on  a 
bay  of  the  Baltic,  near  the  influx  of  the  Recken- 
itz,  13  m.  N.   E.  of  Rostock. 

Riceborough,  p.v.  Liberty  Co.  Geo.  34  m.  S.  W. 
Savannah,  at  the  head  of  Newport  River. 

Richardsville,  p.v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C.  74  m. 
W.  Columbia. 

Richelieu,  a  county  of  Lower  Canada,  or  a  river 
of  the  same  name  flowing  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Richelieu,  a  town  of  France,  departmentof  Indre- 
et-Loire,  founded  by  cardinal  Richelieu  in  1G37  ; 
seated  on  the  Amable  and  Vide,  33  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Tours. 

Richmond,  a  borough  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It 
was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  wall,  with  three 
gates,  and  had  a  strong  castle  (now  in  a  ruinous 
condition),  on  an  inaccessible  mount.  It  is  the 
capital  of  a  district  called  Richmondshire  (now  in- 
cluded in  the  duchy  of  Lancaster)  which  abounds 
in  lead  mines,  and  was  formerly  a  county  of  itself. 
Richmond  has  a  manufacture  of  woolen  stockings, 
caps,  Slc.  It  is  seated  on  the  Swale,  over  which 
is  a  brid</e,  40  m.  N.  W.  of  York  and  230  N.  N. 
W.  of  London.     Long.  1.  35.  W.,  lat.  54.  28.  N. 

Richmond,  a  village  m  Surrey,  Eng.  with  an  ele- 
gant stone  bridge  over  the  Thames.  It  was  anci- 
ently called  Sheen;  but  Henry  VII.  called  it 
Richmond,  on  account  of  his  having  been  earl  of 
Richmond  in  Yorkshire.  Here  was  a  palace,  in 
which  Edward  111.,  Henry  VII.,  and  queen  Eli- 
zabeth expired.  Richmond  is  still  distinguished 
by  its  beautiful  royal  gardens,  which  in  summer 


are  open  to  the  public ;  and  in  these  is  a  noble 
observatory.  Here  is  an  extensive  royal  park,  call- 
ed Richmond,  or  the  New  Park;  surrounded  by 
a  brick  wall  built  by  Charles  I.  9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
London. 

Richfield,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  75  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  1,752,  a  township  of  Medina  Co. 
Ohio.  125  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.     Pop.  653. 

Richford,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  44  m.  N.  E. 
Burlington.     Pop.  704  ;  p.v.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Rich  Hill,  townships  in  Green  Co.  Pa.  and 
Muskingum  Co.  Ohio. 

Richland,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  24,007, 
Mansfield  is  the  capital.  A  district  of  S.  Carolina 
Pop.  11,465.  Columbia  is  the  capital;  p.t.  Os 
wego  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake  Ontario.  Pop.  2,733 
p.t.  Venan<ro  Co.  Pa.;  p.v.  Onslow  Co.  N.  C.  and 
townships  m  Belmont,  Guernsey,  Clinton,  Jack- 
son and  Fairfield  Cos.  Ohio. 

Richland  Creek,  p.v.  Giles  Co.  Ten.  70  m.  S. 
W.  Murfreesborough,  on  a  stream  of  the  samp 
name  falling  into  Elk  River. 

Richland  Hill,  p.v.  Feliciana  Parish,  Louisiana 
98  m.  N.  W.  New  Orleans. 

Richmond,  a  county  of  N.  Y.  consisting  of  Sta- 
ten  Island.  Pop.  7,084.  Richmond  is  the  capital. 
a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia.  Pop. 
6,056.  acounty  of  N.Carolina  Pop.  9,326.  Rock- 
ingham is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Georgia.  Pop. 
11,644.     Augusta  is  the  capital. 

Richmond,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,313  ;  p.t. 
Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  13  m.  S.  E.  Burlington.  Pop. 
1,109  ;  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  47  m.  S.  W.  Con- 
cord. Pop.  1,301  ;  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  130 
m.  W.  Boston,  6.  W.  Lenox.  Pop.  844  ;  p.t. 
Washington  Co.  R.  I.  30  m.  S.  W.  Providence. 
Pop.  1,362;  p.t.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  15  m.  S.  W 
Canandaigua.  Pop.  1,876;  p.v.  Richmond  Co 
N.  Y.  on  Staten  Island  ;  p.v.  Northampton  Co. 
Pa.  16  m.  from  Easton  ;  p.v.  Ross,  Jeff'erson  Cos. 
Ohio;  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Ind.  ;  p.v.  Madison  Co. 
Ken.  Richmond  Co.  Va.  Richmond  Co.  N.  C. 
and  Henry  Co.  Alab. 

Richmond  city,  the  capital  of  Virginia,  in  Hen- 
rico Co.  stands  on  the  north  side  of  James's  river, 
at  its  lower  falls,  and  at  the  head  of  tide  water. 
The  town  rises  gradually  from  the  water,  and  has 
a  fine,  picturesque  appearance.  The  western  di- 
vision occupies  an  eminence  called  Shockoe  Hill, 
overlooking  the  lower  town.  The  capilol  is  built 
upon  the  highest  summit,  and  has  a  delightful  and 
commanding  prospect.  Two  bridges  cross  the 
river  to  Manchester,  on  the  opposite  bank.  Most 
of  the  houses  are  of  brick,  and  many  are  elegant. 
The  public  buildings,  beside  the  capitol,  which  ig 
an  elegant  structure,  are  a  court  house,  a  state 
prison,  8  churches,  an  almshouse,  a  museum,  an 
academy  of  fine  arts,  3  banks,  and  the  state  ar- 
mory, in  which  are  manufactured  4  or  5,000 
muskets  and  rifles  annually.  One  of  the  James 
river  canals  here  empties  into  a  basin  containing 
a  surface  of  two  acres.  There  is  a  boat  navigation 
for  220  m.  on  the  river  above  the  city.  Richmond 
has  a  very  flourishing  trade,  both  mland  and  by 
sea,  and  enjoys  extraordinary  advantages  by  com- 
munication with  a  rich  and  well  cultivated  back 
country,  abounding  in  tobacco,  grain,  hemp,  coal, 
&c.  It  is  in  lat.  37.  31.  N.  Ion.  77.  31.  W.  123 
m.  S.  Washington.  21  m.  N.  Petersburg.  Pop. 
16,060. 

Richmon.dstille,  p.v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y 

Richwoods,  p.v.  Morgan  Co.  Va. 

Rideau,  a  river  of  Upper  Canada,  falling  mto 
the  Ottawas.     The  Rideau  Canal  passes  along  the 


HIO 


93 


RIO 


yalley  of  this  river  from  the  Ottawas  to  the  east 
end  of  Lake  Ontario. 

Ridge,  a  remarkable  elevation  in  the  western 
part  oT  N.  Y.  extending  parallel  to  the  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario  most  of  the  distance  from  Rochester 
to  Tjcwiston,  70  m.  It  is  about  30  feet  in  heiglit 
and  slopes  away  gently  on  each  side.  A  road 
.  called  the  Ridge  Road  passes  along  its  summit. 
«  Ridge,  p.v.  St.  Mary's  Co.  Md.  5  m.  N.  Point 

Lookout ;  p.v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C.  40  m.  S.  W. 
Columbia. 

Ridirebury,  p.v.  FairSeld  Co.  Conn.  35  m.  W. 
New  ftaven,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  and  Bradford 
Co.  Pa. 

Ridgefield,  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  35  m.  W. 
New  Haven.  Pop.  2,322.  Also  a  township  of 
Huron  Co.  Ohio. 

RidirevUle,  p.t.  Lorain  Co.  Ohio ;  p.v.  Warren 
Co.  Ohio. 

Ridgeicay,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y. 
*  Ridleij,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.  Pa. 

Rickmtinsioortk,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  E^g.  ; 
seated  on  the  Coin,  8  m.  S.  VV.  of  St.  Albans,  and 
18  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Ricla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,on  the  Xalon, 
28  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Saragossa. 

Ride,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  on  the  N.  E. 
coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  It  has  a  daily  inter- 
course by  packet-boats  with  Portsmouth,  and  sends 
to  that  place  abundance  of  butter,  egors,  and  poul- 
try. 5  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Portmouth  and  6  E.  N.  E. 
of  Newport. 

Ricdlingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtem- 
berg,  seated  on  the  Danube,  25  m.  S.  W.  of 
Ulm. 

Rietberg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
government  of  Minden,  capital  of  a  county  of  the 
same  name,  with  a  castle,  situate  on  the  Ems, 
\7  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Paderborn. 

Rieti,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states,  capi- 
tal of  a  delegation  of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  Besides  the  cathedral,  it  contains  three 
collegiate  and  six  parish  churches,  and  12  con- 
vents. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Velino,  near  th« 
lake  Rieti,  37  m.  N.  E.  of  Rome.  Long.  13.  5. 
£.,  lat.  42.  23.  N. 

Rieux,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upp)er 
Garonne,  seated  on  the  Reze,  25  ra.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Toulouse. 

Riez,&  town  in  the  department  of  Lower  Alps, 
seated  in  a  plain  abounding  with  wine  and  fruits, 
20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Digne. 

Riga,  a  government  of  Russia.     See  Livonia. 

Riga,  a  strong  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
government  of  Livonia,  and  next  to  Petersburgh, 
the  most  commercial  place  in  the  empire.  It 
stands  on  the  river  Dwina,  5  m.  from  its  mouth 
in  agulf  of  the  Baltic  called  the  gulf  of  Riga  or 
Livonia.  The  trade  is  chiefly  carried  on  by  the 
foreign  merchants  resident  here  ;  those  belonging 
to  an  English  factory  enjoy  the  greatest  share  of 
the  commerce.  The  principal  export  are  corn, 
hemp,  flax,  iron,  timber,  masts,  leather,  and  tal- 
low. The  pop.  of  Riga  is  estimated  at  36,000. 
Here  is  a  floating  wooden  bridge,  over  the  Dwina 
2,600  feet  long  and 40  broad;  in  winter,  when 
the  ice  sets  in,  it  is  removed;  and  in  spring 
it  is  replaced.  In  1812,  on  the  approach  of  the 
French  army  under  marshal  IVIacdonald,  to 
beseige  this  place,  the  governor  of  the  town 
set  fire  to  the  suburbs,  which  consumed  upwards 
of  2,000  houses.  Riga  is  220  m.  N.  E.  of  Konigs- 
berg  and  310  S.  W.  of  Petersburgh.  Lon<r.  24.  15. 
£.,  lat.  56.  50.  N.        80 


Riga,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y.  15  m.  S.  W.  Ro- 
chester. Pop.  1,908. 

Rigaud,  a  seignory  of  Yo/k  Co.  L.  C.  85  m, 
W.    Montreal. 

Rigolets,  a  strait  of  Louisiana  uniting  Lakes 
Pontchartrain  and  Borgne,  9  m.  in  length. 

Rigolets  de.  Bon  Dieu,  a  stream  of  Louisiana 
flowing  into  Red  River  from  the  North,  25  ra. 
above  Alexandria. 

IZiZcf/,  a  township  of  Oxford  Co.  Me.    Pop.  57. 

jRimJ/t/,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states, 
with  an  old  castle,  a  strong  tower,  and  many  re- 
mains of  antiquity.  The  sea  having  receded 
from  this  city  for  some  centuries,  its  harbour  will 
now  admit  only  small  vessels.  It  is  seated  in  a 
fertile  plain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Marrechia,  on 
the  orulf  of  Venice,  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Ravenna  and 
145  "N.  by  E.  of  Rome.  Long.  12.  34.  E.,  lat.  44. 
4.  N. 

Riinonski,  a  seiirnory  of  Cornwall  Co.  L.  C. 

RindTe,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  39.  m.  S.  W. 
Concord.  Pop.  1,269. 

Ringliioping ,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jut- 
land. It  has  a  considerable  trade  with  Holland 
and  Norway,  and  is  seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  Ger- 
man Ocean,  43  m.  S.  W.  of  Wiburg  and  55  N.  N. 
W.  of  Ripen.     Long.  8.  15.  E.,  lat.  56.  8.  N. 

Ri.n(fleben,  a  town  of  Germany,  belonging  to 
Saxe- Weimar,  6  m.  N.  of  Erfurt  and  26  E.  N.  E 
of  Eisenach. 

Ringo's,  p.v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 

Ringsted^  a  town  of  Dennwrk,  ia  the  isle  ofZea- 
land.  It  was  formerly  a  city  ;  and  in  the  great 
church  are  interred  several  kings,  and  other  per- 
sons of  distinction.  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Copenha 
gen. 

Rinswood,^,  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  It  has 
a  manufacture  of  woolen  cloths  and  stockings, 
and  is  famous  for  its  strong  beer  and  ale.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Avon,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Winchester 
and  91  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

RirUeIn,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
the  district  of  Schauenburg,  with  a  university. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Weser,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Minden 
and  a5  W.  S.  W.  of  Hanover.  Long.  9.  10.  E., 
lat.  52. 12.  N. 

Rio  dela  Hacha,  a  seaport  of  Colombia,  in  Ven- 
ezuela, at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
100  m.  E.  of  St.  Martlia.  Long.  72.  34.  W.,  lat. 
11.30.  N. 

Rio  de  la  Plata.     See  Plata. 

Rio  de  Miranda,  a  river  of  Spain  which  rises  in 
the  mountain  of  Asturias,  peparates  that  prov- 
ince from  Galicia,  and  enters  the  bay  of  Biscay 
at  Ribadeo. 

Rio  del  J^orte,  a  considerable  river  of  N.  Amer- 
ica, the  source  of  which  is  unknown,  but  it  flows 
from  N.  to  S.  through  the  whole  country  of  New- 
Mexico,  and  enters  the  gulf-of  Mexico,  on  the  N. 
border  of  New  Leon. 

Rio  Grande,  a  province  in  the  N.  part  of  Brazil* 
between  those  of  Petaguel  and  Paraiba.  It  is 
watered  by  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which 
runs  W.  into  the  Parana,  of  which  it  is  the  prin- 
cipal branch. 

Rio  Grande,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  Sierra 
Leone  mountains,  and  flows  through  the  king- 
dom of  Biguba  into  the  Atlantic.  It  is  navigable 
for  boats  400  m. 

Rio  Janeiro,  a  river  of  Brazil,  which  enters  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  at  St.  Sebastian,  the  capital  of 
Brazil.  At  its  mouth  are  several  small  islands, 
which  render  the  entrance  difficult  and  dangerous; 
On  the  E.  side  of  it  is   the  fort  of  Santa  Crux 


RIP 


CU 


ROA 


and  on  ttie  W.  that  of  St.  Jago,  together  with 
the  capital. 

Rio  Janeiro,  one  of  the  richest  provinces  of 
Brazil,  lying  near  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  on  a 
rivet  of  tlie  same  name.  It  produces  cotton 
sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  pepper,  indigo,  and  tobacco, 
with  abundance  of  fruit  and  garden-stuff,  but  no 
bread-corn  ;  so  that  the  people  here  have  no 
wheat-flour  but  what  is  brought  from  Portugal. 
As  a  succedaneum  for  bread,  there  are  yams  and 
cassada  in  plenty.  The  riches  of  the  country 
consist  in  its  mines  of  gold,  and  in  precious  stones. 
The  latter  are  found  in  8uch  plenty  that  a  cer- 
tain quantity  only  is  allowed  to  be  collected  in 
a  year,  which  is  sometimes  obtained  in  less  than 
a  month.     St.  Sebastian  is  the  capital. 

Riobamha,  a  province  of  Quito,  9  m.  long  and 
4  broad,  adjoining  that  of  Latacunga,  on  the  N. 
It  produces  abundance  of  sugar-cane,  wheat, 
maize,  bi  ley,  and  various  fruits.  Cattle  are  nu- 
merous, and  from  the  waol  of  the  lama  the  in- 
habitants  manufacture  stockings,  cloth.  &c. 

Riobamba,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
is  situate  at  the  extremity  of  an  extensive  valley. 
The  productions  and  manufactures  of  its  district 
are  superior  to  any  other  in  Quito ;  and  in  some 
•  parts  of  it  are  very  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver. 
It  is  98  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Quito.  Long.  77.  20.  W., 
lat.  1.33.  S. 

Rinvi,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy  de 
Dome,  seated  on  a  hill,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Clermont  and 
115  S.  of  Paris. 

Rioni,  or  Phasis,  a  considerable  river  of  Asia 
which  rises  in  Georgia,  forms  the  S.  boundary  of 
Mingrelia,  and  enters  the  Black  Sea. 

Rions,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Gironde, 
seated  on  the  Garonne,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Bourdeaux. 

Ripa  Transone,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal 
states,  8  m.  S.  of  Fermo. 

Ripen,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
capital  of  a  diocese  of  the  same  name,  with  a  cas- 
tle, two  colleges,  and  a  public  library.  The  tombs 
of  several  kings  of  Denmark  ar?  in  the  cathedral, 
w'hich  is  a  very  handsome  structure.  The  harbour 
is  at  a  small  distance,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gram, 
in  a  country  which  supplies  the  best  beeves  in 
Denmark.  It  is  65  m.  N.  W.  of  Sleswick  and  78 
S.  by  W.  of  Wiburg.  Long.  8.  40.  E.,  lat.  55. 23. 
N. 

Ripley,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  principally 
noted  for  its  castle,  the  ancient  seat  of  the  Ingilby 
family  ;  seated  on  the  river  Nyd,23  ra.  W.  N.  W 
of  York  and  211  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

/Z//>/ey,  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  3,957.  Ver- 
sailles is  the  capital. 

Ripley,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  G44 ;  p.t. 
Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,647;  p.t.  Brown 
Co.  Ohio  on  the  Ohio.  50  m.  above  Cincinnati; 
p.t.  Bond  Co.  Illinois,  20  m    E.  Edwardsville. 

Ri.ppon,i  borough  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Enj.  In  its 
neighbourhood  is  the  celebrated  park  of  Studley, 
including  the  venerable  remains  of  Fountain  Ab- 
bey. Rippon  was  once  famous  for  its  religious 
houses  ;  it  has  a  collegiate  church,  a  new  church 
erected  in  1827,  four  meeting-houses,  a  free  school 
and  several  other  excellent  charitable  institutions. 
Its  noted  manufacture  of  spurs  has  long  since  de- 
clined, and  at  present  the  principal  manufactures 
are  linens  snd  saddle-trees,  and  a  considerable  var- 
nish manufacture.  The  market-place  is  one  of  the 
finest  squares  of  the  kind  in  England.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Ure,  over  which  is  a  handsome  bridge  of 
17  arches,  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  York  and  209  N.  N. 
W.  of  London. 


Ripraps,  a  shoal  at  the  mouth  of  James's  river 
at  its  entrance  into  tha  Chesapeak.  An  island 
has  been  formed  here  by  sinking  stones  in  the 
water,  and  a  strong  fort  erected  upon  it  which 
commands  the  entrance  of  the  river. 

Riquier,  S<,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Somme,  seated  on  the  Cardon,  24  m.  N.  W.  of 
Amiens 

Risbrouq,Vi  town  in  Bnckinorhamshire,  Encr. 
20  m.S.  of  Aylesbury  and  37  W.  N.  W.  of  London 

Rising  Sun,  p. v.  Cecil  Co.  Maryl.  18  m.  S. 
W.  Washington  ;  p. v.  Dearborn  Co.  Ind.  on  the 
Ohio,  13  m.  below  the  Great  Miami. 

Risonville,  p. v.  Nottaway  Co.  Va.  76  m.  S.  W. 
Richmond. 

Ristigouche,  a  river  of  New  Brunswick,  falling 
into  Chaleur  Bay,  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Riltenhouse,  p. v.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

Ritzeneutt'.e,  the  chief  place  of  a  bailiwic  of  the 
same  name  belonging  to  the  city  of  Hamburg, 
with  a  castle  ;  seated  half  a  mile  S.  of  Cuxhaven 
and  54  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Hamburg. 

Riva,  a.  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principality 
of  Trent,  on  the  river  Riva,  at  its  entrance  into 
the  lake  Garda,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Trent. 

Riva,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Valte- 
line,  seated  on  the  N.  end  of  the  lake  Como,  8  m. 
S.  of  Chiavenna. 

Rivalla,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  situate  on  the 
Sangeon,  8  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Turin. 

Riva.lta,  a.  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  situate  on 
the  lake  of  Mantua,  5  m.  W.  of  Mantua. 

Rivanna,  a  river  of  Virginia  flowing  into  Jame? 
River  near  Columbia. 

Rivarolo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  situate  on  the 
Oreo,  15  m.  N.  of  Turin. 

River  Bank,  p. v.  Orange  Co.  Va.  100  m.  N. 
Richmond. 

River  Head,  p. v.  New  London  Co.  Conn,  also 
a  township  of  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Island. 
Pop.  2,016. 

Rivesaltes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Eastern  Pyrenees,  seated  on  the  Egly,  8  m.  N.  of 
Perpignan. 

Rivoli,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  magnifi- 
cent castle,  9  m.  W.  of  Turin. 

Rivoli,  a  small  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  near 
which  Bonaparte  obtained  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable of  his  victories  in  January,  1797.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Adige,  12  m.  N.  W.  Verona. 

Rivolo,  or  Rolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Modena 
between  Novellara  and  Mirandola. 

Rixeipille,  p. v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va.  67  m.  S 
W.  Washington. 

Roa,  a  town  of  Spain  in  the  province  of  Burgos 
with  a  castle,  and  a  splendid  mansion  belongmg 
to  the  counts  of  Sizuela.  It  is  situate  on  the 
Duero,   25  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Segovia. 

Roane,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop.  7,89? 
Kingston  is  the  capital. 

Roanne,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loire, 
seated  on  the  Loire,  where  it  begins  to  be  navi 
gable  for  barks.  Hence  the  merchandise  of  Ijy- 
ons  is  conveyed  to  Paris,  Orleans,  Nantes,  &c. 
45  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Lyons  and  210  S.  S.  E.  oi 
Paris.     Lon.  3.  58.  E.,  lat.  46.  4.  N. 

Roanoke,  an  island  of  N.  Carolina,  on  the  S. 
side  of  Albermarle  Sound,  famous  as  the  place 
where  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  made  the  first  Brit- 
ish settlement  in  N.  America. 

JJoanofce,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  formed 
by  the  junction  of  the  Staunton  and  Dan,  in  the 
S.  part  of  Virginia.  It  is  subject  to  inundations, 
and  on  account  of  the  falls,  is  navigable  for  small 


ROC 


635 


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craft  only,  about  60  or  70  m.  It  enters,  by'sever- 
al  mouths,  into  the  S.  W.  part  of  Albermarle 
Sound. 

Roanoke,  p. v.  Mecklenburg  Co.  Va.  150  m.  S. 
W.  Richmond. 

Robbcn  Island,  sometimes  called  Penguin  Island 
n  barren  sandy  island,  near  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  at  the  entrance  into  False  Bay.  Long.  18. 
22.  E.,  lat.  33.  50.  S. 

R  ihbitistown,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Me.  on  Pas- 
samaquoddyBay,  opposite  St.  Andrews.  Pop.  616. 

Rohestown,  p. v.   Westmoreland  Co.  Pa. 

Robel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  seated  on  the  lake  Muritz, 
24  m.  W.  of  Strelitz. 

Robert  Bay,  a  capacious  bay  of  the  island  of 
Martinico,  formed  by  two  points  called  that  of 
tlie  E.  part  of  La  Rosa,  and  that  of  the  W.  part 
of  Los  Galeones. 

Robertson,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
13.303.  Springfield  is  the  capital. 

Robertson  s  Fork,  p.v.  Giles  Co.  Ten. 

Rohertsville.,  p.v.  Benninaton  Co.  Vt.  Ill  m.  S. 
W.  Montpelier;  p.v.  Beaufort  Co.  S.  C. 

Robeson,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  9,355. 
Lumberton  is  the  capital;  also  townships  in 
Washington  and  Berks  Cos.  Pa. 

Robm  Hood,  p.v.  Philadelphia  Co.  Pa. 

Robin  Hood  Bay  ,  a  bay  on  the  coast  of  York- 
bhire,  Eng.  between  Scarborough  and  Whitby, 
about  one  mile  broad.  Here  is  a  village  of  fish- 
ermen, who  supply  the  city  of  York,  and  the 
adjacent  country,  with  all  sorts  of  fish  in  their 
season.  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Whitbv.  Long.  0.  10.  W., 
lat.  54.25.  N. 

Robinson,  a  township  of  Alleghany  Co.  Pa. 

Roca  Cape,  a  cape  of  Portugal,  the  most  west- 
ern e.\treniity  of  Europe.  On  its  summit  is  a 
remarkable  monastery,  said  to  be  3,000  feet  above 
the  sea  ;  and  on  the  E.  of  the  mountain  is  a  sum- 
mer palace,  of  Moorish  architecture.  Here  is  al- 
so a  small  vineyard,  that  of  Carcavella,  yielding 
a  peculiar  grape  ;  and  the  environs  supply  most 
of  the  fruits  and  greens  used  at  Lisbon.  This 
cape  is  called  generally,  by  the  Enfflish  sailors, 
the  rock  of  Lisbon.  Long.  9.  36.  W.,  lat.  38. 
42.  N. 

Rocamadour,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lot,  23  m.  N.  of  Cahors. 

Rocella,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ul- 
tra, near  which  is  a  coral  fishery,  10  m.  N.  E.  of 
Gierace. 

Rockdale,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Enw.  with 
•jonsiderable  manufactures  of  baize,  flannels, 
serges,  and  other  woolen  goods ;  also  calicoes, 
strong  cotton  goods,  and  hats.  A  canal  from 
Manchester  passes  hence  to  the  Calder  naviga- 
tion, near  Halifax.  The  manor  of  Rochdale  was 
held  for  the  last  three  centuries  by  the  Byrons, 
but  in  1823  was  sold  by  lord  Byron,  the  celebrat- 
ed poet,  to  James  Dearden,  Esq.  The  town  is 
seated  on  the  river  Roch,  at  the  foot  of  the  York- 
shire hills,  11  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Manchester  and  197 
N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Roche,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Savoy 
seated  near  a  large  rock  on  the  river  Borne,  12 
m.  N.  E.  of  Annecy. 

Roche,  or  Rochefort  en  Ardennes,  a  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  the  province  of  Luxemburg,  with 
a  strongcastle,  seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  river  Our- 
te,  22  m.  S.  of  Liege  and  32  N  W.  of  Luxem- 
burg. 
^  Rocce  Beaucour,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Dordogne,  22  m.  N.  W.  of  Perigueux. 


Roche  Bernard,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  d«»- 
partment  of  Morbihan,  on  the  Vilaine,  22  m.  S. 
E.  of  Vannes. 

Roche  Guyon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Seine-et-Oise,  on  the  river  Seine,  21  m.  W.  of 
Pontoise. 

Roche  Posay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Vienne,  with  a  mineral  spring,  seated  on 
the  Creuse,  32  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Poitiers. 

Roche  sur  Yonne,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Vendee,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Lucon. 

Rochechouart,a.  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Vienne,  with  a  castle  on  a  moun- 
tain, IS  m.  W.  of  Limoges. 

Rochefort,  a  sea-port  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  with  a  commodious  harbour, 
one  of  the  most  famous  in  France.  The  streets 
are  broad  and  straight ;  and  the  houses  low,  but 
regular.  It  has  a  magnificent  hospital,  the  finest 
hail  of  arms  in  France,  a  noble  arsenal,  a  foundry 
for  cannon,  and  all  the  other  magazines  necessa- 
ry for  the  construction  and  equipment  of  ships  of 
war.  It  stands  on  the  Charente,  15  m.  from  its 
mouth,  which  is  defended  by  several  forts.  18 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Rochelle  and  127  S.  W.  of  Paris. 
Long.  0.  58.  W.  lat.  45.  56.  N. 

Rochefort,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Jura,  on  the  river  Doubs,  6  m.  N.  E.  of  Dole 
and  22  W.  S.  W.  of  Besangon. 

Rochefort,  a  town  of  France,  in  department  of 
Maine-ei-Loire,  on  the  river  Loiret,  10  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Angers. 

Rochefort,  a  town  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Puy  de  Dome,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Clermont. 

Rochefoucmdt,  a  town  of  France  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Charente,  seated  on  the  Tardoire,  12  m. 
N.  E.  of  Angouleme. 

Rochelle,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  France,  capital 
of  the  department  of  Lower  Charente,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  Tlie  houses  are  supported  hy  piaz- 
zas, and  the  haven  is  surrounded  by  a  prodigious 
mole,  4,482  feet  in  extent.  The  inhabitants  carry 
on  a  considerable  trade,  especially  in  wine,  bran- 
dy, sugar,  salt  paper,  linen,  and  serges.  Rochelle 
was  the  birth-place  of  Reaumur,  the  celebrated 
naturalist.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain  at  the  bottom 
of  a  small  gulf  of  the  Atlantic,  78  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Nantes  and  330  S.  W.  of  Pans.  Long.  1  10.  W., 
lat.  46.  9.  N. 

Rnchema.ur,  a  town  of  France  \n  the  depart 
ment  of  Ardeche,  seated  on  the  Rhone,  8  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Viviers. 

Roche  Percee,  a  town  in    Howard  Co.  Missouri. 

Rochester,  a  city  in  Kent,  Eng  Its  castle,  now 
in  ruins,  once  rendered  it  of  greai  importance; 
and  here  also  are  some  remams  of  a  priory. 
Rochester  is  a  bishop  s  see  and  has,  besides  the 
cathedral,  two  parish-churches. 

Rochester,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  25  m.  N.  W, 
Portsmouth.  Pop.  2,155  ;  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt. 
35  m.  N.  W.  Windsor.  Pop.  1,392 ;  p.t.  Plymouth 
Co.  Ma.ss.  48  m.  S.  Boston.  Pop.  3,556  ;  p.t.  Uls- 
ter Co.  N.  Y.  84  m.  S.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  2,440. 

Rochester,  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N.  Y,  on  the  Gene/ 
see  river,  is  a  place  of  great  trade  and  opulence, 
and  astonishingly  rapid  growth.  It  was  founded 
in  1812,  and  is  already  the  fourth  town  in  the 
state  in  point  of  numbers;  it  is  also  the  empori- 
um of  the  western  parts.  It  stands  upon  the 
great  canal,  7  m.  from  Lake  Ontario,  with  a  ship 
navigation  by  Genesee  river  within  2  m.  of  the 
town,  communication  with  New  York,  Quebec 
and  the  great  lakes.  Rochester  contains  2,000 
buildings,  and  the  streets  are  handsome  and  regii- 


ROC 


G98 


ROC 


lar.  It  has  11  churches,  2  banks,  a  museum,  an 
arcade,  an  athoneutn,  and  several  literary  institu- 
tions, 2  daily  and  several  weekly  newspapers. 
Within  the  limits  of  the  village,  for  such  is  the  ti- 
tle of  this  flourishing  city,  are  13  large  flour  mills, 
built  of  stone,  which  grind  342,000  barrels  of  flour 
annually.  Some  of  tnese  mills  are  on  a  scale  of 
magnitude  not  equalled  elsewhere  in  the  world. 
Ono  of  them  covers  more  than  4  acres,  and  all  are 
considered  unrivalled  in  the  perfection  of  ther  ma- 
chinery. Here  are  also  cotton  and  woolen  manu- 
factories, and  saw-mills  which  turn  out  9,000,000, 
feet  of  lumber  in  a  year.  The  Genesee  falls  are 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  town,  and  the  water 
power    which  the  river  affords  here,  is  immen.se. 

There  are  three  bridges  across  the  Genesee  at 
this  place  ;  the  canal  aqueduct  deserves  particu- 
lar notice.  The  canal  strikes  the  river  in  the  S. 
part  of  Rochester,  and  after  following  the  eastern 
bank  for  half  a  mile,  crosses  the  river  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  town  in  an  aqueduct  built  upon  11  arch- 
es of  hewn  stone  804  feet  in  length  ;  the  structure 
is  no  less  worthy  of  admiration  for  its  strength  than 
its  architectural  beauty.  From  the  observatory 
at  the  summit  of  the  arcade  may  be  seen  in  a  clear 
day  the  waters  of  Lake  Ontario  like  a  strip  of 
blue  cloud  on  the  verge  of  the  horizon.  Roches- 
ter is  23«  m.  W.  Albany.  3i)6  N.  Washington. 
Pop.  10,885. 

RocAford,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  16  ra.  S.  E.  of 
Chelmsford  and  40  E.  by  N.  of  London. 

Rochlilz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a  castle  on  a 
rock,  and  a  handsome  bridge  over  the  Mulda,  24 
m.  S.  E.  of  Leipzig. 

Rock,  a  township  of  Harrison  Co.  Ohio  120  N. 
E.  Columbia.     Fop.  708. 

Rockaicay,  p. v.  Queens  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Is- 
land ;  p.v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J.  30  m.  N.  W.  Newark. 

Rockaway  Valley,  p.v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J.  75  m. 
N.Trenton. 

Rockbridge,  a.  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  14,244.  Lexington  is  the  capital. 
This  county  takes  its  name  from  the  celebrated 
natural  bridge  which  is  situated  within  its  limits. 
This  remarkable  work  of  nature  has  been  formed  by 
the  bursting  of  the  waters  of  a  stream  called  Ce- 
dar creek  through  a  wall  of  rock  more  than  200 
feet  in  height.  The  bridge  is  60  feet  in  width 
and  the  sides  for  the  great  part  of  their  height  are 
nearly  perpendicular.  A  road  passes  over  the 
top.  The  scenery  it  afibrds  is  exceedingly  grand 
and  romantic. 

Rock  Castle,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  2,875 
Mount  Vernon  is  the  capital. 

Rockdale,  p.v.  Crawford  Co.  Pa. 

Rockford,  p.v.  Surry  Co.  N.C. ;  p.v.  Tuscara- 
was Co.  Ohio. 

Rock  Hall,  p.v.  Kent  Co.  Maryland  on  the  E. 
•ide  of  the  Chesapeak  opposite  the  Patapsco. 

Rockhill,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Rock  Hill  Mills,  p.v.  Fauquier  Co.  Va. 

Rockinirfiam,  a  county  of  N.  Hampshire  in  the 
S.  E.  Pop.  44,452.  Portsmouth  is  the  capital ; 
a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virginia.  Pop. 
20,693.  Harrisonburg  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of 
N.  Carolinia.  Pop.  12,920.  Wentworth  is  the 
capital. 

Rockingham.,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Con- 
necticut. 23  m.  N.  Brattleborough.  Pop.  2,272 ; 
p.v.  Richmond  Co.  N.  C. 

Rockland,  a  county  of  New  York,  in  the  S. 
Pop.  9,388.  Clarkstown  is  the  capital ;  a  town- 
»<hip  in  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  547  j  a  township 
of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 


Rock  Landing,  p.v.  Halifax  Co  N.  C.  on  the 
Roanoke,  12  m.  above  Halifax. 

Rock  Mills,  p.v.  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  C. 

Rockport,  p.v.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio,  on  Lake 
Erie.  Pop.  361 ;  p.v.  Spencer  Co.  Ind.  on  the 
Ohio. 

Rock  Spring,  p.v.  Nelson  Co.  Va.  118  m.  W. 
Richmond  ;  p.v.  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  C. 

Rock  River,  a  branch  of  the  Mississippi  in  Illi 
nois,  it  is  200  m.  in  length. 

Rock  Stream,  p.v.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y. 

Rockville,  p.v.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  and  Parke  Co. 
Ind. 

Rocky  Hill,  p.v.  Hartford  Co.  Conn. ;  p.v.  Bar- 
ren Co.  Ken. 

Rocky  Mount,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Va.  210  m. 
S.  W.  Richmond  ;  p.v.  Nash  Co.  N.  C.  and 
Fairfield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Rocky  Mountains,  an  immense  chain  in  the 
western  part  of  North  America  which  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  continuation  of  the  Cordilleras  of 
Mexico.  They  extend  Northwesterly  nearly  to 
the  Frozen  Ocean,  and  form  the  ridge  which  se- 
parates the  waters  of  the  great  basin  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi from  those  which  fall  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

In  extent,  in  elevation,  and  in  breadth,  the 
Rocky  mountains  far  exceed  the  Alleghanies  of 
the  eastern  slates.  Their  mean  breadth  is  200 
miles,  and  where  broadest,  300.  Their  height 
must  be  very  great,  since,  when  first  -seen  by  cap- 
tain Lewis,  they  were  at  least  150  miles  distant 
On  a  nearer  approach,  the  sublimity  of  the  pros- 
pect is  increased,  by  the  appearance  of  range  rising 
behind  range,  each  yielding  in  height  to  its  suc- 
cessor, till  the  most  distant  is  mingled  with  the 
clouds.  In  this  lofty  region  the  ranges  are  cov- 
ered wirfi  snow  in  the  middle  of  June.  From  this 
last  circumstance, these  mountainshave  been  some- 
times denominated  the  Shining  mountains — an 
appellation  much  more  appropriate  than  that  of  the 
Rocky  or  Stony  monntains,  a  property  possessed  by 
all  mountains,  but  peculiar  to  none.  The  longi- 
tudinal extent  of  this  great  chain  is  immense, 
running  as  far  N.  W.  as  60  N.  lat.,  and  perhaps 
to  the  Frozen  Ocean  itself.  The  snows  and  foun- 
tains of  this  enormous  range,  from  the  38th  to  the 
48th  degree  of  northern  latitude,  feed,  with  never- 
failing  supplies,  the  Missouri  and  its  power- 
ful auxiliary  streams. 

A  great  number  of  lateral  ranges  project  to  the 
S.  E.,  E.,  and  N.  E.  of  the  main  range.  Where 
the  Missouri  enters  the  plains,  is  the  most  east- 
ern projection  ;  and  from  where  the  Yellow  Stone 
leaves  the  snowy  range,  there  is  a  range,  run- 
ning more  than  200  miles  south-east,which  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Bighorn  river.  As  these  mountains 
have  not  yet  been  explored  by  the  eye  of  geolo- 
gical science,  it  is  impossible  to  say  any  thing 
respecting  their  component  parts  ;  but,  from  any 
thing  that  we  can  learn  from  Pike  and  Clarke, 
they  seem  to  be  chiefly  granitic.  No  volcanoes 
have  yet  been  discovered  amongst  them  ;  but 
strange  unusual  noises  were  heard  from  the  moun- 
tains, by  the  American  party,  when  stationed 
above  the  falls  of  the  Missouri.  These  sounds 
seemed  to  come  from  the  northwest.  "  Since  our 
arrival  at  the  falls,"  says  the  narrative,  "  we  have 
repeatedly  heard  a  strange  noise  coming  from  the 
mountains,  a  little  to  the  north  of  west.  It  is 
heard  at  different  periods  of  the  day  and  night: 
sometimes  when  the  air  is  perfectly  still  and  un- 
clouded, and  consists  of  one  stroke  only,  or  of  fiv« 
or  six  discharges  in  quick  succession.     It  is  loud^ 


ROC 


637 


ROD 


and  resembles  precisely  the  sound  of  a  six  pounder 
a  I  ih?  distance  of  three  miles.  The  Indians  had 
before  mentioned  this  noise  like  thunder,  but  we 
had  paid  no  attention  to  it.  The  watermen  also 
of  the  party  say,  that  the  Pawnees  and  Ricarees 
give  the  same  account  of  a  similar  noise  made  in 
the  Black  Mountains,  to  the  westward  of  them." 
Again,  near  the  same  place,  it  is  afterwards  said  : 
''  They  heard,  about  sunset,  two  discharges  of  the 
tremendous  mountain-artillery." 

The  base  of  these  mountpins  is  between  three 
and  four  thousand  feet  above  the  sea.  The  high- 
est point  is  suposed  to  be  a  peak  called  the 
Great  White  mountain,  between  the  Arkansas 
and  Platte  rivers,  which  according  to  the  measure- 
ment of  Pike  is  18,581  feet  above  the  sea  and 
i0,581  above  the  level  of  the  meadow  at  its 
base.  The  lofty  regions  of  these  mountains  are 
inhabited  by  an  animal  called  the  Rocky  moun- 
tain goat.  Their  manners  are  said  to  resemble 
greatly  those  of  the  domestic  goat.  The  exact 
limits  of  the  range  of  this  animal  have  not  been 
ascertained,  but  it  probably  extends  from  the  40th 
to  the  64th  or  65th  degree  of  latitude.     It  is  com- 


retire  with  their  lambs  to  the  most  inaccessibte 
heights.  Mr.  Drummond  informs  us  that  in  the 
retired  parts  of  the  mountains,  where  the  hunters 


mon  on  the  elevated  part  of  the  range  that  gives 
origin  to  the  Mackenzie,  Oregon,  Nelson,  and 
Missouri  rivers.  The  fine  wool  which  the  ani- 
mal produces,  grows  principally  on  the  back 
and  hips,  and  is  intermixed,  with  long  coarse 
hair.  From  the  circumstance  of  its  bearing 
wool,  it  has  occasionally  been  termed  a  sheep 
by  the  voyagers  and  even  by  naturalists  ;  some  lit- 
tle confusion  has  therefore  crept  into  the  accounts 
of  its  habits,  which  have  been  published  from  the 
reports  of  traders.  Its  flesh  is  hard  and  dry,  and 
little  esteemed.  The  Indians  make  caps  and 
saddles  of  its  skin.  The  Hudson's  Bay  company 
have  lately  presented  a  perfect  specimen  of  the 
goat  to  the  Zoological  Society.  This  animal  is 
v>»  ihe  size  of  the  domestic  sheep,  and  is  totally 
white,  except  the  horns,  hoofs,  lips,  and  margins 
vi  ihe  nostrils  :  the  horns  are  black  and  shining. 
Another  remarkable  race  of  animals  are  the 
•tocy  Mountain  Sheep,  which  are  found  in  this 
elevated  region  from  its  northern  termination  in 
latitude  68  to  about  latitude  40,  and  most  likely 
still  further  south.  They  also  frequent  the  ele- 
vated and  craggy  ridges  with  which  the  country 
between  the  great  mountain  range  and  the  Pa- 
cific is  intersected  ;  but  theyjdo  not  appear  to  have 
advanced  further  to  the  eastward  than  to  the  de- 
clivity of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  nor  are  they 
found  in  any  of  the  hilly  tracts  nearer  to  Hud- 
son's Bay.  They  collect  in  flocks  consisting  of 
from  three  to  thirty,  the  young  rams  and  fe- 
males herding  together  during  the  winter  and 
spring,  while  the  old  rams  form  separate  flocks. 
The  ewes  bring  forth  in  June  or  July,  and  then 


had  seldom  penetrated,  he  found  no  difficulty  in 
approaching  the  Rocky  Mountain  Sheep,  which 
there  exhibited  the  simplicity  of  character  so  re- 
markable in  the  domestic  species  ;  but  that  where 
they  had  been  often  fired  at,  they  were  exceed- 
ingly wild,  alarmed  their  companions  on  the  ap- 
proach of  danger  by  a  hissing  noise,  and  scaled 
the  rocks  with  a  speed  and  agility  that  baffled 
pursuit.  He  lost  several  that  he  had  mortally 
wounded,  by  their  retiring  to  die  amongst  the  se- 
cluded precipices.  Their  favourite  feeding  pla- 
ces are  grassy  knolls,  skirted  by  craggy  rwjks  to 
which  they  can  retreat,  when  pursued  by  dogs  or 
wolves.  They  are  accustomed  to  pay  daily  visits 
to  certain  caves  in  the  mountains  that  are  encrust- 
ed with  a  saline  efflorescence,  of  which  they  are 
fond.  These  caves  are  situated  in  slaty  rocks.  Mr. 
Drummond  says  that  the  horns  of  the  old  rams 
attain  a  size  so  enormous,  and  curve  so  much 
forwards  and  downwards  that  they  efl^ectually 
prevent  the  animal  from  feeding  on  level  ground. 
Its  flesh  is  said  by  those  who  have  fed  on  it,  to  be 
quite  delicious  when  it  is  in  season,  far  superior 
to  that  of  any  of  the  deer  species  which  frequent 
the  same  quarter,  and  even  exceeding  in  flavour 
the  finest  English  mutton. 

Rocky  Ridge,  p. v.  Trigg  Co.  Ken.  217  m.  S. 
W.  Frankfort. 

Rocky  Springs,  p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C. 
145  m."N.  W.  Raleigh  ;  p.v.  George  Co.  Ten  ; 
p.v.  Claiborne  Co.  iVfississippi. 

Rocroy,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Arden- 
nes, celebrated  for  the  victory  gained  by  the 
French  over  the  Spaniards  in  1C43.  It  is  seated 
in  a  plain,  surrounded  by  forests,  26  m.  N.  of 
Rethel. 

Rodach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Saxe-Coburg,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  9 
m.  N.  W.  Coburg. 

Rodby,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Laland.  The  passage  hence  to  Heiligenhaven, 
in  Holstein  and  to  the  island  of  Femern,  is  much 
frequented.  It  is  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Naxkow.  Long. 
11.45.  E.,  lat.  54.  4iS.  N. 

Rodenburg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  district  of  Schauenburg,  near  which  is  a  min- 
eral spring.     11  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Hanover. 

Rodez,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Aveiron,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Here  are 
four  great  annual  fairs,  and  some  manufactures  of 
gray  cloths  and  sergea  The  lofty  steeple  of  itu 
cathedral  is  admired  for  its  architecture.  It  is 
seated  in  the  midst  of  mcantains,  on  a  hill,  at 
the  foot  of  which  flows  the  Aveiron  30  m.  W.  by 
S.  of  Mende. 

Rodings,  a  district  of  Essex,  Eng.  comprising 
3  H 


'3^ 


ROM 


638 


ROM 


ei^ht  parifhes,  each  of  which  is  called  Roding, 
tut  they  are  distinguished  by  the  additional  ap- 
pellation of  Beauchamp,  Eytliorp,  High,  Leaden, 
White,  Abbot's,  Berner's,  and  Margaret's. 

Rodman,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N,  Y.  160  ra.  N.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  1,90). 

Rodok,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Uehli,  50  m.  E.  of  Hissar  and  60  W.  N  W.  of 
Dehli. 

Rodosto,  a  sea  port  of  Romania,  and  a  bishop's 
«ee,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  sea  of 
Mnrmora,  62  m.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Long. 
27.  37.  E.,  lat.  41.  l.N. 

Rodrignei,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  30 
m.  long  and  12  broad,  lying  100  leagues  E.  of 
Mauritius.  The  country  is  mountainous,  and  in 
many  parts  rocky,  thoujjh  in  some  places  the  soil 
is  excellent;  but  the  best  production  of  the  island 
ib  the  land  turtle,  which  are  in  great  abundance. 
On  the  N.  side  is  a  bay  that  affords  secure  shelter 
for  ships,  and  ample  supplies  of  wood  and  water 
Long.  63.  0.  E.,  lat.  19.  30.  S. 

Roer,  a  river  of  the  Prussian  states,  which  rises 
in  Westphalia,  flows  by  Arensberg,  Schwerte, 
Werden,  and  Duysburg,  and  enters  the  Rhine  at 
Roerort. 

Roerort,  a  town  of  the-  Prussian  states,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleve,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Roer  with 
the  Rhine,  17  m.  S.  by  E.  of  We-^el. 

Roeulx,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Uainault, 
8  m.  N.  E.  of  Mons. 

Rogerstmcn,  p. v.  Franklin  Co.  Missouri. 

RuffcrsviUe,  p. v.  Person  Co.  N.  C.  Pendleton 
Dis.  S.  C.  and  Hawkins  Co.  Ten.  on  the  Hoiston, 
70  m.  above  Knoxville. 

Rogerwick,  or  Port  Baltic,  a  sea-port  of  Russia, 
in  tlie  province  of  Revel,  seated  on  a  fine  hay  at 
the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Finland,  40  m.  VV.  N. 
W.  of  Revel.     Long.  23.  20.  E.,  lat.  59.   10.  N. 

Rogonatpour,  a  town  of  Bengal,  capital  of  the 
district  of  Parhete.  126  m.  N.  W.  of  Calcutta. 
Long.  86.47.  E.,  lat.  23.  32.  IS. 

Roha,  or  Rmtah.     See  Orfa. 

Rohan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mor- 
biham,  on  the  Aoust,20  m.  N.  of  Vannes. 

Rohilcund,  or  Rohilla,  a  territory  of  Hindoostan, 
inhabited  by  the  Rohillas,  and  formerly  belong- 
ing to  the  province  of  Dehli,  but  now  included 
in  the  district  of  Bareilly.  It  was  conquered  by 
the  nabob  of  Oude,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
British,  in  1774.  But  in  1801  it  was  ceded  to  the 
British,  and  is  now  governed  by  a  civil  establish- 
ment. 

Rohitzan,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  good  cloth 
manufactures  and  a  trade  in  iron,  7  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Filsen. 

Rolduc,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  late 
duchy  of  Limburg,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Juliers. 

Rom,  an  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  coast  of  S. 
Jutland.  It  is  7  m.  long  and  nearly  3  broad,  and 
contains  a  few  villages. 

Romarrna,  the  former  name  of  a  province  of 
Italy,  in  the  papal  states,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Ferrarese,  E.  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  S.  by 
Tuscany  and  Urbino,  ana  W.  by  Bologna  and 
Tuscany.  It  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  and 
fruits  ;  and  has  also  mines,  mineral  waters,  and 
salt-works,  which  makes  its  principal  revenue. 
Ravenna  is  tl-e  '■a  jital. 

Romainmolie.r,  \  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  o'"a  bailiwrc,  with  a  castle  ; 
sealed  in  a  narrow  val!ev,  through  which  flows 
the  river  Diaz,  11  m.  S.  VV.  of  Yverdun. 

Konuini,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Mol- 


davia, and  a  bishop's  see ;  seated  on  the  Siret, 
50  m.  W.  S.  W.   of  Jassy. 

Romania,  a  province  or  division  of  Turkey, 
about  200  m.  long  and  130  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Bulgaria,  E.  by  the  black  Sea,  S.  by 
the  sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Archipelago,  and  W. 
by  Macedonia.  The  whole  of  this  fine  country, 
comprising  Thrace,  Macedon,  and  ancient  Greece, 
is  at  present  in  a  very  backward  state,  owing  to 
the  oppression  and  arbitrary  exactions  of  the 
Turks.  The  inhabitants  have,  however,  at  length 
been  liberated  from  the  galling  yoke  which  they 
long  maintained  an  arduous  struggle  to  throw  oE. 
See  Greece. 

Romano,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  on  a  river 
that  runs  between  the  Oglio  and  Serio,  26  m.  E. 
of  Milan. 

Romans,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Drome,  on  the  Isere,  22  m.  S.  W.  of  Grenoble  and 
30  S.  ofVienne. 

Rome,  a  celebrated  city  of  Italy,  the  capita]  of 
the  pope's  dominions.  It  is  sitnate  on  the  Tiber, 
over  which  it  has  four  bridges.  The  walls  are  of 
brick,  in  which  are  15  gates  ;  and  its  whole  cir- 
cumference, including  that  part  beyond  the  Ti- 
ber and  all  belonging  to  the  Vatican,  is  upwards 
of  16  m.  It  has  144,541  inhabitants,  which, 
though  greatly  inferior  to  what  it  could  boast  in 
the  days  of  its  ancient  power,  is  considerably 
more  than  it  could  number  at  some  former  periods 
since  the  fall  of  the  empire.  Some  of  the  prin- 
cipal streets  are  of  considerable  length,  and  per- 
fectly straight.  That  called  the  Corso  is  the 
most  frequented.  The  shops  on  each  side  are 
three  or  four  feet  higher  than  the  street,  and  there 
is  a  path  for  foot  passengers  on  a  level  with  the 
shops.  The  palaces,  of  which  there  are  several,  in 
this  street,  range  in  a  line  with  the  houses,  hav- 
ing no  courts  before  them.  The  Strada  Felice 
and  the  Strada  di  Porta  Pia,  are  a'so  very  long 
and  noble  streets.  Rome  exhibits  a  strange  mix- 
ture of  magnificent  and  interesting,  and  of  com- 
mon and  beggarly  objects  ;  the  former  consist  of 
palaces,  churches,  fountains,  and  the  remains  of 
antiquity  ;  the  latter  comprehend  all  the  rest  of 
the  city.  The  church  of  St.  Peter,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  many,  surpasses,  in  size  and  magnificence, 
the  finest  monuments  of  ancient  architecture.  It 
was  begun  in  1506,  finished  in  1621,  and  is  en- 
tirely covered  both  within  and  without  with  mar- 
ble, lis  length  is  730  feet,  the  breadth  520,  and 
the  hei^-ht,  from  the  pavement  to  the  top  of  the 
cross  which  crowns  the  cupola,  450.  The  high 
altar  under  the  cupola  is  90  feet  in  height,  and  of 
extraordinary  magnificence.  A  complete  descrip- 
tion of  tliis  church,  and  of  its  statues,  basso-re- 
lievos, colums,  and  various  other  ornaments, 
would  fill  volumes.  The  cathedral  of  St.  John 
Lateran,  the  Romans  say,  is  the  most  ancient  oi' 
all  the  churches  of  Rome,  and  llie  :nother  of  all 
the  churches  in  Christendom.  It  contains  the 
Scala  Santa,  of  28  white  marble  steps,  brought 
from  Jerusalem,  by  which  Christ  is  said  to  have 
ascended  to  the  palace  of  Caiaphas.  To  this 
church  every  new  pope  constantly  goes  first,  in  a 
magnificent  procession,  to  take  possession  of  the 
holy  see.  The  Pantheon,  which  from  its  cir- 
cular form  has  obtained  the  name  of  the  Rotunda, 
is  the  most  perfect  of  the  Roman  temples  which 
now  remain,  and  notwithstanding  the  depreda- 
tions it  has  sustained  from  Goths,  Vandals,  and 
popes,  is  still  a  beautiful  monument  of  Roman 
taste.  The  pavilion  of  the  great  altar  of  St.  Peter, 
and  the  four  wreathed  pillars  of  Corinthian  brass 


ROM 


639 


RON 


which  sapport  it,  were  formed  out  of  the  spoils  of 
the  Pantheon,  which,  after  nearly  2,000  y»^ars,  has 
still  a  probability  of  outliving  its  proud  and  capa- 
cious rival.  Its  height  is  150  feet,  and  its  width 
nearly  the  same.  There  are  no  pillars  to  support 
the  roof,  which  is  constructed  in  the  manner  of  a 
cupola;  neither  has  it  any  windows, a  sufficiency 
of  light  being  admitted  through  a  central  opening 
in  the  dome.  As  the  Pantheon  is  the  most  entire, 
the  amphitheatre  of  Vespasian  is  the  most  stu- 
pendous monument  of  antiquity  in  Rome.  About 
one-half  of  the  external  circuit  still  remains,  from 
which  a  pretty  exact  idea  may  be  formed  of  the 
original  structure,  and  by  computation  it  could 
contain  85,000  spectators.  But  the  antiquities  of 
Rome  are  too  numerous  to  be  minutely  described  ; 
so  that  the  ancient  Forum,  now  a  cow-market, 
the  beautiful  column  of  Trajan, <fec.,  must  be  pass- 
ed over.  The  Campidoglio,  built  by  Michtel 
Angelo,  is  a  beautiful  structure,  standing  on  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Capitol,  so  long  the  centre  of 
the  empire  of  the  world.  The  body  of  this  pal- 
ace is  the  residence  of'the  Senators  of  Rome,  and 
the  wings  are  inhabited  by  the  conservators  of 
the  city.  The  pope  has  three  superb  palaces,  of 
which  the  principal  is  the  Vatican,  near  St.  Pe- 
ter's church.  The  library  of  this  palace  is  the 
largest  and  most  complete  in  the  world  ;  rich,  es- 

Fecially  in  MSS.,  in  all  languages,  and  of  all  ages. 
n  Rome  the  connoisseur  will  meet  with  innu- 
merable paintings  by  the  greatest  masters,  and 
with  the  finest  works  of  sculpture,  &c.  Besides 
the  university,  which  consists  of  several  noble 
colleges,  there  are  numerous  academies  and  lite- 
rary societies.  The  castle  of  St.  Angelo  serves 
more  to  keep  the  city  in  awe  than  to  repel  any 
foreign  attack. 

Rome  was  formerly  the  metropolis  of  one  of  the 
greatest  empires  that  have  ever  existed,  and  may 
be  regarded  as  the  parent  of  all  the  cities,  the 
arts,  and  states  of  modern  Europe.  The  ancient 
Romans  were  governed  by  seven  kings,  for  about 
2^0  years.  During  the  next  483  years,  they  were 
governed  by  consuls,  tribunes,  decemvirs,  and 
dictators,  in  their  turns.  They  were  afterwards 
governed  by  60  emperors,  for  the  space  of  518 
years.  Their  wars  with  the  Carthaginians,  Span- 
iards, Gauls,  Mithridates  of  Pontus,  Parthians, 
and  Jews,  were  the  most  noted.  The  Roman 
empire  was  afterwards  much  distracted  by  various 
commotions,  and  in  410  Rome  was  taken  and 
burnt.  In  May,  1527,  Rome  was  invested  by  the 
army  of  the  emperor  Charles  V. ;  and  the  general, 
to  prevent  a  mutiny,  promised  to  enrich  them 
with  the  spoils  of  this  opulent  city.  The  general, 
however,  was  himself  killed,  as  he  was  planting 
a  scaling  ladder  against  the  walls  ;  but  his  sol- 
diers, not  discouraged  by  his  death,  mounted  to 
the  assault  with  the  utmost  valor,  and,  entering 
the  city,  exercised  all  those  brutalities  that  may 
be  expected  from  ferocitv  aggravated  by  resist- 
ance. In  the  wars  whicK  attended  the  French 
revolution,  Rome  was  again  a  considerable  suf- 
ferer. Large  contributions,  and  severe  military 
exactions,  were  drawn  from  the  inhabitants  ;  and 
a  great  number  of  the  most  valuable  statues  and 
paintings  were  sent  off  to  Paris.  The  pope  was 
finally  restored  in  1814.  See  Popedom.  Rome 
is  110  ra.  N.  W.  of  Naples,  410  S.  S.  W.  of  Vien- 
na, and  600  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Long.  12.  29.  E.,  lat. 
41.  54.  N. 

Rome,  a  township  of  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  22  m. 
xK.  Augusta.  Pop.  883 ;  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  Ill 
m.  W   Albany.  Fop.  4,360.     It  is  pleasantly  sit- 


uated half  a  mile  from  the  Erie  Canal ;  p.v.  Ath 
tabula,  Lawrence  and  Athens  Cos.  Otiio;  p.T. 
Perry  Co.  Ind. 

Romenay,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Saone-et-Loire,  15  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Magon. 

Romerstudt,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  which  are  some  iron  mines.  20  ra. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Olmutz. 

Romhild,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Saxe-Meinungen,  with  a  castle,  13  ra.  S.  of  Mei- 
nungen. 

Romkala,  a  town  of  Syria,  with  the  remains  of 
an  ancient  and  strong  castle,  and  two  churches. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Euphrates,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Simeren,  and  is  used  by  the  Turks  as  a  place  of 
banishment  for  great  men  in  disgrace.  85  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Aleppo. 

Romna,  a  l(»wn  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Tchernigof,  88  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Tchernigof 

Romney,  p.v.  Hampshire  Co.  Va.  on  the  Poto- 
mac 50  m.  W.  Winchester ;  t.  Kent.  Co.  U.  C.    - 

Romney,  J\'ctc,  a  borough  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  is 
one  of  the  cinque-ports,  and  once  contained  five 
churches  and  a  priory  ;  but,  since  the  sea  has  re- 
tired, it  is  much  reduced.  About  a  mile  to  the 
W.  is  Old  Romne}',  the  original  port,  which  is 
now  a  small  place.  22  ra.  S.  W.  of  Dover  and 
71  S.  E.  of  London. 

Romney  Marsh,  a  tract  in  the  most  southern 
partof  Kent,  Eng.  between  Dungeness  and  Rye- 
haven,  defended  from  the  sea  by  a  strong  embank- 
ment, called  Dymchurch  Wall.  It  is  20  m.  long 
and  eight  broad,  containing  about  50,000  acres  of 
firm  land,  and  some  of  the  richest  pastures  in 
England.  Vast  flocks  of  sheep  and  herds  of  cat- 
tle are  fattened  here  for  the  London  market. 

Romont,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Friburg,  seated  on  a  mountain,  10  m.  N.  W.  of 
Friburg. 

Romorentin,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Loire-et-Cher,  with  a  castle,  and  manu- 
factures of  serges  and  cloths ;  seated  on  the  Sau- 
dre,  26  m.  S.  E.  of  Blois  and  40  S.  by  W.  of 
Orleans. 

Rom^dal,  a  town  of  Norway,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince in  the  government  of  Drontheim,  100  m.  S. 
W.  of  Drontheim.  Long.  7.  54.  E.,  lat.  62. 
28.  N. 

Romscy,  a  town  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  It  has  a 
manufacture  of  shalloons,  and  several  paper  mills  ; 
and  is  seated  on  the  Andover  canal  and  the  river 
Test,  8  m.  N.  W.  of  Southampton  and  73  W.  by 
S.  of  London. 

Romulus,  p.t.  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y.  204  m.  W.  Al- 
bany on  Seneca  Lake.  Pop.  2,089. 

RonaJdshay,  JVorth  and  SotUh,  two  small  islands 
of  the  Orkneys. 

Ronay,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  situate  between 
the  Isle  of  Sky  and  the  mainland. 

Roncecalles,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre, 
situate  in  a  valley  to  which  it  gives  name,  14  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Pamplona. 

Ronciglione,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  states  of  the 
church,''with  a  fortified  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Tereia,  near  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  28  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Rome.     Long.  12.  32.  E.,  lat.  42.  18.  N. 

Ronda,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada, 
with  a  castle  ;  situate  on  a  craggy  rock,  near  the 
river  Guadiaro,  43  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Gibraltar. 

Roney's  Point,   p.v.  Ohio  Co.  Va. 

Ronne,  a  seat-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Bornholm,  and  the  residence  of  the  governor. 
TTie  harbour  is  fortified,  but  not  deep.  Long  14. 
55.  E.,  lat.  55.  10.  N. 


ROt 


640 


ROS 


Bormeburg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 
tlie  principality  of  Altenburg,  beloning  to  Saxe- 
Gotha,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Altenburg. 

Roopat,  an  island  in  the  straits  of  Malacca, 
separated  from  Sumatra  by  a  narrow  channel. 
Long.  101.9.  E.,  lat.  3.  0.  N. 

Root,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y-.  46  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  2,750. 

Rootstovm,  p.v.  Portage  Co.  Ohio.  134  m.  N.  E. 
Columbia.     Pop.  663. 

Roque,  St.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  isthmus  which  separates  Gib- 
raltar from  the  continent.  It  stands  on  the  top  of 
a  hill,  overlooking  the  bay,  17  m.  N.  E.  of  TarifFa, 
and  58  S.  E.  of  Cadiz. 

Roquefort,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Landes,  seated  on  the  Douese,  15  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Mont  de  Marsan. 

Roquemanrc,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Gard. 
22  m.  N.  E.  of  Nismes. 

Roquetas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Alme- 
ria.  52  S.  E.  of  Granada. 

Roras,a.  town  of  Norway,  m  Drontheim,  noted  fjr 
important  mines  of  copper,  66  m  S.  of  Drontheitn. 
Rosa,  a  singular  mountain  of  the  Pennine  Alps, 
at  the  N.  E.  boundary  of  Piedmont,  little  inferior 
in  height  to  Mont  Blanc.  It  forms  as  it  were,  a 
a  circus  of  gigantic  peaks,  round  the  village  of 
Macugnaga ;  and  its  appearance  is  supposed  to 
impart  the  name  from  some  resemblance  to  an 
expanded  rose. 

Rosamarino ,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name,  22  m.  W.  by 
S.  of  Patti. 

Rosana,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  in  the 
government  of  Grodno,  seated  near  the  Zolva,  56 
m.  S.  W.  of  Novogrodec. 

Rosliach,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  famous 
for  a  victory  obtained  by  Prussia  over  the  French 
and  Austrians  in  1757.  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Merseburg. 
RoschMd,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  with  a  castle 
on  a  mountain ;  seated  on  the  lake  of  Constance, 
7  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  St.  Gall. 

Roschild,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  isle  of  Zea- 
land, and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  now  a  poor  place, 
but  was  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Denmark 
for  several  centuries  before  Copenhagen  was 
founded  ;  and  the  cathedral  has  long  been  the 
place  of  their  sepulture.  A  treaty  of  peace  was 
concluded  here  in  1658.  It  is  seated  at  the  end 
of  a  deep  gulf,  16  m.  W.  of  Copenhagen. 

Roscoe,  p.t.  Coshocton  Co.  Ohio,  68  m.  N.  E. 
Columbia. 

Roscommon,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Connaught,  60  ni.  long  and  37  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Sligo  and  Leitrim,  E.  by 
Longford  and  W.  Meath,  S.  by  Gal  way,  and  W.  by 
Galway  and  Mayo.  It  contains  about  209,000  in- 
habitants, is  divided  into  56  parishes,  and  sends 
three  members  to  parliament.  It  is  a  tolerably  level 
country,  producing  excellent  corn  and  pasturage, 
yet  there  are  some  extensive  bogs. 

Roscommon,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the 
above  country,  80  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Dublin.  Long. 
«.  42.  W.,  lat.  55.  34   N. 

Roscommon,  p.v.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y. 
Roscrea,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  Tipperary.  2  m. 
to  the  S.  E.  are  the  singular  ruins  of  an  abbey,  on 
an  island  of  about  three  acres,  in  the  centre  of  a 
bog.  It  is  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Maryborough  and 
32  N.  ofCashel. 

Rose,  a  township  of  Stark  Co.  Ohio.     Pop.  978 
Roseau.     See  Charlolte-toicn 


Rosebvrg,  p.v.  Armstrong  Co.  Pa. 
Rosejicld,  p.v.  Prince  William  Co.  Va. 
Rosehill,  p.v.  Lee  Co.  Va. 
Roseland,  p.v.  Cambria  Co.  Pa. 
RosemiVs,  p.v.    Amherst  Co.    Va.  118  m.  W. 
Richmond. 

Rosemiirkie.     See  Fortrose. 
'    Roscnhejg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
principality  of  Oppeln,  with  a  small  castle,  25  m 
N.  E.  of  Oppeln. 

Rosenheim,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  at  the  con 
flux  of  the  Manguald  with  the  Inn,  34  m.  S.  E 
of  Munich. 

Roses,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  with  a 
citadel.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1693, 
and  again  in  1793.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  th«? 
same  name,  in  the  Mediterranean,  27  m.  N.  E.  ci 
Gerona.  Long.  3.  7.  E.,  lat.  42.  17.  N. 
Roses  Bluff,  p.v.  Dallas  Co.  Alab. 
Rosetta,  a  town  of  Egypt,  one  of  the  pleasantest 
in  the  country.  It  has  a  great  manufacture  of 
striped  and  otheK  coarse  linens;  but  its  chief  busi 
ness  is  the  carriage  of  goods  to  Cairo  ;  for  all  Eu- 
ropean merchandize  is  brought  hither  from  Alex- 
andria by  sea.  The  rice  grown  in  its  vicinity,  cal- 
led sultani,  is  chiefly  sent  to  Constantinople,  and 
its  exportation  to  any  other  place  is  prohibited. 
Rosetta  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1798,  and 
here  the  English  were  defeated  by  the  Turks  in 
1807.  It  stands  on  an  island,  formed  by  the  W. 
branch  of  the  Nile,  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Alexandria 
and  100  N.  N.  W.  of  Cairo.  Long.  30.  23  E., 
lat.  31.23.  N. 

Roseville,  p.v.  Loudon  Co.  Va.  35  m.  N.  W. 
Washington  ;  p.t.  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio.  62  m  E. 
Columbia  ;  p.v.  Park  Co.  Indiana  ;  p.v.  Delaware 
Co.  N.  Y. 

Rosienne,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Wilna,  formerly  the  capital  of  Samo^itia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Dubisse,  70  m.  S.  of  Mittau  Long. 
23.  45.  E.,  lat.  55.  30.  N. 

Rosicrs  nux  Salines,  a  town  of  France  depart* 
ment  of  Meurthe,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  salt- 
works ;  seated  on  the  Meurthe  10  m.  S.  of  Nancy. 
Rosoy,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Sein£-et- 
Marne,  with  a  magnificent  castle,  16  m.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Melun  and  30  S.  E.  of  Paris. 

Ross,  a  town  in  Herefordshire,  Eng.  It  owes 
most  of  its  improvements  and  charitable  institu- 
tions to  John  Kyrle,  commonly  called  the  Man 
of  Ross,  whose  benevolent  character  is  so  inter- 
estingly delineated  by  Pope.  4  miles  to  the  S. 
W.  are  the  massive  remains  of  Goodrich  Castle  • 
and  near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Flanesford  Priory 
the  chapel  of  which  is  converted  into  a  barn. 
Ross  is  seated  on  an  elevated  rock,  on  the  Wye 
12  miles  S.  E.  of  Hereford  and  120  W  by  N.  of 
London. 

Ross,  a  sea- port  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Cork,  and  united  to  Cork  as  an  episcopal  see. 
The  harbour  was  formerly  famous,  but  has  been 
gradually  filled  up  with  sand,  so  that  the  town  is 
sunk  from  its  former  splendour,  [t  is  sealed  on 
a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Kinsale 
Long.  8.  58.  W.,  lat.  51.  32.  N. 

Ross,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  24,053.  Chilico- 
the  is  the  Capital. 

Ross,  a.  township  of  Alleghany  Co.  Pa.  on  Al- 
leghany and  Ohio  rivers  opposite  Pittsburg,  also 
townships  in  Jefferson,  Green  and  Butler  Cos 
Oiiio. 

Rossie,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  650 

Ross,  JVcic,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 

of  Wexford,  situate  on  the  Barrow,  which  is  navi- 


ROT 


e4i 


ROT 


rable  for  large  vessels  up  to  the  quay.  The  town 
has  a  considerable  trade,  and  exports  a  great 
quantity  of  wool,  butter,  and  beef.  It  is  12  m.  N. 
E.  of  Waterford  and  19  W.  of  Wexford. 

Rossano,  a  strong  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria 
Cilra  and  an  archbishop's  see.  The  adjacent 
valleys  yield  oil,  capers,  saffron,  and  excellent 
pepper.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  surrounded 
by  rocks,  3  m.  from  the  gulf  of  Tarento  and 
13(1  S.  E.  of  Naples.  Long.  16.  38.  E.,  lat.  39.48.  N. 

lloss/au,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principali- 
ty of  Anhalt,  wiih  a  castle  ;  seated  at  the  conflux 
of  the  Rosslau  with  the  Elbe,  10  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Zerbst. 

Ross-shire,  a.  county  of  Scotland,  80  m.  long 
and  70  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  sutherland- 
shire.  The  island  of  Lewis  is  attached  to  this 
county.     Tain  is  the  capital. 

RossvU.le,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  Butler  Co. 
Ohio,  York  Co.  Pa  New  Madrid  Co-  Missouri 
and  a  town  in  the  Cherokee  Country  in  Georgia 
on  the  great  bend  of  Tennessee  river. 

Rostrand,  a  township  of  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa. 

Rossicein,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a  good  trade 
n  wool,  flannel,  and  cloth;  seated  on  the  Mul- 
dau,  23  m.  W.  of  Dresden. 

Rostak,  a  town  of  Arabia,    in  the  province  of 
Oman,  and  the  seat  of  a  sovereign  prince.     It  is 
'        120  m.  W.  of  Maskat.     Long.  57.  30.  E.  lat.  23. 
30.  N. 

Rostock,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  with  a  univer- 
sity, a  good  harbour,  a  strong  citadel,  an  arsenal, 
and  three  churches.  It  is  divided  into  three  parts, 
the  Old,  the  New,  and  the  Middle  Town,  and  car- 
ries on  a  large  trade.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Warne,  10  m.  from  its  entrance  into  the  Baltic 
and  32  E.  N.  E.  of  Wismar.  Lon.  12.  20.  E., 
lat.  54. 10.  N. 

Rostof,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 

Xaroslaf,  and  an   episcopal  see.     It    is    seated  on 

the    Lake  Nero,  or    Rostof,  which  communicates 

with  the    Volga  b^'   the  river   Kotorost,  95  m.  N. 

9  E.  of  Mosco^v.     Lon.  40.  25.  E.,  lat.  57.  5.  N. 

Rostrenan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord,  near  the  Blavet,  35  m.  S.  W.  of 
St.  Brieux. 

Rostrevor,  a  sea-port  of  Ireland,  in  the  county 
of  Down,  with  a  considerable  saltwork  and  a 
pottery.  It  is  much  frequented  for  sea-bathing, 
and  the  peculiar  beauty  of  its  situation  renders  it 
one  of  the  most  delightful  summer  retreats  in  the 
province.  Adjoining  the  town  is  Rostrevor  Hill, 
a  romantic  mountain  of  extraordinary  elevation 
and  beauty.  The  town  is  seated  on  Carlingford 
Bay,  9  m.  S.  E.  of  Newry. 

Rota,  a  town  and  castle  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Cadiz,  9  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Cadiz. 

Rotus,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province  of 
La)  ore,  85  m.  N.  W.  of  Lahore.  Lon.  71.  52.  E., 
lat  32.  4.  N. 

Rotas,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Bahar,  108  m.  S.  W.  of  Patna. 

Rotenberg,  a  town,  and  fortress  of  Bavaria,  capi- 
tal of  a  lordship  of  the  same  name  ;  situate  on  a 
mountain,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Nurenburg  and  27  S. 
S.  W.of  Bayreuth. 

Rotenburor,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Lucern,  4  m.  N.  of  Lucern. 

Rotenburg,   a   town    of    Wurtemberg,   in    the 
county  of  Hohenberg,  with  a  castle.     Near  it  is  a 
famous  mineral  spring.     It  stands  on  the  Neckar, 
6  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Tubingen. 
81 


Rotenburg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of 
Verden,  on  the  river  Wumme,  15  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Verden. 

Rotenburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  elector- 
ate of  Hesse,  with  a  palace;  seated  on  the  Fulda 
24  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cassel. 

RotenfeJs,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Maine ;  seated  on  the  Maine,  13  m.  N. 
W.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Roth,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria,  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Anspach,  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  the 
celebrated  Gessner.  It  stands  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Roth  with  the  Rednitz,  18  m.  S.  of  Nuren 
berg. 

Rothbury,  a  town  in  Northumberland,  Eng. 
situate  on  the  Coquet,  in  a  sequestered  and  ro- 
mantic glen,  sheltered  from  the  northern  blasts 
by  towering  hills :  on  the  S.  an  abrupt  bank  rises 
in  a  pyramidal  form,  the  summit  of  which  is 
crowned  by  a  stately  tower.  The  duke  of  Nor- 
thumberland is  lord  of  the  manor,  though  he  pos- 
sesses very  little  freehold  property  in  the  town 
12  m.  S.  W.  of  Alnwick  and  303  N.  by  W.  of 
London. 

Rothenberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  the 
river  Neissa,  15  m.  N.  of  Gorlitz. 

Rothenburg,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia, 
surrounded  by  moats  and  ramparts.  It  stands  on 
a  mountain,  by  the  river  Tauber,  from  which  it 
is  supplied  with  water  by  means  of  a  machine. 
15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Anspach.  Long.  10.  18.  E., 
lat.  49.  22.  N. 

Rotherham,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It 
is  famous  for  the  extensive  iron-works  in  its  vicin- 
ity at  Masbrough.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Rother  with  the  Don,  32  m.  S.  of  Leeds  and 
159  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Rotherhithe,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  noted  for 
its  dock  yards.  The  church  contains  an  interest- 
ing monument  to  Lee  Boo,  prince  of  the  Pelew 
Islands,  who  came  over  to  England  with  captain 
Wilson,  and  died  of  small  pox  in  1784.  Rother- 
hithe is  situate  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Thames,  2 
m.  E.  of  London. 

Rothsiiy,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  the  capital  of 
the  isle  of  Bute.  Here  is  an  ancient  castle,  once 
a  royal  palace.  The  inhabitants  are  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  herring  fishery,  and  several  cotton 
works  are  also  established.  Rothsay  joins  with 
Ayr,  Irvine,  Campbeltown,  and  Inverary,in  send 
ing  one  member  to  parliament.  It  is  situate  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  island,  and  has  an  excellent 
harbour  and  pier.  80  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Edinburgh. 
Long.  4.  53.  W.,  lat.  55.  48.  N. 

Rothxceil,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg  ; 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  near  its  source,  27  m.  S.  ». 
W.  of  Tubingen.     Long.  8.  37.  E.,  lat.  48.  8.  N. 

Rottenmann,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Stiria,  with  a  college  of  regular  canons,  20  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Judenburg. 

Rotterdam,  a  cnty  of  S.  Holland,  with  one  of  the 
finest  harlJours  in  the  Netherlands.  Next  to  Am- 
sterdam, it  is  the  most  considerable  place  in  Hol- 
land ,  for  the  beauty  of  its  buildings  and  for  its  trade ; 
and  the  inhabitants  are  computed  at  60,000.  There 
are  so  many  deep  canals  that  ships  may  unload  at 
the  very  doors  of  the  warehouses.  On  the  E.  side 
of  the  city  is  a  large  basin  and  dock,  for  the  purpose 
of  building  and  launching  vessels  era^  'o}  d  in  the 
service  of  the  admiralty  and  the  E.  Incia  Com- 
pany. This  port  is  more  frequented  than  Amstei- 
dam,  because  the  ice  breaks  up  sooner,  and  the 
tide,  in  two  or  three  hours,  will  carry  a  ship  into 
the  open  sea.  The  townhouse,  the  bank,  and  th,« 
3h2 


ROV 


642 


ROX 


arsenal,  are  magnificent.  Some  of  the  houses 
are  built  in  the  old  Spanish  style,  with  the  gable 
ends  embattled  in  front ;  but  there  is  a  great  num- 
ber of  modern  brick  houses,  which  are  lofty  and 
spacious,  particularly  on  that  magnificent  quay 
called  the  Boom  Tees.  On  this  quay  is  a  hand- 
Bomo  Jewish  synagogue.  In  an  open  place  at 
the  head  of  one  of  the  canals  is  a  bronze  statue  of 
Erasmus,  who  was  born  here  in  14C7.  This  city 
was  in  a  very  flourishing  state  previously  to  the 
admission  of  the  French  troops  in  January  1705, 
and  the  war  with  England,  when  the  commerce 
of  Holland  was  suspended.  It  had  begun  to  re- 
cover in  1800,  when  it  was  again  rapidly  depress- 
ed by  tlie  renewal  of  war.  After  the  fall  of  Na- 
poleon its  prosperity  greatly  increased,  and  it  is 
thought  that  the  separation  of  Belgium  from  Hol- 
land will  operate  favourably  on  the  commerce  of 
this  town.  It  is  seated  at  the  influx  of  theRolte 
with  the  Merwe  (the  most  northern  branch  of  the 
Meuse),  36  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Amsterdam.  Long. 
4.  2i).  E.,lat.  51.56.  N. 

Rotterdam,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  in  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  discovered  by  Tasman,  in  1643. 
Long.  174.  30.  W.,  lat.  20.  16.  S. 

Rotterdam,  a  village  of  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 

Rottinven,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle  of 
Lower  Maine,  situate  on  the  Tauber,  17  m.  S.  of 
Wurtzberg. 

Rouah,  or  Roiha.     See  Orfa. 

Rouen,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Seine,  and  an  archbishop's  see. 
It  is  7  m.  in  circuit,  and  stands  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Seine,  over  which  is  an  elegant  stone  bridge 
of  recent  erection.  The  streets  are  narrow  and 
crooked,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  of  wood  ; 
notwithstanding  which  it  is  one  of  the  most  opu- 
lent and  commercial  places  in  France.  Among 
the  public  buildings,  the  most  distinguished  are 
the  ereat  hall  of  the  palace,  in  which  the  parlia- 
ment of  Rouen  met,  the  o  d  castle,  and  the  prin- 
cipal church,  ornamented  with  three  towers.  Near 
this  church,  which  is  not  the  only  remarkable  on  e 
is  the  public  library.  In  the  market-place  is  a 
statue  of  the  celebrated  Maid  of  Orleans,  who 
was  burnt  here  by  the  English  as  a  witch.  The 
inhabitants  have  manufactures  of  woolen,  linen, 
cotton,  iron  ware,  paper,  and  pottery  ;  also  sugar 
refineries  and  salt-works.  Rouen  is  the  birth- 
place of  the  two  Corneilles,  and  of  Fontenelle 
It  is  50  m.  S.  W.  of  Amiens  and  70  N.  W.  of 
Paris.     Long.  I.  2.  E.,  lat,  49.  26.  N. 

Rouergue,  a  former  province  of  France,  which 
now  forms  the  department  o(  Aveiron,  which  see. 

Round  Lick,  p  v.  Smith  Co.  Ten.  60  m.  N.  E. 
Murfreesborough. 

Rousay,  one  of  the  Orkneys,  lying  N.  W.  of 
the  mainland.  It  is  about  9  m.  long  and  4  broad, 
and  contains  800  inhabitants. 

Rouse's  Point,  p. v.  Clinton  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
western  point  of  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain 
18(i  m.  N.  Albany.  A  large  castle  of  hewn  stone 
with  3  tiers  of  embrasures  has  been  erected  at 
this  spot  by  the  United  States,  and  was  claimed 
Dy  the  British  as  within  the  boundary  of  Canada. 

Rousselart,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W. 
Flanders,  seated  on  the  Mandel,  10  m.  N.  E.  of 
Yprcs. 

RoussiUon,  a  former  province  of  France,  now 
included  m  the  department  of  Eastern  Pyrenees. 
See  Pyrenees,  Eastern. 

Roveredo,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Tyrol,  seated  near  the  Adige,  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  on  the  river  Lens,  over   which  is  a 


bridge,  defended  by  a  strong  citadel.  It  has  a 
very  considerable  trade  in  silk,  and  a  great  quan- 
tity of  tobacco  is  raised  here.  In  1796  the  Aus- 
trians  were  defeated  near  this  place  by  the  French, 
who  took  possession  of  the  town  ;  but  they  were 
obliged  to  abandon  it  soon  afterwards.  13  i».  S. 
of  Trent.     Long.  10.  55.  E.,  lat.  45.  50.  N. 

Rovigno,  a  sea-port  of  Austrian  Illyria,  on  the 
coast  of  Istria,  with  two  good  harbours.  The  in- 
habitants are  estimated  at  10,000,  who  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  pilchard  fishery,  ship-building, 
and  the  sale  of  wood.  Near  it  are  quarries  of 
fine  stone.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula  in  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  36  m.  S.  of  Capo  d'  Istria.  Long.  13. 
58.  E.,  lat.  45.  11.  N. 

Rovigo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  capital  of  a 
province  or  delegation  of  its  name,  and  the  re- 
sidence  of  the  bishop  of  Adria,  to  the  decline  of 
which  town  it  owes  its  present  prosperity.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Adige,  37  m.  S.  W.  of  Venice 
Long.  12.  4.  E.,  lat.  45.  8.  N. 

Roioan,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  20,796. 
Salisbury  is  the  capital. 

Roice,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  130  m.  N.  W 
Boston.  Pop.  716. 

Rotdandviile,  p. v.  Cecil  Co.  Maryl. 
Rowlett,  p.v.  Potter  Co.  Pa. 
Rowley,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  28  m.  N.  Boston. 
6  S.  Newburyport.  Pop.  2,044. 

Roxhurgskire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  sometimes 
called  Teviotdale  ;  bounded  N.  by  Berwickshire, 
E.  and  S.  by  Northumberland  and  Cumberland, 
and  W.  by  the  shires  of  Dumfries  and  Selkirk.  It 
is  of  an  irregular  figure,  and  the  greatest  extent 
in  every  direction  is  about  30  m.  It  is  divided 
into  31  parishes,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1801  was  40,892.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Tweed,  Teviot,  and  Liddel.  The  face  of  the 
country  exhibits  a  rough  appearance  of  mosses, 
hills,  and  mountains,  interspersed  with  a  narrow 
valley,  well  watered,  and  fertile  in  corn.  The 
hills  feed  great  number  of  sheep  and  cattle.  Some 
remains  are  still  visible  of  the  Catrail,  or  Picts- 
work  ditch,  a  stupendous  British  work,  probably 
constructed  in  the  fifth  century,  as  a"line  of  de- 
fence against  the  Saxons.  Ii  appears  to  have 
been  a  vast  fosse,  26  feet  broad,  with  a  rampart 
8  or  10  feet  high  on  either  side.  In  many  parts 
of  the  county  there  are  sepulchral  tumuli,  in 
which  coffins  and  urns  have  been  found.  There 
are  also  Druidical  circles  and  other  antiquities. 
The  country  had  its  name  from  the  once  magnifi- 
cent city  and  castle  of  Roxburg,  situate  between 
the  Tiviot  and  the  Tweed,  nearly  opposite  Kelso  ; 
of  the  city  of  ?evf  traces  are  now  evident;  and 
the  castle,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Teviot,  is  en-, 
tirely  a  ruin.  At  this  castle,  in  1460,  James  II. 
of  Scotland  lost  his  life,  bv  the  bursting  of  a  con- 
non.  About  2  m.  from  the  castle,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Teviot,  is  a  village  called  Roxburg.  The 
present  capital  of  the  county  is  Jedburg. 

Roxborougk,  p.v.  Person  Co.  N.  C.  80.  ra.  N.  W 
Raleigh. 

Roxbury,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  adjoining  Bos- 
ton. It  is  properly  a  suburb  of  the  city,  and  is 
connected  with  it  by  the  neck  and  the  western 
causeway.  The  compact  part  of  the  town  bor- 
ders on  the  neck.  The  whole  surface  is  exced- 
ingly  picturesque  and  abounds  with  lofty  hills, 
covered  with  gardens,  cultivated  fields  and  ele- 
gant villas,  delightfully  situated.  Many  of  the 
hills  are  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  fortifi- 
cations thrown  up  here  during  the  revolution. 
Pop.  5,249 


RUD 


MS 


RUN 


Raxhury,  a  township  of  Orange  Co.  Vt.  45  m. 
N.Windsor,  a  township  of  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  37 
tn.  S.  W  Concord.  Pop.  32-2;  p.t.  Litchfield  Co. 
Conn.  35  m.  N.  W.  New  Haven.  Pop.  1,122 ;  p.t. 
Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,214,  and  townships 
in  Morris  Co.  N.  J.  Philadelphia  Co.  Fa.  and 
Washington  Co.  Ohio. 

Royal,  a.  village  of  Sampson  Co.  N.  C. 

Royal,  hie,  the  largest  island  in  Lake  Superior 
40  m.  long  and  13  wide.  It  belongs  to  the  Unit- 
ed States. 

Royal  Oak,  p.v.  Oakland  Co.  Mich. 

Royalston,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  70  m  W 
Boston.     Pop.   1,404. 

Koyalton,  p.v.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  28  m.  N.  Wind- 
sor. Pop.  1,893;  p.t.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
3.138  ;  townships  in  Cuyahoga  and  Fairfield  Cos. 
Ohio. 

Royan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Charente.  It  was  fortified  by  the  Huguenots, 
and  vigorously  defended  against  Louis  XIII.  in 
1622.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Garonne, 
18  m.  S.  W.  of  Saintes. 

Roye,  a  town  in  the  departihent  of  Somrae,  2G 
ai.  S.  E.  of  Amiens. 

Royston,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  Part 
of  the  town  extends  into  Cambridgeshire.  Un- 
der the  market-place  is  a  kind  of  subterranean 
crypt,  dug  out  of  the  solid  chalk,  supposed  to  be 
of  Saxon  construction.  14  m.  S.  of  Cambridge 
and  37  N.  of  London. 

Riiatan,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Honduras,  30 
m.  long  and  9  broad,  with  a  fine  harbour.  Long. 
86.45.  W.,  lat.  16.  2:}.  N. 

Rubicon,  the  ancient  name  of  a  small  river  of 
Italy,  which  runs  into  the  gulf  of  Venice,  to  the 
northward  of  Rimini,  celebrated  in  history  as  the 
limit  prescril>ed  to  Caesar  by  the  Roman  senate, 
when  the  ambitious  views  of  that  commander  be- 
came suspected. 

Ruckersville,  p.v.  Elbert  Co.  Geo. 

Ruckingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cas- 
sel,  which  was  the  scene  of  an  obstinate  engage- 
ment between  the  French  and  Bavarians  in  1813. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Kinzig,  5  m.  E.  oTRanau. 

Rudatc,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  formerly  fortified 
with  a  castle,  now  in  ruins.  It  is  remarkable  for 
the  victory  obtained  by  the  Teutonic  knights  over 
Kinstud,  great  duke  of  Lithuania,  in  1370;  in 
memory  of  which  a  stone  pillar  was  erected  which 
is  still  remaining.  12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Konigs- 
berg. 

Rudelstadt,  or  RuAolstadt,  a  town  of  Germany, 
capital  of  the  county  of  Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt, 
with  a  fine  castle  on  a  mountain.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  flannel  and  stuffs,  and  is  seated  on  the 
Saale,  over  which  is  a  stone  bridcre.  22  m.  S.  E. 
of  Erfurt.  Long.  11.  50.  E.,  lat.  50.  44.  N. 

Rudelstadt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Schweidnitz,  with  a  mine-office, 
and  copper-works  ;  seated  on  the  Bober,  18  m. 
W.  of  Schweidnitz. 

Rudesheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Nassau,  celebrated  for  its  wine.  3  m.  N.  of 
Bingen. 

Rudisto.     See  Rodosto. 

Rudkioping,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  isl- 
and of  Langeland.  It  has  a  considerable  trade 
in  corn  and  provisions.      Long.  11.0.  E.,  lat.  55. 

Rudolf sioerd,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Car- 
nolia,  with  a  large  collegiate  church  ;  seated  on 
the  Gurck,  in  a  country  fertile  in  wine,  45  m.  S. 
E  ofLaubach. 


Rue,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Somme, 
17  m.  N.  W.  of  Abbeville. 

Ruffach,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  7  m.  S.  of  Colmar. 

Rufec,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Charente, 
24  m.  N.  of  Angouleme. 

Rufia,  a  river  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  which 
falls  into  the  gulf  of  Arcadia,  opposite  tlie  island 
of  Zante. 

Rugby,  a  town  in  Wan-wickshire,  Eng.  cele- 
brated for  its  well  endowed  grammar  school.  It 
has  a  commodious  church  and  two  meeting- 
houses, and  is  seated  on  the  Avon.  13  m.  S.  E.  of 
Coventry  and  85  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Rugely,  or  Rudgley,  a  town  in  Staffordshire, 
Eng.  with  manufactures  of  felts  and  hats,  sheet 
iron,  and  of  verdigris.  It  is  seated  on  the  Trent, 
9m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Stafford  and  IfiG  N.  W.  of  London. 

Rugen,  an  island  in  the  Baltic,  on  the  coast  of 
Pomerania,  opposite  Stralsund,  the  channel  be- 
tween which  town  and  the  island  is  not  above  a 
mile  in  breadth.  Including  the  indentations  of  the 
sea,  which  are  considerable,  the  island  is  23  m. 
long  and  18  broad.  It  abounds  in  corn  and  cattle, 
and  contains  numerous  gardens  and  plantations. 
This  island  became  subject  to  Prussia,  with  the 
rest  of  Pomerania,  in  1814.  The  chief  town  is 
Bergen. 

Rugenwald,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  in 
the  government  of  Coslin,  with  a  castle.  Here  is  a 
good  salmon  fishery  and  a  trade  in  linen.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Wipper,  3  m.  from  the  Baltic  and 
35.  N.  E.  to  Colberg.  Long.  16.  17.  E.,  lat.  54. 
25.  N. 

Ruggles,  p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio. 

Ruhland,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Upper  Lusatia, 
with  a  trade  in  fish  and  beer ;  seated  on  the  El- 
ster  25  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Dresden. 

Rum,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  7  m.  W.  of  the  S. 
extremity  of  Skye.  It  is  9  m.  long  and  6  broad, 
the  surface  hilly  and  rocky  ;  but  it  feeds  a  con- 
siderable number  of  small  sheep,  whose  flesh  and 
wool  are  valuable.  The  only  harbour  is  Loch 
Scresort,  on  the  E.  coast.  Long.  0.  20.  W.,  lat. 
57.  10.  N. 

Rumford,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,127;  p.v. 
King  William  Co.  Va. 

Rumigny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Ardennes,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Rocroy. 

Runully,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states  in  Sa- 
voy, situate  on  an  elevated  plain,  at  the  conflux 
of  the  Seram  and  Nepha,  7  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  An- 
necy. 

Rummelsburg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania, 
with  manufactures  of  cloth,  seated  on  the  Wip- 
per, 14  m.  N.  of  New  Stettin. 

Rumney,  or  Rhyney,  a  river  of  Wales,  which 
rises  in  Brecknockshire,  and,  separating  the  coun- 
ties of  Glamorgan  and  Monmouth,  enters  the 
Bristol  Channel',  to  the  S.  E.  of  Cardiff. 

Rumney,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  993. 

Runapour,  a.  town  of  Bengal,  capital  of  a  fertile 
district  governed  by  a  judge,  collector,  &c.,  and 
subservient  to  the  court  of  circuit  and  appeal  of 
Dacca.  The  chief  produce  of  the  district  is  rice, 
but  there  is  also  much  tobacco  and  some  indigo. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  considerable  trade  with 
Assam,  Bootan,  and  Calcutta.  124  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Moorshcdabad.  Long.  89.  4.  E.,  lat.  25.  44. 
N. 

Runkel,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  oi 
Nassau,  with  a  citadel  on  a  high  hill,  formerly 
the  residence  of  the  count  of  Wied  Runkel.  It  is 
seated  on  the  [jahn  14  m.  E  N.  E  of  Nassau.   . 


RU8 


644 


RUS 


Ruptilnumde,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  E. 
Flanders,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Antwerp. 

Rupert,  a  river  of  New  Briiian,  which  issues 
from  the  lake  Mistassin,  and  flows  W.  into  the 
S  E.  part  of  James  Bay.  In  its  course  it  forms  sev- 
eral small  lakes ;  and  at  its  mouth  is  the  remains 
of  Fort  Rupert,  formerly  a  settlement  of  the  Ilud- 
•on  Bay  Company.  Long.  76.  58.  W.,  lat.  51. 
3.  N. 

Rupert,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,318. 
Riippin,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg.  It 
stands  on  the  W.  side  of  a  lake,  formed  by  the 
river  Rhin  ;  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake 
is  Old  Ruppin,  with  an  ancient  castle,  the  resi- 
dence of  its  former  counts,  whose  burial  place  is 
at  New  Ruppin.  This  town  was  entirely  con- 
sumed by  fire  in  1787,  but  is  rebuilt  in  a  hand- 
some manner,  and  greatly  augmented.  It  has  a 
considerable  trade,  a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and 
noted  breweries.  33  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Berlin. 
Long.  13.  0.  E.,  lat.  55.  6.  N. 

Riiremonde,  or  Roermonde,  a  strong  town  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  the  provinceof  Limburg,  seated 
at  the  conflux  of  the  Roer  with  the  Meuse,  28 
m.  N  N.  W.  of  Maestricht.  Long.  6.  4.  £.,  lat. 
51.  11.  N. 

Ruscck,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  defended  by  a  cas- 
tle, with  manufactures  of  silk,  cotton,  linen,  wool- 
en, tobacco,  &c.  It  was  taken  by  the  Russians 
in  1810,  and  a  Turkish  army  was  defeated  near  it 
in  1811.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  135  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Adrianople.  Long.  26.  50.  E.,  lat.  44 
12.  N. 

iJiisA,  a  c«unty  of  Indiana.  Pop.  9,918.  Rush- 
ville  is  the  capital ;  also  townships  in  Centre, 
Dauphin,  Susquehanna,  Schuylkill  and  North- 
umberland Cos.  Pa. 

Rushford,  p.t.  Alleghany  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  1 ,1 19. 
Ritshville,  p. v.  Fairfield  Co.  Ohio.    Ontario  Co. 
N.  Y.  and  Rush  Co.  Ind. 

Russell,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  6,717.     Lebanon  is  the  capital. 

Rtissell,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  108  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  509;  p.v.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  659. 

Russelville,  p.v.  Chester  Co.  Pa.  Logan  Co.  Ken. 
Brown  Co.  Ohio  and  Franklin  Co.  Alab. 

Russ,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  on  the  Niemen,  28. 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Meniel. 

Rnsselsheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  situate  on  the  Maine, 6  m.  E.  of  Mentz 
and  13  N.  W.  of  Darmstadt. 

Russeij,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Doubs, 
34  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Besangon. 

Russia,  a  vast  empire,  partly  in  Asia  and  part- 
ly in  Europe ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Frozen 
Ocean,  E.  by  the  Pacific,  S.  by  Great  Tartary, 
the  Caspian  Sea,  Persia,  Turkey  in  Asia,  and  the 
Black  Sea,  and  W.  by  Turkey  in  Europe,  Poland, 
the  Baltic  Sea,  and  Sweden.  There  were  three 
countries  that  had  the  name  of  Russia  . — namely. 
Red  Russia,  which  formed  the  S.  part  of  Poland  ; 
White  Russia,  which  comprehended  the  E.  part 
of  Lithuania;  and  Black  Rusf;ia,  which  included 
the  governments  of  Kaluga,  Moscow,  Tula,  Re- 
zan,  Volodimir,  and  Yaroslaf;  and  hence  his  im- 

Kerial  majesty  takes  the  title  of  emperor  of  all  the 
Lussias.  This  empire,  exclusive  of  the  acquisi- 
tions from  the  Turks  and  from  Poland  (see  Po- 
land), forms  a  square,  whose  sides  are  2,000  m. 
each  A  country  of  such  vast  extent  must  lie  in 
diflerent  climates,  and  the  soil  and  products  must 
be  as  different.  The  most  fertile  part  is  near  the 
frontiers  of  Poland,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are 


able  to  supply  their  neighbours  with  corn.  The 
N.  part  is  not  only  colder,  but  very  marshy,  and 
overrun  with  forests,  inhabited  chiefly  by  wild 
beasts.  The  country  affords  a  variety  of  com  • 
modities,  which,  being  of  great  use  to  foreigners, 
produce  a  considerable  annual  balance  of  trade  in 
favor  of  Russia.  The  home  commodities  are 
chiefly  sables,  black  furs,  the  skins  of  black  and 
white  foxes,  ermines,  hyajnas,  lynxes,  bears,  pan- 
thers, wolves,  martins,  white  hares,  &c.,  red  and 
black  juchte  or  Russian  leather  (which  for  colour, 
smell,  and  softness,  is  not  equalled  in  the  world), 
copper,  iron,  talc,  fallow,  wax,  honey,  potash,  tar, 
linseed  and  train-oil,  castor,  isinglass,  hemp,  flax, 
thread,  sail-cloth,  calimanco,  Siberian  musk, 
soap,  feathers,  timber,  &c.  To  these  commodi- 
ties may  also  be  added  almost  all  the  merchan 
disc  of  China,  India,  Persia,  Turkey,  and  some 
European  countries. 

This  extensive  empire  is  divided  into  51  pro- 
vinces. The  principal  towns  are  Petersburgh, 
Moscow,  Riga,  Odessa,  Tula,  Wilna,  &c.  The 
religion  is  that  of  the  Greek  or  Eastern  Church, 
which  is  governed  by  a  patriarch,  under  whom 
are  the  archbishops  and  bishops.  Every  priest  is 
called  a  papa  or  pope,  and  of  these  there  were 
formerly  4,000  in  Moscow  alone.  They  have 
images  in  their  churches  ;  and  the  priests  give  a 
passport  to  those  that  are  dying,  addressed  to  St. 
Nicholas,  who  is  desired  to  entreat  St.  Peter  to 
open  the  gates  of  heaven,  as  they  have  certified 
that  the  bearer  is  a  good  Christian.  A  consider- 
able number  of  the  Russians  profess  the  Mahom- 
etan religion,  and  many  are  still  pagans.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  Swedish  provinces  are  Luther- 
ans; and  Protestants,  as  well  as  Papists,  enjoy 
full  liberty  of  conscience.  There  are  many  con- 
vents for  both  sexes,  but  it  has  been  wisely  or- 
dained that  no  male  can  enter  into  a  monastic 
life  before  he  is  30  years  of  age  ;  and  that  no  fe- 
male can  take  the  veil  till  she  is  50,  and  even 
then  not  without  the  licence  of  the  holy  synod. 
The  inhabitants  in  general  are  robust,  well 
shaped,  and  of  pretty  good  complexions.  They 
are  great  eaters,  and  very  fond  of  brandy.  They 
use  bathing,  but  smoke  no  tobacco,  lest  the  smoke 
should  dishonour  the  images  of  the  saints,  which 
they  keep  in  great  veneration ;  however,  they 
take  a  great  deal  of  snufF,  made  of  the  tobacco 
brought  from  the  Ukraine.  The  Russians  were 
formerly  wholly  employed  in  agriculture,  feeding 
of  cattle,  hunting  and  fishing;  and  he  was 
thought  a  learned  man  who  could  read  and  write. 
Peter  the  Great  undertook  to  introduce  arts 
and  sciences,  and  in  1724,  the  first  university 
was  founded  that  ever  was  in  Russia  :  there  is 
also  an  academy  of  sciences  at  Petersburg,  sup 
plied  with  eminent  professors.  With  respect  to 
dress,  a  long  beard  is  in  high  estimation  with  the 
people  of  Russia,  notwithstanding  the  efforts  of 
their  monarchs  to  root  it  out ;  and  it  is  only  those 
depending  upon  government,  in  the  army  and 
navy,  who  have  yet  complied  with  the  custom 
and  wish  of  the  court.  Those  who  retain  their 
beards,  retain  likewise  the  ancient  dress ;  the 
long  swaddling  coat,  either  of  skins,  or  of  coarse 
cloth  lined  with  skins,  in  winter,  and  in  summer 
of  cloth  only.  About  their  middle  they  have  a 
sash  of  any  colour  ;  but  what  they  most  affect  is 
green  or  yellow.  Their  shirts  are  fashioned  as 
women's  ;  and  their  necks,  being  exposed  to  the 
cold,  become  very  hard  and  impenetrable  from 
this  practice.  Government  continue  to  exert 
every  nerve  to  compel  the  subjects  to  adopt  the 


RUT 


645 


RYE 


can  procure  any  place,  or  favour,  from  court,  up- 
on other  conditions  tiian  banishing  the  Asiatic 
sheep-skin  robes.  The  worn-out  veteran  retires 
with  a  pension,  upon  the  express  terms  of  never 
again  assuming  the  habit  of  his  fathers.  But  so 
jealously  attached  are  the  multitude  to  former 
manners,  and  so  honorable  do  they  esteem  them, 
that  a  Russian,  dressed  in  his  beard  and  gown, 
acquires  the  greatest  respect.  The  dress  of  the 
women  is  the  reverse  of  that  of  the  men,  both  in 
fashion  and  colour,  every  part  of  it  being  as  short 
and  tight  as  decency  will  allow,  and  very  gaudy. 
It  resembles  that  of  the  Highland  women  in  Scot- 
land. The  Russian  women  are,  however,  far 
more  rich  in  their  attire  ;  nor  is  gold  lace  want- 
ing, any  more  than  the  art  of  painting,  to  com- 
plete the  Russian  belle.  The  rising  generation 
are  modernizing  their  antic  vestments  :  the  stiff 
•mbroidered  napkin  is  supplanted  by  one  of  flow- 
ing silk  ;  the  jacket  and  petticoat  are  of  muslin, 
or  other  fine  stuffs ;  and  the  plaid  is  exchanged 
for  a  silk  or  satin  cloak,  in  the  cold  season  lined 
with  fur.  The  richer  class  of  females  wear  vel- 
vet boots.  The  dress  of  the  higher  ranks  is  af- 
ter the  French  and  English  fashion  ;  and  all  must 
have  a  covering  of  fur  six  months  of  the  year. 
Thus  equipped,  the  prince  and  the  peasant  are 
drawn  in  their  chaises  and  sledges  through  the 
dreary  Scythian  winter.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Dnieper,  Volga,  Don,  Duna  or  Dwina, 
and  Oby.  The  sovereigns  of  Russia  are  absolute. 
They  were  formerly  called  Grand  Dukes,  which 
is  still  the  title  of  the  heir  apparent.  They  after- 
wards assumed  the  title  of  czar,  and,  in  the  se- 
quel, that  of  emperor.  The  first  who  bore  the  ti- 
tle of  czar  was  Basil,  son  of  John  Basilides,  who 
freed  his  country  from  its  subjection  to  the  Tar- 
tars, about  the  year  1470.  The  title  of  emperor 
was  first  assumed  by  Peter  I.,  who,  by  his  illus- 
trious actions,  justly  acquired  the  surname  of 
Great.  He  died  in  1725,  and  perhaps  no  countrj' 
ever  exhibited,  in  so  short  a  time,  the  wonders 
that  may  be  effected  by  the  genius  and  exertions 
of  one  man.  Peter  the  Great,  at  his  accession  to 
the  throne,  found  his  subjects  of  all  ranks  involv- 
ed in  the  grossest  ignorance  and  barbarism  ;  his 
numerous  armies  ferocious  and  undisciplined ; 
and  he  had  neither  merchant  ships  nor  men  of 
war;  which,  added  to  the  remoteness  of  the  situ- 
ation, rendered  the  influence  of  Russia  in  the 
politics  of  Europe  of  little  consideration.  Peter 
civilized  his  barbarous  subjects,  disciplined  his 
armies,  built  cities  and  fortresses,  and  created  a 
navy.  These  national  improvements  have  been 
s.'J.\\  further  prosecuted  since  his  time,  and  Rus- 
sia now  holds  a  rank  among  the  nations  of  the 
world  of  which  human  foresight,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  18th  century,  could  have  form- 
ed no  conception. 

The  population  of  European  Russia  is  45,633, 
203,  and  of  the  whole  empire  59,203,700.  The 
revenue  is  52,000,000  dollars  and  the  national 
debt  200,000,000.  The  military  force  in  time  of 
peace  is  600,000  men  and  in  war  above  1,000,000. 
Petersburg  is  the  capital  of  the  whole  empire. 

Russia,  p.t.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  95  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  2,453.  Also  atownship  of  Lorraine 
Co.  Ohio. 

Rustgaden,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Fahlun,  23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Fahlun. 

Rutchester,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng. 
the  Vindobala  of  the  Romans,  containing  some  re- 
markable ruins  of  its  once  con!?iderable  fort.  Se- 
verus's  wall  runs  on  the  middle  of  the  E.  rampart 


and  .Adrian's  vallum   passes  about  the   distance 
of  a  chain  to  the  S.  of  it. 

Rutherford,  a  county  of  N.  Carolinia.  Pop. 
17,557.  Rutherfordton  is  the  capital  ;  a  county 
of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  26,133.  Murfreesborough 
is  the  capital. 

Rutherfordton,  p.t.  Rutherford  Co.  N.  C.  216  m. 
S.  W.  Raleigh. 

Rutherglen,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in   Lanark 
shire,  once  a   place  of  considerable  note,  but  now 
reduced  to  one  principal  street  and  a  few  lanes.  It 
is  seated  near  the  Clyde.  3  m.  S.  E.  of  Glasgow. 

Ruthin,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire.  It 
had  a  strong  castle,  now  in  ruins ,  and  is  seated 
on  an  eminence,  by  the  river  Clwyd,  15  m.  S.  W. 
of  Holywell,  205  N.  W.  of  London. 

Rutigliano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari, 
12  m.  S.  E.  of  Bari. 

Rutlam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Malwa,  48  m.  W.  of  Ougein,  136  E.  of  Ameda- 
bad. 

Rutland,  a  county  of  Vermont  on  L.  Champlain 
Pop.  31,295.     Rutland  is  the  capital. 

Rutland,  the  capital  of  the  above  Co.  stands  on 
Otter  creek,  57  m.  N.  Bennington.  Pop.  2,753  ;  p.t. 
Worcester  Co.  Mass.  50  m.  W.  Boston.  Pop. 
1,276  ;  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Black  river. 
Pop.  2,339 ;  p.t.  Meigs  Co.  Ohio  90  m.  S.  E.  Co- 
lumbus.    Pop.  971. 

Rutlandshire,  the  smallest  county  in  England, 
18  m.  long  and  14  broad.  The  number  of  inhabi- 
tants in  1821  was  1'3,4S7.  The  soil  varies  much  ; 
but,  in  general,  is  fertile,  particularly  the  rich  vale 
of  Catmose,  which  runs  from  the  W.  side  to  the 
centre  of  the  county.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Welland  and  the  Guash  or  Wash.  Oakham 
is  the  county  town. 

Ruttunponr,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  Orissa, 
and  the  capital  of  a  small  district  of  its  name.  210. 
m.  S.  by  W.  of  Benares  and  360  W.  of  Calcutta. 
Long.  82.  .36.  E.,  lat.  22.  16.  N. 

Rutzen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  principality 
of  Wolau,     20  m.  N.  of  Wolau. 

Ruvo,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Barri,  16 
m.  W.  of  Barri. 

Roza,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Moscow,  48  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Moscow. 

Ryacotta,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysore.  It  was  taken  in  1791  by  the  British,  to 
whom  it  was  afterwards  ceded  by  Tippoo  Sultan. 
85  m.  E.  of  Seringapatam  and  98  W.  S.  W.  of 
Arcot.     Long.  78.  6.  E.,  lat.  12.  26.  N. 

Ryan,  Loch,  a  bay  of  Scotland,  in  the  N.  W.  an- 
gle of  Wigtonshire.  The  sea  flows  into  it  through 
a  narrow  pass  ;  and  it  affords  excellent  anchorage. 

Rydal,  a  fertile  valley  to  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  so 
called  from  the  river  Rye,  which  passes  through 
it  and  falls  into  the  Swale,  near  Richmond. 

Rydal-water,  a  lake  in  Westmoreland,  Eng.  a 
little  to  the  W.  of  Ambleside.  It  is  one  mile  in 
length,  spotted  with  little,  islands  and  communi- 
cates by  a  narrow  channel  with  Grasmere- water 
to  the  W.,  and  by  the  river  Rothay  with  Winder- 
mere-water,  to  the  S. 

Rydroog,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysore,  on  the  river  Hindenny,  60  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Chitteldroog.  Long.  76.  52.  E.,  lat.  14. 
40.  N. 

Rye,  a  borough  and  sea-port  in  Sussex,  Eng. 
It  is  an  appendage  to  the  cinque  ports.  On  the 
edge  of  the  cliff  is  a  small  battery,  and  behind  it 
Ipres  tower,  a  square  building,  now  a  jail.  The 
old  port  is  so  choked  up  with  sand  that  it  can 
admit  only  small  vessels.    In  1726  a  new  harbour 


SAB 


64C 


SAB 


w«s  oponed,  in  which  vessels  of  360  tons  burden 
may  s'iifely  ride.     63  S.  E.  of  London. 

Rtje,  a  township  of  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  on 
the  coast,  4  m.  S.  Portsmouth.  Pop.  1,172  ,  p.t. 
Westchester  Co.  N.  T.  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
18  m.  N.  E.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,602.  Townships  of  Perry 
and  Cumberland  Cos.  Pa. 

Ryfgate,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Con- 
necticut, 22  m.  E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  1,119. 

Rytg-Ue,  a  borough  in  Surrey,  En^.  Here  was 
formeily  a  castle  built  in  the  time  of  the  Saxons, 
and  called  Holms  Castle  ;  some  ruins  of  it  are  to  be 
seen,  particularly  a  long  vault,  with  a  room  at  the 
end,  where,  it  is  said,  the  barons,  who  took  up 
arms  against  kinj  John,  held  their  private  meet- 
ings. The  market-house  was  formerly  a  chapel, 
dedicated  to  Thomas  a  Becket.  21"  S.  W.  of 
London. 

Bifmennul,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
bant, on  the  Dyle,  5  m.  E.  of  Mechlin. 


Ryssen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Overvs- 
sel,  on  the  river  Regge,  16  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  I^e- 
venter. 

Rygwick,  a  town  of  S.  Holland,  remarkable  for 
a  treaty  concluded  in  1697  between  England, 
Germany,  Holland,  France,  and  Spain.  It  is 
seated  between  Hague  and  Delft.  30  m.  S.  W. 
of  Amsterdam. 

Rzeezica,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  52  m.  S.  E.  of 
Prague. 

Rzemien,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Sandomir,  36  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Sandomir. 

Rzeva,  a  town  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  situate  on  the 
Volga,  near  its  source. 

Riescow,  a  well  built  town  of  Austrian  Poland, 
capital  of  a  circle  of  its  name,  with  a  brisk  trade 
in  corn  and  peltry,  situate  on  the  VVisioka,  80  m. 
E.  of  Cracow,  70  W.  of  Lemberg. 


S 


SAABA,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  with  a  cap- 
ital of  the  same  name,  W.  of  Torabuctoo,  on  the 
river  Senegal. 

Saadj,,  or  Saade,  a  strong  town  of  Arabia,  in 
Yemen,  and  the  residence  of  a  sheik.  It  has  a 
custom-house,  which  brings  in  a  considerable 
revenue  ;  and  manufacturers  of  Turkey  leallier. 
140  m.  W.  N.  W  of  Sanaa.  Long.  44.  55.  E., 
lat.  17.  50.  N 

Saaifeld,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Saxe-Coburg,  with  a  mint,  a  mine  office,  and 
manufactures  of  cloth,  and  of  gold  and  silk  stuffs. 
On  an  eminence  near  the  town  steinds  the  once 
celebrated  and  princely  abbey  of  St.  Peter.  In 
1806  prince  Louis  Ferdinand,  of  Prussia,  was 
killed  here  in  a  skirmish  with  the  French.  It 
stands  on  the  Saale,  34  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Coburg,  46 
8.  W.  of  Altenburg.  Long.  11.  32.  E.,  lat.  50. 
41.  N. 

Saaifeld.  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  on  the  lake 
Mebing,  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Marienburg. 

Soar,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of  Brunn, 
on  the  confines  of  Bohemia,  42  m.  N.  W.  of 
Brunn. 

Soar-Louis,  a  town  of  Prussia,  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  ceded  by  France  in  1815.  It  is 
situate  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Sarre,  34 
m.  E.  of  Thionville 

Saarmund,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
6  m   S.  of  Potsdam. 

Saati,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  capital  of  a  circle  of 
the  same  name,  which  contains  some  of  the  best 
«orn-land  in  Bohemia,  and  yields  hops  of  the  best 
quality.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  Eger,  48  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Prague. 

Salta,  a  fertile  island  of  the  W.  Indies,  12  m.  in 
circumference,  inhabited  by  a  few  Dutcli  families, 
almost  all  shoemakers.  The  island  was  taken  by 
the  English  in  1781,  in  1801,  and  in  1810.  It  has 
no  port,  and  lies  a  little  to  the  W.  of  St.  Christo- 
pher.    Long.  63.  17.  W.,  lat.  17.  39.  N. 

_  Sabanja,  a  town  of  Natolia.  Here  all  the  roads 
from  Asia  to  Constantinople  meet.  It  is  situate 
on  a  lake  which  abounds  in  fish,  60  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Bursa,  62  E.  S.  E.  of  Constantinople.  Long. 
29.  40.  E.,  lat.  40.  30.  N. 

Sabatz,  or  Sahoaz,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Servia, 
taken  by  the  Austrians  in  1719.     It  is  situate  on 


the  Drave,  22  m.  S.  of  Peterwardein  and  28  W 
of  Belgrade. 

Sabi.     See  Xavier. 

Sabia,  a  kingdom  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Sofala,  E.  by  th«  Mosam- 
bique  Channel,  S.  by  unknov/n  regions,  and  W. 
by  Manica.  The  country  is  fertile  and  populous, 
is  crossed,  by  a  river  of  the  same  name,  has  mines 
of  gold,  and  many  elephants.  Manbona  is  the 
capital. 

Sabie,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  N.  Jutland,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  satne 
name,  23  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Alburg.  Long.  10.  18. 
E  ,  lat.  57.  20.  N. 

Sabina,  a  province  of  Italy,  in  the  Pope's  do- 
minions, 28  m.  long  and  20  broad;  bounded  by 
the  Tiber,  the  Teverone,  the  duchy  of  Spoleto, 
and  the  Neapolitan  frontier.  It  is  watered  by 
several  small  rivers,  and  abounds  in  oil  and  wine. 

Sahina,  p. v.  Richland  Co.  Ohio. 

Sabine,  a  river  of  N.  America  rising  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Texas  in  lat.  32.  40.  N.  and  flowing  S.  E. 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  forms  tiie  boundary 
between  Texas  and  Louisiana.  It  is  320  m.  in 
length  ;  near  its  mouth  it  expands  into  a  lake,  3C 
m.  long  and  8  in  breath. 

SabionceUa,  a  town  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  situ- 
ated on  the  extremity  of  a  peninsula,  to  which  it 
gives  name.  This  peninsula  runs  a  considerable 
way  into  the  Atlantic,  having  the  island  of  Lesia 
on  the  N.  and  those  of  Curzola  and  Melidaonthe 
S.,  all  separated  by  a  narrow  channel.  The  town 
is  45  m.  N.  W.  of  Ragusa.  Long.  17.  40.  E..  lat. 
43.  20.  N. 

Sabionetta,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  formerly 
capital  of  a  principality  of  its  name,  with  a  strong 
citadel.     20  m.  E.  of  Cremona. 

Sable,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Sarte, 
near  which  are  some  quarries  of  black  marble.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Sarte,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Angers. 

Sable,  Cape,  the  most  southerly  point  of  Nova 
Scotia,  near  which  is  a  fine  cod  fishery.  Lonff 
65.  39.  W.,  lat.  43.  23.  N.  ® 

Sable,  a  river  of  N.  Y.  falling  into  L.  Cham- 
plain.  There  is  a  fall  of  80  feet  upon  this  river 
at  Chesterfield. 

Sable,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic  90  m.  S  E. 
Cape  Breton.     Lat.  44.  5.  N.  Long.  60  W.     It  is 


/ 


SAP 


647 


SAG 


30  m.  in  len^h  and  is  little  more  than  a  heap  of 
sand. 

Sables  d'Olonne,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Vendee,  with  a  port  capable  of  containing  ves- 
sels of  150  tons.  It  is  seated  on  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
►  cay,  40  m.  W.  of  Fontenay  le  Compe.  Long.  1. 
50.  W.,  lat.  4.9.  26.  S. 

SahJestan.  a  mountainous  province  of  Persia, 
little  known  to  Europeans.     Bost  is  the  capital. 

Sararappa,  p.v.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  4  m.  N. 
Portland. 

Sacai.  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Japan,  in  the  isl- 
and of  Niphon,  with  several  castles,  temples,  and 
palaces,  and  a  mountain  on  one  side,  which  serves 
as  a  rampart.  43  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Meaco.  Long. 
13(5.  5.  E.,  lat.  34.  53.  N. 

Sachsenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  county  of 
Waldeck,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Waldeck. 

Sacksenhagen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Schauenburg,  1.3  m.    W.  of  Hanover. 

SachserUiausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  making 
part  of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  It  is  situate  •n 
the  S.  side  of  the  river,  and  communicates  with 
the  rest  of  the  city  by  a  stone  bridge. 

SachsKnhausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  county  of 
Waldeck,  6  m.  N.  W.  of  Waldeck. 

Sacliscnheim,  a  town  in  the  kingdom  of  Wurtem- 
berg,  12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Stutgard. 

Sachet's  Harbour,  a  town  of  New  York,  in  Jef- 
ferson county,  with  one  of  the  best  harbours  in 
the  state.  It  has  a  dock-yard,  witii  large  store- 
houses, and  is  strongly  defended  by  forts  and  bat- 
teries. Ills  seated  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River, 
on  Hungry  Bay,  at  the  E.  end  of  Lake  Ontario, 
176  m.  N.  W.  of  Albany.  It  was  the  chief  naval 
station  on  the  lake  during  the  war  of  1812. 

Snco,  a  river  rising  in  the  Notch  of  the  White 
Mountains  in  New  Hampshire  and  flowing  S.  E. 
through  Maine  into  the  sea.  It  has  falls  liear  its 
mouth. 

Saeo,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  at  the  month  of  the 
above  river.  It  is  a  port  of  entry  and  has  several 
manufactories  and  a  large  trade  in  lumber.  Pop. 
3,219. 

Sacondago,  a  river  of  N.  Y.  flowing  into  the 
Hudson  at  Jessup's  Fall?. 

Sacrament,  St.,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  Buenos 
Ayres,  settled  by  the  Portuguese,  but  taken  in 
1777  by  the  Spaniards.  It  stands  on  the  river 
Plata,  nearly  opposite  Buenos  Ayres,  100  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  Monte  Video. 

Sacrapatan,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
on  the  Cavery,  73  m.  N.  W.  of  Seringapatam. 
Long.  75.  52.  E.,  lat.  13.  6.  N. 

Saddleback,  a  mountain  in  Cumberland,  Eng. 
so  called  from  its  form.  It  is  upwards  of  3,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  and  on  one  side 
is  an  immense  cavity,  once  the  crater  of  a  volca- 
no, at  the  bottom  of  which  is  a  lake  about  20 
acres  in  dimension.     5  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Keswick. 

Saddle  Mountain,  an  eminence  in  Williamstown 
and  .\dams,  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  It  is  4,000  feet 
in  elevation,  and  is  the  highest  mountain  in 
Massachu.setts  It  consists  ot  a  ridge,  6  m.  in 
length  with  2  summits. 

Sadras,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
on  the  coast,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Paliar.  A 
little  to  the  N.  are  seven  pagodas,  hollowed  out 
of  a  solid  rock.     38  m.  S.  of  Madras. 

Sadsbury,  townships  in  Chester,  Crawford  and 
Lancaster  Cos.  Pa. 

Sajji,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Morocco,  with  a  castle. 
It  was  long  the  centre  of  the  commerce  carried 
ou  with  Europe,  but  now  has  little  trade.    16  m. 


S.  of  Cape  Cantin.    Long.  8.  58    W.,  lat   32 
23.  N. 

Sagan,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  capital  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name.  It  has  dooSle 
walls,  a  fine  palace,  a  priory  of  the  Augustine  or- 
der, a  Lutheran  school,  and  good  cloth  manufac- 
tures ;  and  is  seated  on  the  Bober,  80  m.  N.  W 
of  Breslau.     Long.  15.  22.  E.,  lat.  51.  42.  N. 

Sugar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  with 
a  considerable  trade  in  pepper,  betelnut,  and 
sandal  wood.  It  stands  on  the  Varada,  near  its 
source,  25  m.  N.  of  Nagara. 

Sagara,  a  celebrated  mountain  of  Greece  (the 
ancient  Helicon),  a  few  m.  N.  of  the  gulf  of 
Corinth.  It  has  a  village  of  its  name,  formerly 
called  Ascras,  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  Hesiod. 
From  its  summit  may  be  seen  great  part  of 
Greece. 

Sagg  Harbour,  a  sea-port  of  New  York,  in  Suf- 
folk county,  at  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island.  The 
whale  fishery  from  this  place  produces  1,000  bar- 
rels of  oil  annually.  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Southamp- 
ton, 87  E.  of  New  York. 

Sagadahoc,  a  river  of  Maine  falling  into  the 
Androscoggin  at  Rumford.  This  name  was  an- 
ciently applied  to  the  eastern  part  of  Maine. 

Saginaw  Bay,  an  arm  of  Lake  Huron  in  Mich 
igan  Territory  ;  it  receives  the  waters  of  a  river 
of  the  same  name. 

Saginaio,  a  town  of  Michigan  Territory  on  the 
above  river. 

Sagfialien,  or  Amour,  a  river  of  Chinese  Tartary 
which  rises  near  the  Yablonoi  mountains,  where 
it  is  first  known  by  the  names  of  Kerlon  and  Ar- 
gun, and  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Siberia  and  Eastern  Tartary,  where  it  receives 
the  Schilka,  and  takes  its  present  name.  It  then 
takes  a  circuitous  ecastern  course  of  1 ,850  m  dur- 
ing which  it  receives  many  other  rivers,  and  en- 
ters the  sea  of  Okoisk,  opposite  the  N.  part  of 
the  island  of  Sajhalien. 

Saahaiun,  or  Tchoha,  a  large  island  in  the  sea 
of  Okotsk,  separated  from  the  continent  by  the 
channel  of  Tartary  on  the  W.,  and  from  the  island 
Jesso  by  Perouse  Strait  on  the  S.  It  extends  from 
lat.  46.  to  54.,  or  not  less  than  550  m.  in  length, 
by  about  90  of  medial  breadth.  The  centre  is 
mounteiinous,  and  well  wooded  with  pine,  willow 
oak,  and  birch  ;  but  the  shores  are  levol,  and  well 
adapted  to  agriculture.  The  natives  resemble  the 
Tartars  in  form,  and  the  upper  lip  is  commonly 
tattooed  blue.  The  dress  is  a  loose  robe  of  skins, 
or  quilted  nankeen,  with  a  girdle.  Their  huts 
are  of  timber,  thatched  with  grass,  with  a  fire- 
place in  the  middle.  In  the  S.  are  found  some 
Japanese  articles  ;  and  there  is  a  little  trade  with 
the  Mandshurs  and  Russians. 

Saghalienoula  Hotun,  a  city  of  Eastern  Tartary, 
in  the  province  of  Tcitcicar.  It  is  rich  and  pop- 
ulous, and  very  important  on  account  of  its  situa- 
tion, as  it  secures  to  the  Mandshur  Tartars  the 
possession  of  extensive  deserts  covered  with 
woods,  in  which  a  great  number  of  sables  are 
found.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Saghalien,  20(J 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Tcitcicar.  Long  127.  25.  E.,  la(. 
50.  6.  N. 

Sagres,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva, 
with  a  harbour  and  a  fort ;  seated  on  a  tongue  of 
land  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  province,  20 
m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lagos.  Long.  9. 0.  W.,  lat.  372.  N. 

Sagur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict in  the  province  of  Malwa,  situate  near  the 
Bunnass,  87  m.  N.  W.  of  Gurrah,  112  S  of  Agi*. 
Long.  78.  53.  E.,  lat.  23.  45.  N 


SAI 


648 


SAI 


Sahagun,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  with  a  rich 
abbef  ;  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river  Cea, 
32  m.  S.  E.  of  Leon. 
Sahar.     See  Shakar. 
Sahara.     See  Zahara. 

Sahebgimg,  or  Jessore,  a  town  of  Bengal,  capi- 
tal of  the  district  of  Jessore,  seated  on  the  Beirah, 
nearly  80  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Calcutta. 

Said,  or  Sahid.  a  province  of  Upper  Egypt, 
bordering  on  Nubia  and  the  Red  Sea,  anciently 
called  Thebaid,  celebrated  for  having  been  the 
retreat  of  a  great  number  of  Christians,  who  lived 
here  in  a  solitary  manner.  It  is  the  least  fertile 
and  populous  part  of  Egypt,  being  full  of  deserts. 
Saida,  a  town  of  Syria,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Sidon, 
with  a  fort  and  castle.  The  name  of  Sidon  still 
subsists  in  a  small  village,  about  2  m.  from  Saida. 
To  the  W.  of  the  castle  is  a  shoal  200  paces  long, 
and  the  space  between  them  is  a  road  for  vessels, 
but  not  safe  in  bad  weather.  The  shoal,  which 
extends  along  the  town,  has  a  basin,  enclosed  by 
A  decayed  pier  ;  this  was  the  ancient  port,  but  it 
is  now  so  choked  up  by  sands  that  boats  only  can 
enter  its  mouth,  near  the  castle.  Saida  is  a  tra- 
ding town,  and  the  chief  emporium  of  Damascus, 
and  the  interior  country.  The  manufacture  of 
cotton  is  the  principal  employment  of  its  inhabi- 
tants. 45  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Damascus.  Long.  35. 
20.  E.,  lat.  33.  30.  N. 

St.  Jlban's,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  30.  m.  N.  W. 
Bangor.  Pop.  911  :  a  village  of  Licking  Co.  Ohio. 
St.  •Bernard,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.   Pop.  3,3-56. 
St.  Charles,  a  county  of  Missouri.    Pop.  4,332. 
St.  Charles  is  the   capital.     A  Parish  of  Louisia- 
na.    Pop.  5,i07. 

St.  Clair,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  between  lake 
Huron  and  Erie,  communicating  with  both.  It 
IS  90  m.  in  circumference.  It  recives  a  small 
stream  of  the  same  name. 

St.  Clair,  townships  in  Alleghany  and  Bedford 
Cos.  Pa ;  a  village  in  Butler  Co.  Ohio. 

St.  Clair,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  7,092. 
Belleville  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Alabama. 
Pop.  5,975.  Ashville  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of 
Michigan.  Pop.  1,115.  St.  Clair  is  the  capital. 
St  ClairsmUe,  p.v.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y  ;  p. v. 
Belmont  Co.  Ohio.  ]  1  m.  W.  Wheeling ;  v.  St. 
Clair  Co.  Alab. 

St.  Clemenfs  Bay,  p.v.  St.  Mary's  Co.  Mary- 
land.    74  ni.  S.  Annapolis. 

St.  Croix,  or  Schoodic,  a  stream  forming  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Maine  and  falling  into  Pas- 
samaquoddy  Bay. 

St-  Francis,  a  river  rising  in.Vermont  and  flow- 
ing throutrh  Canada  into  the  St.  Lawrence.  A 
river  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  flowing  into  the 
Mississippi.     107  m.  above  the  Arkansas. 

St.  Frarecow,  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  2,385. 
Farmington  is  the  capital. 

St.  Francisville,  p.v.  West  Feliciana  Parish  Lou. 
on  the  Mississippi.    170  m.  above  New  Orleans. 

St.  Offtpptcrje,  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  2,182, 
St.  Genevieve  the  capital  of  tliis  county,  stands 
on  the  Mississippi.  82  m.  below  St.  Louis.  It  con- 
tains a  catholic  church  and  the  inhabitants  are 
principally  French. 

St.  George,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,6.52. 
St.  George's  p.v.  Newcastle  Co.  Del.  12  m.  S. 
W.  Wilmington. 

St.  Helena,,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.     Pop.  4,027. 
St.  Helena  the  capital  is  35  m.  N.  E.  Baton  Rouge. 
St.  Helena  an  island  on  the  Coast   of  S.  Caro- 
lina, in  Beaufort  District. 


St.  Helena.     See  Helena. 

St.  Inigocs,  p.v.   St.   Mary's   Co.  Md.   93  m. 
S.  E.  Washington. 

St.  James,  a  Parish   of  Louisiana.   Pop.  7,672. 
Bringier's  is  the  capital. 

St.  Johns,  a  river  of  Florida  falling  into  the 
Atlantic  in  lat.  30. 

St.  John  Baptist,  a  Parish  of  Locisiana.  Pop. 
5,700.     Bonnet  Carre  is  the  capital. 

St.  Johnsburg,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  31  m.  N. 
E.  Montpelier.     Pop.  1,592. 

St.  Johnsrille,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.  64 
m.  N.  W.  Albany. 

St.  Landry,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  12, 
552.  Opelousas  is  the  capital. 

St.  Laicrence,a  great  river  of  North  America, 
being  the  outlet  to  the  chain  of  lakes  separating 
the  United  States  from  Canada.  It  bears  this 
name  only  from  the  sea  to  Lake  Ontario.  It  is 
navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  to  Quebec  and  for 
ships  of  600  tons  to  Montreal.  At  its  mouth  it 
expands  into  a  broad  gulf  called  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

St.  Lawrence,   a   county    of  New  York,  on  the 
above  river.   Pop.  36,351.    Potsdam  is  the  capital. 
St.  Leonard's,  p.t.  Calvert    Co.  Maryl.    on   the 
W.  side  of  the  Chesapeak,  58  m.  from  Washing- 
ton. 

St.  Louis.     See  Louis  St. 

St.  Martin  s,  p.v.  Worcester  Co.  Md.  117  m.  S. 
E.  Annapolis. 

St.  Martin's,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  7,904 . 
St.  Martinsville,  the  capital  is  situated  on  the 
Teche. 

St  Mary's,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  6,542 
Franklin  is  the  capital. 

St.  Mary's,  a  county  of  Md.  Pop.  13,455.  Leon- 
ardtown  is  the  capital.  A  river  of  the  U.  States 
between  Georgia  and  Florida  falling  into  the 
Atlantic.  A  river  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  falling  into 
the  Miami. 

St.  Mary's,  p.v.  Camden  Co.  Geo.  on  St.  Mary's 
river,  20  m.  above  its  mouth.  It  was  formerly  a 
place  of  some  importance  from  its  frontier  position, 
but  since  the  acquisition  of  Florida  by  the  United 
States  it  has  declined.  Lat.  30.  43.  N.  Long.  81. 
43.  W. 

St  Mary's  River,  or  Strait,  forms  the  connection 
between  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron.  It  has  a  fall 
or  violent  rapid  called  the  Sault,  three  quarters  of 
a  mile  in  extent :  it  is  passable  for  boats. 

St.  Michael's  p.t.  Talbot  Co.  Md.  25  m.  S.  E. 
Annapolis  ;  p.v.  Madison  Co.  Missouri.  35  m.  S. 
W.  St.  Genevieve. 

St.  Simon's,  an  island  of  Geo  rgia,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Alatamaha. 

St.  Stephen's,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Alab.  on  the 
Tombigbee,  at  the  head  of  schooner  navigation. 
The  houses  are  mostly  built  of  stone.  The  neigh- 
bouring country  is  highly  fertile. 

St.  Tammany,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop. 
2,864.  Covington  is  the  capital ;  p.t.  Mecklen- 
burg Co.  Va. 

St.  Thomas,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Pa. 
''jj*  Other  names  beginning    with   St.  will  b« 
found  under  the  second  initial. 

Sainf.es,  three  of  the  Leeward  Carribee  Islands 
in  the  W.  Indies,  between  Guadaloupe  and  Do- 
minica. The  middle  one  seems  nothing  more 
than  a  large  barren  rock,  but  contributes  to  form 
a  good  harbour.  Long.  61.  45.  W.,  lat.  15.  52.  N. 
Saintes,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart 
mcnt  of  Lower  Charente.  Here  are  several 
monuments  of  antiquity,  of  which  the  most  famous 


SAL 


(Hi 


SAL 


are  the  amphitheatre,  thv;  nqueducts,  and  t»ie 
triumphal  arch  on  the  bridge  over  the  Charente 
The  castle,  built  on  a  rock,  is  deemed  impregna- 
ble ;  and  the  ancient  cathedral  has  one  of  the 
laro-esl  steeples  in  France.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Charente,  40  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Rochelle.  76  S.  W, 
of  Poitiers.     Long.  0.  38.  W.,  lat.  45.  45.  N. 

Saintonge,  a  former  province  of  France,  which 
now  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  and  part  of  that  of  Charente. 

Sal,one  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  42  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, lying  to  the  E.  of  St.  Nicholas.  It 
has  its  name  from  the  number  of  salt  ponds  that 
from  time  to  time  are  filled  by  the  sea,  where  the 
water  crystallizes  into  a  beautiful  salt,  the  chief 
production  of  the  island.  Long.  22.  56.  W.,  lat. 
16.  38.  N. 

Sala,  or  Salhe.rg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
government  of  Westeras,  near  which  is  a  silver 
mine  ;  seated  on  a  river,  30  m.  W.  of  Upsal,  50 
N.  W.  of  Stockholm. 

Salado,  a  river  of  S.  America,  which  rises  in 
Tucuman,  about  60  m.  W.  of  Salta,  and  flows  S. 
S.  E.  to  the  Parana  at  Santa  Fe. 

Salamanca,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  famous  university,  consisting 
of  24  colleges.  The  structure  called  the  Schools, 
where  the  sciences  are  taught,  is  very  large  and 
curious.  There  were  formerly  7,000  students, 
when  tlie  Spanish  monarchy  was  in  a  flourishing 
condition  ;  but  at  present  the  number  does  not 
exceed  400,  who  are  all  clothed  like  priests.  Here 
are  magnificent  churches,  a  large  public  square, 
fine  fountains,  and  svery  thing  that  can  contri- 
bute to  the  beauty  and  commodiousness  of  the 
city.  The  cathedral  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in 
Spain  ;  and  there  are  several  fine  convents,  with 
churches  belonging  to  them,  adorned  with  images, 
and  some  v/ith  curious  pictures.  The  town  is 
seated  partly  in  a  plain  and  partly  on  hills,  and  is 
surrounded  by  a  wall.  The  river  Thormes,  which 
washes  its  walls,  has  a  bridge  over  it  300  paces 
long,  built  by  the  Romans.  120  m.  N.  W.  of  Mad- 
rid.   Long.  5.  48.  W.  lat.  41.24.  N. 

Salamanca  de  Balcalar,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in 
Yucatan,  140  m.  S.  E.  of  Campeachy.  Long.  89. 
58.  W.,  lat.  17.  55.  N. 

Sit/tfncAe,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  in  Savoy  with  a 
considerable  trade  in  horses,  cattle,  cheese,  wool- 
en stuffs,  iron  tools,  &c.  It  is  situate  in  a  moun- 
tainous district,  on  the  river  Arve,  30  rn.  S.  E.  of 
Geneva. 

Salankemen,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  where  a  vic- 
tory was  obtained  by  the  prince  of  Baden  over 
the  Turks,  in  1691.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube, 
opposite  the  influx  of  the  Teisse,  20  m.  N.  W.  of 
Belgrade,  25  S.  E.  of  Peterwaradin. 

Salter g.     See  Sala. 

Salboe,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  Drontheim,  with 
a  copper  mine.     45  m.  S.  E.  of  Drontheim. 

Saldana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Leon,  37  m.  N.  W.  of  Palencia. 

S'.di.eto,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis  near 
which  are  the  remains  of  a  large  castle.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  Mediterranean,  22  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Monaster.     Long.     11.3.  E.,  lat.  35.  13.  N. 

Salem,  a  town  of  Hindooslan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
capital  of  a  district  of  its  name,  included  in  that 
of  Barramaul.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  judge, 
collector,  &-c.,  and  is  seated  on  a  river  that  flows' 
into  th"»  Cavery,  120  m.  S.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 
Long.  78.  15.  E.,  lat.  11.  37.  N. 

Salem,  a  county  of  New  Jersey.     Pop.  14,  155. 
Salem  is  t\a  capital. 
83 


Salem,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass  Tins  is  the  second 
town  in  the  state  for  papulation,  wealth  and 
trade.  It  is  irregularly  built  on  a  peninsula,  and 
has  a  secure  harbour,  but  without  a  sufiicient 
depth  of  water  near  the  shores  to  allow  large 
?hips  to  approach  the  wharves,  without  bcinjnr 
lightened.  The  commerce  of  the  place  is  very 
flourishing,  and  it  was  one  of  the  first  towns  of 
the  United  Spates,  that  entered  into  the  East  In- 
dia trade.  In  1828  the  shipping  owned  here 
amounted  to  48,210  tons.  The  streets  oPthe  town 
are  narrow,  and  the  houses  generally  of  wood, 
yet  there  are  many  elegant  private  mansions, 
and  in  the  centre  of  the  town  is  an  enclosed  com- 
mon planted  with  trees.  Salem  has  an  athene- 
um  with  a  library  of  5,000  volumes ;  a  valuable 
Museum  belonging  to  the  East  India  Marine  So- 
ciety, 3  banks  and  II  churches.  It  is  connected 
on  the  north  with  Beverly  by  a  bridge,  and  on 
the  south  it  is  separated  by  the  harbour  from  Mar- 
blehead.  It  is  14  m.  N.  E.  Boston.  24  S.  New- 
buryport.  Lat.  42.  34.  N.  Long.  70,54  W.  Pop 
13,836. 

Salem,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  30  m  S.  W. 
Portsmouth.  Pop.  1,310;  p.t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  50  m. 
N.  Montpelier.  Pop.  230  ;  p.t.  New  London  Co. 
Conn.  30  m.  S.  E.  Hartford.  Pop.  974;  p.v.  N. 
Haven  Co.  Con.  16  m.  N.  W.  N.  Haven  ;  p.t. 
Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2.972 ;  p.t.  Salem  Co. 
N.  J.  34  m.  S.  E.  Philad.  Towns  in  Wayne,  Luz- 
erne, Westmoreland,  Mercer,  Cos.  Pa.  Botetourt 
Co.  Va.  Fauquier  Co.  Va.  Stokes  Co.  N.  C.  Sum- 
ter Dis.  S.  C.  Baldwin  and  Clark  Cos.  Geo.  Liv- 
ingston Co.  Ken.  Ashtabula,  Jefferson,  Tuscara- 
was, Muskingum,  Monroe,  Washington,  Meigs, 
Champaign,  Columbiana,  Warren  and  Randolph 
Cos.  Ohio.  Washington  Co.  Ind.  Marion  Co.  111. 
and  Franklin  Co.  Ten. 

Salem  Centre,  p.v.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y. 

Salem  Cross  Roads,  p.v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa. 

Salerno,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  Naples,  capital 
of  Principato  Citra,  and  an  archbishop's  see, 
with  a  castle  and  a  university,  principally  for 
medicine.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay  of  tlie  same  name, 
27  m.  S.  E.  of  Naples.  Long.  14.  53.  E.,  lat.  40 
35.  N. 

Salers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Can- 
tal,  seated  among  mountains,  9  miles  N.  of  Au- 
rillac. 

Salford  Lojoer  and  Upper,  two  townships  in 
Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Salies,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lower  Py- 
renees, where  are  springs  from  which  fine  salt  is 
made.     7  m.  W.  of  Orthes. 

Salignac,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Vienne,  10  m.  S.  of  Limoges. 

SalirM,  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Ononda- 
ga Lake,  153  m.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  6,929.  Here 
are  large  establishments  for  manufacturing  salt. 
The  salt  water  is  obtained  by  sinking  wells  and 
boring;  it  is  raised  by  large  metallic  pumps, 
moved  by  the  surplus  water  of  the  Erie  canal,  or 
by  steam  conveyed  into  reservoirs,  and  passed 
through  pipes  to  the  manufactories.  The  works 
principally  used  in  the  manufactory  of  the  salt 
are  denominated  Blocks,  Solar  works  and  Steam 
works.  The  Blocks  are  constructed  with  boilers 
containing  from  80  to  120  gallons  each,  and  plao- 
ed  in  masonry  in  two  parallel  lines,  having  8  to 
20  in  each  line. 

The  Salina  salt  is  beautifully    white,   and  fine 

grained  ;  the    whole  quantity   made  in  1830  was 

1,430,000  bushels  ;   the  average  price  at  the  Worca 

excludire  of  the  state  duty,    was   12  1-2  cents 

31 


8AL 


060 


SAL 


jx»r  bushel  of  56  pounds.  It  is  commonly  packed 
for  sale  in  barrels  of  5  bushels,  and  is  inspected 
and  branded  before  removal. 

Saline,  a  township  of  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 
Pop.  664,  and  villages  in  Randoloh  and  Gallatin 
Cos.  111. 

Saline  River,  a  branch  of  the  Ouachitta  in  Ar- 
kansas, of  the  Little  river  of  the  North  in  Arkan- 
sas, and  of  Black  Lake  river  in  Louisiana. 

Saline,  a  branch  of  the  Ohio  in  Illinois.  On 
the  banks  of  this  stream  ,  about  20  m.  from  the 
Ohio  are  extensive  salt  works  owned  by  ihe  Unit- 
ed States  Government. 

SdJinas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated  on 
the  Deva,  atthe  foot  of  a  mountain,  16  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Vittoria,  38  S.  S.  E.  of  Bilbao. 

Salines,a,  village  of  St.  Genevieve  Co.  Missouri. 

Salins,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Jura, 
with  a  strong  fort  and  famous  salt  works.  In 
the  neighbourhood  are  quarries  of  jasper,  alabas- 
ter, and  black  marble.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
valley,  20  m.  S.  of  Basancon. 

Salishury,  or  JVeic  Saruin,  a  city  and  the  capital 
of  Wiltshire,  Eng.  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  situ- 
ate in  a  chalky  soil,  almost  surrounded  by  the 
Avon,  Willey,  Nadder,  and  Bourn  ;  and  is  ren- 
dered particularly  clean  by  a  small  stream  flow- 
ing throusfh  every  street.  It  has  a  fine  cathedral, 
the  spire  of  which  is  the  loftiest  in  the  kingdom. 
The  town-hall  is  a  handsome  building,  and  stands 
in  a  spacious  market-place.  Salisbury  has  man- 
ufactures of  flannels,  linseys,  hardware,  and  cut- 
lery. .S8  m.  S.  E.  of  Bath,  81  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Su.'i'ilmrif  Craiir,  a  hill  in  Scotland  on  tiie  E. 
side  of  Edinburgh,  remarkable  for  a  great  preci- 
pice of  solid  rock,  about  one  mile  long,  and  in 
s^me  parts  100  feet  high,  which  passes  with  some 
regularity  along  its  brow. 

Siilisbunj  Plain,  an  open  tract  in  England, 
which  e.xtends  from -the  city  of  Salisbury,  25  m. 
E.  to  Winchester  and  2.'  W.  to  Shaflsbury,  and 
is  in  some  places,  from  35  to  40  m.  in  breadths 
There  were  so  many  cross  roads  on  it,  and  so  few 
houses  to  take  directions  from,  that  Thomas,  earl 
of  Pembroke,  planted  a  tree  at  each  mile-stone 
from  Salisbury  to  Shaflsbury,  as  a  guide  for  trav- 
ellers. That  part  of  it  about  the  city  is  a 
chalky  down  ;  the  other  parts  are  noted  for  feeding 
numerous  and  large  flocks  of  sheep.  !n  this  plain, 
besides  the  famous  Stonehenge,  are  traces  of  ma- 
ny Roman  and  British  antiquities. 

Salisbury,  p.t  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimock  64  ni.  N.  W.  Concord.  Pop.  1,379; 
p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  907  ;  p.t.  Essex  Co. 
Mass.  on  the  Merrimeck  4  m.  N.-  Newburyport, 
and  46  N.  E.  Boston.  Pop.  2.519;  p.t.  Litch- 
field Co.  Conn.  19  m.  N.  W.  Litchfield.  Pop. 
2,580.  This  town  produces  excellent  iron  ore, 
and  has  many  forges  and  manufactures;  p.t. 
Herkimrr  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,999.  also  towns  and 
villa^res  «n  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  Lancaster,  Lehigh 
and  Somerset  Cos.  Pa.  Somerset  Co.  Maryl. 
Rov/an  Co.  N.  C.  Meira  Co.  Ohio,  and  Wayne 
Co.  Ind. 

Sallee,  a  sea-port  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with 
several  forts.  The  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in 
the  country  ;  but  on  account  of  a  bar,  ships  of 
200  tons  are  forced  to  lighten  their  burden  before 
they  can  enter.  There  are  docks  to  build  ships, 
but  they  are  seldom  used,  for  want  of  skill  and 
materials.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and  New 
Town,  bv  tlio  river  Guero,  and  was  formerly  not- 
ed for  its  pirates.  100  m.  W.  of  Fez  and  150  S. 
of  Gibraltar.     Long.  6.  21.  W.,  lat.  34   ')  N, 


Sa/wt,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  pror 
ince  of  Luxemburg,  on  the  borders  of  Liege,  with 
an  ancient  castle  on  a  mountain.  30  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Liege  and  45   N.    of   Luxemburg. 

Salm,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meurte, 
with  a  castle,  seated  at  the  source  of  the  Sarre, 
26  m.  E.of  Luneville. 

Salmon  Creelc,iwo  streams  of  New  York,flowino' 
into  L.  Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Salmon  Falls  river,  the  liead  stream  of  the  Pis- 
cataqua,  dividing  Maine  from  New  Hampshire. 

Salmunster,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  district 
of  Fulda,  on  the  river  Kinz,  19  m.  S.  S.  W  of 
Fulda. 

Salo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Brescian 
near  the  lake  Garda,  17  m.  N.  E.  of  Brescia. 

Salobrena.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  with  a 
castle.  It  carries  on  a  great  trade  in  sugar  and 
fish,  and  is  seated  on  a  rock,  near  the  mouth  of 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  12  ra.  £.  of  Almune- 
car,  36  S.  of  Granada. 

Salon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mouths 
of  the  Rhone,  seated  on  the  canal  of  Craponne, 
20  m.    W.  N.  W.  of  Aix. 

Salona,  a  town  of  Austrian  Dalmat'a,  seated  on 
a  bay  of  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  was  formerly  an 
important  place,  and  its  ruins  show  that  it  was 
10  m.  in  circumference.     7  m.  N.  of  Spalatro. 

Salone,  a  town  of  Greece,  in  Livadia,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on 
the  top  of  which  is  a  citadel.  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Le 
panto. 

Salonica,  the  ancient  Thessalonica,  a  city  of 
Greece,  capital  of  Macedonia,  and  an  archbishop's 
see.  It  is  10  m.  in  circumference,  and  is  a  place 
of  great  trade.  The  Greeks  have  30  churches, 
and  the  Jews  nearly  as  many  synagogues.  The 
inhabitants  are  computed  at  60,000.  It  is  sur 
rounded  by  walls,  and  defended  on  the  land  side 
by  a  citadel,  and  near  the  harbour  by  three  forts 
It  is  seated  at  the  head  of  a  noble  gulf  of  the 
Ar-cbipelaa^,3l0m.  W.  of  Constaati!aople.  Long 

23.  5.  E.,  lat.  40.  53.  N. 

Salpe,  a  town  of  Naples,  m  Capitanata,  near 
which  are  some  salt-works.  It  is  situate  on  a 
lake,  near  the  sea,  23  m.  S.  of  Manfredonia  and 
92  E.  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

Salse,  a  town  and  fortress  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Eastern  Pyrenees,  seated  on  the  lake  of 
Leucate,  10  m.  N.  of  Perpignan. 

Salsetle,  an  island  of  Hindoostan,  lying  off  the 
coast  of  Concan,  to  the  N.  of  Bombay,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel,  across  which 
a  causeway  was  carried  in  1805,  which  has  much 
benefited  the  island.  This  island  is  about  15  m 
sq.,  and  is  fertile  in  rice,  fruits,  and  sugar-canes 
It  has  subterraneous  temples  cut  out  of  the  rock, 
in  the  manner  of  those  of  Elephanta.  In  1773  tlie 
English  conquered  it  from  the  Mahrattas  ;  and  it 
has  proved  a  valuable  acquisition  to  Bombay, 
which  formerly  depended  on  foreign  supplies  for 
its  subsistence.  Chief  town  Tanna. 

Salt  Creek,  townships  in  Muskingum  Hock- 
ing and  Pickaway  Cos.,  Ohio. 

Salt  River,  a  stream  of  Kentucky,  flowing  into 
the  Ohio,  24  m.  below  Louisville;  a  river  of 
Missouri  flowing  into  the  Mississippi,100  m.  above 
St  Louis. 

Salla,  a  town  of  Tucuman,  of  great  resort  on 
account  of  the  large  quantities  of  corn,  meal,  wine 
salt,  cattle,  and  other  commodities,  which  are 
sent  hence  to  most  parts  of  Peru.  280  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  St.  Jago  del  Estero.  Long.  66.  30.  .,W  lat. 

24.  40.  S. 


BAL 


051 


SAM 


Saltash,  a  bofoagh  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  on  the 
Hide  of  a  steep  hill,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tamar 
6  m.  N.  W.  of  Plymouth,  220  W.  by  S  of  London. 

Saltcoats,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire, 
with  a  considerable  trade  in  salt  and  coal,  and 
also  in  ship-buildinar.  It  is  situate  on  the  frith 
of  Clyde,  5  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Irvine,  28  S.  W.  of 
Glasgow.     Long.  4.  45.  W.,  lat.  55.  40.  N. 

Salifieet,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  on  a  creek 
of  the  German  Ocean,  33  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Lincoln, 
158  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Salu,  p. v.  Madison  Co.  Illinois. 

Saluda,  a  river  of  S.  Carolina  joining  the  Con- 
garee  at  Columbia. 

Saluzzo,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  with  a  castle.  The  cathedral  is 
rfiagnificent  and  rich.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence near  the  Po.  24  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Turin. 

Salvador,  St.,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands.  See 
Guanakani. 

Salvador,  St.,  the  capital  of  Congo,  stands  on  a 
large  mountain,  the  summit  of  which  forms  a 
0  plain,  10  m.  in  circuit,  which  is  well  cultivated. 
^  The  city  has  12  churches  besides  the  cathedral  ; 
also  a  large  palace,  in  which  the  king  and  a  Por- 
luoruese  bishop  reside.  230  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Loango. 
Long.  14.  20.  E.,  lat.  5.  40.  S. 

Salvador,  St.,  a  city  of  Brazil,  capital  of  a  prov- 
ince of  Bahia,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  sev- 
eral forts.  The  cathedral  is  large ;  but  the  most 
superb  structure  in  the  city  is  the  grand  church 
of  the  ex-jesuits,  built  of  .European  marble,  and 
the  internal  part  exceedingly  rich.  The  houses 
are  two  or  three  stories  high,  and  built  of  stone. 
The  principal  streets  are  good,  but  the  generality 
are  narrow  and  dirty.  In  the  royal  square  are  the 
governor's  house,  the  mint,  and  the  public  offices ; 
and  along  the  beach  are  the  custom-house,  dock- 
yard, storehouses,  &,c.  There  are  many  gardens, 
full  of  a  great  variety  of  fruit-trees,  herbs,  and 
flowers.  The  chief  commodities  are  cotton,  su- 
gar, tobacco,  coffee,  gums,  wood,  hides,  tallow, 
and  train  oil.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at 
upwards  of  100,000.  It  is  seated  on  an  eminence, 
in  the  bay  of  All-Saints,  120  m.  S.  W.  of  Ser^rip- 
pe.     Long.  39.  30.  W.,  lat.  13.30.  S. 

Salvador  deJujui,  St.,  a  cit}'  of  Tucuman,  situ- 
ate at  the  foot  of  a  high  mountain,  on  a  river  of 
its  name,  which  flows  E.  to  the  Vermejo.  280 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  St.  Jagodel  Estero.  Long.  66.  20. 
W.,  lat.  24.  5.  S. 

Salvages,  small  uninhabited  islands,  lying  be- 
tween the  Canaries  and  Madeira,  27  leagues  N.  of 
Point  Nago  in  TeneriSe.  Long.  15.  54.  W.,  lat. 
30.  0.  N. 

Salvaterra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  inEstremadura, 
with  a  royal  palace,  seated  on  the  Tajo,  35.  m.  N. 
E.  of  Lisbon. 

Salvaterra,  a  strong  town  of  Portugal  in  Beira. 
It  was  tak^n  by  the  French  in  1704,  and  by  the 
allies  in  1705.  It  stands  on  the  frontiers  of  Spain, 
12  m.  N  N.  W.  of  Alcantara  and  37.  E.  by  S.  of 
Castel  Branco. 

SaJvatierra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Minho  7  m.  N.   E.of  Tuy. 

Salvatierra,  a.  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  seated 
on  the  Tormes,  23  m.  S.  of  Salamanca. 

Salvatierra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  St.  Adrian,  18  m  E.  N.  E. 
of  Vittoria. 

Salza,a.  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Magdeburg,  famous  for  its  salt-works. 
It  is  seated  near  the  Elbe,  12  in.  S.  S.  E  of 
Magdeburg. 


Salzburg;  a  province  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bavaria,  E.  by  Stiri^,  S. 
and  W.  by  Tyrol  md  Bavaria.  It  is  a  moun- 
tainous country,  but  pretty  fertile,  and  contains 
mines  of  copper,  silver,  and  iron.  It  was  formerly 
subject  to  an  archbishop,  who  was  a  prince  of  tlie 
empire  and  primate  of  Germany.  In  lcS()2  it  was 
made  an  electorate  and  given  to  the  grand  duke 
of  Tuscany  ;  incorporated  with  the  Aujslrian  states 
in  180G;  and  transferred  in  1809  to  Bavaria.  On 
the  fill  of  Napoleon  it  was  restored,  with  the  ex 
ception  of  a  part  of  its  territory,  to  Austria.  It 
now  comprises  an  area  of  2,800  square  miles,  with 
142,000  inhabitants. 

Salzburg,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  has 
a  strong  castle  on  a  mountain  and  two  noble  pal 
aoes.  The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  13,000 
The  cathedral  of  St.  Rupert  is  very  fine,  and 
contains  five  organs.  The  university  founded  in 
1G23  was  converted  in  1810  into  a  lyceum,  with 
a  theological  and  surgical  school.  Near  Salz- 
burg are  some  very  productive  salt-works.  The 
Frencli  became  masters  of  this  city  in  1800  and 
again  in  1805.  In  1818  upwards  of  100  houses 
were  destroyed  by  fire.  It  is  situate  between  three 
mountains,  on  both  sides  the  river  Salza,  4(5  m. 
S.  by  W.  of  Passau,  155  W.  by  S.  of  Vienna. 
Long.  13.  4.  E.,  lat.  47.  46.  N. 

Salzkoten,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  with 
a  good  salt-mine,  7  m.  S.  W  of  Paderborn. 

Salzusten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Lippe-Detmold,  with  a  salt  mine,  12  m.  N. 
W.  of  Detmold. 

Salzungen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Meiningen,  with  a  castle  called  Schnepfenburg, 
on  an  eminence,  and  several  salt-works.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Werra,  10  ni.  S.  of  Eisenach. 

Salzwedel,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
government  of  Magdeburg,  with  manufactures  of 
woolen,  linen,  and  cotton  ;  and  a  considerable 
trade  in  corn,  cattle,  and  hops.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Jeetze,  72  m.  E   of  Hamburgh. 

Samana,  an  island  of  the  W.  Indies,  on  the  N. 
E.  side  of  that  of  St.  Domingo,  from  which  it  is 
separated  on  the  VV.  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is 
33  miles  long  and  8  broad,  and  has  a  town  and  bay 
of  the  same  name  on  the  coast.  It  was  taken  by 
the  British  in  1808.  Long.  69.  20.  E.,  lat.  19.  10. 
N. 

Samandraki,  or  Samondrachi,  an  island  of  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  between  Stalimeni  and  the 
coast  of  Romania,  and  to  the  N.  of  the  isle  of  Im- 
bro.  It  is  17  m.  in  circumference,  and  has  a 
town  of  the  same  name,  with  a  spacious  harbour. 
Long.  25.  17.  E..  lat.  40.  34.  N. 

Samar,  or  Tendny, one  of  the  Philippine  islands, 
S.  E.  of  that  of  Luconia,  from  which  it  is  separat- 
ed by  a  strait.  It  is  320  miles  in  circumference, 
and  is  full  of  craggy  mountains,  among  which  are 
fertile  valleys. 

Samara,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  seated  on  the  Volga,  95  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Simbirsk. 

Samarang,  a  fortified  town  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  the  island  of  Java,  and  next  to  Batavia,  the 
most  considerable  settlement  in  the  island.  It 
stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
290  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Batavia.  Long.  110.  38.  E., 
lat.  6.  54.  S. 

Samarcand,  an  ancient  city  of  Asia,  formerly 
the  capital  of  Usbec  Tartary,  in  Bokharia,  wi'Ji  a 
castle  and  a  university.  It  was  the  birthplaco 
and  seat  of  Tamerlane  the  Great,  and  afterwards 
the  residence  of  a  Tartar  prince.    The  city  fall* 


SAM 


SAM 


■hort  of  its  ancient  splendor,  yet  is  still  very 
large,  and  fortified  with  strong  bulwarks  of  earth. 
The  houses  are  mostlj'  of  hardened  clay,  but 
some  are  of  stone,  from  quarries  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. The  silk-paper  made  here  is  in  great  re- 
quest, and  it  has  a  considerable  trade  in  excellent 
fruits.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sogd,  138  ni.  E.  by  N. 
of  Bokhara.     Long.  65.  15.  E.,  lat.  39.  40.  N. 

Samarof,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  government 
of  Tobolsk,  seated  on  the  Irtysh  13o  m.  N.  of 
Tobolsk. 

Samatan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain  ;  seated  on  the  Save, 
6  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Lombez. 

Samba,  a  sea-port  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the  prov- 
ince Carthaorena,  33  m.  N.  E.  of  Carthagcna. 
Long.  75. 16.  W.,  lat.  10.  45.  N. 

Samballas,  a  multitude  of  small  uninhabited  is- 
lands, on  the  N.  shore  of  the  isthmus  of  Daxien. 
Most  of  them  are  low,  flat,  and  sandy,  covered 
with  a  variety  of  trees,  and  abound  with  several 
l^inds  of  shell  fish  ;  some  few  afford  springs  of 
fresh  water.     Long.  73.  25.  W.,  lat.  9.  2fi.  N. 

Sambas,  a  town  of  Borneo,  near  the  W.  coast, 
inhabited  by  pirates,  against  whom  a  British  force 
was  sent  out  in  1812  and  1813,  which  proved 
completly  successful.  In  its  vicinity  diamond 
mines  are  found.     Long.  109. 0.  E.,  lat.  2.  20.  N. 

Samhor,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  its  name,  seated  on  a  large  plain,  on  the 
Dniester,  46  m.  S.  W.  of  Lemberg. 

Sambre,  a  river  which  rises  in  Picardy,  flows 
by  Landrecy,  Maubeuge,  Thun,  and  Charleroy, 
and  joins  the  Meuse  at  Namur. 

Samiri,  a  town  of  Asiatic,  Turkey,  in  Irac  Ara- 
bi,  on  the  Tigris,  70  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Bagdad. 

Samisnt,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  san- 
giacate  of  Marasch,  on  the  Euphrates,  30  m.  E. 
of  Marasch. 

Samogltia,  a  county  in  the  N.  W.  of  Prussian 
Lithuania,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Courland,S.  by 
Russia  proper,  and  W.  by  the  Baltic.  It  is  full  of 
forests  and  high  mountains,  which  feed  a  great 
number  of  cattle,  and  produce  abundance  of  hon- 
ey. Here  are  also  very  active  horses,  in  high  es- 
teem. The  inhabitants  are  clownish,  but  honest ; 
and  they  will  not  allow  a  young  woman  to  go 
out  in  the  night  without  a  candle  in  her  hand  and 
two  bells  at  her  girdle. 

Samos,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
on  the  coast  of  Natolia,  about  32  m.  long  and  22 
broad,  and  extremely  fertile.  It  contains  two 
ranges  of  lofty  mountains,  between  which  are 
rich  and  well  cultivated  plains,  producing  abun- 
dance of  grain,  melons,  lentils,  kidney  beans,  and 
excellent  muscadine  grapes  ;  also  white  figs,  four 
times  as  big  as  the  common  sort,  but  not  so  well 
tasted.  The  silk  is  very  fine,  and  the  honey  and 
wax  admirable.  The  island  abounds  with  par- 
tridges, woodcocks,  snipes,  thrushes,  wood  pi- 
geons, turtle  doves,  wheatears,  and  excellent 
poultry.  It  has  emery,  stone,  and  iron  mines, 
and  most  of  the  soil  is  of  a  rusty  colour.  All  the 
mountains  are  of  white  marble.  Their  bishop 
resides  at  Corea.  The  principal  harbour  is  that 
of  Vati. 

Samoyedes,  once  a  numerous  and  powerful  na- 
tion of  Tartary.  They  are  now  dispersed;  some 
of  them  are  found  in  small  detached  bodies  among 
the  mountains  to  the  W.  of  Lake  Baikal  ;  others 
fire  supposed  to  be  within  the  Chinese  frontiers  : 
others  are  scattered  among  the  deserts  which  ex- 
tend along  the  Frozen  Ocean  ;  and  some  nearly 
as  far  to  the   W.  as  Archangel.     The  Samoyedes 


have  a  large  head,  a  flat  face,  high  cheek  bones 
small  eyes,  a  wide  mouth,  a  yellow  complexion, 
straight  black  hair,  and  a  little  or  no  beard  :  they 
still  preserve  the  manners  of  a  pastoral  people, 
and  retain  the  use  of  moveable  habitations,  with 
which  they  wander  from  place  to  place.  They 
neither  have,  nor  appear  ever  to  have  had,  any 
kind  of  a  regular  government.  Their  traditional 
songs  mention  only  certain  heroes,  who  in  better 
times,  led  their  ancestors  to  battle.  These  songs 
form  their  principal  amusements  :  but  the  exploits 
they  celebrate,  are  never  likely  to  be  renewed. 

Samptown,  a  villgage  of  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J.  13 
m.  S.  VV.  Eiizabethtown. 

Sampson,  a  county  of  N.  Carolinia.  Pop. 
11,768.     Clinton  is  the  capital. 

Sam's  Creek,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryland. 

Sonisoe,  an  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  E.  coast 
of  N.  Jutland,  12  m.  long  and  3  broad,  and  very 
fertile.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
inhabitants  carrv  on  some  commerce  in  small  ves- 
sels.    Long.  10." 33.  E.,  lat.  56.  2.  N. 

Samson,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Euro,  on  the  Rille,  5  m.  N.  of  Pont  Audemer. 

Samson,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Angers. 

San,  a  river  of  Austrian  Poland,  which  rises  in 
the  Carpathian  Mountains,  in  Hungary,  and  falls 
into  the  Vistula  near  Sandomir.  It  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Austrian  Galicia  and  Rus- 
sian Poland. 

Sana,  a  city  of  Arabia,  capital  of  Yemen,  with 
a  castle  on  a  hill,  in  which  are  two  palaces.  The 
city,  properly  so  called,  is  not  very  populous  ;  for 
gardens  occupy  a  part  of  the  space  within  the 
walls,  which  are  4  m.  in  circuit,  and  contain  seven 
gates.  Here  are  a  number  of  mosques,  some  of 
them  built  by  Turkish  pachas  ;  also  several  pala- 
ces, 12  public  baths,  and  some  large  caravanseras. 
Fruits  are  very  plenteous,  particularly  grapes ; 
and  the  exportation  of  raisins  is  considerable,  one 
kind  of  which  is  without  stones.  The  city  stands 
near  the  source  of  a  river,  which  flows  S.  into  the 
Arabian  Sea,  and  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Nikkum 
on  which  are  to  be  seen  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  said 
to  have  been  builtby  Shem.  It  is 2-50  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Mocha,  490  S.  E.  of  Mecca.  Long.  45.  10.  E., 
lat.  15.  24.  N. 

Sana,  or  Zana,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  name.  It  is  situate  in  a  valley, 
fertile  in  fruit  and  corn,  and  adorned  with  the 
most  beautiful  flowers,  whence  it  has  been  some- 
times, called  Mirofloris.  90  m.  N.  of  Truxillo. 
Long.  78.  30.  W.,  lat.  40.  35.  N. 

Sanashygotta,  a  flourishing  town  of  Bengal ; 
seated  on  the  Mahanuddy,  165  m.  N.  of  Moorshed- 
abad. 

San  Bias,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Mexico,  on  the, 
Pacific  Ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Santiago. 
Lat.  21.  33.  N. 

Sanhorntoion,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  25  m.  N 
W.Portsmouth.     Pop.  2,866. 

Sancerra,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher, 
seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the  Loire,  22  m,  N 
W.  of  Nevers,  110  N.  of  Paris. 

Sancian,  an  island  gf  China,  on  the  coast  of 
Quang-tong,  40  m.  in  circunriference,  famous  for 
being  the  burying  place  of  Francis  Xavier,  whose 
tomb  is  to  be  seen  on  a  small  hill. 

Sancoins,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher, 
seated  on  the  Argent,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Nevers. 

Sanda,  or  Sanday,  one  of  the  Orkney  islands, 
about  12  m.  in  length,  but  of  an  irregular  form, 
and  seldom  above  a  m.  in  breadth.     It  lies  N  <jf 


BAN 


653 


SAN 


that  of  Stronsaj,  froin  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel.  Much  kelp  is  made  here  in 
summer,  and  it  feeds  many  sheep  and  beeves. 
On  the  Start  Point  is  alight-house.  Long.  2.  15. 
W.,  lat.  59.  21.  N. 

Sanda,  a  small  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scot- 
land, near  the  Mull  of  Cantyre,  famed  for  having 
been  the  rendezvous  of  the  Danish  fleets  during 
their  expeditions  to  the  western  coasts.  On  it 
are  tlie  remains  of  a  chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Co- 
lumba. 

Sandbach,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a  manufac- 
ture of  silk.     162  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Sfindec,  Aiejc,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  capi- 
tal of  a  circle  of  its  name  which  is  covered  with 
extensive  forests.  44  m.  S.  W.  of  Cracow. — 6. 
m.  farther  N.  is  Old  Sandec,  which  is  now  a  small 
place. 

Sanders,  p.v.  Grant  Co.  Ken.  50  m.  N.  £. 
Frankfort  ;  p.v.  Limestone  Co.  Alab. 

Sawlersrille,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Geo.  30  m. 
S.  E.  Milledgeville.  Pop.  2.327. 

Sandford,  p.v.  Broome  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  931. 

Sandgate,  a  township  of  Bennington  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  93.J. 

Sandisfie'd,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  112  m. 
S.W.Boston.     Pop.  1,655. 

Sandhem,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Upland,  where  all  vessels  to  and  from 
Stockholm  are  examined.  10.  m.  E.  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Sandislon,  a  township  of  Sussex  Co.  N.  Y. 

Sando,  an  island  of  Japan,  87  m.  in  circum- 
ference, on  the  N.  coast  of  Niphon  ;  with  a  town 
of  the  same  name.  Long.  139.  30.  £.,  lat.  38. 
35.  N. 

Sandomir,  a  strong  town  of  Poland,  capital  of  a 
palatinate  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  a 
steep  rock,  and  several  colleges.  It  is  seated  on 
a  hill,  on  the  Vistula,  75  m.  L.  bv  N.  of  Cracow 
and  112  S.  by  E.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  22.  0.  E., 
lat.  50.  21.  N. 

Sandomir,  a  palatinate  of  Poland,  bounded  on 
one  part  by  the  Vistula,  on  another  by  the  Pilica 
and  the  palatinate  of  Cracow.  It  contains,  ac- 
cording to  the  territorial  division  of  1815,  4,700 
square  m.  with  448,000  inhabitants. 

Sandomir,  the  capital  of  the  above  palatinate, 
is  seated  on  the  Vistula,  108  m.  S.  by  E.  of  War- 
saw. 

Sandawn,  a  village  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  2  m. 
S.  of  Brading.  It  stands  on  a  bay  of  its  name, 
and  has  a  fort  erected  by  Henry  VIII.,  which 
maintains  a  small  garrison. 

Sandogal,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  seated 
on  the  Coa  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Guarda. 

Sandover,  p.v.  Abbeville  Dis.  S.  C.  90  m.  W. 
Columbia. 

Sandover,  a  township  of  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H. 
23  ni  W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  553. 

Sandlown,  p.v.  Kershaw  Dis.  S.  C. 

SaiM^M-sA-j/,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  2,881.  Low- 
er Sandusky  is  the  capital. 

Sandusky  river,  a  stream  of  Ohio  flowing  into 
the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie.     At  its  mouth  it  ex- 

fands  into  a  bay  20  m.  in  length  and  3  to  4  broad, 
t  has  a  rapid  current  and  is  navigable. 
Sajulusky  city,  p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio,  on  Sandus- 
ky Bay.  Pop.  591.  This  is  one  of  the  chiet 
points  of  communication  between  the  state  of  New 
York  and  the  towns  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
by  the  way  of  Lake  Erie.  It  has  the  best  har- 
bour on  the  American  side  of  the  lake,  and  main- 
tains a  constant  intercourse  with  Buffalo  and 


Detroit,  by  steam-boats.  Ship  building  is  carried 
on  to  a  considerable  extent,  and  the  town  has 
already  become  a  place  of  active  trade.  A  turn- 
pike is  in  progress  to  Columbus. 

Sandusky,  a  township  of  Richland  Co.  Ohio 
Pop.  588. 

Sandvliet,  a  town  of  Belgium  in  the  province  of 
Antwerp,  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  12  m.  N.  W.  of 
Antwerp. 

Sandwich,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  is  one  of 
the  cinque-ports,  and  walled  round  ;  but  the  walls 
are  greatly  decayed,  and  only  one  of  the  gates  is 
standing.  Its  trade  is  much  diminished,  the 
river  Stour,  on  which  it  is  seated,  being  so  r.hokefl 
up  with  sand  as  to  admit  only  small  ves.sels.  68 
m.  E.  by  S.  of  London. 

Sandwich,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  near  Lake 
Winipisiogee.  Pop.  2,743 ;  p.t.  Barnstable  Co. 
Mass.  on  Cape  C«»d.  54  m.  S.  E.  Boston.  Pop. 
3,367. 

Sandwich  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  near  the  W.  coast  of  New  Ireland.  Long 
149.  17.  E.,  lat.  2.  53.  S. 

Sandwich  Island,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Long.  168.  33.  E.,  lat.  17. 
41.  S. 

Sandwich  Islands,  a  group  of  islands  in  the  N. 
Pacific,  discovered  by  Cook  in  1778.  They  are  11 
in  number,  extending  from  18.  54.  to  22.  15.  N. 
lat.,  and  from  150.  54.  to  160.  24.  W.  long.  They 
are  called  by  the  natives,  Owhyee,  Mowee,  Ranai, 
Morotoi,  Tahoorowa,  Woahoo,  Atooi,  Neeheehou 
Oneehoua,  Morotinnee,  and  Takoora ;  all  inhab- 
ited except  the  last  two.  The  climate  differs  lit- 
tle from  that  of  the  W.  Indies  in  the  same  lati- 
tude ;  but  there  are  no  traces  of  those  violent 
winds  wjiich  render  the  stormy  months  in  the 
W.  Indies  so  dreadful.  There  is  also  more  rain 
at  the  Sandwich  isles.  The  v  getable  produc- 
tions are  nearly  the  same  as  those  of  the  other 
islands  in  this  ocean  ;  but  the  taro  root  is  here  of 
a  superior  quality.  The  breadfruit  trees  are  not 
in  such  abundance  as  in  the  plains  of  Otaheite, 
but  produce  double  the  quantity  of  fruit.  The 
sugar  canes  are  of  a  very  unusual  size,  some  of 
them  measuring  eleven  inches  in  circumference, 
and  having  fourteen  feet  eatable.  There  is  also 
a  root  of  a  brown  colour,  shaped  like  a  yam,  and 
from  6  to  10  pounds  in  weight,  the  juice  of  which 
is  an  excellent  substitute  for  sugar.  The  quad- 
rupeds are  hogs,  dogs,  and  rats.  The  fowls  arf. 
of  the  common  sort ;  the  birds  beautiful  and  nu 
merous,  though  not  various.  Goats,  pigs,  and 
European  seeds  were  left  by  captain  Cook,  but 
the  possession  of  the  goats  soon  gave  rise  to  a 
contest  between  two  districts,  in  which  the  breed 
was  destroyed.  The  inhabitants  are  of  the  same 
race  with  those  of  the  islands  S.  of  the  equator ; 
and  in  their  persons,  language,  and  manners,  ap 
proach  nearer  to  the  New  Zealanders  than  to  thei/ 
less  distant  neighbours,  either  of  the  Society  or 
Friendly  Islands.  They  are  in  general  above 
the  middle  size,  and  well  made  ;  they  walk  grace- 
fully, run  nimbly,  and  are  capable  of  bearing 
great  fatigue.  Many  of  both  sexes  have  fine 
open  countenances ;  and  the  women,  in  particu- 
lar, have  good  eyes  and  teeth,  with  an  engaging 
sweetness  and  sensibility  of  look.  There  is  one 
peculiarity  characteristic  of  every  part  of  the  na- 
tion, that  even  in  the  handsomest  faces  there  is  a 
fulness  of  the  nostril,  without  any  flatness  or 
spreading  of  the  nose.  The  dress  of  both  men 
and  women  nearly  resembles  those  of  New  Zea- 
land, and  both  sexes  wear  necklaces  of  small  t»> 
3i3 


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654 


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negated  shells.    Tattooing  the  body  was  former- 
rv  practised  by  every  colony  of  this  nation.    The 




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Aands  and  arms  of  the  women  were  very  neatly 
marked,  and  they  had  the  singular  custom  of  ta- 
looing  the  tip  of  the  tongue.  They  lived  in  vil- 
lages, containing  from  100  to  200  houses,  built 
closely  together,  without  any  order,  and  having 
ft  winding  path  between  them.  Towards  the  sea 
Ihey  were  generally  flanked  with  detached  walls 
intended  both  for  shelter  and  defence.  Some  of 
the  houses  were  from  40  to  50  feet  long,  and  from 
20  to  30  broad  ;  others  were  mere  hovels.  The 
food  of  the  lower  class  still  consists  principally  of 
fish  and  vegetables,  to  which  the  people  of  high- 
er rank  add  the  flesh  r)f  hogs  and  dogs.  The 
making  of  canoes,  mats,  &c.,  formed  the  occupa- 
tions of  the  men  ;  the  women  were  employed  in 
manufacturing  cloth,  and  the  servants  principal- 
ly engaged  in  the  plantations  and  fishing.  They 
had  various  amusements,  such  as  dancing,  boxing, 
wrestling,  &.c.,  all  of  which  have  now  entirely 
ceased.  The  bottoms  of  their  canoes  are  of  a  sin- 
gle piece  of  wood,  hollowed  out  to  the  thickness 
of  an  inch,  and  brought  to  a  point  at  each  end  ; 
the  sides  consist  of  three  boards,  each  about  an 
inch  thick,  neatly  fitted  and  lashed  to  the  bot- 
tom part.  Some  of  their  double  canoes  measure 
70  feet  in  length,  three  and  a  half  in  depth,  and 
12  in  breadth.  The  government  is  monarchical 
and  hereditary.  The  same  system  of  subordina- 
tion prevails  here  as  at  the  other  islands  ;  abso- 
lute authority  on  the  part  of  the  chiefs,  and  unre- 
sisting submission  on  the  part  of  the  people.  So 
long  as  idolatry  prevailed  here,  human  sacrifices 
were  frequent ;  not  only  the  commencement  of  a 
war,  or  signal  enterprise,  but  tlie  denth  of  any 
considerable  chief  called  for  a  repetition  of  tliese 
horrid  rites.  From  their  intercourse  with  Chris- 
tians they  had  renounced  idolatry  before  any  mis- 
sionaries were  settled  among  them  ;  and  of  late 
years  they  have  made  great  advances  in  civiliza- 
tion. They  live  in  the  utmost  harmony  with  each 
other ,  and  in  hospitality  to  strangers  tliey  are 
not  exceeded  even  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Friendly  Islands.  Their  natural  capacity  seems 
in  no  respect  below  the  common  standard  of  man- 
kind. 

Sandwich  Land,  a  desolate  country  in  the  south- 
ern ocean,  to  the  S.  E.  of  the  island  of  Georgia. 
The  mountains  are  of  a  vast  height,  their  sum- 
mits wrapped  m  clouds,  and  their  bases  covered 
with  snow  to  the  vrnter's  edge.  Thule,  the 
southern  extremity  of  Sandwicn  Land,  seen  by 
Cook  in  1775,  lies  in  27.  45.  W.  long,  and  59.  54. 
P    lat.     This  was  the  greatest  S.  lat.  of  land  then 


known,    on     which    account    it    received     the 
name  of  Southern  Thule. 

Sandy,  a  township  of  Stark  Co.  Ohio.  Pop 
909.  A  township  in  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio  Pop. 
765. 

Sandy  Bay,  p.v.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  adjoining 
Gloucester  on  Cape  Ann. 

Sandy  Creek,  a  township  of  Mercer  Co.  Pa. 

Sandy  Fork,  p.v.  Mecklenburg  Co.  Va. 

Sandy  Hill,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  ne.ar 
the  junction  of  the  Champlain  Canal  with  the 
Hudson. 

Sandy  Grove,  p.v.  Chatham  Co.  N.  C. 

Sandy  Hook,  a  peninsula,  on  the  coast  of  New 
Jersey,  in  Monmouth  Co.  On  the  N.  point  is  a 
lighthouse,  100  feet  high.  7  m.  S.  of  the  W. 
end  of  Lontr  Island.  Long.  74.  2.  W.  lat.  40.  30. 
N. 

Sandy  Hook,  p.v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va. 

Sandy  Lake,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  about  25  ra 
in  circuit,  not  far  from  the  source  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.    Lat.  46.  9.  N. 

Sandy  I^kc,  a  township  of  Mercer  Co.  Pa.  * 

Sandy  Mount,  p.v.  Baltimore  Co.  Md.  ;  p.v. 
Greenville  Co.  Va. 

Sandy  Point,  a  seaport  of  St.  Christopher,  on 
the  N.  W.  side  of  the  island,  in  Figtree  Bay,  de- 
fended by  two  forts.  Lon.  63.  28.  W.,  lat.  17.  20. 
N. 

Sandy  River,  a  river  in  the  state  of  Maine, 
which  runs  into  the  Kennebeck,  6  m.  above 
Norridgewock. 

Sandy  River,  Big,  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
Laurel  Mountains,  and  forms  part  of  the  bounda- 
ry between  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  It  falls  into 
the  Ohio,  40  m.  above  the  Scioto. 

Sandy  Spring,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Md. , 
p.v.  Adams  Co.  Ohio.     110  m.  S.  Columbus. 

Sandytown,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

Sandyville,  p.v.  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio. 

Sanen,  or  Gessenay,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Bern,  with  a  castle,  situate  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Thun. 

Sanford,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.     Pop.  2,327. 

Saaaamon,  a  river  of  Illinois,  rising  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  state  and  flowing  into  the  Illinois. 

Sangamon,  a  county  of  Illinois,  on  the  above 
river.     Pop.  12,960.     Springfield  is  the  capital. 

San'rerfield,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  15  m.  S. 
Utica.     Pop.  2,272. 

Sangervilln,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me.    Pop.  776. 

Sangerhausen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in 
Thuringia,  with  a  castle,  seated  near  the  Harlz 
mountams,  14  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Stolberg. 

Sanguesa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  32  m. 
S.  E.  of  Pamplona. 

Sanky,  a  village  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  2  m.  W., 
of  Warrington.  It  is  a  place  of  traffic,  being  seat- 
ed near  the  Mersey,  from  which  it  has  a  canal  to 
the    various  works  in  the  vicinity  of  St.   Helens. 

San  Marino,  a  small  republic  of  Italy.  It  is  en- 
closed in  the  states  of  the  Church,  amon^  the  Ap- 
ennines, and  contains  22  sq.  m.  and  7,000  inhab- 
itants. The  soil  produces  wine  and  corn.  The 
capital  is  San  Marino,  a  small  town  on  the  sum- 
mit, of  a  mountain.  This  republic  is  under  the 
protection  of  the  Pope.  It  has  existed  for  1,300 
years.  The  government  is  a  mixture  of  aristoc- 
racy and  democracy. 

Sanore,  a  district  of  Hindoostan,  lying  to  the  S. 
of  Visiapour  and  N.  of  Mysore.  It  was  ceded  to 
the  Mahrattas  in  1792. 

Sarwre,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  capi 
tal  of  the  above  district,  seated  on  the  left  bank  ot 


SAN 


655 


SAR 


the  Toom,  15  m  before  its  junction  with  the  Ni- 
pouden  to  form  the  Tunijebadra.  On  the  opposite 
bank  is  another  town  called  Sanore  Bancapour. 
It  is  lOa  ra.  N  hy  W.  Chitteldroog  and  130  S.  by 
E.  of  Visiapour. 

Siuiquhar,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, with  a  ruined  castle,  once  the  residence  of 
the  Crichton  family.  It  has  a  trade  in  coal  and 
manufactures  of  carpets  and  cottons.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Nith,  27  ni.  N.  W.  of  Dumfries  and  53.  S. 
W.  of  Edinburgh. 

Stinladla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  24  m. 
S.  of  Cordova. 

&iiUa  Fe,  the  chief  town  of  New  Mexico,  seated 
on  the  Rio  del  Norte.  It  was  founded  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  17  century.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
fertile  territory,  and  has  lately  become  a  great 
mart  for  the  trade  between  the  Mexican  provinces 
and  the  United  States.  This  traflBc  is  carried  on 
by  caravans  of  mules  and  horse  wagons  which  pro- 


ceed generally  from  St.  Louis  in  Missouri.  They 
carry  to  Santa  Fe  manufactured  goods,  tobacco, 
spirits,  &c.  and  receive  specie  and  bullion  in  re- 
turn. Santa  Fe  is  1,020  m.  W.  New  Orleans. 
1,131  N.  N.  W.  Mexico.  Lat.  36.  12.  N.  Long. 
104.  52.  W.     Pop.  4,000. 

Santander,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Astu- 
rias,  capital  of  a  small  district  of  its  name,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  The  harbour  is  good,  and  large 
enough  to  contain  a  numerous  fleet,  defended  by 
two  castles,  and  a  mole  that  advances  into  the  sea. 
It  is  11  m.  N.  E.  of  Santillana.  Long.  3. 37.  W., 
lat.  43.  27.  N. 

Santarem,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
with  a  citadel  on  a  mountain  ;  seated  on  the  river 
Tajo,  in  a  country  fertile  in  wheat,  wine,  and  oil, 
55  m.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Long.  8.  20.  W.,  lat.  39. 
18.  N. 

Santee,  a  river  of  S.  Carolina,  the  largest  and 
longest  in  that  state.  It  enters  the  ocean  by  two 
mouths,  a  little  S.  of  Georgetown.  About  120  m. 
from  its  mouth  it  branches  into  the  Congaree  and 
Wateree  :  the  latter,  which  is  the  N.  branch,  bears 
name  of  the  Catawba  River,  from  this  settlement 
to  its  source. 

Snnten,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Cleve  ;  seated  on  the  Rhine,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Cleve. 

Sintianes,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  17  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Oviedo. 

Santillana,  a  town  of  Spain,  seated  in  a  fruitful 
vallev,near  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  96  m.  E.  of  Oviedo 
and  200  N.  of  Madrid.  Long.  3.  58.  W.,  lat  43. 
23.  N. 

Santorin,  the  ancient  Thera,  an  island  of  the 
Grecian  Archipelago,  to  the  S.  of  Nio.  It  is  in 
the  form  of  a  crescent,  10  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and 
from  one  to  four  in  breadth.  Between  its  two 
points,  to  complete  the  circle,  are  the  small  islands 
of  Therasia,  and  Aspronisi;  and  within  these  are 


three  other  islands,  between  which  and  Santoiin 
is  a  road  for  ships  ;  but  it  affords  no  anchorage,  on 
account  of  its  depth  in  some  places,  and  rocky 
bottom  in  others.  All  these  island  are  of  volcanic 
origin,  but  the  three  interior  ones  are  evidently 
of  much  later  date.  Santorin.in  proportion  to  its 
extent,  is  the  richest  and  most  populous  island  of 
the  Archipelago.  There  are  two  bishops ;  the  one 
Latin,  whose  see  is  Scauro,  and  the  other  Greek, 
whose  residence  is  at  Pirgos,  near  the  middle  of 
the  island.  The  soil  is  very  dry,  and  far  from  fer- 
tile ;  but  it  produces  plenty  of  barley,  cotton,  and 
wine,  in  which,  and  the  cotton  manufactures,  its 
trade  consists  Fruit  is  scarce,  except  figs,  and  it 
has  only  cistern  water.  The  inhabitants,  about 
12,000  in  number,  are  almost  all  Greeks.  Scauro 
is  the  capital. 

Santos,  a  sea-port  of  Brazil,  on  an  island,  called 
Amiaz,  on  the  W.side  of  ttje  entrance  into  Santos 
Bay.  It  is  defended  by  a  rampart  and  two  cas- 
tles. The  town  of  St.  Vincent  stands  >jn  the 
same  island,  which  is  18  m.  in  circuit.  .10  m. 
from  the  sea  and  190  S.  W.  of  St.  Sebastian. 
Long.  46.  30.  W.,  lat.  24.  15.  S. 

Saone,  a  large  navigable  river  of  France,  which 
rises  in  the  Vosges  Mountains,  and,  after  a  course 
of  about  200  m.  falls  into  the  Rhone  at  Lyons. 

Saone,  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  former  province  of  Franche  Comte  ; 
bounded  N.  by  the  department  of  Vosges,  and  E. 
bv  that  of  Upper  Rhine.  It  comprises  an  area  of 
2',500  square  m.  with  312,000  inhabiUnts.  The 
capital  is  Vesoul. 

Saone-el- Loire,  a  department  of  France,  includ- 
ing part  of  the  former  province  of  Burgundy, 
bounded  by  the  departments  of  Jura,  Rhone,  and 
Allier,  and  comprising  an  area  of  3,500  square  m. 
with  471,000  inhabitants.  It  is  named  from  two 
rivers,  which  flow  through  it  in  different  direc- 
tions.    Macon  is  the  capital. 

Saorgio,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  the 
county  of  Nice,  situate  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  which 
is  nearly  enclosed  by  the  Roia  and  the  Bendola. 
On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Roia  is  a  sharp  rock, 
completely  insulated,  with  an  ancient  fortress  on 
the  summit,  and  near  the  town  is  a  strong  fort. 
Saorgio  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794.  19  m. 
N.  E.  ofNice. 

Sapienza,  three  small  islands,  and  a  cape,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  near  the  S.  coast  of  the  Morea. 
The  largest  island  was  formerly  called  Sphacteria, 
and  is  famous  in  ancient  history  for  a  victory  ob- 
tained by  the  Athenians  over  the  Lacedemonians. 
Long.  21.  35.  E.,  lat.  36.  50.  N. 

Saracens,  a  people  celebrated  some  centuries 
ago,  who  came  from  the  deserts  of  Arabia  :  sarra 
in  their  language  signifying  a  desert.  They  were 
the  flrst  disciples  of  Mahomet,  and,  within  40  years 
after  his  death,  conquered  a  great  part  of  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Europe.  They  kept  possession  of 
Spain  till  1511,  when  they  were  expelled.  For  a 
long  time  they  maintained  a  war  in  the  Holy  Land 
against  the  Western  Christians,  and  at  length 
drove  them  out  of  it.  There  are  now  no  people 
known  by  this  name  ;  for  the  descendants  of  those 
who  conquered  Spain  are  called  Moors. 

Saragossa,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  Arragon, 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  university.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  built  by  the  PhoBnicianb,and  the 
Romans  sent  a  colony  hither  in  the  reign  of  Au 
gustus,  whence  it  had  the  name  of  Csesarea  Au- 
gusta, which  by  corruption  has  been  changed  into 
Saragossa.  Before  this  city  was  taken  by  the 
French,  in  1809,  there  wer«-^nany  magniflcent 


SAR 


656 


SAA 


bni.din^,  17  large  churches,  and  14  handsome 
convents,  besit.es  others  less  considerable.  The 
Ebro  runs  through  the  city,  dividing  it  into  two 
parts ;  and  on  its  banks  is  a  handsome  quay,  which 
serves  for  a  public  walk.  The  Holy  Street  is  the 
largest,  and  so  broad  that  it  may  be  taken  for  a 
square.  The  cathedral  is  a  spaicious  Gothic  build- 
ing; but  the  finest  church  is  that  of  Nuestra  Sen- 
ora  del  Pilar,  and  a  place  of  the  greatest  devotion 
in  Spain.  They  tell  us  that  the  Virgin,  while  yet 
living,  appeared  to  St.  James,  who  was  preaching 
the  gospel,  and  left  him  her  image,  with  a  hand- 
some pillar  of  jasper.  This  image  stands  on  a 
marble  pillar,  with  a  little  Jesus  in  her  arms,  or- 
namented with  a  profusion  of  gold  and  jewels, 
«nd  illuminated  by  a  multitude  ot"  lamps  and  wax 
lights.  The  town-house  is  a  sumptuous  struc- 
ture ;  and  in  the  hall  are  the  pictures  of  all  the 
kings  of  Arragon.  Saragossa  has  no  manufactures, 
and  but  little  trade.  It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain 
(where  the  Ebro  receives  two  other  rivers),  which 
produces  ail  kinds  of  fruit  in  great  abundance. 
A  victory  was  obtained  here  over  the  French  and 
Spaniards  in  1710,  but  it  was  abandoned  by  the 
allies  soon  after.  Saragossa  is  also  celebrated  for 
the  brave  defence  it  made  under  general  Palafox, 
when  besieged  by  the  French  in  1808-9.  180 
m.  N.  E.  ofMadrid.    Pop.  41,000. 

Saranac,  a  small  river  of  N.  Y.  flowing  into 
Lake  Champlain  at  Plattsburg. 

Saratof,  a  government  of  Russia,  lying  along 
both  sides  of  the  Wolga,  and  having  on  one  side 
the  country  of  Astracan  and  on  the  other  that  of 
the  Don  Cossacks.  The  extent  is  estimated  at 
91,000  sq.  m  witii  a  pop.  not  exceeding  1,000,000. 
It  is  divided  into  12  districts,  of  which  that  of  the 
same  name  is  the  principal. 

Saratof,  the  capital  of  the  above  government, 
is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and  is  neatly  built,  chiefly 
of  wood.  The  inhabitants  (about  5,000)  have  a 
brisk  trade  in  fish,  caviar,  salt,  &c.  It  is  seated 
on  the  side  of  a  mountain  near  the  Wolga,  374 
ni.  N.  by  W.  of  Astracan.  Long.  46.  1.  E.,  lat. 
51.  32.  N. 

Saratoga,  a  count}'  of  N.  Y.  Pop.  36,61 6.  Balls- 
ton  is  the  capital.  Also  a  p.t.  in  the  same  Co.  35 
m.  N.  Albany.  Pop.  2,461.     Here  General  Bur- 

foyne  surrendered  his  army  to  Gen.  Gates.  Oct. 
7,  )777. 
Saratoga  Springs,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  39 
m.  N.  Albany.  Pop.  2,204.  In  this  town  and  the 
neighbourhood  are  situated  those  mineral  springs 
which  draw  to  this  quarter  in  summer,  crowds  of 
visitors  from  all  quarters  of  the  country.  The 
village  18  iofated  on  an  elevated  spot  of  ground, 
surrounded  by  a  productive  plain  country,  and 
enjoys  the  advantage  of  a  salubrious  air  and  cli- 
mate, contributing  much  to  the  health  and  benefit 
of  its  numerous  visitants.  The  springs,  so  justly 
celebrated  for  their  medicinal  virtues,  are  situated 
on  the  margin  of  a  vale,  bordering  the  village  on 
the  east,  and  are  a  continuation  of  a  ciiain  of 
springs  discovering  themselves  about  12  m.  to  the 
south,  in  the  town  of  Ballston,  and  extending 
easterly,  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  to  the  Quaker 
village.  In  the  immediate  vii'.iity  are  10  or  12 
springs,  the  principal  of  which  are  the  Congress, 
tne  IfamiU.on,  the  High  Rock,  the  Columbian,  the 
Flat  Rock,  the  Washington  and  the  President. 
About  a  mile  east,  are  found  a  cluster  of  mineral 
springs  which  go  by  the  name  of  the  Ten  Springs. 
The  Congress  Spring  is  owned  by  Doct.  John 
Clarke ;  to  whose  liberality  the  public  are  much 
{ndubted  for  the  recent  improvements  that  have 


been  made  in  the  grounds  adjoining  the  fountain, 
and  the  purity  in  which  its  waters  are  preserved. 
This  spring  was  first  discovered  about  30  years 
since,  issuing  from  a  crevice  in  the  rock,  a  few 
feet  from  its  present  location.  Here  it  flowed  for 
A  number  of  years,  until  an  attempt  to  improve 
the  surface  around  it  produced  an  accidental  ob- 
struction of  its  waters,  which  afterwards  made 
their  appearance  at  the  place  where  they  now 
flow.  It  is  enclosed  by  a  tube  sunk  into  the 
earth  to  the  distance  of  12  or  14  feet,  which 
secures  it  from  the  water  of  the  stream,  adjoining 
to  which  it  is  situated.  Besides  a  handsome  en- 
closure and  platform  for  promenading,  the  pro- 
prietor has  thrown  an  awning  over  the  spring  for 
the  convenience  of  visitants. 

The  High  Rock  is  situated  on  the  west  side 
of  the  valley,  skirting  the  east  side  of  the  village, 
about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  Congress.  The 
rock  enclosing  this  spring  is  in  the  shape  of  a 
cone,  9  feet  in  diameter  at  its  base,  and  5  feet  in 
height.  It  seems  to  have  been  formed  by  a  con- 
cretion of  particles  thrown  up  by  the  water,  which 
formerly  flowed  over  its  summit  through  an  aper- 
ture of  about  12  inches  in  diameter,  regularly  di- 
verging from  the  top  of  the  cone  to  its  base.  This 
spring  was  visited  in  the  year  1767  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Johnson,  but  was  known  long  before  by  the 
Indians,  who  were  first  led  to  it,  either  by  acci- 
dent or  by  the  frequent  haunts  of  beasts,  attracted 
thither  by  the  saline  properties  of  the  water.  A 
building  was  erected  near  the  spot  previous  to  the 
revolutionary  war;  afterwards  abandoned,  and 
again  resumed  ;  since  which  the  usefulness  of  the 
water  has,  from  time  to  time,  occasioned  frequent 
settlements  within  its  vicinity. 

Between  the  Red  Spring  in  the  upper  village, 
and  the  Washington  in  the  south  part  of  the  lower 
village,  are  situated  most  of  the  other  mineral 
springs  in  which  this  place  abounds.  At  three 
of  the  principal  springs,  the  Hamilton,  Monroe 
and  Washington,  large  and  convenient  bathing 
houses  have  been  erected,  which  are  the  constant 
resort  for  pleasure  as  well  as  health,  during  the 
warm  seiison. 

The  miner.al  waters  both  at  Ballston  and  Sara- 
toga are  supposed  to  he  the  product  of  the  same 
great  laboratory,  and  they  all  possess  nearly  the 
same  properties,  varying  only  as  to  the  quantity 
of  the  different  articles  held  in  solution.  They 
are  denominated  acidulous  saline  and  acidulous 
chalybeate.  Of  the  former  are  the  Congress, 
(which  holds  the  first  rank),  the  Hamilton,  High 
Rock  and  President,  at  Saratoga ;  and  of  the 
latter  are  the  Columbian,  Flat  Rock  and  Wash- 
ington, at  Saratoga,  and  the  Old  Spring  and 
United  States,  at  Ballston.  The  waters  contain 
muriate  of  soda,  hydriodate  of  soda,  carbonate  of 
soda,  carbonate  of  lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia, 
oxide  of  iron,  and  some  of  them  a  minute  quan- 
tity of  silica  and  alumina.  Large  quantities  of 
carbonic  acid  gas  are  also  contained  in  the  waters, 
givin^r  to  them  a  sparkling  and  livelj'  appearance. 
The  Congress,  in  particular,  the  moment  it  is 
dipped,  contains  nearly  one  half  more  than  its 
bulk  of  gas  ;  a  quantity  unprecedented  in  any  na- 
tural waters  elsewhere  discovered. 

The  Congress  Hall  is  situated  within  a  few 
rods  of  the  Congress  spring,  to  which  a  handsome 
walk,  shaded  with  trees,  has  been  constructed  for 
the  convenience  of  guests.  The  space  in  front 
of  the  building  is  occupied  by  three  apartments, 
each  of  which  is  enclosed  by  a  railing,  termina- 
ting at  the  front  entrances  of  the  piazaa,  and  eaaii 


BAR 


657 


SAlt 


used  as  a  flower  garden.  The  edifice  is  200  feet 
m  length,  2  1-2  stories  high,  with  two  wings  ex- 
tending back,  one  60,  and  the  other  about  100 
feet.  The  billiard  rooms  belonging  to  the  estab- 
lishment are  contained  in  a  building  adjoining  the 
north  wing.  In  front  of  the  Hall  is  a  spacious 
piazza,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  build- 
ing, 20  feet  in  width,  with  a  canopy  from  the 
roof,  supported  by  17  massy  columns,  each  of 
which  is  gracefully  entwined  with  woodbine. 
There  is  also  a  back  piazza,  which  opens  upon  a 
beautiful  garden  annexed  to  the  establishment, 
and  a  small  grove  of  pines,  affording  both  fra- 
grance and  shade  to  their  loitering  guests.  The 
'yongress  Hall  can  accomodate  nearly  200  visi- 
tants, and  is  justly  ranked  among  the  most  ele 
gant  establishments  in  the  union. 

The  United  States  Hotel,  with  its  gardens  and 
out  buildings,  occupies  a  space  in  the  centre  of 
the  village  of  about  five  acres.  The  main  build- 
ing is  composed  of  brick,  12-5  feet  long  and  34 
wide. 

The  hotel  is  situated  equally  distant  between 
the  Congress  and  Flat  Rock  springs,  and  com- 
mands a  view  of  the  whole  village,  and  from  its 
fourtii  story  a  distinct  view  is  had  of  the  sur- 
rounding country  for  a  number  of  miles.  This 
establishment  can  accomodate  nearly  200  visitants, 
and  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splendid  edifi- 
ces in  the  United  States. 

The  Pavilion  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  part  of 
the  village,  immediately  in  front  of  the  Flat  Rock 
spring.  The  building  is  constructed  of  wood, 
133  feet  in  length,  witn  a  wing  extending  back 
from  the  centre  of  the  main  building,  80  feet.  It 
is  2  1-2  stories  high,  with  the  addition  of  an  at- 
tick  story,  which,  with  the  handsome  portico  in 
front,  sustained  by  delicate  colonnades,  renders  it, 
in  beauty  and  proportion,  one  of  the  finest  models 
of  architecture. 

There  are  many  other  fine  hotels  at  this  place. 
The  town  of  Ballston  Spa  in  the  neighbourhood 
has  also  several  springs  which  are  much  visited. 

Saratoga  Lake,  a  lake  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  above  springs,  9  m.  long  and  3  broad.     It  af- 
•  fords  excellent  fish  and  game. 

Sarbruck,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  a 
county  of  its  name,  with  a  handsome  palace,  and 
a  maenificent  Lutheran  church.  It  is  seated  on 
the  W.  side  of  the  Sarre,  14  m.  W.  of  Deux  Fonts. 
Long.  7.  5.  E.,  lat.  49.  16.  N. 

Sarhurg,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  40  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Nancy. 

Sardam,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  N.  Hoi. 
land,  where  there  are  vast  magazines  of  tim'>;r 
for  ships  and  naval  stores,  and  a  great  number  of 
shipwrights.  In  this  town  Peter  the  Great  resid- 
ed for  some  time,  and  worked  as  a  shipwright. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Wye,  7  ra.  N.  W.  of  Amster- 
dam. 

Sardinia,  an  insular  and  continental  kingdom 
of  Southern  Europ»e,  containing,  besides  the  isl- 
and of  Sardinia,  Piedmont,  Savoy,  the  county  of 
Nice,  the  duchy  of  Montferrat,  part  of  that  of 
Milan,  and  the  territory  of  Genoa.  The  govern- 
ment is  monarchical,  with  few  definite  limits, 
except  the  privileges  guranteed  to  particular 
states.  Popery  is  the  religion  of  the  royal  family 
and  the  state.  The  reigning  family  is  descended 
from  the  ancient  counts  of  Savoy,  whose  domin- 
ions became  progressively  extended  by  purchase, 
conquest,  and  donation.  In  the  war  of  the 
French  Revolution,  in  1792,  the  Sardinians  were 
aided  by  Austrian  troops  and  a  British  subsidy, 
S3 


but,  on  Bonaparte  assuming  the  command,  the 
allied  forces  were  speedily  overthrown,  all  tha 
continental  dominions  of  the  king  of  Sardinia 
were  seized  and  incorporated  with  the  French 
territory,  and  afterwards  parcelled  out  anew  into 
departments  of  the  French  empire.  The  'changes 
of  1814  reinstated  the  king  of  Sardinia  in  all  his 
continental  dommions,  except  the  duchy  of  Sa- 
voy;  and  in  1815  this  also  was  restored,  and  the 
Genoese  territory  added  to  the  kingdom, 

Sardinia,a.n  island  in  the  Mediterranean  ,160  m. 
from  N.  to  S.  a-nd  70  from  E.  to  W.,  separated 
from  Corsica  on  the  N.  by  the  strait  of  Bonifacio. 
This  island  has  been  neglected  by  the  govern- 
ment ;  for,  exclusive  of  the  mountains,  the  chief 
part  of  the  country  may  be  regarded  as  waste, 
but  where  cultivated  it  is  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  or- 
anges, citrons,  and  olives.  Here  are  mines  of 
silver,  lead,  sulphur,  and  alum,  and  quantities  of 
cheese  and  salt  are  made.  There  are  many  pes- 
tilent marshes  here.  The  frequent  wastes  abound 
with  wild  ducks ;  but  the  cattle  and  sheep  are 
not  numerous.  The  Mouflon  or  Argali  is  very 
common  among    the  mountains  of   this  island 


On  the  coast  is  a  fishery  for  anchoVles  and  cor- 
ral. This  island  has  undergone  various  revolu- 
tions :  in  1708  it  was  taken  from  the  Spaniards 
by  the  English,  and  allotted  to  the  emperor  of 
Germany  at  the  peace  of  Utrecht.  The  Span- 
iards recovered  it  in  1717,  but  were  obliged  to 
abandon  it  two  years  after  ;  and,  in  1720,  it  was 
ceded  to  the  duke  of  Savoy,  as  an  equivalent  for 
Sicily.  In  1794  the  inhabitants,  rose  against  their 
Piedmontese  rulers,  and  caused  the  viceroy  and 
others  to  be  sent  out  of  the  island  ;  but  he  was  af- 
terwards received,  on  the  king  pledging  himself 
to  assemble  the  Cortes  every  10  years,  and  con  ■ 
firming  all  the  ancient  laws  and  privileges  of 
the  inhabitants.  The  island  continues  to  be  gov 
erned  as  a  province  of  the  kingdom  to  which  it 
gives  name. 

Sardinia,  p.v.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y. ;  p.t.  Erie  Co. 
N.  Y.     Pop.  1,114. 

Sareoto,  p.v.  Dublin  Co.  N.  C.  80  m.  N.  Wil- 
mington. 

Sarepta,  a  settlement  of  Moravians,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Saratov  in  Russia  in  Europe,  founded 
in  1765.  8  m.  S.  Tzaritzin. 

Sargans,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  m  the  canton 
of  St.  Gall,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  Near  the 
town  are  mineral  springs  and  a  productive  iron 
mine.  It  atands  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  near 
the  Rhine,  14  ra  N.  of  Coire  and  47  S.  E.  of  Zu- 
rich. 

Sargcl,  a  sea-port  of  Algiers,  in  the  province 
of  Mascara,  with  a  castle.  Near  this  town  An- 
drew Doria  was  defeated  by  Barbarossa.  25  m.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Algiers.  Long.  2.  15.  E.,lat.  36.  30.  N. 

Sari,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Mazandeian,  the  res- 
idence of  one  of  the  Persian  prjnces ;  situate  in  a 


SAR 


658 


SAU 


©onntry  abounding  in  rice,  oranges,  cotton,  sugar, 
»nd  silk,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Ferabad. 

Sark,  a  small  island  in  the  English  Channel, 
near  fhe  coast  of  France,  and  about  two  leagues 
E.  from  the  island  of  Guernsey,  on  which  it  is 
dependant. 

S(trk,  a  aiver  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
central  part  of  Dumfries-shire,  and  flows  S.  into 
Solway  Frith.  Its  mouth  forms  a  good  harbour, 
at  the  village  of  Sarkfoot,  E.  by  S.  of  Annan. 

Sarlat,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  27  m.  S.  E.of  Perigueux. 

Samen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
canton  of  Underwalden,  near  a  lake  to  which  it 
gives  name.  9  m.  S.  of  Lucerne.  Long.  8.  14. 
E.,  lat.  46.  52.  N. 

Sarno,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra, 
seated  near  the  source  of  a  river  of  its  name,  12 
m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Salerno,  and  20  E.  S.  E.  of  Na- 
ples. 

Saroj,  a  strong  castle  of  Hungary,  in  a  county 
of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Tariza,  at  the 
foot  of  Mount  Krapach,  5  m.  N.  N.  W.  ofEpe- 
ries. 

Sarp,  or  Sarpen,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the 
province  of  Christiaysand.  Near  it  is  a  great 
cataract,  the  noise  of  which  may  be  heard  at  the 
distance  of  20  m.  10  ra.  W.  S.  VV.  of  Frederick- 
stadl. 

Sarreal,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  near 
which  are  quarries  of  alabaster,  so  transparent 
that  it  is  used  for  windows.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Francoli,  11  m.  N.  Tarragona. 

Sarsana,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Ge- 
noa, with  a  fortress;  near  it  is  a  fort  in  the 
mountains  called  Sarsanello.  It  stands  on  the  riv- 
er Magra,  5  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  45.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Genoa.     Long.  9.  58.   E.,  lat.  44.  9.  N. 

Sarsina,  a  town,  of  Italy,  in  Romagna,  on  the 
river  Savio,  21  m  W.  S.  W.  of  Rimini. 

Sart  ,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor.  It  was  the  an- 
cient Sardis,  capital  of  Lydia  ;  and  under  the  Ro- 
mans was  a  large  city,  but  was  Jilmost  destroyed 
by  an  earthquake  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  Here 
are  many  remains  of  massive  buildings,  a  mosque 
(which  was  formerly  a  Christian  church),  and  a 
large  carvansera.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
sheperds,  who  feed  their  flocks  in  the  adjacent 
plains.     35  m.   E.  N.  E.  of  Smyrna. 

Sarte,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  ancient  province  of  Maine,  and  containing 
an  area  of  2,400  square  miles,  with  410,000  inhab- 
itants. The  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious,  and 
the  soil  in  general  fertile.  The  manufactures  are 
hardware,  woolens,  paper,  leather,  &c.  It  takes 
its  name  from  a  river  which  flows  by  Mans  to 
Angers,  where  it  joins  the  Mayenne.  The  capi- 
tal is  Mans 

Sarvar,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hungary,  at  the 
confluxof  the  Guntz  with  the  Raad,40  m.  S.  S. 
£.  of  Presburg. 

Sarum,  Old,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng. 
which  is  now  reduced  to  a  single  house,  and 
scarcely  any  thing  remains  to  indicate  its  former 
importance,  except  that  it  still  sends  two  mem- 
bers to  parliament.  2  ra.  N.  of  New  Sarum,  or 
Salisbury. 

Sarum,  an  extensive  district  of  Hindoostan,  in 
the  province  of  Bahar,  and  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous in  the  British  territories.  It  is  situate  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  Ganges,  in  lat.  26.  N. 

Sartoerde.n,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Moselle,  seated  on  the  Sarre,  33  m.  W.  N.  W  of 
JSaguenaa  and  45  E.  N.  £.  of  Nancy. 


Sasvan  Gkent,a.town  and  fortress  of  Belgium.m 
Flanders,  situate  on  the  Canal  from  Ghent  to  the 
river  Scheldt,  and  fortified  with  sluices,  by  means 
of  which  the  country  can  be  laid  under  water. 
It  was  built  by  the  inhabitants  of  Ghent,  as  a 
bulwark  to  that  .city,  but  was  taken  in  1664,  by 
the  Dutch,  from  whom  the  French  took  it  in 
J747  and  again  in  1794.  10  m.  N.  of  Ghent. 

Sascram,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Bahar, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  a  lake,  64 
m.  S.  E.  of  Benares  and  88  S.  W.  of  Patna. 

Saskatchawan,  a  river  of  N.  America,  rising  in 
two  large  head  streams  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
Rocky  mountains  and  flowing  easterly  into  Lake 
Winnipeg.     It  is  800  m.  long. 

Sassafras,  a  village  of  Kent  Co.  Maryland  on  a 
stream  of  the  same  name,  falling  into  the  Chesa- 
peak. 

Sassari,  a  city  of  the  island  of  Sardinia,  and  an 
archbishop's  see,  with  a  castle  and  a  university. 
Here  is  a  fountain  called  Rosscl,  said  to  be  more 
magnificent  than  the  best  at  Rome ;  and  in  the 
neighbourhood  are  mines  of  gold  and  silver.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Torres,  7  m.  from  the  sea, 
and  64  N.  of  Oristagni.  Long.  8.  45.  E.,  lat.  40. 
48.  N. 

Sassuolo,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Mode- 
na,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Secchia,  10  m.  S. 
W.  of  Modena. 

Satalia,  or  Jinfalia,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Af.ia  Mi- 
nor, in  Caramania.  It  is  divided  into  three  towns, 
and  is  so  situate  that  from  the  harbour  the  streets 
appear  to  rise  behind  each  other  like  an  amphithe- 
atre. The  country  around  is  very  fertile  ;  and 
the  citrons  and  oranges  are  extremely  fine.  The 
chief  trade  is  in  wool,  cotton,  goats'  hair,  agaric, 
tragacanth,  opium,  and  bees'  wax.  It  is  seated 
on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  which  it  gives 
name,  150  m.  S.  W.  of  Cogni.  Long.  31.  21.  E., 
lat.  37. 1.  N. 

Satauket,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y. 
Satgong,  or  Satagong,  a  village  of  Bengal,  form- 
erly an  important  city,  in  which  the  Europe- 
an traders  in  Bengal  had  their  factories.  It  is 
seated  on  a  creek  of  Hoogly  River,  4  m.  N.  W.  of 
Hoogly. 

Satimangalam,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Coimbetore,  with  a  large  stone  fort, 
and  a  considerable  temple.  It  has  manufactures 
of  cotton  cloths,  and  a  great  trade  to  Seringapa- 
tam.  In  its  vicinity  the  troops  of  Tippoo  Sultan 
maintained  a  severe  conflict  with  the  British.  It 
is  30  m.  W.  of  Bhawanikudal  and  75  S.  S.  E.  of 
Seringapatam. 

Satriano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra,  8 
m.  S.  of  Squillace. 

Satlarah,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Visiapour,  the  residence  of  the  Mah- 
ratta  prince,  who  was  restored  by  the  British  in 
1818.  It  is  situate  near  the  source  of  the  Kist 
nah.  50  m.  S.  of  Poonah  and  77  W.  of  Visiapour. 

Satteagala,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Coimbetore,  v/ith  a  fort  of  considerable 
size.  It  stands  near  the  Cavery,  which  3  m.  be- 
low forms  and  island  9  m.  in  length,  with  noble 
cataracts  on  each  side.  36  ra.  S.  E.  of  Seringapa- 
tam. 

Sauceda,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  New  Biscay,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  joins  the  Nassas 
to  form  the  Palmas.  100  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Duran 
go.     Long.  105.  36.  W.,  lat.  25. 18.  N. 

Saucon,  Upper,  a  township  in  Lehigh  Co.  Pa. 
Saucon,  Lower,  a  township  in  Northampton  Co 
Pa 


SAV 


659 


SAV 


Saugatuck,  a  river  of  Connecticut,flowing  S.  in- 
to Long  Island  Sound  near  Fairfield. 

Sauirerties,  p.t.  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hudson, 
49  in.  S.  Albany.     Pop.  3,750. 

Saugur  Island,  an  island  of  Hindoostan,  well 
known  as  a  place  of  pilgrimage.  The  temple  of 
Kapila  Muni,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Gunga  Saugur, 
is  under  the  alternate  charge  of  a  Byragee  and 
Sunysee,  who  levy  a  tax  of  4  annas  on  each  per- 
son visiting  the  temple,  the  amount  of  which  is  di- 
vided among  5  different  establishments  of  Raman- 
andi  Byragees  in  the  vicinity  of  Calcutta.  In 
1802,  during  the  administration  of  the  marquis 
Wellesley,  the  horrid  practice  of  infanticide  was 
abolished  on  this  island.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Hoogly  River,  100  m.  from  Calcutta. 

Saugusy  p.t.  Esse.x  Co.  Mass.  7  m.  N.  E.  Boston, 
adjoining  Lynn.     Pop.  900. 

Saugen,  or  Saulgau,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Wurtemberg,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Buchau. 

Saulieu,  a  town  of  France,  department  Cote  d' 
Or,  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Vau- 
ban.  Here  was  anciently  a  college  of  the  Druids  ; 
and  in  a  wood,  where  they  performed  their  sacri- 
fices, the  ruins  of  a  druidical  temple  are  still  visi- 
ble. It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  38  m.  VV.  of 
Dijon  and  46  S.  E.  of  Auxerre. 

Suumur,  a  town,  of  France  in  the  department 
of  Maine-et-Loire,  with  an  ancient  castle,  and 
manufactures  of  woolen,  linen,  and  leather,  and 
some  trade  in  wine  and  brandy.  Here  is  a  fa- 
mous bridge  over  the  Loire,  consisting  of  12  el- 
liptical arches,  each  60  feet  in  diameter.  27  m. 
S.  E.  of  Angers  and  38  W.  S.  W.  of  Tours. 

Saunder's  Island,  one  of  the  Society  Islands,  in 
the  S.  Pacific,  called  by  the  natives  Tapooamanoo. 
It  is  about  6  m.  long,  and  has  in  the  centre  a 
mountain  of  considerable  height.  Long.  150. 
40.  W.,  lat.  17.  30.  S. 

Sauquoit,  p. v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 

Saurungpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  of  Malwa,  42  ra.  IN.  N.  E.  of  Indore  and 
43  N.  E.  of  Ougein. 

Sauve,  a  town  of  Frane,  department  of  Gard,ou 
the  Vidoure,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Alais. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  with  an  old  ruined  castle,  seated  on 
the  Gave  d'Oleron  20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Pan. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Aveiron 
15  m.  S.  W.  Rodez. 

Sauveterre,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Gironde, 
26  m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

Sava,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Irak,  surrounded  by 
walls  of  earth.  The  environs  produce  exquisite 
fruit,  particularly  pomegranates  and  almonds,  and 
a  considerable  quantity  of  rice  and  cotton.  60  m. 
S.  of  Casbin  and  110  E.  of  Amadan.  Long.  52. 
15.  E.,  lat.  34.  30.  N. 

Savage  Isle,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  about 
35  m.  in  circumference,  discovered  by  Cook  in 
1774.  It  received  this  name  from  the  rude  and 
inhospitable  behaviour  of  the  inhabitants,  who 
were  stout  well  made  men,  naked  except  round 
the  waists  ;  some  of  them  had  their  face,  breast, 
and  thighs  painted.  It  is  of  a  round  form,  and  cov- 
ered with  trees,  shrubs,  &c.  Long.  169.  30.  W., 
lat.  19.  2.  S. 

Savannah,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  which 
separates  Georgia  from  S.  Carolinia.     It  is  navi- 

fable  for  boats    of  100  feet  keel  from  Augusta  to 
avannah,  and  thence  for  large  vessels  to  its  en- 
trance into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  at  Tybee  Island. 
Savannah,  city,    in   Chatham  Co.  Georgia,  the 
largest  city  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the   west- 


ern bank  of  the  river  of  that  name,  17  m.  from  the 
sea,  with  a  good  ship  navigation  for  that  distance. 
The  site  of  Savannah  is  elevated  and  pleasant. 
The  streets  are  wide  and  regular,  with  spacious 
squares  and  many  handsome  edifices.  It  con- 
tains 10  churches,  a  theatre,  an  exchange,  a  hos- 
pital and  a  public  library.  It  is  an  unhealthy 
place  in  summer,  yet  enjoys  considerable  com- 
merce, and  is  the  great  mart  for  the  cotton  plan- 
ters of  the  whole  state.  It  is  118  m.  S.  W. 
Charleston  :  123  S.  E.  Augusta  :  1(M3  E.  S.  E. 
Milledgeville  and  658  S.  W.  Washington.  Lat. 
32.  8.  N.,  long.  81. 10.  W.  Pop.  7,308. 

Savannu  la  Mar,  a  town  of  Jamaica,  in  Com- 
wallis  county,  with  a  good  anchorage  for  large 
vessels.  In  1780  great  part  of  the  town  was  des- 
troyed by  a  dreadful  hurricane  and  inundation  of 
the  sea;  but  it  has  since  been  rebuilt.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  S.  side  of  the  island.  Long.  7b.  6.  W., 
lat.  18.  12.  N. 

Savatopoti.     See  Sebastopolis. 

Save,  a  river  of  the  Austrian  empire,  which 
has  its  source  on  the  N.  W.  confines  of  Carniola, 
runs  E.  through  that  country,  separates  Scla- 
vonia  from  Croatia,  Bosnia,  and  Servia  and  joins 
the  Danube  near  Belgrade. 

Savenay,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Low- 
er Loire,  18  m.  N.  W.  of  Nantes. 

Savendroog,  a  strong  fortress  of  Hindoostan,  in 
Mysore,  situate  on  the  top  of  a  vast  rock,  rising 
half  a  mile  in  i>erpendicular  height,  from  a  base 
of  above  8  m  in  circumference,  and  divided  at 
the  summit  by  a  chasm  that  forms  it  into  two 
hills  :  these  having  each  its  particular  defences, 
serve  as  two  citadels,  capable  of  being  maintained 
independently  of  the  lower  works,  which  are  also 
wonderfully  strong.  Notwithstanding  this,  it 
was  taken  by  a  the  English,  in  1791,  after  a  siege 
of  seven  days.     85  m.  N.  E.  of  Seringa patanj. 

Saverdun,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
riege,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Arriege.  25  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Toulouse. 

Siiverne,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Rhine,  seated  at  the  foot  of  Meant  Vosges,  in  a 
country  which  produces  plenty  of  wine,  20  m. 
W.  N."W.  of  Strasburg. 

Sa,vigliano,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont,  with  a  rich  Benedictine  abbey.  Here 
the  French  were  repulsed  in  1799  by  the  Aus- 
trians.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  river 
Maira,  30  m.  S.  of  Turin. 

Savolax,  a  district  of  the  Russian  empire,  in  the 
province  of  Finland,  200  m.  long  and  100  broad, 
consisting  mostl}'  of  woods,  lakes,  rivers,  and 
morasses,  and  abounding  in  elks  and  reindeers. 
The  inhabitants  are  thinly  dis{)ersed,  and  subsist 
by  cultivating  buck-wheat,  breeding  cattle,  hunt- 
ing, fishing,  and  making  wooden  ware.  Kuopia 
is  the  capital. 

Savona,  a  strong  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  citadel  on  a 
rock,  and  several  fine  churches.  The  Genoese, 
fearing  that  it  would  hurt  their  trade,  ruined  the 
harbour,  and  rendered  it  unfit  for  large  vessels. 
It  was  taken  by  the  king  of  Sardinia  in  1740, 
restored  to  the  republic  of  Genoa  in  1748,  and 
taken  in  1795  by  the  French,  who  surrendered 
to  the  Austrians  in  1800,  through  famine.  In 
1800  and  1801  it  was  the  residence  of  the  pope, 
during  his  dispute  with  Bonaparte.  By  the  con- 
gress of  Vienna  it  was  ceded,  with  the  whole  Ge- 
noese territory,  to  the  king  of  Sardinia.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  24  m.  VV.  S.  W  of 
Genoa.    Long.  8.  20.  E.,  lat.  44.  18.  N. 


-m^ 


SAX 


660 


SAX 


Savoniers,  a  town  of  France  department  of 
Indre-et-Loire,  near  which  are  caverns  famous 
for  their  petrifactions.     8  m.  S.  W.  of  Tours. 

Savoy,  a  duchy  of  Europe,  belonging  to  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia,  85  m.  long  and  C7  broad  ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  lake  of  Geneva,  which 
separates  it  from  Switzerland  ;  E.  by  the  Alps, 
which  divide  it  from  Vallais  and  Piedmont;  S. 
by  the  latter  and  France  ;  and  W.  by  France. 
Tlie  air  is  cold  on  account  of  high  mountains, 
which  are  almost  always  covered  with  snow ; 
but  the  valleys  are  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  and 
many  of  the  mountains  abound  with  pastures 
that  feed  a  great  number  of  cattle.  The  princi- 
pal rivers  are  the  Isere,  Arc,  and  Arve.  The 
Savoyards,  from  the  nature  of  their  country,  are 
generally  very  poor;  and  great  numbers  of  them 
seek  a  livelihood  in  France,  England,  and  other 
countries,  in  quality  of  showmen,  &c.  The 
French  subdued  this  country  in  1792,  and  made 
it  a  department  of  France,  by  the  name  of  Mont 
Blanc,  which  was  confirmed  to  them  by  the  treaty 
of  Paris  in  1814;  but  in  1815  it  was  restored  to 
Sardinia,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  district 
(the  commune  of  St.  Julian)  ceded  to  the  Swiss 
canton  of  Geneva.     Chamberry  is  the  capital. 

Savoy,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  120  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  928. 

Savu,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  to  which 
the  Dutch  have  a  bind  of  exclusive  trade,  having 
entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  rajahs  that 
their  subjects  shall  trade  with  no  other  ships.  It  is 
2C  m.  in  length,  and  very  fertile.  Long.  122.  30. 
E.,  lat.  10.  35.  S. 

Saiopd,  p. v.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y. 
Sax,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  near  which  is 
an  ancient  citadel  on  the  summit  of  a  rock.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Elda,  on  the  borders  of  Valencia, 
25  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Alicant  and  42  N.  N,  E.  of 
Murcia. 

Sax,  a.  town  and  district  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  St  Gall,  with  a  castle,  14  m.  S.  of  Rhei- 
neck. 

Saxenburg,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Carinthia,  near  which  are  three  forts  and  a  strong 
pass.  It  is  situate  on  the  Drave,  38  m.  W.  of 
Clagenfurt.     Long.  13.  12.  E.,  lat.  46.  44.  N. 

Saxmundham,  a  town  of  Suffolk,  Eng.  seated  on 
a  hill,  20  in.  N.  E.  of  Ipswich  and  89  of  London. 

Saxony,  in  its  comprehensive  sense,  denotes  a 
vast  tract  of  country  in  the  N.  of  Germany,  ex- 
tending from  the  VVeser  on  the  VV.  to  the  frontier 
of  Poland  on  the  E. ;  but  in  consequence  of  the 
territorial  changes  to  which  it  has  been  sub- 
ject, the  name  has  been  used  with  great  latitude 
of  signification.  The  division  of  Germany  into 
circles  took  place  towards  the  close  of  the  loth 
century,  and  the  large  tract  of  country  known 
vaguely  by  the  name  of  Saxony  was  formed  in- 
to three  circles,  Westphalia,  Upper  Saxony,  and 
Lower  Saxony.  Upper  Saxony  comprised  the 
electorates  of  Saxony  and  Brandenburg,  the 
duchy  of  Pomerania,  and  a  number  of  small  prin- 
cipalities, forming  an  extent  of  about  43,000  sq. 
m.  with  nearly  4,000,000  of  inhabitants.  It  was 
bounded  E.  by  Poland,  Silesia,  and  Lusatia,  and 
S.  by  Bohemia  and  Franconia.  Lower  Saxony 
was  bounded  N.  by  the  duchy  of  Sieswick  and 
the  Baltic,  and  W.  by  Westphalia  and  the  Rhine. 
It  comprised  the  electorate  of  Hanover,  the  duch- 
ies of  Brunswick  Mecklenbursr,  and  Holstein, 
the  free  towns  of  Hamburgh,  Bremen,  and  Lu- 
beck,  with  a  number  of  small  states,  forming  an 
•zt«Qt  of  26,000  sq.  tn.    In  1806  the  distinction 


of  circles  was  finally  abolished,  and  the  names 
of  Upper  and  Lower  Saxony  are  now  of  use  only 
for  the  elucidation  of  history. 

Saxony,  a  modern  kingdom  of  Europe,  situated 
towards  the  N.  E.  of  Germany,  and  bounded  S. 
by  Bohemia  and  N.  by  the  Prussian  states.  It 
comprises  an  area  of  7,188  square  m.  with  1,237,000 
inhabitants  ;  but,  previously  to  1814,  it  was  of 
much  greater  extent,  having  been  greatly  reduced 
by  the  congress  of  Vienna.  No  part  of  Europe, 
in  the  same  latitude,  enjoys  a  milder  climate. 
The  mountainous  districts  in  the  S.  contain  ex- 
tensive forests,  which  are  kept  up  with  care,  as 
the  chief  supply  of  fuel  for  the  mines.  In  the 
southern  and  mountainous  parts  of  Saxony  the 
valleys  only  are  well  cultivated;  but  in  the  level 
districts  in  the  N.,  particularly  the  circles  of 
Meissen  and  Leipzig,  tillage  is  general :  the  pro 
ducts  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  other  grain  ; 
also  some  tobacco  and  hops.  Hogs  and  sheep  are 
very  numerous,  and  the  greatest  care  has  been 
bestowed  on  the  Merino  rams,  first  imported  about 
1768.  Few  countries  equal  Saxony  in  mineral 
riches,  and  in  none  has  this  department  of  natural 
history  been  more  fully  described.  The  principal 
are  silver,  iron,  copper,  lead,  limestone,  coal,  ar- 
senic, cobalt,  antimony,  zinc,  alum,  &c.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Elbe,  the  two  Elsters,  the 
two  Muldas,  and  the  Quiess.  The  manufactures 
are  of  considerable  extent,  and  consist  principally 
of  linen,  cotton,  silk,  and  leather.  The  machinery 
used,  though  inferior  to  the  English,  has  of  late 
years  been  much  improved.  The  position  of  Sax- 
ony is  not  favorable  for  commercial  intercourse. 
The  export  consist  of  wool  (which  has  long  been 
considerea  tne  best  in  Germany),  minerals,  linen 
yarn,  woolens,  and  lace.  The  imports  are  silk, 
flax,  cotton,  coffee,  sugar,  wine,  and,  in  certain 
seasons,  corn.  A  great  majority  of  the  inhabi 
tants  are  Lutherans,  but  the  reigning  family  have 
been  Catholics  since  1697.  The  institutions  foi 
education  are  numerous  and  well  conducted,  and 
the  lower  classes  are  generally  taught  to  read  and 
write.  In  no  country  of  equal  extent  is  the  num- 
ber of  printing  and  book  establishments  so  great. 
Of  the  universities,  Halle  now  belongs  to  Prussia, 
but  Leipzig  remains  to  Saxony,  and  retains  all  its 
former  reputation. 

Saxony  was  for  many  centuries  an  electorate, 
but  in  consequence  of  the  occupancy  of  Prussia 
by  Bonaparte,  in  1806,  it  was  formed  into  a  king- 
dom. This  change  of  title  was  not,  however 
accompanied  by  any  extension  of  prerogative,  tKe 
sovereign  continuing  to  share  the  legislative  func 
tions  with  the  states,  and  imposing  no  tax  with- 
out their  concurrence.  The  states  are  divided 
into  two  houses,  viz.  the  prelates  and  noble  in 
one,  and  the  country  gentry  and  deputies  of  the 
towns  in  the  other.  The  higher  offices  of  ad- 
ministration are  entrusted  to  a  cabinet  council,  a 
board  of  finance,  a  military  board,  a  high  court 
of  appeal  for  judicial  questions,  and  an  upper  con- 
sistory for  ecclesiastical.  The  country  is  divided 
into  the  circles  of  Meissen,  Leipzig,  Erzgebirg, 
and  Vogtiand,  with  part  of  Merseburg,  and  Upper 
Lusatia.  Each  circle  has  a  court  of  justice,  and 
offices  for  the  transaction  of  provincial  business  ; 
and  the  peasantry  are  here  in  the  enjoyment  of 
complete  personal  freedom.  The  king,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Germanic  confederation,  has  the  fourth 
rank  in  the  smaller,  and  four  votes  at  the  larger 
assembly.  The  army  amounts  to  12,000  men; 
the  revenue  exceeds  £1,000,000 sterling;  and  the 
national  debt  is  £3,700,000. 


SAX 


661 


SCA 


The  Saxons  are  first  mentioned  in  history  by 
Ptolemv,  who  describes  them  about  the  year  160 
as  a  rude  tribe,  inhabiting  Holstein  and  part  of 
Jutland.  Soon  after  they  appear  to  have  advanced 
to  the  S.  and  W.,  acquiring  an  extension  of  ter- 
ritory. In  the  5th  century,  on  the  migration  of 
a  part  of  the  Franks  into  Gaul,  the  Saxons  ac- 
quired a  farther  extension  of  territory,  viz.  the 
country  now  forming  the  grand  duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, with  part  of  Hanover  and  Prussian  West- 
phalia. When  the  Britons  were  forsaken  by  their 
JR.oman  defenders,  they  applied  and  obtained  as- 
S  ■  sistance  from  the  Saxons,  against  the  Scots  and 
Picts.  After  maintaining,  during  many  years  a 
firm  resistance  to  the  arms  of  Charlemagne,  the 
Saxons  were  at  last  obliged  to  submit  to  his  con- 
ditions, which  involved  the  payment  of  an  annual 
tribute  and  their  conversion  to  Christianity.  The 
title  of  duke  of  Saxony  was  conferred  on  Witti- 
Jcind,  their  chief,  whose  family,  after  ruling  some 
time,  was  succeeded  by  that  of  Billung,  and  af- 
terwards by  a  branch  of  that  of  Guelf,  which 
ruled  in  Bavaria.  The  electoral  dignity  was  sub- 
sequently conferred  on  the  Wittemburg  line  of 
.the  house  of  Ascania,  and,  on  its  extinction,  on 
the  margraves  of  Meissen,  with  the  title  of«lector. 
The  first  elector,  surnamed  Frederick  the  War- 
like, began  his  reign  in  14i22;  he  was  the  founder 
of  the  university  of  Leipzig. 

The  next  memorable  event  in  the  history  of 
Saxony  was  the  reformation,  in  the  beginnincr  of 
the  IGth  century.  The  prince  did  not  openly  es- 
pouse the  cause  of  Luther,  but,  by  protecting  him 
from  persecution,  he  contributed  much  to  the 
establishment  of  his  doctriiies.  His  successor 
John  Frederick,  styled  '  the  magnanimous,'  beimr 
defeated  by  Charles  V.,  was  stripped  of  his  states 
and  dignity,  which  the  emperor  conferred  on 
Maurice,  margrave  of  Meissen,  the  cousin  of  the 
elector,  and  the  ancestor  of  the  present  house  of 
Saxony.  Maurice,  putting  himself  at  the  head 
of  the  Protestant  interest,  proved  a  full  match  for 
the  artful  Charles,  who  in  1552  had  almost  fallen 
into  his  hands,  and  was  compelled  to  sign  the'con- 
vcntion  of  Passau,  since  considered  the  bulwark 
of  the  religious  freedom  of  Germany.  The  Saxons 
took  an  active  part  in  the  thirty  years'  war,  which 
terminated  in  the  peace  of  Westphalia  in  1648. 
In  1697  the  temptation  of  the  crown  of  Poland, 
vacant  by  the  death  of  Sobieski,  induced  the 
reigning  elector,  Augustus  I.,  to  profess  himself 
a  Catholic,  a  change  which,  however,  did  not 
prosper.  The  Swedes  under  Charles  XH.  not 
only  conquered  Poland,  but  invaded  Saxony, 
brin/jing  great  distress  upon  the  country  until 
1708,  when  relief  was  obtained  by  the  march  of 
Charles  into  Russia,  and  its  disastrous  issue ; 
after  which  the  crown  of  Poland  was  resumed  by 
Augustus. 

In  the  war  of  1740,  between  Prussia  and  Aus- 
tria, Saxony  remained  neutral.  In  that  of  1756 
the  elector  was  tempted  to  take  a  part  by  the 
flattering  promises  of  Austria;  but,  instead  of  an 
accession  of  territory,  his  dominions  were  ravaged, 
and  many  of  his  subjects  ruined  in  this  dreadful 
contest.  In  the  war  against  France  no  decided 
part  was  taken  by  Saxony  until  1806,  when  the 
elector  sent  all  his  troops  to  the  field,  in  support 
of  the  king  of  Prussia,  whose  subsequent  over- 
throw enabled  Bonaparte  to  attach  the  Saxons  to 
his  cause.  The  title  of  elector  was  changed  to 
that  of  king.  Prussian  Poland  was  afterwards 
added  to  the  Saxon  dominions,  and  in  1809  was 
nearly  doubled  by  cessions  obtained  from  Austria 


But  these  acquisitions,  disproportioned  to  the  in- 
herent strength  of  Saxony,  led,  as  formerly,  to 
disastrous  results.  The  Russians  re-occupied 
Poland  in  the  beginning  of  1813,  and,  joined  by 
the  Prussians,  made  Saxony  the  scene  of  the 
great  continental  struggle  against  Bonaparte. 
The  battles  of  Lutzen  and  Bautzen,  the  attacks 
on  Dresden,  and  the  decisive  engagements  at 
Leipzisr,  were  followed  by  the  retreat  of  Bonaparte 
to  the  Rhine;  and  his  too  faithful  ally,  the  king  of 
Saxony,  was  deprived  of  the  government  of  his 
territories.  By  the  decision  of  the  congress  of  Vi 
enna  the  northern  and  eastern  part,  containing  no 
fewer  than  850,000  inhabitants,  was  separated  from 
the  kingdom, and  transferred  to  Prussia.  The  king 
of  Saxony  protested  against  this  dismemberment, 
but,  dreading  insurrection  and  bloodshed,  he  at 
length  acquiesced.     Dresden  is  the  capital. 

Saxony,  a  provine  of  the  Prussian  states,  com- 
prising almost  the  whole  of  the  cessions  made  by 
the  king  of  Saxony  at  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and 
the  principalities  lying  to  the  N.  of  the  duchy  of 
Anhalt,  and  to  the  W.  of  the  rivers  Elbe  and  Ha- 
vel. It  contains  an  area  of  9,830  square 
miles,  with  more  than  1,000,000  of  inhabitants, 
and  is  divided  into  the  governments  of  Magde- 
burg, Merseburg,  and  Erfurt.  The  surface  is  in 
general  level,  but  the  soil  varies  greatly,  being 
in  some  places  dry  and  sandy,  and  in  others  a 
heavy  loam.  The  principal  productions  are  corn, 
hemp,  flax,  and  chicory.  The  inhabitants,  except 
in  the  small  district  called  Eichsfeld,  are  almost 
all  Protestants,  and  are  in  general  active  and 
industrious.     Magdeburg  is  the  chief  town. 

Saxton's  River,  a  river  in  the  state  of  Vermont, 
which  joins  the  Connecticut  at  Westminster. 

Saijbrook,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Conn,  at  the 
mouth  of  Connecticut  River.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  towns  in  the  state  and  was  settled  in  1639 
bv  Lord  Brooks.  It  is  34  m.  E.  New  Haven. 
45  S.  E.  Hartford.     Pop.  4,980. 

Saycock,  one  of  the  islands  of  Japan,  divided 
from  Niphon  by  a  narrow  channel.  The  Dutch 
factors  are  premitted  to  reside  in  the  little  island 
of  Disnia.  which  is  on  the  VV.  side  of  tliis.  Long. 
132.  28.  E.,  lat.  34.  0.  N. 

Sayn,  a  town  and  castle  of  the  Prussian  states, 
in  the  duchy  of  Nassau,  which  gives  name  to  a 
small  county.  6  m.  N.  of  Coblentz  and  50  N. 
W.  of  Frankfort. 

Sfiypan,  the  pleasantest  and  most  fertile  of  the 
Ladrone  islands,  40  miles  in  circuit,  with  a  safe 
port  called  Cantanhitda  on  the  W.  side.  Long. 
146.  10.  E.,  lat.  15.  22.  N. 

Scagen,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
on  a  promontory  of  the  same  name,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  passage  from  the  ocean  into  the 
Categat.     Long.  10.  0.  E.,  lat.  57.  38.  N. 

Scalanova,  a  sea-port  of  Asia  Minor,  near  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Ephesus,  with  a  castle.  The 
trade  consists  chiefly  in  wine,  raisins,  corn,  and 
leather.  40  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Smyrna.  Long.  27. 
31.  E.,  lat.  37.  54.  N. 

Scaled,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra, 
formerly  a  large  city,  but  now  greatly  decayed. 
It  is  seated  on  the  W.  coast,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  roli 
castro.  Long.  15.  54.  E.,  lat  40.  0.  N. 

Scanderoon.     See  Alexandretta. 

Scania.     See  Schonen. 

Scarborough,  a  sea-port  and  borough  in  York- 
shire, Enff.  It  is  seated  on  the  declivity  of  a 
high  rock,  which  has  such  scraggy  sides  that  it 
is  almost  inaccessible.  On  the  top  of  this  rock  iB 
r  larnre  orreen  plain,  with  a  little  well  of  fresh  wat- 
3K 


SCH 


663 


SCH 


er,  asd  the  remains  of  a  castle,  built  by  Henry 
II.  This  town  is  greatly  frequented  on  account 
of  its  mineral  waters,  and  also  for  sea-bathing. 
Here  is  an  elegant  iron  bridge  over  tlie  wide 
chasm  through  wliich  the  stream  called  the  Mill- 
beck  flows,  and  connecting  two  lofly  dissevered 
cliffs.  The  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  king- 
dom, with  a  commodious  quay,  several  ship-yards, 
and  a  strong  battery.  40  m.  N.  E.  of  York  and 
iJib  .V.  of  London.  Long.  0.  10.  W.,  lat.  54.  18- 
N. 

Scarborousrh,  a  town  and  fort  on  the  S.  E.  side 
of  the  island  of  Tobago.  It  was  taken  by  the 
English  in  1793.  Long.  60.  30.  W.,  lat.'ll.  6. 
N. 

Scarborough,  p. v.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  11  m. 
W.  Portland. 

ScardoTui,  a  town  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  and  a 
bishop's  see ;  seated  on  the  Cherca,  8  m.  N.  of 
Scbenico.     Long.  17.  1.  E.,  lat.  44.  29.  N. 

Scarlino,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  sea  coast,  7  m.  S.  of  Massa. 

Scarpanto,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  18 
m.  long  and  6  broad,  lying  S.  W.  of  Rhodes.  It 
is  mountainous  and  rocky,  abounds  in  cattle  and 
game,  and  has  quarries  of  marble.  The  princi- 
pal town  on  the  W.  coast  has  a  good  harbour. 
Long.  27.  40.  E.,  lat.  35.  45.  N. 

Scarpc,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  near 
Aubigny,  in  the  department  of  Pas  de  Calais, 
passes  by  Arras,  Douay,  and  St.  Amand,  and  en- 
ters the  Scheldt  at  Mortagne. 

Scarpcria,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  celebrated  for  its 
steel  manufactures,  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  Ap- 
ennines, 13  m.  N.  of  Florence. 

Scauro,  the  capital  of  the  Island  of  Santorin, 
and  the  see  of  a  Latin  bishop.  It  stands  on  a  iof  ty 
volcanic  rock,  which  projects  into  the  roadstead, 
on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island.  Long.  25.  26.  E., 
lat.  16.23.  N. 

Schaffhansen,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  15  m- 
long  and  10  broad  with  32,000  inhabitants.  The  re- 
formation was  introduced  here  in  1529  and  the  re- 
ligion is  Calvinism.  The  principal  article  of  trade 
is  wine,  and  the  manufactures  are  inconsider- 
able. 

Schnffhausen,  a.  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
the  above  canton,  is  sealed  on  the  Rhine,  and 
owes  its  origin  to  the  interruption  of  the  n.^vigiv- 
tion  of  that  river  by  the  cataract  atLauffen  ;  huts 
being  at  first  constructed  for  the  convrniency  of 
unloading  the  merchandise  from  the  beets,  w.':it  h 
by  degrees  increased  to  a  large  town.  Though  a 
frontier  town,  it  has  no  garrison,  and  the  fortifi. 
cations  are  weak.  The  Rhine,  which  is  here  near- 
ly 400  feet  wide,  is  crossed  by  a  kind  of  hanging 
bridge;  the  road  not  passing  over  tlie  arch,  but 
being  suspended  from  it,  and  almost  level.  It 
was  burnt  by  the  French,  when  they  evacuated 
the  town,  after  being  defeated  by  the  Austrians, 
in  1799 ;  but  has  since  been  rebuilt,  nearly  in  the 
same  state  as  before.  22  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Z^n^c,h 
and  39  E.  of  Basel.  Long.  3.  41.  E,  lat.  47.  39. 
N. 

ScalhoJt.  a  town  of  Iceland,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
witb  a  college.     Long.  22.  20.  W.,  lat.  64.  -10  N. 

aetiagrhtlcvkc,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  11  m.  above  Troy.     Pop.  3,002. 

Schamar.hi,p,,9.  town  of  Persia,  capital  of  S  ;hir- 
van.  It  was  formerly  very  large,  but  is  now  de- 
cayed, above  6,000  houses  having  been  thrown 
down  by  an  earthquake.  It  has  manufactures 
of  silks  and  cottons,  and  is  supplied  with  most 
Russian  commodities.     It  stands  in  a  valley,  be- 


tween two  mountains,  24  m.  W.  of  the  Caspian 
Sea,  and  250  N.  E.  of  Tauris.  Long.  51.  5.  E., 
lat.  40  50.  N. 

Scharding,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  fortified 
castle,  seated  on  the  Inn,  7  m.  S.  of  Passau. 

Scharnitz,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  in  Ty- 
rol, which  defends  a  pass  over  the  mountains  of 
considerable  importance.  It  surrendered  to  the 
French  and  Bavarians  in  1805.  It  stands  on  the 
confines  of  Bavaria,  12  m.  N.  of  Inspruc. 

Schauenburg,  a  principality  of  Germany,  in 
Westphalia.  It  is  mountainous  and  woody,  but 
contains  much  fertile  land,  quarries  of  limestone 
and  freestone,  and  mines  of  alum,  coal,  copper, 
and  iron.  The  line  of  its  ancient  counts  was  ex- 
tinct in  1640,  and  in  1647  it  became  the  property 
of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse-Cassel,  of  whom  the 
count  of  Lippe  holds  a  part  as  a  fief.  Rintel  is 
the  capital. 

Schaucnstein,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Bayreuth,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Cnlmbach 

Schaumberg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
which  gives  name  to  a  lordship  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau,  25  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Wetzlar. 

Scheer,  a  town  and  castle  of  Wurtemberor,  cap- 
ital of  a    lordship    of  its  name  ;    seated    on    the 
Danube,  36  ra.  S.  W.  of  Ulm.  Long.  9.  24    £ 
lat.  48.  5.  N. 

Scheibenberg ,  a  town  of  Saxony,  near  which  are 
mines  of  silver  and  iron.    22  m.  S.   of  Chemnitz. 

Scheldt,  a  river  which  rises  in  France,  in  the 
department  of  Aisne,  passes  by  Cambrjiy,  Bou- 
chain,  Valenciennes,  Conde,Tournay,  Oudenard, 
Ghent,  Dendermond,  Antwerp,  and  Fort  Lillo, 
below  which  it  divides  into  two  branches.  One 
of  these  called  the  Eastern  Scheldt,  flows  by  Ber- 
gen op-Zoom  ;  the  other,  the  Western  Scheldt, 
proceeds  to  Flushing,  and  both  forming  several 
islands  enter  the  German  Ocean. 

Schelestat,  or  Schletstat,  a  fortified  town  of 
France,  department  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  river 
Ille,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Sirasburg. 

Schel.ln,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the 
Waag,  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Presburg. 

Schellcnberg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  frequently  call- 
ed Augustusburg,  from  a  castle  of  that  name 
standing  on  the  mountain  of  Schellenberg,  close 
by  the  town.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zschopa,  8  m.  E. 
of  Chemnitz. 

Schdlenburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  where  a  victo- 
ry was  obtained  by  the  allies,  over  the  French  and 
Bavarians,  in  1704.  12  m.  W.  of  Neuburg. 

Srhdling,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  12  m. 
long  and  3  broad,  lying  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Zuyder  Zee.  It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1799 
Long.  5.  0.  E.,  laf   53.  20.  N. 

Srhellsbvrg,  p. v.  Bedford  Co.  Pa. 

Schemnitz,  a  town  of  Hungary,  one  of  the  seven 
mountain-towns,  with  three  castles.  It  is  fa- 
mous for  mines  of  silver  and  other  metals  ;  as 
also  for  its  hot  baths.  Near  it  is  a  hiorh  rock  of 
shining  blue  stone,  mixed  with  green^and  some 
spots  of  yellow.  80  m.  E.  N.  £.  of  Presburff 
Long.  18.  56.  E.,  lat.  48.  30.  N. 

6VAe7icA,  a  fortress  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Gueld- 
erland,  seated  in  the  angle  where  the  Rhine  di- 
vides into  two  branches,  the  Rhine  and  Wahal.  It 
is  now  in  ruins.  13  m.  E.  of  Nimsruen. 

Schenertadi/,  a  county  of  New  York  borderimr 
on  the  Mohawk.  Pop.  12,334.  Schenectady  Ca 
the  capital. 

Schenectadij,  city,  capital  of  the  above  county 
stands  on  the  Mohawk,  15  m.  N.  W.  Albany,  and' 
was  formerly  a  flourishing  place,  but  tlie  openinj; 


SCH 


6G3 


sen 


of  the  great  Erie  Canal  has  diverted  the  trade  in 
another  direction.  Here  is  a  bridg'e  across  the 
Mohawk.  Union  College  at  this  place  was  found- 
ed in  1795.  It  has  10  instructors  and  205  stu- 
dents. The  libraries  have  13,600  volumes.  It 
has  3  vacations  in  April,  July  and  Decem- 
ber of  13  weeks.  Commencement  is  in  July. 
The  spot  where  this  town  stands  was  on  the 
head  quarters  of  the  Mohawk  tribe  of  Indians. 
.  Schenectady  was  settled  at  an  early  period,  and 
in  1600  a  body  of  French  and  Indians  from  Cana- 
da captured  and  burnt  the  town,  and  slaughtered 


most  of  the  inhabitants.  The  Mohawk  and  Hud- 
son Railroad  is  designed  to  extend  from  this 
place  to  Albany,  it  was  begun  in  1830.  Pop.  of 
Schenectady,   4.258 

Schening ,  a.  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland, 
Heated  in  a  fertile  country,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Was- 
tena. 

Scheningen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Brunswick,  near  which  is  a  Lutheran  convent, 
and  a  salt-mine.  18  m.  E.  of  Wolfenbuttel. 

Scheppenstadt,  a  town  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, 12  m.  E.  of  Wolfenbuttel. 

Scherpecheu.     See  Montaigue. 

Schesburg,  a  fortified  town  of  Transylvania,  with 
(  castle,  60  m.  x\.  E.  of  Weissenburg. 

Schiedam,  a  town  and  harbour,  in  S.  Holland, 
noted  for  its  numerous  distilleries  of  gin  (Hol- 
lands). It  is  seated  on  a  canal,  called  the  Schie, 
which  communicates  with  the  Meuse,  6  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Rotterdam. 

Schierling,  a  village  of  Bavaria,  noted  as  the 
scene  of  an  obstinate  conflict,  in  J 809,  between 
Bonaparte  and  the  archduke  Charles,  generally 
called  the  battle  of  Abensberg.  11  m.  S.  of  Ratis- 
bon. 

Schievelbein,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
with  a  castle;  seated  on  the  Rega,  17  m.  N.  of 
Dramburg. 

SchUtach,a.  town  of  Germany  in  thekincrdom  of 
Wurtemberg,  on  the  river  Schiltach,  14  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Rothweil. 

Schinta,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  river 
Waag,  28  m.  E.  of  Presburg. 

Scliintznach,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Aargau.  Here  are  some  tepid  mineral  wa- 
ters ;  and  near  it,  on  a  lofty  eminence,  are  the 
ruins  of  the  famous  castle  of  Hapsburg.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Aar,  10  m.  W.  of  Baden  and  20.  S. 
E.  of  Basel. 

Schiras.     See  Shir  as. 

Schirvan,  a  province  of  Persia,  150  m.  long 
and  90  broad  ,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Daghestan , 
E.  and,  S.  E.  by  the  Caspian  Sea,  S.  W.  by  Ert- 
van  and  W.  by  Georgia.  The  soil  is  very  fertile, 
producing  abundance  of  rice,  wheat,  and  barley  ; 
and  the  pastures  feed  numerous  cattle.  Vines  are 
planted  along  the  hedges,  and    fastened    to  the 


trees.  Here  are  vast  quantities  of  wild  fowls, 
particularly  pheasants  ;  also  hares  in  abundancr. 
Schamachie  is  the  capital. 

SchJackenweld,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a  good 
tin  mine,  5  m.  S.  of  Carlsbad. 

Schlackentcerth,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a 
fine  castle,  seated  on  the  Weisseritz,  7  m.  N.  iN.  E. 
of  Carlsbad. 

Schladen,  a  town  of  Hanover  in  the  province 
of  Hildesheim,  28  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Hildesheim. 

Schlan,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Rakonitz,  with  a  castle.  It  is  surrounded  by 
walls  and  vineyards,  and  is  16  m.  N.  E.  of  Ra- 
konitz. 

Schlawa,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  ntates  in  the 
principality  of  Glogau,  18  m.  N.  of  Glogau. 

Schluwe,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  on  the 
river  Wipper,  10  m.  W.  S.  W.   of  Stolpe. 

Schleusingen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Saxony,  in 
the  county  of  Henneburg ;  seated  on  the  Schleus, 
18  m.  S.  E.  of  Smalkald  and  19  N.  N.  E.  of 
Schweinfurt. 

Schlitz,  a  town  of  German\',  in  the  principality 
of  Fulda,  on  a  small  river  that  runs  into  the  Ful- 
da,  7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Fulda. 

Schlitz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Voigtland,  with 
a  castle,  13  m.  N.  W.ofPlauen. 

Schlusselhurg ,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Russia, 
situate  on  the  Neva,  near  Lake  Ladoga.  The 
fortress  stands  on  an  island  in  the  river,  and  has 
frequently  been  used  as  a  stats  prison.  34  m.  E. 
of  Petersburgh.     Long.   39.   55.    E.,  lat.  59.  55. 

Schmalkalden.     See  Smalkalden. 

Schmalenberg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  on  the 
river  Lenne,  14  m.  E.  of  Aitendorn. 

Schmicdeberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Jauer.  The  vicinity  abounds  in 
iron  ore,  and  almost  all  the  inhabitants  are  smiths. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  near  the 
source  of  the  Bauber,  25  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Schweidnitz. 

Schmiedeburg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  14 
m.  S.  of  Dresden. 

Schmoltcn,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
palitj'  of  Altenburg,  on  the  river  Sprotta,  7  m.  S. 
W.  of  Altenburg. 

Schnceburg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  manufac- 
tures of  thread,  silk,  gold  and  silver  lace,  &c. ; 
and  in  the  neighbourhood  are  silver  mines.  It 
is  situate  on  an  eminence  near  the  Mulda,  9  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Zwickau. 

Schoda^k,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  "Y.  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  9  m.  below  Albany.  Pop. 
3,795. 

Schoharie,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  27,910. 
Schoharie  is  the  capital. 

Schoharie,  p.t.  the  capital  of  the  above  county, 
32  m.  W.  Albany,  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name 
flowing  into  the  Mohawk.     Pop.  5,146. 

Schoharie  Kill,  p.v.  Greene  Co.  N.  Y.  61  m.  S. 
W.  Albany. 

Schonbeck,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussian  Saxo- 
ny, in  the  duchy  of  Magdeburg,  with  some  salt- 
works ;  seated  on  the  Elbe,  9  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Mag- 
deburg. 

Schoneck,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Voigtland,  15 
ni.  S.  E.  of  Plauen. 

Schonecken,  a  town  of  Geiwiany,  in  the  territo- 
ry of  Treves,  seated  on  the  Nyms,  28  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Treves. 

Schonen,  or  Scanic,  a  province  of  Sweden,  in 
Gothland,  almost  surrounded  by  the  Sound  and 
the  Baltic.     It  is  70  m.  long  and  50  brocd,  \rsfi 


SCH 


664 


SCH 


the  moat  level,  pleasant,  and  fertile  spot  in  the 
kingdom,  producing  all  the  necessaries  of  life  in 
abundance.     Lund  is  the  capital. 

Schongau,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  surrounded  by  a 
plain  wall  and  some  towers.  The  great  square 
IB  adorned  with  three  fountains  of  a  kind  of  mar- 
ble, the  product  of  the  country.  It  stands  on  the 
side  of  an  eminence,  by  the  river  Lech,  14  m.  S. 
of  Lansburg  and  40  S.'W.  of  Munich. 

Schonhoten,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Holland,  with  a  commodious  haven.  It  is  cele- 
brated for  its  gardens  and  its  salmon  fishery  ,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Leek,  14  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Rot- 
terdam. 

Sckooley's  Mountain,  an  eminence  in  Morris  Co. 
N.  J.  much  visited  in  summer  for  its  agreeable 
Bcenery  and  the  mineral  springs  in  its  neighbour- 
hood. 

Sr.horndorf,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Wurtem- 
berg,  with  a  strong  castle,  and  productive  salt 
springs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rems,  17  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Stutgard. 

Schouten  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
near  the  N.  E.  coast  of  New  (Juinea,  CO  m.  long 
and  20  broad,  discovered  by  William  Schouten, 
a  Dutchman,  in  1G16.  Long.  135.  50.  E.,  lat.  0. 
40.  S. 

SfiAojccw,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  forming 
the  N.  part  of  Zealand,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Scheldt.  It  is  15  m.  long  and  C  broad.  Ziriczee 
is  the  capital. 

Schrattenthal,  a  town  and  castle  of  Austria,  9 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Znaim. 

Schrohenhausen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  riv- 
er Par,  16  ni.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ingolstadt. 

Scliut,  an  island  of  Hungary,  formed  by  the 
Danube,  immediately  below  Presburg.  It  is  40 
m.  long  and  12  broad,  abounds  in  fruit  and  her- 
bage, and  has  plenty  of  game,  wood,  and  fish. 
The  chief  town  is  Comorn. 

Schuyhr,  Fort,  Old  and  New,  both  in  the  state 
of  New  York,  on  Mohawk  River;  the  Old  4  m. 
below,  and  the  New  7  above  Whilestown.  The 
latter  is  more  usually  called  Fort  Stanwix. 

Schuyler,  a  lake  in  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  5  m.  in 
length  and  1  in  breadth. 

Schuyhr,  p.t.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  a!'-  \he  Mo- 
hawk, 84  m.  N.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  2,07'! 

ScAMy/ersBJWe,  p. v.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  '4  ♦ ». 
N.  Albany. 

Schuylkill,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  oi  Tenn- 
Bvlvania.  Pop.  20,783.  Orwigsburg  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Schuylkill,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania,  which  rises 
N.  W.  of  the  Kittatinny  mountains,  and  is  navi- 
gable from  above  Reading  to  its  entrance  into  the 
Delaware,  5  m.  below  Philadelphia. 

Schicabach ,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Anspach,  with  numerous  manufactures. 
It  stands  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which 
flows  into  the  Rednitz,  12  ni.  E.  by  N.  of  Anspach. 

Schwulbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  tlie  duchy 
of  Nassau,  frequented  for  its  mineral  waters  ; 
Beated  on  the  river  Aa,  32  m.  W.  of  Frankfort. 

Sclncnienhurg,  a  town  of  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Lippe,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Paderborn. 

Schwan,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  on  the  river  Warnow,  10  m.  N.  of 
Gustrow. 

Schcandm'f,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  princi- 

Sality  of  Neuburg,  on  the  river  Nab,  21  m.  N.  of 
Latisbon. 

Schwanenstadt,  a  town  of  Austria,  near  which 
the  Frer  ch  gained  a  decisive  victory  over  the 


Austrians  in  1800.    It  is  seated  on  the  Ager,  25 
m.  S.  W.ofLintz. 

Schwartzburg,  an  ancient  castle  of  Germany, 
which  gives  name  to  a  district  belonging  to  the 
house  of  Saxony.  The  district  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  the  upper  and  lower,  each  bearing  the 
name  of  county.  Rudolstadt  and  Sondershausen 
are  the  chief  towns.  The  castle  is  seated  on  the 
Schwartz,  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Rudolstadt. 

Sclncurtzenberg,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia, 
in  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle, 
seated  on  the  Lee,  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Wurtzbuig. 

Schwartzenberg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  wire 
and  lace  manufactures.  In  the  vicinity  are  iron 
forges,  and  mines  of  tin  and  lead.  It  is  10  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Annaberg. 

Schicarlzenburg,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital 
of  a  bailiwic,  in  the  canton  of  Bern.  10  m.  S.  E. 
of  Friburg,  and  17  S.  S.  W.  of  Bern. 

Schwatz,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Tyrol,  with  a  sil 
ver  and  copper  mine  ;  seated  on  the  river  Inn,  14 
m.  N.  E.  of  Inspruc. 

Schwedt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
with  a  magnificient  castle,  seated  on  the  Oder,  24 
m.  S.  E.  of  Prenzio. 

Scfnceidnitz,  a  strong  city  of  Prussia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Reichenbach,  capital  of  a  principality 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  Half  of  the 
magistrates  are  Catholics,  but  most  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  Protestants,  who  have  a  church  witliout 
the  town,  as  also  a  public  school.  All  kinds  of 
leather,  particularly  cordovan,  are  manufactured 
here.  In  1716  the  greatest  part  of  this  city  was 
burnt  down,  but  it  was  rebuilt  in  an  elegant  man- 
ner. The  Austrians  took  it,  in  1757,  from  the 
Prussians,  who  retook  it  the  next  year.  In 
1807  it  surrendered  to  the  French.  It  is  seated 
on  an  eminence  on  the  river  Weistritz,  22  m.  S. 
W.  of  Breslau.     Long.  16.  32.  E.,  lat.  50.  44.  N. 

Schweinfurt,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  with 
a  palace.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  large  trade 
in  wine,  woollen  and  linen  cloth,  goose  quills,  and 
feathers.  This  town  was  taken  by  the  French  in 
1796,  and  was  given  to  Bavaria  in  1802.  It  is 
scaled  on  the  Maine,  21  m.  N.  E.  of  Wurtzberg. 
Long.  10.  35.  E.,  lat.  50.  6.  N. 

Sclncc^nitz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  river  Els- 
ter,  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Wittenberg. 

Schweinsberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Cassel,  on  the  river  Ohm,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  Marburg. 

Schweitz,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded  on 
the  W.  by  the  Waldstadter  See,  S.  by  the  canton 
of  Uri,  E.  by  that  of  Glarus,  and  N.  by  those  of 
Zurich  and  Zug.  Tliis  canton,  with  that  of  Uri 
and  Underwalden,  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Austria 
in  1308,  and  formed  a  perpetual  alliance  in  1315, 
which  was  the  grand  foundation  of  the  Helvetic  ' 
'ionfederacy.  The  name  of  Schweitzerland,  Swis- 
serland,  or  Switzerland,  originally  comprehended 
only  these  three  cantons,  but  was  afterwards  ex- 
tended to  all  Helvetia.  The  whole  country,  being 
rugged  and  mountainous,  consists  chiefly  of  pas- 
ture, raises  little  corn,  and  has  no  wine  ;  but  this 
soil,  naturally  barren,  has  been  improved  by  the 
natives  to  a  great  degree  of  fertility.  The  inhab- 
itants made  a  spirited  but  unavailing  resistance 
to  the  French  in  1798,  and  they  suffered  severely 
in  1799,  when  Switzerland  became  the  scene  ol 
military  operations.  The  Roman  Catholic  is  the 
established  religion. 

Schweitz,  the  capital  of  the  above  canton,  is 
seated  near  the  Waldstadter  See,  on  the  slope  of 
a  hill,  at  the  bottom  of  two  high  and  rugged 
rocks,  called  the  Schweitzer  Haken.     The  church 


BCl 


665 


SCL 


H  a  large  magnificent  building.  18  m.  E.  by 
S  of  Lucern.     Long.  8.  31.  E.,  Tat  46.  56.  N. 

Schicitz,  Lake  of.     See  Waldstadter  See. 

Schicelm,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Mark,  near  which  are  some  medicinal 
springs.     26  m.  E.  of  Dusseldorf. 

Schtcerin,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  the 
grand  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin.  It  is  di- 
vided into  four  parts  ;  namely,  Schwerin.  the  New 
Town,  the  island  of  Schelf,  and  the  Moor,  which 
are  all  nearly  encircled  by  a  beautiful  lake.  The 
principal  church  is  a  fine  Gothic  pile,  with  a  lofty 
spire.  The  ducal  palace  and  gardens  are  on  an 
island  in  the  lake,  and  have  a  communication  with 
the  town  by  a  drawbridge.  This  town  was  taken 
bv  the  Prussians  in  I'fo!),  andin  1806  it  was  occu- 
pied by  the  French.  It  is  35  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Gustrow.     Long.  11.  33.  E.,  lat.  53.  56.  N. 

Schwerte,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Mark,  on  the  river  Roer,  7  m.  S.  of 
Dortmund. 

Schwctz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussia,  on  the 
Vistula,  7  m.  N.  of  Culm. 

Schwiebussen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Glogau.  It  has  a  castle,  a  Catholic  par- 
ish church,  a  Protestant  church,  good  cloth  manu- 
factures, and  fertile  gardens  and[  vineyards.  13 
in.  N.  of  Zullichau.    Long.  15.47. E.lat.' 52.  21.  N. 

Schwinhurg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  on  the  S.  coast 
of  the  island  of  Funen,  with  the  best  harbour  in 
the  island,  and  maiaifactures  of  woolen  and  linen. 
23.  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Odensee.  Long.  10.  30.  E.,  lat. 
55.  10.  N. 

Sciati,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  14 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Negropont,  and  almost  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  gulf  of  Salonichi.  It  is  10  m.  lonor 
and  4  broad      Long.  23.  40.  E.,  lat.  39.  24.  N.    ° 

ScienceviU.e,  p. v.  Greene  Co.  N.  Y.  59  m.  W. 
Albany. 

Sciglio,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra,  on 
the  side  of  a  rocky  promontory,  called  Scylla.  or 
Cape  Sciglio.  In  the  terrible  earthquake  of  l783 
the  sea  was  thrown  furiously  3  m.  inland,  and  on 
its  return  swept  off  about  2,500  of  the  inhabitants, 
with  the  prince  of  Sciglio,  who  hoping  to  find 
security,  were  then  on  the  Scylla  Strand,  or  in 
^ats  near  the  shore.     It  is  10  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Reg- 

•  fio-  . 

Scilly,  a  cluster  of  numerous  isles  and  rocks,  at 
the  entrance  of  the  English  and  Bristol  channels, 
lying  almost  10  leagues  W.  of  the  Lands-end,  in 
Cornwall.  Of  these  only  five  or  six  are  inhabited. 
They  are  a  resort  for  sea-fowl, and  feed  many  sheep 
and  rabbits.  The  inhabitants  principally  subsist 
by  fishing,  burning  kelp,  and  acting  as  pilots. 
The  chief  isle  is  that  of  St.  Mary,  nearly  3  m.  long 
and  2  broad,  which  has  a  good  port,  is  well  forti- 
fied, and  contains  more  inhabitants  than  all  the 
rest  put  together.  In  this  isle,  and  in  two  or  three 
others,  are  various  antiquities,  particularly  the  re- 
mains of  a  temple  of  the  Druids,  and  ancient  sep- 
ulchres. Oi  that  of  St.  Agnes  is  a  liglit-house, 
which,  with  the  gallery,  is  51  feet  high,  and  is  a 
very  fine  column.  At  the  outermost  extremity  of 
the  isle  of  St.  Martin  is  a  seamark,  built  with  rock- 
stone,  and  as  conspicuous  by  day  as  the  light- 
house on  St.  Agnes,  but  not  so  high  and  large. 
The  Scilly  rocks  have  been  fatal  to  numbers  of 
ships  entering  the  English  channel.  One  of  the 
most  disastrous  events  of  this  kind  happened  in 
1707,  when  three  men  of  war  perished,  with  ad- 
miral sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  and  all  their  crew. 
St.  Agnes  light-house  is  in  Long.  6. 19.  W..  lat. 
49,54.  N. 

84 


Seillt/,  a  group  of  isles  or  shoals,  in  the  S.  Pa- 
cific, discovered  by  captain  Wallis  in  1767,  and 
described  as  extremely  dangerous.  Long.  155 
30.  W.,  lat.  16.  30.  S. 

Scio,  anciently  called  Chios,  an  island  of  the 
Archipelago,  near  the  coast  of  Natolia,  36  m.  long 
and  13  broad.  It  is  a  mountainous  country ;  but 
fruits  of  various  kinds  grow  in  the  fields,  such  as 
oranges,  citrons,  olives,  mulberries,  and  pomegra- 
nates, interspersed  with  myrtles  and  jasmines. 
The  wine  of  Scio,  so  celebrated  by  the  ancients, 
is  still  in  great  esteem  ;  but  the  island  is  now 
principally  distinguished  by  the  profitable  culture 
of  mastich :  it  has  also  some  trade  in  silk,  cotton, 
and  figs.  Besides  the  town  of  the  same  name,  it 
contains  68  villages,  all  inhabited  by  Greeks; 
and  those  which  furnish  mastich  are  the  most  rich 
and  populous.  In  1822  this  island  became  the 
scene  of  unparalleled  barbarity,  in  consequence  of 
the  Greek  population  having  joined  their  coun- 
trymen in  their  struggle  for  liberty.  The  Turks 
landed  several  thousand  men,  and:  massacred  all 
the  men,  and  the  male  children  above  12  years  of 
age  ;  the  women  and  young  children  were  sent 
into  captivity,  and  the  male  children  were  cir- 
cumcised in  token  of  conversion  to  Mabomedism. 
From  the  llth  of  April  to  the  10th  of  May  the 
number  of  slain  amounted  to  25,000,  and  that  of 
captives  to  30,000.  Scio  is  still  held  by  the 
Turks. 

Scio,  the  capital  of  the  above  island,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  the  best  built  town  in  the  Archi- 
pelago ;  the  houses  being  commodious,  some  of 
them  terraced,  and  others  covered  with  tiles. 
The  castle,  an  old  citadel  built  by  the  Genoese,  is 
now  in  ruins.  The  harbour  is  a  rendezvous  for 
ships  that  go  to,  or  come  from  Constantinople  :  it 
will  contain  80  vessels,  is  protected  by  alow  mole, 
and  has  two  light-houses.  It  stands  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  island,  67  m.  W.  of  Smyrna.  Long. 
26.  2.  E.,  lat.  38.  28.  N. 

Scioto,  a.  river  of  Ohio  rising  in  the  central  part 
of  the  State  and  flowing  southerly  into  the  Ohio 
at  Portsmouth.  The  Ohio  canal  passes  along  its 
banks. 

Scioto,  a  county  of  Ohio  lying  on  the  above 
river.     Pop.  8,730.     Portsmouth  is  the  capital. 

Scioto,  townships  in  Ross,  Delaware,  Picka- 
way, Jackson  and  Madison  Cos.  Ohio. 

Scioto  Salt  Works,  a  tract  of  land  reserved  by 
the  United  States  in  Jackson  Co.  Ohio.  23  m.  S. 
E.  Chillicothe.     Considerable  salt  is  made  here. 

Scipio,  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Cayuga  Lake. 
174  m.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  2,691.  a  township  of 
Meigs  Co.  Ohio. 

Sciro,  or  Sciros,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Ar- 
chipelago, to  the  W.  of  Metelin,  1.5  m.  long  and 
8  broad.  The  country  is  mountainous,  but  has 
no  mines.  The  vines  make  the  beauty  of  the  isl- 
and, and  the  wine  is  excellent;  nor  do  the  natives 
want  corn  or  wood.  It  contains  only  the  village 
and  convent  of  St.  George,  both  built  on  a  coni- 
cal rock,  10  m.  from  the  harbour  of  St.  George. 
Long.  24.  38.  E.,  lat.  38.  54.  N. 

Scituale,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  17  m.  S.  Bos 
ton,  on  Massachusetts  Bav.  Pop.  3,740  ;  a  town- 
ship of  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  12  m.  S.  W.  Provi 
deuce.  Pop.  6,853. 

Sclavonia,a.  province  of  Au8tri"i,situate  between 
the  rivers  Drave  and  Danube  on  the  N.  and  the 
Save  on  the  S. ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Croatia, 
from  which  to  the  conflux  of  the  Save  with  tire 
Danube  it  is  150  m.  in  length,  and  from  45  to  2S 
in  breadth.  A  chain  of  lofty  mountains,  covered 
3k2 


SCO 


6e6 


SCO 


with  forests,  extends  from  E.  to  W.  nearly 
through  its  whole  length  ;  but  the  remainder  is  a 
fertile  level  country,  producing  wheat,  barley, 
maize,  flax,  henip,  madder,  and  a  variety  of  fruits. 
The  eastern  part  is  called  Ratza,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants Kascians.  These  form  a  particular  nation, 
and  are  of  the  Greek  church.  The  ancient  Scla- 
vonia  contained  many  large  countries :  some 
have  extended  it  from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Euxine 
Sea,  and  say  that  it  had  its  name  from  the  Sclavi, 
a  Scythian  nation,  who  conquered  Greece  and 
this  country  in  the  reign  of  emperor  Justinian. 
The  language  of  Sclavonia  is  the  mother  of  four 
others  ;  namely,  those  of  Hungary,  Bohemia,  Po- 
land, and  Russia. 

Scone,  or  Scoon,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Perth- 
shire, noted  for  an  ancient  palace  where  the  kings 
of  Scotland  used  to  be  crowned.  It  is  situate  on 
the  E.  side  of  the  river  Tay,  a  mile  N.  of  Perth. 

Scopelo,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
10  m.  long,  and  5  broad.  It  is  very  fertile,  pro- 
duces plenty  of  good  wine,  and  contains  12,000 
inhabitants.  5  m.  S.  of  Sciati.  Long.  23.  50. 
E.,  lat.  39.  24.  N. 

Scopiti,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  and  an  archbish- 
op's see;  seated  on  the  Vardar,  over  which  is  a 
bridge  of  12  arches,  150  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Salonica. 
Long.  21.  45.  E.,  lat.  42.  40.  N. 

Scotch  Plains,  p. v.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  42  m.  N. 
E.  Trenton. 

Sconondoa,  p.v  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  112  m.  W. 
Albany. 

Scotland,  the  northern  of  the  two  kingdoms 
into  which  the  island  of  Great  Britain  was  for- 
merly divided.  It  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  th« 
Atlantic  Ocean,  N.  by  the  North  Sea,  E.  by  the 
German  Ocean,  S.  E.  by  England,  and  S.  by  the 
Irish  Sea.  To  Scotland  also  appertain  the  islands 
on  its  western  coast  called  the  Hebrides,  or  Wes- 
tern Islands,  and  those  to  the  N.  E.  called  the 
Orkney  and  Shetland  Islands.  From  N.  to  S.  it 
extends  270  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  150, 
but  in  some  places  not  above  30,  and  no  part  is 
distant  above  40  miles  from  the  coast.  It  con- 
tains about  18,000,000  of  acres,  and  the  number 
of  inhabitants  in  1821  was  2,093,456.  Scotland  is 
divided  into  two  districts,  the  Highlands  and 
the  Lowlands ;  the  former  comprising  the  moun- 


tainous part  to  the  N.  and  N.  W  ,  and  the  latter 
Ihe  more  level  district  on  the  E.  and  S.  E.  But 
nature  seems  to  have  pointed  out  three  grand 
divisions  in  Scotland.  The  first,  or  N.  division, 
18  formed  by  a  chain  of  lakes,  which  cross  the 
country,   from  the   frith  of  Murray   to  the   isl- 


and of  Mull,  in  a  S.  W.  direction ;  the  sec- 
ond, or  middle  division,  is  bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  friths  of  Forth  and  Clyde,  and  the 
great  canal  by  which  they  are  united  ;  and 
on  the  S.  side  of  this  boundary  is  the  third, 
or  S.  division.  The  N.  division  is  chiefly  an  as- 
semblage of  vast  dreary  mountains ;  not,  how- 
ever, without  some  fertile  valleys  on  the  north 
em  and  eastern  shores.  The  middle  division  is 
traversed  in  diff'erent  directions,  by  several  rang- 
es of  mountains  ;  and  though  cultivation  here  ts 
also  found  chiefly  on  the  eastern  shore,  yet  of 
this  division,  as  wt  11  as  of  the  former,  the  arable 
land  bears  a  small  proportion  to  the  mountainous 
and  barren  tracts.  The  S.  division  has  a  ffreat 
resemblance  to  England,  and,  with  respect  both  to 
the  general  aspect  of  the  country  and  to  the  pro- 
gress of  cultivation,  exhibits  every  kind  of  rural 
variety.  The  civil  division  of  the  country  is  into 
33  counties.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Spey, 
Don,  Tay,  Tweed,  Clyde,  Forth,  Northern  Dee 
Esk,  Annan,  Nith,  and  Southern  Dee.  The 
lochs,  or  lakes,  are  numerous,  and  some  of  them 
extensive.  The  climate  is  very  various.  The 
northern  extremity,  which  is  in  the  same  latitude 
with  some  parts  of  Norway,  is  extremely  cold ; 
but,  from  its  insular  situation,  the  fronts  are  far 
from  being  so  intense  as  in  parts  of  the  continent 
equally  as  far  to  the  N.  Its  W.  coast  is  subject 
to  frequent  rains  in  the  summer,  and  to  sudden 
changes  of  weather.  In  many  places  on  the  east- 
ern shore,  and  in  the  whole  S.  division,  the  climate 
is  not  inferior  to  the  N.  part  of  England.  The 
products  of  the  country  are  grain,  flax,  woods  of 
oak  and  fir,  coal,  lead,  iron,  freestone,  limestone, 
slate,  the  most  beautiful  marble,  fine  rock-crystals, 
pearls,  variegated  pebbles,  «fcc.  It  feeds  vast  herds 
of  cattle  and  flocks  of  sheep,  which  are  much 
valued  for  the  delicacy  of  their  flesh  ;  and  the 
fleece  of  the  latter  emulates  the  finest  Spanish 
wool.  On  the  high  grounds  the  cattle  are  very 
diminutive  ;  but  in  many  parts  of  country  the 
horses  and  cows  are  not  excelled  in  size  and 
beauty  by  those  of  the  English  breed.  The  stag, 
or  red  deer  which  has  disappeared  from  about 
every  other  part  of  Europe  is  still  found  in  this 
country.  Among  the  other  wild  animals  are  the 
roe,  fox,  badger,  otter,  hedge-hog,  rabbit,  weasel, 
mole,  and  other  small  quadrupeds.  Among  the 
feathered  race  are  the  capercailzie,  or  the  cock  of 
the  wood,  the  eagle,  falcon,  partridge,  quail,  snipe, 
plover,  black  game,  &c.  Scotland  was  governed 
by  a  king  before  the  Romans  visited  England,  and 
continued  an  independent  kingdom  till  the  death 
of  the  English  queen  Elizabeth,  when  fames  VI., 
of  Scotland,  the  most  immediate  heir,  was  called 
to  the  throne  of  England,  and  constantly  resided 
in  the  latter  ;  he  and  his  successors  called  them- 
selves kings  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  each 
country  having  a  se|)arate  parliament,  till  the  year 
1707,  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  when  both 
kingdoms  were  united  under  the  general  name  of 
Great  Britain.  The  counties  send  one  member 
each  to  parliament,  except  Bute  and  Caithness, 
Cromarty  and  Nairn,  Kinross  and  Clackmannan, 
which  send  members  in  conjunction ;  so  that  the 
•ounties  send  30  members,  which,  with  15  sent 
by  the  cities  and  boroughs,  make  the  45  com 
moners  sent  by  Scotland  ;  and  16  peers  are  elect- 
ed to  represent  the  nobility.  The  established  re- 
ligion is  the  presbyterian,  which  is  modelled  prin* 
cipally  after  the  Calvinistical  plan  settled  at  Ge- 
neva, and  on  a  general  principle  of  an  equality 
of  ecclesisstical  authority  among  its  presbj'tex^ 


SEA 


«e7 


SEB 


There  are  few  Roman  Catholics,  but  the  Protes- 
tant Dissenters  are  numerous.  With  respect  to 
the  trade  and  manutactures,  they  are  noticed 
under  the  respective  cities  and  towns.  Edinburgh 
is  the  capital. 
^  ..    Sattland  Aeck,  p.v.  Halifax  Co.  N.  C. 

Scotl-and  Society,  p.v.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  34 
n.  E.  Hartford. 

Scott,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  i>,702.  Estillville  is  the  capital ;  a  county 
of  Kentucky.  Pop.  14,677.  Greorgetown  is  the 
capital ;  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  3,097.  New 
Lexington  is  the  capital. 

Scott,  p.t.  Cortland  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Skeneateles 
Lake.  170  ra.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  1,452;  p.v. 
Adams  Co.  Ohio. 

Scotlsburg,  p.v.  Halifax  Go.  Va. 

Scottsville,  p  V.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  252m.  W. 
Albany  ;  p.v.  Powhatan  Co.  Va.  30  m.  VV.  Rich- 
mond;" p.v.Allen  Co.   Ken.  160  S.W.Frankfort. 

Scriba,  p.t.  Oswego  Co.  N.  Y.  on  L.  Ontario  at 
the  mouth  of  Oswego  river.     Pop.  2,073. 

Scriven,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  4,776. 
Jacksoiiborough  is  the  capital. 

Scroon,  a  river  of  New  York  flowing  through  a 
lake  of  the  same  name  into  the  Hudson. 

Sctill  Camp,  p.v.  Surry  Co.  N.  C. 

Scull  Shoals,  p.v.  Greene  Co.  Geo. 
.    SctUiri,  a  strong  town  of  Albania.and  a  bishop's 
Bee,  seated  on  the  lake  Zeta,  near  its  outlet,  the 
river  Boiana,  70  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Durazzo.     Long. 
19.  16.  E.,  lat..42.  33.  N. 

Sci//rtr»,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
which  may  be  considered  sls  a  suburb  of  Con- 
stantinople. It  stands  on  the  strait  opposite  that 
city;  and  presents  itself  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, .ifFording  a  very  picturesque  view  from 
the  mixture  of  trees,  houses,  mosques,  and  mina- 
rets. This  town  serves  as  an  emporhim  and  a 
rendezvous  to  the  caravans  of  Asia,  and  has  some 
manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton  stuffs.  Here  are 
extensive  burying  grounds,  shaded  with  lofly  cy- 
presses. The  rich  Turks  of  Constantinople  pre- 
fer being  interred  here  ;  for  they  consider  Asia  as 
a  land  belonging  to  the  true  believers,  and  believe 
that  the  land  of  Europe  will  one  day  fall  into  the 
hands  of  Christians,  and  be  trodden  on  by  infidels. 
Scutari  is  1  m.  E.  of  Constantinople. 

Scylla,  a  rock  near  the  entrance  of  the  strait  of 
Messina,  on  the  coast  of  Calabria,  opposite  the 
celebrated  Chary bdis.  It  forms  a  small  promon- 
tory in  the  narrowest  part  of  the  strait,  and  is  the 
famous  Scylla  of  the  ancient  poets.  It  does  not 
come  up  to  the  formidable  description  given  by 
Homer,  nor  is  the  passage  so  narrow  and  difficult 
as  he  represents  it;  but  it  is  probable  that  its 
breadth  is  greatly  increased  since  his  time.  The 
rock  is  nearly  200  feet  nigh ;  and  on  the  side  of 
it  stands  the  town  of  Sciglio,  whence  the  promon- 
tory is  sometimes  called  Cape  Sciglio. 

Seahrook,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
coast,  7  m.  N.  Newburyport.     Pop.  1,096. 

Scafard,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  Enor.  and  one  of 
the  Cinque  Ports.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
employed  in  fishing,  but  of  late  it  has  been  much 
resorted  to  as  a  bathing  place.  It  is  seated  near 
itoe  English  Channel,  10  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lewis 
and  61  S.  by  E.  of  London. 

Seaford,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

Seal,  a  township  of  Pike  Co.  Ohio.     Pop.  1 ,173. 

Searsborough,  a  township  of  Benninorton  Co. 
;  «?t.     Pop.  40. 

Sc«r*i?Mm/,  a  township  of  Waldo,  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
1,151. 


Searsville,  p.v.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.  103  m.  8. 
W.  Albany. 

Seaion,  a  town  cf  Scotland,  in  Haddingtonshire. 
Here  is  a  ruinous  palace,  in  which  Mary  queen  of 
Scots  occasionally  kept  her  court,  afler  her  re- 
turn from  France.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
salt  anrf  coal,  and  is  situate  on  the  frith  of  Forth, 
9  m.  E.  of  Edinburg. 

Sebago  Pond,  in  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  18  m 
N.  W.  Portland.  It  is  12  m.  long  and  is  connect- 
ed with  the  sea  at  Portland  by  a  canal. 

Sebastia,  a  town  of  Palestine,  the  remains  of 
the  ancient  city  of  Samaria,  34  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Jerusalem. 

Sebastian,  St.,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Biscay, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  top  of 
which  is  a  strong  citadel.  The  harbour  is  secured 
by  two  moles,  and  a  narrow  entrance  for  the  ships. 
The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  double  wall,  and 
fortified  towards  the  sea.  It  carries  on  a  great 
trade,  particularly  in  iron,  steel,  and  wool.  St. 
Sebastian  was  taken  bv  the  French  in  1719,  in 
1794,  and  again  in  1808.'  On  the  31st  of  August, 
1813,  it  was  taken  by  storm,  by  the  allied  forces, 
under  general  Graham,  after  a  short  siege,  during 
which  it  sustained  a  most  heavy  bombardment, 
which  laid  nearly  the  whole  town  in  ruins.  It 
lias  since  been  rebuilt.  50  m.  E.  of  Bilbao  and 
5*)  iN  W.  of  Pamplona.  Long.  1.  56.  W.,  laL  43. 
24.  N. 

Sebastian,  St.,  the  capital  of  the  provnice  of 
Rio  Janeir*,  and  of  all  Brazil,  with  a  citadel  on  a 
hill,  and  numerous  forts.  The  city  stands  4  m. 
W.  of  the  harbour,  and  behind  it  are  high  hills 
crowned  with  woods,  convents,  houses,  and 
churches.  It  is  3  m.  in  circumference  ;  the  streets 
are  straight  and  most  of  them  narrow,  intersecting 
each  other  at  right  anales ;  and  the  houses,  in 
general,  are  of  stone,  and  two  stories  high.  The 
churches  are  very  fine,  and  there  is  more  religious 
parade  in  this  city  than  in  almost  any  other  town 
in  Europe.  The  harbour  is  very  commodious, 
with  a  narrow  entrance  defended  by  two  forts. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  sugar,  rum,  and  cochi- 
neal. The  diflferent  mechanics  carry  on  their 
business  in  distinct  parts  of  the  town  ;  particular 
streets  being  set  apart  for  particular  traaes.  On 
the  S.  side  of  a  spacious  square  is  a  palace  ;  and 
there  are  several  other  squares,  in  which  are 
fountains,  supplied  with  water  by  an  aqueduct, 
of  considerable  length,  brought  over  a  valley  by 
a  double  tier  of  arches.  The  mint  is  one  of  the 
finest  buildings  existing,  and  furnished  with  all 
the  conveniences  necessary  for  coining  with  the 
greatest  expedition.  A  Benedictine  convent  and 
a  fort  are  on  the  extreme  point,  jutting  into  the 
harbour,  opposite  which  is  Serpent  Island,  where 
there  are  a  dock-yard,  magazines  and  naval  store- 
houses. In  another  part  of  the  harbour,  at  a  place 
called  Val  Longo,  are  warehouses,  formerly  ap- 
propriated for  the  reception,  and  preparation  for 
sale,  of  slaves  imported  from  Africa.  St.  Sebas- 
tian is  a  bishop's  see,  and  seated  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Rio  Janeiro,  in  the  Atlantic.  Long.  42.  44. 
W.,  lat.  22.  54.  S. 

Sebastian,  Cape  St.,  a  cape  at  the  N.  W.  ex 
tremity  of  Madagascar.  Long.  46.  25.  E.,  lat.  12. 
30.  S. 

Sebasticook,  a  river  of  Maine,  flowing  into  the 
Kennebec  from  the  east. 

Sebastopol,  a  sea-port  of  Russia,  and  the  first 
maritime  town  of  the  Crimea.  It  has  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  secure  harbours  in  the  world, 
capable  of  containing  all  the  Russian  fleets ;  and 


'I 


SEE  6( 

it  18  the  chief  otation  of  the  Black  Sea  fleet.  The 
city  is  built  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  which  divides 
two  of  its  fine  basins.  The  old  Tartar  houses  are 
small  and  ill-built;  but  along  the  quay  are  some 
new  buildings  in  a  good  taste.  It  stands  on  part 
of  the  site  of  the  ancient  Greek  city  of  Cherson, 
where  was  the  famous  temple  of  Diana  Taurica ; 
and  considerable  ruins  of  them  are  yet  discover- 
erable.  40  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Sympheropol  and  350 
N.  E.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  33.  22.  E.,  lat. 
44.  25.  N. 

Seftec,  a  township  of  Penobscot  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
90«. 

Sebenico,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Austrian  Dalmatia, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  four  citadels.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  magnificent  fabric,  and  its  roof  is  com- 
posed of  large  flat  pieces  of  marble.  The  Turks 
have  often  attempted  in  vain  to  take  tiiis  town. 
It  is  sealed  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cherca,  in  the 

fulf  of  Venice,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Zara.  Long.  16. 
6.  E.,  lat.  44. 17.  N. 

Sebourg,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord, 
5  m.  E.  of  Valenciennes. 

Sehu.     See  Zebu. 

Sechura,  a  town  of  Peru,  inhabited  by  Indians, 
who  are  chiefly  employed  in  fishing  or  driving  of 
mules.  Here  commences  a  sandy  desert;"  which 
extends  southward  about  80  m.  The  town  stands 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  3  m.  from  the  ocean 
and  180  N.  N.  W.  of  Truxillo.  Long.  81. 10.  E., 
lat.  5.  55.  S. 

Seckau,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Sty- 
ria,  seated  on  the  Gayle,  9  m.  N.  of  Judenburg. 

Seckingen,  a  town  of  Baden,  the  smallest  of  the 
Four  Forest  Towns.  Here  is  a  convent  of  Noble 
nuns,  whose  abbess  was  a  princes  of  the  empire. 
It  is  seated  on  an  isle,  formed  by  the  Rhine,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  11m.  W.  of  Basel. 

Scckington,  a  village  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  fa- 
mous for  a  battle,  in  7.57,  between  Cuthred,  king 
of  the  \V.  Saxons,  and  Elhelbald,  king  of  the 
Mercians.  On  the  N.  side  of  its  church  are  the 
ruins  of  a  fort,  and  near  it  an  artificial  hill,  45 
feet  high.  3  m.  N.  E.  of  Tamworth. 

Second  Moon,  a  township  of  Beaver  Co.  Pa. 

Sedan,  a  strong  town  of  France,  capital  of  the 
department  of  Ardennes,  and  formerly  the  seat  of 
a  Protestant  university.  It  is  deemed  one  of  the 
keys  of  the  country  and  has  a  strong  castle,  an 
arsenal,  a  canal  foundry,  and  a  manufacture  of 
fine  cloth.  The  famous  marshall  Turenne  was 
born,  in  the  castle.  Sedan  is  seated  on  the  Meuse, 
30  m.  S.  E.  of  Charlemont.  Lonor,  4.  58.  E.,  lat. 
49.  42.  N. 

Scdnsivagur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  the  most 
nothern  on  the  coast  of  Canara.  It  is  seated  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  estuary  of  a  river,  which  enters 
into  a  deep  bay,  sheltered  by  three  islands,  one  of 
them  fortified,  and  the  entrance  defended  by  a 
fort  on  a  lofty  hill.  3  m.  up  the  river,  on  the  op- 
posite bank,  are  the  remains  of  Carwar,  formerly 
a  noted  place  of  European  commerce,  but  totally 
ruined  during  the  reign  of  Tippo  Sultan.  50 
m.  F.  of  Goa  and  95  N.  N.  W.  of  Kundapu- 
ra.     Long.  74.  15.  E.  lat.  14,  51.  N. 

Sndbergh,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  cotton.  10  m.  E.  of  kendal,  269 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Sedgwick,  p.t  Hancock  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,606 

Ser.hausen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  Old  Mark 
of  Brandenburg,  nearly  stirrounded  by  the  river 
Aaland,  12  m.  W.  of  Havelberg. 

Se.elwnk,  p.t  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  38.  m.  S.  W. 
Uoston,  on  Providence  River.     Pop.  2,134. 


8  SEG 

Seelburg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Courland,  on  the  river  Dwina,  58  m.  S.  E.  of 
Riga. 

Se.clow,  a  town  of  Brandenburg,  10  m.  S.  W.  of 
CustrinT 

Seelysbugh.  p. v.  Cattaraugus  Co.  N.  Y.  310.  m. 
W.  Albany. 

Seer,  a  seaport  of  Arabia,  capital  of  a  principali- 
ty in  the  province  of  Oman.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bour, and  the  navy  of  the  prince  is  one  of  the 
most  considerable  in  the  gulf  of  Persia.  108  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Julfar.  Long.  54.  58.  E.,  lat.  25.  10. 
N. 

Seesen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick,  14  m.  S.  W.  of  Goslar. 

Seez,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Orne, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine  country, 
near  the  source  of  the  Orne,  14  m.  N.  of  Alencon 
and  120  W.  by  S.  of  Paris.  Long.  0.  11.  E.,  lat. 
48.  36.  N. 

Segeberg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Holstein,  with  a  castle  on  a  high  mountain,  con- 
sisting of  Lime-stone,  large  quantities  of  which 
are  carried  to  Hamburgh  and  Lubec.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Trave,  15  m.  W.  N.  W^.  of  Lubec. 

Segcdin,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  cas- 
tle, taken  from  the  Turks  in  1686.  It  is  seated 
near  the  Teisse,  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Marcs, 
105  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Pest.  Long.  20.  35.  E.,  lat.  46. 
18.  N. 

Segeswar,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  built  in  the  form 
of  an  amphitheatre,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the 
river  Kodel,  47  m.  N.  of  Hermanstadt.  Lon.  24. 
55.  E.,  lat.  47.  4.  N. 

Segna,  a  seaport  of  Morlachia,  capital  of  Hun- 
garian Dalmatia,  with  a  fort.  It  was  declared  a 
free  port,  and  erected  into  a  bishopric.  In  1785. 
It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  100  m.  N.  W. 
of  Spoleto.     Long.  15,  21.  E.,  lat.  45.  22  N. 

Segni,  a  town  of  the  papal  states,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Organs  are  said  to 
have  been  invented  here.  It  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 30  ra.  S.  E.  of  Rome. 

Sego,a.  city  of  Negroland,  the  capital  of  Bam- 
barra.  It  consists  of  four  walled  towns,  two  on 
each  side  the  river  Niger,  which  contain  about 
30,000  inhabitants  ;  and,  as  the  Moors  form  a  con- 
siderable proportion,  their  mosques  appear  in  ev- 
ery quarter.  The  houses  are  built  of  clay,  of  a 
square  form,  with  flat  roofs  ;  some  of  them  have 
two  stories,  and  many  of  them  are  white-washed 
The  current  money  consists  of  cowries.  290  m 
W.  S.  W^.  of  Tombuctoo.  Long.  2.  46.  W.,  lat 
14.  15.  N. 

Segorbe,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  by 
the  river  Morvedro,  35  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Valencia. 

Segovia,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  capital 
of  a  province  of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with 
a  castle.  It  stands  on  two  hills,  and  the  valley 
by  which  they  ar?  separated,  on  the  S.  W.  side 
of  the  Erasma ;  and  is  surrounded  by  a  strong 
wall,  flanked  with  towers  and  ramparts.  It  is 
supplied  with  water  by  a  Roman  aqueduct,  3,000 
paces  in  length,  supported  by  177  arches  of  a  pro- 
digious height,  in  two  rows,  one  above  the  other. 
Here  the  best  cloth  in  Spain  is  made.  The  other 
branches  of  industry  are  dyeing,  and  the  manu 
facture  of  pai)er,  pottery,  and  lead.  The  cathe- 
dral stands  on  one  side  of  the  great  square,  and  is 
one  of  the  handsomest  Gothic  structures  in  Spain  } 
besides  which  there  are  27  other  churches.  The 
castle  is  seated  in  the   highest  part  of  the  town 


*« 


SEi  m 

and  has  16  rooms  richly  adorned  with  tapestry, 
and  ornaments  of  marble  and  porphyry.  The 
royal  chapel  is  magnificently  gilded,  and  embel- 
lished with  very  fine  paintings.  The  mint,  for 
some  years  the  only  one  in  Spain,  is  surrounded 
by  the  river,  on  which  are  mills,  employed  in 
coining.  Segovia  was  occupied  by  the  French 
in  I80S,  but  was  evacuated  in  1813.  43  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Madrid.     Lon.  4.  12.  W.,  lat  41.  3.  N. 

Se(rovm,  Nf.w,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Nicaragua, 
seated  near  the  source  of  a  river  of  its  name, 
which  Hows  into  the  Carribean  Sea,  90  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Leon.     Long.  87.  5.  W.,  kt.  13.  45.  N. 

Scgttria,  J\'eio,B.  town  in  the  isle  of  Luconia  and  a 
bi.shop's  see,  with  a  fort.  It  is  seated  at  the  N. 
end  of  the  island,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Cao-ayan, 
24o  m.  N.  of  Manilla.  Long.  120. 56.  E.,  fat.  18. 
3y.  N. 

Sf.irra,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  runs  S.  W.  through  Catalonia, 
passing  by  Puicerda,  Urgel,  Belaguer,  and  Leri- 
da,  to  JVIequinenza,  where  it  joins  the  Ebro. 

6'eifTe,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Maine- 
et-Loire,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Angers. 

Srinira,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  Segura,  in  Murcia,  crosses  that 
province  and  the  S.  part  of  Valencia,  and  enters 
the  Mediterranean  at  Guardaman. 

Segura,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  seated 
among  mountains,  34  m.  N.  E.  of  Ubeda  and  96 
W.  N.  W.  of  Murcia. 

Segura,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  35  m.  S. 
E.  of  Calatajud  and  38  N.  of  Teruel. 

Segura,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  with  a 
fort  on  a  mountain.  It  stands  on  the  frontiers  of 
Spain,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Alcantara  and  35  E.  S. 
£.  of  Castel  Branco. 

Sehauranpour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Dehli, 
capital  of  a  district  of  the  same  name,  between 
the  Jumna  and  the  Ganges.  86  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Dehli.     Long.  77. 15.  E.,  lat.  30.  4.  N. 

Seidenberg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  States,  in 
Upper  Lusatia,  with  manufactures  of  cloth  and 
stockings  8  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gorlitz. 

Seilcs,  a  powerful  nation  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Hindoostan,  consisting  of  several  small  independ- 
ent states,  that  have  formed  a  kind  of  federal 
union.  The  founder  of  iheir  sect  was  Nanock, 
who  lived  in  the  beginning  of  the  Kith  century  ; 
and  they  are  the  descendants  of  his  disciples ; 
the  word  seiks,  in  the  Sanscrit  language,  signify- 
ing disciples.  They  are  in  general  strong  and 
well  made,  accustomed  from  their  infancy  to  the 
most  laborious  life,  and  hardest  fare.  A  pair  of 
long  blue  drawers,  and  a  kind  of  chequered  plad, 
a  part  of  which  is  fastened  round  the  waist,  and 
the  other  thrown  over  the  shoulder,  form  their 
clothing  and  equipage.  The  chiefs  are  distin- 
guished by  wearing  some  heavy  gold  bracelets 
on  their  wrists,  and  sometimes  a  chain  of  the 
same  metal  round  their  turbans  ;  and  by  being 
mounted  on  better  horses ;  otherwise  no  distinc- 
tion appears  among  them.  The  government  of 
the  Seiks  is  a  military  aristocracy.  Their  army 
consists  almost  entirely  of  horse,  of  which  a 
Seik  will  boast  they  can  bring  300,000  into  the 
field  ;  and  it  is  supposed  they  might  bring  200, 
000.  They  have  commonly  two,  some  of  them 
three  horses  each.  They  indeed  consider  this 
animal  as  necessary  to  their  existence  ;  and  while 
it  is  customary  with  them  to  make  merry  on  the 
demise  of  one  of  the  brethren,  they  mourn  for 
the  death  of  a  horse.  The  Seiks  are  tolerant  in 
matters  of  faith,  and   require  only  a   conformity 


)  BEL  ,   1^  ♦ 

in  certain  signs  and  ceremonies ;  hut,  unlike  the 
Hindoos,  they  admit  proselytes,  although  those 
from  among  the  Mahometans  are  not  much  e8« 
teemed.     Their  capital  is  Lahore. 

Seil,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Hebrides, 
3  m.  long  and  2  broad,  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  a  narrow  strait,  over  which  is  a  bridge. 

Seine,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
department  of  Cote  d'Or,  flows  by  Troyes,  Melun 
Paris,  and  Rouen,  and  enters  the  English  Chan- 
nel at  Havre  de  Grace. 

Seine,  a  department  of  France,  the  smallest,  but 
by  no  means  the  least  important,  in  the  kingdom. 
It  has  an  area  of  about  260  sq.  m.  with  780,000 
inhabitants.  The  surface  is  level,  and  the  soil 
fertile  in  corn  and  wine  ;  also  fruits  and  vege- 
tables for  the  supply  of  Paris,  which  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Seine  Loieer,  a  department  of  France,  including 
the  N.  E.  part  of  Normandy.  It  has  an  area  of 
2,500  sq.  m.  with  660,000  inhabitants.  Rouen  is 
the  capital. 

Seine- et-Mame,  a  department  of  France,  inclnd- 
the  western  part  of  Champagne.  It  has  an  area 
of  2,300  sq.  m.,  with  310,000  inhabitants.  Melun 
is  the  capital. 

Seine-et-Oise,  a  department  of  France,  compris- 
ing the  district  of  Paris,  under  the  name  of  de- 
partment of  the  Seine.  Exclusive  of  that  distrct 
it  contains  2,200  sq.  m.,  with  440,000  inhabitants. 
Versailles  is  the  capital. 

Seinslieim,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  in  a 
lordship  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  13  m. 
S.  E.of  Wurtzburg. 

Seissen,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gers, 
9  m.  S.  of  Auch. 

Seist.an,  an  extensive  and  independent  prov- 
ince of  Persia,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Korasan, 
and  Balck,  E.  by  Candahar,  and  Sablestan,  S.  by 
Mackeran,  S.  W.  by  Kerman,  and  W.  by  Covhes- 
tan  and  Farsistan.  The  country  is  in  general  moun- 
tainous. The  valleys  are  the  only  habitable  parts  ; 
for  the  plains  are  barren,  and  covered  with  fine 
sand,  which  is  sometimes  raised  by  whirlwinds 
to  such  a  degree  as  to  overwhelm  whole  caravans. 
Dooshak  is  the  capital. 

Selam,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Yucatan,  near  the 
sea-coast,  45  m.  N.  W.  of  Merida. 

Selbosoe,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
Drontheim,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Drontheim. 

Selhy,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It  is  the 
birth-place  of  Henry  I.,  whose  father,  William 
the  Conqueror  built  an  abbey  here  :  a  canal 
passes  from  tiiis  place  to  Leeds,  and  large  ships 
are  built  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse,  over 
which  is  one  of  the  completest  timber  bridges  in 
the  kinirdom.  14  m.  S.  of  York  and  177 '^N.  by 
W.  of  London. 

Selenginsic,  a  fortified  town  of  Russia,  m  the 
government  of  Irkutsk,  with  a  fort  and  3,000  in- 
habitants. The  adjacent  country  is  mountainous, 
but  yields  a  great  quantity  of  rhubarb.  It  stands 
on  the  Selenora,  at  the  influx  of  the  Chilok,  If^O 
m  S.  E.  of  Irkutsk.  Long.  107.  28.  E.,  lat.  51. 
16.  N. 

Selenti,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Caramania, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  50  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Selesk 

Selesk,  anciently  Seleucia,  a  town  of  Carama 
nia,  seated  on  a  river,  5  m.  from  the  sea  and  80 
S.  S.  E.  of  Cogni.  Long.  34.  36.  E.,  lat.  36.  40 
N. 

Seligenstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  with  a  Benedictine  abbey,  seated  at 


SEM 


670 


SEN 


the  conflux  of  the  Gernspentz  with  the   Maine, 
14  m.  E.  of  Frankfort 

Selibria,  a  town  of  Romania,  and  an  archbishop's 
see,  formerly  a  large  place,  but  now  much  decaj'ecl. 
It  is  seated  on  the  sea  of  Marmora,  35  m.  \V.  of 
Constantinople. 

S^flitLi^ruve,  p.  V.  Northumberland  Co.  Va. 
Selkirfe,  a  borough   of  Scotland,  the  capital  of 
Selkirkshire.      It  is  seated  on  tlie  Ettrick,  30  m. 
8.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Selkirkshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  bounded  on 
the  N.  E.  by  Edinburghshire.     Fop.  6,637. 
Seller svil If.,  p. v.  Bucks  Co.  Va. 
SttHes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
I^ire-et-Cher,  on  the  river  Cher,  10  m.  S.  W.of 
Romorentin. 

Sclma,  p.v.  Dallas  Co.  Alab. 
Seitz,   a   town    in    the    df>partment   of   Lower 
Rhine,  seated  on  the  Khine,  25  ni.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Straghurg. 

Seltzer,  or  Lo^rer  Seltzer,  a  town  of  Germany, 
in  the  duchy  of  Nassau  celebrated  for  a  spring 
of  mineral  water,  which  is  exported  in  great 
quantities.  It  is  situate  on  the  Emsbach,  30  m. 
E.  of  Coblentz. 

Scmnnat,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turky,  Irac  Arabi, 
seated  on  the  Euphrates,  where  a  toll  is  collect- 
ed. 120  ra.  N.  W.  of  Bassora.  Long.  46.  ]5. 
E.,  lat.  32.  2.  N. 

Seinbew-ghewn,  a  town  of  Sirmali,  from  which 
is  the  principal  road  through  the  western  hills  in- 
to Arracai^  To  this  place  all  Bengal  artic-ee  of 
merchandise  imported  by  way  of  Arracan  srft 
brought,  and  here  embarked  on  the  Irrawadi^-r 
It  stands  3  m.  W.  oi  that  river,  and  30  S.  by  \V. 
of  Pagahm. 

Semeo'OTwZa,  a  town  of  Negroland,  in  the  coun- 
try of  Wangara,  sealed  on  a  lake  formed  by  a 
branchof  the  Nile,  3.30  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Bornou. 
Long.  21.  30.  E  ,  lat.  14.  58.  N. 

Seme.ndria,  a  tov  n  of  European  Turkey,  in 
Servia,  with  a  citad?!,  seated  on  the  Danube,  20 
in.  S.  E.  of  Belgrade. 

Semennud,  a  tow.i  of  Egypt,  on  the  E.  branch 
of  the  Nile,  8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Mansoura  and  53  N. 
of  Cairo. 

SemigaJia,  a  duchy  of  European  Russia,  about 
100  m.  long  and  20  broad,  forming  the  E.  part  of 
the  government  of  Courland.  Mittau  is  the  capital. 
Seminari,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
with  an  abbey  belonging  to  the  united  Greek  church. 
It  suffered  severely  from  an  eartlicjuake  in  1783, 
but  now  contains  2,000  inhabitants.  22  m.  N.  E. 
of  Reggio. 

Seminoles,  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  Florida,  about 
5,000  in  number.  They  were  formerly  much  more 
numerous,  but  having  committed  hostilities  upon 
the  American  settlements  in  their  neighbourhood  in 
1818,  they  were  attacked  by  the  United  States 
troops,  and  completely  subdued:  since  which  they 
have  never  been  formidable. 

Scmlen,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  Danube,  the  principal  place  for  carrying  on  the 
transit  trade  between  Turkey  and  Sclavonia.  4  m 
W.  of  Belgrade. 

Sempac/i,  a  town  of  Switzcriand,  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  celebnitcd  for  the  battle  in  1386,  which 
established  the  lil)erty  of  the  Swi-ss,  and  in  which 
Leopold,  duke  of  Austria,  was  defeated  and  slain. 
It  is  seated  on  a  small  lake  of  the  same  name,  7  ni. 
N.  W.  Lucerne. 

Sempronitts,  p.  t  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  159  m.  W 
Albany.    Pop.  5,706. 


Semur  en  Auxnis,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Cote  d'or,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock.  It  has 
a  manufacture  of  cloth,  and  is  seated  on  the  Ar- 
mancon,  34  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Dijon  and  135  S.  E. 
of  Paris. 

Semur  en  Brietmois,  a  town  in  the  department 
of  Saone-et-Loire,  33  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Macon  and  45 
S.  of  A  u  tun. 

Sena,  or  Marzali,  a  town  of  Mocaranga,  on  the 
river  Zambeze,  where  the  Portuguese  have  a  factory. 
Long  35.  3   E.,  lat.  7.  40.  S. 

Seneca,  a  lake  and  river  of  N.  Y.,  in  Onondaga 
county.  The  lake  is  30  m.  long  and  2  broad, 
and  lies  N.  and  S.  between  those  of  Canandaigua 
and  Cayuga.  At  the  N.  end  is  the  town  of  Gen- 
eva, and  on  the  E.  side,  between  it  and  Cayuga 
Lake,  are  the  military  townships  of  Romulus, 
Ovid,  Hector,  and  Ulysses.  The  river  rises  to 
the  W.  of  Geneva,  passes  by  that  town,  and 
receives  the  waters  of  the  lake.  It  afterwards  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  Cayuga  Lake,  Canandaigua 
Creek,  and  Salt  Lake,  and  then  flows  into 
Onondago  River. 

Seneca,  a  county  of  N.  Y.  bounded  by  Lakes  On- 
tario, Seneca  and  Cayuga.  Pop.  21,031.  Ovid 
is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  5,148 
Tiffin  is  tlie  capital. 

Seneca,  a  township  of  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop 
6,161  ;  townships  in  Morgan  and  JVIonroe  Cos 
Ohio. 

Senecaville,  p.v.  Guernsey  Co.  Ohio. 
Sencff,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in   the  prov- 
ince of  Hainault,  noted  for  a  battle  gained  by  the 
French  over  the  prince  of  Orange  in  1674.    4.  m 
S.  Nivelle. 

Senegal,  a  large  river  which  rises  in  the  mouH- 
tains  of  Kong,  in  Negroland,  and  flows  W.  on  the 
Southern  confines  of  Zahara,  into  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  120  m.  N.  E.  of  Cape  Verd.  Its  course  is 
flexuous,  till  it  arrives  within  6  m.  of  the  sea, 
when  it  takes  a  sudden  turn  to  the  S.,  and  for  75 
m.  is  separated  from  the  sea  only  by  a  ridge  ot 
sand.  Its  mouth,  not  more  than  half  a  league 
over,  is  incommoded  by  a  shifting  bar,  which  ren- 
ders the  passage  difficult  and  dangerous.  Wild 
animals  are  numerous  along  its  banks,  particular- 
ly leopards  who  lie  in  wait  near  the  river  to  sur- 
prise the  smaller  animals  resorting  to  the  banks 
to  drink. 


Senegal,  a  country  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa, 
lying  on  a  river  of  the  same  name.  See  Fouli. 
The  French  have  a  fort  and  a  factory  in  an  is- 
land at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  are  masters 
of  the  gum  trade.  It  is  called  Fort  Louis,  was 
taken  by  the  English  in  17,58,  confirmed  to  them 
by  the  peace  of  1763,  but  restored  m  16«3  Lonjr 
16.  31.  W., lat.  15.  53.  N. 


SER 


671 


SER 


5enez,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Low- 
er Alps,  seated  in  a  rough  barren  coi  ntry,  15  ra 
S.  S.  E.  of  Digne. 

Senftenberg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lower  Lu- 
satia,  with  a  castle,  35  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Meissen. 

Senlis,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise, 
seated  on  the  river  Donette,  and  almost  surroun- 
ed  by  a  forest,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Meaux  and  27 
N.  E.  of  Paris. 

Smnaar,  a  kingdom  of  Eastern  Africa,  bound- 
ed E.  and  S.  by  Abyssinia,  W.  by  Darfur,  and  N. 
by  Dongola  and  the  independent  districts  of  Nu- 
bia. Tiie  Nile  flows  through  this  immense  plain 
above  a  mile  broad,  full  to  the  very  brim,  but  nev- 
er overflowing.  For  several  miles  from  the  banks 
of  this  river,  the  soil  is  of  very  remarkable  fertili- 
ty ;  and  at  the  time  of  the  rains,  about  the  end  of 
August  and  beginning  of  September,  the  country 
assumes  a  most  delightful  appearance,  resembling 
the  pleasantest  parts  of  Holland.  Soon  after  the 
rains  cease,  the  dhourra  ripens,  the  leaves  turn 
yellow  and  rot,  the  lakes  putrefy,  smell,  and  are 
full  of  vermin  ;  all  the  beauty  disappears,  and  bare 
scorched  Nubia  returns,  with  all  its  terrors  of  poi- 
sonous winds  and  moving  sands,  glowing  and 
ventilated  with  sultry  blasts.  The  trade  consists 
chiefly  in  exchanging  the  various  productions  of 
interior  Africa  with  those  of  Egypt  and  Arabia. 
The  kingdom  of  Sennaar  was  founded  by  a  body 
of  Shilluk  negroes  in  1504.  The  government  is 
despotic,  but  the  king  may  lawfully  be  put  to 
death  whenever  the  chief  officers  decide  that  his 
reign  is  no  longer  a  public  benefit. 

Sennaur,  a  city  of  Nubia,  and  capital  of  the 
above  kingdom,  is  5  m.  in  circumference,  and 
very  populous.  The  houses  are  chiefly  of'  one 
story,  with  flat  roofs  ;  but  the  suburbs  contain 
only  cottages  covered  with  reeds.  The  palace 
is  surrounded  by  high  walls,  and  is  a  confused 
heap  of  buildings.  The  heats  are  almost  insup- 
portable in  the  day-time,  except  in  the  rainy 
season,  at  which  time  the  air  is  unwholesome. 
The  commodities  are  elephants'  teeth,  tamarinds, 
civet,  tobacco,  and  gold  dust.  Thereis  a  market 
near  the  palace,  where  slaves  are  sold  ;  the  fe- 
males sit  on  one  side,  and  the  males  on  another  ; 
the  Egyptians  buy  great  numbers  of  them  every 
year.  The  merchandise  required  here  consists  of 
spices,  paper,  brass,  hardware,  glass  beads,  and 
a  black  drug  which  is  used  to  colour  the  eye- 
brows. The  wo  Tien  of  quality  have  slight  gar- 
ments of  silk,  and  wear  rings  of  various  metals  on 
their  hair,  arms,  legs,  ears,  and  fingers.  Women 
of  a  low  rank,  and  girls,  have  cloths  wrapped 
round  them  from  the  waist  to  the  knees.  The 
men  go  almost  naked.  Sennaar  is  seated  on  an 
eminence,  near  the  river  Nile.  Long.  33.  0.  E., 
lat.  13.  4.  N. 

Sens,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Yonne, 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  handsome  Gothic 
cathedral.  Several  ecclesiastical  councils  have 
been  held  here;  in  that  of  1140  the  well 
known  Abelard  was  condemned.  Sens  was  ta- 
ken by  the  allies  in  1814,  but  soon  afler  evacua- 
ted. It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  at  the  con- 
flux of  the  Vanne  with  the  Yonne,  25  ra.  N.  of 
Auxerre  and  80  S.  E.  of  Pais.  Long.  3.  17.  E., 
lat.  48.  12  N. 

Sepidveda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
30  m.  N.  E.  of  Segovia. 

Sera,  or  Sira,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, with  a  stone  fort  of  a  good  size.  It  is  the 
principal  place  in  the  central  division  of  the 
rajah's  domioions  N.  of  the  Cavery,  and  carries 


on  a  considerable  inland  commerce.  The  wbof« 
of  the  cloth  made  here  is  used  in  the  neigbi/onj"- 
hood.  Since  the  restoration  of  the  rajah,  in  179i>, 
the  fort  has  been  garrisoned  by  British  troops 
48  m.  S.  E.  of  Chitteldroog,  48  N.  of  Serringapa 
tarn.     Long.  76.  53.  E.,  lat.  13.  36.  N. 

Serai,  a  town  of  Eurof>ean  Turkey,  capital  of 
Bosnia,  and  the  see  of  a  Catholic  bishop,  appoint* 
ed  by  the  king  of  Hungary.  It  is  a  large  com- 
mercial place,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Bcsna 
130  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Belgrade.  Long.  19.  15.  £., 
lat.  44.  14.  N. 

Serampore,  a  town  of  Bengal,  belonging  to  the 
Danes.  The  houses  are  of  brick,  plastered  with 
mortar,  and  have  flat  roofs,  with  balconies  and 
Venetian  windows.  The  inhabitants  carry  on 
some  trade  with  Europe,  China,  &c.  But  the 
town  is  principally  distinguished  as  the  early  seat 
of  the  Baptist  mission  in  India,  and  as  the  resi- 
dence of  British  subjects  who  take  refuge  here 
from  their  creditors,  it  is  seated  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Hooghly.     12  m.  N.  of  Calcutta. 

Serdobol,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Wiburg,  on  the  lake  Ladoga,  60m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Wiburg. 

Sered,  or  Szsered,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the 
river  Waag,  30  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Presburg. 

Serfo,  or  Serfan'e,  an  island  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago,  8  m.  long  and  5  broad,  and  full  of 
mountains  and  rocks,  in  which  are  mines  of  iron 
and  loadstone.  The  inhabitants  are  all  Greeks, 
and  have  but  one  town,  called  St.  Nicholo, 
which  is  a  poor  place.  50  m.  N.  W.  of  Naxaia. 
Long.  25. 10.  E.,  lat.  37.  19.  N. 

Sergaar,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Niznei  Novogorod,  48  m.  S.  E.  of  Niznei  No- 
vogorod. 

Sergippe,  a  province  on  the  coast  of  Brazil 
to  the  S.  of  Pernambuco.  It  produces  sugar 
and  tobacco  in  considerable  quantities  and  has 
some  silver  mines. 

Sergippe,  a  sea-port  of  Brazil,  capital  of  the 
above  province,  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ser- 
gippe, 120  m.  N.  E.  of  St.  Salvador.  Long.  37. 
44.  W.,  lat.  12.  10.  S. 

Serignan,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  He- 
rault,  'at  the  mouth  of  the  Ombre,  in  the  gulf  of 
Lions,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Beziers. 

Serinagur,  or  Guwal,  a  province  of  Hindoostan, 
situated  chiefly  between  .30.  and  32.  of  N.  lat.  and 
between  77  and  79.  of  E.  long.  It  is  estimated  at 
140  m.  in  length  by  60  in  breadth  ;  and  is  ffovern- 
ed  by  a  rajah,  under  the  protection  of  the  British. 

Serinagur,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  is 
about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long,  the  houses 
built  of  rough  stone  and  mud,  and  covered  with 
slate,  but  seldom  more  than  two  stories  high.  The 
streets  are  narrow  and  dirty,  but  there  are  some 
good  shops.  It  is  situate  in  a  valley  on  the  river 
Alcanauda,  which  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  ropes. 
On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  at  the  village  of 
Ranihut,  is  a  temple  sacred  to  Raja  Ishwara, 
principally  inhabited  by  dancing  women,  whose 
lives  are  devoted  to  prostitution  as  a  religious 
service !  Serinacrur  is  38  m.  from  Hardwar. 
Long.  79.  18.  E.,''lat.  30.  11.  N. 

Serinstipatam,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  the  modern 
capital  of  Mysore,  is  situate  in  an  island,  3  m. 
long,  and  1  broad,  formed  by  the  Cavery,  which 
is  here  a  large  and  rapid  river,  with  a  wide  and 
rocky  channel.  The  streets  are  narrow  and 
confused,  and  the  generalitv  of  the  houses  mean. 
The  city  is  strongly  fortified;  notwithstanding 
which,  lord  Cornwallis,  in  1792,  here  compelled 


SER 


673 


SET 


ppoo  to  sign  a  treaty,  by  which  he  ceeded  half  boundary;  partly  to  the  number  of  forests,  and 
his  dominions,  and  agreed  to  pay  a  vast  sum  of  the  general  neglect  of  cultivation  in  its  interior. 
'  The  soil  is  in  general  fertile,  but  a  small  propor- 
tion of  the  country  is  as  yet  under  tillage.  The 
products  are  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rice,  hemp,  flax, 
and  tobacco  ;  also  vines,  and  fruit  of  various  kinds ; 
and  in  the  valleys  and  other  warm  spots  cotton  is 
raised.     Mines  of  iron  have   been   discovered  in 


money  to  the  English  and  their  allies  ;  and,  a  new 
war  taking  place  in  1799,  the  British  troops  car- 
ried the  fort  by  an  assault,  in  which  Tippoo  was 
killed.  The  city  and  the  island  have  since  been 
retained  by  the  English,  towards  the  support  of  the 
Late  sultan's  family.     Tlie  palace   is  very  large, 


and  surrounded  by  a  massy  wall  of  stone  and  several  parts;  but  they  are  almost  entirely  neg- 
mud  :  it  is  now  the  residence  of  a  surgeon.  The  lected.  The  only  manufactures  are  of  woolen, 
geratrlio  of  Hyder  has  been  converted  into  an  cotton,  and  hardware,  for  home  consumption. 
European  hospital,  that  of  Tippoo  into  a  barrack  Servia  was  formerly  an  independent  kinjidom, 
f<,r  artillery  ;  the  private  apartments  of  the  latter  but  yielded  to  the  Turks  in  1365.  In  1801  an 
are  occupied  by  tne  resident,  and  the  public  ones  insurrection  took  place  against  their  authority, 
by  European  troops.  Without  the  walls  of  the  under  the  standard  of  Czerni  Georges,  previously 
City  are  two  gardens  and  palaces;  and  near  to  one  known  as  the  head  of  a  band  of  robbers,  but  now 
of  them  is  the  mausoleum  of  Hyder,  where  rests  honored  with  the  name  of  avenger  of  his  country. 
all  that  was  mortal  of  this  Mahometan  dynasty,  In  1814  he  judged  proper  to  withdraw  into  Rus- 
consistintr  of  Hyder  and  his  wife,  and  Tippoo,who  sia;  and  by  a  convention  concluded  between  his 
lie  under^tombs  covered  with  rich  cloths,  at  the  country  and  the  Porte,  in  1815,  the  Servians  ac- 
eipense  of  the  British  government;  and  the  es-  knowledged  the  sovereignty  of  the  sultan,  bi/. 
tablishment  of  priests  to  offer  up  prayers,  and  of  preserved  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion,  as 
musicians  to  perform  the  nobut,  is  retained  as  well  as  their  civil  rights.  Belgrade  is  the  capital 
formerly.  In  the  space  between  the  city  and  the 
two  (rardens  is  the  suburb  called  Shahar  Ganjam, 
whicli  is  rapidly  increasing  on  a  regular  plan. 
Serino-apatam  is  10  m.  N.  of  Mvsore,  and  290  W. 
by  S.^Madras.     Long.   7C.  50.  E.,  lat.  13.  24.  N. 

Serinsrham.  an  island  in  the  S.  of  India,  in  the 
district  of  Trichinopoly,  celebrated  for  its  Hindoo 
temple,  to  which  pilgrims  from  all  parts  of  Hin- 
doostan,  resort  for  absolution  ;  and  here,  as  in  all 
great  pagodas,  the  Brahmans  live  in  a  subordina- 
tion that  knows  no  resistance,  and  slumber  in 
voluptuousness  that  feels  no  want.  At  present 
the  allowance  made  by  the  British  government 
for  the  support  of  the  temple  and  its  establish- 
ment, amounts  to  about  iiG,240  sterling. 

Seron^,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malwa,  cele- 
brated for  its  raanufiicture  of  painted  cottons  and 
chintzes.     It  is  situate  in  the  river  Cavery,  half    lat.  27.  10.  N 


SessJach,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavarian  Fran- 
conia,  16  m.  N.  of  Bamberg. 

Sesto,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Milanese^ 
seated  on  the  Ticino,  where  it  issues  from  th« 
lake  Maggiore,  25  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Milan. 

Sestre,  Grand,  or  Great  Parts,  a  town  of  Gui.n 
ea,  on  the  Grain  Coast ;  near  which  is  Petit  Ses- 
tre.    It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  commer- 
cial towns  in  the  country.     Long.  7.  0.  W.,  lat. 
4.  50.  N. 

Sestri  di  Levante,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  30  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Ge- 
noa. 

Se-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Koei-tcheou.  It  is  situate  among 
mountains,  v/hich  yield  cinnabar  and  quicksilver, 
980  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.     Long.  108.  25.  E., 


a  mile  N.  of  the  fortress  of  Trichinopoly  and  140 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Ougein.  Long.  78.  4.  E.,  lat.  24. 
5.  N. 

Serpa,\  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  with  a 
eastle ;  seated  on  a  rugged  eminence,  near  the 
Guadiana,  3d  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Evora. 

Serravalle,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
government  of  Venice  with  a  castle.  It  has  cloth, 
woolen,  and  silk  manufactures,  and  a  trade  in 
corn,  wine  and  honey.  The  cathedral  contains 
some  fine  paintings,  and  the  church  of  St.  Au- 
gusta is  a  noble  edifice.  It  is  situate  between  two 
mountains,  and  at  the  source  of  the  Maschio  22 
m.  N.  of  Treviso. 

Serres,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Alps,  23  m.  S.  W.of  Gap. 

Serran,  St.,  a  town   of  France,  department  of 


Se-tchuen,  a  province  of  China,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Chen-si,  E.  by  Houquang,  S.  by  Koei- 
tcheou,  and  W.  by  Tibet.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Kian-ku  ;  and  is  rich,  not  only  on  ajccount  of  the 
great  quantity  of  silk  it  produces,  but  also  in  iron, 
tin,  lead,  amber,  sugar-canes,  lapis  lazuli,  musk, 
rhubarb,  &c.     Tching-tou  is  the  capital. 

Seteef,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Constantina.  It  was  the  ancient  Sitipha,  capital 
of  a  part  of  Mauritania ;  but  scarcely  a  fragment 
is  left  of  its  former  greatness,  except  the  fountains. 
50  m.  S.  W.  of  Constantina.  Long.  5.  36.  E  ,  lat. 
35.  58.  N. 

Setimo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, seated  on  the  Po,  8  m.  N.  of  Turin. 

Setlege,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  the  most  easterly 
of  the  five  eastern  branches  of  the  Indus.     About 


Ille-et-Vilaine,  with  considerable  manufactures  of    midway  from  its  source,  it  receives  the  Beyah,  at 


linen,  gail-cloth,  soap,  and  tobacco,  and  9,000  in- 
habitants. It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Ranee,  about  a  mile  S.  of  St.  M.alo,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea,  dry  at 
low  water. 

Servia,  a  province  of  European  Turkey,  190  m. 
long  and  95  broad  ;  bounded  N.  by  the  Danube 
and  Save,  which  separate  it  from  Hungary,  E.  by 
Bulgaria,  S.  by  Macedonia  and  Albania,  and  W. 
by  Bosnia.  The  climate  is  less  mild  than  might 
be  excepted  in  43.  and  44.  of  N.  lat.,  the  winter 
being  of  considerable  length,  and  spring  not  be- 
ginning till  April.  This  is  owing  partly  to  the 
height  of  the  great  ridge  of  the  Argentaro  or  Glu- 
botin  Mountains,  extending  along  its  soutlicrn 


Firosepour,  and  joins  the  Indus  at  Veh. 

Sette,  a  town  of  W.  Africa,  in  a  district  of  its 
name,  lying  between  Loango  and  Benin.  It  has 
a  great  trade  in  logwood,  sent  in  vessels  to  May- 
ainba;  and  stands  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
60  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  110  N.  N.  E.  of  May 
amba.     Long.  10.  20.  E.,  lat.  2.  0.  S. 

Settenil,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  8  m.  N 
of  Ronda  and  38  N.  W.  of  Malaga. 

Scttia,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Candia,  and  a 
Greek  bishop's  see,  48  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Candia. 
Long.  26.  2.  E.,  lat.  35.  3.  N. 

Settle,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  About 
2  m  to  the  E.  is  Attermire  Cave,  containing 
numberless  chinks  and  recesses,  fluted  pillars  ana 


SEV 


673 


SEW 


hanging  petrifactions.  At  the  like  distance  to 
the  N.  is  Giggleswick  Well,  a  reciprocating 
spring,  which  will  sometimes  rise  and  fall  nearly 
a  foot,  in  a  stone  trough  about  a  yard  square, 
every  10  or  15  minutes.  Settle  is  seated  on  the 
Ribble,  38  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Halifax  and  235  of 
London. 

Setucket,  p.v.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y. 

SetuvaL.     See  Ubes,  St. 

Seven  Islands,  a  cluster  of  islands  in  the  Frozen 
Ocean,  lying  in  long.  18.  48.  E.,  lat.  80.  31.  N 
Here  captain  Fhipps,  with  two  ships,  was  sur- 
rounded by  the  ice,  from  the  1st  to  the  10th  of 
August,  1773,  when  a  brisk  wind  at  N.  N.  E.  ef 
fected  their  deliverance. 

Seven  Islands,  islands  near  the  coast  of  Canada, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
at  the  entrance  of  a  small  bay.  Long.  66.  5  W., 
lat.  50.  10.  N. 

Sevcnbercren,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands  in  Bra 
bant,  8  m.'vV.  N.  W.  of  Breda. 

Sevenoaks,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  In  1450  Jack 
Cade  defeated  the  royal  armv  near  this  town.  6 
xn.  N.  W.  of  Maidstone  and  23  S.  S.  E.  of  London. 

Sever,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lan- 
des,  seated  on  the  Adour,  20  m.  E.  of  Dax  and 
69  S.  by  E.  of  Bordeaux. 

Severac,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Aveiron, 
on  the  river  Aveiron,  23  m.  E.  of  Rodez. 

Sevcrin,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Wal' 
achia,  on  the  Danube,  6  m.  W.  of  Czernetz. 

Severlna,  St.,  a  fortified  town  of  Naples,  in  Ca- 
labria Ultra,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated 
on  a  craggy  rock,  on  the  river  Neto,  8  m.  from  the 
sea  and  45.  S.  E.  of  llossano.  Long.  17.  14.  E., 
lat.  39.  15.  N 

Severina,  St.,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  papal  states, 
13  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Macerata. 

Scverino,  St.,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citra,  on  the  river  Sarno,  10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Poli- 
castro. 

Severn,  a  river  of  England,  which  has  its  rise 
in  the  mountain  of  Plynlimmon,  in  Wales,  its 
mouth  is  called  the  Bristol  Channel.  This  river 
has  a  communication  with  the  Thames,  the  Trent, 
the  Dee,  and  the  Mersey,  by  different  canals. 

Secern,  a  river  of  Md.  which  waters  Annapolis, 
and  enters  by  a  broad  estuary  into  Chesapeak 
Bay. 

Sevcrndroof,  a  small  island  of  Hindoostan,  on 
tlie  coast  of  Concan.  Here  was  a  strong  fort,  be- 
longing to  Angria  the  pirate,  which  was  taken  by 
commodore  James  in  1756.  68  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Bom- 
bay. 

Severo,  St.,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
seated  in  a  plain,  26  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Manfredonia 
and  75  N.  E.  of  Naples. 

Severus's  Wall,  commonly  called  Graham's 
Dike,  in  the  W.  of  Scotland.  It  is  a  work  of  the 
Romans,  supposed  to  be  done  by  the  emperor, 
whose  name  it  bears,  to  prevent  tlie  incursions  of 
the  Picts  and  Scots.  It  began  at  Aberoorn ,  on  the 
frith  of  Forth,  4  m.  N.  E.  of  Linlithgow,  and  ran 
W.  to  the  frith  of  Clyde,  ending  at  Kirkpatrick, 
near  Dumbarton. 

Sevier,  a  county  of  E.Tennessee.  Pop.  5,1 17. 
Sevierville,  the  capital  is  5  m.  S.  E.  Knoxville. 

Scvifny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar 
dennes,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Bethel. 

Seville,  a  province  of  Spain,  forming  the  western 
half  of  Andalusia,  and  still  retaining  the  title  ot 
kingdom.  It  has  an  area  of  9,500  sq  m.  with  750, 
000  inhabitants.  The  surface  is  diversified  with 
beautiful  plains  and  hills,  covered  with  vines  and 
b5 


fruit  trees.  Agriculture  is  in  a  very  backward 
state,  and  the  manufactures  are  all  on  a  smal. 
scale.  The  chief  towns  are  Seville  (the  capital;" 
Cadiz,  Ecija,  Xeres,  Ossuna,  and  St.  Mary's,  near 
Cadiz. 

Seville,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  the  above  pro- 
vince, and  an  archbishop's  see,  seated  on  the  Gua- 
dalquivir. It  is  fortified  by  strong  walls  flanked 
with  high  towers,  and  takes  up  more  ground  than 
Madrid,  although  it  now  has  not  above  100,000  in- 
habitants. The  Phenicians  called  it  Hispalis,  and 
it  is  the  Julia  of  the  Romans,  who  embellished  it 
with  many  magnificent  buildings.  The  Moors 
built  an  aqueduct,  still  to  be  seen,  6  m.  in  length. 
The  cathedral  is  by  some  supposed  to  be  "the 
largest  church  in  the  world  next  to  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome  ;  the  steeple  is  of  curious  workmanship,  and 
extremely  high,  consisting  of  three  towers,  one 
above  another,  with  galleries  and  balconies.  The 
churches  and  convents  are  opulenfand  beautiful ; 
of  the  latter,  that  of  St.  Francis  is  adorned  with  a 
handsome  public  square,  in  the  midst  of  which  is 
a  fine  fountain.  The  university  consists  of  many 
colleges  ;  and  the  professors  enjoy  rich  pensions. 
The  royal  palace,  called  Alcazar,  was  partly  built 
after  the  antique  by  the  Moors,  and  partly  in  the 
modern  taste  by  king  Pedro  :  it  is  a  mile  in  extent, 
and  flanked  by  large  square  towers,  built  with 
stones  taken  from  the  ancient  temple  of  Hercules. 
Here  is  a  foundery,  and  one  of  the  largest  depots 
for  artillery  in  the  kingdom. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  silk ;  and  be- 
hind the  Alcazar  is  a  royal  snuff  manufacture, 
which  is  strictly  examined  and  guarded.  The  ex- 
change is  a  square  building  of  the  Tuscan  order, 
each  front  100  feet  in  length,  and  three  stories 
high.  The  town  house  is  adorned  with  a  great 
number  of  statues,  and  there  is  a  large  square  be- 
fore it,  with  a  fine  fountain  in  the  middle.  There 
are  120  hospitals  richly  endowed.  The  suburb 
of  Triano  stands  on  the  other  side  of  the  river, 
over  which  is  a  long  bridge  of  boats.  In  this 
suburb  stood  the  house  of  the  Inquisition  ;  and 
there  are  public  walks,  where  most  of  the  inhabi- 
tants go  to  take  the  air.  The  situation  of  Seville 
renders  it  one  of  the  most  commercial  towns  of 
Spain.  All  the  trade  of  that  kingdom  with  the 
New  World,  centered  originally,  in  its  port;  but, 
that  of  Cadiz  being  found  more  commodious,  the 
galleons  sailed  from  that  place  after  the  year  1720 
Such  vast  employment  did  the  American  trade 
give,  at  one  period,  that  in  Seville  alone  there 
were  no  fewer  than  16,000  looms  in  silk  or  wool- 
en work  ;  but,  before  the  end  of  the  reiffn  of  Phil- 
ip III.,  they  were  reduced  to  400.  The  country 
around  is  extremely  fertile  in  corn,  wine,  &c. 
and  there  is  abundance  of  oil  ;  to  the  W.  of 
the  river  is  a  grove  of  olive-trees,  30  m.  in  length. 
Seville  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1810,  but  they 
evacuated  it  after  the  battle  of  Salamanca  in  1812. 
45  m.  from  the  Atlantic  and  212  S.  S.  W.  of  Ma- 
drid.    Lon.  5.  59.  W.,  lat.  37.  14.  N. 

Sevres,  Deux,  a  department  of  France,  including 
part  of  the  ancient  province  of  Poitou.  It  is  so 
named  from  two  rivers  that  rise  here  ;  one,  called 
Sevre  Niortois,  flowing  W.  by  St.  Maixent,  Niort 
and  Marans,  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  opposite  the 
Isle  of  Re  ;  and  the  other  named  Sevre  Nantois, 
which  takes  a  N.  W.  direction,  passes  by  Clisson, 
and  enters  the  river  Loire,  opposite  Nantes.  The 
department  comprises  an  area  of  2,500  sq.  m., 
with  260,000  inhabitants,  about  one  eighth  of 
whom  are  Protestants.     Niort  is  the  capital. 

Sewalick,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  Hindoostan 
3L 


8HA 


674 


SHE 


bordering  on   the  country  of  Serinagur  and  the 
province  of  Dehli. 

Sewickly,  J^orth  and  JVew,  two  townships  in 
Beaver  Co.  Pa.  on  the'  Ohio. 

Seusse'.,  a  town  of  France,  departmenr  of  Ain, 
divided  into  two  parts  by  the  Rhone,  which  here 
begins  to  be  navigable.  14  ra.  N.  by  E.  of  Bel- 
ley. 

ciezanne,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Marne, 
87  m.  N.  W.  of  Troves  and  65  S.  E.  of  Paris. 

Sezza,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  14 
ra.  N.  W.  of  of  Capua. 

Shalmr,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  W.  branch 
of  the  Nile,48  m.  S.  E.  of  Alexandria  and  50  N. 
N.    W.   of  Cairo. 

Shackleford,  p. v.  King  and  Queen's  Co.  Va. 

Shade  'Mountain  Gap,  p.v.  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 

Shade  Works,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Shady  Grove,  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Va.  228  m.  S.  W. 
Richmond. 

Shafersloion,  p.v.  Lebanon  Co.  Pa.  32  m.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

Shaftsbury,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,143. 

Shaftsbury,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng. 
It  stands  on  a  hill  where  water  is  so  scarce  that 
the  poor  get  a  living  by  fetching  it  from  a  great 
distance.     100  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Shahar,  or  Sahar,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia,  in  Had- 
ramaut,  110  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Shibam.  Long.  48. 
40  m.  E.,  lat.  13.  50.  N. 

Shahjehanpore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of 
a  district  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of  Malwa, 
20  m.  N.  E.  of  Ougein  and  19(5  S.  of  Agimere. 

Shahjehanpore,  a.  town  in  the  province  of  Dehli, 
district  of  Bareilly.  seated  on  the  Gurrah.  Long. 
79.50.  E.,  lat.  27.  52.  N. 

Shakertown,  a  village  of  Knox  Co.  Indiana. 

ShalerviUe,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Shamokie,  a  township  of  Northumberland  Co. 
Pa. 

Shandtiker,p.l.  Ulster  Co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  966. 

ShanesvUle,  p.v.  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio. 

Shannon,  the  largest  river  of  Ireland,  which  is- 
sues from  Lough  Allan,  in  the  county  of  Leitrim, 
and  running  S.  divides  the  provinces  of  Leinster 
and  Connaught ;  it  then  turns  S.  W.,  passes  by 
the  city  of  Limerick,  and  enters  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  between  the  counties  of  Clare  and  Limer- 
ick. 

ShannonsviUe ,  p.v.  Montgomery  Pa. 

Shap,  a  village  in  Westmoreland,  Eng.  at  the 
source  of  the  Loder,  between  Orton  and  Penrith. 
It  had  once  a  famous  abbey,  which  stood  about  a 
mile  W.  from  the  church,  of  which  little  remaijis, 
except  the  tower  of  its  church,  and  the  ruins  of  a 
bridge.  In  the  vicinity  are  some  great  stones, 
like  pyramids,  from  10  to  12  yards  apart,  placed 
almost  in  a  direct  line  for  a  mile  together,  of  such 
immense  weight  that  carriages  now  in  use  could 
not  support  them. 

Shapinshn,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  lying 
3  m.  from  the  N.  E.  part  of  Pomona.  It  is  7  m. 
long  and  5  broad.  The  coasts  are  level  and  pro- 
duce grass  and  corn,  but  the  middle  part  is  high 
and  fit  only  for  sheep  pasture.  ° 

S/iaplei^h,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,480. 

Sharon,  a  townsiiip  of  Hillsborough  Co.  N,  H. 
Pop.  271  ;  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,459;  p.t. 
.Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  18  m.  S.  Boston,  with  a  manu- 
factory of  cotton.  Pop.  1024  ;  p.t.  Litchfield  Co 
Conn.  Pop.  2,613;  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  4,247  ;  towns  and  villages  in  Mercer  Co.  Pa. 
Ashtabula,  Franklin,  Richland  and  Hamilton  Cos. 
Ohio. 


Sharpsburg,  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Maryland 
p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio ;  p.v.  Bath  Co.  Ken. 

SharpsUncn,  p.v.  Salem  Co.  N.  J.  26  m.  S.  E 
Philadephia. 

Sharronville,  p.v.  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 

Shawangunk  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the  Apala 
chian  chain  in  N.  Y 

Shawangunk,    p.t.   Ulster    Co.     N.   Y.     Pop 

2,(m. 

Shawneetovm,  p.v.  Gallatin  Co,  Illinois  on  the 
Ohio. 

Shawsheen  River,  a  branch  of  the  Merrimack  in 
Mass. 

S/ieepseut,  a  river  of  Maine  flowing  into  the  sea 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec. 

Sheerness,a  maritime  town  in  Kent, Eng.  on  the 
point  of  the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Medway,  3  m.  N.  of  Queenborongh.  A  fort  was 
built  here  by  Charles  II.,  after  the  insult  of  the 
Dutch,  who  burnt  the  men  of  war  at  Chatham  in 
1667;  and  it  has  since  been  considerably  aug 
mented  and  strengthened.  There  are  also  an  ord 
nance  office,  a  dock-yard,  and  a  chapel. 

Sheffield,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.,  situ 
ate  on  an  eminence  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  val- 
ley, with  a  range  of  romantic  hills  in  the  perspec- 
tive. The  houses  are  well  built,  and  many  of 
them  elegant ;  and  few  places  can  boast  of  more 
handsome  or  regular  streets.  This  town  has  long 
been  celebrated  for  its  various  hardware  manufac- 
tures which  consist  particularly  of  cutlery  ware, 
plated  goods,  buttons,  &c.,  immense  quantities  of 
which  are  now  exported  to  all  parts  of  the  habita- 
ble globe.  In  the  town  and  neighbourhood  are 
founderies  for  iron,  brass,  and  white  metal  ;  and 
numerous  work«  are  established  on  the  banks  ol 
the  rivers  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  the  iron 
and  steel  for  the  manufactures.  Here  are  also 
lead  works,  a  considerable  carpet  manufacture  and 
a  cotton  mill  ;  and  the  neighbourhood  abounds  in 
coal.  Sheffield  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the 
Sheaf  with  the  Don,  which  is  now  rendered  nav- 
igable up  to  the  town.  53  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  York 
and  163  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Long.  1.  29.  W., 
lat.  53.  20.  N. 

Sheffield,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  125  m.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  2,392;  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  38 
m.  N.  E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  720;  p.v.  Lorain  Co. 
Ohio,  155  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.     Pop.  215. 

Shffford,  a  town  of  Bedfordshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  the  Ivel,  9  m.  S.  E,  of  Bedford  and  41  N.  by 
W.  of  London. 

Shetbvrne,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  312;  p.t. 
Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Champlain,  7  m.  S. 
Burlington.  Pop.  1,123;  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass. 
100  m.   N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  985. 

Shelhurne,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  at  the  head 
of  a  bay  called  Port  Roseway.  It  extends  two 
miles  on  the  water  side,  and  one  mile  b.ackward, 
with  wide  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  The  harbour  is  deep,  capacious,  and  se- 
cure. About  a  mile  from  Slielburne,  and  sepa- 
rated from  it  by  a  small  river,  is  the  Black  Town, 
peopled  by  about  1 ,200  free  blacks,  who  served  on 
the  royal  side  during  the  American  war.  Shel- 
burne  is  100  m.  S.  W.  of  Halifax.  Long.  65.  0. 
W.,  lat.  43,  46.  N, 

Shelby,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  19,039. 
Shclbyville  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  W.  Ten- 
nessee. Pop.  5,652.  Memphis  is  the  capital ;  a 
county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  5,521.  Shelby  ville  is  tne 
capital;  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  3,671,  Sidney  ia 
the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop  6,294 
Shclbyville  ia  the  capital. 


na 


675 


SHI 


Shelby,  p.t.  Grenesee  Co.  N.  Y.  246  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. 

ShelbyviUe,  p.v.  Shelby  Co.  Ind.  25  m.  S.  E. 
Indianapolis  ;  p.v.  Shelby  Co.  Ken.  30  m.  E.  Lou- 
isville ;  p.v.  Shelby  Co.  Alab.  93  m.  N.  Cahawba ; 
p.l.  Bedford  Co.  Ten. 

Sheila,  a  decayed  town  of  Morocco,  which  none 
but  Mahometans  are  allowed  to  enter.  4  m.  E.  of 
Salle. 

Shellif,  the  largest  river  of  Algiers,  which 
takes  its  rise  in  the  desert,  flows  N.  through  the 
lake  Titeri,  then  turns  to  the  W.,  and  enters  the 
Mediterranean  to  the  N.  of  Mustagam.  In  its 
course  it  receives  the  Midroe,  Harbeene,  Toddah 
or  Silver  River,  the  Archew,  Mina,  Warissa,  and 
Fagia. 

Sheldon,  pt.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  32  m.  N.  Bur- 
lincrton.  Pop.  1.427;  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  30 
m.  S.  E.  Buffalo.  Pop.  1,731. 

Shelter  Island,a.n  island  and  township  in  Suffolk 
Co.  N.  Y.  at  the  E.  end  of  long  Island.    Pop.  330. 

SAe^<mAwoM^A,  a  village  in  Pittsylvania  Co.  Pa. 

Shenandoah,  a  branch  of  the  Potomac  in  V'ir- 
ginia,  joining  that  river  at  Harper's  Ferry  where 
the  Potomac  breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  See 
Fotomac. 

Shenandoah,  E.  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of 
Virginia.  Pop.  8,327. 

Shenandoah,  W.  a  county  adjoining  the  above. 
Pop.  11,423.     Woodstock  is  the  capital  of  both. 

Shenango,  townships  in  Beaver,  Crawford  and 
Mercer  Cos.  Pa. 

Shepherdstown,  p.v.    Cumberland  Co.   Pa.  4  m. 
from    Harrisburg;  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.    Va.  16   m. 
K.  W.  Harper's  Ferry.  A  village  in  Belmont  Co.  . 
Ohio. 

Shepherdsville,  p.v.  Bullitt  Co.  Ken. 

Sheperd's  Isles,  a  cluster  of  islands,  part  of 
the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  S.  Pacific,  to  the  S.  of 
MalicoUo.     Long.  268.  41.  E.,  lat   26.  58.  S. 

Sheppey,  an  island  in  Kent,  Eng.  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames,  separated  from  the  main- 
land by  a  branch  of  the  Medway,  called  the  E. 
Swale.  It  yields  plenty  of  corn,  and  feeds  nu- 
merous flocks  of  sheep.  It  contains  the  borough 
of  Queenborough,  and  the  fort  of  Sheerness. 

Shepton  Mullet,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  woolen  cloth. 
The  town  is  seated  under  the  Mendip  Hills,  17 
m.  S.  W.  of  Bath  and  116  W.  of  London. 

Sherhom,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  linen  and  silk.  It  was  formerly 
a  bishop's  see,  and  the  parish  church,  which  was 
the  cathedral,  and  in  which  are  interred  the  Sax- 
on kings  Ethelbald  and  Ethelbert,  is  a  magnifi- 
cent pile  of  building.  Formerly  here  were  two 
other  churches,  a  castle,  and  an  abbey,  of  which 
scarcely  a  vestige  remains.  116  m.  W.  by.  S. 
of  London. 

Sherhro,  a  fort  of  Guinea,  seated  at  the  mouth 
of  Sherbro  River,  which  separates  the  country  of 
Sierra  Leone  from  the  Grain  Coast.  It  belongs 
to  the  English,  and  is  100  m.  S.  E.  of  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Sierra  Leone.  Long.  11.  0.  W.,  lat. 
7.  0.  N. 

Sherbum,  a  small  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
seated  in  a  well  cultivated  and  fertile  district, 
famous  for  its  fine  orchards.  184  ra.  N.  by  W.  of 
London. 

Sherburne,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  21  m.  S. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  900 ;  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  2,574.  a  township  of  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
452;  p.v.  Beaufort  Dis.  S.  C. 

Shtrenzur,  a  town  of  European  Turkey  in  Kur- 


distan, the  residence  o*"  a  oasha.      160  m.  N.  bv 
E.  of  Bagdad. 

Sheriff-mtur,  a  heath  of  Scotlanc,  in  Perthshire 
near  Durablane  ;  famous  for  a  bloody,  outindeci 
sive  battle  in  1715,  between  the  royal  army  u~ 
der  the  duke  of  Argyle,  and  the  rebel  forces  under 
the  duke  of  Mar. 

Sherman,  a  township  of  Fairfield  Co.  Conn. 
Pop.  947. 

Shersel,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  formerly  of  great  importance.  It  has 
said  to  have  been  anciently  destroyed  by  an 
earthquake,  when  the  arsenal  and  laany  other 
buildings  were  p-ecipitated  into  the  harbour,  th« 
ruins  being  still  visiblj  at  low  water.  It  is  built 
after  the  Moorish  manner  ;  and  is  famous  for  its 
pottery,  and  steel  and  iron  manufactures.  60 
m.  W.  by.  S.  of  Algiers.  Long.  2.  48.  E.,  lat. 
32.  42.  N. 

Shesheqiiin,  p.v.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 

Shetland,  the  several  names  of  about  40  Islands 
besides  a  number  of  small  holms  or  rocky  islets 
used  only  for  pasturage,  lying  100  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Caithness-shire,  in  Scotland,  between  59.  56. 
and  61.  11.  N.  lat.  The  names  of  the  principal 
are  Mainland,  Yell,  Unst,  Bress.ay,  and  Fula. 
The  description  given  of  the  largest,  or  Mainland 
will  give  an  idea  of  the  others  ;  and  (he  particu- 
lars of  the  climate,  inhabitants,  &c.,  are  much 
the  same  as  in  the  Orkneys.  Shetland  unites 
with  Orkney  in  forming  one  of  the  counties  of 
Scotland. 

Shevagunga,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
25  m.  N.  W.  of  Brangalore. 

Shibam,  a  city  of  Arabia,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Hadramaut,  and  the  residence  of  a  pow- 
erful sheik.  300  m.  E  of  Sana.  Long.  49.  40. 
E.,  lat.  15.  25.  N. 

Shields,  J\'orth,  a  sea-port  of  Northumberland, 
Eng.  with  considerable  trade  in  coal  and  salt. 
The  town  extends  to  Tynemouth  on  the  E.,  and 
many  elegant  detached  mansions  are  erected  in 
the  neighbourhood.  It  has  wide  and  airy  streets 
in  every  direction,  well  paved,  and  lighted  with 
gas.  This  town,  together  with  S.  Shields,  may 
be  deemed  the  port  of  Newcastle  ;  for  the  larg- 
est vessels  are  stationed  here  to  take  in  their  la- 
ding, which  is  brought  down  in  barges  and  light- 
ers. It  is  seated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Tyne, 
near  its  mouth,  6  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Newcastle  and 
279  N.  by  W.  of  London.  Long.  1.  4.  W.,  lat. 
54.  58.  N. 

Shields, South,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
sealed  on  the  river  Tyne,  opposite  N.  Shields, 
with  which  place  it  enjoys  all  the  advantages  of 
trade  and  commerce  in  common  with  Newcastle, 
It  consists  principally  of  one  narrow  street,  two 
m.  in  length,  with  an  open  square  in  the  middle. 
Many  trading  vessels  are  built  here,  and  it  has 
several  salt-works  and  glass-works.  22  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Durham  and  281  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Shieldsborough,  p.v.  Hancock  Co.  Mississippi. 

Sliiloah,  p.v.  Camden  Co.  N.  C. 

Shifnall,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  It  has  a 
handsome  church,  two  meeting-houses,  a  gram- 
mar school,  a  national  school,  and  a  subscription 
library.     136  N.  W.  of  London. 

Shin,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.  part  of 
Sutherlandshire,  15  m.  long  and  2  broacV  At  its 
S.  E.  extremity  issues  the  rapid  river  Shin,  which 
flows  into  the  head  of  the  frith  of  Dornoch. 

Shinntoten,  p.v.  Harrison  Co.  Va. 

Ship  Island,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on 
thfi  coast  of  Mississppi  opposite  Biloxi  Bay. 


IHR  678 


SIA 


Shijtpensourg,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Pa.  21  m. 
S   W.  Carlisle. 

Shippingport,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Ken.  on  the 
Ohio.     2  m.  below  Louisville. 

Shipston,  a  town  in  a  detached  part  of  Worces- 
Icrshire,  Eng.  surrounded  by  Warwickshire.  83 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Shiras,  or  Shirauz,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Farsistan,  seated  at  the  end  of  a  spacious  plain, 
bounded  on  all  sides  by  lofty  mountains.  It  is 
surrounded  by  a  wall,  5  m.  in  circuit,  with  round 
towers  at  the  distance  of  80  paces.  The  city  is 
built  of  brick,  and  adorned  with  many  fine  mos- 
ques and  noble  edifices.  Here  are  many  good 
bazaars  and  caravanseras ;  also  a  manufacture  of 
■words.  This  city  was  the  seat  of  government 
under  Kerim  Khan,  who  erected  many  of  the  fine 
buildings  in  and  near  this  place.  In  its  vicinity 
are  numeroub  summer-houses,  with  gardens  ;  and 
the  rich  wines  of  Shiras  are  deemed  the  best  in 
all  Persia.  The  tomb  of  the  celebrated  poet  Hafiz 
is  in  a  large  garden  on  the  N.  E.  side  of  the  city, 
about  2  m.  from  the  wall ;  and  at  the  foot  of  the 
mountains,  in  ihe  same  direction,  is  the  tomb  of 
Sadi.  175  m.  S.  by  £.  of  Ispahan.  Long.  52. 
40.  E.,  lat.  29.  37.  N. 

Shirley,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  38  ra.  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  991. 

Sldrcan,  a  province  of  Persia,  forming  the  lar- 
gest and  most  important  division  of  the  southern 
Caucasus,  bounded  N.  and  E.  by  Georgia  and 
Daghestan,  and  S.  by  the  Kur,  which  separates 
it  from  Ghilan  and  Aderbijan.  The  soil  in  gen- 
eral is  fertile,  producing  corn,  saffron,  cotton,  &c. 
Schamachi  and  Baku  are  the  chief  towns. 
Shoals,  Isles  of.  See  Isles  of  Shoals. 
Shogle,  a  town  of  Syria,  with  an  excellent  cara- 
vansera,  seated  on  the  Asi,  18  m.  S.  by  E.  of  An- 
tioch  and  45  S.  W.  of  Aleppo. 

Shoomsha,  one  of  the  Kurile  islands,  three 
leagues  S.  of  Cape  Lopatka,  in  Kamtschatka. 
Its  inhabitants  consist  of  a  mixture  of  natives  and 
Kamtschadales. 

Shooter's  Hill,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  situate 
on  a  hill  so  called,  which  affords  a  very  extensive 
and  delightful  prospect.  On  the  W.  part  of  the 
hill  is  a  triangular  tower,  erected  to  commemorate 
the  reduction,  in  1756,  of  Severndroog,  a  strong 
fort  in  Hindoostan  :  it  is  called  Severndroog 
Castle,  and  contains  some  of  the  arms,  ornaments, 
<fec.,  taken  from  the  enemy.  8  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
London. 

Shortham,  a  borough  in  Sussex,  Eng.  It  is 
commonly  called  New  Shoreham,  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  Old,  which  lies  near  it,  and  is  now  of 
little  account.  It  stands  on  an  arm  of  the  sea, 
into  which  vessels  can  enter  with  the  tide ;  and 
many  small  vessels  are  built  here.  19  m.  W.  N. 
W.  ef  Newhaven  and  56  S.  by  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Shoreham,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,317. 
Short  Creek,  a  township  of  Harrison  Co.  Ohio. 
Pop.  2,185. 

Shrewsbury,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  Shrop- 
Bhire,  Eng.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula  formed 
by  the  Severn,  over  which  are  two  bridges;  and 
is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  in  which  are  three  gates. 
Here  were  formerly  a  castle  and  abbey,  both  now 
in  rums.  Shrewsbury  is  the  chief  mart  for  a 
coarse  kind  of  woolen  cloth,  made  in  Montgom- 
eryshire, called  Welsh  Webs  ;  and  for  all  sorts 
of^  WeUh  commodities,  which  are  generally 
bought  in  a  rou^h  state  at  Welshpool,  and  finish- 
ed here.     154  N.  W.  of  London. 


Shrewsbury,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  10.  S.  E.  Rut- 
land. Pop.  1,289;  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  6.  m. 
N.  E.  Worcester.  Pop.  1,386;  p.t.  Monmouth 
Co.  N.  J.  47  m.  N.  E.  Trenton  ;  p.t.  York  Co.  Pa. 
a  township  of  Lycoming  Co.  Pa;  p. v.  Kenhawa 
Co  Va.  306  m.  N.  W.  Richmond, 

Shropshire,  a  county  of  England,  48  m.  long 
and  forty  broad  ;  bounded  N,  by  Cheshire  and  a 
detached  part  of  Flintshire,  E.  by  Staffordshire, S. 
E.  by  Worcestershire,  S.  by  Herefordshire,  S.  W. 
by  Radnorshire,  and  W.  by  tiie  countries  of  Mont- 
gomery and  Denbigh.  It  contains  860,000  acres, 
IS  divided  into  15  hundreds  and  230  parishes,  has 
17  market  towns,  and  sends  12  members  to  parlia, 
ment.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1821  was 
206,153.  The  soil  is  generally  fruitful,  especially 
in  the  N.  and  E.  parts,  which  produce  plenty  of 
wheat  and  barley;  the  S.  and  W.,  being  moun- 
tainous, are  less  fertile,  but  yield  sufficient  pas- 
ture for  sheep  and  cattle.  This  county  abounds 
with  lead,  copper,  iron,  limestone,  free-stone, 
pipe-clay,  bitumen,  and  coal;  it  has  also  some 
salt-springs,  numerous  iron-works,  and  manufac- 
tures of  porcelain  and  flannel.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Severn  and  the  Teme  The  capi- 
tal is  Shrewsbury. 

Shumla,  a  strong  town  of  European  Turke)', 
in  Bulgaria.  It  commands  the  pass  over  the 
mountains,  and  is  120  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Constanti- 
nople. 

Shvsa,  a  town  of  European  Russia,  capital  of 
the  province  of  Karabegh,  with  2,000  inhabitants, 
500  of  whom  are  Armenians,  and  the  remainder 
Tartars.     225  m.  S.  E.  of  Tiflis. 

Shustcr,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of  Kusistan, 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  woolen  stuffs 
which  are  exported  to  Bassorah  in  return  for  In- 
dian commodities.  The  streets  are  narrow  and 
dirty,  but  the  houses  are  good,  and  it  contains 
ruins  which  testify  it  to  have  been  formerly  of 
great  extent  and  magnificence.  Its  present  popu- 
lation is  estimated  at  15,000,  Persians  and  A- 
rabs.  It  is  situate  at  the  foot  of  a  range  of 
mountains,  on  an  eminence  which  overlooks  the 
rapid  source  of  the  Karoon.  Long.  49,  2,  E.,  lat, 
32.  5.  N. 

Shutesbury,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  82  m.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  987. 

Siam,  a  kingdom  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N.  E. 
by  that  of  Laos,  E.  by  Cochin-China  and  Cambo- 
dia, S.  by  a  gulf  of  its  name,  and  W.  by  the  bay 
of  Bengal.  It  is  550  miles  in  length  and  250  in 
breadth,  though  in  some  places  not  above  50, 
and  is  divided  into  the  Higher  and  Lower.  The 
country  is  level,  and  in  the  rainy  season  is  over- 
flowed ;  for  which  reason  most  of  the  houses  are 
built  on  pillars,  and  they  have  no  communication 
for  some  months  but  by  boats.  The  soil  produces 
plenty  of  rice,  cotton,  and  a  variety  of  fruits  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  Europe.  Many  authors  have 
extalled  it  as  the  finest  and  richest  country  in  the 
world.  There  are  mines  of  gold,  silver,  tin,  and 
copper ;  and  plenty  of  pepper,  aloes,  benzoin, 
and  musk.  Wild  animals  roam  in  the  woods,  as 
elephants,  rhinoceroses,  leopards,  and  tygers. — 
The  inhabitants  have  large  foreheads,  little  noses, 
plump  lips,  and  black  sparkling  eyes.  The  men 
are  of  an  olive  complexion,  with  little  beards ; 
but  the  women  are  of  a  straw  complexion,  and 
some  have  their  cheeks  a  little  red.  Both  sexes 
go  bare  headed,  and  almost  naked,  except  the 
wealthy,  who  wear  rich  garments  for  ostentation. 
The  king  shows  himself  but  once  a  year  to  the 
people.     He  is  the  proprietor  of  all  the  lands  in 


liiB 


677 


SIC 


the  oftuntry,  and  no  one  can  buy  any  merchan- 
dize till  he  has  first  had  the  choice  of  them.  He 
generally  keeps  a  numerous  army,  besides  3,000 
elephants,  and  can  take  25,000  men  into  the  field. 
The  mandarins,  that  is,  the  principal  men  who 
daily  attend  the  palace,  are  3,000  in  number,  and 
are  whipped  very  severely  with  split  rattans  for 
the  least  fault.  The  temples  and  priests  are  very 
numerous ;  the  latter  are  distinguished  from  the 
laity  by  an  orange-coloured  garment,  and  by 
keeping  their  heads,  beards,  and  eye-brows  close 
shaved.  They  have  schools  for  the  education  of 
their  children,  and  scarcely  any  are  found  among 
*hem  who  cannot  read  and  write.  This  country 
has  been  much  oppressed  by  the  Birmans,  to 
whom  the  king  of  Siam,  after  a  long  and  destruc- 
ti\e  war,  ceded  the  W.  maritime  towns  on  the 
Bay  of  Bengal,  in  1793. 


The  Cassowary,  one  of  the  largest  birds  in  the 
world,  is  found  here.  Their  tame  cattle  are 
Deeves,  buffaloes,  and  hogs,  of  which  they  have 
plenty  about  their  farms.  There  are  large  and 
dangerous  crocodiles,    and  serpents  20  feet  long. 

Siam,  or  Juthia,  a  city,  the  capital  of  the  above 
kingdom.  It  contains  a  great  number  of  tem- 
ples, convents,  chapels,  columns  and  other  deco- 
rations. The  king's  palace,  and  some  others, 
differ  from  the  common  habitations  by  occupying 
a  more  extensive  space,  being  better  constructed, 
and  of  a  greater  height,  but  they  never  exceed 
one  floor.  The  Dutch  have  a  factory  here,  and 
merchants  from  different  countries  come  here  to 
trade.  In  1766  this  city  was  taken  by  the  Bir- 
mans. It  is  situate  on  an  island  in  the  river 
Menan,  50  m.  N.  of  its  mouth  in  the  gulph  of 
Siam  and  360  S.  E.  of  Pegu.  Long.  100.  50. 
E.,  lat.  14.  18.  N. 

S'mng-yang.  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  class, 
in  the  province  of  Hou-quang,  on  the  river  Han, 
630  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  111.  40.  E., 
xat.  32.  5.  N. 

Siara,  a  province  of  Brazil,  lying  between  those 
of  Maragnon  and  Petaguel.  The  capital,  of  the 
same  name,  has  a  fort  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Siara.  Long.  39.  35.  W.,  lat. 
3.  30.  S. 

Siaskoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Petersburg,  near  the  lake  Ladoga,  24  m.  N.  E.  of 
New  Ladoga.     Long.  30.  47.  E.,  lat.  60   16.  N. 

Siberia,  a  large  country,  comprehending  the 
northern  part  of  the  Russian  empire  in  Asia.'  It 
is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean,  S.  by 
Great  Tartary,  W.  by  European  Russia,  and  N. 
by  the  Frozen  Ocean.  It  extends  3,.500  m.  in 
length  from  E.  to  W.  and  1,200  in  breadth  from 
N.  to  S.  The  S.  part,  produces  all  the  necessa- 
ries of  life,  but  the  S.  is  eztrem*ly  cold,  almost 


uncultivated,  and  thin  of  people.  The  nrincipa. 
riches  of  this  country  consist  of  fine  skins  and 
furs      Here  is  found  the   Sable  a  small  animal 


furnishing  one  of  the  most  valuable  furs  in  the 
world.  There  are  also  rich  mines  of  iron  and 
copper,  and  several  kinds  of  precious  stones,  par- 
ticularly topazes  of  a  beautiful  lustre,  magnets  of 
an  extraordinary  size,  and  even  whole  mountains 
of  loadstone.  The  inhabitants  are  of  three  sorts 
Pagans,  or  the  natives  of  the  country,  Mahome- 
tans, and  Russians.  The  former  dwell  in  forests 
in  the  winter,  and  in  the  summer  on  the  banks, 
of  rivers.  Their  garments  are  the  skins  of  wild 
beasts.  All  their  riches  are  comprised  in  their 
bows,  arrows,  a  knife,  and  a  kettle.  They  make 
use  of  reindeer  and  dogs,  instead  of  horses,  to 
draw  their  sledges  ;  and  live  in  huts,  which  th6«y 
remove  from  place  to  place.  Those  in  the  south- 
ern parts  are  somewhat  more  civilized.  They 
have  horses  with  which  they  go  a  hunting,  and 
their  houses,  though  poor,  are  not  shifted  from 
place  to  place.  The  Russians  settled  here  are 
much  the  same  <is  in  their  native  country.  It  is 
through  this  vast  tract  of  land  that  the  Russian 
caravans  travel  every  year,  when  they  carry  their 
merchandize  to  China.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Oby,  Lena,  Irtish,  Yenisei,  and  Okota.  The 
western  part  of  Siberia  is  comprised  in  the  Rus- 
sian government  of  Tobolsk,  and  is  divided  into 
the  circles  of  Tobolsk  Proper,  Tomsk,  Yeniceysk, 
and  Koly  van ;  all  the  eastern  part  is  contained  in 
the  government  of  Irkutsk,  and  divided  into  the 
circles  of  Irkutsk  Proper,  Nertschink,  Yakoutsk, 
and  Okhotsk,  which  last  includes  Kamtschatka 
and  the  islands.  Siberia  is  the  place  to  which 
criminals,  as  well  as  persons  under  the  displeasure 
of  the  court,  are  commonly  banished  from  Russia. 
Christianity  has  at  present  made  little  progress 
in  this  country,  though  considerable  efforts  have 
of  late  j'ears  been  made  by  the  Russian  govern- 
ment as  well  as  by  the  British  Missionary  Socie- 
ties. Tobolsk  is  the  capital  and  the  residence  of 
the  viceroy. 

Sical,  a  town  of  Mexico,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Yu 
catan,  70  m  N.  W.  of  Merida.  Long.  90.  30.  W., 
lat.  39.  30.  N. 

Sichem,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Bra- 
bant, to  the  S.  of  which  is  a  celebrated  monastery. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Demer,  18  m.  E.  of  Mechlin. 
Sicily,  an  island  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  about 
165  m.  long  and  112  broad.  Its  form  is  that  of  a 
triangle,  terminating  in  three  capes.  Sicily  is 
separated  from  the  kingdom  of  Naples  by  a  narrow 
strait,  called  the  Faro  ;  but,  as  Messina  is  situated 
on  it,  it  is  called  the  Faro  of  Messina.  The  two 
kingdoms  of  Naples  and  Sicily  have  nearly  the 
same  climate,  and  the  productions  are  much  the 
same,  hut  Sicily  abounds  much  more  in  corn,  par- 
ticularly in  the  valleys  of  Noto  and  Mazara. 
The  valley  of  Demona  has  more  forests  and  fruit 
trees  than  the  two  others.  The  three  great  di- 
visions of  Sicily  are  named  from  those  valleys ; 
but  since  1815  it  has  been  divided  into  seven  in- 
tendancies ;  viz.,  Palermo,  Messina,  Catania, 
Girgenti,  Syracuse,  Trapani,  and  Calatanissetta. 
The  chief  towns  in  the  Val  di  Mazara  are,  Paler- 
mo, Marsala,  Trapani,  Termini,  and  Mazara;  ia 
3l3 


vx^m^.m^ 


HID 


073 


SIE 


the  Val  di  Noto,  Modica,  Ra^sa,  Nolo,  Syracuse,  up.     It  is  seated  on   the  English  Channel,   158 

and   Castro   Giovanni;    in  the   Val  di   Deinona,  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Measina,  Catania,  and  Nicosia.  This  country  Sidneij,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  on  the  Ken- 
produces  corn,  wine,  oil,  silk,  excellent  fruits,  nebec,  8  m.  above  Augusta.  Pop.  2,191  ;  p.t.  Del- 
and  almost  every  necessary  of  life  in  wonderful  aware  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,410;  p.t.  Shelby  Co.  Ohio, 
ahfindance.      The  only  manufacturing  establish-  80  m.   N.  W.  Columbus.   Pop.  248. 


nienls  of  extent  are  Palermo,  Messina,  and  Cata 
nia;  they  consist  of  silk,  cotton,  and  linen,  and 
some  w>>rifn8,  though  the  wool  of  the  island  is  of 
indiffff'^nt  quality  :  to  which  we  may  add  a  few 
articles,  sucli  as  hats,  cutlery,  harness,  carriages, 
and  household  furniture,  made  at  the  principal 
towns.  The  commerce  of  Sicily  is  comparatively 
trifling,  though  from  the  variety  of  its  products, 
the  excellence  of  several  of  its  harbours,  and  the 
^neral  safety  of  its  coast  for  navigation,  it  might. 
Under  an  enlightened  government,  become  very 
extensive.  In  the  darkness  of  their  complexion, 
and  the  indolence  of  their  habits,  the  Sicilians 
resemble  the  Italians  and  Spaniards;  and  educa- 
tion is  in  a  very  backward  state,  but  the  new  plan 


Sidra,  a  spacious  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  on 
the  coast  of  Tripoli,  anciently  called  Syrtis. 

Siedenberg,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  county 
of  Hoya,  9  m.  S.  W.  of  Hoya. 

Siegberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in 
the  duchy  of  Berg,  on  the  river  Seig.  15  m.  S.  E 
of  Cologne. 

Sicgen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussian  Westpna- 
lia,  formerly  the  capital  of  a  principality  belong- 
ing to  the  house  of  Nassau.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood are  iron  mines,  forges  and  founderies.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sieg,  24  m.  N.  W.  of  Wetzlar, 
Long.  8.  12.  E.,  lat.  50.  47.  N. 

Sienna,  or  Sicnnese,  a  province  of  the  grand 
duchy  of  Tuscany,  bounded  by  the  Florentine  and 


of  teaching  (of  Bell  and  Lancaster)  is  beginning     the  territory  of  Pisa.     The  soil  is  pretty  fertile, 

"   '  especially  in  mulberry   trees,  which  feed  a  great 

number  of  silk  worms,  and  there  are  several  min- 
eral springs.  It  is  62  m.  long  and  nearly  the 
same  broad,  and  has  an  area  of  3,000  square  m. 
with  190,000  inhabitants. 

Sienna,  a  city  of  Tuscany,  capital  of  the  forego, 
ing  province,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a 
university  and  a  citadel.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall,  above  4  m.  in  circumference.  The  Gothic 
metropolitan  church  is  built  with  black  and  white 
marble,  and  the  pavement  is  of  Mosaic  work. 
Sienna  is  not  very  populous  ;  but  is  adorned  with 
a  great  number  of  palaces,  fountains,  and  superb 
churches.  The  great  area  is  round,  and  the 
houses  about  it  are  of  the  same  height,  supported 
by  piazzas,  under  which  people  may  walk  in  all 
weathers.  The  Italian  language  is  spoken  in  Si- 
enna in  its  greatest  purity.  It  is  seated  on  three 
eminences,  26  m.  S.  of  Florence  and  120  N.  N.  W. 
of  Rome.  Long.  11.  11.  E.,  lat.  43.  24.  N. 

Sierk,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Moselle, 
near  the  river  Moselle,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Thion- 
ville. 

Sierra  Leone,  a  country  of  Africa,  in  the  W.  part 
of  Guinea,  so  named  from  being  mountainous,  and 
the  mountains  abounding  in  lions.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Atlantic,  and  is  distinguished  for  the  colo- 


to  be  employed  with  some  success.  The  religion 
is  the  Catholic ;  and  the  number  of  ecclesiastics 
is  said  ti  amount  to  70,000,  exclusive  of  the 
monks  and  nuns.  The  assembly  long  dignified 
with  the  name  of  parliament  was,  until  1810, 
merely  a  feudal  institution,  possessing  hardly  any 
marks  of  the  elective  franchise. 

Sicily  was  successively  occupied  by  the  Pheni- 
cians,  the  Carthaginians,  and  Romans.  In  the 
8th  and  9th  centuries  it  was  conquered  by  the  Sa- 
racens, who  retained  possession  of  the  island 
about  200  years.  Tl)ey  gave  way  to  the  Nor- 
mans who,  attracted  to  Sicily  on  their  progress  to 
the  crusades,  made  the  conquest  of  the  island  in 
the  1  Ith  century.  It  passed  successively  into  the 
possession  of  France,  Germany,  and  Spain.  By 
the  peace  of  Utrecht,  in  1713,  it  was  given  to  the 
duke  of  Savoy,  with  the  title  of  king ;  but  in 
17*20  the  Austrians  prevailed  on  the  new  possessor 
of  Sicily  to  exchange  it  for  Sardinia,  and  added 
the  former  to  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  The  war 
carried  on  by  France  and  Spain  against  Austria, 
in  1734,  transfered  other  crowns  of  Naples  to  a 
branch  of  the  royal  family  of  Spain,  in  whose 
hands  it  remained  until  the  progress  of  the  French 
revolutionists,  in  1799,  led  to  the  expulsion 
of  the  royal    family  from  Naples.      They    took 


refuge  in   Sicily,   where  they  remained  till  1815,  ny  formed  there  by  the  British  nation,  from  mo- 

when    the    overthrow   of    Murat,   by    the    Aus-  tives  of  genftosity  and  philanthropy.     This  coun- 

trians,  led  to  the  restoration  of  the  former  family  try  is  traversed  by  a  considerable  river,  derived 

to  the  throne  of  Naples,   which  tiiey   continue  to  from  an  unknown  source  in  the  interior,  called  the 

possess.     In  1820  the  Sicilians  made  an  attempt  Mitomba  or  Sierra  Leone.     Its  limits  are  from  the 

to  establish  a  free  government,  but  the    country  Grain  coast  on  the  S.  E.,  to  Cape  Verga  on  tlie 

was  invaded  by  the  Austrians,  and  the  kins  re-  N.  W. ;  that  is.  between  7.  and  10.  N.  lat.     In  the 


established  in  all  his  former  absolute  authority 
Palermo  is  the  capital. 

Siclos,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  castle  on  a 
mountain,  in  which  the  emperor  Sigismund  was 
imprisoned.  12  m.  S.  of  Funfkirchen. 


open  and  plain  districts,on  the  banks  of  the  river, 
the  heat  of  the  sun,  before  any  breeze  arises,  is  al- 
most in  tolerable  ;  but  a  refreshing  giile  constantly 
springs  up  about  noon,  which  renders  the  country 
supportable.     The   wet  season,  from  May  to  Oc- 


--  ....  ~.  „.  •  u...r.,,v,,.v.,.  ^fcHupporiaoiu.      j  iie    wei  season,   irom  iway   lo  vjc- 

.S»///v«,  a  Rtrona  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  is-'^ber,  is  ushered    in  and  terminated  by    stormy 

I  f  40   S                        ""*"■     ^""S-  ^^3.  15.  E.     weather.     The  whole  tract,  on  each  side  the  river, 

oj  i' ^'             tr    %  r%     r>  is  rich   in  rice  and  millet,  which  is  the  chief  sus- 


SiddonabuTg  p.v.  York  Co.  Pa.  32.  m.  from  Har- 
risburr. 

Sideling  Hills,  a  range  of  eminences  in  Bedford 
Co.  Pa.  extending  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E 


tenance  of  the  inhabitants  ;  and,  upon  the  whole, 
it  is  one  of  the  best  countries  on  the  coast.     The 
natives  are  in  general  of  mild  external  manners, 
„.,  --  _,-        -     .  and  noted  for  their  hospitality;  but  thev  possess 

bideroeapso,  h  town  of  Macedonia,  famous  for  a  a  great  share  of  pride,  and  are  easily  afrected  by 
jrold  niine  m  lU  neighbourhood.  5  m  from  the  an  insult.  Of  all  the  trilii?s,  those  who  have  em- 
gulf  of  Contessa,  and  40.  E.  S.  E.  of  Salonichi.     braced  Mahomedism  are  the   most  civilized   and 


Sidmouth,  a  town  in  Devonshire.  Eng.  It  is 
much  frequented  in  the  bathing  season,  and  was 
formerly  a  s«a-port,  but  its  harbour  is  now  choked 


respectable  ;  and  those  on  the  coast,  from  their 
intercourse  with  the  European  slave -factors,  art 
much  inferior  in  eve-y  thing,  except  the  art  of 


SIL 


679 


8IL 


making  a  bargain,  lo  those  who  reside  higher  up 
the  country.  In  1791  an  act  of  parliament  was 
obtained,  incorporating  a  co«ipany,  called  the 
Sierra  Leone  Company,  for  the  purpose  of  culti- 
vating W.  India  and  other  tropical  productions  on 
the  banks  of  the  river.  The  first  settlers  amounted 
to  '200  white  persons,  besides  a  number  of  free 
blacks  from  Nova  Scotia.  In  1793  the  colonists 
were  all  put  into  possession  of  small  lots  of  land, 
and  a  new  town,  on  a  regular  and  extended  scale, 
was  begun  to  be  built.  The  next  year  a  French 
squadron  destroyed  the  settlement,  and  captured 
several  of  the  company's  ships  :  from  this  disaster 
they  recovered  ;  and  a  factory  was  established 
in  the  Rio  Pongos,  in  1795.  The  colony,  how- 
ever, still  continued  to  languish,  and,  in  1808,  it 
was  transferred  from  the  company  to  his  majesty. 
It  was  soon  after  placed  under  the  management 
of  the  African  Institution,  and,  notwithstanding 
all  its  disadvantages,  the  colony  has  been  rapidly 
advancing  in  prosperity,  and  the  population  is 
continually  augmenting  by  the  capture  of  negroes, 
on  their  way  to  the  W.  Indies,  by  vessels  em- 
ployed to  put  a  stop  to  the  slave  trade.  The  num- 
ber landed  in  1824  was  1 ,530,  in  1825, 2,337,  in  1336 
2.727,  and  in  1827,  2,857.  The  whole  population 
of  the  liberated  Africans  in  the  villages  in  1828 
(exclusive  of  2,502  persons  resident  in  Freetown, 
or  employed  at  the  timber  factories)  was  15,004. 
Independently  of  Freetown  but  including  the  Isles 
de  Los  and  Freetown,  the  number  of  settlements 
now  amounts  to  14,  of  which  Regent  and  Welling- 
ton are  the  richest  and  most  populous.  The  in- 
habitants are  by  no  means  wanting  in  industry 
TLe  markets  of  Freetown  are  supplied  with  fruits 
and  vegetables,  almost  exclusively  by  the  moun- 
tain villages,  and  from  80  to  100  persons  are  to  be 
seen  daily  on  the  hill  leadin£r  to  Gloucester 
Town  with  the  produce  of  their  own  farms  and 
gardens.  The  Church  and  Wesleyan  Missionary 
Societies  are  aiding  by  their  eflTorts  in  promoting 
the  happiness  and  prosperity  of  the  colony;  educa- 
tion is  rapidly  extending,  and  numbers  of  degraded 
negroes  are  rising  into  respectability  and  even 
wealth.     Freetown  is  the  capital. 

Sieira  Morena,  mountains  of  Spain,  diving  An- 
dalusia from  Estremadura  and  New  Castile,  ren- 
dered famous  by  the  wars  of  the  Christians  and 
Mahometans,  and  for  being  the  scene  where  Cer- 
vantes has  placed  the  most  entertainrng  adven- 
tures of  his  hero. 

Sigllmessa.     See  Sugtilmessa. 

Siginaringen,a.  town  of  Germany,  with  a  castle, 
which  gives  name  to  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Ho- 
henz')llern.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  18  m. 
E.  S.  K.   of  Hohenzollern. 

Signau,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Bern. 

Sipluna.  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Upland,  10  m. 
N.  of  Stockholm. 

Sigucnza,n.  town  of  Spain,  in  Guadalaxara,  and* 
a  bishop's  see,  with  a  caslle,  in  which  is  an  ar- 
senal. It  had  formerly  a  university,  consistinor  of 
several  colleges.  The  most  considerable  structure 
is  the  cathedral.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  at  the  foot 
of  Mount  Atienca,  65  m.  N.  E.  of  Madrid.  Lonff. 
2.  51.  W.,  lat.  40.58.  N. 

Sihon,  a  river.     See  Sirr. 

Siiagutfa,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
celebrated,  for  its  kitchen-gardens.  Coarse  cot- 
ton cloths  are  made  here,  and  some  tobacco  grows 
in  the  neighbourhood.  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Colar,  and 
32  N.  E.  of  Bangalore. 

SUberberg,  a  strong  town  of  Prussian  Silesia.  It 


had  its  name  from  a  mine  of  lead  and  silver,  the 
working  of  which  has  been  discontinued,  11  in 
N.N.  ET.  of  Glatz. 

Silckester,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  once  a 
celebrated  city.  There  are  considerable  remains 
of  its  walls  and  ditches,  enclosing  an  area  of  80 
acres  ;  and  two  military  roads  frosn  the  S.  gnte, 
one  to  Winchester,  and  the  other  to  Old  Saruin 
6  m.  N.  of  Basingstoke. 

Silesia,  a  province  of  the  Prussian  states,  for- 
merly belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia.  It 
is  200  m.  long  and  170  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Brandenburff,  E.  by  Poland,  S.  by  Moravia, 
and  W.  by  Bohemia,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a  long  chain  of  mountains  :  the  highest,  called 
Zotenburg,  is  in  the  principality  of  Schweidnitz. 
There  are  mines  of  coal,  lead,  copper,  and  iron, 
and  quarries  of  various  stones,  besides  antimony, 
saltpetre,  sulphur,  alum,  vitriol,  quicksilver,  agate, 
jasper,  and  even  some  gems.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Oder,  Bober,  Neisse,  Quels,  and  Oppa. 
The  chief  manufacture  is  linen  cloth,  the  annual 
value  of  which  has  been  estimated  at  upwards  of 
£1,500,000  sterling;  there  are  also  some  woolen 
manufactures,  potteries,  iron  foundries,  and  glass- 
houses. In  this  country  are  a  great  number  of 
cattle,  large  studs  of  horses,  and  plenty  of  game 
in  the  woods  ;  also  a  few  lynxes,  bears,  foxes 
otters,  and  beavers.  There  are  many  lakes,  full 
of  pike,  carp,  and  other  good  fish  ;  also  plenty  of 
bees,  which  produce  much  honey  and  wax 
Wheat,  maize,  barley,  oats,  millet,  and  in  some 
places  saffron,  are  cultivated  ;  but  its  wine  is  bad, 
and  chieflv  used  for  vinegar.  Silesia  was  for- 
merly divided  into  Upper  and  Lower.  The  former 
comprising' the  S.  part,  where  the  inhabitants  are 
generally  Roman  Catholics,  and  speak  the  Polish 
language  :  in  the  latter,  they  are  almost  all  Pro- 
testants, and  speak  their  mother  tongue.  The 
county  of  Glatz,  and  a  portion  of  Lusatia,  are  now 
annexed  to  this  province,  which  forms  a  military 
division  along  with  Posen,  and  is  divided  into  the 
governments  of  Breslau,  Liegnitz,  Oppeln,  and 
Reichenbach.  This  country  was  ceded  to  the 
king  of  Prussia,  in  1742,  by  the  treaty  of  Breslau. 
In  1807  it  was  overrun  by  the  French,  but  was  re- 
stored to  Prussia  at  the  peace  of  Tilsit.  Breslau 
is  the  capital. 

Silhet,  a  town  of  Bengal,  capital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Soorma,  120  ra.  N 
E.  of  Dacca. 

SUistria,  or  Dristra,  a  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Bulgaria,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a 
citadel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  at  the  influx 
of  the  Missovo,  155  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Adrianople. 
Long.  27.  6.  E.,  lat.  44.  15.  N. 

St/ie^Mro',  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
with  a  castle,  18  m.  W.  of  Arhusen. 

Silla,  a  town  of  Negroland,  in  Bambarra,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Niger,  remarkable  as  the 
place  where  Park  was  obliged  to  terminate  his 
first  journey,  after  having  penetrated  1,090  m.  in 
a  direct  line  E.  from  Cape  Verd.  It  is  75  m.  N 
E.  of  Sego. 

Sillabar,  a  sea-port  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sumatra, 
with  a  good  and  safe  harbour,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Bencoolen.     Long.  102.  10.  E.,  lat.  4.  0.  S. 

Sille  le  Guillaume,  a  town  of  France,  depart 
ment  of  Sarthe,  19  m.  N.  W.  of  Mans. 

Sillee.  a  town  of  Bengal,  seated  on  the  Suban- 
recka,  173  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Calcutta. 

Silver  Creek,  a  township  of  Green  Co.  Ohio. 

SUrer  Lake,  p.v.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.;  p.t.  Sun 
quehanna  Co.  Pa. 


8tN 


-tso 


SSIN 


SUtis,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algarve,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  35  m.  W.  JS.  W.  of  Ta- 
▼ira. 

Simantas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valladolid,  with  a 
strong  castle,  in  which  Philip  II.  ordered  the 
archives  of  the  kingdom  to  be  kept.  It  is  situate 
on  the  Douro,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Valladolid  and  GO 
N.  E.  of  Salamanca. 

Simbrisk,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a 
province  of  the  kingdom  of  Kasan.  It  has  an 
area  of  30.000  sq.  m.,  with  850,000  inhabitants, 
the  greater  part  of  whom  profess  the  religion  of 
the  Greek  church.  The  capiul,  of  the  same  name 
is  seated  on  the  Volga,  100  m.  S.  by.  W.  of  Ka- 
san. Long.  48.  34.  E.,  lat.  54.  22.  N. 

Sinuoe,  a  lake  of  Upper  Canada,  communicat- 
ing with  Lake  Huron. 

Simi,  the  ancient  Syme,  an  island  in  the  Med- 
iterranean, between  the  island  of  Rhodes  and  the 
continent,  in  a  bay  of  its  name.  It  has  a  town, 
cantaiaing  about  2,000  houses,  built  near  the  sum- 
mit of  a  filch  rocky  mountain,  12  m.  N.  W.  of 
Rh(Kles.  Lo'ng.  27. "23.  E.,  lat.  36.  35.  N. 

Simmem,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Lower  Rhine  ;  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
25  m.  S.  ofCoblentz. 

SimmonsvUle,  p. v.  Coshocton  Co.  Ohio.  100  m. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

Simocraif,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
district  of  Bednore,  with  a  manufacture  of  coarse 
cotton  cloth.  Tippo  Sultan  was  defeated  near 
this  place  by  the  Mahrattas,  aided  by  a  detach- 
ment of  British,  in  1790.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tun- 
ga,  34  E.  by  N.  of  Nagara. 

Slmonthurn,  or  Simontornya,  a  town  of  Hunga- 
ry, with  a  strong  castle,  taken  from  the  Turks  in 
1(;86.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sarvita,  32  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Buda.  Long.  18.  52.  E.,  lat.  46.  45.  N. 

Simplon,  a  mountain  of  ihe  Alps  between  Swit- 
zerland and  Italy,  through  which  a  road  was  cut 
by  Napoleon.  Tliis  stupendous  and  magnificent 
works  is  36  m.  in  length,  and  was  completed  in 
1805 ;  it  consists  in  many  places  of  galleries  or 
tunnels,  cut  though  the  solid  rock  of  the  moun- 
tain. There  are  22  bridges  thrown  over  rivers 
and  torrents.  The  ascent  of  the  road  is  so  easy 
that  carriages  may  pass  its  whole  extent  without 
locking  the  wheels.  The  highest  part  of  the 
road  is  about  6,000  feet. 

iiimpson,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  6,099. 
Franklin  is  the  capital. 

SimpsonciJIe,  p. v.  Shelby  Co.  Ken. ;  p. v. 
Montgomery  Co.  Maryl. 

Simsbury,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  14  m.  N. 
W.Hartford.     Pop.  2,221. 

Siinsonn'dle,  p. v.  Laurens  Dis.  S.  C, 

Sinai,  a  mountain  of  Arabia  Petrea,  in  penin- 
sula formed  by  the  two  arms  of  the  Red  Sea. 
The  Mahometans  hold  it  in  great  veneration; 
and  here  the  Greek  Christians  liave  a  monastery, 
surrounded  by  a  high  wall,  and  those  who  go  in 
and  out  are  drawn  up  and  let  down  in  baskets. 
Long.  34.  15.  E.,  lat.  29.  2.  N. 

Siiuapour,  an  island  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  peninsula  of  Malaya,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  narrow  channel,  and  to  the  S.  it  gives 
name  to  the  narrow  sea,  called  the  strait  of  Sin- 
capour.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name.  Long". 
103  15.  E.,  lat.  1.  10.  N. 

Siniie,  a  river  of  Asia.     See  Indus. 

Sindr.ljiniren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wurtemberg,  10  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Stut- 
gard 

Si$uty,  or  Sutde,    a  provines  of  Hindoostaa 


bounded  on  the  W.  by  Persia,  N.  by  the  terri- 
tories of  the  king  of  Kandahar,  N.  E.  by  those  of 
the  Seiks,  E.  by  a  sandy  desert,  and  S.  E.  by 
Cutch.  It  extends  along  the  course  of  the  In- 
dus, from  its  mouth  to  the  frontiers  of  Moultan, 
300  m. ;  and  its  breadth,  in  the  widest  part,  is 
160.  In  soil,  and  climate,  and  the  general  ap- 
pearan<!e  of  the  surface,  it  resembles  Egypt — the 
country  being  an  extended  valley,  confined  on 
one  side  by  a  ridge  of  mountains,  and  on  the 
other  by  a  desert ;  and  the  Indus,  equal  at  east 
to  the  Nile,  winding  through  the  midst  of  this 
level  valley,  and  enriching  it  by  its  annual  inun- 
dations. During  great  part  of  the  S.  W.  mon- 
soon, or  at  least  in  July,  August,  and  part  of 
September  (the  rainy  season  in  most  other  parts 
of  India)  the  atmosphere  is  here  generally  cloud- 
ed ;  but  no  rain  falls,  except  near  the  sea.  Ow- 
ing to  this,  and  the  neighbourhood  of  the  sandy 
deserts  on  the  E.  and  on  the  N.  W.,  the  heats 
are  so  violent,  and  the  winds  from  those  quarters 
so  pernicious,  that  the  houses  are  contrived  so 
as  to  be  occasionally  ventilated  by  apertures  on 
the  top,resembling  the  funnels  of  small  chimneys. 
When  the  hot  winds  prevail,  the  windows  are 
closely  shut,  excluding  the  hottest  current  of  air, 
and  a  cooler  part  descends  into  the  house  through 
the  funnels.  By  this  means  are  also  excluded 
vast  clouds  of  dust,  the  entrance  of  which  would 
alone  be  sufficient  to  render  the  houses  uninhab- 
itable. The  roofs  are  composed  of  thick  layer 
of  earth  instead  of  terraces.  Few  countries  are 
more  unwholesome  to  European  constitutions, 
particularly  the  lower  part  called  the  Delta.  The 
Hindoos,  who  were  the  original  inhabitants  of 
Sindy,  have  been  treated  with  great  rigor  by 
the  Mahometan  governors,  and  vast  numbers 
have  in  conseqnence  retired  into  other  countries. 
The  inland  parts  of  Sindy  produce  saltpetre,  sal- 
ammoniac,  borax,  bezoar,  lapis-lazuli,  and  raw 
silk.  Here  are  manufactures  of  cotton  and  silk 
of  various  kinds  ;  and  also  of  fine  cabinets,  inlaid 
with  ivory^and  finely  lacquered.  Great  quanti- 
ties of  butler  are  exported,  which  is  clarified  and 
wrapt  up  in  duppas,  made  of  the  hides  of  cattle. 
Here  are  large  beeves,  fine  sheep,  and  small  har- 
dy horses.  The  wild  game  are  deer,  hares,  an- 
telopes, and  foxes,  which  are  hunted  with  dogs  ; 
also  leopards,  and  a  small  fierce  creature  called 
a  siahgosh.  This  province  is  now  governed  by 
three  chiefs,  called  ameers,  tributary  to  the  sul- 
tan of  Kandahar.  The  Bombay  government  sent 
an  embassy  to  the  chiefs  in  1808  ;  and  the  E.  In- 
dia Company  have  now  a  native  agent,  or  charg  d' 
affaires,  residing  at  the  fort  of  Hydrabad. 

Sines,a.  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  on  a  cape 
to  which  it  gives  name,  74  m.  S.  W.  of  Evora. 
Long.  8.  46.  W.,  lat.  37.  58.  N. 

Sing,  a  strong  town  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  buill 
by  the  Turks  in  opposition  to  Clissa,  and  taken 
by  the  Venetians  in  1686.  8  m.  N.  of  Clissa,  and 
14  of  Spalatro. 

Sin-gan,  a  city  of  China,  in  the  province  of 
Chen-si,  and  one  the  largest  and  most  beautiful 
in  the  empire.  The  walls  are  12  m.  in  circuit, 
nearly  a  square,  and  surrounded  by  a  deep  ditch  ; 
they  are  well  fortified  with  towers  and  some  of 
the  gates  are  very  lofty  and  magnificent.  It  has 
a  great  trade,  especially  in  mules,  which  are  bred 
up  in  great  numbers  and  sent  to  Pekin.  Here  is 
a  strong  garrison  of  Tartars  in  a  separate  quarter 
of  the  city ,  from  which  it  is  parted  by  a  strong  wall 
540  m.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  108.  4.  E.,  lat. 
35.  16.  N 


9IO 


68] 


SIS 


SingUlef,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Simbirsk,  situate  on  the  Volga,  24  in.  S.  of  Sim- 
birsk. 

Slngor,  a  town  in  the  peninsula  of  Malacca, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river,  in  the  bay  of 
Patani.     Long.  101 .  25.  E.,  lat.  6.  40.  iV. 

Sing  Sing,  p. v.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  33  m.  above  New  York.  Here  is  the  new 
State  Prison,  a  large  edifice  built  of  hewn  granite. 
Sinigaglia,  a  strong  seaport  of  Italy,  in  the 
duchy  of  Urbino,  with  a  castle  and  two  harbours. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  contains  several 
fine  churches  and  convents,  and  a  mint.  An  an- 
nual fair  is  held  here  from  the  middle  to  the  end 
of  July,  frequented  by  merchants  from  distant 
parts.  It  stands  at  the  moulh  of  Nigola,  in  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Pesaro.  Long.  13. 
15.  E.,  lat.  43.  43.  N. 

Si-ning,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  second  rank,  in 
the  western  extremity  of  the  province  of  Chen-si. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade  with  the  Tibetians, 
particularly  in  tea.  4.50  m.  W.  N.  VV.  of  Sin-gan. 
Long.  101.  35.  E.,  lat.  30.  45.  N. 

Sinking  Spring,  p. v.  Highland  Co.  Ohio. 
Sinob,  or  Sinope,  a  sea-port  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
in  Natolia,  surrounded  by  walls  and  double  ram- 
parts ;  but  the  castle  is  much  neglected.  Dioge- 
nes the  cynic  philosopher  was  born  here.  It  is 
seated  on  the  isthmus  of  a  peninsula,  in  the  Black 
Sea.  280  m.  E.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  33.  55. 
£.,  iat.  41.  5.  N. 

Sioux,  Indians,  the  most  powerful  tribe  in  N. 
America.  They  consist  of  seven  independent 
bands,  each  under  its  own  chief;  but  they  are 
united  in  a  confederacy  for  the  protection  of  their 
territories,  and  send  deputies  to  a  general  council 
of  chiefs  and  warriors,  whenever  the  concerns  of 
the  nation  require  it.  They  inhabit  with  trifling 
exceptions  all  the  country  between  the  Mississipi 
and  Missouri  rivers,  south  of  N.  lat.  40.  Their 
nountry  includes  also  large  tracts  south  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  east  of  the  Mississippi.  They  are  brave, 
spirited,  and  generous,  with  proud  notions  of 
their  origin  as  a  tribe,  and  their  superiority  as  hun- 
ters and  warriors,  and  with  a  predominant  passion 
for  war.  Their  number  is  stated  by  Pike  at  21, 
675,  of  whom  3,800  were  warriors. 

Sintzheim,  a  town  of  Baden,  seated  in  a  mo- 
rass, 12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Hiedelberg. 

Sion,  a  mountain  of  Palestine,  on  the  S.  side  of 
Jerusalem,  of  great  celebrity  in  sacred  history. 

Sion,  or  Sitten,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of 
Valais,  and  an  episcopal  see.  It  is  situate  on  the 
river  Sitten,  near  the  Rhone,  at  the  foot  of  three 
insulated  rocks,  which  rise  immediately  from  the 
plain.  On  the  highest,  called  Tourbillon,  is 
the  old  deserted  episcopal  palace  ;  on  the  sec- 
ond, denominated  Valeria,  are  the  remains  of  the 
cathedral,  and  a  few  houses  belonging  to  the  can- 
ons ;  on  Majoria,  the  third  rock,  stands  the  pres- 
ent episcopal  palace.  Sion  was  formerly  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Seduni,  and  some  Roman  inscriptions 
still  remain.  50  m.  E.  of  Geneva.  Long.  7.  22. 
E.,  lat.  46  9.  N. 

Siout  or  OsJo<,  a  town  of  Egypt,  which  has  seve 
eral  mosques,  and  is  the  see  of  a  Coptic  bishop. 
It  is  surrounded  by  fine  gardens,  and  palm-trees 
that  bear  the  best  dates  in  Egypt.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  an  amphitheatre  and  some  sepulchres  of 
the  Romans.  This  place  is  the  rendezvous  of  those 
who  go  in  the  caravan  to  Sennaar,  in  Nubia.  It 
stands  on  an  artificial  mount,  2  m.  from  the  Nile, 
and  one  85  S.  of  Cairo.  Long.  31.  24  E.,  lat.  27. 
35.  N. 


Siphanto,  the  ancient  Siphnos,  one  the  best  cul 
tivated  islands  of  the  (Grecian  Archipelago,  situ 
ate  W.  of  Paros.  It  is  30  m.  in  circumference, 
and,  though  covered  with  marble  and  granite, 
produces  corn  sufficient  for  its  inhabitants,  also 
olives,  vines,  figs,  cotton,  and  excellent  silk,  but 
not  in  any  considerable  quantity.  The  chief  ar- 
ticles of  commerce  are  calicoes,  straw  hats,  ficrs, 
onions,  honey,  wax,  oil,  and  capers.  Long.  §5. 
15.  E.,  lat.  37.1).  N. 

Sir  Charles  Hardy's  Island,  an  island  in  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  discovered  by  Captain  Carteret  in 
1707.  It  is  low,  level,  and  covered  with  wood. 
Long.  154.  20.  E.,  lat.  4.  41.  S. 

Sir  Charles  Saunders's  Island,  an  island  in  the 
S.  Pacific,  about  (5  m.  in  extent  from  E.  to  W., 
discovered  by  captain  Wallis  in  1707.  The  na- 
tives tlien  appeared  to  live  in  a  wretched  manner, 
but  the  introduction  of  Christianity  has  since 
produced  the  most  surprising  improvements. 
See  Society  Isles.  Long.  151.  4.  VV.,  lat.  17.  28.  S. 
Siradia,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  with  a 
strong  castle.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and 
seated  in  a  plain,  on  the  river  Wafta,  62  m.  N. 
E.  of  Breslau,  and  105  N.  W.  of  Cracow.  Long. 
18.  55.  E.,  lat.  51.  32.  N. 

Siraf,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  La- 
ristan,  situate  on  the  Persian  gulf,  30  m.  S.  W. 
of  Lar.     Long.  43.  23.  E.,  lat.  35.  20.  N. 

Siravan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Kusistan,  48  m, 
N.  N.  E.  of  Suster. 

Sire,  a  town  of  Abyssinia,  in  Tigre,  famous  for 
a  manufacture  of  coarse  cotton  cloths.  40  m.  W. 
of  Axum  and  100  W.  N.  W.  of  Auzen. 

Sirhind,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a  coun- 
try of  the  same  name,  in  the  province  of  Dehli. 
Procopius  takes  notice  that  in  the  time  of  Justin- 
ian (the  sixth  century)  silk  was  brought  from 
Serinda,  a  country  in  India.  175  m.  N.  W,  of 
Dehli.     Long.  75.  35.  E.,  lat.  30.  15.  N. 

Sirian,  a  sea-port  of  Pegu,  frequented  by  the 
French,  English,  and  Dutch.  It  is  seated  on  Pe- 
gu River,  30  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  SO  S.  of  Pe- 
gu.    Long.  96.  12.  E.,  lat.  16.  32.  N. 

Sirius,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  about  18  m. 
in  circuit,  discovered  by  lieutenant  Ball  in  1790. 
Long.  162.  30.  E.,  lat.  10.  52  S. 

Sirmich,  or  Sirmium,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  and 
a  bishop's  see;  seated  on  the  Bosworth,  near  the 
Save,  42  m.  S.  E.  of  Essek.  Long.  20.  19.  E., 
lat.  45.  13.  N. 

Siroicy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  a  district  of 
the  same  name,  in  Agimere ;  sealed  near  the 
Puddar,  70  m.  S.  W.  of  Agimere.  Long.  74.  27, 
E.,  lat.  26.  1.  N. 

Sirpij,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hindoostan,  in  My- 
sore, 14  m.  N.  of  Sera  and  37  S.  E.  of  Chittel- 
droog. 

Sirr,  or  Si.hon,  a  river  of  Independent  Tartary 
(the  ancient  Jaxartes),  which  issues  from  the 
mountains  of  Imaus,  or  Belur,  on  the  confines  of 
Cashgur,  and,  taking  a  N.  W.  course  of  about 
.550  m.  enters  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  lake  Aral.  It 
formerly  flowed  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  but  the  Tar- 
tars, to  free  themselves  from  pirates  turned  its 
course. 

Sisizan,  a  sea-port  on  the  E.  coast  of  Luconia, 
one  of  the  Philippine  islands.  It  is  situate  almost 
opposite  Manilla  and  in  the  vicinity  of  very  high 
mountains,  which  render  the  air  extremely  moist. 
Long.  123.  45.  E.,  lat.  14.  20.  N. 

Sissac,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  oi 
Basel,  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Basel. 

Sissek,  or  Siszeg,  a  strong  towa  of  tlie  Austrioa 


•KB  < 

gUttei,  in  Croatia,  situate  on  the  Save,  at  the  in- 
Bux  of  the  Kulpa,  40  m.  E.  of  CarUtadt.  Long. 
16.  56.  E.,  lat.  in.  33.  N. 

Sissopoli,  a  town  of  Romania,  and  an  archbish- 
op'a  fee ;  teated  on  a  peninsula  of  the  Black  Sea, 
2a  m.  S.  of  Mescmbria.     Long.  28.  9.  E.,  lat.  42. 

30  N. 

Si*/er»n,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 

Alps,  with  a  citadel  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  which 
was  llie  prison  pf  Casimir  V.,  kin^  of  Poland.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Durance,  45  m.  N.  E.  of  Aix  and 
407  S.  E.  of  Paris.     Lonjr.  5.  50.  E.,  lat.  44. 12.  N. 

SisterviUe,  p.v.  Tyler  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ohio. 

Si*ton,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  It 
has  manufactures  of  brass  and  saltpetre.  7  m.  E. 
of  Bristol. 

Sistam,  a  town  of  Bulgaria,  where  a  peace  was 
concluded  between  the  Austrians  and  Turks  in 
1791.  It  is  sealed  on  the  Danube,  25  m.  E.  of 
Nicopoli. 

Sitia,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  isleof  Can- 
dia,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  58  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Candia.     Long.  20.  29.  E.,  lat.  35.  0.  N. 

SiUard,  a  town  of  Belgium  in  the  province  of 
Limburg,  seated  near  the  Meuse,  12  rn.  N.  of 
Maestricht. 

Siltingburn,  a  corporate  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  40 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  London. 

SUtivaeca,  a  village  of  Ceylon,  the  chief  place 
of  intercourse  between  the  Candians  and  their 
European  neighbours,  28  m.  E.  of  Colombo. 

Sivas,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  and  the  see  of  a 
bishop,  with  a  castle.  It  is  noted  as  the  theatre 
of  the  great  contest  between  Timur  and  Bajazet, 
in  which  the  latter  was  finally  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner,  180  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Erzerum  and  210 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Cogni.  Long.  33.  40.  E.,  lat.  38. 
55.  N. 

Sivroy,  or  Civray,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Vienne,  seated  on  the  Charente,  27  m.  S.  of 
Poitiers. 

Sicry.  a  town  of  Belgium,  in  Hainault,  with 
2,500  inhabitanU,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Charleroi. 

Siwah,  a  territory  of  Africa,  on  the  confines  of 
Egypt  and  Barca,  mentioned  by  the  ancients  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Oasis  of  Ammon.  The  fer- 
tile part  is  about  20  m.  in  circumference,  contain- 
ing several  villages,  besides  the  capital.  It  af- 
fords abundance  of  vegetable  productions,  with 
corn  and  oil ;  and  is  well  supplied  with  water 
from  small  streams,  but  none  of  them  flow  be- 
yond its  territory,  being  either  evaporated  before 
they  reach  the  surrounding  desert  or  lost  in  the 
sterile  sand.  The  capital,  of  the  same  name, 
contains  the  ruins  of  the  celebrated  temple  of  Ju- 
piter Ammon;  and  in  the  neighbourhood  are 
many  catacombs,  which  were  the  burying  places 
of  the  ancient  inhabitants.  It  is  the  theatre  of 
considerable  trade,  being  situate  on  the  great  ca- 
ravan route,  220  m.  E.  of  Augila  and  280  W.  by 
8.  of  Cairo.     Long.  27.  10.  E.,  lat.  29.  12.  N. 

^tara,  %  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland,  a 
bishop's  see,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the  king- 
dom of  Gothland.  Ii  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire 
in  1719.  The  ruins  of  several  churches  and  con- 
vents are  still  to  be  seen,  and  it  has  a  college,  a 
botanical  garden,  a  medical  school,  and  a  large  ca- 
thedral. It  is  seated  on  the  Lida,  on  a  morass,  77 
m.  N.  E  of  Golhcburg.  Long.  14.  0.  E.,  lat.  58. 
16.  N. 

'iketn,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  government  of 
A  ;g<erhuys,  noted  for  its  mmes  of  iron  and  copper ; 
•filed  near  a  lake,  26  m.  S.  W.  of  Rongsburg. 

ikmrntauUs,  %  Uk«  of  Newjork  in   Ononoaga, 


Sa  SLA 

Cayuga  and  Cortland  Cos.  It  is  15  m.  long  and 
1  1-2  wide:  it  discharges  its  waters  into  L.  Ontario. 

SIcaneatcles,  p.v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
above  lake.     152  m.  W.  Albany. 

SkeensboTough.     See  Wldtehall. 

Skiddaw,  a  mountain  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  near 
Keswick,  above  3,000  feet  in  perpendicular  height 
from  the  surface  of  the  lake  Derwentwater,  to  the  j 

N.  of  which  it  is  situate.     It  is  not  difficult  of  ac-  j 

cess,  and  is  almost  covered  with  grass,  which  grad- 
ually grows  coarser  in  the  ascent.  Tiie  whole  top 
is  covered  with  a  loose  brown  slaty  stone. 

SkiLskuera,  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  situate  on  a  bay  of  the  Great  Belt,  52  m. 
S.  W.  of  Copenha<ren.  Long.  11.  27  E.,  lat.  55. 
16.  N. 

Skippack,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Skipton,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  The 
river  Aire  and  the  Leeds  and  Liverpool  canal  pass 
through  the  town,  and  near  it  are  some  cotton 
works.  It  is  seated  in  the  midst  of  a  rough  moun- 
tainous district,  called  Craven,  well  adabted  to  the 
grazing  and  feeding  of  cattle.  211  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Skye,  an  islsnd  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  largest 
of  the  Hebrides,  being  54  m.  long  and  from  3  to  30 
broad.  The  S.  E.  end  is  separated  from  Inver-  ' 
ness-shire  (to  which  it  belongs)  by  a  channel  call- 
ed the  Inner  Sound  ;  in  the  narrowest  part  of 
which,  named  the  Kyle,  cattle  are  made  to  swim 
across.  This  side  of  the  island  swells  gradually 
from  the  shore,  in  a  verdant  slope,  over  which  are 
seen  the  naked  hills  of  Strath ;  and  above  these 
rises  the  rugged  top  of  CuUin  or  Cuchullin.  To- 
wards the  S.  W.  are  rude  mountains,  black  and 
red,  as  if  discolored  by  fire;  and  on  the  E.  a  long 
extent  of  lofty  hills.  There  is,  notwithstanding,  a 
great  portion  of  level  ground,  with  excellent  pas- 
turage ;  and  it  has  numbers  of  deer  and  different 
kinds  of  game.  It  abounds  with  limestone,  mar- 
ble, &c.,  but  the  basalticcolumns,  resembling  the 
Giants's  Causeway  in  Ireland,  are  its  greatest  cu- 
riosity. A  cave  in  this  island  afforded  an  asylum, 
in  1746,  to  the  disappointed  Pretender  and  his 
faithful  guide,  for  two  nights.  Many  thousands 
of  beeves  and  sheep  are  annually  exported  hence. 
Some  small  horses  are  bred,  and  a  great  quanity  of 
kelp  is  manufactured  here.  Portree  is  the  princi- 
pal town.  The  S.  extremity  is  a  peninsula,  ter- 
minating in  a  rugged  promontory  called  the  Point 
of  Slate.     Long.  6.  12.  W.,  lat.  57.  12.  N. 

Slagelse,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  45.  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Copenhagen. 

Slaguen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  seated 
on  the  Wipper,  10  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Rugenwald. 

Slaithwaitc  a  village  in  W.  Yorkskire,  Eng.  on 
the  Huddersfield  canal,  with  manufactures  of  the 
various  Manchester  goods.  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Hud- 
dersfield. 

Slatersville,  p.v.  Providence  Co.  R.  1.  12  m.  N. 
W.  Providence.  Here  are  large  manufactures  of 
cotton. 

Slaterville,  p.v.  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y. 

Slatina,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Wal- 
achia,  on  the  river  Alaut,  50  m.  W.  of  Bucharest. 

Slave  coast,  a  name  given  to  a  maritime  tract  of 
Guinea,  between  the  Gold  coast  and  Benin,  com- 
prehending the  kingdoms  of  Ardra,  Popo,  and 
Whidah. 

Slave  lake,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  250,  m.  In 
length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  60  to  100  in  width.  It 
is  full  of  wooded  islands,  and  its  outlet  at  the  W 
extremity,  m  long.  119.  30.  W.,  lat.  61.  30.  N., 
flows  N.  W.  into  th«  Arctic  Ocean. 


SJ.D 


683 


SMO 


Sleaford,  JYerofl  town  in  Lincolnshire, Eng.  with 
a  market  on  Monday.  It  is  a  well  built  and  flour- 
ishing town,  and  contains  a  handsome  Gothic 
church,  113  m.  N.  of  London.  The  hamlet  of  Old 
Sleaford  is  about  a  mile  distant. 

Slesicick,  a  duchy  of  the  Danish  dominions, 
bounded  N.  by  Jutland,  S.  by  Holstein,  and  E.  and 
W.  by  the  sea.  It  is  about  72  m.  long  and  from 
30  to  56  broad.  Having  no  mountains,  and  few 
elevations  entitled  to  the  name  of  hills,  most  parts 
of  it  are  fit  for  tillage.  The  products  are  wheat, 
barley,  oats,  rye,  hemp,  flax,  &c.  it  has  good 
pasture,  on  which  are  bred  horses  and  horned  cat- 
tle. Woolen  and  linen  are  the  chief  manufac- 
tures, which  are  carried  on,  not  in  collective  es- 
tablishments, but  in  the  cottages  of  the  manufac- 
turers. Fishing  forms  a  considerable  occupation 
on  the  coast  ,as  well  as  in  the  arms  of  the  sea. 

Sieswick,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  duchy, 
is  a  long  irregular  town.  The  houses  are 
chiefly  of  wood,  and  few  are  more  than  one  sto- 
ry high,  but  very  neat.  The  inhabitants  dress 
like  the  Dutch  ;  and  many  of  them  speak  their 
tongue,  though  the  usual  languages  are  the  Ger- 
man and  Danish.  The  buildings  most  worthy  of 
notice  are  the  cathedal,  with  its  altar  and  the 
monuments  of  the  princes,  the  five  churches,  the 
town-house,  the  orphan-house,  and  the  nunnery 
of  St.  John.  Near  the  city  is  the  old  ducal  pal- 
ace of  Gottorp.  Sieswick  has  manufactures  of  re- 
fined sugar,  earthenware,  leather,  and  sail-cloth, 
and  is  situate  on  the  N.  side  of  an  arm  of  the 
Baltic,  called  the  Sley,  60  m.  N.  W.  of  Lubec, 
and  125  S.  W.  of  Copenhagen.  Long.  9.  40.  E., 
lat.  54.  35.  N. 

Sligo,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Connaught,  39  miles  long  and  nearly  as 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Leitrim,  S.  E.  by 
Roscommon,S.  W.  and  W.  by  Mayo,and  N.  by  the 
Atlantic.  It  is  divided  into  39  parishes,  con- 
tains about  269  square  miles  with  146,29  inhabi- 
tants, and  sends  three  members  to  parliament. 
The  soil  is  in  general  fertile,  but  rather  boggy 
towards  the  coa.st. 

Sligo,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  pre- 
ceding county,  and  a  place  of  considerable  trade, 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  which  flows 
from  Lough  Gill  into  the  bay  of  Sligo,  42  miles 
N.  by  W.  of  Roscommon  and  100  N.  W.  of  Dub- 
lin.    Long.  9. 18.  W.,  lat  54. 15.  N. 

Slippery  Rock,  a  township  of  Butler  Co.  Pa.  A 
township  of  Mercer  Co.  Pa.  both  on  a  creek  of 
the  same  name. 

Sloanville,  p. v.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y.  48  m.  W. 
Albany. 

Slonim,  a  town  of  Rusian  Lithuania,  in  the 
government  of  Grodno,  with  a  castle,  seated  on 
the  Sezraa,  40  miles  S.  W.  of  Novogrodeck  and 
60  S.  E.  of  Grodno.  Long.  24.  57.  E.,  lat.  53. 
O.N. 

Sloten,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Friesland,  seated  on  the  rivulet  Ee,  which  flows 
into  the  Zuider  Zee,  8  miles  E.  of  Staveren,  and 
SO  S.  S.  W.  of  Lewarden. 

Sluck,  a  town  of  Russian  Lithuania,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Minsk,  with  three  Greek  churches  ; 
seated  on  the  river  Sluck,  52  miles  S.  of  Minsk. 
Long.  27.  54.  E.,  lat.  52.  30.  N. 

Sluys,  a  town  of  Belgium  in  Flanders,  oppo- 
site the  island  of  Cadsand,  with  a  good  harbour. 
It  has  its  name  from  its  fine  sluices,  by  which 
the  whole  country  may  be  laid  under  water.  It 
was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1587,  retaken  by 
the  Dutch   in  1604,  and  taken  by  the  French  in 


1794.     10  miles  N.  of  Bruges.     Lonff.  3.  25.  E.. 
lat.  51.19.  N.  ' 

Siniiland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland, 
lymg  between  the  Baltic  and  the  province  ol 
Halland.  Its  area,  is  7,750  square  miles  :  its  pop- 
ulation 315,000.  It  is  well  watered,  both  by  riv- 
ers and  lakes,  but  great  part  of  it  consists  of 
marshes,  heaths,  and  barren  rocks.  In  some 
parts  are  immense  forests  of  pine  and  fir ;  and 
the  approach  to  the  villages  is  announced  by 
groves  of  oak,  beech,  and  birch,  and  numerous 
plots  of  arable.     Calmar  is  the  capital. 

Smalkalden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  a  district 
of  its  name,  belonging  to  Hssse-Cassel.  It  is 
famous  for  the  league  entered  into  by  the  Luther- 
ans, against  the  emperor,  in  1531,  to  defend  their 
religion  and  liberties.  It  has  a  fine  castle  on  a 
mountain,  and  in  the  vicinity  are  salt-pits  and 
mines  of  iron.  It  stands  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  into  theWerra,  25  miles  S.  W 
of  Erfurt  and  56  of  Hesse-Cassel.  Long.  10.  47. 
E.,  lat.  50  45.  N. 

Smithport,  p.T.  McKean  Co.  Pa.  204  m.  N.  W. 
Harrisburg. 

Smith,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  21,492. 
Carthage  is  the  capital.  A  township  of  Washing- 
ion  Co.  Pa.  and  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 

Smithjield,  p.t.  Providence  Co.  R.  I.  9  m.  N. 
W.  Providence.  Pop.  3,994.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  cotton,  paper,  muskets,  sithes,  &c. 
Within  the  limits  of  the  town  are  quarries  of 
limestone  and  whetstone;  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  2,636.  Towns  and  villages  in  Bradford 
Somerset,  Fayette,  Northampton  and  Pike  Cos. 
Pa.  Isle  of  "Wight  Co.  Va.  Johnson  Co.  N. 
C.  Jeflerson  Co.  Ohio  and  Hopkins  and  Leving- 
ston  Co.  Ken. 

Smith  Grove,  p. v.  Warren  Co  Ken. 

Smithborough,  p. v.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y. 

Smithtoion,  p.t.  Suffbrk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long 
Island.     Pop.  1,686. 

Smithville,  a  township  of  Chenango  Co.  N.  T. 
Pop.  1,829;  p.v.  JeflTerson  Co.  N.  Y.  10.  m. 
from  Sacketts  Harbour  ;  p.v.  Brunswick  Co.  N 
C.  near  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River. 

Smockville,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  Indiana. 

Smolensk,  a  government  of  Russia,  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Lithuania.  After  having  been  an  object 
of  contention,  and  reciprocally  possessed  by  Po- 
land and  Russia,  it  was  conquered  by  Aleiay 
Michaelovitch  in  1654,  and  ceded  to  Russia  by 
the  peace  of  Moscow  in  1666.  It  contains  an 
area  of  21,400  square  miles  with  1,050,000  inhab- 
itants ;  and  is  fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  and  flax. 
Horses,  black  cattle,  and  sheep,  are  numerous. 
The  principal  rivers  are  the  Duna,  Dnieper, 
Desna,  Sosha,  Kasplia,  and  Viasma. 

SmolcTisk,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the 
foregoing  government,  is  situate  on  the  Dnieper, 
and  extends  over  two  mountains  and  the  valley 
between  them.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls  30  feet 
high  and  15  thick  ;  the  lower  part  of  stone,  the 
upper  of  brick,  and  their  circumference  4  m.  and 
three  quarters.  The  houses  are  mostly  of  wood 
and  only  one  story  high,  except  a  few,  scattered 
here  and  there,  which  are  dignified  with  the  title 
of  palaces.  The  city  is  divided,  through  its  whole 
length,  by  one  straight  paved  street ;  the  others 
are  circular,  and  floored  with  planks.  The  cath- 
edral stands  on  an  eminence,  where  there  is  a 
view  of  the  whole  city.  Notwithstanding  its  ex- 
tent, it  contains  only  about  13,000  inhabitants,  and 
has  no  considerable  manufactures,  but  carries  on 
with  Dantzic,  Riga,  and  the  Ukraine,  a  traffic  ia 


SNO 


684 


SOC 


linen  hemp,  honey,  wax,  leather,  furs,  &c.  In 
loli  scvenil  severe  engasjeinente  were  fought  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  this  city  between  the 
Frencii  and  llussian  armies,  in  one  of  which  it 
siistAined  a  bombardment,  which  destroyed  most 
of  llie  buildings,  197  m.  N.  E.  of  Novo-gorodeck 
and  •i:V>W.  S  W.  of  Moscow.  Long.  3*2. 14.  E., 
Ut.54.  50. 

Sini/n/iusen,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Holslein,  Ifl  m.  \V.  of  Rendsburg. 

Smifrna,  a  sea-port  of  Asia  Minor,  and  one  of 
the  largest  and  richest  cities  of  the  Levant.  The 
goodness  of  the  harbour  has  caused  it  to  be  rebuilt 
several  times  after  having  been  destroyed  by 
earthquakes.  It  is  the  rendezvous  of  merchants 
from  almost  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  the  mag- 
azine of  their  merchandize.  The  population  is 
computed  at  120,000  persons.  The  streets  are 
raore  open,  better  paved,  and  the  houses  better 
built  than  in  any  other  towns  on  the  continent. 
The  street  of  the  Franks  is  the  finest  in  Smyrna, 
and  lies  all  along  the  harbour.  The  imports  from 
England  consist  of  woolen  cloths,  camlets,  lead, 
tin,  and  hardware  ;  these  are  exchanged  for  cot- 
ton, coffee,  mohair,  drugs,  gall,  raisins,  figs,  &c. 
The  English  and  Dutch  factors  have  protestant 
chapels,  and  taverns  are  as  open  here  as  in  Eu- 
rope. The  fortifications  consist  of  a  fort,  a  castle, 
a  mountain,  and  an  old  citadel.  Smyrna  is  eight 
days'  journey  from  Constantinople  by  land,  25 
days  from  Aleppo  by  the  caravans,  six  from  Cog- 
ni,  seven  from  Cataya,  and  six  from  Satalia;  and 
is  seated  at  the  head  of  a  large  bay,  190  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  27.  7.  E.,  lat.  38. 
88.  N. 

Smyrna,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  105  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,897;  p.v.  Kent.  Co  Del. 12  m.  S. 
Dover. 

Sinijthjield.  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Snaith,  a.  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  175  ra 
N.  by  W.  of  London. 

SnnpsvUle,  p.v.  Chesterfield  Co.  Va. 

Snfx/c  or  Snitz,  a  fortified  town  of  Holland,  in 
Ffiesland,  seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  in 
marshy  land.  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  ofLewaiden. 

Snr.r.dsliorough,  p.t.  Anson  Co.  N.  C.  100  m.  S. 
W.  Raleigh. 

Sneirne,  a  town  of  Prussia  in  the  province  of 
Irac,  57  m.W.  N.  W.  of  Amadan. 

Sniatin,  a  tdwn  of  Austrian  Galicia,  on  the 
river  Pruth,  28  m.  W.  of  Czernowitz.  Long.  22. 
50.  E.,lat.  4-i.  33.  N. 

Siuiioden,  a  mountain  of  Wales,  in  the  centre  of 
Caernarvonshire,  and  the  most  noted  in  the  whole 
region  of  the  Welsh  hills.  It  has  several  craggy 
■ummits,  deep  dells,  moors,  and  chasms  ;  also 
two  lakes  that  abound  with  fish,  particularly 
the  char  and  the  guiniard.  The  height  of  this 
rnountain,  from  the  quay  of  Caernarvon,  to  its 
highest  peak,  is  3,f),^>8  feet.  It  was  held  sacred 
by  the  ancient  Britons  as  Parnassus  was  by  the 
Greeks.  Pieces  of  lava,  and  groups  of  columnar 
■tones  of  vast  size,  have  been  found  lying  in  all 
directions  on  the  summit  of  this  mountain,°which 
commands  a  delightful  and  extensive  view.  In 
a  clear  day,  and  when  the  mountain  is  free  from 
clouds,  a  part  of  Ireland,  and  of  Scotland,  the  Isle 
ofMan,the  mounUins  of  Westmoreland  and  Cum- 
berland, paru  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  and 
all  N.  Wales,  the  Irish  and  British  seas,  and  a 
rast  number  of  lakes,  may  be  seen  from  its  sum- 
miu. 

Sruno  Hill,  p.t  Worcester  Co.  Maryland,  on 
Pocomoke  River.  120  m,  S.  Philad.    It  is  a  port 


of  entry  and  has  considerable  commerce ;  p.v 
Green  Co.  N.  C.  96  rn.  S.  E.  Raleigh ;  p.v  Clin- 
ton Co.  Ohio. 

Soane,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  issues  from 
a  lake,  <m  the  S.  confines  of  Allahabad,  the  same 
that  is  the  source  of  the  Nerbudda,  and,  flowing 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  river,  enters  the 
Ganges,  above  Patna. 

Sohernheim,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province 
of  Lower  Rhine;  seated  on  the  Nahe,  11  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Creutznach. 

Sibkslau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  with  good  cloth  manufacture,  12  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Bechin. 

Subolka,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Buntzlau,  8  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Jung  Buntzlau. 

Society  Isles,  islands  in  the  S.  Pacifie  Ocean, 
discovered  by  Cook  in  1769,  situate  between  150. 
57.  and  152.  0.  W.  long.,  and  16.  10.  and  16.  55. 
S.  lat.  They  are  seven  in  number;  namely  Hu- 
aine,  Raiatea,  Tahaa,  Borabora,  Maurua,  Tubal, 
and  Sir  C.  Saunder's  Island.  The  soil,  produc- 
tions, &c.,  are  nearly  the  same  as  at  Otaheite, 
Nature  has  been  equally  bountiful  in  uncultivated 
plenty,  and  the  inhabitants  are  as  luxurious  and 
as  indolent.  They  are  generally  above  the  mid- 
dle stature  ;  but  their  limbs  are  less  muscular  and 
firm  than  those  of  the  Sandwich  islanders,  whom 
in  many  respects  they  resemble.  Though  more 
robust  than  the  Marquesans,  they  are  inferior  in 
size  and  physical  power  to  the  New  Zealandera. 
In  person  they  resemble  the  Friendly  islanders  as 
much  as  any  others  in  the  Pacific.  Their  limbs  are 
well  formed,  and  they  are  generally  active  in  their 
movements,  graceful  and  stately  in  their  gait,  and 
perfectly  unembarassed  in  their  address.  They  are 
remarkably  curious  and  inquisitive,  and  compared 
with  other  Polynesian  nations,  may  be  said  to 
possess  considerable  ingenuity  and  mechanical 
skill.  Totally  unacquainted,  till  recently,  with 
the  use  of  letters,  their  minds  could  not  be  improv- 
ed by  any  regular  or  continued  culture  ;  yet  the 
distinguishing  features  of  their  civil  polity — the 
imposing  nature,  numerous  observances,  and  di 
versified  ramifications  of  their  mythology — the 
legends  of  their  gods — the  historical  songs  of  their 
bards — the  beautiful,  figurative,  and  impassioned 
eloquence  sometimes  displayed  in  their  national 
assemblies — and,  above  all,  the  copiousness,  va- 
riety, precision,  and  purity  of  their  language,  to- 
gether with  their  extensive  use  of  numbers — war- 
ranted the  conclusion  that  they  possessed  no  con- 
temptible mental  compacities.  This  conclusion 
has  been  abundantly  confirmed  since  the  estab- 
lishment of  schools  and  the  introduction  of  letters. 
Multitudes,  who  were  upwards  of  30  or  40  years 
of  age  when  they  commenced  with  the  alphabet, 
have'in  12  months  learned  to  read  distinctly  in 
the  New  Testament,  large  portions  of  which, 
some  of  them  have  in  a  short  period  committed  to 
memory.  The  missionaries,  who  for  a  long  time 
laboured  in  these  islands  amidst  discouragement 
and  disappointment,  have  at  length  witnessed  the 
complete  abandonment  of  idolatry.  Christiani- 
ty is  now  universally  professed,  and  the  moral 
character  of  the  people  has  been  raised  by  it  to 
a  high  degree  of  excellence.  It  it  stated  that  in 
1829  not  fewer  than  10,000  persons  had  learned 
to  read  the  Scriptures. 

Society  Land,  a  township  of  Hillsborough  Co. 
N.  H.  25  m.  S.  W.  Concord.     Pop.  164. 
Soconey,  p.v.  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  C. 
Soconusco,  a  province  of  Guatemala,  88  m.  long 
and  nearly  as  many  broad  j  bounded  on  the  N.  by 


m 


MIU 


685 


SOI. 


^  Chiapa,  E.  by  Guatemala.S.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  W.  by  Guaxaca.  The  soil  is  not  very  fer- 
tile, and,  being  sheltered  from  the  N'.  winds  by 
high  mountains,  the  air  is  exceedingly  hot  and 
unhealthy. 

Soconusco,  or  Guevetlan,  the  capital  of  the  fore- 
going province,  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  near 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  460  m.  S.  E.  of  Mexico. 

Socotora,  or  Socotra,  an  island  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  lying  about  45  leagues  from  cape  Gardefan 
on  the  coast  of  Africa.  It  is  80  m.  long  and  22 
broad,  abounds  in  fruit  and  cattle,  and  is  particu- 
larly noted  for  its  fine  aloes,  known  by  the  name 
of  Socotrine  aloes.  The  natives  are  chiefly  Ma- 
,*  hometans,  and  are  governed  by  a  king  who  de- 
pends on  Arabia.     Tamara  is  the  capital. 

Sodhury,  or  Chippitig  Sodbury,  a  town  in  Glou- 
cestershire, Eng.     110  m.  W.  of  London. 

Sodor,  a  village  in  the  celebrated  island  of  Icolm- 
kill,  one  of  the  Hebrides  of  Scotland.  It  was 
formerly  a  bishop's  see,  which  comprehended  all 
the  islands,  together  with  the  Isle  of  Man  :  the 
bishop  of  Man  is  still  called  bishop  of  Sodor  and 
Man. 

Sodus,  p.t.  in  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  situate  on  the 

S.  side  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  a  bay  7  m.  long  and 

3  broad,  which  forms  an  excellent  harbour  when 

the  rest  of  the  lake  is  agitated  by  a  storm.     It  is  80 

•      m.  E.  of  Niagara.     Long.  77. 5.  W.,  lat.  43.  1 0.  N. 

Soehorg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  situate  on  an  island  in  a  fresh-water  lake, 
15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Elsinore. 

Soest,  a  large  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in 
the  government  of  Arensberg,  with  a  good  trade 
in  corn,  12  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lipstadt,  and  30  S. 
E.  of  Munster. 

Sofala,  a  kingdom  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa, 
bounded  on  the  W.  and  N.  by  the  states  of  Mo- 
caranga,  E.  by  the  Mozambique  Channel,  and  S. 
by  Sabia.  It  is  about  150  m.  along  the  coast,  and 
2o0  up  the  country.  The  country  is  wild  and 
thinly  inhabited,  but  contains  rich  mines  of  line 
gold. 

SofaJa,  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom,  with 
a  fort  built  by  the  Portuguese,  which  is  of  great 
importance  for  their  trade  to  the  E.  Indies.  It  is 
seated  on  a  small  island,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Cuama.     Long.  35.  40.  E.,  lat.  20.  22.  S. 

Sofia,  or  Sophia,  a  city  of  European  Turkey, 
capital  of  Bulgaria,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  The 
trade  is  considerable,  and  the  inhabitants  are  com- 

futed  at  70,000,  but  the  houses  are  meanly  built, 
t  is  sf-ated  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains  of  Argen- 
taro,  on  the  river  Bogana,  100  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Adrianople.     Long.  23.  52.  E.,  lat.  43.  0.  N. 

Sofroy,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  noted 
for  a  very  handsome  mosque.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  of  the  same  name, 
jiart  of  Mount  Atlas,  and  between  two  rivers,  12 
m.  E.  of  Fez. 

Segno,  a  town  of  Africa,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  in  the  kingdom  of  Congo. 
The  inhabitants  are  said  to  be  Christians,  con- 
verted by  the  Portuguese,  and  the  Capuchins  have 
a  church  here.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zaire,  near  its 
mouth,  IGO  m.  W.  S.  W.of  St.  Salvador.  Long. 
11.  55.  E.,lat.  6.  0.  S. 

Sohagepour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  in  the  province  of  Allahabad.  130  m.  S. 
of  Allahabad.     Long.  81.  52.  E.,  lat.  23.  30.  N. 

Soham,  a  town  in  Cambridgeshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  a  fen  of  the  same  name,  near  Soham-mere, 
which  takes  up  1,000  acres  of  land.  5  m.  S.  E. 
of  Ely  and  70  N.  by  E.  of  London. 


Soho,  a  village  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  2  m.  N 
W.  of  Birmingham.  It  was  founded  by  Mr.  Boui- 
ton,  for  the  manufacture  of  every  article  common 
to  the  BirmiiTgham  trade,  the  plated  ware  usually 
made  at  Sheffield,  and  of  elegant  pieces  of  silver 
both  light  and  massive.  Here  also  are  made  the 
improved  steam  engines  now  adopted  in  nume- 
rous concerns  throughout  the  kingdom.  In  1797 
an  apparatus  for  the  coinage  of  copper  was  em- 
ployed here  by  government;  and  the  Bank  of 
England  dollars  were  also  stamped  at  this  mint. 

Soignies,  a  town  of  Belgium  in  Hainault,  near 
a  forest  of  its  name,  on  the  river  Senne,  8  m.  N. 
N.  E.  ofMons. 

Soissonnois,  a  territory  of  France,  in  the  Isle  of 
France,  which,  with  that  of  Vermandois,  now 
forms  the  department  of  Aisne.  It  abounds  in 
corn,  wood,  and  pastures. 

Soisions,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Aisne,  anciently  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of 
its  name.  It  is  a  bishop's  see  ;  and  the  cathedral 
has  one  of  the  most  considerable  chapters  in  the 
kingdom.  Here  St.  Louis,  Philip  the  bold,  and 
Louis  XIV.,  were  crowned.  The  castle,  though 
ancient,  is  not  that  in  which  the  kings  of  the  first 
race  resided.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  manufac- 
tures of  coarse  linen,  stockings,  thread,  leather, 
ropes,  &c.,  and  some  trade  in  corn.  Soissons 
was  repeatedly  taken  and  retaken  by  the  allied 
and  French  armies  in  1814,  when  the  town  sus- 
tained considereble  injury.  It  is  seated  in  a  fer- 
tile valley,  on  the  river  Aisne,  30  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Rheims  and  CO  N.  E.  of  Paris.  Long.  3,  19.  E., 
lat.  49.  23.  N. 

Solanto,  a  town  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Mazara, 
which  gives  name  to  a  cape  and  bay  on  the  N. 
coast,  10  ni.  E.  of  Palermo. 

Soldin,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  New  Mark  of 
Brandenburg,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  capi- 
tal. It  has  cloth  and  woolen  manufactures,  and 
a  trade  in  hops  ;  and  stands  on  a  lake  of  the  same 
name,  26  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Custrin.  Long.  15.  7. 
E.,lat.  53.  2.  N. 

Solenof,  a  salt-water  lake  of  Independent  Tar- 
tary,  80  m.  long  and  20  broad,  lying  midway  be- 
tween the  Caspian  Sea  and  Lake  Aral. 

Solesbury,  a  township  of  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Soleure,  or  Solothurn,  a  canton  of  Switzerland, 
which  stretches  partly  through  the  plain  and 
partly  along  the  chains  of  the  Jura,  36  m.  in  length 
and  25  in  breadth,  and  is  very  populous.  The 
soil,  for  the  most  part,  is  fertile  in  corn  ;  and  the 
districts  within  the  Jura  abound  in  excellent  pas- 
tures. In  the  mountainous  parts  are  iron,  lead, 
alabaster,  marble,  and  coal.  The  inhabitants  are 
nearly  all  Roman  Catholics. 

Soleure,  the  capital  of  the  above  canton,  is  sur- 
rounded bj'^  regular  fortifications.  The  church  of 
St.  Urs  is  a  noble  edifice  of  a  whitish-gray  stone, 
drawn  from  the  neighbouring  quarries,  which  is 
a  species  of  rude  marble.  The  arsenal,  and  the 
town  house  (which  has  two  towers)  make  a  good 
appearance.  Soleure  stands  in  a  delightful  plain, 
on  the  river  Aar,  18  m.  N.  of  Bern  and  30  S.  S 
W.of  Basel.     Long.  7.  30.  E.,  lat.  47.  9.  N. 

Solfatara,  or  Lago  di  Bagni,  a  lake  of  Italy,  in 
Campagna  di  Roma,  near  Tivoli,  formerly  called 
Lacus  Albulus.  In  this  lake  are  several  floating 
islands,formed  of  matted  sedge  and  herbage,  with 
a  soil  of  dust  and  sand  blown  from  the  adjacent 
ground,  and  glued  together  by  the  bitumen  and 
sulphur  with  which  its  waters  are  impregnated 
Some  of  these  islands  are  15  yards  long,  and  will 
bear  five  or  six  people,  who,  by  means  of  a  pol« 
3M 


SOL  (BH 

may  move  to  different  parts  of  the  lake.  From 
this  lake  issues  a  whitish  stream,  which  emits 
vapor  of  a  sulphureous  smell,  till  it  reaches  the 
Teverone.  The  water  of  this  rivulet  has  a  petri- 
fying quality,  which  increases  in  strength  the 
nirtner  it  has  flowed  from  the  lake.  Fish  are 
found  in  the  Teverone,  both  above  and  below 
Tivoli,  till  it  receives  this  lake  ;  after  which,  dur- 
ing the  rest  of  its  course  to  the  Tiber,  there  are 
none. 

Solfatara,  a  mountain  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di 
Lavoro,  surrounded  by  other  mountains,  in  the 
form  of  an  amphitheatre.  It  has  a  kind  of  cavity, 
above  a  m.  in  diameter,  which  was  no  doubt  the 
crater  of  a  volcano  now  extinct.  The  earth  here 
is  warm  and  white  ;  and  if  opened  to  somD  depth 
is  insupportable  from  the  heat  and  exhalations. 
The  ground  is  almost  every  where  hollow,  and  is 
supposed  to  have  a  subterraneous  communication 
with  Mount  Vesuvius.  Here  are  manufactures, 
of  sulphur,  vitriol,  and  alum. 

Soliman,  a  sea-port  of  Africa,  in  Tunis,  20  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Tunis. 

Solingen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in  the 
county  of  Berg,  with  manufactures  of  cutlery  and 
all  kinds  of  iron  work  ;  seated  near  the  Wipper, 
15  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dusseldorf 

Solkamsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Perin,  famous  for  its  salt-pits  and  good  horses; 
seated  on  the  Ussolka,  which  flows  into  the  Kama, 
430.  m.  N.  E.  of  Kasan.  Long.  57.  26.  E.,  lat. 
59.  16.  N. 

Sollapnur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Visiapour, 
capital  of  a  district  celebrated  for  mines  of  dia- 
monds. It  is  seated  near  the  Kistna,  130  m.  S. 
E.  of  Visiapour.  Long.  77.  10.  E.,  lat.  16.  23.  N. 
Solms,  or  Satms,  a  county  of  Germany,  in  W^et- 
teravia,  formerly  a  principality,  but  deprived  of 
that  rank  in  1815.  It  is  subject  in  part  to  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  and  in  part  to  Prussia.  The  decayed 
castle  of  Solms,  the  seat  of  the  ancient  counts,  is 
seated  on  a  hill,  1  ra.  E.  of  Braunfels,  the  present 
capital. 

Solomon  Islaiids.     See  Danger,  Isles  of. 
Solomon  Toion,  an  Indian  settlement  in  Ohio, 
near  the  head  of  the  Great  Miami,  17  m.  S.  Fort 
Mc  Arthur. 

Solon,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  on  the  Kennebec, 
18  m.  above  Norridgewock.  Pop.  768  ;  p.t.  Cort- 
land Co.  N.  Y.  132  m.  W.  Albany.  Pop.  2,033; 
a  township  in  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio. 

SoloT,  an  island  of  the  E.  Indies,  70  m.  in  cir- 
cuit, to  the  S.  of  Celebes  and  W.  of  Flores.  Long. 
123.  53.  E.,  lat.  9.  0.  S. 

Solre  le  Chateau,  a  town  of  France,  department 
of  Nord,  7.  m.  S.  E.  of  Maubeuge. 

Solserina,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  province  of 
Mantua,  17  m.  N.  W   of  Mantua. 

Solsona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  and  a 
bishop's  see  ;  seated  st  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  51 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona. 

So//aM,  atown  of  Hanover,  on  the  river  Bohme, 
28  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Zell. 

Soltcump,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Gron- 
ingen,  with  a  large  fort,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Hunse  which  is  called  Groningen  Deep,  17  m. 
N.  W.  of  Groningen. 

Solwaij  Fr'Uh,  an  arm  of  the  sea,  between  Cum- 
beiland  in  England  and  Dumfriesshire  and  Kirk- 
cudbrightshire in  Scotland.  It  is  navigable  for 
vessels  of  100  tons  within  6  m.  of  ilsextremity  ; 
and  the  fisheries,  especially  of  salmon,  are  very 
considerable.  At  its  head  on  the  Cumberland 
«id»>,  near  the  river  Esk,  is  Solway  Moss.     This 


SOM 


was  A  level  tract,  above  2  m.  long  and  1  broaif',  ^ 
but,  in  1771,  being  swoln  by  rains,  it  burst  out 
at  the  eastern  extremity,  and  spread  over  a  neigh- 
bouring valley;  bv  this  means  the  surface  of  the 
moss  was  reducea  24  feet,  and  sunk  into  its  pres- 
ent hollow  form.  , 

Sombrere,  one  of  the  Nicobar  Islands,  in  the  In- 
dian Ocean,  30  m.  N.  of  Nicobar.  |t  gives  name 
to  a  channel  nearly  in  the  middle  of  those  is 
lands. 

Sombrero,  a  cluster  of  uninhabited  islands  in 
the  W.  Indies,  belonging  to  the  English.  The 
most  remarkable  of  them  is  a  league  long,  and 
consists  of  an  eminence,  to  which  the  Spanish 
discoverers,  finding  some  resemblance  to  a  hat, 
gave  the  name  of  Sombrero.  It  is  80  m.  N.  W. 
of  St.  Christopher.  Lon.  63.  37.  W.,  lat.  18.  38. 
N. 

Somers,  p.t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.  25  m.  N.  E. 
Hartford.  Pop.  1,439;  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N. 
Y.  Pop.  1997.  A  township  of  Buckingham  Co. 
L.  C. 

Somerset,  a  county  of  Maine.  Pop.  35,778 
Norridgewock  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  New 
Jersey,  Pop  17,689.  Somersville  is  the  capital. 
A  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Pensylvania. 
Pop.  17,441.  A  county  of  Maryland.  Pop.  20, 
155.     Princess  Anne  is  the  capital. 

Somerset,   a    township  of    Windham   Co.    Vt.     ' 
Pop.  245  ;  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.    42  m.    S.    Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  1,024;  p.v.  Somerset  and  Washington 
Cos.   Pa.  Perry,  Belmont  and  Franklin  Cos.  Ohio 
and  Pulaski  Co.  Ken. 

Somersetshire,  a  county  of  England,  65  m.  long 
and  45  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  by  the 
Bristol  Channel.  The  chief  manufactures  are 
those  of  woolen,  coarse  linen,  stockings,  &c 
Ilchester  is  usually  considered  the  county  town, 
Somcrlon,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng,  13  m. 
S.  of  Wells  and  123  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Somersworth,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Piscataqua  12  m.  above  Portsmouth.  Pop.  3,090. 
Here  are  large  manufactures  of  cotton  and  wool- 
en cloth  and  carpeting,  employing  a  capital  of 
above  1 ,000,000  dollars. 

Somerton,  p.v.  Nansemond  Co.  Va.  124  m.  S. 
E.  Richmond. 

Somervitle,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Rar- 
itan,  16  m.  above  N.  Brunswick  ;  p.v.  Fauquier 
Co.  Va.  13  m.  N.  Richmond  ;  p.v.  Fayette  Co. 
Pa;  p.v.  Morgan  Co.  Alab.  50  m.  S.  Huntsville. 

Somma,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
with  a  castle.  The  vicinity  annually  produces 
above  7,000  pounds  of  silk  of  the  best  quality.  It 
is  seated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  10  m.  E. 
of  Naples. 

Somme,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  the  ancient  province  of  Picardy.  Its  extent  is 
about  2,400  square  miles  ;  its  population  500,000, 
nearly  all  Catholics.  It  takes  its  name  from  a 
river  which  rises  in  the  department  of  Aisne, 
flows  by  St.  Quentin,  Peronne,  Amiens,  Abbe- 
ville, and  St.  Valery,  and  enters  the  English 
Channel.     Amiens  is  the  capital. 

Sommelsdijck.  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Holland,  chief  place  of  the  island  of  Overflacken, 
5  m.  E.  S.  E.  ofilelvoetsluys. 

Sommerfeld,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lusatia,  with 
manufactures  of  fine  cloths  ;  seated  on  the  Lupa, 
15m.S.  S.  W.  of  Crossen. 

Sommieres,   a  town  of  France,  department    of 
(lard,  with  a  manufacture  of  thick  serges  ;   seal- 
ed on  the  Vidourle,  14  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Nisnies. 
Somorrostro,  a  town  of  Spain,  on  the  coast  or 


sor 


687 


SOU 


^  Biscay,  with  a  famoos  iron  mine.    14  m.  N.  W. 
Bilbao. 

Soncino,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Cre- 
mona. 

Sonderhorg,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Alsen,  with  one  of  the  best  harbours  in  Den- 
mark, and  a  royal  palace,  in  which  Christian  If. 
was  confined  as  a  prisoner  for  13  years.  It  is  16 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Flendsburg.  Long.  9.  49.  E.,  lat. 
54.  57.  N. 

Sondershausen,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of 
the  lower  county  of  Schwartzburg,  with  a  fine 
castle  on  a  mountain.  It  is  situate  on  the  Wip- 
per,  24  m.  N.  of  Erfurt. 

Sondrio,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
district  in  the  Valteline.  It  stands  in  a  romantic 
situation,  at  the  extremity  of  a  narrow  valley, 
and  occupies  both  sides  of  the  Malenco,  a  furious 
torrent,  which  runs,  into  the  Adda.  10  m.  N.  E. 
of  Morbegno  and  14  S.  W.  of  Tirano. 

Sonejjour,  a  town  of  Hindoostan.  in  Orissa, 
seated  on  the  Mahanudda,  45  m.  S.  of  Sumbul- 
pour. 

Song-kinng,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  has  a  large 
trade  in  cotton  cloth,  which  is  sent  to  different 
parts  of  the  empire,  and  is  situate  amid  several 
canals,  near  the  sea,  560  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
120.45.  E.,lat.  31.  0.  N. 

Sonneherg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Sa.\e-Mein- 
ingen,  with  a  great  trade  in  looking-glasses,  nails, 
whet-stones,  &c.   II  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Coburg. 

Sonnebe) g,  or  Sonnenburg,  a  town  of  Prussia, 
in  the  New  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  castle. 
It  stands  on  the  Lenze,  9  m.  E.  of  Custrin. 

Stmnewald,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lusatia,  on 
the  river  Dober,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Luclcau. 

Sonora,  a  province  of  Mexico,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  gulf  of  California.  It  comprises  an  area  of 
19,143  square  leagues,  with  about  123,000  inhab- 
tants,  and  is  divided  into  the  district  of  Sonora, 
Cinaloa,  and  Ostimury.  Rich  mines  of  gold  were 
discovered  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1771,  in  an  ex- 
pedition against  some  tribes  of  Indians.  Arispe  is 
the  capital. 

Sooloo,  a  chain  of  islands  in  the  Eastern  Indian 
Ocean,  lying  S.  W.  of  Mindanao,  almost  midway 
between  that  island  and  Borneo.  They  are  said 
to  be  60  in  number,  and  are  named  from  the  prin- 
cipal island,  which  is  36  m.  long,  and  12  broad, 
and  contains  about  60,000  inhabitants,  whq  are 
Mahometans.  It  is  governed  by  a  sultan,  but 
the  legislative  power  resides  in  an  assembly  com- 

Eosed  of  the  sultan  and  15  nobles,  the  former 
aving  two  votes.  The  situation  of  Sooloo  ren- 
ders it  a  great  mart,  particularly  for  pearls,  sago, 
and  edible  birds'-nests.  The  chief  town  is  Be- 
war,  on  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  island,  where  the 
English  E.  India  Company  have  a  resident.  Long. 
121.  15.  E,  lat.  5.  57.  N. 

Soonda,  or  Sudha,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Ca- 
nara,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  name.  It  was 
formerly  an  extensive  and  populous  place.  The 
space  within  the  inner  wall  was  3  m.  sq.  and 
fully  occupied  by  houses.  When  Hyder  took 
possession,  there  still  remained  10,000  houses; 
but  the  subsequent  wars  have  reduced  them  un- 
der 100.  It  is  seated  above  the  Ghauts,  on  the 
Gangawali,  60  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Nagara  and  75  N. 
by  S.  of  Kundapura. 
Sophia,    See.  Sofia. 

Sophiania,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Aderbeitzan, 
•eated  in  a  valley,  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Tauris. 

Sophienberg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Zealand 


with  a  royal  palace,  near  the  coast  of  the  Sound, 
13  m.  N.  of  Copenhagen. 

Sara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Garigliano.  46  m.  E 
by  S.  of  Rome.     Long.  14.  4.  E.,  lat.  41.  54.  N. 

Sorau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  21  m.  E.  of 
Ratibor. 

Sorau,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Lusatia,  with  man- 
ufactures of  cloth,  and  a  trade  in  yarn  and  linen, 
8  m.  W.  of  Sagan. 

Sorbon,  or  Sorbonne,  a  village  of  France,  in  the 
department  of  Ardennes,  6  m.  N.  of  Rethel  ;  f»,- 
mous  for  being  the  birth-place  of  Robert  Sorbouj 
confessor  to  St.  Louis,  who  founded  the  celebrat 
ed  college  at  Paris,  called  after  his  name. 

Sard,  a  river  of  Lower  Canada,  which  issues 
from  Lake  Champlain,  and  flows  N.  to  the  St 
Lawrence,  which  it  enters  at  the  town  of  Wil- 
liam Henry. 

Sorejiio.  a  sea-port  of  Naples,  in  Principato 
Citra,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  the  birth- 
place of  Torquato  Tasso,  and  stands  on  a  penin- 
sula, in  the  bay  of  Naples,  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain of  its  name.  17  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Naples,  Long. 
14.  24.  E.,  lat.  40.  36.  N. 

Soria,  a  province  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile, 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Navarre  and  Arragon.  Its 
extent  is  about  4,.30O  sq.  m. ;  its  population  200,- 
000.  The  breeding  of  sheep  forms  the  principal 
object  of  attention,  and  there  are  a  few  manufac- 
tures of  linen,  woolen,  paper,  and  leather. 

Soria,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  province, 
stands  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Numantia,  near 
the  source  of  the  Duero,  74  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bur- 
gos. Long.  2.  18.  W.  lat.  41.  50.  N. 

Soriano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria,  Ultra, 
17  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Nicotera. 

Saroc,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island  of 
Zealand,  with  a  royal  college,  endowed  with  the 
revenues  of  a  once  rich  convent.  37  ra.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Copenhagen. 

Sosila,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  with 
a  large  fort,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Sospetlo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  the 
county  of  Nice,  with  a  trade  in  dried  fruits,  par- 
ticularly figs ;  seated  at  the  foot  of  three  high 
mountains,  on  the  river  Bevera,  13  m.  N.  E.  of 
Nice. 

Soubise.  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Low- 
er Charente,  23  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Saintes. 

Soudak,  a  town  of  the  Crimea,  with  the  re- 
mains of  an  old  fort  on  a  mountain  close  by  the 
shore.  It  was  formerly  a  considerable  sea-port, 
and  stands  at  the  end  of  a  valley,  which  produ- 
ces the  best  grapes  and  wine  in  the  whole  pen- 
insula, 26  m.  S.  W.  of  Caffa. 

Soudan.     See  Kegroland. 

SoulUac,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot, 
seated  on  the  Borese,  32  m.  N.  of  Cahors. 

Sound,  a  strait  between  Sweden  and  Denmark, 
through  which  ships  usually  sail  from  the  Categat 
into  the  Baltic.  It  is  about  4  m.  broad,  and  the 
Danes  take  a  toll  of  all  merchant  ships  that  pass 
through  the  channel.     See  Elsinore. 

Sour,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which  flows 
from  N.  to  S.,  through  Luxemburg,  and  enters 
the  Moselle  a  little  above  Treves. 

Sourabaxja,  a  town  of  Java,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  N.  E.  coast.  It  is  sit- 
uate within  the  narrow  strait  formed  by  the  islands 
of  Java  and  Madura,  and  is  defended  by  batteries 
The  houses  are  good,  and  some  are  elegant,  par- 
ticularly the  country  seats  of  private  individuals 
There   is   a  fine   arsenal,  with   other   extensive 


« 


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works,  calculated  for  equipments  on  a  very  large 
scale.  Vessels  also,  with  their  various  appoint- 
ments, are  built  and  equipped  at  Sourabaya.  A 
mint  is  likewise  at  work  here,  on  a  new  silver 
and  copper  coinage.  The  French,  when  in  pos- 
session of  the  island  of  Java,  intended  to  have 
erected  Sourabaya  into  a  port  of  consequence ; 
large  sums  were  expended  in  the  construction  of 
works  for  the  defence  of  the  harbour,  and  General 
Daendols  was  proceeding  in  his  plans  when  the 
island  was  taken  by  the  British.  It  is  seated  on 
a  river  which  separates  the  European  part  of  the 
town  from  the  Chinese  and  the  native  quarter. 
Lortg.  112.  55.  E.,  lat.  7.  14.  S. 

Souri,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Laristan,  situate  on 
the  Persian  gulf,  115  m.  S.  W.  of  Ormus.  Long. 
55.  30.  E.,  lat.  2C.  18.  N. 

Sou-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiang-nan.  It  is  so  intersected 
by  canals  of  fresh  water  that  Europeans  compare 
it  to  Venice.  The  country  round  it  is  almost  un- 
equalled in  point  of  ferlilit)',  in  consequence  of 
which  the  Chinese  call  this  city  the  panadise  of 
the  world.  The  brocades  and  embroideries  made 
here  are  esteemed  throughout  the  whole  empire. 
The  population  is  prodigous,  and  the  commercial 
intercourse  with  strangers  so  great  that  the  trade 
of  all  the  provinces  might  be  supposed  to  centre 
iHjre.  It  is  seated  on  the  grand  canal,  and  on  a 
river  which  communicates  with  the  lake  Tai,  560 
m.  S.  by  E.  of  Pekin.  Long.  120.  0.  E.,  lat.  31. 
22.  N. 

Souttrraine,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Creuse,  24  m.  N.  of  Limoges. 
South  Sea.     See  Pacific  Ocean. 
Southam,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  82  m. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Southampton,  a  borough  and  county  of  itself, 
and  the  county-town  of  Hampshire,  Eng.  It 
stands  between  the  Itchen  and  Test,  which  here 
flow  into  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  called  Trissanton 
Bay,  or  Southampton  Water.  The  inlet  is  navi- 
gable almost  to  the  head  for  vessels  of  considera- 
ble burden,  and  the  two  rivers  admit  small  craft 
some  way  up  the  country.  It  was  formerly  a 
port  of  great  commerce,  and  still  possesses  con- 
siderable trade,  particularly  with  Guernsey  and 
Jersey.     74  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  London. 

Southend,  a  village  in  Essex,  Eng.  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames,  nearly  opposite  Sheerness,  much 
resorted  to  for  sea-bathing,  and  containing  hand- 
some accomodation  for  the  company.  44  m.  £. 
of  London. 

Southfi'et,  a  village  in  Kent,  Eng.  3  m.  S.  W. 
of  Gravesend.  Some  stone  coffins,  urns,  &c., 
have  been  dug  up  here,  since  the  commencement 
of  the  present  century,  which  evince  it  to  have 
been  a  Roman  station;  probably  the  Vagniacca 
of  Antoninus. 

Southwark,  a  borough  in  Surrey,  Eng.  which 
may  be  considered  as  part  of  the  metropolis,  being 
seated  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Thames,  and 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  corporation  of  Lon- 
don. It  is  called  the  Borough,  by  way  of  dis- 
tinction. 

SouXhtneM,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  Eng.  It 
is  an  ancient  place,  enjoying  several  privileges  dif- 
ferent from  the  county,  and  has  a  collegiate 
church.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  grand  palace, 
demolished  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  I7th  century. 
The  principal  trade  is  in  malt  and  hops.  132  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Southwold,  a  sea- port  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  Here  a 
much  esteemed  salt  is  made,  and  it  has  also  a 


trade  in  corn, beer,  andherrmgs.   It  is  sometimes 

called  Sowle  or  Sole,  and  its  bay  is  named  Sole 
bay.  In  this  bay  was  the  great  sea-fight,  in  1672, 
between  the  Dutch  admiral  ,  De  Ruyter,  and 
James,  duke  of  York,  in  which  the  victory  was 
undecided.     305  m.  S.  E.  of  London. 

Sojith  jimboy,  a  township  of  Middlesex  Co. 
N.J. 

South  Amenia,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  85  m. 
S.  Albany. 

Southampton,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  110  m. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,253;  p.t.  Suffolk  N.  Y.  on 
Long  Island.  Pop.  4,850;  townships  in  Bucks, 
Franklin,  Cumberland  and  Bradford  Cos.  Pa. 

Southampton,  a  county  in  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia     Pop.  16,073.     Jerusalem  is  the  capital. 

South  Bainbridge,  p.t.  Chenango  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  Susquehannah  142  m.  W.  Albany. 

South  Berwick,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.    Pop.  1,577. 

Southboroufh,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  30  m. 
W  Boston.     Pop.  1,080. 

South  Branch,  p. v.  Hardy  Co.  Va. 

Southbridge,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  65  m.  S. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,444.  Here  are  large  manufac- 
tures of  woolen. 

Southbury  p.t.  New  Haven  Co.  Conn,  on  the 
Housatonic  40  m.  S.  W.  Hartford.     Pop.  1,557 


South  Carolina,  one  of  the  United  States, 
bounded  N.  by  N.  Carolina,  E.  by  the  Atlantic 
S.  and  W.  by  Georgia,  extending  from  32.  to  58. 
N.  lat.  and  from  78.  24.  to  &3.  30.  W.  long.  200 
m.  in  length  and  125  in  breadth  and  containinor 
30,080  sq.  m.  It  has  no  mountains  except  in  the 
northwestern  extremity.  It  is  traversed  by  the 
great  Pedee,  Santee  and  Edisto  rivers  with  their 
numerous  branches ;  the  Savannah  washes  the 
Southwestern  limit  of  the  State.  The  coast  for 
100  m.  from  the  ocean,  is  covered  with  forests  of 
pitch  pine,  with  swampy  tracts  here  and  there 
Beyond  this,  is  a  parallel  belt  of  territory,  called 
the  Middle  Country,  consisting  of  low  sand  hills, 
resembling  the  waves  of  an  agitated  sea.  Tliis 
tract  occasionally  presents  an  oasis  of  verdure,  or 
a  few  straggling  pine  trees,  and  sometinjos  a  field 
of  maize  or  potatoes.  The  middle  country  is 
bounded  by  another  belt  of  land  called  the  Ridge, 
where  the  country  rises  by  a  steep  and  sudden  el- 
evation, and  afterwards  continues  gradually  to  as- 
cend. Beyond,  the  surface  exhibits  a  beautiful  al- 
ternation of  hill  and  dale  interspersed  with  exten- 
sive forests,  and  watered  by  pleasant  streams. 

The  whole  seacoast  is  low  and  level,  and  affords 
hardly  any  good  harbours.  Towards  the  south  it 
is  skirted  by  a  range  of  islands,  separated  from 
the  main  land  by  narrow  channels,  which  afford 
a  steamboat  navigation.  These  islands,  like  the 
neighbouring  continent  are  low  and  flat,  but  are 
covered  with  forests  of  live  oak,  pine  and  palmet- 


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toes.  Before  tlje  cultivation  of  cotton,  many  of 
them  were  the  haunts  of  alligators,  and  their  thick 
woods  and  rank  weeds  rendered  them  impenetra- 
ble to  man.  At  present,  they  are  under  cultiva 
tion,  and  well  inhabited  and  as  the  voyager  glides 
by  their  shores  in  a  steamboat,  he  is  enchanted 
with  the  prospect  of  their  lively  verdure  inter- 
spersed with  thick  clumps  of  palmettoes,  and  flow- 
ering groves  of  orange  trees.  The  live  oak  which 
is  so-called  on  account  of  its  being  an  evergreen, 
is  a  noble  tree  with  a  trunk  sometimes  12  feet  girth; 
its  long  branches  are  spread  horizontally,  and  fes- 
toons of  moss  hang  from  them  almost  sweeping 
the  ground.  The  laurel  is  here  seen  covered  with 
large  white  blossoms,  shaped  like  a  lily,  and  a 
foot  in  circumference.  The  long  sandy  beaches, 
which  border  these  islands  toward  the  sea,  are  cov- 
ered with  thousands  of  water  fowl.  Among  the 
various  tribes  of  birds  which  abound  in  this  state 
may  be  mentioned   the    turtle  dove,  or  Carolina 


pigeon  which  in  the  summer  is  also  found  in  all 
parts  of  the  United  States.  Its  notes  are  re- 
markably plaintive. 

The  climate  is  hot,  moist  and  unhealthy.  In 
summer  the  heat  of  the  day  continues  with  little 
abatement  through  the  night,  and  a  comfortable 
sleep  is  a  blessing  not  always  to  be  enjoyed.  Fe- 
vers, generated  by  the  influence  of  a  hot  air  upon 
a  moist  soil,  are  common.  The  summer  con- 
tinues from  7  to  8  months,  or  from  March  to  No- 
vember. In  winter  there  are  often  frosts  which 
kill  the  tender  plants,  and  even  the  orange  trees ; 
but  they  seldom  continue  longer  than  three  or 
four  days,  nor  penetrate  the  earth  deeper  than  two 
inches.  In  the  lower  parts  of  the  state  there  is 
seldom  any  snow.  In  the  northwestern  part,  the 
land  is  mountainous,  and  the  climate  generally 
salubrious,  with  a  drier  air,  and  a  colder  winter. 
The  soil  along  the  banks  of  the  rivers  is  fertile, 
and-  in  the  northwestern  parts  the  land  is  gene- 
rally productive.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
sea  are  extensive  swamps.  The  only  mineral 
which  the  state  affords  is  gold,  which  exists  prob- 
ably in  large  quantities,  but  there  are  not  many 
mines. 

Thi^  state  is  divided  into  29  Districts.  The  pop- 
ulation is  581,458.  of  whom  315,665  are  slaves. 
Columbia  is  the  seat  of  government,  and  Charles- 
ton is  the  only  large  town  in  the  state.  There 
is  one  large  canal  called  the  Santee  canal,  con- 
necting the  Santee  and  Cooper  rivers,  22  m.  in 
length  35  feet  wide,  and  4  feet  deep,  completed 
in  1802 ;  and  several  smaller  canals  upon  the 
Wateree  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers.  A  railroad 
has  been  commenced  to  extend  from  Charleston 
to  Hamburg,  on  the  Savannah,  opposite  Augusta. 
f7 


Cotton  and  rice  occupy  the  chief  attention  rf 
the  planters.  Some  tobacco  is  raised,  and  indigo 
was  once  an  important  article  of  cultivation. 
Wheat,  maize  and  other  grains  thrive  well,  but 
are  so  much  neglected  that  supplies  are  sought  in 
the  neighbouring  states.  The  exports  of  cotton 
from  this  state  form  an  important  item  in  the 
national  commerce,  and  amount  to  200,000  or  250, 
000  bales  yearly.  The  export  of  rice  is  also 
great.  The  commerce  is  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent  by  northern  vessels.  The  shipping  of 
South  Carolina  amounted  in  1828  to  33,688  tons, 
The  imports  for  1829  were  1,139,618  dollars  ;  the 
exports  of  domestic  produce  were  8,134,616  dol- 
lars, total  exports  8,175,586. 

The  legislature  is  called  the  General  Assembly, 
and  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Represent- 
atives. The  senators  are  chosen  for  four  years, 
according  to  the  population  and  wealth  of  the  dis- 
tricts. The  representatives  are  chosen  for  two 
years,  according  to  population.  The  Governor 
is  chosen  by  the  legislature  for  two  years. 
The  qualifications  for  voting  amount  nearly  to 
universal  suffrage.  The  clergy  are  ineligible 
to  any  civil  office.  The  expenses  of  the  state 
for  1829,  were  315,370  dollars.  The  public  debt 
was  1,670,000  dollars. 

The  Baptists  have  131  ministers ;  the  Metho- 
dists 54;  the  Presbyterians  46;  the  Episcopa- 
lians 34.  There  are  colleges  at  Charleston  and 
Columbia. 

South  Carolina  was  first  settled  at  Port  Royal 
in  1670,  and  was  originally  connected  with  North 
Carolina.  The  two  states  were  separated  in  1729. 
The  colonial  form  of  government  was  preserved 
after  the  revolution.  The  present  constitution 
was  formed  in  1790  but  has  been  twice  amended 
since  that  period. 

Southeast,  p.t.  Putnam  Co.  N.  Y.  18  m.  E.  of 
West  Point.     Pop.  2,042. 

South  Farms,  p. v.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn. 

Southfield,  a  township  of  Richmond  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  Staten  Island.     Pop.  975. 

South  Gate,  p. v.  Campbell  Co.  Ken.  81  m.  N. 
E.  Frankfort. 

South  Hadley,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  Pop. 
1,185. 

South  Hero,  p.t.  Grand  Isle  Co.  Vt.  12  m.  S 
W.  Burlington.  Pop.  717. 

South  Hill,  p.v.  Muhlenberg  Co.  Va. 

Southington,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  18  m.  S 
W.Hartford.  Pop.  1,844.  A  township  of  Trum 
bull  Co.  Ohio. 

South  Kintrston,  p  t.  Washington  Co.  R.  I.  on 
NarragansetBay,20  m.  S.  Providence.  Pop.  3,663. 
The  legislature  of  Rhode  Island  meet  every 
second  year  at  this  place.  '<'  «^ 

Southold,  p.t.  Suffolk  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Islana.V 
Pop.  2,900. 

South  Quay,  p.v.  Nansemond  Co.  Va. 

South  Reading,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  W 
m.  N.  E.  Boston.     Pop.  1,310.    ' 

Southville,  p.v.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y. 

Southwick,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  110  m.  S. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,855. 

Souto  Major,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  14 
m.N.  W.  ofPiiihel. 

Souvigny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Al- 
lier  seated  on  the  Quesne,10  m.  W.  by  S.  Moulins. 

Sovano,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  grand  duchy  of 
Tuscany,  45  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Rome. 

Spa,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  province 
of  Liege,  famous   for   its  mineral   waters.     That 
•ailed  the  Old  Spa  consists  of  miaerable  cottages 
3  m2 


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and  is  properly  notliing  but  the  suburb  to  the  oth- 
er. The  houses  of  the  New  Spa  are  mostlj'  of 
Woid  and  plaster  ;  but  the  more  modern  ones  are 
of  brick  and  stone.  The  church  of  the  Capuchins, 
and  the  parish  church,  are  both  seated  upon  emi- 
nences. The  names  of  the  5  principal  wells  are 
Pouhon,  Geronflerd,  Saviniere,  Watpotz,  and 
Tunelet.  The  inhabitants  are  employed  in  mak- 
ing toys  for  strangers.  Spa  was  taken  by  the 
French  in  17!)4.  and  afterwards  annexed  to 
France  ;  but  in  1814  they  delivered  it  up  to  the  al- 
lies, it  is  seated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  moun- 
tains, 17  m.  S.  E.  of  Liege. 

Spain,  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  640  m.  long  and 
500  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, N.  E.  by  the  Pyrenees,  which  separate  it 
from  France,  E.  and  S.  by  the  Mediterranean.  S. 
W.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  Portugal  and  the 
Atlantic.  It  contains  the  provinces  of  Old  and 
New  Castile,  Andalusia,  Arragon,  Estremadura, 
Galicia,  Leon,  Catalonia,  Granada,  Valencia,  Bis- 
cay, Asturias,  Murcia,  and  Navarre,  some  of  which 
have  been  separate  kingdoms  and  still  retain  the 
title.  The  air  is  dry  and  serene,  except  during 
the  equinoctial  rains,  but  excessively  hot  in  the 
soutliern  provinces  in  June,  July,  and  August. 
The  vast  mountains,  however,  that  run  through 
Spain  are  beneficial  to  the  inhabitants  by  the  re- 
freshing breezes  that  come  from  them  in  the  S. 
parts  ;  though  those  in  the  N.  and  N.  E.  are  in 
the  winter  very  cold.  The  soil  is  very  fertile  ; 
but  there  are  large  tracts  of  uncultivated  ground  : 
and  the  superior  attention  paid  to  the  large  flocks 
of  sheep  greatly  impedes  the  progress  of  agricul- 
ture. The  produce  of  the  country  consists  in 
wheat,  barley,  saffron,  honey,  silk,  salt,  saltpetre, 
hem[J,  barilla,  and  even  sugar-canes,  with  the 
richest  and  most  delicious  fruits  that  are  to  be 
found  in  France  and  Italy ;  and  its  wines  are  in 
high  esteem.  Wolves  are  the  chief  beasts  of 
prey  that  infest  Spain.  The  wild  bulls  have  so 
much  ferocity  that  bull  fights  were  the  most  mag- 
nificent spectacle,  the  court  of  Spain  could  exhib- 
it. The  genet,  an  animal  producing  a  perfume 
similar  to  that  of  the  civet,  is  found  in  this  coun- 
try. The  domestic  animals  are  horses  (which  are 
remarkably  swift),  mules,  asses,  beeves,  and 
sheep.  Spain  abounds  in  minerals  and  metals. 
Cornelian,  agate,  jacinth,  loadstone,  turquois 
stones,  quicksilver,  iron,  copper,  lead,  sulphur, 
gypsum,  calamine,  crystal,  marbles  of  several 
kinds,  porphyry,  the  finest  jasper,  and  even  dia- 
monds, emeralds,  and  amethysts  are  found  here. 
Anciently  it  was  celebrated  for  gold  and  silver 
mines;  but  since  the  discovery  of  Americano  at- 
tention has  been  paid  to  them.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Duero,  Tagus,  Guadiaria  Guadal- 
quivir, and  Ebro.  Spain,  formerly  the  most  pop- 
ulous kingdom  in  Europe,  is  now  very  thinly  in- 
habited ;  to  which  various  causes  have  contribu- 
ted, as  the  expulsion  of  the  Moors,  the  emigration 
to  the  colonies,  the  vast  numbers  and  celibacy  of 
the  clergy,  the  indolence  of  the  natives,  and  the 
late  desolating  war.  Here  are  some  considerable 
manufactures,  especially  of  silk  and  woolen,  but 
these  are  far  short  of  that  flourishing  condition 
which  they  might  attain,  being  checked  by  the 
royal  monopolies,  which  extend  to  broad  cloth 
china,  glass,  pottery,  paper,  salt-petre,  salt,  sul 
phur,  tobacco,  and  aome  others. 

The  Spaniards  in  general  are  tall,  their  com- 
plexions swarthy,  their  countenances  expressive. 
The  beauty  of  the  ladies  reigns  chiefly  in  their 
noveU  and  romances :  in  their  persons   they  are 


small  and  slender.  Jealousy  is  no  longer  the 
characteristic  of  a  Spanish  hu.sband  :  the  married 
ladies  have  here  their  cortejo,  or  male  attendant, 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  Italians  have  their 
cicisbeo.  The  established  religion  is  popery. 
There  are  eight  archbishoprics,  46  episcopal  sees, 
and  24  universities,  or  rather  academies.  The 
Spanish  language  springs  from  the  Roman,  but 
many  of  the  words  are  derived  from  the  Arabic 
used  by  the  Moors,  who  for  seven  centuries  held 
dominion  in  the  country  :  the  speech  is  grave, 
sonorous,  and  very  melodious.  The  government 
of  Spain,  once  the  most  free,  is  now  one  of  the 
most  despotic  monarchies  in  Europe.  It  had  for- 
merly its  cnrtes  or  parliaments,  which  had  great 
privileges ;  but  now,  though  not  absolutely  abol- 
ished, they  have  no  part  in  the  government. 
They  are  assembled,  indeed,  occasionally,  as  at 
the  accession  of  the  monarch,  but  merely  as  an 
appendage  to  the  royal  state,  without  power,  or 
any  other  consequence  than  what  results  from 
their  individual  rank. 

The  present  population  of  Spain  is  estimated  at 
13,650,172,  and  its  lerrittoral  extent  at  183,000  sq. 
m.  The  revenue  of  the  .kingdom  is  26,520.000 
dollars  ;  the  debt  230,443,062  dollars.  The  army 
consists  of  46,000  men  :  the  navy  is  insignificant. 

The  colonies  of  Spain  are  the  islands  of  Cuba 
and  Porto  Rico  with  the  city  of  St.  Domingo  in  the 
W.  Indies;  the  Philippine,  Caroline, and  Ladrone 
Islands  in  the  E.  Indies  ;  the  Canary  Islands  in 
the  Atlantic  and  a  few  settlements  on  the  coast  of 
Africa.  The  Population  of  the  colonies  is  estimat- 
ed at  4,088,000.  The  capital  of  the  kingdom  is 
Madrid. 

Spain  was  conquered  by  the  Carthaginians  and 
Romans.  The  Visigoths  founded  their  empire 
here  in  419.  The  Saracens  and  Moors  invaded 
and  conquered  the  Southern  part  of  the  kingdom 
in  the  8th  century.  The  Moors  established  a 
kingdom  in  the  Mediterranean  provinces  of  Spain, 
and  their  sovereigns  reigned  in  great  splendor  at 
Granada.  The  Spaniards  were  roused  to  resist- 
ance by  Don  Pelayo,  and  maintained  a  struggle 
against  the  Moors,  which  the  Spanish  historians 
dignify  with  the  name  of  a  continual  war  of  700 
years.  The  territories  gained  from  the  enemy 
were  formed  into  several  distinct  kingdoms 
These  were  gradually  amalgamated,  and  in  1469 
the  marriage  of  Ferdinand,  king  of  Arragon  with 
Isabella,  queen  of  Castile,  united  the  whole  of 
Christian  Spain  into  one  kingdom.  These  sover 
eigns  conquered  Granada,  and  completed  the  total 
subjugation  of  the  Moorish  powerin  the  peninsula, 
at  the  same  time  that  Columbus  under  their  aus- 
pices discovered  America  and  gave  them  a  new 
world  in  the  west. 

In  the  16th  century,  under  Charles  V.,  who  waif 
king  of  this  country  and  Emperor  of  Germany, 
Spain,  was  the  most  powerful  monarchy  in  Eu- 
rope. Philip  II.  the  successor  of  this  monarch 
expelled  all  the  Moriscoes,  or  descendants  of  the 
Moors  who  remained  in  the  country,  which  caused 
an  immense  loss  to  the  kingdom  in  wealth  and 
population.  The  war  of  the  Succession  in  the 
early  part  of  the  18th  century,  completed  the  im 
poverishment  of  the  country,  and  Spain  has  been 
only  a  second  rate  power  since  that  time. 

In  1808,  Napoleon  seized  the  kingdom  and 
placed  his  brother  Joseph  upon  the  throne,  but  the 
resistance  of  the  people  who  were  assisted  by  the 
armies  of  Britian,and  his  reverses  in  Russia  frus- 
trated the  design.  This  event  caused  the  revolt 
of  nearly  all  Spanish  America.     In  1820,  an  in- 


#: 
%' 


SPA 


SPI 


■urrpction  of  the  troops  and  the  people  against  the 
tyrant  b'erdinand  produced  a  liberal  constitution 
which  was  sworn  to  by  the  king  in  the  ancient 
assembly  of  the  Cortes.  But  the  Holy  Alliance 
expressed  their  disapprobation.  France  interfer- 
ed ;  the  constitution  was  put  down  by  the  bay- 
onet and  despotism  restored. 
Spain,  jViw.     See  Mexico. 

Spakia,  a  town  of  Barbary,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Tunis,  near  which  are  extensive  and  magnificent 
ruins.  It  is  situate  on  a  rising  ground,  shaded 
all  over  with  juniper-trees,  ^M)  m.  S.  W.  of  Tunis 
and  100  S.  S.  E.  of  Bona.  Long.  9.  15.  £.,  lat. 
35.  40.  N. 

Spa'.dtro,  or  SpalaUo,  a  strong  sea- port  of  Aus- 
trian Dalmatia,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  The 
harbour  is  large  and  deep,  and  well  frequented. 
Without  the  walls  is  a  sulphureous  spring,  of 
great  benefit  in  chronical  diseases.  Here  are  the 
ruins  of  the  palace  of  Dioclesian,  and  of  a  mag- 
nificent aqueduct.  In  1784  Spalatro  was  nearly 
depopulated  by  the  plague.  It  is  seated  on  a 
peninsula  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  70  m.  S.  E.  of 
Zara  and  102  N.  W.  of  Ragusa.  Long.  17.  31. 
E.,  lat.  44.  4.  N.  _ 

Spalding,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  It  is 
seated  on  the  VVelland,  and  from  its  neatness,  and 
the  canals  in  its  streets,  resembles  a  Dutch  town. 
The  inhabitants  are  not  employed  in  manufac- 
tures, but  derive  their  chief  support  from  agricul- 
ture, and  the  extensive  grazing  carried  on  in  the 
neighbourhood.  Much  hemp  and  flax  is  grown 
in  the  vicinity  and  there  is  a  good  carrying  trade 
in  corn  and  co.al.  14  ra.  S.  by  W.  of  Boston  and 
103  N.  of  London. 

Spall,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavarian  Franconia, 
in  the  district  of  Anspach.  The  vicinity  produces 
excellent  hops.  It  is  seated  on  the  Retzat,  IG  m. 
R.  S.  E.  of  Anspach. 

Spanilau,  a  towrn  of  Prussia,  in  the  Middle  Mark 
of  Brandenburg,  with  a  fine  fortress.  The  arsenal 
is  in  subterranean  vaults,  and  there  is  a  prison  for 
elate  criminals.  Bayonets,  ramrods,  sword-blades, 
and  sabres,  are  made  here:  also  musket  barrels, 
which  are  sent  hence  to  Potsdam  to  be  finished. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Havel,  opposite  the  influx  of 
the  Spree,  8  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Berlin  and  12  N.  E. 
of  Potsdam. 

Spanirenberg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany  in 
Hcsse-Cassel,  seated  on  a  mountain  28  m.  S.  E. 
of  Cassel . 

Spaniitlitown,  or  Jago  de  la  Vega,  a  town  of  Ja- 
maica, where  the  Legislative  assembly  and  the 
grand  courts  of  justice  are  held.  It  is  seated  in  a 
pleasant  valley,  on  the  river  Cobre,  16  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Kingston. 

Sparta,  an  ancient  city  of  Greece,  in  the  Pelo- 
ponnesus, of  which  a  few  ruins  may  still  be  seen 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  village  ofMisitra. 

Sparta,  p.t.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.  254  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  3,777;  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  92  m.  N. 
Tronton  ;  p.v.  Washington  Co.  Pa.  ;  p.v.  Hancock 
Co.  Geo.  25  m.  N.  E.  Milledgeville;  p.v.  White  Co 
Ten,  75  m.  S.  E.  Nashville  ;  p.v.  Conecuh  Co 
Alab.  90  m.   N.  E.  Mobile. 

Spartanburg,  a  District  of  S.  Carolina.  Pop. 
21,143;  p.v.  the  capital  of  the  same  name  is  100 
m.  N.  Augusta. 

Spartel,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the  coast  of  Bar- 
bary, at  the  entrance  of  the  strait  of  Gibraltar. 
Long.  5.  5(5.  W.,  lat.  35.  50.  N. 

Sparttvcnto,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Naples,  at 
the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Calabria  Ultra.  Long.  16. 
40.  E.,  lat.  37. 50.  N. 


Speedsville;  p.v.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  7  m.  9.  E 
Ithaca. 

Speedicell,  p.v.  Claiborne  Co.  Ten.  200  m.  N, 
E.  Murfreesborough. 

Speights  Town,  a.  sea-port  ofBarbadoes,  former- 
ly much  frequented  by  the  Bristol  traders,  and 
thence  called  Little  Bristol.  It  is  situate  on  the 
N.  W.  coast  of  the  island,  and  defended  by  two 
forts.     Long.  53.  31.  W.,  lat.  13.  15.  N. 

SpeU.0,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  Duchy  oi  Spoleto. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  a  theatre  and  other  remains  of 
antiquity.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 13  m.  N.  of  Spoleto. 
S/je«cer,  a  county  of  Indiana.   Pop.  3,187.  Rock- 
port  is  the  capital. 

Spencer,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  51  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  1,618 ;  p.t.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  190  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,2.53;  p.v.  Owen  Co.  Ind.  50  m. 
W.  Indianapolis. 

Spencertoicn,  p.t.  Columbia  Co.  N.  Y.  30  m  S 
E.  Albany. 

Spey,  a  rapid  river  of  Scotland,  which  issues 
from  a  small  lake  in  the  centre  of  Inverness-shire, 
flows  N.  E.  into  Murray  shire,  then  divides  that 
county  from  Banfshire  for  more  than  20  m.  and  en- 
ters the  German  Ocean  at  Garmouth. 

Spezzia,  or  Spetia,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  good  harbour. 
It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill,  on  a  gulf  of  the 
same  name,  47  m.  S.  E.  of  Genoa.  Long.  9.  37. 
E.,  lat.  44.  10.  N. 

Spezzia,  an  island  of  Greece,  6  miles  long  and 
2  broad.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  con- 
taining 3,000  inhabitants,  and  is  situate  about  20 
miles  from  Napoli  di  Romania. 
Spice  Islands.  See  Moluccas. 
Spielberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  principal- 
ity of  Oettingen,  8  m.  N.  E.  of  Oettingen  and  13 
S.  S.  E.  of  Anspach. 

Spietz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Bern,  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  lake  Thun,  40 
m.  S.  S.  E.  ofBern. 

Spigelburg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Hanover,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  lying  within 
the  principality  of  Calenberg,  belonging  as  a  fief 
to  the  king  of  the  Netherlands.  12  m.  E.  by  S. 
of  Halem. 

Spigno,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Montferrat,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Belbo,  1 1 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Aqui  and  40  S.  E.  of  Turin. 

Spilembergo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  Friuli, 
seated  on  the  Tagliamento,  14  m.  W.  of  Udina. 

Spilsby,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  31  m.  E. 
of  Lincoln  and  133  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Spinalonga,  a  seaport  of  the  island  of  Candia, 
with  a  good  harbour  and  a  citadel.  It  is  situate 
near  a  cape  of  the  same  name,  30  m.  E.  of  Can- 
dia.    Long.  25.  48.  E.,  lat.  35.  20.  N. 

Spire,  a  city  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  the  province 
of  R  nine,  and  formerly  of  a  bishopric  of  its  name. 
In  ancient  times  the  emperors  held  many  diets  at 
Spire,  and  it  was  the  seat  of  the  imperial  cham- 
ber till  1689,  when  the  city  was  burnt  by  the 
French,  and  it  was  not  rebuilt  till  after  the  peace 
of  Ryswick  in  1697.  Most  of  the  citizens  are  Lu- 
therans; but  there  are  15  Catholic  churches  and 
convents,  among  which  the  college  formerly  be- 
longing to  the  Jesuits  claims  the  first  place. 
Spire  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1734;  and  in 
1792  it  surrendered  to  the  republican  troops  of 
France,  who  evacuated  it  the  next  year,  but  re- 
entered it  in  1794.  In  1814  it  was  ceded  to  Bava- 
ria. It  is  seated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Rhine,  at 
the  influx  of  the  Spirebach,  54  m.  S.  by  £  of 
Mentz.  Lon.  8.  29.  E.,  ht.  49  19.  N 


8PO  692 

Spiritu  Santo,  a  province  of  Brazil,  between 
tliat  of  Porto  Seguro  and  Rio  Janeiro.  Tlie  soil 
is  fertile  and  watered  by  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  flows  into  a  large  bay  of  the  Atlantic.  The 
capital,  of  the    same  name,    has  a  castle,  and    its 

Crt   is    a  small  bay  about  10  m.  from  tbe  ocean, 
ng.  41,  10.  W.,  lat  20.  10.  S. 
Spiritu  SutUo,  a  town  of  Cuba,  near  tbe  middle 
of  the  island.    155  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Havana.    Long. 
79.  37.  E.,  lat.  22.  15.  N. 

S/iital,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Carinthia, 
seated  on  the  Liser,  near  the  Drave,  15  in.W.  N. 
W.  of  Villach. 

SpitaJ,  a  vill*g«  'n  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  12  m. 
N.  of  Lincoln,  on  the  Roman  causeway,  leading 
to  the  Humber.  Here  are  two  sprinG^s,  one  call- 
ed Julian's  Well  and  the  other  Castleton  Well. 
Great  number  of  Roman  coins  have  been  dug  up 
in  this  village. 

Spithend,  a  famous  road  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, between  Portsmouth  and  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where  the  royal  navy  frequently  rendezvous. 

Spitzbergen,  a  group  of  dreary  islands,  lying  be- 
tween 9.  and  20.  E.  long.,  and  76.  46.  and  80.  30. 
N.  lat ,  having  Greenland  to  the  W.  and  Nova 
Zembis  to  the  E.  The  Mainland,  or  principal 
island,  is  300  m.  in  length.  It  was  discovered  in 
1533  tty  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby,  who  called  it 
Greenland,  supposing  it  to  be  a  part  of  the  west- 
ern continent.  In  lo95  it  was  visited  by  Barentz 
and  Cornelius,  two  Dutchmen,  who  pretended 
to  be  the  original  discoverers,  and  called  it  Spitz- 
bergen,  or  sharp  mountains,  from  the  many 
sharp-pointed  and  rocky  mountains  with  which 
it  abounds.  The  glaciers  on  the  N.  E.  pres- 
ent a  singular  appearance,  being  high  cliffs 
of  an  emerald  color,  impendent  over  tbe  sea, 
with  cataracts  of  melted  snow,  and  a  black-ground 
of  black  conic  hills,  streaked  with  white.  In  the 
winter  it  is  continual  night  for  four  months.  The 
animals  are  deer,  bears,  and  foxes.  The  Russians 
from  Archangel  maintain  a  kind  of  colony  here. 
To  the  N.  E.  of  this  group  are  small  isles  called 
the  Seven  Sisters,  the  most  arctic  land  yet  dis- 
covered. 
Spit  Roclc,p.v.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  80  m.  N.  Albany. 
Spiugen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  Grisons, 
seated  near  the  source  of  the  Rhine,  16  m.  N.  W. 
of  Chiavenna. 

Spoleto,  a  duchy  of  Italy,  in  the  Ecclesiastical 
states,  55  m.  long  and  40  broad  ;  boutided  on  the 
N.  by  Ancona  and  Urbino,  E.  by  Naples,  S  by 
Sabina,  and  W.  by.  Orvieto  and  Perugino.  It 
comprises  the  greatest  part  of  the  ancient  Umbria, 
and  contains  105,000  inhabitants. 

Spoleto,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  duchy,  and 
a  bishop  s  see.  The  houses  are  in  general  well 
built,  but  the  only  edifices  that  have  any  claim  to 
distinction  are  the  castle,  which  stands  on  a  hill 
and  is  connected  with  the  town  by  a  bridge,  and 
the  cathedral,  which  is  certainly  a  fine  structure. 
Spoleto  suffered  greatly  from  earthquakes  in  1703 
and  1767.  Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  amphithea- 
tre, a  triumphal  arch,  and  an  aqueduct.  It  is 
■eated  in  a  country  noted  for  ffood  wine,  near  the 
river  Tessino,  40  m.  E.  of  Orvieto  and  00  N.  by 
E.  of  Rome.     Long.  13.  0.  E.,  lat.  42.  45.  N. 

Spent,  ■ivi .  a  town  of  Germany,  and  the  capital 
of  a  county  of  its  name.  It  is  seated  among  hills 
covered  with  vineyards,  27  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Mentz. 
Long.  7.  38.  E.,  lat.  49.  54.  N. 

Sporades,  the  ancient  name  of  those  islands  of 
the  Grecian  Archipelago  which  are  scattered  ir- 
Mgularly  along  the  shores  of  Europe  and  Asia, 


SQU 


in  contradistinction  to  the  Cyclades,  which  were 
grouped  circularly  around  Delos. 

Sjtotsicood,  p. v.  Middlesex  Co.  N.  J.  8  m  S. 
New  Brunswick. 

Spotsylvania,  a  county  of  the  E.  district  of  Vir- 
ginia. Pop.  11,920.  Frederickburg  is  the  capi- 
tal. 

Spree,  a   river  which  rises  in  the  mountains  of 
Bohemia,  passes  through   Lusatia  into   Branden 
burg,  flows  by  Berlin,  and  joins  the  Havel  oppo 
site  Spandau. 

Spremberg,  a  town  of  the   Prussian   states,  in 
Lusatia,  situate  on  an  island  formed  by  the  rive 
Spree,  14  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Cotbus. 
Spring  Bank,  p. v.  Wayne  Co.  N.  C. 
Sprigg,  p.t.  Adams  Co.  Ohio.  Pop.  1,739. 
Spring,  a  township  of  Centre  Co.  Pa. 
Springborougk,  p. v.  Warren  Co.  Ohio,  77  m.  S. 
W.  Columbus.  Pop.  370. 

Spring  Creek,  a  township  of  Miami  Co.  Ohio; 
p.v.  Madison  Co.  Ten. 

Springfield,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  97  m.  S. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  6,784.  It  stands  on  the  E. 
bank  of  the  Connecticut, and  occupies  a  level  site 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill.  The  town  is  handsomely 
built,  principally  upon  a  single  street  two  miles 
in  length.  There  is  a  United  States  Armory 
comprising  an  arsenal,  barracks,  forges,  and  work- 
shops for  the  manufacturing  of  muskets,  of  which 
above  16,000  are  made  yearly.  On  Chickapee 
river  within  the  limits  of  the  town  is  Springfield 
Factory  Village,  where  the  cotton  manufacture 
is  carried  on  to  a  large  account.  Here  are  also 
considerable  manufactures  of  paper. 

Sprintrfield,  p.t.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H.  30.  m.  N. 
W.  Concord.  Pop.  1.202;  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  2,749;  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  60  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  2,816.  Also  towns  and  villages  in 
Burlington  and  Essex  Cos.  N.  J.,  Bucks,  Dela- 
ware, Huntingdin,  Mercer,  and  Bradford  Cos. 
Pa.,  Hampshire,  and  Loudon  Cos.  Va.,  Effingham 
Co.  Geo.,  St.  Helena  Parish  Lou.  Washington 
Co.  Ken.,  Rochester  Co.  Ten,.  Portage,  Columbi- 
ana, Richland,  Jefferson,  Gallia,  Ross,  Clark, 
Montgomery,  Muskingum  and  Hamilton  Cos. 
Ohio. 

Spring  Garden,  p.v.  Pittsylvania  Co.  Pa. 
Spring  Grove,  p.v.  Iredell  Co.  N.  C. 
Spring  Hill,  villages  in    Fauquier  and    Louisa 
Cos.  Va.  and  Lenoir  Co.  N.  C. 

Spring  Flare,  p.v.  a  Moravian  settlemc  nt  on  the 
Cherokee  Lands  in  Georgia. 
Springtown,  p.v.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 
Springville,  p.v.   Niagara  Co.    N.    Y.    Susque- 
hanna Co.  Pa.,  and  Darlington  Dis.  S.  C. 

Sprinar  Water,  p.t.  Livinjrston  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop 
2,253. 

Sprottau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  prin 
cipality  of  Glogau.  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
at  its  confluence  with  the  Bober,  21  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Glogau. 

Spurn  Head,  a  promontory  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of 
Yorkshire,  Eng.  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  on 
which  is  a  lighthouse.  Long.  0.  15.  E.,  lat.  53 
38.  N. 

S/^warft,  a  village  in  Gloucester,  Essex  Co  Mass. 
on  tl»e  N.  side  of  Cape  Ann,  with  a  guovl  hiir- 
bour. 

Sqnam  Ijike,  a  beautiful  lake  of  N.  Hampf-hire 
near  L.  Winipissiogee.  It  is  10  m.  long  a<.d  6 
broad;  surrounded  by  mountains  and  sprinkled 
with  islands. 

Snuankurn,  p.v.  Monmouth  Co  N  J.  55.  rn.  N 
£.  Philadelphia. 


STA 


099 


STA 


S<ptantum,  a  rocky  promontory  extending  into 
Boston  Bay,  on  the  south  side  of  Neponset  river, 
5  m.  from  Boston.  It  was  named  from  an  Indian 
female  who  was  the  last  of  the  aborigines  that 
resided  in  this  neighbourhood.  The  Feast  of 
Squantiim  is  annually  held  at  this  spot,  and  is 
usually  accompanied  with  a  travestie  of  the  In- 
dian customs  and   language. 

Squilace,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
which  was  much  injured  by  the  earthquake  of 
1783.  It  is  seated  on  the  Favelone,  near  a  gulf 
of  its  name,  35  m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Severino.  Long. 
16.  40.  E.,  lat.  39.  3.  N 

Stantsburg,  a  village  of  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  Hudson,  12  m.  above  Poughkeepsie. 

Slablo,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Liege,  with  a  celebrated  Benedictine  ab- 
bey. Here  is  a  manufacture  of  leather,  and  a 
trade  in  cloths  and  stutFs.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rect, 
12  m.  S.  of  Limbourg. 

Staliroeck,  or  GeorgetoiDn,  a  sea-port  of  Deme- 
rara  in  S.  America,  and  the  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Demerara,  and  has 
considerable  trade.  Pop.  8,000. 

Slade,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of  Bre- 
men, with  a  fortress,  a  college  and  three  churches. 
It  is  the  seat  of  tiie  regency,  and  chief  courts  of 
justice  of  the  dutches  of  Bremen  and  Verden,  and 
has  manufactures  of  lace,  flannels,  stockings,  hats, 
and  spirituous  liquors.  The  foreign  trade  is  now 
chiefly  confined  to  the  transit  business,  and  a  ves- 
sel sails  daily  from  this  place  to  Hamburgh.  It 
stands  on  the  Swingel,  near  its  confluence  with 
the  Elbe,  43  ra.N.E.  of  Bremen.  Long.  9. 28.  E., 
lat.  55.  36.  N. 

Stadt  am  Hof,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  Danube,  connected  by  a  bridge  with  the 
city  of  Ratisbon. 

Stadtherg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  on  the  frontiers  ofthe  county  of  Wal- 
deck.  Part  of  it,  called  Marsberg,  stands  on  the 
site  ofthe  famous  Saxon  fort  of  Elmesburg,  which 
was  taken  by  Charlemagne,  who  built  a  church 
here  in  honor  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Stadtberg 
is  situate  on  the  Dumel,  16  m.  S.  of  Paderborn. 

Stadthagen,  a  strong  town  of  Prussian  West- 
phalia, in  the  principality  of  Schauenberg,  with  a 
palace,  belonging  to  the  prince  of  Schauenberg- 
Lippe,  in  the  garden  of  which  is  a  mineral  spring. 
It  is  8  m.  E.  of  Minden. 

Stafarda,  a  town  of  Sardinia,  in  Piedmont,  with 
a  rich  abbey.  In  1690  a  victory  was  gained  near 
this  place  by  the  French  over  the  duke  of  Savoy. 
it  is  seated  on  the  Po,  3  m.  N.  of  Saluzzo. 

Staffa,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the 
Hebrides,  on  the  W.  side  of  that  of  Mull.  It  is 
tiie  greatest  natural  curiosity  in  Europe,  if  not  in 
the  world.  The  whole  S.  W.  end  is  supported  by 
ranges  of  basaltic  pillars,  mostly  above  50  feet 
hiwh,  and  four  feet  in  thickness.  Here  is  also  a 
magnificent  cavern  called  Fin-ma-coul,  or  Fingal's 
Cave,  ^vhich  extends  250  feet  in  length  Its  en- 
trance is  a  natural  arch, 53  feet  wide  and  117  high, 
from  which  the  cavern  is  lighted,  so  that  its  far- 
thest extremity  may  be  seen  ;  it  is  supported  on 
each  side  by  ranges  of  colums,  and  roofed  by 
the  fragments  of  others  that  have  been  broken  off 
in  forming  jt.  The  bottom  of  the  cave  is  filled 
by  the  sea,  reaching  to  the  extremity,  and  in  very 
calm  weather  a  boat  may  sail  into  it.  This  sin- 
gular island  is  every  where  supported  by  basaltic 
rocks  and  pillars,  and  so  much  hollowed  by  vari- 
ous caves  that  its  whole  surface  is  shaken  in 
stormy  weather. 


Slafelstein,  a.  town  of  Bavaria,  situate  on  the 
Lauter,  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Bamberg. 

Stafford,  a  borough  and  the  county  town  of 
Staffordshire,  Eng.  The  principal  trade  consists 
in  the  manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  which  at 
one  time  was  very  considerable,  but  has  greatly 
declined.  Hats  and  cutlery  are  also  manufac- 
tured here,  and  a  considerable  tanning  business 
is  carried  on.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Sow,  144 
m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Staffordshire,  a  county  of  England,  55  m.  long 
and  35  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Shropshire, 
N.  W.  by  Cheshire,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Derbyshire, 
S.  E.  by  Warwickshire,  and  S.  by  Worcestei shire 
It  contains  780,800  acres,  is  divided  into  five  hun» 
dreds  and  181  parishes,  has  one  city  and  19  mar- 
ket towns,  and  sends  10  members  to  parliament. 
The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1821  was  341,040. 
The  soil  in  the  S.  part  is  good  and  rich,  though 
not  without  heaths,  which  take  up  a  large  tract 
of  ground  :  it  abounds  in  coal  and  iron.  The 
middle  is  level  and  plain,  the  N.  hilly  and  barren, 
beinof  full  of  heaths  and  moors.  There  are  good 
stone  quarries,  plenty  of  alabaster,  and  limestone. 
Tin  and  brass  are  among  the  productions  in  Staf- 
fordshire, and  there  are  several  smelling  and  brass 
works  near  the  copper  mines.  Within  the  last 
half  century  material  improvements  have  been 
introduced  into  the  agriculture  of  this  county; 
whilst  on  the  rich  lands  bordering  the  Trent  the 
dairy  has  become  a  source  of  considerable  profit. 
The  trade  and  manufactures  have  been  greatly 
extended  by  the  inland  navigation,  which  con- 
nects this  county,  not  only  with  the  metropolis, 
but  with  the  Severn,  the  Mersey,  and  the  Hura- 
ber,  and  the  three  corresponding  ports  of  Bristol, 
Liverpool,  and  Hull.  The  iron  foundries,  blast 
furnaces,  slitting  mills,  and  other  branches  of  the 
iron  trade,  employ  great  numbers  of  people.  The 
cotton  manufactures  are  very  considerable,  and 
the  silk  trade  is  carried  on  to  some  extent.  The 
southern  parts  ofthe  county  are  distinguished  for 
the  manufactures  of  locks,  buckles,  steel  toys 
(particularly  watch  chains),  and  a  variety  of  plated, 
lacquered,  japanned,  and  enamelled  goods.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Stourbridge  the  manufacture  of 
glass  is  considerable.  There  are  also  manufac- 
tures of  tobacco  and  snuft' boxes,  shoes,  hats,  &c. 
But  the  chief  manufacture  of  the  county  is  that 
of  earthenware,  for  which  it  has  been  long  and 
deservedly  celebrated,  and  which  may  now  be 
ranked  among  the  most  important  manufactures 
ofthe  kingdom. 

Stafford,  p.t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.  26  m.  N.  E. 
Hartford.  Pop.  2,514.  Here  is  a  mineral  spring 
and  several  manufactures  ;  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N. 
Y.  30  m.  S.  W.  Rochester.  Pop.  2,367  ;  a  town- 
ship of  Monmouth  Co.  N.  J ;  p. v.  Stafford  Co. 
Va.  47  m.  S.  W.  Washington. 

Stafford,  a  county  in  the  E.  District  of  Virginia 
Pop.  9,362. 

Stagira,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Mace- 
donia, celebrated  for  being  the  birth-place  of 
Aristotle,  whence  he  is  called  the  Stagirite.  It  is 
now  called  Stavros,  and  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Contessa,  16  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Contessa. 

Stagno,  a  sea-port  of  Austrian  Dalmatia,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  seated  on  a  peninsula,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Ragusa.  Long.  17.  50. 
E.,  lat.  43.  12.  N. 

Stagsville,  p. v.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y. 

Staines,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Thames,  over  which  is  an  iron  bridge.  At 
some  distance  above  the  bridge,  at  Coin  Ditch,  19 


STA 


694 


STB 


fr 


the  fxjndon  Mark  Stone,  which  is  the  ancient 
boundary  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  city  of  London 
on  the  Thames,  and  bears  the  date  of  1280.  16 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Stalbrid^e,  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  with  a 
considera6le  manufacture  of  stockings.  Here  is 
an  ancient  cross  of  one  stone,  21  feet  high,  on  a 
base  of  eight  feet.     112  ra.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Slaley,  a  villa^  in  Lancashire,  9  m.  E.  of  Man- 
chester, Eng.  It  is  noted  for  weavers,  dyers,  and 
pressers  of  woolen  cloth,  and  has  some  share  in 
the  cotton  trade. 

Stamford,  a  borough  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng. 
One  of  its  parislies,  St.  Martin's,  ia  situate  in 
Northamptonshire,  but  the  greater  part  is  built 
on  the  side  of  a  hill  in  Lincolnshire,  and,  when 
approached  from  the  S.,  presents  an  interesting 
and  picturesque  appearance.  The  notable  custom 
of  Borough  English  prevails  here,  by  which  the 
youpTer  sons  inherit  the  lands  and  tenements  of 
the  father  dying  intestate.  89  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
London. 

Stamford,  a  township  of  Bennington  Co.  Vt. 
10  m.  S.  E.  Bennington.  Pop.  563;  p.t.  Fairfield 
Co.  Conn.  20  m.  S.  W.  Fairfield.  Pop.  3.795  ;  p.v. 
Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 

Stampalia,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipela- 
o,  12  m.   long  and  5  broad.     It  is  destitute  of 
resh  water,  and  almost    without  inhabitants,  30 
m.  VV.  of  Stanchio. 

Stanchio,  a  fertile  island  of  the  Grecian  Archip- 
elago, near  the  coast  of  Natolia.  It  is  the  ancient 
Cos,  the  birth  place  of  Hippocrates  and  Apeiles, 
and  is  25  m.  long  and  10  broad.  It  abounds  with 
cypress  and  turpentine  trees,  and  a  great  variety 
of  medicinal  plants.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  bishop's  see;  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mountain,  at  the  bottom  of  a  bay,  and  has  a  good 
harbour  defended  by  a  castle.  40  m.  N.  W.  of 
Rhodes.     Long.  26.  54.  E.,  lat.  36  45.  N. 

Standon,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  27  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Stanley,  a  town  in  C'oucestershire,  Eng.  105 
W.  of  London. 

Siannardsvitle,  p.v.  Orange  Co.  Va.  70  m.  W. 
Fredericksburg. 

Slandish,  p.t.  Cumberland  Co.  Me.  on  the  Saco. 
25  m.  N.  W.  Portland. 

Standford,  p.t.  Dutchess  Co.   N.  Y.  18  m.   N. 
E    Poughkeepsie.  Pop.  2,511. 
Stanford,  p.v.  Lincoln  Co.  Ken. 
Stanhope,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  50  m.  N.  Tren- 
ton. 

Stantonshurg,  p.v.  Edgecumbe  Co.  N.  C.  70  ra. 
E.  Maleigh. 

Stanz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Underwalden.  Near  this  place,  in  17S)8,  the 
troops  of  the  canton  were  totally  defeated  by  the 
French,  wlio  afterwards  burnt  the  town  and  put 
the  inhabitants  to  the  sword.  It  is  seated  in  a 
plain,  at  the  foot  of  the  Stanzberg,  8  m.  S.  E.  of 
Lucern  and  liS  E.  of  Bern. 

Slara  Rusa,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Novogorod,  on  the  river  Polista,  near  the 
lake  llmen,40  m.  S.  of  Novogorod.  Long.  33.  2. 
E.,  lat.  57.  40.  N. 

Starenberv,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria,  near 
the  N.  end  of  the  lake  Wurnisee,  14  m.  S.  W.  of 
Munich. 

Stargard,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  with  a  castle  be- 
longing to  the  prince,  10  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Strelitz. 
Stargard,  New,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania, 
iritli  a  college,  fine  manufactures  of  wool,  and  a 


considerable  trade.  In  1758  it  was  taken  by  tne 
Russians.  It  stands  on  the  river  Ihna,  20  m.  E 
of  Stettin.     Long.  15.  13.  E.,  lat.  53.  26.  N. 

Sto;7i:,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  26,784.  Canton 
is  the  capital. 

Slarkenburg,  one  of  the  three  great  divisions  of 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  situate  between  the  Rhine  and 
the  Maine,  and  forming  the  southern  part  of  the 
grand  duchy.  Its  extent  is  1 ,060  square  m  ;  its 
population  200,000.     Darmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Starks,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  on  the  Kenne- 
bec.    7  m.  W  Norridgewock.     Pop.  1,471. 

Sturksborough,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
1,342.  "  ^ 

Starr,  a  township  of  Hocking  Co.  Ohio. 

Stai't  Point,  a  promontory  on  the  coast  of  Devon- 
shire, 14  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Dartmouth.  Long.  3. 
48.  W.,  lat.  50.  13.  N. 

Stasfurt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  with  some  good  salt-works, 
21  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Magdeburg. 

Slaten  Island,  an  island  of  New  York,  18  m. 
long  and  6  broad,  which  forms  the  county  of 
Richmond.  On  tiie  S.  side  is  a  tract  of  level 
land  ;  but  the  island  in  general  is  rough  and  the 
hills  are  high.     Richmond  is  the  chief  town. 

Slaten  Land.     See  Zealand.  New. 

Sfatesborough,  p.t.  Bullock  Co.  Geo.  45  m.  N. 
W.  Savannah. 

Statesburg,  p.t.  Sumter  Dis.  S.  C.  30  m.  S. 
Camden. 

Statesville.,  p.t.  Iredell  Co.  N.  C.  130  m.  W. 
Raleigh. 

Stavffen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  situate 
on  the  Mehlbach,  8  m.  S.  of  Friburg. 

Stauffenburg ,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  situate  on  the  Lohn,  5  m 
N.  N.  E.  of  Giessen. 

Staunton,  p.v.  Newcastle  Co.  Del.  6  m.  S.  W. 
Wilmington;  p.v.  Augusta  Co.  Va.,  120  m.  N. 
W.  Richmond  ;  a  township  of  Miami  Co.  Ohio. 

Stavanger,  a  sea-port  of  Norway,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Bergen.  Near  it  is  a  fortress,  called 
Deswick.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula,  95  m.  S. 
of  Bergen.     Long.  5.  55.  E.,  lat.  58.  58.  N 

Stavcrcn,  a  town  of  the  Holland  in  Friesland, 
formerly  a  rich  city  and  sea-port,  but  now  much 
decayed,  and  the  harbour  choked  up.  The  an- 
cient kings  of  Friesland  made  it  their  ordinary 
residence,  and  there  remains  enough  of  its  for- 
mer splendour  to  make  it  a  considerable  town. 
It  has  still  some  trade,  especially  in  fishing,  and 
in  passage-boats  over  the  pools  and  lakes  of  the 
neighbourhood.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zuyder  Zee, 
8  m.  W.  of  Sloten  and  17  N.  E.  of  Enchuyscn. 
Long.  5.  13.  E.,  lat.  52.  54.  N. 

S<ee»t//ero'cn,  a  town  of  Holland  in  N.  Brabant, 
formerly  a  strong  place,  with  a  convenient  har- 
bour ;  but  the  sea  has  retired  from  it  about  3  >«? , 
which,  with  the  calamities  it  has  suffered  by  war, 
has  reduced  it  to  a  poor  town.  It  has  a  commu- 
nication with  the  Meuse,  and  is  7  m.  N.  of  Ber- 
gen op  Zoom. 

Steenkeer,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the  province  of 
Drontheim,  36  miles  N.  E.  of  Drontheim. 

Steenkirk,  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  Hainault,  fa- 
mous for  the  victory  obtained  by  the  French  over 
William  III.  of  England  in  1692.  It  is  15  m.  N. 
of  Mons. 

Stege,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  on  the  N.  coast 
of  the  isle  of  Mona,  almost  sun  Dunded  by  a  lake, 
42  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Copenhagen.  Long.  12.  15. 
E..  lat.  55.  4.  N. 

Slegeburg,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Goth 


STB 


e9S 


STE 


jRnd  seated  on  the  Baltic,  9  m.  N.  of  Calmar  and 
82  S.  W.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  16.  40.  E.,  lat.  58. 
16.  N. 

Stdn,  a  small  independent  town  of  Switzerland, 
in  tlie  canton  of  Zurich,  seated  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  Rhine,  where  it  issues  from  the  lake  of 
Constance.  Near  it  is  the  ancient  castle  of  Ho- 
henkiingen,  now  converted  into  a  watch-tower. 
The  church  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Rhine, 
tn  a  place  called  Burst,  which  is  connected  to  the 
town  hy  a  bridge,  lo  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Constance 
and 'i")N.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Stein,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Danube,  over  which  is  a  long  wooden  bridge  to 
Mautern.  Between  Stein  and  Krems  is  a  mili- 
tary manufacture,  in  which  metal  articles,  sabres, 
cloth,  aad  clothes  are  made  and  kept.  2  m.  W. 
of  Krems  and  12  N.  by  W.  of  St.  Polten. 

Stein,  a  town  and  castle  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in 
Carniola,  on  the  Freistritz,  11  m.  N.  of  Laubach. 

Stein,  a  town  and  castle  of  the  Austrian  states, 
m  Carinthia,  on  the  Drave,  12  m.  S.  of  Clagen- 
furt. 

Steinau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  formerly 
the  capital  of  a  circle,  in  the  principality  of  Wo- 
lau.  It  has  manufactures  of  cloth,  and  is  seated 
near  the  Oder,  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lignitz. 

Steinfurt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Westphalia,  capital  of  a  county  of  its  name,  with 
a  Calvinist  academy  ;  seated  on  ihe  Aa,  10  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Bentheim  and  33  N.  W.  of  Munster. 

StfiTiheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, with  a  castle,  near  the  river  Maine,  4  m. 
S.  E.  of  Hanau. 

Steinhude,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Schauenburg-Lippe,  on  the  S.  side  of  Stein- 
huder-mere,  in  which  is  the  strong  fortress  of 
Wilhemstein.     15  m,  N.  W.  of  Hanover. 

Steinhurst,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  Holstein, 
with  a  castle,  14  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Lubec. 

Stellenbosch  and  Drakentsein,  a  district  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  380  m.  long  and  150  broad, 
bounded  S.  by  Cape  Agulhas  and  N.  by  the  river 
Koussie.  It  is  mountainous,  but  contains  some 
ol  the  finest  land  in  the  colony.  The  extent  is 
estimated  at  55,000  sq.  m. ;  the  pop.  at  23,000. 

Steaay,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meuse, 
on  the  river  Meuse,  22  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Verdun. 

Stendal,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
formerly  capital  of  the  Old  Mark.  Here  is  a 
colony  of  French  Calvinists,  who  carry  on  man- 
ufactures of  wool,  leather,  &c.  It  stands  on  the 
rivulet  Ucht,  5  ra.  W.  of  the  Elbe,  and  36  N.  by 
E.  of  Magdeburg.     Long.  11.  58.  E.,  lat.  52.  3o. 

Stephentown,  p.t.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  20  ni. 
S.  E.  Albany.     Pop  2,716. 

Stepney,  p.v.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  50  m.  S.  E. 
Hartford. 

Sterling,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  46  m.  W. 
Boston  Pop.  1,789;  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,4.36;  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  44  m.  E.  Hart- 
ford with  manufactures  of  cotton.  Pop.  1,240; 
p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Pa. 

Sterlinffville,  a  village  of  Granville  Co.  N.  C. 

Sternberg,  a  town  in  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
New  Mark  of  Brandenburg,  with  a  great  trade  in 
cattle,  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Sternberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  situate  on  a 
lake,  16  m.  S.  E.  of  Wismar. 

Sternberg,  a  town  and  castle  of  the  Austrian 
atates,  in  Moravia,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Olmutz. 

Stcrzingfn  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Ty- 


rol, celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of  sword-blatfes, 
and  for  the  silver  mines  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  Heat- 
ed at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  on  the  Eysoch,  1^ 
m.  N.  W,  of  Brixen. 

Stettin,n  government  of  Prussia,  comprising  the 
middle  of  Poinerania,  and  containinp  an  erea  of 
6,625  aquare  miles,  with  300,000  inhabitanta. 

Stettin,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  Prussii,  capital  of 
Pomerania.  It  is  a  handsome  town  ,  contains 
about  21,000  inhabitants,  exclusive  of  the  gurri- 
son  ;  has  numerous  manufactures,  particularly  of 
cloths,  stuffs,  hats,  stockings,  yarn,  cotton,  rib- 
ands, paper,  and  canvas  ;  and  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable trade  to  all  parts  of  cutope.  Timber 
and  corn  are  the  principal  articles  of  exporta- 
tion ;  and  ship-building,  is  a  very  profitable  branch 
of  employment.  In  1795  a  fire  consumed  a  great 
number  of  houses.  In  1806  this  place,  fnrnished 
with  160  pieces  of  cannon  and  a  garrison  of  6,(X)0 
men,  surrendered  to  the  French.  It  was  garri- 
soned by  them  after  the  disastrous  retreat  from 
Russia  in  1812,  but  in  1813  was  obliged  to  capitu- 
late, when  the  Dutch  troops  belonging  to  the  gar- 
rison hoisted  the  Orange  cockade.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Oder,  80  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Berlin.  Long. 
14.  44.  E.,  lat.  53.  30.  N. 

Stettin,  J\'ew,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  CosHn,  with  a  castle,  situate  on  the 
Willem,  41  miles  E.  of  Coshn;  and  62  E.  N.  E. 
of  New  Stargard. 

S/ewfecn,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  33,975. 
Bath  is  the  capital ;  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Me. 
Pop  095  ;  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  N.  Utica  , 
the  township  was  granted  to  Baron  Steuben  for 
his  military  services,  and  here  lie  his  remains. 
Pop.  2,094. 

Steubenvillt,  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Ohio.  147  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Fop  3,152.  It 
is  regularly  built,  and  is  a  very  flourishing  place  ; 
it  has  many  manufactures,  2  banks  and  2  news- 
papers ;  the  neighbouring  country  is  fertile  and 
populous. 

Stevensburg,  a  village  of  Frederick  Co.  Va.  ; 
p.v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va. 

Stevcnston,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  fa- 
mous for  the  coal  strata  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  sit- 
uate on  a  hill,  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Irvine. 

Strcensville,  p.v.  King  and  Queen  Cos.  Va. 

Stewart,  a  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop  6,898. 
Dover  is  the  capital. 

Stewart  Islands,  five  islands  in  the  S.  Pacific, 
discovered  by  captain  Hunter  in  1791,  and  named 
by  him  in  honor  of  admiral  Keith  Stewart.  Long. 
163.  18.  E.,  lat.  8.  26.  S.  ^ 

Stewarton,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  with 
a  noted  manufacture  of  bonnet.^,  6  m.  N.  of  Ir- 
vine. 

Stewarton,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Tyrone,  5  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Dungannon. 

Stewartstown,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  140  m.  N, 
Concord.  Pop.  529. 

Sleicartstille,  p.v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.,  and  West 
moreland  Co.  Pa. 

Steyning,  a,  hoTctngh  in  Sussex,  Eng.  50  m.  S. 
W.  of  London. 

Steyr,  a  town  jpf  Austria,  which  has  a  great 
trade  in  articles  of  iron  and  steel.  The  French 
entered  it  in  1800,  and  concluded  an  armistice  for 
a  peace  with  the  Austrians.  It  is  seated  at  the 
conflux  of  the  Steyr  with  the  Ens,  20  m.  S.  E.  of 
Lintz. 

Steyreg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Austria,  situate 
on  a  mountain,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Danube,  8 
m  £.  of  Lintz. 


STO 


696 


STO 


Slickhausen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Hanover,  in 
ihe  principality  of  E.  Friesl'.nd,  22  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Ernden. 

Stigliano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  fa- 
mons  for  its  baths  ;  seated  near  the  Salandrella, 
26  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Acerenza. 

Stillwater,  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  W. 
bank  of  the  Hudson.  24  ni.  N.  Albany.  Pop. 
2,001.  This  spot  is  celebartcd  for  tiie  battles 
fouffiit  between  the  armies  of  Gates  and  Burgoyne 
in  September  and  October  1777. 

Stillwater,  p. v.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J.  and  Miami  Co. 
Ohio. 

StiUicelLsville,  p.t.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y. 

Stilton,  a  town  in  Huntingdonshire,  Eng.  cele- 
brated for  a  rich  kind  of  cheese,  sometimes  called 
English  Parmesan.     75  m.  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Stincliar,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.  part  of 
Ayrshire,  which  has  a  rapid  course  of  26  m.  and 
enters  the  ocean  below  Ballantrae. 

Stirlitig,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  capital  of  Stir- 
lingshire, seated  on  the  river  Forth,  on  a  hill, 
which  terminates  abruptly  in  a  steep  basaltic  rock. 
On  this  rock  is  an  ancient  castle,  once  a  place  of 
great  strensrth,  and  often  the  scene  of  bloody  con- 
tention. The  palace,  erected  by  James  V.,  is  a 
stately  building;  the  outside  curiously  ornamen- 
ted with  grotesque  figures.  Here  are  two  church- 
es and  a  famous  grammar  school.  In  the  town 
and  its  neighbourhood  are  manufactures  of  car- 
pets, shalloons,  and  other  woollen  stuffs  ;  and  the 
cotton  trade  is  flourishing.  A  salmon  fishery, 
belonging  lo  the  town,  is  let  to  a  company,  who 
dend  the  fish  chiefly  to  the  London  and  Edin- 
burgh markets.  Stirling  has  undergone  consid- 
erable improvement  within  the  last  30  years ;  se- 
veral new  streets  have  been  built  on  a  modern 
and  improved  plan  on  the  N.  side  of  the  town, 
and,  in  the  old  part  of  the  town,  numbers  of  hou- 
ses have  been  rebuilt.  From  its  commodious 
situation,  Siirling  commands  the  pass  between 
the  N.  and  S.  part  of  Scotland.  It  is  30  m.  N. 
W.  of  Edinburgh.  Long.  3.  45.  W.,  lat.  56. 
6.  N. 

Stirlingshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  35  m.  long 
and  10  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Perthshire,  N. 
E.  by  Clackmannanshire,  and  the  frith  of  Forth,  S. 
E.  by  Lmlithgowshire,  S.  by  Lanarkshire  and 
Dumbartonshire,  and  W.  by  Dumbartonshire.  It 
is  divided  into  24  parishes,  and  contains  G-5,376  in- 
habitants. The  principal  rivers  are  the  Forth,  Car- 
ron,  and  Avon  ;  and  the  great  canal  crosses  it 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Carron.  The  S.  part  of  the 
county  id  mountainous,  but  the  part  near  the 
Forth  is  fertile.  It  abounds  in  coal,  ironstone, 
limestone. 

Stirum,  a  town  of  Prussia  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Lower  Rhine,  seated  on  the  Roer,  12  m.  W. 
of  Dusseldorp. 

Stock,  a  township  of  Harrison  Co.  Ohio. 
Stockach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden  and  near 
which  the  Austrians  gained  a  victory  over  the 
French  in  1799,  and  in  1800  the  latter  defeated 
the  former,  and  took  possession  of  the  town.  It 
is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  17  m.  N. 
E.  of  Constance. 

Stockbridge,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  66 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Stockbridge,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  130  m. 
W.  Boston,  with  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen 
and  chairs,  and  quarries  of  marble.  Pop.  1,.580; 
p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt  Pop.  1,333;  p.t.  Madison 
Co.  N.  Y. 

Stockem,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  ter- 


ritory of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Meuse,  11  m.  N.  of 
Maestricht. 

Stockerau,  a  town  of  Austria,  situate  near  the 
Danube,  14  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Vienna. 
Stockertown,  p.v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 
Stockholm,  a  province  of  Sweden,  comprising 
the  eastern  parts  of  Upland  and  Sudermania,  or 
the  districts  of  Roslagen  and  Sodertorn.  It  has 
an  area  of  2,736  square  miles,  with  100,000  in- 
habitants. 

Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Swedeen  lies  in  a  situ- 
ation remarkable  for  its  romantic  scenery.  It  is 
very  long,  irregular,  and  occupies,  besides  two 
peninsulas,  three  rocky  islands,  situate  in  the 
Maelar,  in  the  streams  which  issue  from  that 
lake,  and  in  a  bay  of  the  Baltic.  There  are  four 
smaller  islands,  or  rather  islets,  on  which  are  sit- 
uate forts  or  buildings  for  naval  purposes.  A  va- 
riety of  contrasted  and  beautiful  views  are  formed 
by  numerous  rocks  of  granite,  rising  boldly  from 
the  surface  of  the  water,  partly  bare  and  cragtry, 
and  partly  dotted  with  houses,  or  feathered  with 
wood.  The  harbour  is  an  inlet  of  the  Baltic  ;  the 
water  is  of  such  depth  that  ships  of  the  largest 
burden  can  approach  the  quay.  At  the  extremi 
ty  of  the  harbour,  several  streets  rise  one  above 
another  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  the 
palace,  a  magnificent  buWding,  crowns  the  sum- 
mit. Except  in  the  suburbs,  where  several  houses 
are  of  wood,  painted  red,  the  generality  of  the 
buildings  are  of  stone  or  of  brick  whitened  with 
stucco.  There  is  a  royal  academy  of  science,  in- 
stituded  by  the  celebrated  Linnaeus,and  a  few  oth- 
er learned  men,  in  1741  ;  and  also  a  royal  academy 
of  arts.  The  arsenal  contains  an  immense  num- 
ber of  trophies  and  standards  taken  from  diflfer- 
ent  nations.  Stockholm,  with  a  small  territory 
surrounding  it,  forms  a  separate  government,  has 
its  own  magistrates,  and  contains  nearly  100,000 
inhabitants,  who  manufacture  glass,  china,  silk, 
woolen,  »&c.  It  is  320  m.  N.  E.  of  Copenhagen, 
1,000  N.  E.  of  Paris,  and  900  N.  E.  of  London. 
Long.  18.  9  E.,  lat.  59.  20.  N. 

Stockholm,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  30  m. 
E.  Ogdenburg.  Pop.  1,944;  p.v.  Morris  Co. 
N.  J. 

Stockport  a  town  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  with  a  mar- 
ket, and  considerable  manufactures  of  cot- 
ton, printed  goods,  and  hats.  From  its  contigui- 
ty to  Manchester,  and  the  facilties  of  its  canal 
navigation,  Stockport  partakes  of  the  prosperity 
of  that  town.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1821 
was  21,726.  It  is  seated  on  the  Mersey,  7  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Manchester  and  179  N.  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Stockport,  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Delaware. 
150  m.  N.  Philadelphia. 

Stockton,  a  borough  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
Eng.  Here  are  two  docks  for  ship  building, 
manufactures  of  canvass  and  ropes  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  also  of  diapers,  huckabacks,  checks, 
&.C.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tees  not  far  from 
its  mouth.     243  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Stockton,  p.t.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y.  60  m.  S.  W 
Buffalo.     Pop.  1,604. 

Stoddard,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.    Pop.  1,159. 
Stoddardsville,  p.v  Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 
Stokes,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.     Pop.  16,196 
Salem  is  the  capital.    A  township  of  Madison  Co 
Ohio. 

Stokesbury,  p.v.  Stokes  Co.  N.  C. 
Stokesley,  a  small  but  neat   town  in   N.   York 
shire,  Eng.     238  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Stolberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  capital  ot 


STO 


fsn 


STR 


a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  in  a  valley  between  two  mountains,  in 
which  are  mines  of  copper  and  iron,  12  m.  N.  E. 
of  Nordhausen  and  55  W.  N.  W.  of  Leipzig. 
Long.  11.  5.  E.,lat.  51.  36.  N. 

Stolberg,  a  town  of  Saxony,  where  great  quan- 
tities of  cloth  are  made,  9  m.  S.  W.  of  Chemnitz. 

S/olhofen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Baden,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Baden. 

Stoipe,  a  town  of  Prussian  Pomerania,  with  a 
castle,  three  churches,  and  a  Lutheran  nunnery. 
The  inhabitants,  estimated  at  5,000,  carry  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  linen  and  wood,  and  here 
is  also  a  fine  salmon  fishery.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Stolpa,  10  m.  from  its  mouth,  in  the  Baltic,  and 
56  E.  N.  E.  of  Colberg.  Long.  16.  48.  E.,  lat.  54. 
27.  N. 

Stolpemunde,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  on  the  Bal- 
tic Sea,  with  a  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stol- 
pa, 10  m.  N.  W.  of  Stoipe. 

St.o/pen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a  castle  on  a 
mountain,  15  m.  E.  of  Dresden. 

Stolzenau,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  county  of 
Hoya;  seated  on  the  Weser,  14  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Nienburg. 

Stolzenburg,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  formerly  a 
suburb  of  the  city  of  Dantzic,  but  with  the  adja- 
cent suburbs  of  Old  Scotland,  St.  Albert,  and 
Schidlitz,  was  formed  into  a  separate  town,  having 
its  own  magistrates  and  municipal  rights  in  1772. 

Stone,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  a  consider- 
able manufacture  of  shoes  ;  140  N.  W.  of  London. 

Stone  Arabia,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y.  50 
m.  N.  W.  Albany. 

Stone  Creek,  a  township  of  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Stoneham,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  N. 
Boston.     Pop.  732. 

Stonehaven,  or  Stonehive,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland, 
and  the  country  town  of  Kincardineshire.  The 
harbour  is  secured  by  a  high  rock  and  stone  pier. 
Near  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  castle  of  Donnotyre, 
on  a  lofty  perpendicular  rock,  almost  surrounded 
Dy  the  sea.  The  town  has  a  manufacture  of  brown 
linen,  and  some  trade  in  dried  fish  and  oil.  20 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Montrose.  Long.  2.  6.  W.,  lat. 
56.  55.  N. 

Stonehenge,  a  remarkable  monument  of  antiquity 
in  Wiltshire,  on  Salisbury  Plain,  consisting  of 
several  very  large  stones,  some  placed  upright 
and  others  horizontally  across  them.  Most  anti- 
quaries suppose  this  work  to  have  been  a  temple 
of  the  Druids,  because  it  is  in  a  circular  form,  and 
seems  to  have  been  much  more  regular  than  it 
appears  to  be  at  present.  It  has  puzzled  many 
diligent  enquirers  to  account  for  the  bringing  and 
placing  of  those  enormous  stones ;  for  it  is  thought 
no  method  now  known  is  sufficient  to  have  raised 
those  that  lie  across  to  that  height.  6  m.  N.  of 
Salisbury. 

Stone/iouse,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  It 
contains  a  national  school,  very  extensive  bar- 
racks, aToydl  nav.al  hospital,  ifcc. ;  and  is  situate 
about  half  way  between  Plymouth  and  Devon- 
port. 

Stoneleigh,  a  town  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  5 
m.  S.  W.  of  Coventry. 

Stone.iborough,  a  village  of  Greene  Co.  Ken. 

Stonesv'dle,  p. v.  Greenville  Dis.  S.  C. 

Stoney  Point,  p.v.  Albemarle  Co.  Va.  Iredell 
Co.  N.  C.     Abbeville  Dis.  S.  C. 

Stonington,  p.t.  New  London  Co.  Conn,  on 
Long  Island  Sound  15  m.  E.  N.  London.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen  and  is  enga- 
ged in  the  whale  fishery.  This  town  was  bom- 
88 


barded  by  the  British  squadron  in  1814  bnt  wiUi 
out  effect.     Pop.  3,401. 

Stony  Point,Si  fortress  of  New  York,taken  Dy  the 
British  in  1779,  but  recovered  soon  after  by  the 
Americans,  and  the  British  garrison  made  prison 
ers  of  war.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hudson,  opposite 
Verplank's  Point. 

Storkau,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  Ucker  Mark 
of  Brandenburg,  27  m.  S.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Stonnaway,  a  sea-port  of  Scotland,  on  the  E 
side  of  the  isle  of  Lewis,  at  the  head  of  Loch 
Stornaway,  which  is  a  good  harbour  for  ships  ol 
any  burden.  It  is  a  port  of  the  custom-house, 
and  has  a  post-office  and  a  regular  packet  weekly. 
Long.  6.  38.  W.,  lat.  58.  18.  N. 

Stoneville,  p.v.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  T. 

Slortford,  or  Bishop's  Stortford,  a  town  in  Hert- 
fordshire,Eng.  with  a  market  on  Thursday  On  the 
E.  side  are  the  ruins  of  a  castle,  on  an  artificial 
mount.  It  is  seated  oh  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the 
river  Stort,  which  is  navigable  hence  to  the  Lea, 

10  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Hertford  and  30  N.  N.  E.  of 
London. 

Stossen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  6  m.  S.  of  Weis- 
senfels. 

Stoughton,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  17  m.  S.  Bos- 
ton with  manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen. 
Pop.  1,591. 

Stour,  a  river  which  rises  on  the  most  northerly 
point  of  Dorsetshire,  passes  by  Stourminster, 
Blandford,  and  Winborn  then  enters  Hampshire, 
and  flows  into  the  Avon,  opposite  Christchurch. 

Stour,  a  river  in  Kent,  Eng.  which  flows  by 
Sandwich  into  Hope  Bay. 

Stour,  a  river  of  Eng.  which  forms  the  entire 
boundary  between  Essex  and  Suffolk. 

Stour,  a.  river  whtch  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Staf- 
fordshire, Eng,  enters  Worcestershire  at  Sour- 
bridge,  and  flows  by  Kidderminster  into  the  Se- 
vern, opposite  Stourport. 

Stourbridge,  a  corporate  town  in  Worcester- 
shiie,  Eng.  with  manufactures  of  glass,  iron,  and 
earthen  ware.     126  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Stourminster.  a  town  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  witha 
manufacture  of  white  baize.  Near  it  are  the  ru- 
ins of  a  castle,  which  was  the  seat  of  the  W. 
Saxon  kings.     108  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Stourport,  a  handsome  town  in  Worcestershire, 
Eng.  4  m.  S.  of  Kidderminster. 

Stow  Market,  a  thriving  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng. 
with  a  manufacture  of  sacking,  ropes,  &c.,  and 
a  considerable  malting  business.  70  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  London. 

StoiD  on  the  Wold,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
Eng.  80  m.  W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Slow,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  30  m.  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1 ,221  ;  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt. 
24  m.  N.  W.  Montpelier.  Pop.  ],.570;  p.t.  Portage 
Co.  Ohio.  128  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.     Pop.  790. 

Stow  Creek,  a  township  of  Cumberland  Co.  N.  J. 

Stowsville,  p.v.  Lincoln  Co.  N.  C.  185  m.  W. 
Raleigh. 

Stoweif,  a  small  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
147  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Stoystoicn,  p.v.  Somerset  Co.  Pa. 

Strabane,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Tyrone,  situate  on  the   Mourne,  near  the  Foyle, 

11  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Londonderry. 

Strabane,  a  township  of  Washington  Co.  Pa. 

Stradella,  a  strong  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
in  the  Milanese,  with  a  castle.  The  French  be- 
came masters  of  it  in  1800.  It  is  seated  on  th« 
Versa,  near  the  Po,  10  m.  S   E.  of  Pavia. 

Strafford,  a  county  of  N.  Hampshire.  Po/i 
3N 


STR 


698 


STR 


58,916.  Dover  is  the  capital ;  p.t.  Strafford  Co. 
N.  H.  55  m.  N.  E.  Concord.  Pop.  2,200;  p.t. 
Orange  Co.  Vt  Pop.  1,935.  Here  is  a  mine  of 
copperas. 

Stralionitz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Prachin,  with  a  castle ;  seated  on  the  Wotawa, 
11  m.  S.  W.  of  Piseck. 

Stralsund,  a  government  of  the  Prussian  states, 
comprising  the  part  of  Pomerania  formerly  belong- 
ing to  Sweden,  along  with  Rugen  and  other  isl- 
ands on  the  N.  coast.  It  has  an  area  of  1,400 
square  m.  with  115,000  inhabitants. 

StraJsund,  a  sea-port  of  Prussia,  formerly  the 
capital  of  Swedish  Pomerania.  It  contains  about 
11,000  inhabitants ;  and  its  trade  and  commerce 
are  considerable.  The  churches  and  other  public 
buildings  are  handsome  ;  and  the  library  belong- 
ing to  the  college  has  a  capital  collection  of  coins. 
Charles  XII.,  in  1714,  came  hither  after  his  re- 
turn from  Turkey,  and  ennobled  the  magistracy. 
Stralsund  was  forced  to  submit  to  the  allies  in  1715, 
was  restored  in  1720,  surrendered  to  the  French 
in  1807,  and  was  finally  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1813. 
It  is  almost  surrounded  by  the  Baltic  and  the  lake 
Francen,  and  has  a' harbour  separated  from  the 
isle  of  Rugen  by  a  narrow  channel.  The  manu- 
factures are  various,  but  most  of  them  on  a  small 
scale,  and  the  trade  is  considerable,  particularly 
in  corn.  40  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Rostock,  and  85  N. 
W.  of  Slettin.     Long.  13.  16.  E.,  lat.  54.  20.  N. 

Strammel,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
Pomerania,  on  the  river  Rega,  21  m.  N.  E.  of  New 
Stargard. 

Strangford,  a  small  town  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Down,  sealed  on  a  bay  of  its  name,  at 
the  narrow  part  which  connects  Strangford  Lough 
with  the  Irish  Sea,  7  m.  E.  of  Down.  Long.  5. 
30.  W.,  lat.  54.  31.  N. 

Strangford  Lough,  a  large  bay,  or  inlet  of  the 
sea,  in  the  conAiy  of  Down,  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Ireland,  about  17  m.  long  and  5  broad,  abounding 
with  excellent  fish,  particularly  smelts;  and  off 
the  bar,  about  August,  is  a  periodical  herring 
fishery.  It  contains  a  great  many  small  islands  ; 
ind  the  burning  of  kelp  profitably  employs  a  great 
number  of  hands  in  them.  The  bar  or  entrance 
into  it  from  the  Irish  Sea  is  3  m.  below  Strang- 
ford and  not  am.  in  breadth. 

Sf.runrawer ,  a  borough  and  sea-port  of  Scotland, 
in  Wiglonshire,  with  considerable  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  linen.  Vessels  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade  and  herring  fishery  frequent  this 
place  ;  and  some  ships  sail  hence  to  the  Baltic 
and  Ireland  with  corn.  It  is  situate  at  the  head 
of  Loch  Ryan,  2G  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Wigton.  Long. 
4.  57.  W.,  lat.  55.  0.  N. 

Strasburg,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Lower  Rhine,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It 
is  situate  near  the  Rhine;  and  the  River  111  runs 
through  it,  and  forms  many  canals,  over  which 
there  are  several  bridges  to  connect  the  different 
quarters  of  the  city.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
commerce,  and  has  manufactures  of  tobacco,  por- 
celain, steel,  lace,  carpetjs,  cloth,  leather,  &c. 
The  inhabitants  are  computed  at  Gfl,000.  The 
principal  structures  are  built  of  a  red  stone,  dug 
from  the  quarries  which  are  along  the  Rhine. 
Tiiis  town,  formerly  imperial,  was  taken  by  Louis 
XIV.  in  1G81.  The  citadel  and  fortifications, 
which  he  constructed,  have  been  so  much  aug 
mented  that  Strasburg  may  be  considered  one  oi 
the  strongest  places  in  Europe.  It  was  confirm 
'!.!  to  France  by  the  peace  of  Ryswick  in  16!17. 
Tlw  ttniversity,  which  had  been  curtailed  of  its 


classes  during  the  French  revolution,  was  re- 
placed on  its  former  footing  in  1803.  The  town 
is  entered  by  six  gates.  In  the  cathetlral  is  a 
clock,  which  shows  the  motions  of  the  constella- 
tions, the  revolutions  of  tlie  sun  and  moon,  the 
days  of  the  week,  the  hours,  &c.  Another  re- 
markable circumstance  in  this  cathedral  is  its 
pyramidical  tower,  which  is  549  feet  high.  In 
the  church  of  St.  Thomas  is  the  magnificent  tomb 
of  the  famous  marshal  Saxe.  65  m.  N.  c"  Sasil 
and  75  E.  of  Nancy.  Long.  7.  45.  E.,  lat  48 
35.  N. 

Strasburg,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  in  the  circle 
of  Culm,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Drigentz, 
30  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Thorn. 

Strasburg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Prenzlo. 

Strasburg,  a  town  of  Austrian  lllyria,  in  Carin- 
thia,  seated  on  the  river  Gurk,  13  m  N.  of  Cla- 
genfurt. 

Strasbttrg,  p.t.  Lancaster  Co. ;  p.t.  Franklin  Co 
Pa.  ;  p.v.  Shenandoah  Co.  Va. 

Strasnitz,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Mo 
ravia,  with  a  castle  and  a  college,  on  the  rivei 
Marsch,  12  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Hradisch. 

Stratford,  a  village  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  12  m.  S. 
W.  of  Ipswich. 

Stratford,  a  village  in  Essex,  Eng.,  separated 
from  Bow  in  Middlesex,  by  the  river  Lea,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  said  to  be  the  most  ancient 
stone  arch  in  England.  3  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Stratford,  Fenny,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire, 
Eng.,  with  a  manufacture  of  thread  lace  ;  seated 
on  the  Lyssel,  and  the  Roman  highv/ay  called 
Walling-street,  45  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Strafford  Stony,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire 
Eng.  The  inhabitants  are  principally  lace-ma- 
kers. It  is  seated  on  the  Ouse,  52.  m.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Strattford-on-Avon,  a  town  in  Warwickshire, 
Eng.  It  is  memorable  as  the  birth-place  o*^ 
Sliakspeare,  who  was  buried  here  in  ICIC.  Here 
is  a  manufacture  of  silk  buttons,  and  some  trade 
in  corn  and  malt.  The  town  is  situate  on  the 
Avon,  over  which  is  a  long  bridge,  8  m.  S.  W 
of  Warwick  and  95  N.  W.  of  London. 

Stratford,  p.t.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  443;  p.t. 
Fairfield  Co.  Conn.,  14  m  S.  W.  New  Haven. 
Pop.  1,807.  A  township  of  Montgomery  Co.  N. 
Y.     Pop.  552. 

Stratharn,  p.t.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  H.,  8  m.  S. 
W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  838. 

Strathavcn,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire, 
with  a  manufiicture  of  cotton,  seated  on  the  Avon, 
8  m.  S.  of  Hamilton  and  12  W.  of  Lanark. 

Strathmore,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Suthcrland- 
shire,  which  flows  into  a  bay  of  the  North  Sea, 
called  Loch  Hope. 

Strathy,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Suthcrlandshire, 
which  issues  from  a  small  lake,  and  flows  into  a 
bay  of  the  N.  Sea,  sheltered  to  the  W.  by  a  large 
promontory,  to  whicli  it  gives  name. 

Stratton,  a  town  in  Cornwall,  Eng.,  222  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  London. 

Slraubing,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  capital  of  a  terri- 
tory of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  has 
broad  streets,  handsome  churches,  a  flourishing 
academy,  and  a  convent  of  L^rsuline  nuns.  In 
1743  it  was  taken  by  the  Austrians,  who  demol- 
ished the  fortifications,  but  it  was  restored  in 
1745.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  22  m  S.  E 
c<"  Ratisbon  and  68  N.  E.  of  Munich.  Long.  18 
28.  E.,  lat.  48.  50.  N 


8TR 


699 


STR 


Strausberg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  Middle 
Mark  of  Brandenburg,  with  an  old  castle  on  a 
mountain.  It  has  manufactures  of  baize  and 
cloth,  and  stands  on  the  lake  Strauss,  21  m.  £. 
N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Stratcntown,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa. 

Strehla,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  near 
which  the  Prussians  were  defeated  by  the  Aus- 
trians  in  1760.  It  is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  14  m. 
N.  W.  of  Meissen. 

Slrehlen,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  man- 
ufactures of  woolens,  stockinffs,  and  leather ;  seat- 
ed on  the  Ohla,  22  m.  S.  of  Breslau. 

Strditz,  Kew,  a  town  of  Lower  Saxony,  capital 
of  the  duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  It  owes 
its  origin  to  the  destruction  of  the  ducal  palace, 
in  Old  Strelitz  :  in  consequence  of  which,  in  1713, 
the  duke  began  to  erect  a  magnificent  palace,  2 
m.  from  the  site  of  the  old  one,  at  a  place  called 
Glienke,  which  was  before  his  hunting  seat ;  and 
in  1733  he  founded  a  town  adjoining  to  the  palace, 
and  ordered  it  to  be  called  New  Strelitz.  The 
centre  is  a  spacious  market-place,  and  thence  a 
number  of  streets  branch  out  in  straight  lines; 
the  chief  street  leads  to  the  palace,  and  the  next 
to  a  pleasant  lake.  It  is  seated  among  lakes  55 
ni.  S.  E.  of  Gustrow  and  56  N.  by  W.  of  Berlin. 
Long.  13.  18.  E.,  lat.  53.  21.  N. 

Strditz  Old,  a  small  town  of  the  duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg, the  residence  of  the  younger  branch  of 
that  house,  till  the  castle  was  burnt  down  in  1712. 
See  the  preceding  article. 

Strengnes,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Sudermania, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  seated  on  the  lake  Maerler,  30 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  17.  4.  E.,  lat. 
59.  20.  N. 

Strieker sville,  p. v.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Slriegau,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Schweidnitz,  seated  on  a  river,  at 
the  foot  of  a  mountain,  11m.  N.  of  Schweid- 
nitz. 

Stroemskolm,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Westmania 
situate  on  the  lake  Mealer,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Upsal. 
Long.  16.  24.  E.,  lat.  59.  30.  N. 

Stroma.,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,  on  the  coast 
of  Caithness-shire,  in  Pentland  Frith.  Its  ca- 
verns were  once  used  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
neighbouring  island  as  places  of  interment.  Near 
its  N.  end  is  a  dangerous  whirlpool. 

Stromberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in 
the  government  of  Munster,  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Munster  and  20  N.  W.  of  Paderborn. 

Stromlioli,  the  most  northern  of  the  Lipari  Isl- 
ands. It  is  a  volcano,  which  rises  in  a  conical 
form  to  the  height  of  3,000  feet;  and  on  the  E. 
side  are  three  or  four  little  craters  ranged  near 
each  other,  nearly  at  two- thirds  of  its  height.  Not- 
withstanding its  fires,  it  is  inhabited,  and  pro- 
duces a  great  deal  of  cotton.  Of  all  the  volca- 
noes recorded  in  history,  Stromboli  seems  to  be 
the  only  one  that  burns  without  ceasing;  and  it 
has  long  been  looked  upon  as  the  great  lighthouse 
of  the  Mediterranean,  the  flames  being  seen  by 
night  at  a  great  distance.  Long.  15.  40.  E.,  lat. 
36.  40.  N. 

Stromness,  a.  town  of  Scotland,  on  the  S.  W. 
side  of  the  island  of  Pomona,  with  a  good  harbour, 
9  m.  W.  of  Kjrkwall. 

Stromoe,  the  principal  of  the  Feroe  Islands,  in 
the  Northern  Ocean,  30  m.  in  length  and  10  in 
breadth.  It  has  a  town  called  Thorshaven,  which 
is  the  capital  of  all  the  islands  and  the  common 
market.    Long.  7.  0.  W.,  lat.  62.  10.  N. 

Stromsoe,  a  town  of  Norway,  in  the   province 


of  Aggerhuys,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Christiania.     See 
Drnmnien. 

Stromstadt,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  VV.  Gothland 
celebrated  for  its  shell  fish.  It  stands  on  the 
coast  of  the  N.  Sea.  43  m.  N.  N.  W.of  Uddevalle. 
Long.  11.4.  E.,  lat.  59.4.  N. 

Strong,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Me.  Pop.  985. 

Strongsville,  p.t.  Cuyahoga  Co.  Ohio.  125  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus.   Pop  6^311. 

Strongoli,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
seated  on  a  high  rock,  3  m.  from  the  sea,  and  7  N. 
of  St.  Severino. 

Stronsa,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  situate  N. 
E.  of  that  called  Pomona.  It  is  7  m.  from  N.  to 
S.  and  nearly  the  same  in  breadth,  but  so  indent- 
ed by  bays  that  no  part  of  it  is  above  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  the  sea.  It  produces  much  kelp,  and 
feeds  many  sheep  and  cattle. 

Strontian,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Arglyeshire 
and  in  the  district  of  Ardnamurchan,  noted  for  its 
lead  mines,  in  which  a  new  kind  of  mineral  was 
discovered  in  1790,  and  named  Strontiies. 

Stroud,  a.  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eiig.  It  is 
seated  on  a  brook,  the  waters  of  which  are  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  the  dyeing  of  scarlet,  and  its 
banks  are  consequently  crowded  with  the  houses 
of  clothiers :  a  navigable  canal  accompanies  its 
progress  to  the  Severn,  and  is  now  extended  to 
join  the  Thames  atLfchlade.  Stroud  is  11  m.  S. 
by  E.  of  Gloucester  and  100  W.  by  N.  of  London 

Stroud,  a    considerable    village    in  Kent,  Eng 

Slroudsburg,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 

Stuartshurg,  p. v.  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa. 

Studland,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  which  are  several  curious  bar- 
rows. 

Stuhlingen,  a.  town  ofBaden,  ina  lordship,  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  9  m. 
S.  of  Furstenburg. 

Stuklweissenburg,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  county  of  its  name,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop,  sit- 
uate in  marshy  ground,  occasioned  by  the  river 
Sarwitz.  It  was  formerly  the  place  for  the  cor- 
onation of  the  kings,  and  generally  also  of  their 
interment;  but  it  is  much  decayed,  since  its 
works  were  dismantled  in  1702.  The  number  of 
inhabitants  is  estimated  at  13,000.  36  m.  S.  W.  of 
Buda,  and  80  S.  E.  of  Presburg.  Long.  18.  28.  E. 
lat.  47.  18.  N. 

Sturbridge,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  70  m.  S. 
W.  Boston,  with  manufactures  of  woolen  and  cot- 
ton. Pop.  1,688. 

Stutgard,  a  city  of  Germany,  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Wurte-nberg.  It  is  surounded  by 
walls  and  ditches,  and  has  an  ancient  caslle,  with 
a  rich  cabinet  of  curiosities,  a  magnificent  palace, 
an  orphan  house,  a  college,  a  ducal  academy, 
and  observatory,  a  military  academy  one  of 
the  largest  libraries  in  Germany.  It  has  man- 
ufactures of  silks,  stockings,  ribands,  &c.  and 
around  it  are  innumerable  vineyards  and  gardens. 
The  streets  are  narrow  in  the  city,  and  the  houses 
generally  of  wood  ;  but  there  are  fine  houses,  and 
straight  streets,  in  one  of  the  suburbs.  Stutgard 
was  repeatedly  entered  by  the  armies  on  both  sidea 
between  1796,  and  1815.  It  is  seated  in  a  plain 
among  mountains,  near  the  river  Neckar,  36  m. 
E.  ofBaden  and  52  N.  E.  of  Strasburg.  Long.  9. 
21.  E.,  lat.  48.  44.  N. 

Styria,  a  province  of  Austria,  125  m.  long  and 
17  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Hungary,  S.  by 
Carniola,  and  W.  by  Carinthia  and  Salzburg.  It 
is  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Styria ;  the  for- 
mer containing  the   circles  of  Judenburg    and 


SUD 


700 


SUI 


Brack,  and  the  latter  those  of  Gratz,  Marchburgr, 
and  Cilley.  Though  a  mountainous  country 
there  is  much  land  fit  for  tillage,  and  the  soil  is 
fertile.  The  mountains  are  clothed  with  oak, 
beech,  and  pine ;  every  kind  of  grain  is  well  cul- 
tivated, and  the  white  wine  is  very  pleasant.  It 
contains  mines  of  excellent  iron,  whence  the  arms 
made  here  are  in  great  esteem  ;  also  mines  of  lead 
and  coal.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Enns, 
Muhr,  Drave,  and  Save.  The  inhabitants  are  for 
the  most  part  Catholics,  but  Protestants  are  tol- 
erated, and  Jews  in  a  limited  degree.  Gratz  and 
Judenburg  are  the  chief  towns. 

Suahia,  the  former  name  of  one  of  the  ten  cir- 
cles of  Germany,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Franconia 
and  the  circle  of  Lower  Rhine,  W.  by  that  circle 
and  Alsace,  S.  by  Switzerland,  and  E.  by  Bava- 
wa.  It  comprised  the  greater  part  of  the  kingdom 
of  Wurtemberg,  the  grand  duchy  of  Baden  and 
some  other  territories. 

Suakem,  or  Suaquam,  a  sea-port  and  the  capital 
of  the  country  of  Abex,  seated  on  a  small  island  of 
*he  same  name,  in  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  the  resi- 
^nce  of  a  Turkish  governor  under  the  bashaw  of 
Cairo,  and  was  once  a  very  flourishing  place,  but 
18  now  gone  to  decay.     Long.  37.  55.  E.,  lat.  19. 

Subiacco,  a  town  of  the  papal  states,  in  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma,  seated  on  the  Tfeverone,  33  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Rome. 

Succadana,  a  town  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Bor- 
neo, capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  The 
chief  products  of  the  country  are  camphor  and 
diamonds.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river. 
Long.  110.  15.  E.,  lat.  1.  10.  S. 

Success,  a  township  of  Coos  Co.  N.  H.     Pop.  14. 

Success  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S.  t.  fcOHst  of  Terra 
del  Fuego.  The  S.  promontory,  at  its  entrance, 
is  called  Cape  Success.  Long.  65. 27.  W.  lat.  55 
1.  S. 

Suckasunny  p.v.  Morris  Co.  N.  J. 

Suczava,  a  town  of  European  Turkey ,in  Molda- 
via, formerly  a  flourishing  city,  but  now  much 
declined.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
70  m.  N.  W.  of  Jassy.  Long.  2.').  52.  E.,  lat.  47. 
57.  N. 

Suda,  a  strong  fort  of  the  Isle  of  Candia,  situate 
on  an  islet,  in  a  gulf  of  its  name,  which  is  one  of 
the  finest  and  safest  harbours  in  the  Levant.  This 
fort  was  constructed  by  the  Venetians,  who  pre- 
served it  a  great  while  after  Candia  was  no  long- 
er in  their  possession.     It  is  8  m.  E.  of  Canea. 

Siidbury,  a  borough  in  Sufiblk,  Eng.  54  m.  N. 
£.  of  London. 

Sudbury,  p.v.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  43  m.  W.  Wind- 
sor. Pop.  812,  p.t.  Middlesex.  Co.  Mass.  20  m. 
W.Boston.     Pop.  1,424. 

Suderhamn,  a  t"wn  of  Sweden,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Gefleborg,  with  a  considerable  trade  in 
linen,  butter,  timber,  and  flax;  situate  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  near  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  20  m. 
N.  of  Gefle.     Long.  17.  5.  E. ,  lat.  63.  20.  N. 

Sudcrkoping,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Goth- 
land, seated  on  a  navigable  river,  10  m.  S.  S.  E. 
ofNordkoping 

Sudermania,  a  province  of  Sweaen  Proper,  62  m. 
long  and  42  broad ;  bounded  by  Upland.  West- 
mania,  Nericia,  and  the  Baltic.  It  is  the  most 
populous  part  of  Sweden,  and  abounds  in  corn, 
and  mines  of  divers  metals.  Nykoping  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Sudertelge,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Sudermania, 
with  a  manufacture  of  worsted  and  silk  stockings, 
16  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Stockholm. 


Sudoree,  one  of  the  Feroe  Islands,  in  the  North- 
ern Ocean,  remarkable  for  a  dangerous  whirlpoo. 
near  it,  which  is  occasioned  by  a  crater,  61  fathoms 
deep  in  the  centre.  The  danger,  especially  in 
storms,  is  very  great;  but  at  the  reflux,  and  in 
very  still  weather,  the  inhabitants  venture  in  boats, 
for  the  sake  of  fishing. 

Suen-hoa,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Pe-tche-li,  seated  amid  mountains, 
near  the  great  wall,  77  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Pekin. 
Long.  114.  39.  E.,  lat.  40.  38.  N. 

Suez,  a  sea-port  of  Egypt,  with  a  castle,  seated 
at  the  N.  end  of  the  W.  arm  of  the  Red  Sea,  cal- 
led the  gulf  of  Suez.  This  gulf  is  separated  from 
the  Mediterranean  by  an  isthmus,  125  m.  over, 
which  joins  Asia  to  Africa.  The  town  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  sandy  country,  and  is  without  water. 
Several  vessels  are  employed  in  the  navigation 
between  this  port  and  Jidda,  where  the  commo- 
dities are  bartered  for  Indian  goods  and  the  coffee 
of  Arabia.  The  commerce  of  Cairo  with  Suez  is 
carried  on  by  caravans,  which  wait  the  arrival,  and 
set  out  on  the  departure  of  the  vessels,  that  is, 
about  the  end  of  April,  and  in  the  course  of  July 
and  August.  The  merchandise  consists  in  corn, 
wood,  iron,  lead,  wool,  cloth,  cordage,  &c.  65  m 
E.  of  Cairo.     Long.  32.  51.  E.,  lat.  30.  2.  N. 

Suffield,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  18  m.  N.  Hart- 
ford. Pop.  2,696.  A  township  of  Portage  Co. 
Onio.     Pop.  397. 

Suffolk,  a  county  of  England,  58  m.  long  and  28 
broad  ;  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Essex,  W.  by  Cam- 
bridgeshire, N.  by  Norfolk,  and  E.  by  the  German 
Ocean.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1821  was 
270,542.  The  soil  is  of  various  qualities,  but  the 
country,  in  general,  is  level.  Near  the  shore  it  is 
sandy  and  full  of  heaths,  but  abound  in  rye,  peas, 
turnips,  carrots  and  hemp,  with  numerous  flocks 
of  sheep.  High  Suffolk  or  the  woodlands,  which 
is  in  the  inland  part,  yields  good  pasture,  which 
feeds  abundance  of  cattle.  That  part  on  the  con- 
fines of  Esse.x  and  Cambridgeshire  affords  also  ex- 
cellent pasture  ;  and  to  the  N.  and  N.  W.  it  is 
fruitful  in  corn.  Its  chief  produce  is  butter  and 
cheese  ;  but  the  latter  has  gained  almost  prover- 
bially the  character  of  the  worst  in  England.  Ip- 
swich is  the  principal  town. 

Suffolk,  a  county  of  Massachusetts,  comprising 
Boston  and  Chelsea.  Fop.  62.162.  Boston  is  the 
Capital.  A  county  of  New  York,  consisting  of 
the  E.  part  of  Long  Island.  Pop.  26,980;  p.v. 
Nansemond  Co.  Va.  28  m.  S.  W.  Norfolk. 

Sugar  Creek,  townships  in  Stark.  Tuscarawas 
Green  and  Wayne   Cos.  Ohio. 

Sugar  LrafjO.  township  of  Luzerne  Co.  Pa. 

Sugar  ^rove,  o.v.   Warren  (^o.  Pa. 

Suggsville,  p.v.  Clark  Co.  Alab. 

Sugul.messa, or  Sig/Jmr.ssa,a.  town  of  the  kingdom 
of  Tafilet,  the  capital  of  a  district,  which  abounds 
in  corn,  dates,  and  other  fruits,  and  has  mines  of 
iron,  lead,  and  antimony.  It  is  seated  on  the  Zig, 
140  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Tafilet.  Long.  5.  5.  W.,  lat. 
29.  40.  N. 

Suhla,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  capital  of 
Henneburg,  with  manufactures  of  fustian,  linen, 
leather,  and  steel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Hazel,  7 
m.  N.  of  Schleusingen. 

Suhlingcn,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  county 
of  Hoya,  on  a  river  of  its  name,  22  m.  W.  by  i>J. 
of  Nieburg. 

Suire,  a  river  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  Tippe- 
rary  flows  by  Clonmel  and  Carrick  to  Waterford, 
and  meets  the  Barrow  at  the  tiead  of  Waterford 
Haven. 


SUM 


701 


SUM 


Sullivan,  a  county  of  New  Hampshire.  Pop. 
19,n37.  Newport  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
N.  York.  I'op.  12,872;  Monticello  is  the  capital. 
A  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  4,696.  Merom  is  the 
capital.  A  county  of  E.  Tennessee.  Pop.  10,073; 
Blountsville  is  the  capital. 

Sullivan,  p.t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  35  m.  E.  Cas- 
tine.  Pop.  538.  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  38  m.  S. 
W.  Concord,  irop.  555.  p.t.  Madison  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  4,077 ;  p.v.  Tioga  Co.  Pa.  a  township  of 
Lorain  Co.  Ohio.  Pop.  206. 

SidUvan's  /gland,  a  low  island  at  the  entrance 
of  Charleston  harbour,  S.  C. 

Sullij,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loiret, 
seated  on  the  Loire,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Orleans. 

SiJmona,  a.  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Citra, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  contains  11  churches  and 
12  convents,  and  was  the  birthplace  of  the  poet 
Ovid.  It  is  seated  on  the  Sora.  26  m.  S.  W.  of 
Civita  di  Shieti.     Long.  14.  55.  E.,  lat.  42.  0.  N. 

SuUanta,  a  decayed  town  of  Persia,  in  Irak, 
with  a  magnificent  mosque,  which  contains  the 
tomb  of  sultan  Chodabend,  or  Hodabunda.  50 
miles  N.  W.  of  Casbin.  Long.  51.  53.  E.,  lat.  36. 
16.  N. 

Sultanpore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Lahore,  62  m.  S.  E.  of  Lahore. 

Sultanpore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Oude,  the  station  of  a  British  detach- 
ment, 32  miles  S.  of  Fyzabad  aad  50  N.  of  Alla- 
habad. 

Sultz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mecklenburg, 
with  a  salt  mine,  seated  on  the  Rekenitz,  18  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Rostock. 

Sultz,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Rhine,  with  a  medicinal  spring,  13  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Colmar. 

Sulz,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Wurtemberg,  with  some  salt-works;  seated  near 
the  Neckar,  12  ra.  N.  of  Rothweil. 

Suiza,  a  town  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Saxe-Wei- 
mar,  with  a  salt  mine,  seated  on  the  lime,  13  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Weimar. 

Suhbach,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bpvaria,  in  a 
duchy  of  its  name,  the  regency  of  which  is  unit- 
ed to  Amberg.  It  stands  in  a  mountainous  coun- 
try, fertile  in  hops,  6  miles  N.  W.  of  Amberg. 

Sulzhurg,  a  town  of  Germany  in  Baden,  with 
a  fine  palace  seated  in  a  territory  fertile  in  good 
wine,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Friburg. 

Sumatra,  the  most  western  of  the  Sunda  Is- 
lands, in  the  Indian  Ocean.  Its  general  direction 
is  nearly  N.  W.  and  S.  E.  The  equator  divides 
it  into  almost  equal  parts  ;  the  one  extremity  be- 
ing in  5.  53.  N.,  the  other  in  5.  56.  S.  lat.  and 
Acheen  Head,  its  N.  extremity,  is  in  Long.  95. 
34.  N.  It  is  950  m.  in  length,  and  from  150  to 
i«iO  :n  breadth  ;  and  is  separated  from  Malacca  by 
the  strait  of  that  name,  and  from  Java  by 
the  strait  of  Sunda.  A  chain  of  mountains  runs 
through  it?  whole  extent ;  the  ranges  in  many 
parts,  being  double  and  treble  ;  yet  their  altitude 
IS  not  sufficient  to  occasion  their  being  covered 
with  snow  during  any  part  of  the  year.  Between 
these  ridges  are  extensive  plains,  considerably  el- 
evated above  the  surface  of  the  maritime  lands. 
In  these  the  air  is  cool ;  and,  from  this  advantage 
they  are  esteemed  the  most  eligible  portion  of  the 
country,  are  the  best  inhabited,  and  the  most 
■jleared  from  woods,  which  elsewhere,  in  general, 
cover  both  hills  and  valleys  with  an  eternal  shade. 
Here  too  are  found  many  lakes  and  rivers  which 
facilitate  the  communication  between  the  differ- 
ent parts.     The   inhabitants  consist  of  Malays, 


Achense,  Battas,  Lampoons  and  Rcjans;  the 
latter  are  taken  as  a  standard  of  description,  with 
respect  to  the  person,  manners,  and  customs  of 
the  Sumalrans.  They  are  rather  below  the  mia 
die  stature  ;  their  bulk  in  proportion  ;  their  limbs, 
for  the  most  part,  slight,  but  well  shaped,  and 
particularly  small  at  the  wrist  and  ancles. 
Their  hair  is  strong  and  of  a  shining  black.  The 
men  are  beardless,  great  pains  being  taken  to 
render  them  so,  when  boys,  by  rubbing  their  chins 
with  a  kind  of  quick  lime.  Their  complexion  is 
properly  yellow,  wanting  the  red  tinge  that  con- 
stitutes a  copper  or  tawny  colour.  Those  of  the 
superior  class,  who  are  not  exposed  to  the  rays  of 
the  sun,  and  particularly  the  women  of  rank,  ap 
p roach  to  a  considerable  degree  of  fairness;  but 
the  major  part  of  the  females  are  ugly.  The  rites 
of  marriage  among  the  Sumatrans  consist  simply 
in  joining  the  hands  of  the  parties,  and  pronounc- 
ing them  man  and  wife,  without  much  ceremo- 
ny, excepting  the  entertainment  which  is  given 
upon  the  occasion.  But  little  apparent  courtship 
precedes  their  marriages.  Their  manners  do  not 
admit  of  it,  the  young  people  of  each  sex  being 
carefully  kept  asunder,  and  the  girls  being  sel- 
dom trusted  from  their  mothers.  The  opportuni- 
ties which  the  young  people  have  of  seeing  and 
conversing  with  each  other  are  at  the  public  festi- 
vals, where  the  persons  who  are  unmarried  meet 
together,  and  dance  and  sing  in  company.  A  man, 
when  determined  in  his  choice,  generally  employs 
an  old  women  as  his  agent,  by  whom  he  sends  a 
present.  The  parents  then  interfere,  and,  the 
preliminaries  being  settled,  a  feast  takes  place. 
At  these  festivals,  a  goat,  a  buffalo,  or  several, 
according  to  the  rank  of  the  parties,  are  killed, 
to  entertain,  not  only  the  relations  and  invited 
guests,  but  for  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  neigh- 
bouring country  who  chose  to  repair  to  them. 
The  greater  the  concourse,  the  more  is  the  credit 
of  the  host,  who  is  generally,  on  these  occasions, 
the  father  of  the  girl.  Polygamy  is  allowed  ;  but 
it  is  extremely  rare  that  an  instance  occurs  of  a 
man  having  more  than  one  wife,  and  that  only 
among  a  few  of  the  chiefs.  This  continence  they 
owe,  in  some  measure,  to  their  poverty.  Moth- 
ers carry  their  children  straddling  on  their  hip, 
and  usually  supported  by  a  cloth  tied  in  a  knot 
on  the  opposite  shoulder.  The  children  are  nursed 
but  little,  and  are  not  confined  by  any  swathing  or 
bandages.  The  original  natives  of  Sumatra  are 
pagans  ;  but  it  is  to  be  observed  that  when  the 
Sumartrans,  or  any  of  the  natives  of  the  eastern 
islands,  learn  to  read  the  Arabic  character,  and 
submit  to  circumcision,  they  are  said  to  become 
Malays,  the  term  Malay  being  understood  to 
mean  Mussulman.  The  wild  beasts  of  Sumatra 
are  tigers,  elephants,  rhinoceroses,  bears,  and 
monkeys.  The  tigers  prove  to  the  inhabitants, 
both  in  their  journeys  and  even  their  domestic 
occupations,  most  destructive  enemies  ;  yet,  from 
a  superstitious  predjudice,  it  is  with  difficulty  they 
are  prevailed  upon  to  use  methods  for  destroying 
them,  till  they  have  sustained  some  particular  in- 
jury in  their  own  family  or  kindred.  Alligators 
likewise  occasion  the  loss  of  many  inhabitants; 
and  yet  a  superstitious  idea  of  their  sanctity  also 
preserves  them  from  molestation.  The  other  an- 
imals of  Sumatra  are  buffaloes,  a  small  kind  of 
horses,  goats,  hogs,  deer,  bullocks,  and  hog-deer 
This  last  is  an  animal  somewhat  larger  than  a  rab 
bit,  the  head  resembling  that  of  a  hog,  and  itA 
shanks  and  feet  those  of  a  deer  ;  the  bezoar  stone 
found  on  this  animal  has  been  valued  at  ten  time* 
3n2 


SUM 


702 


SUN 


its  weight  in  fifold.  Of  birds  there  is  a  greater  va- 
riety than  of  beasts.  The  coo-ow,  or  Sumatran 
pheasant,  is  a  bird  of  uncommon  beauty.  Here 
are  storks  of  a  prodigious  size,  parrots,  dung-hill 
fowls,  ducks,  the  largest  cocks  in  the  world,  wood 
pigeons,  doves,  and  a  great  variety  of  small  birds, 
remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  their  colours.  The 
reptiles  are  lizards  flying  lizards,  and  camelions. 
The  islands  swarms  witli  insects,  and  their  varie- 
ties are  no  less  extraordinary  than  their  numbers. 
Rice  is  the  only  grain  that  grows  in  the  country. 
Here  are  sugar-canes,  beans,  peas,  radishes,  yams, 
potatoes,  pumpkins,  and  several  kinds  of  potherbs 
unknown  to  Europe  ;  and  also  most  of  the  fruits 
to  be  met  with  in  other  parts  of  the  E  Indies,  in 
the  greatest  perfection.  Indigo,  saltpetre,  sulphur, 
arsenic,brazil-wood,  two  species  of  the  bread-fruit 
tree,  pepper,  cassia,  camphire,  benjamin,  coffee, 
and  cotton,  are  likewise  the  produceof  this  island. 
Here  also  are  the  cabbage-tree  and  silk  cotton 
tree  -.  and  the  forests  contain  a  great  variety  of 
valuable  species  of  wood,  as  ebony  pine,  sandal, 
eagle  or  aloes,  teak,  machined,  and  iron  wood, 
and  also  the  banyan  tree.  Bees'  wax  is  a  com- 
modity of  great  importance  here  ;  and  there  are 
likewise  the  edible  birds'  nests.  Gold,  tin,  iron, 
copper,  and  lead,  are  found  in  the  country  ;  and 
the  first  is  as  plentiful  here  as  in  any  part  of  Asia. 
Sumatra  is  divided  into  many  petty  kingdoms, 
the  chief  of  which  are  Acheen,  Indrapore,  Palira- 
ban,  and  Jambi.  The  English  and  Dutch  have 
factories  on  this  island  ;  the  principal  one  of  the 
former  being  fort  Marlborough,  at  Bencoolen, 
where,  as  also  at  the  Dutch  settlement  of  Pedang, 
Christian  missionaries  have  been  for  some  time 
established. 

Sumbowa,  an  island  in  the  Eastern  seas,  about 
200  m.  long  and  40  broad.  It  is  divided  into  the 
districts  of  Beema,  Dompoo,  Tambora,  Sangur, 
Pekat,  and  Sumbawa,  all  governed  by  their  re- 
spective chiefs.  The  island  furnishes  sappan 
wood,  rice,  horses,  saltpetre,  sulphur,  wax,  birds' 
nests,  tobacco.  Sec.,  though  but  little  trade  is  at 
present  carried  on.  In  the  VV.,  part  of  the  island 
is  a  town  of  the  same  name,  with  a  good 
harbour. 

Sumbhoonant,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
province  ofNepaul,  with  a  celebrated  temple, 
which  is  annually  visited  by  an  immense  num- 
ber of  pilgrims  from  Bootan  and  Thibet.  Long. 
85.  38.  E.,  lat.  27.  33.  N. 

Sumbul,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  a  territory  of 
its  name,  lying  E.  of  Debli,  subject  to  the  nabob 
of  Oude.  52  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Bereilly  and  75  E. 
of  Dehli. 

Sumhulpour  or  Sumelpovr,  a  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan, in  a  district  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of 
Orrissa,  144  miles  W.  N.  W.  of  Cattack  and  280 
VV.   of  Calcutta.     Long.   83.   40.  E.,  lat.  21.  25. 

Sumeh,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia, 
14.  m.  E.  of  Pergamo. 

Surnerein,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  island  of 
Schut,  16  miles  S.  S.  E.  of  Presburg. 

Summanytoion,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa.  35  m. 
N.    VV.  Philad. 

Summei-kiotim,  a  town  of  Birmah,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  which  are  chiefly  employed  in  the  man- 
ufactures of  saltpetre  and  gunpowder.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Irrawaddy,  68  miles  S.  by  W.  of 
Umraerapoora. 

Sumerfield,  p. v.  Guilford  Co.  N.  C. 

Sum'^U,  p.t.  Schoharie  Co.  N.  Y.  33  m.  S.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  1,733. 


Summitsville,  p. v.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  T . 

Sumner,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
20,606.  Gallatin  is  the  capital ;  p. v.  Oxford  Co. 
Me.     Pop.  1,099. 

Sumter,  a  district  of  S.  Carolina.  Pop.  28,278 
Sumterville  the  capital  is  100  m.  N.  W.  Charles- 
ton. 

Sunapee,  a  lake  of  New  Hampshire  11  miles 
in  length,  in  Hillisborough  and  Cheshire  Cos.  Its 
waters  pass  through  Sugar  River  into  the  Con- 
necticut. 

Sunbury,  p.t.  NorthumberlandCo  Pa  ;p.t.  Liber 
ty  Co.  Geo.  45  m.  S.  E.  Savannah,  on  Newport 
river  which  here  forms  a  tolerable  harbour.  It  is 
a  port  of  entry  ;  p.t.  Gates  Co.  N.  C  ;  p.t.  Del- 
aware and  Berkshire  Cos.  Ohio. 

Sunart,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scotland,  which  extends  20  miles  E.  into 
the  county  of  Argyle,  from  the  N.  end  of  the 
island  of  Mull. 

Sunda  Hands,  islands  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the 
Indian  Ocean.  The  chief  of  them  are  Borneo, 
Sumatra,  and  Java  ;  the  two  latter  separated  by 
a  channel  called  the  Strait  of  Sunda. 

Sunderbunds,  a  tract  of  country  in  Bengal 
consisting  of  that  part  of  the  delta  of  the  Ganges 
which  borders  on  the  sea.  In  extent  it  is  equal 
to  the  principality  of  Wales.  It  is  completely 
enveloped  in  wood,  infested  with  tigers,  and 
composed  of  labyrinth  of  rivers  and  creeks,  all 
of  which  are  of  salt,  except  those  that  immedi- 
ately communicate  with  the  principal  arm  of 
the  Ganges.  Here  salt,  in  quantities  equal  to  the 
whole  consumption  of  Bengal  and  its  dependan 
cies,  is  made  and  transported  with  equal  facility  ; 
and  here  also  is  found  an  inexhaustible  store  of 
timber  for  boat-building. 

Sunderburg,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Alsen,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  a  strait 
called  Sunderburg  Sound,  12  miles  E.  of  Flans- 
burg.     Long.  10.  0.  E.,  lat.  54.  51.  N. 

Sunderdoo,  a  fortified  island  and  sea-port  of 
Hindoostan,  in  Concan,  reduced  bv  commodore 
James  in  1756.  It  is  36  miles  N.  N.  W.  of  Goa. 
Long.  73.20.  E.,  lat.  16.  3.  N. 

Sunderland,  a  sea-port  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, Eng.  For  the  exportation  of  coal,  it  is  next 
in  consequence  to  Newcastle.  Its  port,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Wear,  will  admit  vessels  of  400 
tons;  the  entrance  is  defended  by  a  battery,  and 
a  pier,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse.  Here  are  sever- 
al small  dockyards,  manufactures  of  salt,  ginss, 
copperas,  and  earthenware,  and  a  trade  in  lime, 
grindstone,  and  other  articles.  Sunderland  is  much 
frequented  durinjr  the  bathing  seasons,  and  the 
neighbourhood  for  several  miles  round  is  enrich- 
ed by  many  elegant  seats  and  mansions.  The 
pestilential  cholera  first  appeared  in  England  at 
this  place  at  the  latter  part  of  1831.  It  is  situate 
on  the  river  Wear,  over  which  is  a  magnificent 
iron  bridge  of  one  immense  arch,  which  will  ad 
mit  ships  of  200  tons  burderVit,o  sail  under  it,  13 
miles  N.  E.  of  Durham  and  209  m.  N.  by  W.  ol 
London. 

Sunderland,  p.t.    Franklin  Co.  Mass.  90  m.  W, 
Boston,  with  manufactures  of  cotton.     Pop.  666 
p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  15  m.  N.  E.  Bennington, 
Pop.  463. 

Sundi,  a  province  of  Congo,  which   lies  alonj;; 
the  river  Zaire.     Its  rivers  renders   it   extremelf 
fertile,  and  in  the  mountains  are  mines  of  sever 
al  metals.  The  capital  is  of  the  same  name   Loi)[», 
17.  55.  E.,  lat.  4.  50.  N. 

Sundsioald,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  and  the  CJ^p 


sun 


703 


SUR 


ital  of  Medelpadia.  The  chief  trade  is  in  tar, 
birch-bark,  deals,  hops,  flax,  and  linen.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  210  miles  N.  by  W. 
of  Stockholm.  Long.  17.  50.  E.,  lat.  62.  25. 
N. 

Sunergoncr,  or  Sunnergaum,  a  town  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  Bengal,  once  a  large  city,  and  famous 
for  a  manufacture  of  fine  cotton  cloth.  It  is 
seated  between  the  Burrampooter  and  a  branch 
df  the  Ganges,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Dacca. 

Sunp-sh,  p.v.  Monroe  Co.  Ohio;  a  township  of 
Pike  Co.  Ohio. 

Superior,  Lake,  a  lake  of  N.  America  between 
•Jie  United  States  and  Canada.  490  miles  in  length 
1,700  miles  in  circumference,  and  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  on  the  globe.  It  contains 
many  isknds  ;  two  of  them  very  large,  especially 
Isle  Rovale,  which  is  100  miles  long,  and  in  ma- 
ny places,  40  broad.  The  Indians  suppose  these 
islands  to  be  the  residence  of  the  Great  Spirits 
Upwards  of  30  rivers  enter  this  lake,  some  of 
which  are  of  considerable  size,  and  its  water  is  re- 
markable for  purity  and  transparency.  It  abounds 
with  fishes,  particularly  trout  and  sturgeon. 
Storms  are  even  more  dreadful  on  this  lake  than 
on  the  ocean.  It  discharges  its  water  from  the 
S.  E.  corner,  through  the  strait  of  St.  Mary,  in- 
to lake  Huron  ;  but  the  quantity  does  not  appear 
to  be  one-tenth  part  of  what  is  conveyed  into  it 
by  the  rivers. 

Supino,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  with 
a  castle,  seated  at  the  source  of  the  Tamara,  17 
m.  N.  by.  W.  of  Benevento. 

Sur  or  Sour,  a  town  of  Syria,  in  Palestine,  on 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  where  stood  the 
famous  city  of  Tyre,  destroyed  by  Alexander  the 
Great.  It  is  now  no  more  than  a  village,  situ- 
ate on  a  peninsula  which  projects  from  the  shore 
into  the  sea,  in  the  form  of  a  mallei  with  an  oval 
head.  The  village  consists  of  about  GO  families, 
who  live  obscurely  on  the  produce  of  their  little 
grounds  and  a  trifling  fishery,  18  miles  S.  S.  W. 
of  Saida  and  60  m.  S.  W.  of  Damascus. 

Sura,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Westmanland,  15 
m.  N.  of  Stroernsholra . 

Surat,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  in  Guzerat,  with 
a  strong  citadel.  The  squares  are  large,  and  the 
streets  spacious,  but  not  paved,  so  that  the  dust 
is  troublesome.  Each  street  has  gates  of  its  own, 
with  which  it  is  shut  up  in  times  of  turbulence. 
The  larger  houses  are  flat  roofed,  with  courts  be- 
fore them  ;  and  those  of  the  common  people  are 
high  roofed.  It  is  said  to  have  320,000  inhabitants  ; 
and  its  trade  is  considerable,  notwithstanding  the 
sandbanks  that  obstruct  the  entrance  of  the  Tap- 
ty,  which  causes  large  vessels  to  load  and  unload 
alt  Svvally,  15  miles  to  the  W.  of  Surat.  In  this 
city  aru  Mahometans  of  several  sects,  many 
sorts  of  Gentoos,  and  Jews  and  Christians  of 
various  denominations.  It  is  one  of  the  stations 
of  the  London  Missionary  Society.  The  Ma- 
hometans at  Surat  are  not.  by  far,  so  strict  as 
they  are  in  .Arabia,  or  in  other  Turkish  countries  ; 
nor  are  the  distinctions  of  tribes  among  the  Hin- 
doos who  reside  here  strictly  observed.  The  lat- 
ter are  almost  all  of  the  cast  of  the  Banians  ;  and 
their  skill  and  dexterity  in  matters  of  calculation 
and  economy  often  raise  them  to  places  of  con- 
siderable trust.  Some  of  them  are  very  rich, 
but  all  live  in  a  style  of  moderate  simplicity,  and 
wear  onh'  a  plain  robe  of  white  cotton.  All 
people  of  distinction  in  Surat,  and  through  the 
rest  of  India,  speak  and  write  the  Persian  lan- 
guage ;  but  in  trade,  corrupt  Portuguese  is  the 


language  used.  This  city  was  long  the  emporium 
of  the  most  precious  productions  of  Hindoostan  , 
for  hither  were  brought  from  the  interior  parts 
an  immense  quantity  of  goods,  which  the  mer- 
chants carried  in  their  ships  to  the  Red  Sea,  the 
Persian  Gulf,  the  coasts  of  Malabar  and  Coro- 
mandel,  and  even  to  China.  Since  the  ri*t  of 
Bombay,  however  the  traffic  of  this  place  has 
greatly  declined,  and  now  consists  chiefly  of  raw 
cotton  and  a  few  of  its  own  manufactures.  One 
thing  singular  in  Surat  is,  that,  though  there  is 
no  hospital  for  human  beings,  there  is  an  cxten 
sive  establishment  of  this  nature  for  sick  Oi 
maimed  animals.  When  th«  Europeans  turn 
out  an  old  horse,  or  any  other  domestic  animal, 
to  perish  as  useless,  the  Hindoos  voluntari- 
ly assume  the  care  of  it,  and  place  it  in  this 
house,  which  is  full  of  infirm  and  decrepit  cows, 
sheep,  rabbits,  hens,  pigeons,  &c.  The  country 
round  Surat  is  fertile,  except  towards  the  sea, 
whereit  is  sandy  and  barren.  Amongthe  animals 
may  be  mentioned  the  Nyl  Ghau,  a  creature  some- 


what between  a  cow  and  a  deer  and  of  an  ashy 
grey  colour.  Before  the  English  E.  India  Company 
obtained  possession  of  Bombay,  Surat  was  the 
seat  of  their  presidency,  and  the  centre  of  their 
eastern  trade.  It  is  situate  20  miles  up  the  river 
Taptv  and  147  m.  N.  of  Bombay.  Long.  72, 
48.  l!.,  lat.  21.  11.  N. 

Surgooja,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
circar  of  the  sam  name,  in  the  province  of  Orissa. 
75  m.  N.  E.  of  Ruttunpour  and  210  S.  S.  W.  of 
Patna.     Long.  83.  32.  E.,  lat.  23.  6.  N. 

Surguinstille,  p.v.  Hawkins  Co.  Ten.  240  m. 
N.  E.  Murfreesborough. 

Surgut,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Tobolsk,  surrounded  by  palisadoes, 
and  seated  on  the  Oby,  285  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Tobolsk.     Long.  73.  30.  E.,  lat.  61.  30.  N. 

Surinam,  a  country  of  Guiana,  extending  75 
miles  along  a  river  of  the  same  name.  It  abounds 
with  game,  and  singular  animals  of  diffent  kinds; 
the  toad,  in  particular,  being  remarkable  for  its 
enormous  size  and  ugly  form.  The  products 
are  fruits,  indigo,  sugar,  tobacco,  gums,  and 
wood  for  dyeing.  The  woods  are  full  of  mon- 
keys, and   it  is  said  th<;re  are  serpents  30  feet 


long.     Here  is  found  the  Phalanger,  or  Surinam 
rat,  an  animal  about  the   size   of  a  small  rabbit. 


BUS 


704 


SUN 


This  country  was  ceded  by  the  English  to  the 
Dutch,  for  iJie  province  of  New  Yorii,  in  1774 
It  was  taken  by  the  British  in  1799,  and  again 
in  1804  ;  but  restored  in  1814.  The  capital  is 
Paramaribo. 

Suri-agia,  a  sea-port  of  Japan,  in  the  island  of^ 
Niphon,  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name 
with  a  castle, where  the  emperors  formerly  resided. 
170  m.  E.  of  Meaco.  Lon.  139.5.  E.,  lat.  39.  30.  N. 

Surrey,  a  county  of  England,  37  m.  long  and  27 
broad,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Middlesex,  E.  by 
Kent,  S.  by  Sussex,  and  W.  by  Hampshire  and 
Berkshire.  In  1821  the  number  of  inhabitants 
was  398,G.'>8.  The  soil  is  very  different  in  the  ex- 
treme parts  from  that  in  the  middle,  whence  it  has 
been  compared  to  a  coarse  cloth  with  a  fine  bor- 
der ;  for  the  edge  of  the  country  on  all  sides  has 
a  rich  soil,  extremely  fruitful  in  corn,  and  grass, 
particularly  on  the  N.  and  W.  towards  the 
Thames  ;  but  it  is  far  otherwise  in  the  heart  of  the 
county, where  are  wide  tracts  of  sandy  ground  and 
barren  Iieaiik,  and  in  some  places  long  ridges  of 
hills.  It  produces  corn,  boxwood,  walnuts,  hops, 
and  fullers'-earth.  Medicinal  herbs  are  raised  to 
a  considerable  extent,  and  about  3,500  acres  of 
land  consist  of  gardens  for  the  supply  of  the  Lon- 
don market.  The  principal  rivers,  besides  the 
Thames  (which  is  the  boundary  of  this  country 
on  the  N.),  are  the  Mole,  Wey,  and  Wandle. 
The  spring  assizes  are  held  at  Kingston,  and  the 
summer  at  Guilford  and  Croydon  alternately. 

Sarry,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  7,108.  A  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop. 
14,501.  Rockford  is  the  capital;  p.t.  Hancock 
Co.  Me.  Pop.  561  ;  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  40 
m.  S.  W.  Concord.     Pop.  539. 

Sursee,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Lucerne,  seated  on  the  river  Sur,  near  the  lake 
of  Sempach,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Lucerne. 

Sus,  a  river  of  Morocco,  which  rises  in  Mount 
Atlas,  flows  through  the  kingdom  of  Sus,  and  en- 
ters the  Atlantic  at  Messa.  Its  annual  inunda- 
tions enrich  the  country. 

Sus,  or  Suse,  a  kingdom  or  province  of  the  em- 

[Hre  of  Morocco,  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  At- 
antic,  N.  by  Morocco  Proper,  E.  by  Tafilet,  and 
S.  by  Darah.  It  is  a  flat  country,  abounding  in 
corn,  sugar-canes,  and  dates.  The  inhabitants, 
who  are  chiefly  Berebers,  or  ancient  natives,  are 
distinguished  by  their  industry,  and  many  of  them, 
who  live  in  towns,  become  opulent,  and  are  much 
more  polite  than  the  natives  of  Fez  and  Morocco. 
In  the  mountainous  part  they  are  entirely  free, 
and  are  governed  by  their  own  chiefs.  The  prin- 
cipal towr.  is  'l''arudant. 

Susa,  or  Sov^a,  a  sea-port  of  Tunis,  the  chief 
mart  of  the  kingdom  for  oil  and  linen,  and  for- 
merly a  place  of  some  repute  :  near  it  are  con- 
siderable remains  of  ancient  buildings.  It  stands 
on  the  E.  coast,  75  m.  S.  E.  of  Tunis.  Long.  11. 
15.  E.,  lat.  35.  40.  N. 

Susa,  a  province  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont,  consisting  of  a  broad  valley  interspersed 
with  steep  rocks.  It  has  an  area  of  700  square 
m.  with  6o,000  inhabitants. 

Susa,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  with  a  strong  fort, 
railed  Brunette.  Here  are  four  churches  and  sev- 
eral religious  houses,  and  near  it  is  a  triumphal 
arch  to  the  honor  of  Augustus  Caisar.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Doria,  among  pleasant  mountains,  and 
IB  the  principal  passage  out  of  France  into  Italy. 
It  was  taken  by  the  French  in  1799,  but  restored 
in  1814.  23  m.  W.N.W.  of  Turin.  Long.  7.  16. 
E.,  lat.  45.  10.  N. 


Susannah,  a  village  of  Clermont  Co.  Clhio. 
Susdtd,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Volodimir,  and  a  bishop's  see.     It  is  built  of  wood 
and  is  seated  on  the  Nerl,  90  m.  N.  E.  of  Moscow, 
Long.  40.  25.  E.,  lat.  56.  26.  N. 

Susquehanna,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  which 
issues  from  the  lake  Otsego.  It  crosses  three 
times  the  line  that  divides  the  state  of  New  York 
from  Pennsylvania,  after  which  it  flows  S.  E.  t» 
WilVesbarre,  and  then  S.  W.  to  Sunbury,  where 
it  meets  the  W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  It 
then  flows  by  Harrisburg  to  Havre  de  Grace, 
where  it  enters  the  head  of  Chesapeak  Bay.  To- 
v/ard  its  mouth  its  course  is  much  impeded  by  falls, 
and  several  canals  have  been  formed  to  assists  iU« 
navigation.  Vast  quantities  of  salmon  and  shau 
are  taken  in  its  waters. 

Susquehanna,  a  county  of  the   W.   District  of 
Pennsylvania.     Pop.  16,777     Montrose  is  the  cap- 
ital ;  p.v.  Broome  Co.  N.  Y ;  t.  Dauphin  Co.   Pa. 
Susser.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Vienne,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Limoges. 

Sussex,  a  county  of  England,  70  m.  long  and 
28  where  broadest ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Surrey, 
N.  E.  and  E.  by  Kent,  S.  by  the  English  Channel, 
and  W.  by  Hampshire.  The  number  of  inhabit- 
ants in  1821  was  233,019.  The  soil  is  various, 
that  of  the  downs,  and  thence  to  the  sea,  is  fer- 
tile in  corn  and  grass,  the  latter  feeding  sheep 
whose  wool  is  remarkably  fine ;  the  middle 
abounds  with  meadows  and  rich  arable  ground, 
and  the  N.  side  is  shaded  with  extensive  woods, 
that  used  to  supply  fuel  for  the  iron  works  when 
they  were  in  a  flourishing  state.  The  chief  com- 
modities are  corn,  malt,  cattle,  wool,  wood,  iron, 
chalk,  and  glass.  Sussex  is  not  distinguished  for 
any  manufacture  but  that  of  gunpowder  at  Battel, 
and  of  needles  at  Chichester.  Chichester  is  the 
capital. 

Sussex,  a  county  of  New  Jersey.  Pop.  20,349 
Newton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Delaware. 
Pop.  27,118.  Georgetown  is  the  capital ;  a  coun- 
ty of  the  E.  District  of  Virginia.     Pop.  12,720. 

Susteren,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
province  of  Limburg,  2  m.  from  the  river  Meuse 
and  10  S.  of  Ruremonde. 

Suther/andshire,  a  county  of  Scotland,  with 
about  24,000  inhabitants.  Some  parts  of  this 
county,  called  forests  are  trackless  deserts,  des- 
titute of  trees  ;  or  bleak  mountains,  abounding 
with  wild  roes.  In  these  parts  there  are  few  in- 
habitants, and  no  villages,  but  along  the  frith  of 
Dornoch.  The  country  is  populous  and  well  cul- 
tivated. It  has  abundance  of  ironstone,  limestone, 
and  slate,  and  many  veins  of  lead  ore.  Dornoch 
is  the  county  town. 

Sutri,  a  town  of  the  Papal  States,  in  the  patri- 
mony of  St.  Peter,  seated  on  the  Puzzola,  22  m. 
N.  W.  of  Rome. 

Sutton  Colefield,  a  corporate  town  in  Warwick- 
shire, Eng.  Hardware  forms  the  principal  article 
of  trade.     110  N.  W.  of  London. 

Sutlon  upon  Trent,  a  small  town  in  Nottingham- 
shire,  Eng. 

Sutton,  p.t.  Merrimack  Co.  N.  H.  20  m.  N.  W 
Concord.  Pop.  1 ,424  ;  p.t.  Worcester  Co  Mase 
46  m.  S.  W.  Boston,  with  manufactures  of  cotton 
The  Blackstone  canal  passes  through  this  town. 
Pop.  2,186;  p.v.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  38  m.  N.  E. 
Montpelier.  Pop.  1,005.  A  township  of  Meiga 
Co.  Ohio. 

Sutanne,  St..  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Mayenne,  with  a  considerable  pepper 
manufacture,  24  m    W.  of  Mans. 


SWE 


705 


SWE 


Sceahorg,  a  strong  fortress  of  Sweden,  built  on 
several  rocky  islets  in  the  gulf  of  Finland.  In 
1808  it  surrendered  to  the  Russians.  3  m.  S.  of 
Helsingfors. 

Svenborg,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  island 
of  Funen,  with  the  best  harbour  in  the  island. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  woolen  and  linen.  22 
m.  S.  of  Odens  ;e.     Long.  10.  37   E.,  lat.  55.  9.  N. 

Swaffham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  noted  for 
butter.  93  m.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Swainesborough,  p. v.  Emanuel  Co.  Geo.  80  ra 
S.  E.  Milledgeville. 

Sicale,  a  river  in  Yorkshire,  Eng.  This  river 
was  held  sacred  by  the  Saxons  from  the  circum- 
stance of  upwards  of  10,000  persons  having  been 
baptized  in  it  by  Pauliness,  archbishop  of  York, 
upon  their  conversion  to  Christianity. 

Swally,  a  town  of  Ilindoostan,  in  Guzerat,  with 

a  harbour,  where  ships  receive  and  deliver  their 

cargoes  for  the  merchants  of  Surat.     It  is  seated 

near  the  gulf  of  Cambay,  15  m.  W.  of  Surat. 

'Long.  72.  3:$.  E.,  lat.  21.  10.  N. 

Sicalwdl,  a  village  in  the  county  of  Darham, 
Eng. 

Swamp  Churches,  p. v.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 

Hwan,  a  township  of  Hocking  Co.  Ohio. 

Sioan  River,  a  river  of  N.  America,  which  rises 
m  lake  Etowwemahmeh,  passes  through  Pwan 
Lake,  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi  about  40  m. 
from  its  source.  All  the  country  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  this  and  Red  Deer  River  abounds  in 
beavers,  moose  deer,  sallow  deer,  elks,  bears,  buf- 
faloes, &c.  The  soil  is  good,  and  promises  to  re- 
ward the  industrious  cultivator.  A  great  number 
of  persons  have  recently  emigrated  to  this  coun- 
try from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Swanrille,  a  township  of  Waldo  Co.  Me.  15  m. 
S.  W.  Castine.     Pop.  633. 

Swanage,  a  village  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  in  the  English  Chan- 
nel, 4  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Corfe  Castle. 

Swav.nanoe,  p. v.  Buncombe  Co.  N.  C. 

Swaiisborough,  p. v.  Onslow  Co.  N.  C.  40  m.  S. 
W.  Newbern. 

Swanscomb,  a  vilkge  in  Kent,  Eng.  2  m.  W. 
by  S.  of  Gravesend. 

Swansea,  a  sea-port  and  borough  of  Wales,  in 
Glamorganshire.  Coal,  iron,  and  limestone 
abound  m  its  neighbourhood,  and  great  quantities 
are  exported  It  has  a  considerable  trade  to  Bris- 
tol, and  extensive  works  for  the  smelting  of  cop- 
per and  lead  ore.     206  m.  W.  of  London. 

Sicanshnls,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland, 
25  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Lindkoping. 

Swanton,  a  township  of  Franklin  Co.  Vt.  on  L. 
Champlain  30  m.  N.  Burlington.     Pop.  2,158. 

Swantotcn,  a  town  in  Kent  Co.  Md. 

Stoanzey,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  44  m.  S.  W. 
Concord.  Pop.  1,816;  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  47 
m.  S.  Boston.  Pop.  1,677.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  paper  and  other  articles. 

Swarteberg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland, 
18  m.  N.  W.of  Uddevalla. 

Stcartsluys,  a  town  and  fortress  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Overyssel,  seated  on  the  Vecht,  4  m, 
from  its  mouth  and  8  N.  of  Zwoli. 

Sicatara,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania  flowing  into 
the  Susquehanna  at  Middletown.  Also  a  town- 
ship of  Dauphin  Co.  Pa. 

Sweasysviile,  a  township  of  Adams  Co  Mis- 
souri. 

Sweden,  a  kingdom  of  tJurope,  extending  1,000 
in.  from  N.  to  S.  and  300  from  E.  to  W  ,  bounded 
on  the  ^f.  by  Norwegian  Lapland,  E.  by  Russia, 
69 


S.  by  the  gulf  of  Finland  and  the  Baltic,  and  W. 
by  the  Sound,  the  Categat,  and  Norway.  It  was 
formerly  divided  into  five  general  parts ;  Sweden 
Proper,  Gothland,  Nordland,  Lapland,  and  Fin- 
land ;  and  each  of  these  subdivided  into  provin 
ces.  The  greater  part  of  Finland,  however,  was 
ceded  to  Russia  in  1808,  but  in  1814,  on  ceding 
the  small  province  of  Swedish  Pomerania,  it  ac- 
quired Norway,  including  which,  and  Norwegian 
Lapland,  the  total  extent  of  surface  may  be  com- 
puted at  343,000  sq.  m.  with  a  pop.  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding 3,500,000.  The  Pop.  of  Sweden  alone  is 
2,790,000. 


The  whole  country  is  now  divided  into  23  gov- 
ernments, Umea,  Hernosand,  Gefleborg,  Upsal, 
Stockholm,  Westeras,  Nykoping,  Orebro,  Stora 
Kopparberg  or  Fahlun,  Carlstadt,  Lindkoping, 
Jonkoping,  Kronoborg  or  Wexio,  Calmar 
Carlscrona,  Scaraborg,  Elfsborg,  Gottenburg 
Halmstadt,  Christianstadt,  Malmolius,  and  Wis- 
by.  Though  enclosed  by  mountains  on  the  W. 
and  N.,  it  is  in  general  a  very  flat  country  ;  and 
it  is  remarkable  that  along  the  whole  road,  from 
Gottenburg  in  the  W.  to  Stockholm  in  the  E., 
there  is  not  a  single  acclivity  of  consequence,  till 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  latter.  It  is  well  watered 
by  rivers  (tliough  not  a  single  navigable  one 
worth  mentioning),  numerous  lakes,  and  inland 
pieces  of  water,  on  the  banks  of  which  the  palaces 
and  villas  are  usually  built.  At  Stockholm, 
spring  and  autumn  are  scarcely  to  be  perceived  ; 
for  winter  continues  nine  months,  and  summer 
during  the  remaining  three.  In  winter  the  cold 
is  excessive,  and  the  heat  in  summer  is  consider- 
able, the  air  being  serene  all  that  time.  During 
this  season  all  the  rocks  are  quite  covered  with 
flowers,  and  the  gardens  have  plenty  of  fruits. 
The  trees  are  early  in  blossoming,  the  soil  being 
fat  and  sulphureous;  but  the  fruits  have  not  so 
good  a  taste  as  in  more  southern  countries.  The 
animals  are  horses,  cows,  hogs,  goats,  sheep,  elks, 
reindeer,  bears,  wolves,  foxes,  wild  cats,  and 
squirrels.  The  horses  are  so  little  and  feeble 
that  seven  are  put  to  a  travelling  carriage,  four  a 
breast  in  the  first  line,  and  three  in  the  second  ; 
but  a  lame  or  foundered  horse  is  seldom  to  bo 
seen,  which  is  attributed,  in  a  great  degree,  to 
the  manner  of  stabling  them  on  perforated  boards 
without  litter.  In  some  parts  are  rich  silver,  cop 
per,  and  iron  mines,  and  vast  forests  of  timbei 
trees.  The  articles  of  export,  are  boards,  gun- 
powder, leather,  iron,  copper,  tallow,  skins,  pitch, 
rosin,  and  masts  ;  and  the  imports  salt,  brandy, 
wine,  linen  cloth,   stuffs,  tobacco,  sugar,  spice, 


SWE 


TM 


SWE 


and  paper.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a  robust  con- 
stitution, and  able  to  sustain  the  hardest  labour. 
They  are  however,  more  polished  than  formerly, 
and  have  several  public  schools  and  colleges, 
where  the  arts  and  sciences  are  taught.  Their 
houses  are  generally  of  wood,  with  very  little  art 
in  their  construction.  The  roofs  in  many  places 
are  covered  with  turf,  on  which  their  goats  often 
feed. 

The  form  of  the  Swedish  government  has   fre- 
quently varied.     Before  the  accession  of  Gusta- 
vus   1.    it   was   an    elective    monarchy.     By    the 
union  of  Calmar,  in  1307,  it  was  stipulated  that 
the  same    monarch    should  rule  over  Denmark, 
Sweden,    and   Norway  ;    and  hence  Sweden  be- 
came a  merely  tributary   kingdom  to   Denmark. 
From  this  stale  of  subjection  to  a  tyrannical  for- 
eign yoke,  it  was  rescued  by  Gustavus    Vasa,   on 
whom  the  Swedes,   in   1523,  conferred  the  sove- 
reignty, and   made  the  crown   hereditary   in    his 
male  issue.     He   was  entrusted   wilh   great   pre- 
rogatives ;  and  these  were  augmented  by   Gusta- 
vus Adolphus,  the  rigiit  of  succession  being  ex- 
tended, at  the  same  time,  to  the  female  line.     In 
the  minority  of  his  daughter  Christina,  the  regnl 
powers  were  greatly  circumscribed,  and  the  no- 
bles   acquired    such   an   exorbitant    authority    as 
gave  great  umbrage  to  the  clergy,   citizens,  and 
peasants.     This  proved  a  favourable  opportunity 
for  Charts  XI.  to  obtain  from  the  states  a  formal 
cession    of\  absolute  sovereignty,  which    quietly 
devolved  upon  his  son,  Charles  XII.     Upon  the 
death    of  the   latter,  the    Swedes  conferred   the 
crown  upon  Ulrica  Eleonora,  his  youngest  sister, 
stipulating,  at  the  same  time,  great  limits  to  the 
prerogative.     Ulrica    resigned    the   crown  to  her 
consort  Frederic  I.     From  this   period    the  Swe- 
dish monarch  was  the  most  limited  one  in  Europe, 
till  1772,  when  Gustavus  III.  effected   a  revolu- 
tion, by  which  he  regained  the  most  essential  royal 
prerogatives,  without,  however,  being  an  absolute 
monarch.     He  was  assassinated  in  1792,  leaving 
his  son  Gustavus  Adolphus,  a  minor,  who  attain- 
ed  his  majority   in    179G.     This  prince  was  de- 
posed on  the  1st  of  May,  1809.  and  his  uncle,  the 
duke  of  Sudermania,   was  called  to   the  throne. 
But  soon  after  his  accession,  in   consequence   of 
the  sudden  death   of  his  son,  the  crown   prince, 
he  assembled  the  diet  of  the   kingdom,   in   order 
to  choose  a  successor  to  the   throne.     The  Swe- 
disn  diet  met  for  this  purpose  at  Orebro,  on  the 
8th  of  August  1810,  and,  after  a  short  speech 
from  the  king,  they  elected  the  French  raarsiial, 
prince  of  Ponto  Corvo,  to  the   dignity  of  crown 
princeof  Sweden.    This  person,  though  a  French- 
man and  raised  to  rank  and  eminence  under  Bon- 
aparte greatly  distinguished   himself  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the    allies   in    1813,  at  the   head    of  the 
Swedish  army,  and  in   1814   secured   Norway   to 
8\'eden  by  the  treaty  of  Kiel.     The  established 
religion  if>  the  Lutheran,  and  they  have  one  arch- 
bishop anc.  13  bishops.     Stockholm  is  the  capital. 
The  annual  revenue  is  4,500,000  dollars  :  the  pub 
lie  debt  1 7,204 ,812  dollars.     The   army  amounts 
to  45,000  men. 

Sweden,   p.t.    Oxford    Co.    Me.  52  m.    N.    W. 
Portland      Pop.  487 ;  p.t.  Monroe  Co.  N. 
ra.  W.  Rochester.     Pop.  2,938. 

Swcdexliorovfrk,  p. v.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.  16 
m.  S.  W.  Philadelphia 

Siceiny,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Darfoor,  and 
a  place  of  general  resort  for  merchants  trading  to 
Egypt.     45  in.  N.  of  Cobbe. 

iwe«r's  Island,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  New 


Y,  15 


Holland,  about  8  m.  in  length,  situated  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  gulf  of  Carpentaria.  Long.  139.  45. 
E.,  lat.  11.  8.  S. 

Stceet  Springs,  p.v.  Monroe  Co.  Va.  ;  93  m.  S, 
W.  Staunton.     Here  are  some  mineral  springs. 
Sweetsville,  p.v.  Marion  Dis.  S.  C. 
Sweet  Water  Valley,  p.v.  Maria  Co.  Ten  148  m 
S.  E.  Murfreesboroufirh. 

Swindon,  a  town  in  Wiltshire,  83  m.  W.  of 
London. 

Sioinemunde,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
Pomerania,  in  the  isle  of  Usedorn  ;  situate  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Swine,  13  m.  P',.  by  iS'.  of  Use- 
dorn.    Long.  14.  12.  E.,  lat.  53.  56.  N. 

Swineslicad,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  G 
m.  E.  of  Boston  and  110  N.  of  London. 

Sicinna,  a  small  island  of  Scotland,   one  of  th 
Orkneys,  situate  near  the  middle  of  the  Pentlant 
frith.     Here  are  two   whirlpools,  thiit  are    dan- 
gerous to  mariners,  particularly  in  a  calm. 

Switzerland,  a  country  of  Europe,  bounded, on 
the  N.  and  E.  by  Germany,  S.  by  Italy,  and  W. 
by  France.     It  is  220  m.  lung  and  140  broad,  and 
is  separated  from  the  adjacent  countries   by    higli 
mountains,    called    the    Alps.       Switzerland    has 
been  divided,  since  1815,  into  22  cantons,   name- 
ly, Lucerne,  Uri,  Schweitz,    Undervvalden,  Zug, 
Friburg,    Soleure,   Tesino,   Valais,    Bern,    Basel, 
Schaffhausen,  Zurich,  Vaud,  Neufchatel,  Gene- 
va, Appenzel,  Claris,  Grisons,  St.  Gall,Tinirgau^ 
and  Aargau.     The  first  nine   are   Catholics,   the 
next  seven  are  Calvinists,  and  the  others  contain 
both  religions.     Each  canton  has   its  distinct  in- 
ternal   government.      The    general   government 
of  the  country  is  by  a  diet,  composed  of  a  mem- 
ber from  each  canton,  which  assembles  annually 
in  June  at  Friburg,  Bern,  Soleure,  Basil,  Zurich, 
or    Lucerne,    in    rotation  ;  and    the   president  is 
styled  Landamman  of  Switzerland.     The  diet  de 
clares  war,  concludes  peace,  makes  alliances  with 
foreign  states,  and  also  decides  on  all  treaties  on 
commerce.      There    are   four  passages  over  the 
Alps  into  Italy  from  Switzerland  ;  the  first  is  be 
yond    the  lake    of  Geneva,  over  Mount  Cenis, 
which  leads  to  Savoy  ;  the  second  begins   in   the 
country  of  the  Grisons,  crosses  Mount   St.    Ber- 
nard, and  leads   to  the  valley  of  Aosta   in   Pied- 
mont ;    the  third    begins    in   the   country  of  the 
Grisons,  crosses  Mount  Simplon,  and  leads  to  the 
duchy  of  Milan  ;  the   fourth   crosses  Mount  St 
Gothard,  and  the  bailiwics   of  Italy,   and    termi- 
nates in  the  Milanese.     The   principal   lakes  are 
those  of  Constance,    Geneva,   Lucerne,  Zurich, 
and  Neufchatel.     The    most  considerable   rivers 
are  the  Rhine,    Rhone,  Aar,   Arve,   Reuss,  and 
Limmat.     Switzerland  exceeds  every  country   in 
the   world   in   diversity   of  appearance :  the   vas' 
chain  of-A-ips,  with   enormous  precipices    cxten^ 
sive  regions  oKperpetual  snow,  and  glaciers   that 
resemble  seas  df  ice,  are  contrasted    by  the   vino- 
yard  and  cultivated  field,  the  richly  wooded  brow 
and  the  verdiAt  v.-Jley    with    its  "cryslal    stream. 
Agriculture,  cannot,  of  course,  be  carried  to  ^reat 
extent,  but  the   grain   produced   is  sufficient   for 
domestic  consumption.     The  chief  riches  consist 
of  excellent  pastures,  in  which   many   cattle   are 
bred  and  fattened,  and  the  goats  and  chamois  feed 
on  the  mountains  and  in   the   woods.     The  men 
are  strong  and  robust.     The  women  are  tolerably 
handsome,  and  are  in  general  very  industrious. 
The  peasants  retain   their  old  manner  of  dress, 
and  are  content  to  live  upon    milk,  butler,   and 
cheese  ;  and  there  are  some  of  the  mountaineerg 
who  never  have  any  bread.     In  1797,  the  parti- 


SYE 


7or 


ITR 


zans  of  France  having  excited   disturbances  in 
Swit2erland,  the    French  entered  the   country  ; 


and,  after  defeating  the  troops  and  the  peasants, 
who  opposed  them  in  several  battles,  they  abol- 
ished the  constitutions  of  the  principal  cantons, 
erected  what  was  termed  the  Helvetic  Republic, 
and  vested  the  goveinment  in  two  councils  and 
a  directory.  This  constitution  was  abolished, 
in  1302,  by  the  firstconsulof  France,  and  another 
was  presented  for  their  acceptance,  but  rejected  ; 
he  offered  them  a  new  one  in  1803,  which  they 
consented  to  accept.  In  December,  1813,  the  al- 
lied armies  traversed  the  country,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  invading  France,  when  soipe  partial 
changes  again  took  place  in  the  administration 
of  Switzerland,  which  was  the  cause  of  violent 
commotions  amongst  several  of  the  cantons  ;  but, 
in  1814,  on  the  meeting  of  the  diet,  these  disturb- 
ances were  appeased,  and  on  the  8th  of  Septem- 
ber a  federal  compact  was  signed  at  Zurich.  The 
population  of  Switzerland  in  1827  was  2,037,030. 
The  revenue  is  about  2,500,000  dollars.  The 
army  amounts  to  15,000  men. 

SwUzr.rland,  a.  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  7,111. 
Vevay  is  the  capital. 

Smobestoton,  p.v.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa. 

Sya,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland,  13  m. 
S.  W.  of  Lindkoping. 

Sycamore,  a  township  of  Hamilton  Co.  Ohio. 
Pop.  2,779.  A  township  of  Crawford  Co.  Ohio. 

Sydney  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  S.  side  of  Norfolk  Isl- 
and, in  the  S.  Pacific,  formed  by  Point  Hunter 
and  Point  Ross,  which  are  nearly  2  m.  asunder. 
Long.  168.  12.  E.,  lat.  20.  4.  S. 

Sydney,  a  town  of  New  S.  Wales,  founded  by 
governor  Phillips,  on  a  cove  of  Port  Jackson,  in 
1788,  as  a  British  settlement  for  the  colony  of  con- 
victs originally  intended  for  Botany  Bay.  It  is 
now  Jie  principal  seat  of  the  government,  and  has 
a  1  andsome  church,  an  orphan  school,  a  commodi- 
Ci3  gaol,  a  military  hospital,  a  naval  yard,  a  good 
market,  tVc.  The  governor's  house  is  buill  of 
stone,  and  has  a  very  good  appearance  ;  the  lieu- 
tenant-governor's is  of  brick  as  are  also  those  be- 
longinff  to  the  judge  and  the  commissary.  The 
generality  of  the  houses  are  built  of  logs  and  plas- 
tered, and  all  the  roofs  are  covered  either  with 
shingles  or  thatch.  It  is  situate  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  .'larbour  of  Port  Jackson .  Long.  151.23.,  E, 
lat.  33. 48.  S. 

Syene,  or  Asvan,  a  town  of  Egypt,  with  a  small 
fort,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile.  It  was  an- 
ciently a  city,  and  celebrated  for  the  first  attempt 
to  ascertain  the   circumference  of  the  earth  by 


Eratosthenes,  a  native  of  Cyrene,  about  the  year 
275  B.  C.  The  remains  of  the  ancient  town  are 
on  an  eminence  to  the  S.  where  columns  and  pil- 
lars of  granite  scattered  here  and  there  denote  its 
situation.  Near  it  on  a  small  island  in  the  Nile 
anciently  called  Elephantina,  are  the  ruins  of  a 
temple  of  Cnuphis.  400  m.  S.  of  Cairo.  Long. 
33.  20.  E.,  lat.  24.  0.  N. 

Sylt,  au  island  of  Denmark,  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Jutland,  of  an  irregular  form,  about  40  m.  in  cir- 
cumference, but  in  no  part  above  2  m.  from  the 
sea.  Great  quantities  of  oysters  are  found  here. 
The  chief  town  is  Morsum.  Long.  8.  26.  E.,  lat 
54.  57.  N. 

Sylvania,  p.v.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 

Sylves,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Algarva,  situate 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  15  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Lagos  and  42  W.  of  Tavira. 

Symnies,  townships  in  Lawrence  and  Hamilton 
Cos.  Ohio. 

Sympheropcl,  the  capital  of  the  Crimea,  or  Rus- 
sian province  of  Taurida.  The  houses  are  built 
of  stone,  and  roofed  in  the  ancient  Greek  style, 
with  tiles.  There  are  likewise  numerous  modern 
handsome  buildings,  for  the  residence  of  the  gov- 
ernor, judges,  and  other  civil  officers.  The  old 
Tartar  part  of  the  town,  called  Achmetshet,  is 
dirty  and  ill  built.  The  environs  are  beautiful; 
and  2  m.  to  the  E.  of  the  city  is  the  mountain 
Tchatirdagh,  the  highest  in  the  Crimea,  and  the 
Mons,  Berosus  of  the  ancients.  Sympheropcl  is 
situate  on  the  Salgir,  the  principal  river  of  the 
province,  Go  m.  W.  bv  S.  of  Caffa,  and  90  S.  by 
E.  of  Precob.     Long."  34.  0.  E.,  lat.  44.  52.  N. 

Syracuse,  a  sea-port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto 
and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  fine  harbour,  defended 
by  a  castle.  It  was  once  the  metropolis  of  all 
Sicily  ;  war,  tyranny,  and  earthquakes  have  reduc- 
ed it  to  less  than  one-fourth  of  its  former  size,  when 
it  was  deemed  one  of  the  most  famous  cities  in 
the  world,  and  22  in.  in  compass.  Near  this  place 
in  1718,  there  was  a  sea-fight  between  the  Span- 
iards and  English,  in  which  the  latter  were  victo- 
rious. It  is  seated  near  the  sea,  72.  m.  S.  by  W.  of 
Messina  and  110  S.  E.  of  Palermo.  Long.  15.  10. 
£.,  lat.  37.5.  N. 

Syracuse,  p.v.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.  155  m.  W. 
Albany,  on  the  Erie  Canal  ,  at  the  point  where  a 
branch  strikes  off  to  Lake  Ontario  along  Oswego 
river.  Great  quantities  of  salt  are  manufactured 
here  from  the  water  of  a  spring,  a  mile  and  a  half 
from  the  town.  The  water  is  brought  from  the 
spring  by  aqueducts  and  is  evaporated  in  the 
sun.     The  vats  cover  160  acres. 

Syria,  or  Suristan,  a  province  of  Turkey  in  Asia, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Natolia  and  Diarbeck,  E. 
by  the  latter  and  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  S.  by  Arabia 
Petrsea,  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Under 
the  general  name  of  Syria  was  included  the  an- 
cient Phoenicia,  lying  S.  of  Syria  Proper.  This 
province  abounds  in  oil,  corn, and  several  sorts  of 
fruits,  as  well  as  peas,  beans,  and  all  kinds  )f 
pulse  and  garden-stuff;  but  it  would  produ'>a 
much  more  than  it  does,  if  it  were  well  cultivate  1 ; 
for  there  are  the  finest  valleys  in  the  world,  t  >- 
tween  mountains  whose  sides  are  proper  for  the 
cultivation  of  tobacco,  olives,  and  vines.  The 
Jerboa,  a  pretty  little  animal  somewhat  like  a 
mouse  is  common  here.  The  inhabitants  have 
a  trade  in  silk,  camlets,  and  salt.  Sy»ia  was  pos 
sessed  bv  a  succession  of  foreign  nations,  before 
the  time' of  Ptolemy,  when  it  became  a  province 
of  the  Roman  empire.  Five  centuries  after,  when 
the  sons  of  Theodosius  div.ded  their  inunenw 


TAB 


70& 


TAD 


patrhnony,  this  country  was  annexed  to  the  em- 
pire of  Constantinople.     In  this  situation  it  con- 


tinued till  the  year  622,  when  the  Arabian  tribea, 
under  the  banners  of  Mahomet,  seized  or  rather 
laid  it  waste.  Since  that  period  it  has  been  torn 
to  pieces  by  the  civil  wars  of  the  Fatemites  and 
Ommiades — wrested  from  the  califFs  by  their  re- 
bellious jrovernors — taken  from  them  by  the  Turk- 
men soldiers — invaded  by  the  European  crusades 
— retaken  by  the  Mamelukes  of  K^jypt — and  ra- 


vaged by  Tamerlane  and  his  Tartars  ;  it  fell,  at 
length,  into  the  hands  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  who 
have  been  its  masters  nearly  three  centuries.  It 
is  divided  into  five  pachalics,  or  governments  j 
Aleppo,  Tripoli,  Damascus,  Acre,  and  Palestine. 
Aleppo  is  the  capital. 

Syriam,  a  sea-port  of  Birmah,  in  Pegu,seated  at 
the  head  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Pegu  River,  2  m.  to  the  S.  is  rhe  great 
pagoda  of  Syriam.  8  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Rangoon 
and  60  S.  of  Pegu.  Long.  96.  17.  E.,  lat.  16. 
50.  N. 

Syrk,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Moselle, 
14  m.  S.  E.  of  Ijuxemburg. 

Szekely,  a  town  of  Hungary,  18  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Debreezen. 

Szluin,  a  district  of  Austria,  in  Croatia,  com- 
prising an  area  of  320  sq.  m.,  with  40,000  inhabit- 
ants. It  has  a  small  town  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Crona,  24  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Carlstadt. 

Szucca,  a  town  of  W.  Prussia,  seated  on  th« 
Vistula,  12  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Culm. 


T 


TAAIF,  a  town  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of 
Hedjas,  with  a  considerable  trade  in  raisins  and 
almonds,  and  other  fruits.  It  is  situate  on  a  lof- 
ty mountain,  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Mecca.  Long.  41. 
»>.  E.,  lat.  21.5.  N. 

Toms,  a  strong  city  of  Arabia,  in  the  province 
of  Yemen,  with  a  fortress.  Here  is  the  tomb 
of  a  saint,  who,  according  to  tradition,  was  kino- 
of  the  country.  The  city  is  seated  at  the  foot  o? 
a  fertile  hill,  48  m.   E.  N.  E.  of  Mocha.     Long. 

44.  10.  E.,  lat.  13.  45.  S. 

Taasinae,  an  island  of  Denmark,  between  those 
of  Langeland  and  Funen,  8  m.  long  and  4  broad. 
Long.  10.  37.  E.,  lat.  54.  48.  N. 

Taata,  a  town  of  Upper  Egypt,  1.  m.  from  the 
Nile.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  governor,  has  ma- 
ny curious  remains  of  antiquity,  and  is  200  m.  S. 
of  Cairo.  Long.  31.  25.  E.,  lat.  26.  56.  N. 

Tabaga,  an  island  in  the  bay  of  Panama,  4  m. 
long  and  3  broad.  It  is  mountainous,  but  abounds 
with   fruit-trees.      Long.  80.  16.    W.,  lat.    7.  50. 

Taharca,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Barbary,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Zaine.  It  was  fortified,  and  had 
a  populous  city  of  the  same  name,  when  under. 
tJie  dominion  of  the  Genoeno,  who  had  a  coral 
fishery  here.  But  in  1757,  on  the  Genoese  at- 
temping  to  transfer  the  island  to  France,  the  Ta- 
bareans  surrendered  their  city  to  Tunis;  and  they 
were  cruelly  deceived  by  the  bey,  for  he  razed  the 
fortifications,  and  took  away  most  of  the  inhabi- 
tants as  slaves  50  n:.  W.  2^.  W.  of  Tunis.  Long. 
9.  16.  E.,  lat.  36.  50.  N. 

Taharia,  the  ancient  Tiberias,  a  town  of  Pales- 
tine, situate  on  the  W.  side  of  a  lake,  formerly 
called  the  sea  of  Tiberias,  50  m.  N  N.  E.  of  Je- 
rusalem and  70  S.  S.  W.  of  Damascus.  Long.  35. 

45.  E.,  lat.  32.  40.  N. 

Tabasco,  a  province  of  Mexico,  bounded  on  the 
iV.  by  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  E.  by  Jucatan,  S. 
by  Chiapa,  and  W.  by  Guaxaca.  It  is  100  m. 
long  and  50  broad,  and  its  chief  riches  consist  in 
cocoa-nuts.  There  are  showers  every  day  for 
nine  months  in  the  year. 

Tabasco,  the  capital  of  the  above  province,  call- 


ed by  the  Spaniards  Nuestra  Senora  de  la  Vit- 
toria,  from  a  great  victory  obtained  here  by  Cortes 
on  his  first  arrival.  It  is  situate  on  an  island 
of  the  same  name,  30  m.  long  and  10  broad,  form- 
ed by  the  river  Tabasco  and  that  of  St.  Peter  and 
Paul,  and  on  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  270  m.  N.  E. 
of  Chiana.  Long.  93.  20.  W.,  lat.  18.  20.  N. 

Taberg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  noted  for  its  rich 
mines  of  iron,  10  m.  S.  of  Jonkoping. 

Taberg,  p.v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  118  m.  N.  W.  of 
Albany. 

Table  Bay,  See  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Table  Island,  one  of  the  New  Hebridgcs,  in  the 
S.  Pacific.     Long.  167.  7.  E.,  lat  15.  38.  S. 

Taboo,  a  town  of  Cassina,  the  capital  of  a  coun- 
try lying  to  the  E.  of  Zahara.  It  is  280  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Agades.     Long.  12. 10.  E.,  lat.  24.  0.  N. 

Tabor,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  its 
name.  The  Hussites,  under  their  celebrated  gen 
eral  Zisca,  fortified  it,  and  made  it  their  princi- 
pal retreat.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain  of  the 
same  name,  by  the  river  Luschnitz,  11  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Bechin. 

Tabor,  a  mountain  of  Palestine,  which  com- 
mands a  view  of  the  Jordan,  the  lake  Gennesa- 
reth,  and  the  Mediterranean.  6  m.  S.  of  Naza- 
reth. 

Tdbris.     See   Tauris. 

Tabristan,  a  province  of  Persia,  on  the  S.  shore 
of  the  Caspian  Sea,  bounded  by  Astrabad  on  iht, 
E.  and  Chilan  on  the  W. 

Tacames.     See  ^tacama. 

Tacazze,  a  river  which  rises  in  Abyssinia,  flows 
N.  W.  into  Nubia,  and  joins  tlie  Nile  at  Ilak. 

Tachau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Pilsen,  on  the  riv«r  Mies,  28  rn.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Taenia,  a  town  of  the  republic  of  Mexico,  in  a 
district  of  its  name.  6  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Mex- 
ico. 

Tadcaster,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  on  the  river  Wharf,  over 
which  is  one  of  the  finest  bridges  in  the  county 
built  with  the  materials  which  once  formed  the 
castle  that  stood  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  river.  10 
m.  S.  W.  of  York  and  186  N.  by  W.  of  London 


TAl 


709 


TAL 


Tadivan,  or  Taduan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Far- 
istan,  situate  in  a  fruitful  valley,  GO  m.  S.  of 
Shiras 

Tadmor.     See  Palmyra. 

Tadousac,  a  town  of  Lower  Canada,  which  is  of 

freat  resort  for  trading  with  the  Indians  who  bring 
ilher  fur*  to  exchange  for  cloth  and  other  Eu- 
ropean goods.  It  is  situate  at  the- mouth  of  the 
Saguenav,  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence  18  m.  N.  E. 
of  Quebec.     Long.  69.  35.  W.,  lat.  43.  5.  N. 

Tafalla,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  with  a 
university.  Charles  II.,  king  of  Navarre,  built 
a  palace  here,  which  he  made  his  ordinary  resi- 
dence ;  and  Philip  IV.  honoured  the  town  with 
the  title  of  city.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cidazzo,  in 
a  country  producing  good  wine,  18  m.  S.  of  Pam- 
plona.    Long.  1.  3G.  W.,  lat.  42.  29.  N. 

Tafilet,  a  kingdom  of  Barbary,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Mount  Atlas,  tributary,  to  Morocco.  It  is  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  Algiers,  E.  by  the  Beriberes,  S. 
by  Zahara,  and  VV.  by  Darah  and  Morocco.  The 
country  is  sandy  and  mountainous,  but  produces 
wheat  and  oarley  by  the  sides  of  the  rivers.  The 
inhabitants  live  upon  camels'  flesh  and  dates,  and 
they  breed  horses  to  sell  to  foreigners.  The  Arabs 
live  in  tents  and  the  Beriberes,  tlie  ancient  inhab- 
itants, dwell  in  villages. 

Tafilet,  the  capital  of  the  above  kingdom,  with 
a  castle.  It  is  a  trading  place,  and  seated  on  a 
river  of  its  name,  275  m.  S.  E.  of  Morocco.  Long. 
4.  20.  W.,  lat.  30.40.  N. 

Tdcranrog,  a  sea-port  and  fort  of  Russia,  situate 
on  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  sea  of  Asoph.  It 
is  the  largest  and  best  port  on  this  sea ;  carries  on 
a  considerable  trade  with  Constantinople  and 
the  Archipelago,  particularly  in  corn  and  but- 
ter;  and  is  employed  in  ship-building.  33  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Asoph.  Long.  18.40.  E.,  lat.  47. 
14.  N. 

Tugkannuc  Moiintains,  a  branch  of  the  Green- 
Mountain  chain,  extending  from  Vermont  through 
the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  into  Connecti- 
cut. The  highest  summit  is  Saddle  Mountain, 
which    See. 

Twrliacozza,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ul- 
tra, 18  m.  S.  W.  of  Aquilla  and  33  E.  N.  E.  of 
Rome. 

Tdtrliamento,  a  river  of  Austrian  Italy,  which 
rises  in  the  Alps,  on  the  frontiers  of  Germany, 
and  runs  S.  through  Friuli  and  Trevisano,  into 
the  gulf  of  Venice. 

Tagoast.  or  l^igarast,  a  town  of  Western  Africa, 
in  the  province  of  Sus,  by  some  said  to  have  been 
the  birthplace  of  St.  Augustiu.  A  great  many  Jews 
live  here,  who  carry  on  considerable  trade.  It  is 
fc.'^ated    in  a  fertile  plain,  37  m.  S.   of  Tarudant. 

Tugiimadert,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Darah, 
with  a  strong  castle  on  a  mountain,  seated  on  the 
river  Darah,  2;)  m.  S.  of  Tattah. 

TuiTUs,  or  Tajo,  a  river  which  has  its  source  on 
the  confines  of  Arragon,  in  Spain,  runs  through 
New  Castile,  by  Aranjuez,  Toledo,  and  Talavera, 
whence  it  proceeds  by  Alcantara,  in  Estremadura, 
when  entering  Portugal,  it  flows  by  Abrantes 
and  Santarem,  below  which  it  forms  the  harbour 
of  Lisbon,  and  then  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Tai,  a  lake  of  China,  in  the  provinces  of  Kiang- 
nan  and  Tche-kiang,  nearly  50  leagues  in  circum- 
ference, and  75  m.  S.  E.  of  Nan-king. 

Taief,  a  town  of  Arabia  Deserta,  in  Hedsjas, 
with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Mec- 
ca. 

Tailleborg,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Rochelle. 


Tarn, a  borough  of  Scotland,  ia  Ross-shire, with 
a  large  square  tower  adorned  with  five  spires,  and 
an  elegant  church,  formerly  collegiate.  It  is  seat- 
ed near  the  frith  of  Dornoch,  10  m.  N.  of  Cromar- 
ty.    Long..3.  51.  VV.,lat.  57.  46.  N. 

Tai-ouan,  a  city  and  sea-port,  capital  of  the  is- 
land of  Formosa.  The  streets  are  nearly  straight 
from  30  to  40  feet  in  breadth,  and  some  of 
them  above  2  m.  in  length.  They  are  coverel 
seven  months  in  the  yearVith  awnings,  to  defend, 
them  from  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The  harbour  is 
sheltered  from  every  wind.  It  is  seated  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  island.  'iiOng.  120.  30.  E.,  lat  23. 
25.  N.  f 

Tai-ping,  a  city  of  Chifla,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Kiansr-nan,  seated  on  the  Kian- 
ku,  25  m.  S.  S.  W.  of^Nan-king.  Long.  118.  15. 
E.,lat.32.  26.  N. 

Tai-ping,  a  strong  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Quang-si,  seated  on  a 
point  of  land,  almost  surrounded  by  a  river,  360 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Canton.  Long  107.  0.  E  ,  lat.  22. 
36.  N.  ^ 

Tai-tckeou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Tche-kiang,  seated  on  the  bank 
of  a  river,  in  a  mountainous  country,  720  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Pekin.     Long  121 . 2.  E.,  lat.  28.  55.  N. 

Tai-tong,  a  strong  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  the  province  of  Chan-si,  seated  near  tlie 
Great  Wall,  in  a  mountainous  country,  155  m. 
W.  of  Pekin.     Long.  1 13.  0.  E.,  lat.  40  5.  N. 

Tai-yu(.n,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Chan-si.  It  is  8  m.  in  circumference,  but 
much  decayed  since  it  was  the  residence  of  the 
princes  of  the  last  imperial  family  of  Tai-ming- 
tchao.  220.  S.  W  of  Pekin.  Long.  HI.  56.  E., 
lat.  37.  54.  N. 

Talvcda,  a  townof  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  with 
a  celebrated  temple.  It  is  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Mysore. 

Talavera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  fort.  It  has  manufactures  of  silk,  and  a  potte- 
ry. A  very  obstinate  battle  was  foujrht  in  its  vi- 
cinity between  the  British  and  French  armies  in 
1809.  It  is  seated  on  the  Tagus,  in  a  valley 
abounding  in  corn,  fruits,  and  excellent  wine,  58 
m.  S.  W    of  Madrid.     Long.  4.  1.  W..   lat.   39 

41.  N. 

Talbot,  a  county  of  Maryland.  Pop.  12,947. 
Easton  is  the  capital. 

Talcaguajia,  a  sea-port  of  Chile,  on  the  S.  E. 
shore  of  tlie  bay  of  Concepcion,and  near  the  ruins 
of  the  old  city  of  Concepcion.  It  is  now  the  only 
Spanish  settlement  in  the  bay.  9  m.  from  the 
new  city  of  Concepcion.    Long.  73.  0.  W.,  lat.  36. 

42.  S. 

Ta-li^n  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in  the 
province  of  Yun-nan.  Here  are  made  curious  ta- 
bles and  ornaments  of  fine  marble,  which  is  nat- 
urally beautiful  with  different  colors,  representinu- 
mountains,  flowers,  tre?s  and  rivers  160  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Yun-nan.  Long.  100.  6.  E.,  lat.  24. 54. 
N.  ^         .  ' 

Tallahas.iee,  p.t.  the  seat  of  government  for  the 
territory  of  Florida,  in  Leon  Co.  stands  on  Wa- 
kulla river,  25  m.  from  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  It  has  . 
a  healthy  situation  and  the  country  around  it  is 
fertile,  but  the  place  is  yet  in  its  infancy  ;  it  has 
been  incorporated  as  a  citv.  Lat.  30.  27.  N.  220 
m.  E.  Pensaoola,  2J3  N.  W.  St.  Augustine,  Pop. 
2,633.  '  ^ 

Tatlano,  a  sea-port  of  Corsica,  siiua«e  on  the 
gulfof  Tallano,  24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bonifacio,  and 
39S.  S.  W.ofCorte.  Long.  9. 18.  JI.  lat.  15. 20  N 
30 


TAN 


710 


TAP 


Tallapoosa,  the  eastern  branch  of  Alabama  river 

Tallerd,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Alps,  seated  on  the  Durance.  9  m.  S   of  Gap. 

Tallmirdger,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio,  with  a  coal 
mine.     Pop.  1,220. 

Talmont,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of.  Lower  Charente,  with  a  harbour,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Gironde,  20  m.  S.  W.   of  Saintes. 

Talnere,  a  celebrated  town  and  fortress  of  Hin- 
doostan,  in  the  province  of  Khandeish,  taken  by 
the  British  in  1818.  Long.  75.  2  E.,  lat.  21.  13. 
N. 

Tumalameca,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  St.  Martha,  seated  on  the  Majrdalena, 
140  m.  S.  of  St.  Martha.  Long.  74.  15.  W.,  lat. 
9.  6.  N. 

Tamanah,&town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Concan,  24  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Gheriah. 

Tamara,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Socotera, 
with  a  good  harbour.  The  trade  consists  chiefly 
in  aloes,  frankincense,  amberjrris,  and  dragons  - 
blood.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay,  on'the  N.  coast  of  the 
island.     Long.  53.  45.  E.,  lat.  11.  56.  N. 

Tamarica,  or  Itamaria,  a  province  of  Brazil,  be- 
tween Paraiba  on  the  N.,  and  Pernambuco  on  the 
S.  On  the  coast  is  an  island  ot  the  same  name, 
24  m.  in  length,  which  has  a  harbour,  and  good 
fresh  water.     Long.  35.  5.  W.,  lat.  7.  56.  N. 

Tambov,  a  government  of  European  Russia,  to 
the  W.  of  those  of  Penna,  and  Saratov.  It  is  di- 
vided into  12  circles,  and  contains  an  area  of 
21.000  sq.  m.  with  1,140,000  inhabitants.  The 
soil  in  the  S.  part  is  very  fertile  ;  in  the  N.  it  is 
sandy,  and  in  many  parts  woody  and  fertile.  It 
IS  watered  by  a  number  of  lakes  and  rivers. 

Tambov,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  above 
government,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  manufac- 
tures of  woolen,  linen,  canvas  and  alum.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Tzna,  which  flows  into  the  Moks- 
cha,  228  m.  S.  E.  of  Moscow.  Long.  41.  45.  E., 
lat.  52.  44.  N. 

Tamieh,  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  a  canal  which  com- 
municates with  the  Nile,  12  m.  N.  E.  ofFayoum. 

Tampico,  a  sea-port  of  Mexico,  on  the  gulf  of 
Me.xico,  with  a  tolerable  harbour,  vvhich  however 
only  admits  small  vessels.  It  has  a  considerable 
commerce  with  the  United  Stales  and  Europe. 
Lat.  22.  40.  N.  Long.  98.  36.  W.  30  m.  S.  E. 
Panuco. 

Trtm?oor<A,a  borough  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  carpets  and  narrow  cloths.  In 
the  neighbourhood  Jire  many  streams  of  water, 
upon  which  are  corn  and  cotton  mills,  and  near 
it  are  several  coal  mines.  Ill  m.  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Tamtrortk,  p.  t  Straffbrd  Co.  N.  H.  on  Os- 
sipee  River      Pop.  1,.554. 

Tana.ro,  a  river  of  the  Sardinian  states,  which 
rises  in  Piedmont,  flows  by  Cherasco,  Alba,Asti, 
and  Alexandria,  and  joins  the  Po  below  Valenza. 

Tancos,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  12 
ni.  S.  S.  E.  ofTomar. 

Tancrowal,  a  town  of  Africa,  seated  on  the  Gam- 
bia, where  the  English  have  a  fort.  Long.  14. 
27.  W.  lat.  13   10.  N. 

Tanda,  or  Tanrah,  a  town  in  Bengal,  of  which 
it  was  the  ca^jital  in  the  17th  century.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Ganges,  120  m.  N.  W.  of  Dacca.  Long. 
87.  56.  E.,  lat.  .53.  25.  N. 

Tiiruierngne,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Armagh,  with  an  extensive  linen  manufacture  and 
a  corsiderabk  trade  It  stands  near  the  Newry  ca- 
ml,  11  in.  L.  N.  E.  of  Armagh  and  13  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Newry. 


Taneytown,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Md.  40  ni.  N. 
W.  Baltimore. 

Tangermvnde,  a  town  of  Prussia,  m  Branden- 
burg, with  a  castle,  24  m.  W.  N.  W  of  Branden- 
burg. 

Tangier,  a  sea-port  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with 
a  castle,  and  surrounded  by  a  wall.  The  trade  con- 
sists in  supplying  the  opposite  coasts  with  provi- 
sion. It  was  taken  by  the  Portuguese  in  1471  ; 
and  ceded  to  Charles  11.  of  England,  on  his  mar- 
riage with  the  princess  Catherine  :  but  he  did  not 
think  it  worth  the  expense  of  keeping,  and,  in 
1683,  caused  the  work  to  be  blown  up.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  strait  of  Gibraltar,  940  m.  N.  W.  of  F23. 
Long.  5.  48.  W.,  lat.  35.  46.N. 

Tanjore,  a  province  of  Hindoostan,  on  the  coast 
of  Coromandel,  95  m.  long  and  90  broad.  It  is  an 
appendage  of  the  Carnatic,  but  subject  to  his  own 
rajah,  who  pays  an  annual  subsidy  to  the  Eng- 
lish E.  India  Company.  The  Mahometans  never 
having  actually  occupied  this  territory,  or  affect- 
ed any  permanent  establishment  in  it.  The  Hindoo 
religion  has  been  preserved  in  considerable  splen- 
dor, and  the  ancient  temples,  with  their  vast  en- 
dowments, remained  untouched.  In  almost  every 
village  there  is  a  temple,  with  a  lofty  gateway  of 
massive  but  not  inelegant  architecture,  where  a 
great  many  Brahmins  are  maintained,  either  by 
the  revenues  formerly  attached  to  them,  or  by  an 
allowance  from  government.  The  Brahmins  are 
here  the  chief  holders  of  land,  and  perform  almost 
every  office  of  husbandry,  excepting  holding  the 
plough.  They  are  all  extremely  loyal,  on  ac- 
count of  the  protection  they  receive,  and  also  tlie 
allowance  granted  by  the  British  government  of 
45,000  pagodas  (about  £18,000  sterling)  annually, 
which  is  distributed  for  the  support  of  the  poorer 
temples ! 

Tanjore,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  the 
foregoing  province.  Here  is  one  of  the  hand 
somest  temples  in  the  S.  of  India  ;  also  the  rajah's 
palace,  vvhich  is  a  grand  square,  surrounded  b}'  a 
wall  and  a  wet  ditch.  It  is  seated  onabrancli  ot 
the  Cavero,  205  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Madras.  Long. 
79.  12.  E.,lat.  10.  46.  N. 

Tankia.  n.  town  and  fortress  of  Thibet,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain.  275  m.  W.  S.  VV.  of  Lassa 
Long.  87.  22.  E.  lat.'  29.  5.  N. 

Tanna,  a  fertile  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  one  of 
the  New  Hebrides,  on  vvhich  are  a  volcano  and 
some  hot  springs.  It  is  22  m.  long  and  10  broad  ; 
and  was  discovered  in  1774,  by  Cook,  who  named 
the  harbour  where  he  lay  Port  Resolution, from  the 
name  of  his  ship.  The  inhabitants  are  brave  and 
hospitable;  their  arms  are  bows  and  arrows, 
slings,  spears,  and  clubs.  Long.  169.  41.  E.,  lat 
19.32  S.  _  . 

Trtwnft,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  island  of 
Salsette,  on  the  K.  coast,  15  m.  N.  E.  of  Bombay. 

Tanore,  a  sea-port  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Malabar,  belonging  to  the  British,  28  in. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Calicut.  Long.  75,  50.  E.,  lat.  10. 
55.  !V. 

Taormina,  the  ancient  Tannomenium,  a  sea- 
port of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Demona,  seated  on  a  rocky 
eminence,  on  the  E.  coast  34  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Messina. 

Tamika,  a  small  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  65 
leagues  N.  E.  of  Otaheite.  Long.  145.  9.  W.,  lat. 
14,30.  S. 

Tapoor,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  83 
m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Seringapatam. 

Ta,ppaliann/)f.k  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Va.  on  the  "*. 
side  of  Rappahannock   river  57  rn.  N.  E.    R-cTJ' 


# 


TA% 


711 


TAR 


mond.  Ita  situation  is  low  and  unhealthy  bat  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade. 

Ttippan,  p.v  Rockland  Co.  on  the  Hudson  25 
m.  above  New  York. 

Tappan  Sea,  a  wide  expansion  of  the  Hudson, 
a  little  above  the  preceding  village.  It  is  10  m. 
lonv  and  4  wide. 

TappaiMohj,  a  sea-port  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
l^sland  ^jf  Sumatra,  situate  on  a  small  island  call- 
ed Punchongkecheel.  The  bay  is  very  deep,  and 
capable  of  containing  the  united  navies  of  Eu- 
rope. The  English  E.  India  Company  have  a 
factory  here.  It  was  taken  by  the  French,  but 
restored  at  tlie  peace  in  17G3.  Long.  98.  50.  E., 
lat.  1.  40.  N. 

Taptij,  a  river  of  Hindoostan,  which  rises  at 
Maltoy,  in  the  country  of  Berat,  and  runs  into 
ihe  gulf  of  Cambay,  20  ra.  below  S-arat. 

T'ttr,or  PainJico,  a  river  of  N.  Carolina,  which 
flows  by  Louisburg,  Tarborough,  Greenville,  and 
enters  Pamlico  Sound,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Washington. 

Taransa,  one  of  the  Western  islands  of  Scot- 
land, 4  m.  in  length  and  2  where  broadest.  Long. 
8.5.5.  W.,  lat.  53.2.  N. 

Tarantaise,  a  province  of  Sardinia,  in  Savoy  be- 
tween Proper  Aosla,  Faucigny,  and  Maurienne.  It 
has  an  area  of  780  square  miles, with  40,000  inhab- 
itants.    The  surface  is  rugged  and  mountainous. 

Tarare,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Rhone,  situate  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  20  m. 
W   N.  W.  ofLyons. 

Tarascon,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Mouths 
of  the  Rhone,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the  Rhone, 
opposite  Beauraire,  with  which  it  communicates 
by  a  bridge  of  boats.  It  has  a  trade  in  oil,  brandy, 
starch,  and  silk  stuflfs.  10  m.  N.  of  Aries  and  14 
£.  by.  S.  of  Nismes. 

Tarascon,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Arriege, 
7m.  S.  S.  E.  ofFoi.T. 

Tar%b,  a  city  of  Western  Tartary,  and  the  cap- 
ital of  Turkestan.  It  is  seated  on  a  river,  which 
flows  into  the  Sirr,  350  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Samarcand. 
Long.  66.  30.  E.,  lat.  44.  20.  N. 

Tarrabona,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  partly  on  a  rock 
and  partly  in  a  fertile  plain,  60  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Saragossa,  and  180  N.  E.  of  Madrid.  Long.  1.  36. 
W.,  lat.  42.  2.  N. 

Tarbat,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county  of 
Cromarty,  6  m.  E.  ofTain. 

Tarbat,  East,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of.\rgyle,  25  m.  S.  of  Campbelton. 

TarUf-s.  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Pyrenees,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with 
an  ancient  castle,  and  a  college,  and  manufactures 
of  linen,  paper,  and  leather.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Adour,  42  m.  S.  W.  of  Auch  and  112  S.  by  E.  of 
Bordeaux.     Long.  0.  4.  E.,  lat.  43.  14.  N. 

Tarborough,  p  v.  Edgecombe  Co.  N.  C.  on  Pa- 
milico  River.  83  m.  N.  W.  Newbern.  It  has  a 
considerable  inland  trade. 

Tarento,  a  sea- port  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otran- 
to,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  a 
peninsula,  and  defended  by  a  strong  castle ;  but 
the  harbour  is  become  shallow,  and  its  trade  is 
consequently  diminished.  75  m.  N.  W.  of  Otranto, 
and  150.  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Naples.  Long.  17.  29. 
E.,  lat.  40.  35.. N. 

Targa,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  on  the 
Mediterranean^  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  90  m.  S. 
E.  of  Tangier. 

Tarifa  (the  Julia  Traducta  of  the  Romans),  a 
fortified  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a 
eastle.    It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  and  on  the 


strait  of  Gibraltar,  52  m.  S.  'E.  of  Cadiz.    Lonf . 
5.  36.  W.,  lat.  36.  5.  N. 

TariffvU'e,  p.v  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  Here  are 
large  manufactures  of  cotton  and  carpeting. 

Ttirija,  or  St.  Bernardo  de  Tarija,  a  town  of 
Tucuman,  capital  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Turija, 
which  abounds  in  pastures  that  feed  a  vast  num- 
ber of  cattle  and  sheep.  It  stands  near  the  source 
of  the  Tarija,  which  flows  into  the  Vermejo,  l>i6 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  St.  Salvador  de  Jujui.  Long.  64. 
50.  W.,  lat.  21.  40.  S, 

Tarku,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Daghes- 
tan,  seated  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea, 
52  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Terki  and  300  N.  N.  E.  of  Tau. 
ris.     Long.  47.  5.  E.,  lat.  45.  50.  N. 

Tarlton,  p.v.  Pickaway  Co.  Ohio. 

Tarma,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  a  province  of 
its  name,  which  has  many  mines  of  silver,  and 
feeds  abundance  of  cattle.     12()  m.  N.  E.  of  Lima. 

Tarn,  a  department  of  France,  including  part 
of  Languedoc.  It  takes  its  name  from  a  river, 
which  rises  in  the  department  of  Lozere,  and 
flows  by  Mithoud,  Alb}',  Guillac,  Montauban, 
and  Moissac  into  the  Garonne.  The  superficial 
extent  is  estimated  at  2,100  sq.  m.  with  300,000 
inhabitants,  of  whom  upwards  of  40,000  are  Pro- 
testants.    Castres  is  the  capital. 

Tarn-et- Garonne,  a  department  of  France, 
formed  of  portions  of  the  departments  of  Lot  and 
Upper  Garonne,  in  1808.  It  has  an  area  of  1,500 
sq.  m.  with  250.000  inhabitants,  of  whoin  about 
30,000  are  Protestants.     Montauban  is  the  capital. 

Tarnopol,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  capital 
of  a  circle  of  its  name,  with  a  brisk  trade ;  seated 
on  the  Sereth.     84  m.  E.  of  [.lemberg. 

Tarnoio,  a  town  of  Austrian  Galicia,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's  see, 
seated  on  the  Danajee,  47  m.  E.  of  Cracow. 

Tamoicitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  with  a 
valuable  iron  mine,  [t  stands  near  the  frontiers 
of  Poland,  38  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Oppeln. 

Taro,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  grand  duchy  of 
Parma,  on  the  river  Taro,  28  m.  S.  W.  of  Parma. 

Tarporley,  a  town  in  Cheshire,  with  a  market 
on  Thursday,  II  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Chester  and  173 
K-  W.  of  London. 

Tarragona,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  was  very  powerful  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans,  and  has  many  noble  monu- 
ments of  antiquity.  The  cathedral  is  worthy  of 
notice  for  its  vast  dimensions,  the  elegance  of  its 
Gothic  architecture,  and  a  magnificent  chapel 
built  with  rich  marble  and  jasper.  The  ordinary 
exports  are  wine  and  brandy ;  but  its  harbour  is 
dangerous,  and  not  mucii  frequented.  This  town 
was  taken  by  storm,  by  the  French,  in  1810,  when 
it  was  nearly  reduced  to  ashes.  It  is  seated  on  a 
hill,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Francoli,  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, 54  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Barcelona  and  260 
E.  by  N.  of  Madrid.  Long.  1.  16.  E.  lat.  41.  10. 
N. 

Tarrega,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  situate 
on  a  hill,  on  the  river  Cervera,  33  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Tarragona 

Tarsus.     See   Terasso. 

Tartary,  a  country  of  Asia,  which,  taken  in  ita 
ntmost  limits,  reaches  from  the  eastern  oaean  to 
the  Caspian  Sea,  and  from  Corea,  China,  Thibet, 
Hindoostan,  and  Persia,  to  Russia  and  Siberia. 
It  lies  between  55.  and  135.  E.  'ong.,  and  between 
35.  and  55.  N.,  lat.,  being  3,600  m.  in  length  and 
960  in  extreme  breadth,  but  not  above  330  in  the 
narrowest  part.  It  may  be  considered  under  two 
grand  divisions;  namely.  Eastern  and  Western 


TAT 


719 


TAV 


Tartary.  The  greatest  part  of  the  former  belongs 
to  the  emperor  of  China,  is  tributary  to  him,  or 
is  under  his  protection.  It  is  divided  into  three 
piovinces,  Tcitcicar,  Kirin,  and  Leao-tong.  A 
considerable  part  of  Western  Tartary  has  been 
conquered  by  the  Russians ;  and  that  part  of  it 
E.  from  the  mountains  of  Imaus,  or  Belur,  to  the 
Caspian  Sea,  has  for  many  ages  been  attached  to 
Persia,  and  is  called  Independen^  Tartary.  These 
vast  countries  include  all  the  central  part  of  Asia, 
and  are  inhabited  by  Tartars  of  different  denomi- 
nations and  different  manners.  For  various  par- 
ticulars concerning  them,  sec  the  articles  Circas- 
sia,  Crimea,  Cossacs,  Georgia,  Imeritia,  KaLmucs, 
Mandshars,  Mingreiia,  Mongolia,  Osdetia,  Samoy- 
edcs,  and  Usbecs. 

Tartas,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Landea. 
The  Midouse  runs  through  it;  and  on  one  side 
of  this  river  it  rises  in  the  form  of  an  amphithea- 
tre.    It  is  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Dax. 

Tarudant,  a  town  of  W.  Africa,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Sua,  and  the  residence  of  a  governor, 
or  some  sheriff  related  to  ihe  emperor  of  Morocco. 
120  m.  S.  W.  of  Morocco.  Long.  8.  35.  W.,  lat. 
29.  58.  N. 

Tarwis,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Carin- 
thia,  seated  on  the  rivulet  called  Gailitz.  28  m 
W.  S.  W.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Tashkund,  a  city  of  Independent  Tartary,  capi- 
tal of  apart  of  the  province  of  Turkestan.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Sihon,  210  m.  N.  of  Samarcand. 
Long.  G4.  48.  E.,  lat.  42.  40.  N. 

Tasmans  Land,  a  peninsula,  connected  with 
Van  Diemen's  Land  by  an  isthmus  1,800  feet  long 
and  600  broad. 

TassacoTla,  a  town  of  the  isle  of  Palma,  one  of 
the  Canaries.  It  lies  S.  W.  of  St.  Cruz,  and  be- 
ing exposed  to  westerly  winds  is  little  frequent- 
ed, but  by  boats.  Long.  17.  58.  W.,  lat.  28.  38. 
N. 

Tassasudon,  the  capital  of  Bootan,  a  feudatory 
country  of  Thibet.  The  castle,  or  palace,  is  an 
extensive  quadrangular  building  of  stone,  witli 
accommodation  for  the  raja,  or  lama,  all  the  offi- 
cers of  state,  a  very  numerous  establishment  of 
Gylongs,  and  a  temple  of  the  great  idol  Maha- 
moonie.  It  ia  seated  on  the  Tchintchieu,  in  a 
well-cultivated  valley,  surrounded  by  mountains, 
280  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Lassa.  Long.  89.  40.  £.,  lat. 
27.  49.  N. 

Tassing,  an  island  of  Denmark,  between  P^uen 
and  Langeland,  separated  from  the  former  by  a 
ptrait.  It  is  18  m.  in  circuit,  and  has  a  town  of 
the  same  name.     Long.  10.  47.  E.,  lat.  55.  7.  N. 

Tate,  a  township  of  Clermont  Co.  Ohio. 

Tatnall,  a  county  of  Georgia.     Pop.  2,0.39. 

Talta,  a  city  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  an  ex- 
tensive district  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of 
Sindy.  It  is  seated  on  a  branch  of  the  river 
Sinde  or  Indus,  called  the  Richtel  River.  In  the 
17th  century  it  was  very  extensive  and  populous, 
possessing  manufactures  of  silk,  wool,  and  cot- 
ton ;  and  it  was  celebrated  for  its  cabinet  ware. 
Little  of  these  now  remain,  and  the  limits  of  the 
city  are  very  circumscribed.  The  Indus,  and  its 
branches,  admit  of  an  uninterrupted  navigation 
from  Tatta  to  Moultan,  Lahore,  and  Cashmere, 
for  vessels  of  nearly  200  tons ;  and  a  very  exten- 
sive trade  was  carried  on  between  those  places, 
in  the  time  of  Aurungzebe  ;  but  this  trade  is  now 
much  diminished,  owing  to  a  bad  government  in 
Sindy,  and  to  a  hostile  disposition  of  the  Seiks. 
280  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Amedabad  and  390  S.  S.  W. 
of  Moultan.     Long.  07.  37.  E.,  lat.  24.  50.  .N. 


Tattah,  a  town  on  the  common  fronoiers  of 
Morocco,  Darah,  and  Tafilet,  and  in  the  route 
from  Morocco  to  Timbuctoo.  170  m.  S.  by  £.  of 
Morocco.     Long.  6.  15.  W.,  lat.  28.  25.  N. 

Tatlershall,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  123 
m.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Tauckel.  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerelia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Verd,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Culm. 

Taumaco,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  the 
province  of  Janna,  18  m.  N.  W.  of  Zeiton. 

Taumago,  a  fertile  island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
24  m.  in  circuit,  discovered  by  Quiros  in  1G06. 
Long.  170.  45.  W.,  lat.  13.  0.  S. 

Taunton,  a  river  of  Massachusetts  flowing  S. 
W.  into  Narraganset  Bay.  It  is  navigable  20  m. 
to  Taunton  for  vessels  of  50  tons. 

Taunton,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  on  the  above 
river,  32  ni.  S.  Boston.  Pop.  C,045.  Here  are 
large  and  thriving  manufactures  of  cotton,  iron, 
copper,  lead,  and  Britannia  ware.  7,500,000  yards 
of  calico  are  made  here  yearly. 

Taunton,  a  borough  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
The  silk  trade  furnishes  the  principal  employ- 
mentofthe  inhabitants,  the  manufacture  of  coarse 
woolen  goods,  which  was  formerly  carried  on 
here  to  considerable  extent,  having  been  trans- 
ferred to  Wellington  and  other  neighbouring 
towns.     141  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

TaureuM,  an  isle  of  France,  department  of  Fin- 
isterre,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Morlaix,  with  a 
fort  to  defend  the  port  of  Morlaix. 
Taurida.     See  Crimea. 

Tauris,  or  Taliris,  a  city  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Aderbeitzan,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  Persia. 
It  is  of  an  irregular  ficrure,  and  has  neither  walls 
nor  fortifications.  The  river  Spingtrha  flows 
through  it,  and  the  Agi  passes  on  the  N.  sids  of 
the  city.  The  bazaars,  from  their  largeness,  the 
beautiful  domes  with  which  they  are  covered 
and  the  merchandise  with  which  they  are  filled, 
make  as  fine  an  appearance  as  any  in  Asia. 
Here  were  formerly  300  caravanseras  so  spacious 
that  300  persons  might  lodge  in  each  ;  and  the 
mosques  and  baths  were  grand  and  magnificent 
structures.  In  1724  it  was  terribly  shaken  by  an 
earthquake,  and  nearly  100,000  persons  perished. 
Soon  after  this  calamity  the  Turks  laid  siege  to 
it,  and  they  were  driven  away  with  great  loss 
but  they  took  it  the  next  year  after  a  bloody  con- 
test, in  which  the  Persians  lost  30,000  men  and 
the  Turks  20,000.  Of  250  mosques,  mentioned 
by  Chardin,  the  ruins  of  three  on\y  are  visible. 
The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  good  trade  in  cotton, 
cloth,  silks,  gold  and  silver  brocades,  fine  turbans, 
and  shagreen  leather.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  95  m.  S.  E.  of 
Naksivan  and  320  N.  W.  of  Ispahan.  Long.  48. 
0.  E.  lat.  38.  2S.  N 

Taurus,  or  Kuron,  a  chain  of  mountains  in 
Asia,  which  begins  near  the  shores  of  the  Archi- 
pelago and  extends  GOO  m.  to  the  river  Euphrates. 
The  Taurian  chain  was  formerly  considered  as 
extending  to  the  sources  of  the  Ganges,  and  the 
extremities  of  Asia,  so  far  as  discovered  by  the 
ancients  ;  but  various  parts  of  it  were  known  by 
different  names. 

Taus,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Pil- 
sen,  31  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Tavastland,  a  district  of  European  Russia,  in 
the  middle  of  Finland,  150  m  long  and  100  broad. 
The  N.  part  is  mountainous  and  woody,  but  the 
greater  part  consists  of  fertile  plains,  watered  by 
numerous  rivers  and  lakes.  Notwithstandinu-  the 
goodness  of  the  soil,  in  which  it  is  scarcely  surpas 


>f 


TCH 


718 


TCH 


sed  by  any  pro  nnce  in  Sweden,  it  is  far  from  be 
ing  well  cultivated;  and  the  peasants  are  gener- 
ally poor  The  chief  trafflc  is  in  corn,  flax, hemp, 
dried  fish,  cattle,  leather,  tallow,  and  lime. 

Tacastus,  or  Tavastborg,  a  town  of  Finland, 
formerly  capital  of  the  district  of  Tavastland. 
It  has  a  strong  castle,  and  is  seated  on  a  river 
which  flows  into  the  lake  Wana,  110  m.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Abo. 

Taverna,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Nicastro. 

Tavira,  or  Tavila,  a  sea-port  of  Portugal,  in  Al- 
garva,  with  a  castle,  and  one  of  the  best  harbours 
in  the  kingdom,  defended  by  two  forts.  It  is 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gilaon,  in  the  gulf  of 
Cadiz,  96  m.  N.  W.  of  Cadiz  and  136  S.  E.  of  Lis- 
bon.    Long.  7.  36.  W.,  lat.  37.  8.  N. 

Tavistock,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  serges.  In  its  vicinity  was  born 
the  famous  sir  Francis  Drake.  It  is  seated  on 
the  river  Tavy,  32  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Exeter  and  207 
of  London. 

Tavoy,  a  sea-port  on  the  W.  coast  of  Siam,  in  a 
district  of  its  name,  which  was  wrested  from  the 
Siamese  by  the  Birnians,  and  subsequently  ceded 
to  the  British  in  1824-5.  The  town  is  150  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Siam.    Long   98.  20.  E.,  lat.  14.  45.  N. 

Taxahaio,  p. v.  Lancaster  Dis.  S.  C. 

Tay,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  on  the 
W.  borders  of  Perthshire,  flows  through  Loch 
Tay  to  Dunkeld,  Perth,  and  Newburg,  below 
which  to  the  sea  (above  20  miles)  it  may  be  deem- 
ed a  continued  harbour,  and  is  called  the  Frilh  of 
Tay,  having  Fifeshire  on  one  side  and  the  coun- 
ties of  Perth  and  Angus  on  the  other. 

Tay,  Loch,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire,  15 
m.  long  and  in  most  parts  above  one  broad,  form- 
ed by  several  streams  and  the  river  Tay,  which 
flows  through  its  whole  length. 

Taylorsville,  p. v.  Hanover  Co.  Va.  30  m  from 
Richmond;  p. v.  Fairfield  Dis.  S.  C.  18  m.  from  Co- 
lumbia; p.t.  Shelby  Co.  Ken.  30  m.  S.  E.  Louis- 
ville. 

Tazewell,  a  county  of  the  W.  District  of  Virein- 
ia.  Pop.  4,104  ;  p. v.  the  capital  of  this  Co.  302 
m.  W.  Richmond ;  p.v.  Claiborne  Co.  Ten.  50 
m.  N.  E.  Knoxville. 

Tazowskaia,  a  bay  of  Siberia,  in  Obskaia  Gulf, 
about  140  miles  long  and  3  broad. 

Tchad,  a  lake  of  Central  Africa,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Bornou,  in  lat.  13.  N.  long.  15.  W.  It  was 
first  seen  by  Doctor  Oudeney  and  his  companions, 
and  afterwards  visited  by  Clapperton  and  Denham. 
It  is  200  m.  long  and  150  broad.  It  receives  the 
rivers  Yeou  from  the  W.  and  Shary  from  the  S. 
It  abounds  in  fish,  and  its  borders  exhibit  all  the 
splendour  of  tropical  vegetation.  Its  water  is 
fresh.  Major  Denham  travelled  alonff  the  great- 
er part  of  the  shore,  but  was  obliged  to  leave 
144  m.  of  it  unexplored.  He  was  informed  that  it 
had  no  outlet. 

Tcliing-tcka,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  S. 
part  of  Hou-quang.  It  is  seated  on  the  river 
Heng,  wh'ch  has  a  communication  with  an  ex- 
tensive lake,  called  Tong-tincr-hou,  740  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Pekin.     Long.  112.  25.°E.,  lat.  28.  11.  N. 

Tchang-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Fo-kien. .  It  has  a  considerable  trade  with 
Emony,  Pong-hou,  and  Formosa ;  and  is  950  m. 
S.  of  Pekin.     Long.  117.  35.  E.,  lat.  24.  32.  N. 

Tchang-te,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 

in  Ho-nan.     It  is  remarkable  for  a  fish,  like  a 

crocodile,  the  fat  of  which  is  of  such  a  singular 

nature  that  when  once  ignited  it  cannot  be  ez- 

90 


tinguished.  Near  it  is  a  mountain  so  steep  ana 
inaccessible  that  in  the  time  of  war  it  affords  a 
safe  asylum  to  the  inhabitants.  It  is  2;)5  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Pekin.     Long.  HI.  5.  E.,  lat.  29.  2.  N. 

Tchao-king,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Quang  tong,  seated  on  the  river  Si,  70  m.  W. 
of  Canton. 

Tchao-tchcnu,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Quang- tong,  seated  on  the  Peikiang,  86  ra.  E. 
of  Canton. 

Tche-kiang,  a  province  of  China,  one  of  the 
most  considerable  in  extent,  riches,  and  pop.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  W.  by  Kiang-nan,  S. 
W.  by  Kiang-si,  S.  by  Fo-kien,  and  E.  by  the 
ocean.  In  this  province,  whole  plains  are  cover- 
ed with  dwarf  mulberry  trees,  purposely  checked 
in  their  growth ;  and  prodigious  quantities  of 
silk -worms  are  bred.  The  principal  branch  of 
trade  consists  in  silk  stuffs ;  and  those  in  which 
gold  and  silver  are  intermixed  are  the  most  beau- 
tiful in  China.  The  tallow  tree  grows  here,  and 
a  species  of  mushrooms,  which  are  transported  to 
all  the  provinces  of  the  empire;  and  here  also  are 
found  the  small  gold  fish  with  which  ponds  are 
commonly  stocked.  In  Tche-kiang  are  reckoned 
11  cities  of  the  first  rank,  72  of  the  third,  and  18 
fortresses,  which  in  Europe  would  be  deemed 
large  cities.     Hang-tcheou  is  the  capital. 

Tcheou-chan.  an  island  near  the  W.  coast  of 
China,  belonging  to  the  province  of  Tche  kiang. 
It  is  about  24  m.  long  nnd  from  5  to  10  broad. 

Tcheraigof,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly 
a  part  of  the  Ukraine.  Its  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  seated  on  the  Desne,  345  miles  S.  S.  W. 
of  Moscow.     Long.  QQ.  45.  E.,  lat.  51.  24.  N. 

Tchesne,  a  town  on  the  W.  coast  of  Natolia, 
with  a  citadel.  It  stands  almost  opposite  Scio, 
at  the  head  of  a  spacious  road,  which  is  famous 
for  the  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fleet,  by  the 
Russians,  in  1770.  It  is  48  miles  W.  of  Smyr- 
na.    Long.  26.  26.  E.,  lat.  38.  26.  N. 

Tching-kiang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Se-tchuen,  910  miles  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
104.  26.  E.,  lat.  27.  18.  N. 

Tching-kiang,  a  strong  city  of  China,  of  the 
first  rauK,  in  Kiang-nan,  and  the  key  of  the  em- 
pire towards  the  sea.  Its  situation  and  trade, 
and  the  beauty  of  its  walla,  give  it  a  pre-emi- 
nence over  the  other  cities  of  the  province.  It 
is  seated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Kian-ku,  470  miles 
S.  S.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long.  18.  55.  E.  lat.  32. 
14.  N. 

Tching-kiang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Yun-nan,  36  miles  S.  by  E. 
of  Yun-nan.  Long.  102.  40.  E.,  lat.  24.  44. 
N. 

Tching-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first 
rank,  in  Hou-quang,  seated  on  an  angle  formed 
by  two  rivers.  Under  it  are  five  cities  of  the 
third  class,  in  which  a  kind  of  plain  earthenware 
is  prepared,  which  the  Chinese  prefer  to  the  most 
elegant  porcelain.  It  is  765  miles  S.  S.  \V.  of 
Pekin.     Long.  109  40.  E.,  lat.  28.  23.  N. 

Tching-ting,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Pe-tche-li,  136  miles  S.  S.  W. 
of  Pekin.     Long.  114.  21.  E.,  lat.  38.  9.  N. 

Tching-tou,  a  city  of  China  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Se-tchuen.  It  was  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  emperors,  and  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  empire  ;  but  in 
1646,  during  the  civil  wars  that  preceded  the 
last  invasion  of  the  Tartars,  it  was  almost  entire- 
ly destroyed.  Its  temples,  and  the  ruins  of  an- 
cient oalaces  are  objects  of  admiration  to  straa 
3o2 


TED 


714 


TET 


fers.    1810  m.   S.   W.  of  Pekin.       Long.   103. 
4.  E.,  lat.  30.  40.  N. 

Tchin-ngan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Quang-si,  1,250  m.  S.  S.  W  of  Pekin. 
Long.  106.0.  E.,  lat.  23.  21.  N. 

Trhi-tckeou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Kiang-nan  ;  seated  on  the  river  Kiang,  570 
m.  S.  of  Pekin.     Long.  117.  0.  E.,  lat.  30.  45.  N. 

Tchi-yuen,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Koei-tcheou,  980  in.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
107.51.  E.,  lat.  27.  1.  N. 

Tchoka.     See  Saghalien. 

Tchong-king,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Se-tcnuen.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  ris- 
ing in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  at  the  con- 
flux of  the  Kincha  with  the  Kian-ku,  750  m.  S. 
W.  of  Pekin.     Long.  106.  20.  E.,   lat.  29.  42.  N. 

Tchou-hiong,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Yun-nan,  75  m.  W.  of  Yun- 
nan.    Lono-.  101.  20.   E.,  lat.  25.  6.  N. 

Tchukotski,  the  most  eastern  part  of  Siberia, 
in  the  province  of  Okotsk.  The  attention  of 
the  natives  is  confined  chiefly  to  their  deer,  with 
which  the  country  abounds.  They  are  a  well- 
made,  courageous,  warlike  race,  and  are  for- 
midable neighbours  to  the  Koriacs,  who  often 
experience  their  depredations. 

Tchukotskoi,  a  cape  of  Siberia,  on  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Asia,  and  the  STW.  limit  of  Beer- 
ing  strait.     Long.  172.  30.  W.,  lat.  64.  15.  N. 

Tchu-tcheou,  a  cit}'  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Tche-kiang,  730  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
120.  33.  E.,  lat.  28.  36.  N. 

Tcitcicar,  the  largest  of  the  three  provinces  of 
Chinese  Tartary,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Siberia, 
N.  E.  by  the  sea  of  Okotsk,  S.  E.  by  the  prov- 
ince of  Kirln,  and  W.  by  Western  Tartary  and 
Siberia.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  watered 
by  the  river  Saghalien,  which  receives  many 
others  in  its  course. 

Tcitcicar,  a  city  of  Chinese  Tartary,  capital  of 
the  foregoing  province,  and  the  residence  of  a 
Mandshur  general.  This  city  was  built  by  the 
Emperor  of  China,  to  secure  his  frontiers  against 
the  incursions  of  the  Russians.  It  Is  seated  on  the 
Nonni,  3-55  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long.  123. 
30.  E,  lat.  47.  25.  N. 

Tebesta  or  Tinsa,a.  town  of  Tunis  in  Africa,  on 
the  borders  of  Algiers,  with  a  castle,  and  several 
remains  of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a 
mou!>tain,  130  m.  S.  E.  of  Tunis. 

Tecuit,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the  province  of 
Sus,  seated  in  a  country  abounding  in  grain, 
dates,  and  sugar-canes,  4  m.  E.  of  Messa. 

Tfxklenburg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
capital  of  a  fertile  county  of  the  same  name.  It 
has  manufactures  of  linen  cloth,  and  is  22  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Munster.     Long.  7.  47.  E.,  lat.  52.  14.  N. 

Tecoantepec,  a  sea-port  of  Mexico,  in  Guaxaca, 
with  a  fortified  abbey  and  several  handsome 
churches.  It  is  seated  on  a  large  bay  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Loner.  95.  55 
W..lat.  16.  28.  N. 

Tecrit,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Mosul,  seated  on  a  rock,  nearthe  W. 
Bide  of  the  Tlgre,  130  m.  S.  of  Mosul. 

Ttculct,  a  town  of  Morocco,  with  an  old  cas- 
tle, seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  99  m.  W.  of  Morocco.  Long.  9.  45.  W., 
lat.  31.  5.  N. 

Tecumsehf  a  village  in  Lenawee  Co.  Michi- 
gan.    64  m.  S.  W.  Detroit. 

Teddington,  a  village  of  Middlesex,  Eng.  seat- 
ed on  the  Thames,  12  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  London. 


Tfidelez,a  town  of  Algiers,  on  the  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  with  a  castle,  45  m.  E.  of  Al- 
giers. 

Tednest,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the  province  of 
Hea,  almost  sui  rounded  by  a  river.  It  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Portuguese  in  1517,  but  they  were 
driven  away  soon  after.    40  m.  N.  E.  of  Mogador. 

Tedsi,  a  town  of  Morocco,  in  the  provmce  of 
Sus,  seated  in  a  plain  abounding  in  corn,  20  m. 
S.  E.  ofTarudant.  # 

Teembo,  a  city  of  Central  Africa,  capital  of  the 
kingdom  of  Foota  Jalloo.  The  inhabitants  esti- 
mated at  8,000,  carrying  on  manufactures  nC 
cloth,  iron,  silver,  wood,  leather,  &c.  160  m. 
E.  of  Sierra  Leone. 

Tees,  a  river  which  rises  on  the  confines  oi 
Cumberland,  Eng.  separates  the  counties  of  Dur- 
ham and  York,  and  enters  the  German  Ocean  be- 
low Stockton. 

Tefessad,  a  town  of  Algiers,  with  mines  of  iron 
in  its  neighbourhood,  32  m.  S.  W  of  Algiers. 

Teflis,  a  city  of  Asia,  the  capital  of  Georgia, 
called  by  the  inhabitants  Thills-Caba  (Warm 
Town),  from  the  warm  baths  in  its  neighbour- 
hood. It  contans  20,000  inhabitants,  of  whom 
more  than  one-half  are  Armenians.  The  streets 
seldom  exceed  seven  feet  in  breadth,  and  the 
houses  are  of  stone  with  flat  roofs,  which  serve 
as  walks  for  the  women.  Here  is  a  foundry  for 
cannon,  mortars,  and  balls;  also  a  public  school 
founded  by  emperor  Alexander.  The  most 
flourishing  manufactures  are  those  of  silks  and 
printed  linens ;  but  the  chief  trade  is  in  furs 
sent  to  Turkey  and  the  S.  of  Persia.  In  1723  it  was 
taken  by  the  Turks,  and  in  1734  retaken  by  Kouli 
Khan.  It  is  seated  on  the  Kur,  at  the  foot  of  a 
hill,  300  ni.  S.  S.  W.  of  Astracan.  Long  45.  3. 
E.,  lat.  42.  20.  N. 

Tefa,  a  strong  town  of  Morocco,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain,  70  m.N.  N.  E.  of  Morocco.  Loner.  5 
55.  W.,  lat.  32.  0.  N. 

Tefzra,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  55  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Oran. 

Tegaia,  a  town  of  Zahara,  capital  of  a  territory 
of  that  name,  remarkable  for  mountains  of  salt. 
Long.  6.  30.  W.,  lat.  21.  40.  N. 

Tegerhy,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan,  80 
m.  S.  W.  of  Mourzook. 

Tegern^  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  celebrated  ab- 
bey, seated  on  a  lake  called  the  Tegern  See.  30 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Munich. 

Tegiio,  a  town  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  Valte- 
line.  9  m.  S.  W.  ofTirano. 

Teheran,  a  city  of  Persia,  and  lately  the  residence 
of  the  Shah.  It  stands  on  the  site  of  the  ancient 
city  of  Rai,  and  is  4  m.  in  circuit,  surrounded  by  a 
strong  wall  flanked  with  towers.  The  houses  are 
built  of  unburnt  brick.  During  the  summer  It  is 
unhealthy.  Lat.  35.  40.  N.  long.  50.  52.  E.  300  m. 
N.  Ispahan.    Pop. 15,000. 

Teignmnuth,  a  sea-port  in  Devonshire,  Eng. 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Teign,  187  m.  W.  by 
S.  of  London. 

Teinilz,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of  Pil- 
son,  with  a  castle  and  a  convent ;  seated  on  the 
Radbuza,  30  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Teisendorf,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the  provinci 
ofSalsburg,  12  m.  N.  W.  of  Salsburg. 

Tejuco,  a  district  of  Brazil  about  50  m.  long* 
and  24  broad,  particularly  noted  for  its  produc 
tion  of  diamonds. 

Tejuco,  the  capital  of  the  above  district,  is  si( 
uate  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  is  very  irregularli 


S« 


lEN 


715 


TEN 


builf.  The  circulation  of  property  created  by  the 
diamond  works  rendered  it  a  flourishing  town. 

Telese,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
18  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Capua. 

Telfair,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  2,136.  Jack- 
son villa  is  the  capital. 

Telgen,  or  Telga,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Suder- 
mania,  on  the  lake  Maeler,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Tdget,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  5  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Munster. 

Te/I,  a  township  of  Huntingdon  Co.  Pa. 

Ttl.les,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with  a 
small  harbour,  on  the  Mediterranean,  100  m.  E. 
S.  E.of  Tetuan. 

Tellicherry,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  ,  in  Malabar. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  is  seated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  42  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Calicut. 
Long.  75.  33.  E  ,  lat.  11.  48.  N. 

Tellico,  p.v.  Monroe  Co.  Ten. 

TeltoiD,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg,  on 
a  lake  of  the  same  name,  7  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of  Berlin. 

Tdtsch,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Moravia,  16  m.  S. 
of  Ifflau. 

Teinendefust,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Algiers, 
10  m.   E.  of  Algiers. 

Tcmeswar,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  territory  called  the  Bannat  of  Temeswar.  It 
stands  on  the  river  Bega,  which  forms  a  morass 
round  it,  and  tne  fortress  requires  a  garrison  of 
14,000  men.  This  place  formerly  passed  for  im- 
pregnable ;  but  it  was  taken  by  prince  Eugene, 
in  a  dry  season,  in  1716.  80.  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Bel- 
grade and  160.  S.  W.  of  Buda. 

Temissa,  a  town  of  Fezzan,  where  the  caravans 
from  Tombuctoo,  Bornou,  «fec.,  which  travel  by 
the  way  of  Cairo  to  Mecca,  usually  provide  the 
stores  of  corn,  dates,  dried  meat,  and  other  requi- 
sites for  their  dreary  journey.  120  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Mourzook. 

Tempelborg,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in 
Fomerania,  on  the  S.  side  of  a  lake  and  on  the  fron- 
tiers of  Poland,  43  m.  E.  by  N.  of  New    Stargard. 

Temple,  a  township  of  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop. 
798;  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  30  m.  S.  Con- 
cord.    Pop.  647. 

Templeton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  Pop. 
1,5.51. 

Templin,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
with  a  great  trade  in  timber.  It  was  totally  con- 
sumed by  fire  in  1735,  but  has  been  rebuilt  in  a 
beautiful  manner.  It  stands  between  the  Boden- 
see  and  Dolorensee,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Prenzlo  and 
42  N.  by  K.  of  Berlin. 

Tenasserim,  a  town  of  Birmah,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  situate  on  a  large  river,  47  m. 
S.  E.  of  JVIergui.  Lono-.  93.  50.  W.,  lat.  11.  35. 
N.  . 

Tenhnry,  a  town  in  Worcestershire,  Eng.  133 
in.  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

TenJ/y.  a  sea- port  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire, 
253  m.  W.  of  London.  Long.  4.  40.  W.,  lat.  51. 
44.  N. 

Tench  Island,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  2  m. 
in  circumference,  discovered  by  lieutenant  Ball, 
in  1790.  It  is  low,  but  entirely  covered  with  co- 
coa-nut and  other  trees.  Long.  151.  31.  E.,  lat. 
1.  30.  S. 

Tenda,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, with  a  fortified  castle  on  a  rock.  It  stands  on 
the  Roia,  65  m.  S.  of  Turin. 

Tenedos,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  14  m.  S.  of  the  strait 
of  Gallipoli.     It  is  11  ra.  long  aJid  7  broad,  is  in- 


habited almost  wholly  by  Greeks,  and  its  musca- 
dine wine  is  the  best  in  all  the  Levant.  On  the 
E.  side  is  the  town,  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  with 
a  harbour  defended  by  a  castle.  Long.  26.  0.  E., 
lat.  39.  50.  N. 

Teneriffe,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  and  the 
most  considerable  of  them  for  riches,  trade,  and 
population.  It  lies  W.  of  the  Grand  Canary,  is 
70  m.  long  and  22  broad,  and  abounds  in  wine, 
different  sorts  of  fruits,  cattle,  and  game.  One 
part  of  this  island  is  surrounded  by  inaccessible 
mountains,  of  which  one  in  particular,  called  the 
Peak  of  Teneriffe,  is  12,072  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  the  distance  to  the  Peak  from  the  port 
of  Oratavia,  at  the  base  of  the  mountain,  '.s  above  11 
m.  This  island  is  subject  to  volcanic  eruptions 
and  in  1704  one  destroyed  several  towns  and  many 
thousand  people.  The  laborious  works  in  this  is- 
land are  chiefly  performed  by  oxen  and  mules, 
horses  being  scarce  and  reserved  for  the  use  of 
the  officers.  Hawks  and  parrots  are  natives 
of  the  island,  as  are  swallows,  sea-gulls,  partridg- 
es, canary  birds,  ap.d  blackbirds.  There  are  al- 
so lizards,locusts,  and  dragon-flies.  St.  Christophe- 
de  Laguna  is  the  capital,  but  the  governor  resides 
at  St.  Cruz. 

Teneriffe,  a  town  of  the  republic  of  Colombia, 
in  the  former  vice-royalty  of  New  Granada,  seat- 
ed on  the  Madalena,  100  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  St. 
Martha. 

Ttnez,  or  Tents,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Mascara,  capital  of  a  district  of  its  name, 
with  a  fort.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in  corn 
and  is  seated  on  a  river,  4  m.  from  the  sea  and  85 
W.  S.  W.  of  Algiers. 

Te-ngan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Hou-quang,  550  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  113 
21.  E.,lat.  31.20.  N. 

Tennessee,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  the  larg- 
est of  all  those  which  flow  into  the  Ohio.  Its 
commencement  is  formed  in  the  state  to  which  it 
gives  name,  by  the  junction  of  the  Clinch  with 
the  Holston,  3o  m.  below  Knoxville.  It  flows  S. 
W.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Cumberland  Mountains,  in- 
to Georgia,  where  it  makes  a  circuit  to  the  W.  of 
called  the  Great  Bend  ;  it  then  re-enters  the  state 
of  Tennesse,  which  it  passes  quite  through  into 
that  of  Kentucky,  where  it  enters  the  Ohio,  50 
m.  above  the  conflux  of  that  river  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi. The  Tennessee  is  600  yards  broad  at 
its  mouth,  and  is  thence  navigable  by  vessels  of 
great  burden  for  260  m.,  to  the  Muscle  Shoals, 
in  the  Great  Bend  :  here  the  river  widens  to  be- 
tween 2  and  3  m.  for  nearly  30  m.  ;  and  these 
shoals  can  only  be  passed  in  small  boats ;  hence 
it  may  be  navigated,  by  boats  of  40  tons  burden, 
400  m.  further  to  its  commencement. 

Tennessee,  one  of  the  United  States,  bounded 
N.  by  Kentucky  ;  E.  by  North  Carolina  ;  S.  by 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi ;  and  W.  by 
the  river  Mississippi,  separating  it  from  Missouri 
and  Arkansas.  Its  length  is  about  430  m. ;  its 
breadth  104  m.  It  lies  between  35.  and  36.  36.  N. 
lat.,  and  between  81.  30.  and  90.  10.  W.  long.,  and 
contains  40,000  sq.  m.  The  western  part  of  the  . 
State  is  comparatively  level.  The  eastern  portioa 
is  mountainous. 

The  Cumberland  Mountains  extend  through  the 
state  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.,dividingit  into  two  sec- 
tions. In  East  Tennessee  are  many  parallel 
ridges,  the  most  lofty  of  which,  are  the  Laurel, 
Stone,  Yellow.  Iron,  Bald,  and  Unaka  Mountains. 
All  these  are  peaks  of  a  continued  chain.  Wel- 
lings'  and  Copper  Ridge,  and  Church,  Powell'Si 


TEN 


716 


TAR 


•nd  Bay^feMountains,  art-  in  the  N.  E.  The  sum- 
niits  of  some  of  these  mountains  exhibit  plateaus 
of  considerable  extent,  which  admit  of  good  roads, 
and  are  inhabited  and  cultivated.  The  heights 
subside  as  they  approach  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio. 
The  mountains  contain  a  great  number  of  caverns, 
which  are  amonij  the  most  remarkable  features  of 
the  country.  They  are  of  so  frequent  occurrence 
that  very  few  have  been  explored  ;  and  little  more 
is  known  of  them,  than  that  they  abound  in  nitrous 
j^  earth.  One  of  them  has  been  descended  400  feet 
below  the  surface,  and  found  to  consist  of  a  smooth 
limestone  rock,  with  a  stream  of  pure  water  at 
the  bottom,  sufficient  to  turn  a  mill.  A  cave  en  a 
high  peak  of  the  Cumberland  Mountain  has  a  per- 
pendicular depth  that  has  never  been  fathomed. 
The  enchanted  Mountains,  which  are  portions  of 
the  Cumberland  ridge,  exhibit  some  very  singular 
footprints  of  men,  horses,  and  other  animals  dis- 
tinctly marked  in  a  solid  rock  of  limestone.  In 
many  cases  they  appear  as  if  the  feet  which 
marked  them  had  slidden  while  the  stone  was  in  a 
soft  state.  One  of  the  tracks  is  16  inches  long 
and  13  inches  wide. 

The  whole  state  is  well  watered.  The  largest 
rivers  are  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee,  which 
fall  into  the  Ohio  The  Obian,  Forked  Deer, 
Big  Hatchee  and  Wolf  rivers  intersect  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  and  fall  into  the  Mississiopi. 

The  valleys  of  the  small  rivers  are  extremely 
beautiful,  and  rich  oeyond^-ny  of  the  same  de- 
scription in  the  western  swRes.  The  valleys  of 
the  great  streams  of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumber- 
land, differ  little  from  the  alluvions  of  the  oth- 
er great  rivers  of  the  West.  On  the  small  val- 
leys are  many  fine  plantations,  and  yet  so  lone- 
ly that  they  seem  lost  among  the  mountains. 

Tiie  climate  is  delightful,  being  milder  than 
in  Kentucky,  and  free  from  the  intense  heat 
which  prevails  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Mississippi  valley.  Snows  of  some  depth  are 
frequent  in  the  winter,  but  the  summers,  espe- 
cially in  the  higher  regions,  are  mild.  In  these 
parts,  the  salubrity  of  the  climate  is  thought 
to  equal  that  of  any  part  of  the  United  States ; 
but  the  low  valleys  where  stagnant  waters 
abound,  and  the  alluvions  of  the  great  rivers 
are  unhealthy.  Maize  is  planted  in  the  central 
parts  of  the  state  early  in  April. 

The  soil  in  East  Tennessee  is  remarkably  fer- 
tile, containinff  great  proportions  of  lime.  In 
West  Tennessee  the  soil  is  various,  and  the  stra- 
ta decend  from  the  mountains  in  the  following 
order  ;  first,  loamy  soil,  or  mixtures  of  clay  and 
sand  ;  next,  yellow  clay  ;  thirdly,  a  mixture  of  red 
sand  and  red  clay  ;  lastly,  white  sand.  In  the 
southern  parts,  are  immense  beds  of  oyster  shells, 
on  high  table  land,  at  a  distance  from  the  Missis- 
sippi, or  any  other  stream  ;  some  of  these  shells 
are  of  an  enormous  size.  The  soil  of  tlie  valleys 
and  alluvions  is  extremely  fertile. 

Nearly  all  the  forest  trees  of  the  western  coiin- 
try  are  found  in  this  state,  but  the  laurel  tribes 
are  not  common  Juniper,  red  cedar,  and  savin 
cover  the  mountains.  Apples,  pears,  and  plums, 
which  are  properly  northern  fruits,  arc  raised  in 

Sreat  perfection  The  sugar  maple  is  very  abun- 
ant. 
Inexhaustible  quarries  of  gypsum  of  the  finest 
quality  abound  in  East  Tennessee.  Marble  in 
many  beautiful  varieties  is  abundant.  Iron  ore  is 
found  in  plenty,  and  some  lead  mines  have  been 
worked.  Salt  springs  are  numerous,  but  the  wa- 
ter is  not  sufficiently  stronjr  to  admit  of   their  be- 


ing made  profitable.    Nitrous  earth  abounds  in 
the  saltpetre  caves. 

The  gold  region  elsewhere  described  in  the  south- 
ern states,  extends  into  the  southeastern  part  of 
Tenneseee.  The  spot  affording  the  metal,  is  situ- 
ated about  12  miles  south  of  the  Tellico  plains, 
near  the  Unika  mountain,  which  separates  thiS 
state  from  North  Carolina.  The  gold  occurs  in 
small  grains,  and  appears  to  have  been  produced 
by  the  disintegration  of  the  rocks  which  compose 
the  mountain.  The  gold  is  found  in  the  small 
rivulets  and  brooks,  and  also  on  the  declivities 
of  the  mountains,  and  very  near  their  summits. 
It  is  contained  in  a  stratum  of  the  soil  of  JO  or  12 
inches  in  depth,  and  is  separated  from  the  earth 
by  washing. 

Tennessee  also  contains  an  ore  of  zinc  of  aO 
excellent  quality.  The  Cumberland  mountains 
are  rich  in  coal.  Manganese,  roofing  slate,  and 
magnetic  iron  ore  may  be  also  numbered  amone; 
the  mineral  productions. 

This  state  is  politically  divided  into  2  Districts, 
East  and  West.  The  former  has  22  counties  and 
the  latter  40.  The  population  is  684,822  of 
whom  142,382  are  slaves.  Nashville  is  the  capital. 
The  other  considerable  towns  are  Knoxville  and 
Murfreesborough.  Agriculture  is  in  a  great 
measure  confined  to  the  raising  of  cotton  :  but  the 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  maize,  wheat,  rye,  barley 
and  oats,  which  are  all  more  or  less  cultivated. 
There  are  some  manufactures  of  iron,hemp,cotton 
and  cordage. 

The  legislature  is  called  the  General  Assembly 
and  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Represent- 
atives. The  members  of  both  and  the  Governor 
are  chosen  for  2  years.  Suffrage  is  universal ;  and 
the  clergy  are  excluded  from  office.  The  Baptists 
are  the  most  numerous  religious  sect ;  they  have 
141  ministers;  the  Methodists  125, the  Presbyteri 
ans  80  and  the  Lutherans  10.  There  are  colleges 
at  Greenville,  Knoxville,  and  Nashville.  Tennes- 
eee was  settled  by  emigrants  from  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina  :  the  first  settlements  were  made 
between  1765  and  1770.  In  1796  a  constitution 
was  formed,  and  the  territory  was  admitted  into 
the  union  as  a  state. 

Tennis,  a  town  of  Egypt,  situate  on  an  island 
in  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  sometimes  called 
Lake  Menzaleh,  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Damietta. 

Tensaw,  a  river  or  Alabama,  flowing  into  Mo 
bile  Bay,  and  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Alabama 
and  Tombigbee  rivers.  A  river  of  Louisiana 
joining  with  the  Washitau  to  form  Black  River. 

Tensaw,  p. v.  Baldwin  Co.  Alabama. 

Tcnstaat,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  10  m.  N. 
E.  of  Langensalza. 

Ten-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Chang-tong,  with  a  good  port  and  a  strong  gar 
rison.  It  is  seated  on  the  N.  side  of  a  peninsu- 
la of  the  Yellow  Sea,  250  m.  S.  E.  of  Pekin. 
Long.  120.  50.  E.,  lat.  37.  20.  N. 

Tcnderden,  a  town  of  Kent.  57  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
London. 

Tentugal,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  8  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Coimbra. 

Terarno,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Abruzzo  Ultra,  25 
m.  N.  E.  of  Aqnila. 

Tarasso,  a  sea-port  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  coast 
of  Caramania,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  was 
formerly  called  Tarsus,  and  was  the  capital  of 
Cilicia,  the  literary  rival  of  Athens  and  Alexan- 
dria, and  the  birthplace  of  the  apostle  Paul.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  100  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Alexandretta.  Long.  35. 15.  £.,  lat.  37.  4.  N. 


TER 


717 


TES 


Tequr.TUtama,  a  cataract  near  Bogota  in  Colom- 
bia, caused  by  a  branch  of  the  Magdalena  falling 
into  a  narrow  chasm  among  the  rocks.  The 
cataract  consists  of  3  pitches  and  the  whole  fall  is 
867  feet. 

Terceira,  one  of  the  Azores,  of  a  circular  form 
about  55  m  in  circumference,  and  very  fertile. 
It  contains  several  towns  and  villages,  with  a 
number  efforts.     Angra  is  the  capital. 

Terr.hiz,  or  Tershiz,  a  town  of  Persia  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Chorasan,  situate  on  the  borders  of  the 
Great  Salt  Desert,  160  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Herat. 
Long.  57.  25.  E.,  lat.  35.  5.  N. 

Terga,  a  town  of  Morocco,  seated  on  the  Omir- 
abi,  90  m.  N.  of  Morocco. 

Tergovist,  or  Tervis,  a  town  of  European  Tur- 
key, in  Walachia.  Here  is  a  fine  palace,  belong- 
ing to  the  hosbodar,  or  reigning  prince ;  but  he 
chiefly  resides  at  Buchorest.  It  stands  on  the 
Jalonitz,  35  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Buchorest.  Long.  25. 
.G8.  E.,  lat.  45.  28.  x\. 

Terki,  a  lown  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Caucasus,  formerly  a  frontier  place 
against  Persia.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  180  m.  S.  of 
Astracan.     Long.  47.  30.  E.,  lat.  43.  22.  N. 

Termed,  a  town  of  Usbec  Tartary,  capital  of  a 
district  in  Bokharia ;  seated  in  an  angle  formed 
by  the  union  of  two  rivers,  150  m.  S.  of  Saraar- 
cand.  Long.  65.  35   E.,  lat.  37.  15.  N. 

Termini,  a  town  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  in 
Val  di  Mazara,  with  a  strong  castle.  Its  miner- 
al waters  are  much  celebrated,  and  it  has  a  con- 
siderable trade.  It  is  situate  on  a  rocky  eminence, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  20 
m.  S.  E.  of  Palermo. 

Termoli,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata, 
seated  near  the  sea,  32  m.  S.  E.  of  Lanciano. 

Ternate,  one  of  the  Molucca  islands,  lying  to 
the  W.  of  Gilolo, formerly  the  seat  of  sovereignty. 
It  abounds  in  cocoa-nuts,  bananas,  citrons,  oran- 
ges, almonds,  and  other  fruits  proper  to  the  cli- 
mate. There  are  also  a  great  number  of  birds  of 
paradise.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  and  con- 
tains a  great  number  of  woods,  which  furnish 
abundance  of  game.  It  is  in  thfi^ possession  of 
the  Dutch,  from  whom  it  was  taken  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1810,  but  restored,  with  their  other  Indian 
possessions,  in  1814.  The  inhabitants  are  Ma- 
hometans and  very  indolent.  100  m.  E.  of  Celebes. 
Long.  127.  4.  E.,  lat.  0.  50.  N. 

Terneuse,  a  town  and  fort  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Flanders,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Scheldt, 
called  the  Hondt.  It  is  8  m.  N.  of  Sas  van  Ghent 
and  25  W.  N.  VV.  of  Antwerp. 

Terni,a  town  of  the  ecclesiastical  states,  in  the 
luchy  of  Spoleto,  seated  on  tlie  Nera,  near  the 
-nflux  of  tlie  Velino,  which  has  a  famous  cataract 
a  mile  from  the  town.  Terni  was  the  birth-place 
of  Tacitus  the  historian.  It  is  15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Spoleto  and  46  N.  of  Rome. 

Ternava.a.  town  of  Bulgaria,and  an  archbishop's 
see.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  princes  of 
Bulgaria,  and  a  strong  place,  but  the  fortifications 
are  ruined.  It  is  seated  on  a  mountain,  near  the 
Jenera,  88  m.  N.  W.  of  Adrianople  and  67  N.  E. 
of  Sofia.     Long.  26.2.  E.,  lat.  43.  l.N. 

Terouenne,a.  town  of  France,  department  of  Pas 
de  Calais,  seated  on  the  Lis,  6  m.  S.  of  St. 
Omer. 

Terra  del  Espiritu  Santo,  the  largest  and  most 
western  island  of  the  New  Hebrides,  in  the  S. 
Pacific,  being  40  leagues  in  circuit.  The  land 
ia  exceedingly  high  and  mountainous,  and  in  ma- 


ny places  the  hills  rise  directly  from  the  sea.  Ex 
cept  the  cliffs  and  branches,  every  part  is  covered 
with  wood,  or  laid  out  in  plantations.  Besides 
the  bay  of  St.  Philip  and  St.  Jago,  on  the  N  side 
of  it,  the  isles  whicli  lie  along  the  S.  and  E.  coast 
from  several  good  bays  and  harbours.  Long.  167 
E.,  lat.  15.  S. 

Terra  Firma,  a  country  of  S.  America,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Carribbean  Sea.  It  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  Republic  of  Colombia. 

Terra  del  Fuego,  a  large  island,  separated  from 
the  southern  extremity  of  America  by  the  strait 
of  Magellan,  and  so  called  from  the  volcanoes  ob- 
served on  it.  The  sea  intersects  it  into  several 
islands,  all  of  them  barren  and  mountainous;  but 
on  the  lower  grounds  are  found  several  sorts  of 
trees  and  plants,  and  a  variety  of  birds.  The  na- 
tives are  short  in  stature,  not  exceeding  five  feet 
six  inches;  their  heads  large,  their  faces  broad, 
their  cheek-bones  prominent,  and  their  noses  flat. 
They  have  little  brown  eyes,  without  life ;  their 
hair  is  black  and  lauk,  hanging  about  their  neads 
in  disorder,  and  besmeared  with  train  oil.  They 
wear  no  other  clothing  than  a  small  piece  of  seal- 
skin, hanging  from  their  shoulders  to  the  middle 
of  the  baclc,  being  fastened  round  the  neck  with  a 
string.  They  live  chiefly  on  seals'  flesh,  o{'  which 
they  prefer  the  oily  part.  There  is  no  appear- 
ance of  any  subordination  among  them,  and  their 
whole  character  is  a  strange  compound  of  stupid- 
ity, indifference,  and  inactivity. 

Terracirui,  a  decayed  town  of  the  ecclesiastical 
states,  in  Campagna  di  Roma,  with  a  castle  on  a 
rock.  Formerly  it  was  called  Anxur,  and  was 
the  capital  of  the  Volsci,  and  its  cathedral  was 
originally  a  temple  of  Jupiter.  It  is  seated  near 
the  sea,  on  the  frontiers  of  Naples,  54  m.  S.  S. 
E.  of  Rome.     Long.  13.  15.  E.,  lat.  41.  24.  N. 

Terranova,  a  sea-port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di  Noto, 
seated  near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Alicata.  Long.  14.  10. 
E.,  lat.  37.  9.  N. 

Terranova,  a  sea-port  of  Sardinia,  seated  at  the 
bottom  of  a  bay  on  the  N.  E.  coast,  62  m.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Sassari.     Long.  9.  35.  E.,  lat.  41.  3.  N. 

Terrasson,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Dordogne,  seated  on  the  Vesere,  28  m.  E.  of 
Perigueux. 

Terre  Haute,  p. v.  Vigo  Co.  Ind.  on  the  Wabash 
91  m.  S.  W.  Indianapolis. 

Terridon,  Loch,  an  inlet  of  the  sea,  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scotland,  in  Ross-shire,  between  Gair- 
locli  and  Applecross.  It  has  many  creeks  and 
bays. 

Terriore,  a  strong  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  the  Carnatic,  25  m.  N.  of  Trichinopoly. 

Terryville,  p. v.  Mecklenburgh  Co.  Va. 

Teruel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  80  m.  S.  W.  of 
Sarragossa  and  112  E.  of  Madrid.  Long.  1.0. 
W.,  lat.  40.  25.  N. 

Tervere,  or  Veere,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  the 
Netherlands,  in  Zealand  on  the  N.  E,  coast  of 
the  isle  of  Walcheren.  It  has  a  good  harbour, 
and  a  fine  arsenal.  4  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Middleburg, 
wifli  which  it  commuincates  by  a  canal.  Long. 
3.  42.  E.,  lat.  51.  36.  N. 

Teschen,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall,  and  at  a  little  distance,  on  an  eminence,  is  the 
old  castle  where  the  ancient  dukes  resided.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  a  trade  in  leather,  woolen 
stuffs,  and  wine;  and  make  excellent  fire-arms. 
This  town  was  taJcen  by  the  Prussians  in  17'"" 


TEW 


718 


TEX 


bnt  restored  in  1763.  In  1779  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  concluded  here  between  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many and  the  kinw  of  Prussia.  It  is  seated  in  a 
morass,  near  the  river  Elsa,  36  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Troppau  and  60  E.  by  N.  of  Olmutz.  Long.  18. 
32.  E.,  lat  49.  43.  N. 

Tesegdelt,  a  town  of  Morocco,  seated  on  a  crag- 
gy rock,  said  to  be  impregnable,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Techubit,  140  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Morocco. 

Ttshoo  Loomhoo,  the  capital  of  Thibet,  or  of 
that  part  which  is  immediately  subject  to  the 
Teshoo  Lama,  who  is  sovereign  of  the  country 
during  the  minority  of  the  grand  lama.  Its  tem- 
ples and  mausoleums,  with  their  numerous  gilded 
canopies  and  turrets,  and  the  palace  of  the  lama, 
render  it  a  magnificent  place.  It  stands  at  the 
N.  end  of  a  plain,  upon  a  rocky  eminence,  220 
m.  S.  W.  of  Lassa  and  470  N.  by  E.  of  Calcutta. 
Long.  89.  7.  E.,  lat.  29.  4.  N. 

Tesino,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Tyrol, 
25  m.  E.  N.  E.  ofTrent. 

Tesset,  a  town  of  Zahara,  capital  of  a  district  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  350  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Tafilet. 
Long.  5.  45.  W.,  lat.  25.  54.  N. 

Tetbury,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng.  99  m. 
W.  of  London. 

Tetschen,  or  Tetzen,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the 
circle  of  Leutmeritz,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock,  on 
the  river  Elbe,  29  m.  S.  E.  of  Dresden. 

Tettnang,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom 
of  Wurtemberg,  8  m.  N.  of  Lindau. 

Tetuan,  a  city  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  with  a 
castle.  The  houses  have  only  small  holes  to- 
wards the  streets,  which  are  very  narrow,  and 
the  windows  are  on  the  other  side,  facing  a  court- 
yard, which  is  surrounded  by  galleries,  and  in 
the  middle  is  generally  a  fountain.  The  houses 
are  two  stories  high,  flat  at  the  top;  and  the  wo- 
men visit  each  other  from  the  tops  of  them.  The 
shops  are  very  small,  and  without  any  door ;  the 
master  sitts  cross-legged  on  a  counter,  with  the 
goods  disposed  in  drawers  round  him,  and  all  the 
customers  stand  in  the  street.  Several  European 
consuls  formerly  resided  in  this  city ;  the  English 
are  still  allowed  to  touch  here,  and  considerable 
communication  is  kept  up  with  Gibraltar.  It  is 
seated  on  the  river  Cuz,  near  the  Mediterranean, 
110  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Fez.  Long.  5.  23.  W.,  lat. 
35.  37.  N. 

Teverone,  a  river  of  Italy,  the  ancient  Anio, 
which  rises  in  the  Appennines,  50  miles,  above 
Tivoli,  glides  through  a  plain  till  it  cotaes  near 
that  town,  when  it  is  confined  for  a  short  space 
between  two  hills,  covered  with  groves.  These 
were  supposed  to  be  the  residence  of  the  sibyl  Al- 
bunea,  to  whom  an  elegant  temple  was  here  dedi- 
cated. The  river  moving  with  augmented  rapid- 
ity, as  its  channel  is  confined,  at  last  rushes  over 
a  lofty  precipice,  and  the  noise  of  its  falls  re- 
sounds through  the  hills  and  groves  of  TivOli. 
Having  gained  the  plain,  it  soon  afterwards  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  the  lake  Solfatara,  and  then 
joins  the  Tibet,  near  Rome. 

Tcciot,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  in  the  S.  W.  of  Roxburgshire,  and, 
passing  N.  W.  through  the  county,  unites  with 
the  Tweed  a  little  above  Kelso. 

Tevpitz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
with  a  castle  on  a  lake,  25  ni.  S.  by  E.  of  Berlin. 

Tcuschnitz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavarian  Fran- 
eonia,  17  m.  N.  of  Culmbach. 

Tewsing,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Pilwn,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Tewkesbury,  a  borough  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 


Here  is  one  of  the  noblest  parish  churches  in  the 
kingdom,  which  is  almost  the  only  remains  of 
the  celebrated  monastery  to  which  it  formerly  be- 
longed.    103  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Tewkesbury,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass  on  the 
Merrimack,  adjoining  Lowell,  24  m.  N.  W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  1,527.  Within  the  limits  of  the  town- 
ship is  the  village  of  Belleville,  with  manufac- 
ture of  cotton  and  woolen. 

Tewkesbury,   a   township   of    Hunterdon    Co. 

Texas,  a  province  of  Mexico,  and  the  frontier 
district  toward  the  United  States:  bounded  JN. 
by  Missouri  Territory  and  E.  by  Louisiana,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Sabine,  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  on  the  S.  Our  knowledge  of  this  ex 
tensive  province — containing,  according  to  Hum- 
bolt's  table,  a  surface  of  84,000  square  miles,  and 
according  to  others  100,000 — is  still  very  imper- 
fect, and  almost  solely  derived  from  Pike's  jour- 
nal of  his  hasty  return  from  Chihuahua,  guarded 
all  the  way  by  Spanish  dragoons  to  prevent  him 
from  taking  notes.  But  its  rising  political  and  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  United  States  will  soon 
disperse  this  ignorance.  By  an  act  of  the  Mexi- 
can congress  it  has  been  united  to  the  province 
of  Coahuila,  under  the  name  oi  Coahuila-y-Texus. 
This  province  is  exceedingly  well  watered,  and 
is  the  most  fertile  of  all  the  Mexican  states.  The 
large  and  beautiful  savannahs,  waving  with  grass, 
feed  vast  numbers  of  wild  horses  and  mules,  which 
are  exported  in  great  numbers  to  other  parts  of 
Mexico,  and  to  the  United  States,  and  form  at 
present  a  chief  article  of  commerce.  Immediate- 
ly to  the  W.  of  the  Sabine,  the  soil  is  rich  with- 
out being  low,  and  for  a  space  of  12  successive 
miles,  is  covered  with  magnificent  pines.  W. 
of  this  again  is  one  of  the  richest  and  most  fer- 
tile tracks  in  nature,  diversified  by  hills  and  dales, 
and  divided,  as  it  were,  into  natural  meadows  and 
shrubberies,  in  such  admirable  order,  as  to  seem 
the  work  not  of  nature,  but  of  art ;  this  soil  is  rich, 
friable,  and  contains  much  iron.  It  is  as  fertile 
on  the  hills  as  on  the  plains,  and  the  climate  is 
delightful,  being  neither  too  warm  nor  excessive- 
ly cold.  The  tract  between  the  Sabine  and  Bras- 
ses rivers  is  occupied  by  2,500  American  families, 
emigrants  from  the  United  States,  who  raise  cot- 
ton, maize,  tobacco,  rice,  and  sugar-canes.  Be- 
sides these  emigrant  families,  about  600  Spanish 
families  are  congregated  in  the  vicinity  of  Na 
cogdoches,  and  inhabit  the  Ranches,  where  they 
rear  cattle. 

The  principal  American  establishment  to  the 
W.  of  the  band  of  pines  above  mentioned,  is  the 
Aiz  Bayou,  entirely  inhabited  by  Americans,  who 
have  already  erected  7  or  8  cotton  mills,  and  the 
products  are  exported  to  Nachitoches  free  of 
duty,  as  the  consumption  comes  entirely  from 
that  place.  The  second  American  establishment 
is  on  the  Brassos  a  Dios  river,  150  miles  from 
Nacogdoches.  As  this  stream  frequently  over- 
flows its  banks,  its  vicinity  is  somewhat  un- 
healthy. These  emigrants  have  built  a  town 
named  San  Felipe  de  Austin,  from  that  of  the 
founder.  General  Austin,  an  American,  who 
promised  to  the  federal  government  to  locate 
from  500  to  600  families  on  the  banks  of  the  Bras- 
sos river.  At  Nacogdoches  another  grant  has 
been  made  to  an  American  of  the  name  of  Ed- 
wards, who  resided  at  Mexico.  This  grant  bor- 
ders on  that  of  Austin,  and  contains  more  than 
2,000  square  miles.  N.  of  this,  another  grant  has 
been  made  to  a  Mr.   Thorn,  son-in-law  of  Ed- 


THA 


719 


THA 


wards ;  and  on  the  other  side  a  similar  granl  has 
been  made  to  general  Wesvil.  The  colony  call- 
ed Fredonia,  iu  this  province,  was  established  in 
1824  by  Mr.  Aastin,  who  has  offered  to  every 
colonist  a  lot  of  640  acres,  or  an  English  square 
mile,  with  a  house.  The  constitution  of  this  gov- 
ernment is  that  of  a  federal  republic,  and  has 
been  literally  copied  from  that  of  the  United 
States,  but  the  Catholic  religion  was  alone  to  be 
tolerated.  But  such  an  absurd  intolerant  clause 
as  this  in  any  of  the  new  independent  states  of 
Mexico,  cannot  long  be  in  force  in  the  vicinity 
of  such  a  free  government  as  that  of  the  United 
States,  as  such  an  act  would  exclude  all  but  Ro- 
man Catholic  emigrants, — whereas  all  are  made 
equally  welcome  to  the  United  States.  In  1625 
captain  Sedgewick,  of  Russelville  in  Kentucky, 
obtained  a  grant  from  the  Mexican  government 
of  from  6  to  8  millions  of  acres,  in  this  province, 
along  the  borders  of  Louisiana.  One  principal 
condition  was  inserted  in  this  grant,  that  a  cer- 
tain number  of  the  colonists  should  be  free  from 
all  taxes  for  five  years.  The  capital  of  Texas 
under  the  old  government  was  San  Antonio  de 
Bejar,  on  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name,  and 
contained,  according  to  Pike,  about  2,000  souls; 
but  the  present  capital,  Saltillo,  on  the  confines 
of  Coahuila  amd  New  Leon,  is  said  to  contain 
8,000  souls.  Its  site  is  bad,  being  surrounded 
with  arid  plains,  where  the  traveller  suffers  much 
from  want  of  water.  The  western  part  of  Texas 
is  inhabited  entirely  by  Spaniards.  The  soil  is 
excellent,  and  all  the  habitations  are  watered  by 
artificial  canals,  which  cause  the  waters  of  the 
Rio  de  Nueces  and  neighbouring  springs  to  irri- 
gate the  gardens  and  fields. 

Teie.l,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  separated 
from  N.  Holland  by  a  narrow  channel  of  the  same 
name,  defended  by  a  strong  fort  on  the  mainland, 
called  the  Helder.  This  channel  is  the  best  and 
most  southern  entrance  into  the  Zuyder  Zee, 
and  through  it  most  of  the  ships  pass  that  are 
bound  to  Amsterdam.  In  17TO  the  fort  was  taken 
by  the  English,  and  the  whole  of  the  Dutch  fleet, 
lying  within  the  channel,  surrendered  to  them ; 
but  the  English  abandoned  the  fort  soon  after- 
wards.    Long.  4.  59.  E.,  lat.  53.  10.  N. , 

Teya,  or  Theya,  a  river  of  the   Austrian  states, 
which  rises  near  Teltsch,  in  Moravia,  flows   E., 
f^       by  Znaim,  on  the  borders  of  Austria,  and  enters 
the  Moraw,  on  the  confines  of  Hungary. 

Teyw,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  seated  on  the  Muldau,  10  m.  S.  £.  of 
Piseck. 

Tezar,  a  town  of  Fez,  capital  of  the  province 
of  Cuzi,  containing  a  mosque  half  a  mile  in  cir- 
cumference. It  is  seated  on  a  small  river,  45  m. 
E.  of  Fez.     Long.  4.  15.  W.,  lat.  33.  40.  N. 

Tezctuo,  a  town  of  Mexico,  once  the  capital  of 
a  rich  kingdom.  Here  Cottez  caused  a  canal  to 
De  dug,  and  built  18  brigantines,  to  carry  on  the 
siege  of  Mexico.  It  is  seated  near  the  lake  of 
Mexico,  20  m.  E.  of  Mexico. 

Ttzda,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Mascara,  with  a  castle,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Oran. 

Tezout,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  seated 
on  the  point  of  a  rock,  15  m.  S.  of  Melilla. 

Tezzoute,  an  ancient  town  of  Algiers,  in  the 
province  of  Constantia.  Its  ruins  extend  10  m. 
in  circumference,  among  which  are  magnificent 
remains  of  city  gates,  an  amphitheatre,  a  temple 
dedicated  to  Esculapius,  and  other  elegant  struc- 
tures.    90  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Constantia. 

Tluiintt,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  near 


the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  120  m.  9 
of  Tunis.     Long.  10.  15.  E.,  lat.  34.  50.  N. 

Thame,  or  Tame,  a  river  which  rises  near  Tring 
in  Hertfordshire,  crosses  Buckinghamshire  to  tha 
N.  of  Aylesbury,  enters  Oxfordshire  at  the  town 
of  Thame,  whence  it  is  navigable  for  barges  to 
Dorchester,  where  it  joins  the  Thames.  ^  Tiiis 
river  has  been  erroneously  supposed  to  give  name 
to  the  Thames 

Thame,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  seated  on 
tlie  river  Thame,  12  m.  E.  of  Oxford  and  44  W 
by  N.  of  London. 

Thames,  the  finest  river  in  Great  Britain, 
which  takes  its  rise  from  a  copious  sprinir,  called 
Thames  Head,  2  m.  S.  W.  of  Cirencester,  in 
Gloucestershire.  About  a  m.  below  tlie  source 
of  the  river,  it  is  not  more  than  nine  feet  wide  in 
the  summer,  yet,  in  the  winter,  becomes  such  a 
torrent  as  to  overflow  the  meadows  for  many 
miles"  The  stream  proceeds  to  Lechlade  ;  and 
being  there  joined  by  the  Coin  and  Le:;h,  at  the 
distance  of  138  ra.  from  London,  it  becomes  nav- 
igable for  vessels  of  90  tons.  At  Oxford  it  is 
joined  by  the  Charwell,  and,  proceedmg  by 
Abingdon  to  Dorchester,  it  receives  the  Thame. 
Passing  by  Wallingford  to  Reading,  and  forming 
a  boundary  to  Berkshire,  Buckinghamshire,  Sur- 
rey, and  Middlesex,  it  waters  Henley,  Ma/low, 
Maidenhead,  Windsor,  Staines,  Chertsey,  Kings- 
ton, and  Brentford,  in  its  course  to  London. 
From  London  the  river  proceeds  to  Greenwich, 
Woolwich,  Grays-Thurrock,  Gravesend,  and 
Leigh,  into  the  German  Ocean.  The  tide  flows 
up  the  Thames  as  high  as  Kingston,  which,  fol- 
lowing the  winding  of  the  river,  is  70  miles  from 
the  ocean — a  greater  distance  than  the  tide  is  car- 
ried by  any  other  river  in  Europe.  Thr>ugh  the 
Thames  is  said  to  be  navigable  138  miles  above 
London  Bridge,  there  are  so  many  flats  that  in 
summer  the  navigation  westward  would  be  stop- 
fted,  were  it  not  for  a  number  of  locks;  but  the 
first  lock  is  52  miles  above  that  bridge.  The 
plan  of  new  cuts  has  been  adopted,  in  some  places, 
to  shorten  the  navigation  ;  there  is  one  near  Lech- 
lade, and  another  a  mile  from  Abingdon.  A  still 
more  important  undertaking  was  effected  in  1789 
— the  junction  of  this  river  with  the  Severn.  A 
canal  had  been  made  from  the  Severn  to  Stroud, 
which  canal  was  afterwards  continued  to  Lech- 
lade, where  it  joins  the  Thames,  a  distance  of 
above  30  miles.  A  communication  between  this 
river  and  the  Trent  and  Mersey  has  likewise  been 
effected,  by  a  canal  from  Oxford  to  Coventry  ; 
and  another  canal  extends  from  this,  at  Brauns- 
ton,  to  the  Thames  at  Brentford,  called  the  Grand 
Junction  Canal. 

Thames,  a  river  of  Connecticut,  formed  of  two 
principal  branches,  the  Shetucket  and  the- Nor- 
wich, or  Little  River,  which  have  their  junction 
at  Norwich.  From  this  place  the  Thames  is  nav- 
igable 15  m.  to  Long  Island  Sound,  which  it  en- 
ters below  New  LonTlon, 

Thames,  a  river  of  Upper  Canada,  flowing  inta 
Lake  St.  Clair  above  Detroit. 

Thanet,  an  island  comprising  the  E.  angle  of 
Kent,  being  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the 
two  branches  of  the  Stour.  It  produces  much 
corn,  and  the  S.  part  is  a  rich  tract  of  marsh  land. 
It  contains  the  towns  of  Margate,  Ramsgate,  and 
Broadstairs,  and  several  villages. 

TTianhavsen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river 
Mindel,  14  m.  N.  of  Mindelheim. 

Thasos,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
on  the  cor.st  of  Macedonia,  at  the  entrance  of  wm 


THl 


720 


THI 


gulf  of  Contessa.  It  is  12  m.  long  and  8  broad, 
and  abounds  in  all  the  necessaries  of  life.  The 
fruits  and  wine  are  very  delicate  ;  and  there  are 
some  quarries  of  fine  marble.  The  chief  town  of 
the  same  name,  has  a  harbour,  frequented  by 
merchants.     Long.  24.  33.  E.,  lai.  40.  59.  N. 

ThtiTted,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  44  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  London. 

Theaki,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  24 
m.  long  and  7  broad,  separated  from  the  N.  E.  part 
of  that  of  Cefalonia,  by  a  narrow  channel.  It  is 
the  ancient  Ithaca,  celebrated  as  the  birthplace 
and  kingdom  of  Ulysses.  The  chief  town  is  Vel- 
thi,  which  has  a  spacious  harbour.  Long.  20.  40. 
E.,  lat.  38.  25.  N. 

Thebaid,  a  country  of  Upper  Egypt,  now  called 
Said,  which  see. 

Thebes,  the  ancient  name  of  a  city  of  Upper 
Egypt.  It  was  celebrated  for  having  100  gates; 
and  there  are  many  tombs  and  magnificent  re- 
mains of  antiquity.  One  of  the  tombs  has  been 
broughtover  to  this  country  by  M.  Belzoni.  Three 
villages,  named  Carnack,  Luxor,  and  Gournou, 
are  seated  among  its  ruins,  which  are  hence  called 
the  antiquities  of  Carnack  and  Luxor. 

Thebes,  in  Greece.     See  Thiva. 

Theisse,  a  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises  in  the 
Carpathian  Mountains,  flows  above  100  m.  in  a 
western  direction  to  Tokay,  when  it  turns  to  the 
S.,  passes  by  Tsongrand  and  Segeden,  and,  after 
receiving  a  great  number  of  rivers,  falls  into  the 
Danube  below  Titul. 

Thcmar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Saxe-Coburg,  near  the  river  Werra,  10  m.  S.  E. 
of  Meinungen. 

Theresa,  p. v.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  25  m.  N.  E. 
Sacketts  Harbour. 

Thermia,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
S.  of  the  island  of  Zia,  and  near  the  gulf  of  Engia, 
12  m.  long  and  5  broad.  The  soil  is  good  and  well 
cultivated,  and  it  has  a  great  deal  of  silk.  The 
principal  town,  of  the  same  name,  is  the  residence 
of  a  Greek  bishop.  Long.  24. 59.  E.,  lat.  37.  31 .  N. 

Thermupyla:,  a  narrow  passage  in  the  N.  E.  of 
Greece,  with  high  cliffs  on  one  side  and  an  im- 
passable marsii  on  the  other.  It  is  noted  in  his- 
tory for  the  brave  stand  made  by  Leonidas  with 
300  f;partans,  against  the  army  of  Xerxes. 

The^s'thj.     See  Janna. 

Thetford,  a  borough  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  with  a 
manuiacture  of  woolen  cloth  and  paper.  80.  m. 
N.   E.  of  London. 

Thetford,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connec- 
ticut. Pop.  1,183. 

Thibet,  a  county  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N. 
W.  and  N.  by  the  Desert  of  Kobi,  in  Tartary,  E. 
by  China,  S.  by  Assam  and  Birmah,  and  S.  W. 
and  W.  by  Hindoostan  and  Bootan.  This  coun- 
try is  one  of  the  highest  in  Asia,  being  a  part 
31  that  elevated  tract  which  gives  rise  not  only  to 
the  rivers  of  India  and  China,  but  also  to  those  of 
Siberia  and  Tartary.  Its  length  from  E.  to  W. 
cannot  be  less  than  1,400  m;  its  breadth  about 
500,  but  very  unequal.  It  is  divided  into  three 
parts.  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower  Thibet.  The 
Upper,  lies  towards  the  sources  of  the  Ganges 
and  Burrampooter  ;  the  Middle  is  that  in  which 
Labsa,  the  capital,  is  seated  ;  and  the  Lower  that 
which  borders  on  China.  Little  Thibet  is  situ- 
ate between  Upper  Thibet  and  Casheur.  Not- 
withstanding the  very  rough  and  sterile  state  of 
Thibet,  and  the  severity  of  its  climate,  from  its 
wonderful  elevation,  its  inhabitants  are  in  a  high 
Btate  of  civilization  ;  their   houses  arc  lofty  and 


built  of  stone  ;  and  useful  manufactures  in  some 
degree  of  improvement.  The  principal  exports 
are  gold-dust,  diamonds,  pearls,  lamb  skins, 
shawls,  woolen  cloths,  rock-salt,  musk,  and  tincal 
or  crude  borax.  The  nature  of  the  soil  prohibits 
the  progress  of  agriculture  ;  but  wheat,  peas,  and 
barley  are  cultivated.  Here  are  many  beasts  of 
prey,  and  great  abundance  and  variety  of  wild 
fowl  and  game ;  with  numerous  flocks  of  sheep 
and  goats,  and  herds  of  cattle  of  a  diminutive 
size,  as  well  as  small  horses.  The  ibex,  or  wild 
goat  is  a  native  of  this  country.     The  Thibetians 


are  governed  by  the  grand  lama,  who  is  not  only 
submitted  to  and  adored  by  them,  but  is  also  the 
great  object  of  adoration  for  the  various  tribes  of 
pagan  Tartars,  who  walk  through  the  vast  tract  of 
continent  which  stretches  from  the  river  Volga  to 
Corea.  He  is  not  only  the  sovereign  pontifi^  the 
vicegerent  of  the  deity  on  earth,  but  by  the  more 
remote  Tartars  is  absolutely  regarded  as  the  dei- 
ty himself.  Even  the  emporor  of  China,  who 
is  of  a  Tartar  race,  does  not  fail  to  acknowledge 
the  latna,  in  his  religious  capacity,  although,  as  a 
temporal  sovereign,  the  lama  himself  is  tributa- 
ry to  that  emperor.  The  opinion  of  the  most 
orthodox  Thibetians  is,  that  when  the  grand  la- 
ma seems  to  die,  either  of  old  age  or  infirmity,  his 
soul,  in  reality  only  quits  a  crazy  habitation  to 
animate  another  younger  or  better  ;  and  it  is 
discovered  again  in  the  body  of  some  child,  by 
certain  tokens  known  only  to  the  lamas  or  priests, 
in  which  order  he  always  appears.  The  lamas, 
who  form  the  greatest  and  most  powerful  body  in 
the  state,  have  the  priesthood  entirely  in  their 
hands.  At  the  head  of  their  hierarchy  are  three 
lamas,  the  Dalai  lama,  who  reside  at  Lassa  ;  the 
Teshoo  lama,  who  lives  at  Teshoo  Loomboo  ;  and 
the  Taranat  lama,  whose  seat  is  Kharca,  in  the 
N.  The  priests  constitute  many  monastic  orders, 
which  are  held  in  great  veneration  among  them. 
The  most  numerous  sect  are  called  Gylongs,  who 
are  exempt  from  labor,  enjoined  temperance,  and 
interdiction  all  intercourse  with  the  female  sex  ; 
they  abound  over  all  Thibet  and  Bootan,  not- 
withstanding the  severity  of  discipline  ;  since 
every  family  consisting  of  more  than  four  boys 
is  obliged  to  contribute  one  of  them  to  this  order; 
and  it  is  also  encouraged  by  ambition,  as  the  offi- 
cers of  state  are  usually  selected  from  this  sect 
Besides  the  religious  influence  and  authority  of 
the  grand  lama,  he  is  possessed  of  unlimited 
power  throughout  his  dominions.  His  residence  is 
at  a  vast  palace  on  the  mountain  Putala,  7  miles 
from  Lassa.  The  religion  of  Thibet,  though  in 
many  respects  it  differs  from  that  of  the  Indian 
brahmins,  yet,  in  others,  has  a  great  affinity  to 
it.  The  practice  of  polyandry  is  universally 
prevalent  in  Thibet ,  and  one  female  associates 
with  all  the  brothers  of  a  family,  without  any  re- 


T«0 


721 


itriction  of  age  or  number  ;  the  choice  of  a  wife 
is  the  privilege  of  the  elder  brother.  This  extra 
ordinary  custom,  and  the  celibacy  of  priests,  may 
have  been  intended  to  gard  against  too  numerous 
a  population  in  an  unfertile  country.  The  Thi- 
betians  preserve  entire  the  mortal  remains  of 
their  sovereign  lamas  only  :  every  other  corpse 
is  either  consumed  by  fire  or  exposed  to  be  the  pro- 
miscuous food  of  beasts  and  birds  of  prey.  They 
have  a  great  veneration  for  the  cow,  and  highly 
respect  the  waters  of  the  Ganges,  tlie  source  of 
which  they  believe  to  be  in  heaven.  The  sun- 
niasses,  or  Indian  pilgrims,  often  visit  Thibet  as 
a  holy  place;  and  the  grand  lama  always  maintains 
a  body  of  nearly  300  of  them  in  his  pay.  See  Palte. 

Thiel,  or  Tie!.,  a  strong  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  Guelderland,  seated  on  the  Waal,  18  m. 
W.  of  Nimeguen. 

Thielet,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W.  Flan- 
ders, 10  m.  N.  of  Courtray. 

Tbien'ren,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  the  river  Wut- 
tach,  13m.  W.  of  Schaffhausen. 

Thiers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy 
de  Dome,  with  manufi^ctures  of  paper,  thread, 
leather,  and  cutlery.  It  is  seated  on  the  side  of 
a  hill,  21  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Clermont. 

ThioncUle,  a  strong  town  of  France,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Moselle.  The  Austrians  bombarded 
it  in  1792,  but  were  obliged  to  raise  the  seige.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  over  which  is  a  bridge 
defended  by  a  hornvvork,  14  m.  N.  of  Mentz  and 
33  S.  W.  of  Treves. 

T.'drsk,  a  borough  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  coarse  linens,  sacking,  &c.  214 
m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Tliiva,  or  T/iebe. ,  a  celebrated  city  of  Greece, 
and  a  bishop's  see  1  he  ancient  city  was  4  m.  in 
circumference,  but  only  that  part  of  it  is  now  in- 
habited which  was  originally  the  castle,  called 
Cadmcea,  from  Cadmus  the  founder.  In  the  vi- 
cinity is  a  fine  sort  of  white  clay,  of  which  bowls 
for  pipes  are  made,  that  dry  naturally  and  become 
as  hard  as  stone.  It  is  seated  between  two  riv- 
ers, 23  m.  N.  W.  of  Athens. 

T7ticjer.v,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Dor- 
dogne,  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Perigueux. 

Tkolen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  an  island 
of  its  name  belonging  to  the  province  of  Zealand.  4 
m.  N.  W.  of  Bergen-op-Zoom. 

Thomas,  St.  an  island  in  the  Atlantic,  lying 
under  the  equator,  near  the  W.  coast  of  Guinea, 
discovered  in  1G40  by  the  Portuguese.  It  is  al- 
most round,  is  about  30  m.  in  diameter,  and  con- 
sists chiefly  of  hills,  intermixed  with  valleys, 
which  are  often  filled  with  a  thick  fog.  The  soil 
is  fertile,  and  produces  plenty  of  sugar-canes,  rice, 
and  millet.  On  the  same  vine  are  blossoms  and 
green  and  ripe  grapes,  all  the  year  round.  The  cli- 
mate is  unwholesome  to  the  Portuguese,  but  it 
agrees  well  with  the  original  natives,  and  also 
with  the  cattle,  which  are  larger  and  finer  here  than 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea.  In  1641  this  island  was  ta- 
ken by  the  Dutch  ;  but  they  soon  relinquished  it 
in  consequence  of  the  inclemency  of  the  climate. 
Pavoasan  is  the  capital. 

Thomas,  St.,  one  of  the  Virgin  islands,  in  the 
W.  Indies,  with  a  harbour,  a  town,  and  a  fort. 
It  is  15  m.  in  circumference,  and  the  trade  is  con- 
siderable,particularly  in  times  of  peace.  It  surren- 
dered to  the  English  in  1807,  but  was  restored  to 
the  Danes  in  1814.  Long.  65.26.  W.,  lat.  11.22.  N. 
Thomas,  St.,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  formerly  a  powerful  city.  It  is  inhabited 
by  weavers  and  dyers,  and  noted  for  making  the 
91 


THU 

best  colored  stuffs   in    India.     3  m.   S.  of  Ma 
dras. 

Thomasloiim,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  in  the 
county  of  Kilkenny,  on  the  river  Noire,  10  m.  S. 
S.  E.  of  Kilkenny. 

Thomastown,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  on  Penob- 
scot Bay.  37  m.  E.  Wiscasset.  Pop.  4,221.  Great 
quantities  of  lime  are  burnt  here  and  exported  to 
all  parts  of  the  country.  The  quarries  of  limestone 
also  produce  fine  white  and  black  marble. 

Thompson,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn,  in  the  N. 
E.  angle  of  the  state.  Pop.  3,388;  a  township  of 
Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y.  34  m.  N.  W.  Newburg.  Pop. 
2,459;  townships  in  Sandusky,  Delaware,  and 
Geauga  Cos.  Ohio. 

Thompsoidown,  p. v.  Mifilin  Co.  Pa. 

ThompsmiviUe,  p. v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va.  and 
Chesterfield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Thonon,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Sa- 
voy, with  a  palace  and  several  convents  ;  seated 
on  the  lake  of  Geneva  at  the  influx  of  the  river 
Drama,  16  m.  N.  E.  of  Geneva. 

Thorn,  a  city  of  W.  Prussia,  formerly  a  Han- 
seatic  town.  In  the  Church  of  St.  John  is  the 
epitaph  of  the  celebrated  Nicholas  Copernicus, 
who  was  born  here.  It  is  divided  into  the  Old 
and  New  town,  and  has  a  celebrated  protestant 
academy.  In  1703  it  was  taken  by  the  Swedes, 
who  demolished  the  fortifications;  and  in  1793 
it  was  seized  by  the  king  of  Prussia  and  annex- 
ed to  his  dominions.  It  was  taken  by  the  French 
in  1806,  and  remained  in  their  hands  till  1812.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Vistula,  over  which  is  a  long  wood 
en  bridge,  07  m.  S.  of  Dantzic  and  105.  N.  W.  of 
Warsaw.  Long.  18.  42.  E.,  lat.  53.  6.  N. 

Thorn,  a  small  but  thriving  town  in  W.  York- 
shire, Eng.  165  m.  N.  by  W.  London. 

Thornhury,  a  borough  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
122  m.  W.  of  London. 

Tliornv'dle,  p.t.  Perry  Co.  Ohio. 

Thornbnry,  a  township  of  Delaware  Co.  Pa. 

Thornhill,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, with  manufactures  of  coarse  linen  and 
woolen  cloth,  seated  near  the  river  Nith,  15  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Dumfries. 

Thornsburg,  p. v.  Spotsylvania  Co.  18  m.  E. 
Fredericksburg. 

Thornton,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  48  m.  N.  Con- 
cord.    Pop.  1,049. 

Thouars,  a  town  of  France  department  of 
Deux  Sevres.  The  castle  of  its  ancient  dukes 
is  on  a  rock,  surrounded  by  walls,  120  feet  high, 
built  of  white  stone.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill,  by 
the  river  Thone,  32  m.  S.  E.  of  Angers  and  162 
m.  S.  W.  of  Paris. 

Thunder  Buy,  a  bay  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Lake  Huron,  so  named  from  the  frequent  thunder 
heard  there. 

Thrapston,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
73  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Three  Hills  l.fland,  one  of  the  New  Hebrides, 
in  the  S.  Pacific,  12  m.  in  circumference,  lying 
to  the  S.  of  Masicollo. 

Three  Rivers,  or  Trois  Rivieres,  a  town  of  Low- 
er Canada,  situate  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
which  before  its  conjunction  with  the  St.  Law 
rence,  is  divided  by  two  islands  into  three  branch 
es.  It  has  two  churches,  a  convent,  and,  an 
hospital.  9  m.  up  the  river  is  a  considerable  iron 
foundry.     70  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Quebec. 

Thuin,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  teri 
tory  of  Liege  :  seated  on  the  Sambre,  8  m.  S.  W. 
Charleroy  and  15  S.  E.  of  Mons. 

Thun,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  baili 
3P 


TIO 


722 


TIL 


WJC,  fnthe  canton  of  Bern,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
seated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  14  m.  long 
and  three  broad,  where  the  river  Aar  issues  from 
It,  15  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Bern. 

Thousand  Islands,  a  group  of  ema.]\  islands  in 
the  river  St.  Lawrence  just  below  lake  Ontario. 
Also  a  group  of  Islands  in  the  Straits  of  Sunda. 

Thur,  a  river  of  Switzerland,  which  rises  in 
the  S.  part  of  the  county  of  Togwenburg,  and 
flows  into  the  Rhine,  7  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Schaff- 
hausen. 

Tkurvau,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  which  lies 
along  the  river  Thur ;  bounded  on  the  S.  by  the 
canton  of  St.  Gall,  W.  by  that  of  Zurich,  and 
N.  and  E.  by  the  lake  and  territory  of  Constance. 
It  is  extremely  populous,  and  the  most  pleasant 
and  fertile  part  of  Switzerland,  though  some- 
what mountainous  towards  the  S.  Its  area  is 
computed  at  350  square  miles,  with  77,000  inhab- 
itants, one-third  of  whom  are  Catholics,  and  the 
other  two-thirds  Calvinists.  Frauenfeld  is  the 
capital. 

TImringia,  the  former  name  of  a  province  of 
Germany,  in  Saxony ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by 
Meissen,  S.  by  FranconiaW.  by  Hesse  and  Eich- 
feld,  and  N.  by  the  duchy  of  Brunswick  and  the 
principality  of  Anhalt.  It  is  73  m.  in  length,  and 
nearly  as  much  in  breadth,  abounding  in  corn, 
fruits,  and  wood. 

Thurso,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Caithness-shire, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Thurso,  on  the  S.  W. 
side  of  a  spacious  bay.  It  has  a  considerable 
trade  in  corn  and  fish,  and  manufactures  of  wool- 
en and  linen  cloth.  28  m.  iS.  W.  of  Wick  and 
5()  ni  N.  N.  E.  of  Dornoch.  Long.  3.  18.  W., 
lat.  58.  30.  N. 

T'uiirar,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
50  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Pondicherry  and  75S.  of  Arcot. 

Tiano,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
will)  a  famous  nunnery  and  a  mineral  springj  15 
m.  N.  W.  of  Capua. 

Tiber,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  Ap- 
ennines, flows  through  the  Pope's  Dominions  by 
Borgo.  St.  Sepulchro,  Citta  di  Castella,  Orto, 
and  Rome,  10  m.  below  which  it  enters  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  between  Ostia  and  Porto. 

Tllnir'jn,  a  cape  at  the  most  western  extremi- 
ty of  the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  with  a  town 
and  fort,  on  an  open  road,  opposite  Port  Antonio 
in  Jamaica.     Long.  74.  32.  W.,  lat.  18.  25.  N. 

Ticondcroga,  a  fort  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
built  by  the  French  in  1756,  on  the  narrow  pas- 
sage between  the  lakes  George  and  Champlain. 
it  was  taken  in  1759  by  general  Amherst,  and  in 


1777  by  general  Burgoyne,  but  evacuated  soon 
;ifler  the  surrender  at  Saratoga.  It  had  all  the 
iulvantages  th  t  art  or  nature  could  give  it :  but 
is  now  a  heap  of  ruins,  and  forms  an  appendage 


to  a  farm.  The  township  of  Ticonderoga  is  in 
Essex  Co.  92  m.  N.  Albany,  and  110  S.  Mon- 
treal.    Pop.  1,996. 

Ticino,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  to  the  W.  of 
the  canton  of  Grisons,  and  almost  encircled  by 
Italy.  It  m  rich  in  pastures  and  cattle,  and  has  an 
area  of  1,130  square  miles,  with  90,000  inhabi- 
tants.    Bellinzona  is  the  capital. 

Ticino,  or  Tesin,  a  river  which  has  its  source 
in  Switzerland,  on  the  S.  side  of  St.  Gothard, 
flows  through  the  canton  of  Ticino  and  the  lake 
Maggiore  ;  then  passes  to  Pavia,  in  the  Milanese, 
and  a  little  after  joins  the  Po. 

Tickhill,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  156 
m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Tideswell,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  on  the 
S.  confines  of  the  Peak.  Here  is  a  well,  deemed 
one  of  the  wonders  of  the  Peak,  which  after  great 
rains  ebbs  and  flows  two  or  three  times  in  an 
hour,  the  waters  gushing  from  several  cavities  at 
once,  for  the  space  of  five  minutes  :  the  well  is 
three  feet  deep  and  broad,  and  the  water  rises  and 
falls  two  feet.  22  m.  N.  W.  of  Derby  and  160  N. 
N.  W.  of  London. 

Tidore,  an  island  in  the  eastern  seas,  one  of  the 
Moluccas.  It  is  20  m.  in  circumference,  and  pro- 
duces cloves  and  flax.  The  woods  and  the  rocks 
that  surround  it  render  it  a  place  of  defence.  It 
is  governed  by  a  sultan,  who  possesses  also  the  S 
part  of  GiIolo,and  claims  tribute  from  Mysol.  1(5 
m.  S.  of  Ternate.     Long.  126.  40.  E.,  lat.  1.0.  N. 

Tien-sing,  a  city  of  China,  in  Pe-tche-li,  which 
has  a  great  trade  in  salt.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pei- 
ho,  at  the  influx  of  the  Eu-ho,  90  m.  from  its 
mouth,  and  90  S.  E.  of  Pekin. 

T#re,  p.v.  Seneca  Co.  Oho.  100  m.  N.  Co- 
lumbus;   a  township  of  Adam,   Co.  Ohio. 

Tigre,  a  province  in  the  N.  E  part  of  Abyssinia, 
200  m.  long  and  120  broad,  through  which  passes 
all  the  merchandise  of  the  kingdom  destined  to 
cross  the  Red  Sea  for  Arabia.  Adowa  is  the 
capital. 

Tigris,  a  river  of  Asia,  which  has  its  source  in 
the  mountain  of  Tchilder,  in  Diarbek.  It  flows 
by  Diarbekir,  Gezira,  Mosul,  and  Tecrit,  in  which 
course  it  separates  Diarbek  from  Curdistan  ;  then 
enters  Irac  Arabi,  where  it  passes  by  Bagdad  and 
Corna,  and  soon  after  joins  the  Euphrates,-  35  m. 
above  Bassora. 

Tilbury,  East,  a  village  in  Essex,  Eng.  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames,  E.  of  Tilbury  Fort.  In 
this  parish  is  a  field,  called  Cave  Feld,  in  which 
is  a  horizontal  passage  to  one  of  the  spacious  cav- 
erns in  the  neighbouring  parish  of  Chadvvell.  Dr. 
Derham  measured  three  of  the  most  considerable 
of  them,  and  found  the  depth  of  one  to  be  50, 
another  70,  and  the  third  80  feet.  Their  origin 
is  too  remote  for  investigation. 

Tilbury  Fort,  a  fortress  in  Essex,  Enor.  situai.3 
on  the  Thames,  opposite  Gravesend.  It  hiis  a 
double  moat,  the  innermost  of  which  is  180  feet 
broad  :  and  its  chief  strength  on  the  land  side  con- 
sists in  its  being  able  to  lay  the  whole  level  under 
water.  On  the  side  next  the  river  is  a  strong 
curtain,  with  a  platform  before  it;  on  both  of  which 
and  the  bastions,  are  planted  a  great  number  of 
guns.     It  is  28  m.  E.  by  S.  of  London. 

Tilliers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eure 
6  m.  N.  E.  of  Verneuil. 

Tilsit,  a  town  of  Prussian  Lithuania,  with  a 
castle  and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn,  liiiseed, 
butter,  cheese,  and  other  provisions.  In  1807  it 
was  taken  by  the  French ;  soon  after  which  two 
treaties  of  peace  were  made,  between  Franco  and 


Tm 


723 


riR 


Pruasia,  and  France  and  Russia,  the  three  sover- 
eigns being  here  in  person.  It  is  situate  on  the 
Memel,  50  m.  N.  E.  of  Konigsberg  and  95  S.  S. 
W.  of  Mittau.     Long.  22.  8.  E.,  lat  55.  8.  N. 

Timana,  a  town  of  Terra  Firnia,  in  Popayan, 
capital  of  a  territory  of  the  same  name,  which 
abounds  in  fruits  and  pastures.  It  is  seated  on  a 
river  130  ra.  E.  S.  E.  of  Popayan.  Long.  74.  55. 
W.,  lat.  1.  35.  N. 

Tinier ycotta,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Hindoostan, 
in  the  Carnatic,  chief  place  in  the  district  of  Pal- 
naud.  72  m.  S.  E.  of  Hvdrabad  and  82  W.  by  S. 
of  Candapilly.  Long.  79." 26.  E.,  lat.  16.  20.  N. 

Timon,  or  Timoan,  an  island  on  the  E.  coast  of 
the  peninsula  of  Malaya,  30  m.  in  circumference. 
It  is  mountainous  and  woody,  and  produces  plen- 
ty of  cocoa-nuts  and  rice.  Loner.  104.  25.  E.,  lat. 
3.0.  N. 

Timor,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  to  the 
W.  of  the  N.  W.  point  of  New  Holland.  It  is 
200  m.  long  and  GO  broad,  and  abounds  in  sandal- 
wood, wax,  and  honey.  The  Dutch  have  a  fort 
here,  from  which  they  expelled  the  Portuo-uese  in 
1513.  It  is  situate  at  Cupan,  the  principal  town, 
in  the  S.  W.  point  of  the  island.  Long.  124.  0.  E., 
lat.  10.  23.  S. 

Timarlaut,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
tween Timor  and  New  Guinea  It  is  60  m.  in 
circumference,  and  the  S.  point  is  in  long.  131. 
54.  E.,  lat.  8.  15.  S. 

Tinevelly,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  name,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Carnatic.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  which  flows  in- 
to the  gulf  of  Manara.  Ho  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Mobura. 
Long.   71.  46.  E.,  lat.  8.  42.  N. 

Tingtcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Fo  kien,  980  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  116.  30.  E., 
lat  2.-).  48.  N. 

Tinian,  an  island  in  the  N.  Pacific,  one  of  the 
Ladrones,  12  m.  long  and  6  broad.  The  soil  is 
dry,  and  somewhat  sandy,  but  produces  abundance 
of  cocoa-nuts,  paupaus,  guavas,  limes,  sour  oran- 
ges, and  bread-fruit ;  also  much  cotton  and  indigo. 
There  are  no  streams  ;  and  the  water  of  a  well 
supposed  to  be  the  same  at  which  commodore 
Anson  filled  his  casks  in  1742,  wa,*!  found  by  com- 
modore Byron,  in  1765,  to  be  brackish  and  full 
of  worms.  Both  these  officers  speak  of  the  fish 
caught  here  as  unwholesome.  Moschetoes  and 
other  kinds  of  flies  are  numerous;  and  there  are 
likewise  many  venomous  insects,  centipedes,  and 
scorpions.  The  road  is  dangerous,  for  the  bot- 
tom consists  of  hard  sand  and  large  coral  rocks. 
Long.  146.  0.  E.,  lat.  15.  0.  N. 

Tinicum,  p:t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  and  a  township  in 
Delaware  Co.  Pa.  both  on  the  Delaware. 

Tinmouth,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  26  m.  N.  Ben- 
nington. Pop.  1 ,049. 

T^no,  the  ancient  Tenos,  an  island  of  the  Gre- 
cian Archipelago,  to  the  S.  of  Andros,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel  of  a  mile  in 
width.  It  is  15  m.  long  and  8  broad,  and  produ- 
ces 16,000  pounds  of  silk  every  year.  The  for- 
tress stands  on  a  rock  ;  and  here  is  a  bishop's  see 
of  the  Latin  church,  though  the  Greeks  have  200 
papas  or  priests.  The  capital  is  St.  Nicholo. 
Long.  25.  10.  E.,lat.  37.40.  N. 

Tintagel.  a  v.illage  in  Cornwall,  Eng.  noted  for 
the  splendid  remains  of  a  castle,  on  a  bold  prom- 
ontory in  the  Bristol  Channel,  said  to  have  been 
the  birth-place  of  king  Arthur,  and  the  seat  of 
the  ancient  dukes  of  Cornwall.  1  mile  W.  of 
Bossiney. 

Tinterrif    a    village   in    Monmouthshire,  Eng. 


noted  for  the  venerable  remains  of  an  abbey,  which 
is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Wye,  5  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Chepstow. 

Tinto,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Seville,  and  has  its  na)ne  from  the  water 
being  tinged  of  a  yellow  colour.  Near  its  springs 
it  has  a  petrifying  quality,  no  fish  will  live  in  it 
nor  any  plants  grow  on  its  banks ;  these  proper- 
ties continue  till  other  rivulets  enter  and  alter  its 
nature  ;  for  when  it  passes  by  Niebla  it  is  not 
different  from  other  rivers,  and  18  m.  below  it 
enters  the  bay  of  Cadiz,  at  Huelva. 

Tinzeda,  a  town  of  Barbarj',  in  the  county  of 
Darah,  on  the  river  Dras.  Long.  6. 13.  W.,  lat.27, 
30.  N. 

Tioga,  or  Chemung,  a  river  of  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania,  forming  the  N.  W.  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna. 

Tioga,  a  county  of  N.  Y.  Pop.  27.704.  Elmira 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Pop.  9,062.  WcUsborough  is  the  capital ; 
p'.t.  Tioga  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,413;  p.t.  Tioga  Co. 
Pa. 

Tiom,  an  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sweden,  25 
ra.  in  circumference,  and  aboundinar  in  excellent 
pastures.  Long.  11.  S'J.  E.,lat.  58.  OT  N. 

Tipera,  or  Tipra,  a  district  of  Bengal,  on  the 
borders  of  Birmah.  The  cliief  town  is  Comiliah, 
which  is  the  residence  of  tlie  rajah,  and  tiie  seat 
of  the  British  civil  establishment. 

Tippecanoe,  a  branch  of  the  river  Wabash  from 
the  north,  famous  for  a  battle  with  the  Indians 
fought  upon  its  banks  in  November  1811.  A  cel- 
ebrated Indian  chief  called  the  Shawanese  Proph- 


et had  succeeded  in  stirring  up  the  savages  against 
the  Americans,  and  collected  a  body  of  600  war- 
ri.ors  who  were  supplied  with  arms  by  the  British 
and  committed  great  de\astations  upon  the  fron- 
tiers. General  Harrison  was  dispatched  against 
them,  and  a  severe  battle  was  fought  here  in 
savages  were  totally  defeated. 

Tippecanoe,  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  7,167. 
Lafayette  is  the  capital. 

Tipperary,  a  county  of  Ireland  in  the  province 
of  Munster.  It  is  divided  into  147  parishes,  con- 
tains about  346,000  inhabitants  and  sends  four 
members  to  parliament.  The  S.  part  is  fertile  ; 
but  the  N.  is  rather  barren,  and  terminates  in  a 
range  of  twelve  mountains,  the  highest  in  Ire- 
land, called  Phelem-dhe-Madina.  The  river 
Suire  runs  through  it  from  N.  to  S.  Clonmell  is 
the  capital. 

Tipperary,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
the  same  name,  9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cashel  and  20 
N.W.  of  Clonmell. 

rano,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  capital  of  a 
district  of  in  liie  Valteline.      It  contains   several 


TIT 


724 


TOB 


handsome  buildings,  but  from  the  narrowness  of 
the  streets,  and  many  ruinous  houses,  its  general 
appearance  is  desolate.  Its  staple  commerce  con- 
sists in  the  exportation  of  wine  and  silk.  Near 
the  town  is  the  magnificent  church  of  the  Mo- 
dona,  much  visited  by  catholic  pilgrims.  The 
massacre  of  the  Protestants  of  the  Valteline,  in 
1620,  began  in  this  town.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Adda,  15  m.  E.  of  Londris.  Long.  9. 58.  E.,  lat. 
46.  20.  N. 

Tipton,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  5,317. 
Covington  is  the  capital. 

Tireh,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Natolia,  situate 
■on  the  Meinder,  32  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Smyrna. 

Tirey,  an  island  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Hebri- 
des, lying  to  the  W.  of  Mull.  It  is  IGm.  long  and 
3  broad.  The  surface  in  general  is  even,  and  it 
is  noted  for  its  marble  quarry  and  a  handsome 
breed  of  little  horses. 

Tirelemont,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Brabant,  formerly  one  of  the  most  considerable 
cities  in  that  duohy,  but  ruined  by  the  wars,  and 
by  a  great  fire  in  1701.  Near  this  place  the  Aus- 
Irians  were  defeated  in  1792  by  the  French,  who 
the  year  following  were  routed  by  the  former.  It 
is  seated  on  the  river  Greete,  10  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Louvain. 

Tirnau,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  the  country  of 
Neitra,  seated  on  the  Tirna,  26  ra.  N.  E.  of  Pres- 
burg. 

Tirschenreid,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  seated  on  a 
lake,  10  m.  S.  of  Egra. 

Tishury,  a  township  of  Dukes  Co.  Mass.  on 
Martha's  Vineyard.     Pop.  1,318. 

Titan,  or  Cabaros,  an  island  of  France,  the  larg- 
est and  most  eastern  of  the  Hieres,  i^  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Titeri,  the  middle  or  southern  province  of  the 
kingdom  of  Algiers,  in  which  is  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  formed  by  the  river  Shellif,  near  its 
source  Towards  the  N.  the  country  is  mountain- 
ous and  narrow,  and  to  the  S.  it  extends  far  into 
the  desert.  It  contains  some  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains in  the  kingdom,  part  of  which  are  inhabited 
by  the  Cabyls,  an  independent  tribe,  who  have 
never  been  subdued  by  the  Al^erines.  The  prin- 
cipal town  of  this  province  is  Belida. 

Titicaca,  a  lake  of  S.  America, between  Peru  and 
Bolivar.  It  is  of  an  oval  figure,  with  an  inclination 
from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.,  and  240  m.  in  circumference. 
Many  streams  enter  into  it,  but  its  waters  are  so 
muddy  and  nauseous  as  to  be  unfit  for  drinking. 
One  of  the  most  splendid  temples  in  the  empire 
was  erected  on  an  island  in  this  lake,  by  the 
Incas. 

Titlisherg,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  in 
Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Uri^  11  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Altorff. 

Titschein,  JVetc,  a  well  built  town  of  the  Austrian 
states,  in  Moravia,  defended  by  walls,  28  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Prerau. 

Titlmaning,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  duchy  of 
Salzburg,  seated  on  the  Salza,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Salzburg. 

Titul,  a  town  of  Hungary,  seated  on  the  Theis- 
se,  23  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Peterwardein  and  24  N.  N. 
W.  of  Belgrade. 

Tiumen,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province  of 
Tobolsk,  on  the  river  Tura  at  the  influx  of  the 
Pischma,  170  m.  S.  W.  of  Tobolsk. 

Tiverton,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  noted 
for  its  woolen  manufactures,  particularly  kerseys. 
161  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Tiverton,  a  township   of  Newport  Co.  R.  I.  on 


Narraganset  Bay    14  m.    from    Newport    Pop. 
2,905. 

Tivoli,  a  town  of  the  papal  states,  in  Campagna 
di  Roma,  and  a  bishop's  see.  Though  now  poor, 
it  boasts  of  greater  antiquity  than  Rome,  being 
the  ancient  Tibur,  which  was  founded  by  a  Gre- 
cian colony.  It  was  the  favourite  country  resi- 
dence of  the  ancient  Romans,  as  Frascati  is  of  the 
moderns.  The  cathedral  is  built  on  the  ruins  of 
a  temple  of  Hercules.  In  the  market  place  are 
two  images  of  oriental  granite,  representing  the 
Egyptian  deity  Isis.  The  adjacent  country  yields 
excellent  oil.  Near  Tivoli  are  the  ruins  of  the 
magnificent  villa  built  by  emperor  Adrian,  a  eel 
ebrated  cascade,  a  temple  of  Vesta,  and  anothei 
of  the  Sybil  Albunea,  a  famous  villa  Esteme,  and 
the  remarkable  lake  of  the  Solfatara.  Tivoli  is 
seated  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Teverone, 
16  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Rome. 

Tizzano,  a  town  of  Italy  ,in  the  duchy  of  Parma, 
13  m.  S.  of  Parma. 

T/ascala,a.  province  of  Mexico  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  Panueo  E.  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  S.  by  Guaxaca 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  W.  by  Mexico  Proper. 
On  the  W.  side  there  is  a  chain  of  mountains  for 
the  space  of  55  m.,  v/ell  cultivated;  and  on  the 
N.  is  a  great  ridge  of  mountains,  the  neighbour- 
hood of  whicii  exposes  it  to  violent  tempests  and 
frequent  inundation.  Yet  this  is  allowed  to  be  the 
most  populous  county  in  all  America ;  and  it 
produces  so  much  maize,  that  hence  it  had  the 
name  of  TIascala,  the  Land  of  Biead.  Puebla  de 
los  Angelos  is  the  capital. 

TIascala,  a  town  of  Mexico,  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  province  of  the  same  name ;  seated  on  a 
river,  15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Puebla  de  los  Angelos. 

Tobago,  the  most  southern  of  the  islands  in  tlie 
W.  Indies,  and  the  most  eastern  except  Barba- 
does.  It  is  30  m.  long  and  10  broad  :  and  near 
its  N.  E.  extremity  is  Little  Tobago,  an  island  2 
m.  long  and  1  broad.  The  climate  is  not  so  hot 
as  might  be  expected  from  its  situation  so  near 
the  equator ;  nor  is  it  visited  by  such  dreadful 
hurricanes  as  frequently  desolate  the  other  islands. 
It  is  diversified  with  hills  and  vales,  and  is  equal 
in  richness  of  produce  to  any  island  in  these  seas. 
In  1748  it  was  declared  a  neutral  island,  but  in 
1763  was  ceded  to  the  English.  It  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1781,  and  confirmed  to  them  in 
1783;  but  it  was  taken  by  the  English  in  1793, 
and  restored  in  1802.  It  was  again  taken  by  the 
English  in  1803,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  the 
treaty  of  Paris  in  1814.  The  principal  place  is 
Scarborough. 

Tobermory,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  the  island  of 
Mull,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  a  custom-house; 
seated  on  a  fine  bay,  near  the  N.  W.  end  of  the 
sound  of  Mull.     Long.  5.  58.  W.,  lat.  56.  46.  N. 

Tobolsk,  a  government  of  the  Russian  empire, 
which  comprehends  the  greatest  part  of  Western 
Siberia.  It  is  divided  into  the  two  provinces  of 
Tobolsk  and  Tomsk. 

Tobolsk,  a  considerable  and  populous  city  of 
Russia,  formerly  capital  of  Siberia,  and  at  present 
of  the  government  of  Tobolsk.  It  is  divided  into 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Town  :  the  former  is  prop- 
erly the  city,  and  stands  very  high,  with  a  fort 
built  with  stone,  in  which  are  the  governor's 
court,  the  governor's  house,  the  archbishop's 
palace,  the  exchange,  and  two  of  the  principal 
churches,  all  built  of  stone,  but  the  houses  in 
general  are  of  wood,  and  are  very  low.  The  Tar- 
tars that  live  round  this  town,  for  several  m.  are 
all  Mahometans,  and  their  mufli  is  an  Arabian 


TOL 


TXb 


TOM 


in  general  they  behave  very  quietly,  and  carry  on 
some  commerce,  but  practice  no  mechanic  trades. 
There  are  also  a  great  number  of  Calmuc  Tartars, 
who  serve  as  slaves.  All  the  Chinese  caravans 
pass  through  this  town,  and  all  the  furs  furnished 
by  Siberia  are  brought  here,  and  hence  forwarded 
to  Moscow.  The  Russians  commonly  send  their 
state  prisoners  to  this  city.  It  is  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  rivers  Tobol  and  [rtisch,  11,00 
ni.  E.  by  N.  of  Moscow  and  1,200  E.  by  S.  of 
Petersburgh.     Long.  63.  35.  E.,  lat.  58.  12.  N. 

Toby,  a  township  of  Armstrong  Co.  Pa.  on  Al- 
leghany river. 

Tocantin,  the  largest  river  of  Brazil,  which 
rises  in  lat.  18.  S.,  and  flows  N.  E.  at  the  foot  of 
a  ridge  of  mountains  for  above  700  m.  then  enters 
a  more  open  country,  and  pursues  its  course  400 
m.  further  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  which  it  enters 
by  a  large  estuary,  below  the  city  of  Para.  The 
estuary  of  this  river  has  a  communication  with 
that  of  the  .\mazon  to  the  W. ;  and  the  space 
incl'ided  by  them  and  the  ocean  is  an  island,  150 
m.  in  diameter,  called  Maraso  or  Joanes. 

Tocat,  a  city  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Sivas.  The 
houses  are  handsomely  built,  and  the  streets 
paved,  which  is  an  uncommon  thing  in  these 
parts;  but  the  town  makes  a  very  odd  appear- 
ance, being  built  on  uneven  ground.  There  are 
two  rugged  perpendicular  rocks  of  marble,  with 
an  old  castle  upon  each ;  and  so  many  streams, 
that  each  house  has  a  fountain.  The  inhabitants 
are  computed  at  60,000.  The  chief  trade  is  in 
copper  vessels,  but  much  yellow  leather  and  silk 
is  manufactured.  It  is  seated  in  a  district  which 
abounds  in  fruit  and  excellent  wine.  45  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Sivas  and  150  N.  of  Marash.  Long. 
36.  35.  E.,  lat.  39.  10.  N. 

Tocayma,  a  town  of  Colombia,  in  a  country 
abounding  in  fruit  and  sugar-canes.  Here  are 
hot  baths  between  two  cold  springs ;  and  near 
the  town  is  a  volcano.  It  is  seated  on  the  Pati, 
near  its  entrance  into  the  Madalena,  34  m.  W.  of 
St.  Fe  de  Bogota.     Long.  74.  53.  W.,  lat.  4.  5.  N. 

Tockoa,  or  Tuccoa  Falls,  a  isascade  on  a  small 
stream  in  Franklin  Co.  Geo.  running  into  the 
Jutraloo.  The  descent  is  187  feet,  and  the  water 
is  hashed  into  a  fine  rain  before  it  reaches  the 
bottom. 

Tocriir,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  lying  to  the 
E.  of  Tombuctoo,  on  both  sides  the  Niger.  The 
capital  is  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the  S.  side 
of  the  Ni<rer,  320  m.  E.  of  Tombuctoo.  Long.  6. 
18.  W.,  lat.  16.  33.  N. 

Todd,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  8,801. 
Elkton  is  the  capital. 

Todi,  a  town  of  the  papal  states,  in  the  duchy 
of  Spoleto,  seated  on  a  hill,  near  the  Tiber,  22  m. 
S.  of  Spoleto. 

Toissey,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ain, 
with  a  college  ;  seated  near  the  conflux  of  the 
Saone  and  Chalaron?,  15  m.  N.  of  Trevoux. 

Tokay,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  castle.  It 
is  celebrated  for  its  wine,  which  is  preferred  to  all 
others  in  Hungary;  and  near  it  are  large  salt- 
works. It  stands  at  the  conflux  of  the  Bodrog 
with  the  Theisse,  105  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Buda. 
Long.  21.  15.  E.,  lat.  48.  8.  N. 

Tolaga  Bay,  a  bay  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  the 
northern  island  of  New  Zealand.  Long.  178.  34. 
E.,  lat.  38.  21.  S. 

Toledo,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  of  which 
it  was  formerly  the  capital.  It  is  seated  on  a 
conical  hill  on  the  river  Tagus,  which  nearly  sur- 
round;>  it,  and  on  the  land  side  is  an  ancient  wall, 


flanked  with  100  towers.  There  are  a  great 
number  of  superb  structures,  besides  17  public 
squares,  where  the  markets  are  kept,  it  is  an 
archbishop's  see  ;  and  the  cathedral  is  the  richest 
in  Spain  :  the  Segrario,  or  principal  chapel,  con- 
tains 15  large  cabinets  led  into  the  wall,  full  of 
gold  and  silver  vessels,  and  other  works.  Here 
are  numerous  religious  houses  and  churches,  with 
some  hospitals  ;  and  formerly  it  had  a  university, 
which  was  suppressed  in  1807.  The  inhabitants, 
once  estimated  at  200,000,  are  now  reduced  to 
25,000.  Without  the  town  are  the  remains  of  an 
amphitheatre  and  other  antiquities.  It  has  a  roy- 
al castle,  and  several  manufactures  of  arms,  silk, 
and  wool.  Toledo  was  occupied  by  the  French 
in  1808.  37  m.  S.  of  Madrid.  Long.  3.  20.  W. 
lat.  39.  50.  N. 

Tolen,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Zealand,  in  an  island  of  the  same  name,  separated 
by  a  narrow  channel  from  Brabant.  On  the  Bra- 
bant side  it  has  a  fort  called  Schlyckenburg,  5  m. 
N.  W.  of  Bergen-op-Zoora.  Long.  4.  20-  E.,  lat. 
51.  30.  N.  S  . 

To'.entino,  a  town  of  the  ecclesiastical  states,  in 
Ar>cona,  where  the  relics  of  St.  Nicholas  are  kept. 
A  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  here  between 
Bonaparte  and  the  papal  court  in  1797.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Chiento,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Severino. 

Tolesburg,  a  sea- port  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Riga,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Finland,  60 
m.  W.  of  Narva.     Long.  26.  4.  E.,  lat.  59.  38.  N. 

Tolfa,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  states  of  the  church. 
In  the  environs  are  warm  baths,  mines  of  alum 
and  iron,  and  quarries  of  alabaster  and  lapis  lazuli 
6  m.  N.  E.  of  Civita  Vecchia. 

Tolland,  a  county  of  Connecticut.     Pop.  18,700. 

Tolland,  p.t.  the  capital  of  the  above  Co.  17  m. 
N.  E.  Hartford.     Pop.  1,698. 

Tolland,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  125  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  724. 

Tolmczo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  Friuli, 
with  a  castle.  Near  it  is  an  extensive  linen  man 
ufacture.  It  stands  on  the  Tagliamento,  16  m. 
N.  W.  ofUdina. 

Tolmino,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Car- 
niola,  12  m.  N.  of  Goritz. 

Tolna,  a  town  of  Hungary,  formerly  the  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  producing  ex- 
cellent wine.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  65  m. 
S.  of  Buda.     Long.  19.  15.  E.,  lat.  46.  30.  N. 

Tolnani,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  country 
of  Baglana,  70  in.  W.  of  Burhampour  and  124  E 
of  Surat.     Long.  75.  3.  E.,  lat.  21.  15.  N. 

Tolometa,  a  sea-port  of  Barbary,  in  Barca,  an- 
ciently called  Ptolemais.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Mediterranean,  100  m.  W.  of  Derna.  Long.  20. 
30.  E.,lat.  32.44.  N. 

Tolosa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  capital  of 
the  district  of  Guipuscoa  ;  celebrated  for  its  steel 
manufactures,  particularly  of  sword-blades.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  und  a^ain  in 
1808.  It  is  seated  m  a  valley,  between  the  Araxia 
and  Oria,  36  m.  E.  of  Bilbba.  Long.  2.  5.  W 
lat.  43.  12.  N. 

Tolu,  a  sea-port  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Carthagena  ; 
famous  for  its  balsam,  produced  from  a  tree  like 
a  pine.  It  is  seated  on  a  bay,  70  m.  S.  of  Cartha- 
gena.    Long.  75.  16.  W.,  lat.  9.  30  N. 

Tom,  Mount,  an  eminence  of  Massachusetts,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  near  Northamp- 
ton. It  is  about  1 ,200  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
river. 

Tomar,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura,  on 
the  river  Naboan,  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains, 
3p3 


TOM 


796 


TOM 


where  there  is  a  castle  belonging  to  the  knights 
of  Christ.  40  m.  S.  by  E.  ofCoimbra  and  60  N. 
E  of  Lisbon. 

Tomburtoo,  a  city  of  Central  Africa,  and  the 
great  emporium  of  the  interior  trade  of  that  con- 
tinent. It  is  situated  in  an  imr.jense  plain  of 
white  sand,  having  no  vegetation  but  stunted 
trees  and  shrubs,  »uch  as  the  mimosa  ferruginea, 
which  grows  no  higher  tlian  three  or  four  feet. 
The  City  is  not  closed  by  any  barrier,  and  may  be 
entered  on  any  siJe.  It  forms  a  sort  of  triangle, 
about  three  miles  in  circuit.  I'he  houses  are 
large  but  not  high,  consisting  entirely  of  a  ground 
floor;  they  are  built  of  bricks  of  a  ro'ind  form, 
rolled  in  the  hands  and  baked  i«i  the  sun.  The 
streets  are  clean  and  sufficiently  wide  for  three 
horsemen  to  pass  abreast.  Both  within  and  with- 
out the  town  there  are  many  straw  huts,  which 
serve  as  dwellings  for  the  poor  and  for  the  slaves 
■who  sell  merchandise  for  their  masters.  The  ci- 
ty contains  seven  mosques,  two  of  which  are 
large.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  stated  not 
to  exceed  12,000,  who  are  all  engaged  in  trade  : 
but  the  population  is  sometimes  augmented  by 
the  Arabs,  who  arrive  with  the  caravans  and  re- 
main a  while  in  the  city.  In  the  plain  several 
species  of  grass  and  thistle  afford  food  for  the 
camels.  Fire-wood  is  very  scarce,  being  all 
brought  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Cabra,  and 
camel  dung  forms  the  only  fuel  of  the  poorer 
classes.  The  soil  being  totally  unfit  for  cultiva- 
tion, the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to  procure  from 
Jenne  every  thing  requisite  for  the  supply  of 
their  wants,  such  as  millet,  rice,  vegetable  butter, 
honey,  cotton,  Soudan  cloth,  preserved  provisions, 
candles,  soap,  allspice,  onions,  dried  fish,  pistachi- 
os, «fcc. ;  and  to  prevent  immediate  famine,  in  case 
the  vessels  from  Cabra  should  chance  to  be  stop- 
ped by  the  Tooariks,  the  inhabitants  take  care  to 
have  their  warehouses  amply  stored  with  every 
kind  of  provision.  Water  is  also  scarce,  and  is 
sold  in  the  market  place,  where  a  measure  con- 
taining about  half  a  pint  is  procured  for  a  cowrie. 
To  the  W.  S.  W.  of  the  town  there  are  large  ex- 
cavations, from  30  to  40  feet  deep,  for  preservinar 
the  rain-water  These  reservoirs  have  no  cover- 
ing ;  and  the  water,  being  consequently  exposed 
to  the  sun  and  the  hot  wind,  though  tolerably 
clear,  has  a  disagreeable  taste,  and  is  very  hot. 
Near  tlie  reservoirs  are  some  small  plantations  of 
tobacco,  the  only  plant  which  is  here  cultivated, 
and  which  grows  no  higher  than  five  or  six  in- 
ches, and  that  only  by  dint  of  watering.  All  the 
native  inhabitants  of  Tornbuctoo  are  zealous  Ma- 
hometans. Their  dress  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
Moors.  They  are  represented  as  gentle  and  com- 
plaisant to  strangers,  industrious  in  their  habits, 
and  not  wanting  in  intelligence.  The  men  are 
of  the  ordinary  size,  generally  well  made,  up- 
right, and  walk  with  a  graceful  step.  Their  col- 
or is  a  fine  des'p  black.  Their  noses  are  a  little 
more  aquiline  ,han  those  of  the  Mandingoes,  and 
like  them  they  have  thin  lips  and  large  eyes.  The 
women  attend  to  domestic  occupations.  They 
are  not  veiled,  like  those,  of  Morocco,  and  are  al- 
lowed to  walk  out  when  they  please.  Those  of 
the  richer  class  have  always  a  great  number  of 
ffhss  beads  about  their  necks  and  in  their  ears. 
Like  the  women  of  Jenne  they  wear  nose-rinnrs  ; 
and  the  female  who  is  not  rich  enough  to  procure 
a  ring  substitutes  a  piece  of  red  silk  for  it ;  they 
wear  silver  bracelets,  and  ancle  rings  of  plated 
steel,  the  latter  of  wnich  are  made  in  the  coun- 
try.    Thtt   female   slaves   of  rich  masters   have 


gold  ornaments  about  their  necks,  and  instead  of 
wearing  ear-rings,  as  in  the  environs  of  the  Sen 
egal,  they  have  little  plates  in  the  form  of  a  neck 
lace.  The  interior  of  the  dwellings  in  Tornbuc- 
too, as  well  as  the  dress  of  the  inhabitants,  is  ex- 
ceedingly neat.  Their  domestic  articles  consist 
of  calabashes  and  wooden  platters:  knives  and 
forks  are  unknown  here,  and  the  natives  imagine 
that  like  them,  all  people  in  the  world  eat  with 
their  fingers.  Their  furniture  consists  merely  of 
mats  for  sitting  on ;  and  their  beds  are  made  by 
fixing  four  stakes  in  the  ground  at  one  end  of  the 
room,  and  stretching  over  them  some  mats  or  a 
cow  hide.  The  rich  have  cotton  mattrasses  and 
coverlets,  which  the  neighbouring  Moors  manu- 
facture from  camel's  hair  and  sheep's  wool.  The 
people  are  well  fed.  Their  meals,  of  which  they 
take  two  in  a  day,  consist  of  rice,  and  couscous 
made  of  small  millet,  dressed  with  meat  or  dried 
fish.  Those  negroes  who  are  in  easy  circumstan- 
ces breakfast  on  wheaten  bread,  tea,  and  butter 
made  from  cows'  milk  :  those  of  inferior  circum- 
stances use  vegetable  butter.  Generally  speak- 
ing, the  negroes  are  not  so  well  lodged  as  the 
Moors  ;  the  latter  have  great  influence  over  them, 
and  ind'»ed  consider  themselves  far  their  superi- 
ors. Cloth  and  other  European  merchandise, 
and  salt,  are  brought  to  Tombuctoo  by  caravans 
from  Barbary ;  these  are  exchanged  for  ivory ; 
slaves,  senna,  gold-dust,  dates,  ostriches'  feathers, 
&c.,  brought  from  the  interior  and  more  mari- 
time parts  of  Africa.  This  city  is  subject  to  a 
well-regulated  police,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants 
are  very  rich.  Cabra  its  port,  3  m.  N.,  is  a  nar- 
row town  of  mud  huts,  containing  about  1,000 
inhabitants,  who  are  all  employed  either  in  land- 
ing the  merchandise  brought  from  Jenne,  or  in 
conveying  it  to  Tombuctoo ;  it  has  a  small 
mosque  with  a  minaret,  but  is  a  dirty  and  miser- 
able-looking place.  Long.  3.  40.  W.  lat.  17.  50. 
N.  Such  is  the  discription  of  the  celebrated  city 
of  Tombuctoo,  according  to  the  relation  of  M. 
Caillie  aFrenchman,  who  visited  this  city  in  1827, 
and  is  the  only  European  who  ever  returned  from 
it.  The  veracity  of  his  relation  however,  is 
doubted  by  many. 

Tombigbee,  river,  a  branch  of  the  Alabama, 
rising  in  the  northern  part  of  Mississippi  and 
flowing  S.  Easterly  till  it  unites  with  the  Black 
Warrior  in  Alabama.  It  is  navigable  by  schoon- 
ers to  St.  Stephen's. 

Tomkannock,  p. v.  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y. 

Tompkins,  a  county  of  New  York.  Fop.  36,545 
Ithaca  is  the  capital ;  p.t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y 
Pop    1,774. 

Tompliinville,  p. v.  Monroe  Co.  Ken. 

Tbrnina,  a  province  of  Buenos  Ayres,  72  m. 
long  and  210  in  circuit.  The  surface  is  moun- 
tainous, but  the  valleys  are  fertile. 

Tomini,  a  town  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Celebes,  on  a  bay  to  which  it  gives  name.  Long. 
110.  0.  E.,  lat.  0.45.  S. 

Tomsk,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Russia,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  name,  in  the  government  of  To- 
bolsk. On  the  highest  part  stands  a  wooden 
castle,  defended  by  14  pieces  of  cannon;  and  in 
it  are  a  cathedral  built  of  wood,  the  chancery^ 
and  an  arsenal.  The  inhabitants  carry  on  a  great 
trade,  this  town  lying  on  the  great  road  through 
all  the  E.  and  N.  parts  of  Siberia.  Here  are  al| 
kinds  of  artificers  and  tradesmen,  but  they  an', 
extremely  indolent  and  slothful.  It  contains 
above  2,000  houses,  with  12,000  inhabitants, 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Tom,  560  m,    £.  by 


TON 


987 


TON 


S.  of  Tobolsk.      Long.  84.   19.   E.,  lat.  57.  4. 

N. 

Tondem,  a  well-built  tx>wn  of  Denmark,  capital 
of  a  district  of  its  name,  in  the  duchy  of  Sleswick, 
with  a  considerable  trade  in  corn,  cattle,  silk,  and 
fine  lace.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Widaw,  and 
on  a  bay  of  the  <ierman  Ocean,  28  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Ripen  and  40  N.  W.  of  Sleswick.  Long.  9.  40. 
E.,  lat  54.  58.  N. 

Tnngatahoo,  one  of  the  Friendly  Islands,  20 
leagues  in  circuit.  It  was  discovered  by  Tasnian, 
who  called  it  New  Amsterdam,  and  was  visited 
in  1773  and  1777  by  Cook,  who  lay  at  anchor  on 
the  W.  part.  It  has  the  best  harbour,  or  anchor- 
ing-place,  to  be  found  among  these  inlands.  The 
land  is  low,  with  many  gentle  risings,  and  very 
fertile,  being  wholly  laid  out  in  plantations,  with 
roads  or  lanes  for  travelling.  It  is  the  seat  of 
government  for  all  the  other  islands,  and  the  or- 
dinary residence  of  all  the  principal  chiefs.  Long. 
174.  46.  W.,  lat.  21.  9.  S. 

Tongeron,  or  Tongres,  a  town  of  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  territory  of  Liege,  formerly  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  cities  in  the  Roman  province 
of  Gallia  Belgica.  It  is  seated  on  the  Jeckar,  13 
m   N.  W.  of  Liege. 

Tong-gin,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Koei-tclieou,  850  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
108.  37  E.,  lat.  27.  40.  N. 

Tongho,  a  city  of  Birmah,  capital  of  a  province 
of  the  same  name,  noted  for  producing  the  best 
bctel-nut.  It  has  a  fort,  deemed  the  strongest  in 
the  Birman  empire,  and  is  seated  near  the  Se- 
tang,  90  ra.  N.  of  Pegu.  Long.  96.  45.  E.,  lat. 
13.  45   N. 

Tong-tchang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Chansf-tong,  seated  near  the  N.  end  of  the 
grand  canal,  210  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  116.  12. 
E.,  lat.  36.  30.  N. 

Tong-tchou,  a  small  city  of  China,  in  Petche-li, 
seated  on  the  Pei-ho,  170  m.  from  its  mouth  and 
12E.  by  S.  of  Pekin. 

Toag-tchuen,  a  fortified  city  of  China,  of  the 
first  rank,  in  the  province  of  Se-lchuen.  The 
inhabitants  are  all  soldiers,  who  have  followed 
the  profession  of  arms  from  father  to  son.  1,000  m. 
•S.  W.  of  Pekin.    Long.  102.  30.  E.,  lat.  25.56.  N. 

Tonirusians,  or  Tonguses,  a  people  who  inhab- 
it the  E.  part  of  Siberia,  and  are  subject  to  the 
Russians.  They  are  all  pagans,  and  subsist 
chiefly  by  grazing  and  hunting  of  sables.  They 
live  in  huts,  which  they  take  down  and  remove 
with  them  from  place  to  place.  These  huts  are 
composed  of  wooden  poles,  covered  all  over  with 
hair  and  rubbisli,  except  a  hole  letl.  at  the  top  to 
let  out  the  smoke.  Their  fire  is  made  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  ihey  all  sit  round  it  upon  turfs.  Both 
sexes  are  very  strong,  and  broad  faced,  and  they 
all  ride  on  horseback,  not  excepting  the  girls. 
Both  men  and  woman  dress  alike  in  a  sort  of 
frock,  with  boots  of  skins  on  their  legs,  and  their 
common  drink  is  water. 

Tonna,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Gotha, 
6  m.  N.  of  Gotha. 

Tonn.ay  Bout.onne,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Charente,  on  the  river  Boutonne, 
17  m.  N.  of  Saintes. 

Tonruiy  pharente,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Lower  Charente,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the 
Charente,  3  m.  E.  of  Rochefort  and  15  N.  W.  of 
Saintes. 

Tonneins,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lot-et- 
Garonne  seated  on  the  Garonne,  7  m.  E.  of 
Marmande. 


Tonnerre,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
famous  for  its  good  wines.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Armancon,  27  m.  S.  of  Troyes  and  102  E  o/Paris. 

Tonnewanio, a.  small  river  of  New  York  flowing 
into  Niagara  river  opposite  Grand  Isle. 

Tonningen,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy 
of  Sleswick.  The  harbour  is  commodious  and 
defended  by  three  batteries.  It  is  sealed  on  a 
peninsula  formed  by  the  river  Eyder,  25  m.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Sleswick  and  70  N.  N.  W.  of  Ham- 
burg.    Long.  9.  10.  E.,  lat.  51.  30.  N. 

Tonquin,  a  country  of  Asia,  bounded  on  the  N 
by  China,  E.  by  China  and  the  gulf  of  Tonquin 
S.  by  Cochin-China,  and  W.  by  Laos.  It  is  1200 
miles  in  length  and  500  in  breadth,  and  oi.e  of 
the  finest  countries  of  the  E.  for  population, 
riches,  and  trade.  It  contains  about  18,000,000 
of  inhabitants.  The  commodities  are  gold,  musk, 
silks,  calicoes,  drugs  of  many  sorts,  woods  for 
dyeing,  lackered  and  earthen  wares,  salt,  aniseed, 
and  worm-seed.  The  lackered  ware  is  not  infe- 
rior to  that  of  Japan,  which  is  accounted  the  best 
in  the  world.  The  natives  in  general  are  of  a 
middling  stature,  and  clean  limbed,  with  a  tawny 
complexion  ;  their  faces  oval  and  flattish  ;  and 
their  hair  black,  long,  and  coarse,  hanging  down 
their  shoulders.  They  dye  their  teeth  black. 
They  are  dexterous,  active,  and  ingenious  in  me- 
chanic arts.  Their  garments  are  made  either  of 
silk  or  cotton ;  but  the  poor  people  and  soldiers 
wear  only  cotton  of  a  dark  tawny  colour.  Their 
houses  are  small  and  low,  and  the  walls  either  of 
mud,  or  hurdles  daubed  over  with  clay.  They 
have  only  a  ground-floor,  with  two  or  three  par- 
titions, and  each  room  has  a  square  hole  to  let  in 
the  light.  They  have  stools,  benches,  and  chairs ; 
and  on  the  side  of  a  table  in  every  house  is  a  lit- 
tle altar,  on  which  are  two  incense  pots.  The 
country  abounds  with  villages,  which  consist  of 
30  or  40  houses,  surrounded  by  trees;  and  in 
some  places  are  banks  to  keep  the  water  from 
overflowing  their  gardens,  where  they  have 
oranges,betels, pumpkins,  melons,  and  salad  herbs. 
In  the  rainy  season  they  cannot  pass  from  one 
house  to  another  without  wading  through  the 
water,  but  sometimes  they  have  boats.  The  Ton- 
quinese  in  general  are  courteous  to  strangers ; 
but  the  great  men  are  haughty  and  ambitious, 
the  soldiers  insolent,  and  the  poor  thievish.  They 
buy  all  their  wives,  of  which  the  great  men  have 
several.  The  men  are  so  addicted  to  gaming, 
that,  when  every  thing  else  is  lost,  they  will 
stake  their  wives  and  children  ;  and  in  hard  times 
they  will  sell  them  to  buy  rice  for  themselves. 
When  a  man  dies,  he  is  buried  in  his  own  ground, 
and,  if  he  was  a  master  of  a  family,  they  make  a 
great  feast.  The  first  new  moon  that  happens 
after  the  middle  of  January  is  a  great  festival, 
when  they  rejoice  for  10  days  together ;  and  they 
have  another  great  feast  in  May  or  June,  when 
their  first  harvest  is  got  in.  Their  religion  is 
paganism,  but  they  own  a  Supreme  Being.  Their 
principal  idols  have  human  shapes ;  but  they 
have  likewise  some  resembling  elephants  and 
horses,  placed  in  small  low  temples  built  of  tim- 
ber. The  language  is  very  guttural,  and  some  of 
the  words  are  pronounced  through  the  teeth  :  it 
has  a  great  resemblance  to  the  Chinese.  Ton- 
quin became  an  inde[)endent  kingdom  in  1368, 
but  it  has  been  entirely  subdued  by  Cochin-China, 
so  that,  with  Cambodia,  and  all  the  countries  be- 
tween Siam  and  China,  it  is  now  united  under 
one  empire.     Cachao  is  the  capital. 

Tonsberg,  a  sea-port  of  Norway,  in  the  province 


^, 


TOR  728 

of  Aggerhuys.  It  has  some  commerce  in  timber ; 
and  near  it  is  Walloe,  the  most  considerable  salt- 
work  in  the  kingdom.  46  m.  S.  of  Christiania. 
Long.  10.  14.  E.,  lat.  58.  50.  N. 

Tonuru,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  for- 
merly a  city  of  great  extent,  as  appears  by  some 
ruins  of  the  walls.  Here  are  three  temples,  in 
good  preservation  ;  and  near  it  is  an  immense 
tank,  or  resevoir  of  water,  between  two  rocky 
hills.     It  is  10  m.  N.  of  Seringapatam. 

Toohoonai,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific  Ocean, 
discovered  by  Cook.  It  is  not,  in  any  direction, 
above  6  m.  over,  but  there  are  hills  in  it  of  a  con- 
siderable elevation,  covered  with  herbage,  except 
a  few  rocky  cliffs,  with  patches  of  trees  inter- 
spersed to  their  summits.  It  is  plentifully  stock- 
ed with  hogs  and  fowls,  and  produces  several 
kinds  of  fruits  and  roots.  See  Society  Islands. 
Long.  210.  23.  W.,  lat.  23.  25.  S. 

Topel,  or  To/d,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
of  Pilsen  at  the  source  of  a  rivulet  of  the  same 
name,  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Pilsen. 

Topetin,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Mechoacan,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  near  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  55  m.  N.  W.  of  Zacatula. 

Toplitz,  a  town  in  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Leutraeritz,  celebrated  for  its  warm  baths.  Near 
this  place  the  Austrians  defeated  the  Prussians 
in  1762  ;  and  here  the  allied  sovereigns  had  their 
head-quarters  a  considerable  time,  in  1813  .  It  is 
16  m.  N.  W.  of  Leutmeritz. 

Topohzan,  a  town  of  Hungary,  60  ra.  N.  E.  of 
Fresburg. 

Topsham,  a  sea-port  of  Devonshire,  Eng.  5  m.  S. 
E.  of  Exeter,  and  170  S.   W.  of  London. 

Topsfidd,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  21  m.  N.  E. 
Boston.     Pop.  1,011. 

Topskam,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Fop.  1,564 
p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,384. 

Tor,  a  sea-port  of  Arabia,  with  a  good  harbour, 
defended  by  a  castle.  Here  is  a  Greek  convent, 
in  the  garden  of  which  are  fountains  of  bitter 
water,  pretended  to  be  those  which  Moses  ren- 
dered sweet  by  throwing  in  a  piece  of  wood.  It 
stands  on  the  W.  side  of  the  peninsula  formed 
by  the  two  arms  of  the  Red  Sea,  150  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Suez.     Long.  33.  40.  E.,  lat.  28.  10.  N. 

Torbay,  a  bay  of  the  English  Channel,  on  the 
coast  of  Devonshire,  to  the  E.  of  Dartmouth, 
formed  by  two  canals,  called  Berry  Head  and 
Bob's  Nose.  The  S.  point.  Berry  head,  is  in 
Long.  3.  28.  W.,  lat.  50.  24.  N. 

Torbla,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, 7  m.  E.  of  Nice. 

Torbole,?L  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  circle 
ofTreut,  14  m.  S.  E.  of  Trent. 

Torcel.lo,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  a  small  is- 
land of  the  same  name,  in  the  gulf  of  Venice.  It  is  a 
bishop's  sec,  and  has  several  churches  and  an 
elegant  nunnery.    7  m.  N.  of  Venice. 

Tarda,  or  Torrenharg,  a  town  of  Transylvania, 
famous  for  its  salt-works.  The  Hungarian  lan- 
guage is  said  to  be  spoken  with  the  greatest  puri- 
ty in  this  town.  15  m.W.  N.  W^.  of  Clausenburg 
and  48  N.  W.  of  Hermanstadt. 

Tordesillas,  a  fortified  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
with  a  palace,  where  queen  Joan,  mother  of 
Charles  V.,  ended  her  melancholy  days.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Duero,  15  m.  S.  W.  of  Vallado- 
lid  and  75  S.  E.  of  Leon. 

Torae,  a  town  of  Bengal,  235  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Calcutta.     Long.  84.  55.  E.,  lat.  23.  38.  N. 

ToreUo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  famous 
fbr  a  battle  gained  bj   the  French  over  the  Span- 


TOR 


iardsin  1694.  It  is  seated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Ter,  19  m.  E.  by  S.of  Gironna  and  60  N.  E.  of 
Barcelona. 

Torgau,  a  strong  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
in  the  government  of  Merseburg,  with  a  castle. 
The  inhabitants  brew  excellent  beer,  and  liave 
manufactures  of  woolens,  leather,  and  soap.  Here 
the  king  of  Prussia  obtained  a  great  victory  over 
the  Austrians  in  1760.  The  town  was  taken  by  the 
allies  in  1814.  It  is  seated  among  groves  and 
lakes  on  the  river  Elbe,  26  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of 
Meissen  and  46.  N.  W.  of  Dresden.  Long.  13. 
3.  E.,  lat.  51.  32.  N-. 

Torigny,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche,  with  a  castle,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Lo. 

Tormes,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the 
mountains  of  A  villa,  in  Castile,  passes  by  Alva, 
Tormes,  and  Salamanca,  and  joins  the  Duero. 
below  Mirande  de  Duero.  The  battle  of  Salma- 
naca,  July  1812,  was   fought  on  its  banks. 

Torna,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  an 
eminence,  on  the  river  Sayo22m.  W.  of  Cassovia. 
Long.  SO.  43.  E.,  lat.  48.59.    N. 

Tornea,  a  river  of  Sweden,  which  rises  on  the 
bordersof  Norway,  forins  alake  of  the  same  name, 
and  flows  S.  E.  into  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  below 
Tornea. 

Tornea,  a  sea-port  of  European  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Finland,  with  a  good  harbour.  It 
is  a  place  of  some  trade  ;  for  the  Laplanders  in 
those  parts  come  and  exchange  their  skins  and 
other  articles  for  what  they  want.  The  houses 
are  low,  and  the  cold  so  severe  that  sometimes 
people  lose  their  fingers  and  toes.  In  its  vicini- 
ty is  an  entire  mountain  of  iron  ore.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Tornea,  at  the  N.  e.xtremity  of 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  165  m.  N.  E.  of  Uraea.  Long. 
24.  12.  E.,  lat.  65.  51.  N. 

Toro,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see.     It  is  seated 
on  a  hill,    on   the    river  Duero,  over  which   is  a 
bridge  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Zamora  and  30  N.  N.  E 
of  Salamanca. 

Toron,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  situate  on  a  neck 
of  land  between  the  gulfs  of  Monte  Santo  and  Cas- 
sandra, 90  m.  S.  E.  of  Salonica.  Long.  24.  10.  E., 
lat.  39.  58.  N. 

Torquay, a  village  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  near  the 
N.  side  of  Torbay. 

Torre  de  las  Salinas,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Va- 
lencia, with  a  great  trade  in  salt,  procured  from  a 
small  lake  formed  by  saline  springs.  This  is  the 
most  considerable  salt-work  in  all  Spain.  The 
town  is  situate  near  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean, 
20  m.  S.  E.  of  Orihuela  and  37  N.  N.  E.  of  Cartha- 
ge na. 

Torre  del  Greco,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  del 
Lavoro,  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in 
1631,  and  by  another  in  1794.  T'he  present 
town  is  built  on  the  lava  that  covers  the  former 
habitations,  and  stands  on  the  bay  of  Naples,  5  m. 
S.  E.  of  that  city. 

Torre  de  Monrorvo,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras 
OS  Monies,  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and  defended 
by  a  bastion,  and  a  castle.  It  is  27  m.  S.  £.  ol 
Mirandela  and  42  S.  S.  W.  of  Braganza. 

Torrejo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castle,  15  m. 
S.  of  Madrid. 

Torres,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Granada,  seated  on 
the  Mediterranean,  45  m.  S.  W.  of  Granada. 

Torres  J^ova^,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrenia- 
dura, with  a  castle  ;  seated  in  a  fertite  plain,  58  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  Santarem 


TOS 


729 


TOU 


Torres  Vedras,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  noted  for  the  lines  erected  in  its  vicinity  by 
Lord  Wellington  in  1810.  It  has  a  castle,  four 
churches,  &c.,  and  is  seated  near  the  Atlantic,  27 
ni.  N.  of  Lisbon. 

Torriglia,  a  town  of  the  territory  of  Genoa,  14 
n\.  N.  E.  of  Genoa. 

Torrington,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  23  m.  N. 
Hartford.  Pop.  1,654.  Here  is  a  manufactory  of 
woolen. 

Torrington,  a  town  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  1D4  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Torsilla,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Sudermania,  43 
m.  W.  of  Stockholm. 

Torlola,  the  principal  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  in 
the  W.  Indies,  18  m.  long  and  7  broad.  It  for- 
merly belonged  to  the  Dutch,  who  built  a  strnog 
fort,  from  which  they  were  expelled  by  the  Eng- 
lish in  1666.  The  town  and  harbour  are  at  the 
E.  end  of  the  island.  In  1802  it  was  made  a  free 
port,  since  which  period  the  island  has  undergone 
great  improvements  :  it  produces  excellent  cotton, 
sugar,  and  rum.     Long.  63.  0.  W.,  lat.  18.  33.  N. 

Tortona,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  a 
province  of  its  name,  with  a  good  citadel  on  an 
eminence.  It  was  formerly  deemed  a  considerable 
frontier  place  ;  was  taken  by  the  allies  in  1744,  by 
the  Spaniards  in  1745,  by  the  French  in  1796,  by 
the  Russians  and  Austrians  in  1799,  regained  by 
the  French  the  same  year,  and  by  them  delivered 
up  to  the  Auslrians  in  1814.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Scrivia,  27  m.  S.  W.  of  Milan.  Long.  8.  58.  E. 
lat.  44.  54.  N. 

Tortorella.  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Ci- 
tra,  5  m.  N.  E.  of  Policastro. 

Tortosa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia  and  a 
bishop's  see,  with  a  citadel.  It  is  divided  into  the 
Old  and  New  Town,  both  surrounded  by  fortifica- 
tions. The  entrance  is  over  a  large  bridge  of 
boats,  on  the  river  Ebro.  The  cathedral,  the  roy- 
al college  of  Dominicans,  and  the  convent  of  the 
Carmelites  are  the  most  remarkable  edifices. 
Here  is  a  great  deal  of  silk  and  oil,  and  very  fine 
potters  ware,  which  resembles  porcelain.  Tortosa 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1810,  after  a  short 
siege  ;  but  restored  in  1814.  It  is  seated  partly  on 
a  plain  and  partly  on  a  hill,  in  a  country  fertile  in 
corn  and  fruits,  and  abounding  with  quarries  and 
mines  of  silver,  iron,  alabaster,  jasper  of  divers 
colors,  and  stones  with  veins  of  gold.  48  m.  S. 
W.  of  Tarragona  and  96  S.  E.  of  Saragossa.  Long. 
0.  35.  E.,  lat.  40.  48.  N. 

Tort«sa,  the  ancient  Orthosia  a  town  of  Syria, 
with  a  castle.  It  is  surrounded  by  lofty  walls,  and 
stands  near  the  Mediterranean, 35  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Tripoli. 

Tortue,  or  Tortuga,  an  island  of  the  W.  Indies, 
near  the  N.  coast  of  St. Domingo,  so  named  from 
the  great  number  of  tortoises  found  on  and  near  it. 
Here  the  French  buccaniers  used  to  fortify  them- 
selves. It  is  about  20  m.  long  and  4  broad,  and 
has  a  safe  harbour,  but  difficult  of  access.  Long. 
73.  10.  W.,  lat.  20.  10.  N. 

Tortuga,  or  Sal.  Tortuga,  an  uninhabited  island 
near  the  coast  of  Terra  Firma,  60  m.  W.  of  the  isl- 
and of  Margaretta,  and  about  36  in  circumference. 
There  are  a  few  goats  on  it,  and  the  tortoises 
come  upon  the  sandy  banks  to  lay  their  eggs  At 
the  E.  end  is  a  large  salt-pond,  where  the  salt  be- 
gins to  kern  in  April ;  and  for  some  months  after 
ships  come  here  to  lade  salt.  At  the  W.  end  is  a 
small  harbour  with  fresh  water.  Long.  64.  46. 
W.,  lat.  11.  16.  N. 

Tosa,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on  abaj 


which  forms  a  good  harbour.  It  is  built  partly 
on  a  plain  and  partly  on  a  steep  hill,  which  pro- 
jects into  the  sea.  On  the  top  of  the  hill  is  a 
strong  citadel,  with  other  fortifications.  It  is  57 
m.  N.  E.  of  Barcelona.  Long.2.54.  E.,lat.41.42.  N. 

Toscuntlla,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  5  m.  E.  N. 
E.  ofSalo. 

Tosena,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland, 
20  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Udde valla. 

To.iso,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Gothland,  42 
m.  N.N.  E.  of  Uddevalla. 

Tost,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  princi- 
pality  of  Oppeln,  with  a  castle,  25  m.  E.  S.  E  of 
Oppeln. 

Tostar,  or  Suster,  a  town  of  Persia,  capital  of 
Kusistan,  on  the  river  Sable.  It  was  once  a  eel 
ebrated  city,  where  the  kings  of  Persia  had  a 
magnificent  palace,  in  which  they  deposited  their 
archives  and  part  of  their  treasure.  In  Scrip- 
ture it  is  called  Shushan,  and  the  river  is  nam- 
ed Ulai.  At  present  here  are  manufactures 
of  silks,  stuffs,  and  rich  cloth.  It  is  170  m.  VV. 
S.  W.  of  Ispahan.     Lon^  49.  2.  E.,  lat.  31.  30.  N. 

Tutness,  a  borough  in  Devonshire,  Eng.  196  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  London. 

TottejUuim,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  5  m 
N.  of  London. 

Toul,a.  fortified  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe.  The  cathedral  and  episcopal  palace  are 
handsome  structures.  It  is  sealed  on  the  Mo- 
selle, in  a  plain,  almost  surrounded  by  moun-. 
tains,  13  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Nancy,  and  34  W.  S 
W.  of  Metz. 

Toulon,  a  fortified  city  and  sea-port  of  France, 
capital  of  the  department  of  Var.  It  is  divided 
into  the  old  and  new  quarter :  the  former,  which 
is  ill  built,  has  nothing  remarkable  in  it  but  the 
town-house,  and  a  long  street,  shaded  with 
trees,  called  the  Rue  aux  Arbres  ;  the  other  con- 
tains the  magnificent  works  constructed  by  Louis 
XIV.  many  fine  houses,  and  a  grand  oblr>ng  square 
lined  with  trees,  and  serving  as  a  parade.  The 
old  and  new  harbour  communicaie  with  each  other 
by  means  of  a  canal.  The  old  haven  has  a  noble 
quay,  and  is  protected  by  two  moles,  begun  by 
Henry  IV.  The  new  haven  was  constructed  by 
Louis  XIV.,  as  were  the  fortifications  ;  it  con- 
tains an  arsenal,  a  rope-walk,  a  park  of  artillery, 
dock-yards,  basins,  and  every  thing  to  be  expect- 
ed in  the  second  port  for  men  of  war  in  this  conn- 
try.  The  galleys,  transferred  from  Marseilles 
some  years  ago,  occupy  a  basin  in  the  new  port. 
Many  of  the  galley-slaves  are  artisans,  and  some 
merchants  ;  they  no  longer  sleep  on  board  the 
galleys,  but  are  provided  with  accommodations  on 
shore,  in  a  vast  building, erected  for  that  purpose. 
Both  the  old  and  new  port  have  an  outlet  into 
the  outer  road  or  harbour,  which  is  10  m.  in  cir- 
cuit, surrounded  by  hills,  and  the  entrance  de- 
fended, on  both  sidles,  by  a  fort  and  batteries. 
Toulon  is  the  only  mart  in  the  Mediterranean  for 
the  re-exportation  of  the  products  of  the  E.  In- 
dies. In  1706  it  was  bombarded  by  the  allies, 
both  by  land  and  sea,  by  which  almost  the  whole 
town  was  reduced  to  a  heap  of  ruins,  and  several 
ships  burned  ;  but  they  were  at  last  obliged  to 
raise  the  siege.  In  1721  it  experienced  the  dread- 
ful ravages  of  a  pestilence.  In  1793  it  capitulat- 
ed, in  the  name  of  Louis  XVII.,  to  the  British, 
who  not  finding  the  place  tenable,  evacuated  it  the 
same  year,  after  having  destroyed  the  arsenal, 
&c.  Toulon  is  seated  on  a  bav  of  the  Mediterrar 
nean,  37  m.  S.  E.  of  Marseilles  and  517  S.  S.  E 
of  Paris.  Long.  5.  55.  E.,  lat.  43.  7.  N. 


TOU 


730 


TRA 


Toulouse,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Upper  Garonne,  and  an  archbisliop's 
Bee.  It  contains  60,000  inhabitants,  and  is  the 
most  considerable  city  in  France,  next  to  Paris 
and  Lyons,  although  its  population  bears  no  pro- 

?ortion  to  its  extent.  It  was  the  capital  of  the 
'ectosages,  who  made  so  manv  conquests  in  Asia 
and  Greece.  It  was  next  a  Roman  colony,  and 
was  successively  the  capital  of  the  Visigoths 
(who  destroyed  the  superb  amphitheatre,  of  which 
there  are  still  some  remains,  the  capital,  and  other 
Roman  monuments),  and  that  of  Aquitaine.  The 
walls  of  the  city,  as  well  as  the  houses,  are  built 
with  bricks.  St.  Stephen's,  the  metropolitan 
church,  would  be  incomparable  if  the  nave  were 
equal  to  the  choir,  and  the  archbishop's  palace  is 
magnificent.  The  town-house  forms  a  perfect 
square,  324  feet  long  and  66  high  :  the  principal 
front  occupies  an  entire  side  of  the  grand  square 
called  the  Place  Royale.  In  the  great  hall  called 
the  Hall  of  Illustrious  Men,  is  the  statue  of  the 
Chevalier  Isaure,  with  the  busts  of  all  the  great 
men  to  whom  Toulouse  has  given  birth.  Com- 
municating with  the  Atlantis  on  one  side  by  the 
river  Garonne,  and  with  the  Mediterranean  on  the 
other  by  the  canal  of  Languedoc,  Toulouse  might 
have  been  a  very  commercial  city;  but  the  taste 
of  the  inhabitants  has  been  principally  for  the 
sciences  and  belles-lettres.  The  little  commerce 
they  have  consists  in  leather,  wool,  drapery, 
blankets,  mignionets,  oil,  iron,  mercury,  hard- 
ware, and  books.  The  bridge  over  the  Garonne, 
equal  to  that  of  Tours,  forms  a  communication 
with  the  suburb  of  St.  Cyprian.  The  allied  army 
entered  this  city  on  the  12th  of  April,  1814  after 
a  severe  action  with  the  French  arnry  the  pre- 
ceeding  day.  Toulouse  is  145  m.  S.  E.  of  Bor- 
deaux and  400  S.  by  W.  of  Paris.  Long.  1.  26. 
E.,lat.  43.36.  N. 

Tour,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Puy  de 
Dome,  22  m.  S.  of  Clermont. 

Tour  de  Roussillon,  a  town  in  the  department 
of  Eastern  Pyrenees  3  m.  E.  of  Perpignan. 

Tour  du  Pin,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Isere, 
seated  on  the  Bourbre,  24  m.  S.  of  Vienne. 

Tour  la  Blanche,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Dordogne,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Perigueux. 

Tour  Ic  Ville,  a  town  in  the  department  of  La 
Manche,  celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of  glass. 
It  is  separated  from  Cherburg  by  a  river. 

Touraine,  a  late  province  of  France,  which  now 
forms  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire. 

Tourancourefiy,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  35  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Tritchinopoly. 

Tournan,  a  town  of  Fran-^e,  department  of 
Seine-et-Marne,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Paris. 

Tournay,  a  city  of  Belgium,  in  Flandero,  dnd  a 
bishop's  see.  It  has  several  fine  manufactures, 
and  is  particularly  famous  for  good  stockings. 
The  cathedral,  and  the  abbey  of  St.  Martin,  are 
very  magnificent  It  was  taken  by  the  allies  in 
1709,  and  ceded  to  the  house  of  Austria  by  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht ;  but  the  Dutch  were  allowed 
to  place  a  garrison  in  it,  as  one  of  the  barrier 
towns.  In  1792  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  who 
were  obliged  to  abandon  it  in  1793,  but  re-entered 
again  on  the  conquest  of  Flanders  in  1794;  and 
retained  it  till  1814.  It  is  seated  on  both  sides 
the  Scheldt,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  14  m.  E.  S. 
£.  of  Lisle  and  30.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ghent.  Long. 
3.  24.  E.,  lat.  50.  33.  N. 

Tournehem,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  9  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Omer. 

Tournon^  a  town  in  the  department  of  Ardeche, 


with  a  fine  college,  and  a  castle ;  seited  on  the 
side  of  a  mountain,  on  the  river  Rhone,  38  m  N. 
of  Viviers  and  48  S.  of  Lyons. 

Tournus,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Saone- 
et-Loire,  15  m.  S.  of  Chalons. 

Tours,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Indre-et-Loire,  and  an  archiepiscopal  see. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Loire,  and  near  the  Cher. 
Over  the  former  is  one  of  the  finest  bridges  in 
Europe,  consisting  of  15  elliptic  arches,  each  75 
feet  in  diameter.  The  principal  church  is  re- 
markable for  the  delicacy  of  its  structure,  curious 
clock,  mosaic  pavement,  and  rich  library  of  man- 
uscripts. Under  the  ministry  of  cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, 27,000  persons  were  here  employed  in  the 
silk  manufacture  ;  and  now  the  whole  number  of 
inhabitants  is  about  23,000.  The  red  wines  of 
Tours  are  much  esteemed.  In  one  of  the  suburbs 
is  the  abbey  of  Marrnoutier,  reputed  the  most  an- 
cient in  the  W.  Near  the  city  is  Plessisles- 
Tours,  a  palace  built  by  the  profligate  and  super- 
stitious Louis  XI.,  wlio  died  here  in  1483.  Tours 
is  52  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Poitiers  and  127  S.  W.  of 
Paris.     Long.  0.  42.  E.,  lat.  47.  24.  N. 

Towamensing,  p. v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 

Towanda,  p.t.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 

Towcester,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng. 
with  manufactures  of  lace  and  silk.  It  was  once 
strongly  fortified,  and  the  Roman  Watling-street 
passes  through  the  town.  60  m.  N.  W.  of  Lon^f 
don.  * 

Toumsend,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  45  m.  N. 
W.Boston.  Pop.  1,506;  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  1,386;  p. v.  Cape  May  Co.  N.  Y.  townships 
of  Huron  and  Sandusky  Cos.  Ohio. 

Towton,  a  village  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  fa- 
mous for  that  bloody  battle  between  the  forces  of 
the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  so  fatal  to  the 
latter,  on  Palm  Sunday,  1461.  3  m.  S.  E.  of 
Tadcaster. 

Trachenberg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  abounding  in 
corn,  cattle,  and  timber.  It  has  a  fine  castle,  and 
is  seated  on  the  Bartch,  26  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bres- 
lau.     Long.  16.  56.  E.,  lat.  51.  27.  N. 

Trafalgar,  a  promontory  of  Spain,  in  Andalu- 
sia, at  the  entrance  of  the  strait  of  Gibraltar. 
This  cape  is  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cadiz.  Long.  6. 
2.  W.,  lat.  36.  11.  N. 

Tragonara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata 
20  m.  N.  W.  of  Lucera. 

Train,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Ambs, 
5  m.  S.  of  Abensperg  and  20  E.  of  Ingolstadt. 

Traina,  a  town  of  Sicily;  in  Fal  di  Demona,  25 
m.  N.  W.  of  Catania. 

Trajanopoli,  a  town  of  Romania,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Marissa,  40 
m.  S.  of  Adrianople  and  135  W.  by  N.  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

Trajetto,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
built  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Minturna,  25  m.  N 
W.  of  Capua.     Long.  14. 4.  E.,  lat.  41.  20.  N. 

Tralee,    a    borough     of    Ireland,    capital    ot 
the    county  of  Kerry,  near    which  is    a  chaly- 
beate spring      It  stands   on  a  small  river,  which 
flows  into  a  shallow  bay  of  its  name,  50  m.  S.  W 
of  Limerick.     Long.  10.  0.  W.,  lal.  52.4.  N. 

Trancoso,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os  Mon- 
tes,  with  a  castle,  9  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Pinhel. 

Tranent,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Haddington- 
shire, 8  m.  E.  of  Edinburgh  and  10  W.  of  Had- 
dington. 

Trant ,  a  city  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Bari,  the  see 
of  an  archbishop,  and  the  usual  residence  of  the 


TRA 


731 


TRE 


givornor  of  the  province,  which  is  sometimes 
called  Terra  di  Trani.  Since  the  harbour  has 
been  choked  up,  the  town  has  fallen  greatly  to 
decay.  It  stands  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  21)  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Bari  and  125  N.  by  E.  of  Naples. 
t;        Long.  16.  36.  E.,  lat.  41.  18.  N. 

Tranqvebar,  a  sea-port  of  Hindoostan,  iii  the 
district  of  Tanjore,  with  a  fort  and  factory,  be- 
longing to  the  Danes,  who  pay  an  annual  rent  to 
the  rajah.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  and 
bastions  ;  and  contains  three  Christian  churches, 
a  large  mosque  for  the  Mahometans,  and  several 
pagodas  for  ihe  Gentoos.  In  1807  it  was  taken 
by  the  English.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Cavery,  165  m.  S.  of  Madras.  Long.  79.  53. 
E.,lat.  11.1.  N. 

Transylvania,  a  country  of  Europe,  formerly 
annexed  to  Hungary  ;  bounded  on  the  S.  by  Hun- 
gary, E.  by  Moldavia,  S.  by  Walachia,  and  W. 
by  Hungary.  It  is  160  m.  long  and  1.50  broad, 
and  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  whieli,  how- 
ever, are  not  barren.  It  produces  as  much  corn 
and  wine  as  is  wanted,  and  there  are  rich  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  quicksilver,  and  alum. 
The  manufactures,  which  are  in  an  extremely 
backward  state,  consists  of  woolen,  cotton,  glass, 
&c.  It  has  undergone  variovj«  revolutions,  and 
now  belongs  to  the  house  of  Austria.  The  in- 
habitants are  of  various  religions,  as  Roman 
Catholics,  Lutherans,  Calvinists,  Socinians  Ar- 
menians, Greeks,  and  Mahometans.  The  gov- 
ernment is  aristocratical ;  and,  since  the  year 
1722,  rendered  hereditary  to  the  princes  and  prin- 
cesses of  the  house  of  Austria. 

Transylvania,  a  village  of  Jefferson  Co.  Ken. 
on  the  Ohio.  8  m.  above  Louisville. 

Trap,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa.  a  village  of 
Somerset  Go.  Md.   p.v.  Talbot  Co.  Md. 

Trapani,  a  sea-port  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Sicily, 
in  Val  di  Mazara,  with  a  fort,  and  an  excellent 
harbour  in  the  form  of  a  sickle,  whence  its  an- 
cient name,  Drepanum.  It  is  a  trading  place, 
famous  for  its  salt-works,  and  fisheries  of  tunnies, 
and  coral.  It  stands  on  a  small  peninsula,  30  m. 
N.  ofMazara  and  45.  W.  of  Palermo.  Long.  12. 
20.  E.,  lat.  38.  JO.  N. 

Tra^  OS  Monies,  a  province  of  Portugal,  beyond 
the  mountains  with  regard  to  the  other  provinces 
of  this  kingdom,  whence  it  has  its  name.  It  is 
oounded  on  the  N.  by  Gallica,  W.  by  Entre  Dou- 
roe  Aiinho,  S.  W.  and  S.  by  Beira,  and  E.  by 
Leon  ;  and  contains  an  area  of  5,500  square  miles, 
«rith  350,000  inhabitants.  The  valleys  are  fer- 
tile in  corn,  wine,  and  oil,  and  are  numerous. 
The  Duero  divides  it  into  two  parts,  and  Miran- 
da is  the  capital. 

Trasviaur,  a  town  and  castle  of  Austria,  seated 
on  the  Trasen,  12  m.  W.  of  Tuln. 

Tru,u,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Austrian  Dalmatia, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  in  a  small  island,  joined  to  the  mainland 
by  a  long  bridge  of  wood,  to  the  isle  of  Bua  by 
another  of  stone,  22  m.  S.  JE.  ofSebenico.  Long. 
17.  52.  E.,  lat.  44.  0.  N. 

Traunstein,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria. 
Great  quantities  of  salt  are  made  here,  from  water 
brought  above  14  m.  over  mountains,  by  means 
of  engines  and  pipes,  from  Reichenhall.  It  is 
seated  on  the  iriver  Traun,  16  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Salzburg. 

Itauntenau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle 
ol  Konigingratz,  21  m.  N.  of  Konigingratz. 

Travancorfe,  ?i  province  of  the  peninsula  ofHin- 
*         duostan,  extending  along  the  coast  of  Malabar 


from   Cape  Comorin   to  the  province  of  Cochin, 
140  m.  in  length  by  70  in  breadth   at    the    N.  ex- 
tremity, and  contracting  gradually  to  the  S.  point. 
It  is  subject  to  a  rajah,  who  is  under  British  protec 
tion. 

Travancore,  the  ancient  capital  of  the  above 
province,  is  surrounded  by  strong  and  extensive 
lines,  but  is  much  decayed.  110  m.  S  S.  W.  of 
Madura  and  230.  S.  S.  E.  of  Calicut.  Long.  77. 
15.E.,  lat.  8.  25.  N. 

Traee,  a  river  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of  Hol- 
stein,  which  flows  by  Segeberg,  Ordclso,  and  Lu- 
beck,  and  enters  the  Baltic  at  Travemunde 

Travemunde,  a  strong  town  of  Germany,  seat 
ed  on  the  Baltic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Trave.  It 
is  the  port  of  Lubec,  to  which  it  belongs,  and  is 
12  m.  N.  E.  of  that  city. 

Traverse,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  district 
of  its  name,  in  the  canton  of  Neufchatel,  11  m. 
VV.  of  Neufchatel. 

Traya-uera.  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  30 
m.  S.  "W.  of  tortosa. 

Trebbin,a.  town  of  Prussia,  in  Braddenburg,  22 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Berlin. 

Trebia,  a  river  in  Italy  which  rises  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Genoa,  flows  by  Bobio,  in  the  Milanese 
and  joins  the  Po  above  rlacentia. 

Trebigna,  a  town  of  Turkish  Dalmatia,  and  a 
bishop's  see  ;  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Venice,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Trebenska,  14  m.  N.  of  Ragusa. 

Trebisaccia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra, 
on  the  gulf  of  Tarento,10  m.  E.  N.  E.of  Cassano. 

Trebisond ,  a  sea- port  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Natolia, 
and  a  Greek  archbishop's  see.  The  walls  are 
square  and  high,  with  battlements;  and  are  built 
with  the  ruins  of  ancient  structures,  on  which  are 
inscriptions  not  legible.  The  town  is  not  popu- 
lous ;  for  there  are  many  gardens  in  it,  and  the 
houses  are  but  one  story  high.  The  castle  is 
seated  on  a  flat  rock,  with  ditches  cut  in  it.  The 
harbour  is  at  the  E.  end  of  the  town,  and  the  mole 
built  by  the  Genoese  is  slmost  destroyed.  It 
stands  at  the  foot  of  a  very  steep  hill,  on  the  Black 
Sea,  104.  m.  N.N.  W.  of  Erzerum  and  440  E. 
Constantinople.     Long.  40.  25.  E.,lat.  39.  45.  N. 

Trebitz,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Mo- 
ravia, with  manufactures  of  cloth,  iron,  and  glass  : 
seated  on  the  Igla,  21  m.  S.  E.  of  Iglau. 

Trehnitx,  a  town  of  Pnissian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Oels,  with  a  Cistercian  nunnery, 
12  m.  N.  of  Breslau. 

Trebsen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  Mnlda,  14 
m.  E.  by  S.  of  Leipzig. 

Treffurt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  an  eminence,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Got- 
tingen. 

Tregony,  a  borough  in  Gernwall,  Eng.  253 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Treguier,  a  sea-port  of  France,  department  of 
Cotes  du  Nord  ;  seated  on  a  peninsula,  near  the 
English  Channel,  22  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Brieux. 
Long.  3.  13.  W.,  lat.  48.  47.  N. 

Trelleborg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Schonen, 
seated  on  the  Baltic,  26  m.  S.  of  Lund. 

Tremesan,  or  Tlemsan,  a  city  of  Algiers,  capital 
of  a  district  of  its  name,  in  the  province  of  Mas- 
cara. It  is  surrounded  by  strong  walls,  and  in- 
habited by  poor  Arabs,  Moors,  and  Jews.  In  the 
time  of  the  Arabs,  it  was  the  residence  of  power- 
ful princes ;  but  is  now  dwindled  to  scarcely  a 
fifth  part  of  the  ancient  city.  Its  once  flouristiing 
manufacture  of  carpets  and  woolen  coverlets  are 
in  a  state  of  decay,  and  the  former  masterpieces 
of  architecture  have  disappeared ;  for  there  is  not 


ir 


wP* 


TRB 


rJ3 


TRE 


a  single  building  of  excellence  n«w  t6  be  seen. 
It  is  oO  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Oran.  Long.  1.  12.  W., 
lat.  34.  50.  E. 

Tremiti,  three  islands  of  Naples,  in  the  gulf  of 
Venice,  15  tn.  from  the  N.  coast  of  Capitanata. 
They  are  called  Tremiti,  or  St.  Nicolo,  St.  Domino, 
and  Capraria.  The  first,  which  is  the  principal 
of  them,  has  a  Benedictine  convent  and  a  castle. 
Long.  15.  30.  E.,  lat.  42.  10.  x\. 

Tremouille,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vendee,  seated  on  the  Bennaile,  35  m.  E.  by  S. 
of  Poitiers. 

Tremp,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  20  m.  N. 
of  Balaguer. 

Trenscliin,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  its  name,  with  an  ancient  castle  on  a  rock. 
U  has  celebrated  hot  baths,  and  is  seated  near  the 
W  aag,  70  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Presburg.  Long.  18.  0. 
E.,  lat.  48.  58.  N. 

Trent,  a  circle  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  the 
S.  part  of  Tyrol,  among  the  Alps,  bounded  by 
Tyrol  Proper  and  the  territories  of  Venice,  it 
produces  excellent  wine. 

Trent,  a  fortified  city,  capital  of  the  above  circle, 
and  formerly  of  a  principality,  famous  in  church 
history  for  a  celebrated  council  which  was  held 
fVom  1545  to  1503.  It  has  a  handsome  castle,  a 
cathedral,  three  parish  churches,  a  college,  and 
some  convents.  In  1790  it  was  taken  by  the 
French,  under  Massena,  with  6,000  prisoners  and 
20  cannon.  It  is  situate  between  two  mountains, 
on  the  river  Adige,  67  m.  N.  W.  of  Venice.  Long. 
10.  55.  E.,  lat.  40.  2.  N. 

Trent,  a  river  which  rises  in  Staffordshire,  Eng. 
meets  the  Ouse  on  the  borders  of  Yorkshire, 
where  there  united  stream  forms  the  Humber. 
This  river  is  of  itself  navigable  from  Burton,  in 
Staffordshire  ;  and,  by  canals,  it  has  a  communi- 
cation with  the  Mersey,  the  Severn,  and  the 
Thames. 

Trent,  a  river  of  N.  Carolina,  joining  the  Neuse 
at  Newbern.     It  is  navigable  12  rn. 

Trenton,  p.t.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J.  on  the  Dela- 
ware 30  in.  N.  E.  Philad.  It  is  the  capital  of  Nevr 
Jersey,  and  stands  at  the  limit  of  sloop  and  steam- 
boat navigation  upon  the  river,  which  is  here 
crossed  by  a  bridge  1,100  feet  long.  The  town 
has  considerable  trade,  cotton  manufactures,  a 
statehouse,  2  banks  and  6  churches.  It  has  been 
incorporated  with  city  privileges.  Pop.  3,925. 
At  this  place  Wasliington  crossed  the  Delaware 
on  the  night  of  tlie  25  December  1770,  and  falling 

(I 


npon  the  enemy's  posts  captured  a  body  of  900 
Hessians.  This  bold  and  successful  achievement 
had  a  wonderful  effect  in  retrieving  the  desperate 
condition  of  the  Americans. 

Trenton,^.i.  Hancock  Co.  Me.     Pop.  795;  p. v. 
Jones  Co.  N.  C.  Todd  Co.,  Kea.,  Butler  Co.  Ohio ; 


p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  108  m.  N.  W,  Albany. 
Pop.  3,221.  Trenton  Falls,  are  on  West  Canada 
Creek,  a  feeder  of  the  Mohawk,  14  m.  N.  of  Utica  ; 
they  consist  of  several  grand  and  beautiful  cas- 
cades, some  of  them  40  feet  in  descent.  The 
river  here  passes  through  a  rocky  chasm  4  m.  in 
length,  presenting  the  greatest  variety  of  cascades 
and  rapids,  boiling  pools  and  eddies.  The  rock  is 
a  dark  limestone,  and  contains  abundance  of 
petrified  marine  shells. 

Treport,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Seine,  seated  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Bresle.  It  is  the  port  for  the  town 
of  Eu,  nearly  two  m,  distant,  and  is  17  m.  N.  E. 
of  Dieppe. 

Trepto,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prussia,  in  Pome- 
rania,  seated  on  the  river  Tollensee,  and  frontiers 
of  Mecklenburg,  25  m.  N.  of  i\ew  Strelitz. 

Trepto-Xcio ,  a  town  of  Pomerania,  with  man- 
ufactures of  stockings  and  woolen  stuffs,  seated 
on  the  Rega,  near  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic,  16  m. 
E.  N.  E.  of  Camin. 

Treshanish  Isles,  four  fertile  islands  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scotland,  between  the  island  of  Coll  and 
that  of  Mull. 

Treves,  a  government  of  Prussia,  comprising 
the  old  electorate  of  Treves,  a  small  portion  of 
the  duchy  of  Luxemburg,  with  some  other  pretty 
districts,  and  containing  an  area  of  about  2,50iO 
square  miles,  with  300,000  inhabitants-  There 
are  many  mountains  and  forests  ;  but  nearer  the 
Rhine  and  Moselle  the  soil  is  fruitful,  abounding 
in  corn  and  wine. 

Treves,  a  city  of  Germany,  formerly  the  capi 
tal  of  an  electorate  and  archbishopric  of  lh» 
same  name,  and  now  of  the  preceding  govern 
ment.  It  has  a  castle,  a  university,  (now  termed 
a  gymnasium)  numerous  remains  of  antiquities, 
and  many  fine  churches  and  palaces ;  but  has 
great'y  suffered  by  war,  and  is  now  neither  large 
nor  populous.  It  was  taken  by  the  French  under 
Jourdan  in  1794,  and  retained  till  1814.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Moselle,  over  which  is  a  handsome 
bridge,  between  two  mountains,  covered  with 
vineyards.  20  m.  N.  E.  Luxemburg  and  55  S. 
by  E.  of  Cologne.  Long.  0.  43.  E.,  lat.  49.  47, 
N. 

Trevi,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Spoleto, 
12  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Spoleto. 

Trevico,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Princlpato  Ultra, 
25  m.  E.  of  Benevento. 

Trevier  de  Courtes,  St.,n.  town  of  France,  de- 
partment of  Aln,  26  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bourg  en 
Bresse. 

Trevier  en  Domhes,  St.,  s.  town  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Ain,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Bourg  en  Bresse. 

Trevino,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  with  a  cit 
adel,  10  m.  S.  of  Vittoria. 

Trevisano ,  a  province  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the 
government  of  Venice  ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by 
Vicentino,  N  by  Feltrino  and  the  Bolognese,  E. 
by  Friuli,  and  S.  by  the  gulf  of  Venice,  Dogado, 
and  Padua.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  produces  corn, 
wine  and  wood,  and  the  exports  are  cattle,  silk, 
and  woolen  cloth.     Treviso  is  the  capital. 

Treviso,  or  Trevigio,  a  fortified  city  of  Italy, 
capital  of  Trevisano,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is 
the  residence  of  many  noble  families,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Sile,  at  the  influx  of  the  Piavesella,  18 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Venice.  Long.  12  18.  £.,  laU 
45.  44.  N. 

Trevovx,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Ain 
and  formerly  the   capital    of    the   principality   of 
Dombes.     The    mon'   remarkable   buildings  ars 


TRI 


f33 


the  ancient  mint,  the  parliament  house,  the  gov- 
ernor's house,  and  the  printing  office.  The  last 
is  celebrated  for  the  Literary  Journals  composed 
bv  the  Jesuits  of  the  college  of  Louis le  Grand. 
Trevoux  is  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the 
river  Saone,  12  m.  N.  of  Lyons  and  188  S.  by  E. 
of  Paris.     Long.  4.  51.  E..  lat.  54.  N. 

Trtxlerstoion,  p. v.  Lehigh  Co.  Pa. 

Treysa,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Cassel, 
16  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Marburg. 

Triana,  p.v.  Madison  Co.  Alab.  18  m.  S.  W. 
Hunlsville. 

Tiitidelphia,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Md.  Here 
are  manufactures  af  cotton. 

Tribua,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in  Mo- 
ravia. 3'J  m.  N.  W.of  Olmutz. 

Trihstes,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania 
with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Trebel,  22  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Stralsund  and  28  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Rostock. 

Trihstadt.  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  province  of 
the  Rhine,  16  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Deux  Ponts. 

TricaJa,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  on  the  Strimon, 
50  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Salonica. 

Tricarico,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  13 
m.  S.  E.  of  Acerenza  and  21  m.  S.  W.  of  Ma- 
tera. 

Triceto,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Citra, 
14  m.  S.  E.  of  Scalea. 

Tricolore.  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
where  Tippoo  Sultan  was  defeated  by  the  Brit- 
ish in  1790".     It  is  44  m.  W.  of  Pondicherry. 

Trieste,  a  government  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
bounded  by  the  government  of  Lambach,  the 
Adriatic,  and  Croatia.  It  comprises  the  southern 
part  of  Illyria,  is  divided  into  four  circles,  and 
contains  an  area  of  about  5,000  square  miles, 
with  550,000  inhabitants. 

Trieste,  a  sea-port  of  Austrian  Illyria,  capital  of 
a  circle  of  its  name,  in  the  foregoing  govern- 
ment, and  a  bishop's  see.  The  harbour  is  spa- 
cious, screened  by  a  wall,  fortified  with  a  bastion. 
In  the  old  town  the  houses  stand  on  the  side  of  a 
mountain,  extending  themselves  quite  to  the  sea; 
and  on  the  top  of  the  mountain  is  a  castle.  On 
the  \.  W.  side  of  the  old  town,  where  formerly 
were  salt-pits,  a  beautiful  suburb,  or  new  town, 
nas  been  built.  The  fixed  inhabitants,  estimated 
at  40,000,  have  a  good  trade  in  salt,  oil,  almonds, 
iron,  copper,  &Ai.,  brought  from  Lubach  ;  and 
they  make  good  white  wines.  Trieste  was  taken 
by  the  French  in  1707,  but  evacuted  in  the  same 
year.  In  1809  it  again  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
French,  who  retained  it  till  1814.  It  stands  on  a 
gulf  of  its  name,  which  is  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  12  m.  N.  of  Capo  d'Istria  and  70 
N.  E.  of  Venice.     Long.  14.  3.  E.,  lat.  45.  51.  N. 

T,7W.  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  5,889.  Ca- 
d\-6  is  tne  capital. 

Trim,  a  town  of  Ireland,  capital  of  the  county 
of  Meath  ;  seated  on  the  Boyne,  23,  m.  N.  W. 
of  Dublin.     Long.  6.  48.  W.,  lat.  53.  32.  N. 

Trincomale,  a  sea-port  on  the  E.  coast  of  Cey- 
lon, with  a  harbour  reckoned  the  finest  in  the  JE. 
Indies,  but  situate  in  the  most  barren  part  of 
the  island.  The  nearest  farm  villages,  from 
which  the  inhabitants  are  supplied  with  provis- 
ions, are  upwards  of  12  m.  distant.  The  harbour 
is  d&fended  by  two  forts,  Trincomale  and  Osten- 
burg,  the  latter,  built  upon  a  cliff,  projecting  1,5()0 
paces  into  the  sea.  Its  circumference  within  the 
walls  is  about  3  m.  but  in  this  space  is  included  a 
rising  point,  immediately  over  the  sea,  covered 
with  thick  jungle.  Trincomale  was  taken  from 
the  Dutch  by  the  English,  inl782,  retaken  by  the 


French  the  same  year,  restored  to  the    Dutch  b 
the  peace  of  1783,  and   again  taken  by  the    Eng 
lish  in  1795.     It  stands  on  a  spacious  bay  of  thr 
same  name,  100  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Candy.     Long. 
81.  25.  E.,  lat.  8.  32.  N. 

Trincomale,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic, near  which  the  troops  of  Hyder  Ali  were 
defeated  by  the  British  in  1768.  It  is  45  m.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Arcot  and  52  W.  N.  W.  of  Pondicherry. 

Trinidad,  an  islapd  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Terra 
Firma,  separated  from  Paria  on  the  S.  by  a  chan- 
nel about  10  m.  over,  and  from  Cumana  on  the 
W.  by  the  gulf  of  Paria,  the  N.  entrance  into 
which  is  called  Boca  del  Drago  (Dragon's  Mouth), 
on  account  of  the  adverse  currents  and  tem{>es- 
tuous  waves  encountered  here,  when  this  island, 
with  the  neighbouring  continent,  was  discovered 
by  Columbus,  in  1498.  It  is  90  m.  long  and  50 
broad  ;  produces  sugar,  cotton,  maize,  fine  tobac- 
co, indigo,  and  fruit ;  but  the  air  is  unhealthy. 
It  was  taken  in  1595  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and 
in  1676  by  the  French,  who  plundered  and  left  it. 
In  1797  it  was  captured  by  the  English,  and  af- 
terwards ceded  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  Amiens. 
The  capital  is  Port  d'Espagne,  on  the  gulf  of  Pa- 
ria, near  the  Boca.  Long.  61.  30.  W.,  lat.  10.  0. 
N. 

Trinidad,  a  sea-port  of  Guatemala,  on  a  bay  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  a  place  of  great  trade, 
the  harbour  being  the  nearest  landing  to  Guate- 
mala for  all  merchandise  that  comes  from  Mexico 
and  Peru.  The  town  is  nine  m.  from  the  har- 
bour, and  110  E.  S.  E.  of  Guatemala.  Long.  90 
40.  W.,  lat.  14.  0.  N. 

Trinidad,  a  sea-port  of  Cuba,  in  a  bay  on  the 
S.  part  of  the  island,  40  m.  S.  W.  of  Spiritu  San- 
to.    Long.  80.  3.  W  ,  lat.  21.  58.  N. 

Trinidad,  a  town  of  Colombia,  seated  on  the 
Madalena,  58  m.  N.  W.  of  St.  Fe  de  Bogota. 

Trinidada,  three  rocky  islets  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  200  lea<rues  E.  of  Spiritu  Santo,  in  Brazil. 
Long.  29.  35.  W.,  lat.  20.  30.  S. 

Trinity,  a.  sea-port  on  the  N.  side  of  Martinique, 
with  a  spacious  and  safe  harbour  and  a  considera- 
ble trade.     Long.  61.  8.  W.,  lat.  14.  53.  N. 

Trino,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied- 
mont, 8  m.  N.  W.of  Casal  and  35  N.  E.  of  Turin. 

Tripatore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Marawar, 
36  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Madura  and  58  S.  W.  of  Tan- 
jore. 

Tripoli,  a  country  of  Barbary,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Mediterranean,  E.  by  Barca,  S.  by  Fez- 
zan,  and  W.  by  Biledulgerid  and  Tunis.  It  is 
not  very  fertile,  and  the  E.  part  is  quite  a  desert. 
It  is  92o  m.  along  the  coast,  but  the  breadth  is 
various.  It  is  governed  by  a  dey,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  Turks. 

Tripoli,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Barbary,  capital 
of  the  foregoing  country,  with  a  castle  and  a  fort. 
The  inhabitants  are  noted  pirates.  It  was  taken 
by  emperor  Charles  V.,  who  settled  the  knights 
of  Rhodes  here ;  but  they  were  expelled  by  the 
Turks  in  1551.  The  /Americans  made  an  attempt 
upon  the  town  in  1804,  but  without  success.  It 
was  formerly  very  flourishing,  and  has  now  some 
trade  in  ashes,  ostriches'  feathers,  and  skins ;  but 
they  gain  more  by  the  Christians  taken  at  sea ; 
for  they  either  set  high  ransoms  on  them,  or  sell 
them  for  slaves.  Tripoli  is  seated  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, surrounded  by  a  wall,  275  m.  S.  E.  of 
Tunis  and  570  E.  S.  E.  of  Algiers.  Long.  13.  5 
E.,  lat.  32.  54.  N. 

Tripoli,  a.  town  of  Syria,  on  the  Mediterranean 
defended  bj  a  citadel.     There  ia  oae  handsoma 
3Q 


TRO 


734 


TRO 


mosque,  and  all  the  houses  have  fountains  belong- 
.■ng  to  them.  Before  it  is  a  sand-bank,  which  in- 
creases so  much  that  it  is  expected  to  clioke  up 
the  harbour,  which  is  2  m.  W.  of  the  town,  and 
formed  by  a  round  piece  of  land,  united  to  the  main- 
land by  an  isthmus.  On  each  side  is  a  bulwark  to 
defend  the  entrance.  It  is  the  residence  of  a 
bashaw,  who  also  governs  the  territory  about  it, 
where  there  are  great  numbers  of  mulberry-trees 
and  other  fruits.  The  commerce  of  Tripoli  con- 
sists almost  wholly  in  coarse *silk,  which  is  made 
use  of  for  laces.  It  is  90  m.  N.  \V.  of  Damascus 
and  120  S.  of  Scanderoon.  Long.  36.  20.  E.,  lat. 
34.  50.  N. 

Tripura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  province 
of  Coimbetore,  with  a  fort  at  a  little  distance, 
called  Palar.  It  is  seated  on  the  Noyelar,  27  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Daraporam. 

Trisl,  an  island  of  Mexico,  on  the  coast  of  Ta- 
basco, in  the  bay  of  Campeachy,  separated  by  a 
narrow  channel,  on  the  E.,  from  the  isle  of  Port 
Royal.  It  is  18  m.  in  circuit.  Long.  92.  4-5.  W., 
lat.  18.  15.  N. 

Tristan  Da  Cunha,  an  island  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  15  m.  in  circuit.  The  land  is  extremely 
high,  and  rises  gradually  towards  the  centre  of 
the  island  (where  there  is  a  lofty  conical  moun- 
tain) in  ridges,  covered  with  trees  of  a  moderate 
size  and  height.  The  coast  is  frequented  by  sea- 
lions,  seals,  penguins,  and  albatrosses.  Long.  15. 
30.  W.,  lat.  37.9.  S. 

Tntchinopoly,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the 
Carnatic,  surrounded  by  a  double  wall,  flanked 
with  towers,  and  encompassed  by  a  ditch.  It  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1751.  30  ra.  W.  of  Tan- 
jore  and  208  S.  S.  W.  of  Madras.  Long.  78.  46. 
E.,  lat.  10.49.  N. 

Trivadi,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic, 
with  a  large  pagoda,  which  forms  a  citadel.  It 
is  26  m.  S.  W.  of  Pondicherry. 

Trirew^o,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  the  Molise,  the 
see  of  a  bishop,  18  m.  N.  Molise. 

Triumpko  de  la  Cruz,  cape,  on  the  coast  of 
Honduras.     Long.  88.  25.  W.  lat.  15.  56.  N. 

Trocadie,  a  small  island  in  the  gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence,  near  the  N.  coast  of  St.  John's  Island. 

Trocliteljigen,  a  town  of  Hohenzollern-Sigma 
ringen,  16  m.  N.  W.  Buchau,  29  S.  Stutgard. 
Long.  9.  18.  E.  lat.  48. 16.  N. 

Troctou,  a  small  island  in  the  E.  Indian  sea,  near 
the  coast  of  Queda.  Long.  99.  33.  E.,  lat.  6.  30. 
N. 

Trogen,  a  town  of  Switzerland  chief  place  of 
the  Protestant  part  of  the  canton  of  Appenzell, 
noted  for  its  manufacture  of  cloth.  7  m.  S.  E.  St. 
Gall,  7  N.  Appenzell.  Long.  9.  33.  E.,  lut.  47. 
14.  N.     Pop.  2,250. 

Troia,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capltanata,  on  the 
Chilare,the  see  of  a  bishop.  It  contains  6  cliurch- 
es,  and  6  convents.  33  m.  S.  W.  Manfredonia, 
60  m.  N.  E.  Naples.  Long.  15.  18.  E.,  lat.  41. 
24.  N. 

Troja,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  coast  of  Italy.  Long.  11.  5.  E.,  lat.  42.  43. 
N. 

Trois  Maries,  Les,  a  town  of  France,  in  Mouths- 
of-the-Rhone,  15  m.  S.  Aries. 

Trois  Rivieres.     See  Three  Rivers. 

Trois  Rivieres,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  isl- 
and of  St.  John,  in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Trois  Rivieres,  a  river  of  St.  Domingo,runs  into 
the  sea,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  island,  near  Port 
Paix. 

Troitz,  or  Troitskoe  Monastr,  that  is,  "  the  con- 


vent of  the  Holy  Trinity,"  a  convent  of  Russia, 
strongly  fortified,  40  m,  from  Moscow. 

Troitzk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Penza,  75  m.  W. 
N.  W.  Penza.     Long.  43.  34.  E.,  lat.  54.  N. 

Troitzkoe,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Upha,  200  m.  E. 
Upha.     Long.  61.  44.  E.,  lat.  54.  N. 

Troitzkoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Tobolsk,  on  the 
Oby,  304  m.  N.  Tobolsk.  Long.  42.  50.  E  ,  lat. 
61.  24.  N. 

Troki,  or  Trocki,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  Wilna, 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  great  dukes  of  Li- 
thuania, 16  m.  W.  Wilna,  150  E.  Konigsberg. 
Long.  24.  44.  E.,  lat.  54.  33.  N.     Pop.  5,000. 

Tromha,  a  small  island  near  the  coast  of  Istria. 
Long.  13.52.  E.,  lat.  45.  3.  N. 

Tromnes,  a  small  island  in  the  North  sea,  near 
the  coast  of  Lapland.  Long.  15.  26.  E.,  lat.  68. 
5.  N.  ^  ^ 

Tromoe,  an  island  near  the  coast  of  Norway. 
Long.  9.  10.  E.,  lat.  58.  27.  N. 

Tromperwick,  Gulf  of,  bay  of  the  Baltic,  on  the  N, 
E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Usedom.  Long.  13.  40. 
E.,  lat.  54.  40.  N. 

Tronto,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  runs  into  the 
Adriatic,  in  long.  13.59.  E.  lat.  42.  52.  N. 

Trorzan,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  7  m.  N.  W.  Tu- 
rin.    Pop.  2,540. 

Troon  Point,  cape  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland. 
Long.  4.  36.  W.,  lat.  55.  36.  N. 

Tropea,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra, 
on  a  rock  near  the  sea  coast,  37  m.  N.N.  E. 
Reggio.  Long.  16.  13.  E.,  lat.  38.  40.  N.  Pop.3,992. 

Tropic  Keys,  small  islands  or  rocks  among 
the  Virgin  Islands,  in  the  West  Indies,  between 
Great  Passage  island  and  Porto  Rico. 

Troppau  or  Oppau,  cit}',  in  Austrian  Silesia,  and 
capital  of  a  circle  so  culled,  is  in  a  fruitful  coun- 
try, on  the  river  Opapa,  walled,  and  containing 
an  ancient  palace  of  the  princes,  with  3  parochi- 
al churches,  a  college,  3  convents  of  monks,  and 
a  nunnery.  45  m.  S.  Oppeln,  80  S.  S.  E.  Bres- 
lau.    Long.  18.  30.  E.  lat.  49.  50.  N.   Pop.  11,540. 

Tropplowilz,  a  town  of  Silesia,  70  m.  N.  N. 
W.  Troppau.     Long.  17.  31.  E.  lat.  50.  1.  N. 

Trosa,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  Sunderman- 
land,on,the  Baltic,  18  m.  S.  W.  Stockholm. 

Trosachs,  mountains  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire, 
10  m.  W.  Callander. 

Trotby,  a  river  of  England,  runs  into  the  Wye. 
at  Monmouth. 

Tz-oizft,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  runs  into  the 
Kama,  16  m.  N.  Kosa,  in  Viatka. 

Troup  Head,  a  cape  of  Scotland,  on  the  N 
coast  of  Banff,  10  m.  W.  Kinnard's  Point. 
Long.  2. 11.  W.  lat.  57.  39.  N. 

Troupsburg,  a  town  of  Steuben  Co.  N.Y.  20  m. 
S.  W.  Bath.     Pop.  666. 

Troutbeck,  a  river  of  England  in  Westmoreland, 
which  runs  into  the  Eden.     3  ni.  below  Appleby. 

Trout  River,  a  river  m   the    N.  W.   Territory 
which  runs  into  the  Mi8.'<issippi,  above  the  outlet 
of  Sandy  lake. 

Troiciridgc,  a  town  of  Wiltshire,  Enr. 

Troy,  p.t.  Che>ihire  Co.  N.  H.  69  m.  S.  W. 
Concord.  Pop.  676;  p.t.  Orleans  Co.  Vt.  50  m.  N. 
Montpelier.  Pop.  608  ;  p.v.  Bradford  Co.  Pa.  ;  p.t. 
Miamia  Co.  Ohio  and  townships  in  Cuyohoga, 
Geauga,  Delaware,  Athens,  Richland  Cos.  Ohio, 
p.v.  Perry  Co.  Ind.  Lincoln  Co.  Missouri  and 
Obian  Co.  Ten. 

Troy,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  48  m.  S.  Boston 
Pop.  4,159.  Within  the  limits  of  this  towj  is  fall 
River  Village, with  a  pop.  of  31,438.  and  verv  large 
manufactures  of  cotton ;  which  run  3,431  &j.indles. 


TRU 


"^ 


TBT 


Here  are  also  manufactures  of  satinet,  bleaching 
and  printing  works,  and  manufactures  of  iron. 
The  town  contains  7  churches,  and  a  bank.  It 
stands  on  Taunton  River  which  is  navigable  to 
this  place  for  small  ves.^els. 

Troy,  city  in  Rensselaer  Co.  N.  Y.  stands  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson  5  m.  above  Albany  at 
the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  It  has  a  very  flour- 
ishing trade,  and  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
paper,  iron  «fec.  iri  the  neighbourhood.  Pop.  11,405. 
In  point  of  location  and  beautiful  natural  sce- 
nery, Troy  is  exceeded  by  few,  if  any,  of  the 
towns  and  villages  on  the  Hudson.  The  streets, 
running  north  "and  south,  converge  together  at 
the  north  end  of  the  city,  and  are  crossed  at  right 
angles  by  those  running  east  and  west.  The 
buildings  are  principally  built  of  brick,  and  are 
shaded  by  rows  of  trees  on  each  side  of  streets, 
which  are  preserved  remarkably  clean,  by  addi- 
tions of  slate  and  gravel,  instead  of  pavements. 
The  city  contains  three  banks,  seven  churches,  a 
court  house,  jail  and  market.  The  Episcopal 
church  is  a  superb  specimen  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture, probably  not  exceeded  in  the  United  States. 
A  large  three  story  brick  building  has  also  been 
erected  at  the  expense  of  the  corporation,  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  female  seminary  incorpo- 
rated at  this  place. 

Mount  [da,  in  the  rear  of  Troy,  is  a  romantic 
spot,  affording  a  very  extensive  prospect  of  the 
Hudson  river  and  the  adjacent  country. 

About  a  mile  above  the  city,  a  dam  has  been 
thrown  across  the  river,  and  a  lock  constructed, 
affording  a  sloop  navigation  to  the  village  of  Wa- 
terford. 

One  mile  and  a  half  from  Troy  is  the  Rensse- 
laer school,  which  was  established,  and  is  under 
the  patronage  of  Gen.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer 
It  is  a  valuable  and  flourishing  institution. 

Troyes,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Aube,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  castle  in 
which  the  ancient  counts  of  Champagne  resided. 
It  is  surrounded  by  good  walls  ;  but  almost  all  the 
houses  are  of  wood,  and  good  water  is  wanting 
Its  cojnmerce,  once  very  flourishing,  now  consist 
only  »n  some  linen,  dimities,  fustians,  wax-chan- 
dlery, candles,  and  wine.  Troyes  was  captured 
and  recaptured  several  times  by  the  allied  and 
French  armies,  in  1814.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Seine,  28  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Sens  and  105  S.  E.  of 
Paris.     Long.  4.  5.  E.,  lat.  48.  18  N. 

Truckseille,  p.  v.  Richland  Co.  Ohio. 

Tru7nanshur<r,  a  township  of  Tompkins  Co.  N. 
Y.  on  Cayuga  Lake. 

Trumbull,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  26,154. 
Warren  is  the  capital,  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  65 
m.  S  W.  Hartford.     Pop.  1,238. 

Truns,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  seated  on  the  Rhine,  7  m.  W.  of  Ilantz. 

Truro,  a  borough  in  Cornwall,  Eng.,  it  is  a 
slannarv  town,  and  the  chief  business  is  in  ship- 
ping tin  and  copper  ore,  found  in  abundance  in  the 
neighbourhood.     257  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Truro,  a  town  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  Halifax  coun- 
ty, at  the  head  of  a  narrow  gulf  in  the  bay  of  Fun- 
dy,  40  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Halifax. 

Truro,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  on  Cape  Cod, 
adjoining  Providence.  Pop.  1,549,  a  township  of 
Franklin  Co.  Ohio,  on  Big  Walnut  and  Black 
Lick  Creeks.     Pop.  683. 

Truxillo,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura 
with  a  citadel  on  the  top  of  a  hill.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  the  noted  Erancis  Pizarro,  and  is  situate 
on  th«  aide  of  a  hill,  near  the  river   M  agasca,  70 


m.  N.   E.  of  Badajoz  and  90  S.   W.   of  Toledo. 
Long.  5.  43.  W.,  lat.  39.  26.  N. 

TruxiUo,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Peru,  capital  of  a 
province  of  its  name,  and  the  see  of  a  bishop.  It 
was  built  by  Francis  Pizarro  in  1553.  In  its  ter- 
ritory are  above  50,000  native  Americans.  It  is- 
surrounded  by  a  wall,  and  seated  in  a  fertile  coun- 
try, on  a  small  river,  near  the  Pacific  Ocean,  300 
m.  N  W.  of  Lima.  Long.  70.  5.  W.,  lat.  8.  1. 
S. 

Truxillo,  a  sea-port  of  S.  America,  in  Honduras, 
on  the  gulf  of  that  name.  It  stands  3  m.  from 
the  sea,  between  two  rivers,  the  mouths  of  which, 
and  some  islands  before  them,  form  the  harbour. 
It  is  150  m.  N.  E.  of  Valladolid.  Long.  86.  30. 
W.,  lat.  15.  40.  N. 

TruxiUo,  or  Kuestra  Senora  de  la  Paz,  a  town 
of  Venezuela.  150  m.  S.  E.  of  Maracaybo.  Long 
70.  15.  W.,  lat.  8.  15.  N. 

Truxton,  p.t.   Cortland  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  3,888 

Tnjdriffen,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Tryone,  a  township  of  Adams  Co.  Pa. 

Tsanad,  a  town  of  Hungary,  on  the  river  Meros 
23  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Segedin. 

Tscherkask,  a  city  of  European  Russia,  capital 
of  the  country  of  the  Don  Cossacs,  founded  in 
1814,  the  old  capital  of  the  same  name,  about  5 
m.  distant,  being  considered  unhealthy.  The 
streets  are  wide  and  straight,  but  the  houses  are  all 
built  of  wood.  It  is  situate  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Aksai  and  Turloo,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Azoph. 
Long.  40.2.  E.,  lat.  47.  14.  N. 

Tschernahora,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Moravia,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  13  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Brin. 

Tschernemt,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  Carniola, 
with  a  castle,  and  a  commandery  of  the  Teutonic 
order.     33  m.  S.  E.  of  Laubach. 

Tschime,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality of  Glogau,  with  a  castle,  and  good  cloth 
manufactures.  22  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Glogau. 

Tschopau,  a  town  of  Saxony,  celebrated  for  its 
blue  manufacture.  It  stands  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  7  m.  S.  E.  of  Chemnitz. 

Tsiampa.     See    Ciampa. 

Tsi-nan,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  Chang-tong. 
It  is  much  respected  by  the  Chinese,  on  account 
of  its  having  been  formerly  the  residence  of  a 
long  series  of  kings,  whose  tombs,  rising  on  the 
neighbouring  mountains,  afford  a  beautiful  pros- 
pect. It  is  seated  on  the  river  Tsi  or  Tslng-ho, 
230  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Pekin.  Long.  117.  25.  E.,  lat. 
36.  46.  N. 

Tsi-ning,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  second  rank, 
in  Chang-tong,  situate  on  the  grand  canal,  275 
m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  116.  24.  E.,  lat.  35.  24. 
N. 

Tsin  tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Chang-tong.  250  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
119.  2.  E.,  lat.  36.  40.  N. 

Tsong-ming,  an  island  of  China,  50  m.  long  and 
10  broad,  lying  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kiang-ku,  and 
separated  from  the  province  of  Kiang-nan  by  two 
channels,  13  m.  broad.  Its  principal  revenue 
arises  from  salt,  which  is  made  in  such  abundance 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  island,  that  it  can  supply  most 
of  the  neighbouring  countries.  It  contains  only 
one  city,  but  villages  are  very  numerous.  The 
country  is  delightful,  and  intersected  by  many 
canals.  The  city  of  the  same  name,  is  of  the 
third  class,  and  is  situate  at  its  S.  £.  end.  Long. 
121.55.  E.,  lat.  30.  15.  N. 

Tsongrad,  a  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name ;  seated  on  the  TheisM, 


'%■ 


TVE 


736 


TUM 


opposite  the  influx  of  the  Koros,  26  m.  N.  of 
Segedin. 

Tsor,  Sor.  Sur,  or  Soar,  a  town  on  the  E.  coast 
of  Arabia,  in  Oman,  22  m.  S.  E.  Kalhat.  Lat. 
82.  36.  N. 

Tua,  a  river  of  Portugal,  which  runs  into  the 
Duero,  15  m.  N.  W.  St.  Joao,  de  Pesqueira. 

Ttfaio,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Jaen,on  the  Senegal. 
Long.  10.  28.  W.,  lat.  14.  56.  N. 

Tuak,  a  small  island  in  the  Red  Sea,  12  m.  from 
the  coast  of  Arabia.  Long.  41.  58.  E.,  lat.  5.  58. 
N. 

Tuam,  a  city  of  Ireland,  in  Galway,  the  see  of 
an  archbishop,  J7  m.  N.  N.  E.  Galway. 

Tuariks,  a  people  of  Africa,inhabiting  a  country 
borderintr  S.  W.  on  Bomou,  S.  on  Bornou,  Sou- 
dan, anj"  Tombuctoo,  E-  on  the  country  of  the 
Tibboo  and  Fezzan,  N.  on  Fezzan  and  the  country 
of  the  Arabs  who  live  behind  Tripoli,  Tunis,  and 
Algiers,  and  W.  on  the  great  empire  of  Fez  and 
Morocco.  They  are  divided  into  many  nations 
and  tribes,  who  all  speak  the  same  lanjriiage. 

Tuat,  or  Twat,  fertile  oasis  of  the  Sahara,  Afri- 
ca.    Long.  1.  to  6.  E.  lat.  23.  N. 

T^iba,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  runs  into  the 
Enisei,  16  m.  S.  W.  Abakansk,  in  Kolivan. 

Tubal,  one  of  the  small  Society  Islands,  12  m. 
from  Bolabola.     Long.  151.  44.  W.  lat.  16.  12  S. 

Tubingen,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  in  a  valley 
on  the  Neckar,  between  two  hills.  An  university 
was  founded  here  in  1477,  and  restored  in  1770. 
It  contains  300  students ;  here  is  also  a  college 
for  the  nobility.  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  Stuttgart,  28 
E.  Freudenstatt.  Long.  9.  10.  E.,  lat.  48.  33.  N. 
Pop.  5,765. 

Tubna,  a  town  of  Algiers,  (an.  Thubana),  110 
m.  S.  S.  W.  Constantina,  120  S.  S.  E.  Algiers. 
Long.  5.  E.,  lat.  35.  8.  N. 

Tub-urbo,  (an.  Tuburbum),  a  town  of  Tunis,  on 
the  Mejerdah.     16  m.  W.  N.  W.  Tunis. 

Tuckel,  a  town  of  West  Prussia,  44  m.  S.  W. 
Dantzic. 

Tuckahoe,  a  river  of  J$ld.  which  runs  into  Chop- 
tank  river. 

Tucker's  Island,  a  small  island  in  the  Pacific 
ocean.     Long.  122.  5.  E.,  lat.  7.  22.  N. 

Tucker's  Island,  a  small  island  near  the  coast 
of  S.  Carolina.     Long.  80.  16.  W.,  lat.  32.  36.  N. 

Tuckersville,  p.t.  Wayne  Co.  Geo.,  p. v.  Crawford 
Co.  Ind. 

Tuckerton,  p.t,  and  port  of  entry,  Burlington 
Co.  N.  J.  on  Little  Egg  harbour. 

Tuckush,  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean 
near  the  coast  of  Algiers,  12  m.  E.  Cape  of  Iron. 

Tucopia,  an  island  in  the  Pacific.  Long.  157. 
E.,  lat.  12.  S. 

Tucuman,  a  province  of  the  old  viceroyalty  of 
Buenos  Ayres,  lying  between  the  province  of  Sal- 
ta  on  the  north,  and  Santiago  and  Catamarea  on 
the  S.  Area,  50,000  square  miles.  Pop.  45,000. 
The  name  is  frequently  applied  to  a  much  more 
extensive  country.  Chief  town,  St.  Miguel  de 
Tucuman. 

Tueuyo,  a  river  of  Venezuela,  which  runs  into 
the  sea,  in  long.  69.  22.  W.  lat.  10.  38.  N. 

Tuddington,  a  town  of  Eng.  in  Bedford,  16  m. 
S.  Bedford,  37  N.  London. 

Tudela,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  on  the 
Ebro,  4  m.  S.  Pamplona,  45  N.  W.  Saragossa. 
Long.  1.  40.  W.,  lat.  42.  11.  N.     Pop.  7.295. 

Tver,  a  town  of  Russia,  and  capital  of  a  govern- 
ment at  the  conflux  of  the  Tvertza  and  Volga. 
It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop.  It  was  burnt  in 
tho   year   1763,  but  has  since  been  rebuilt  on  a 


regular  and  beautiful  plan.  The  governor'* 
house,  the  bishop's  palace,  the  courts  of  justice, 
the  new  exchange,  the  prison,  and  several  other  pub- 
lic edifices  were  built  at  the  expense  of  the  empress. 
There  is  an  ecclesiastical  seminary  at  Tver,  which 
is  under  the  inspection  of  a  bishop,  and  admits 
600  students.  Tver  is  a  place  of  considerable 
commerce,  which  it  owes  principally  to  its  ad- 
vantageous situation.  72  m.  N.  N.  W.  Moscow, 
580  N.  E.  Warsaw,  272  S.  E.  Petersburg.  Long. 
36.  14.  E.,  lat.  56.  51.   N.  Pop.  20,000. 

Tverskoe,  a  government  of  Russia,  bounded  N. 
by  Novgorod,  E.  by  Jaroslavl  and  Vladimir,  S.  by 
Moskovekaaa,  and  Smolenskoe,  and  W.  by  Pskov  ; 
180  m.  long,  and  100  broad.  Long.  33.  to  38.  E. 
Lat.  55.  36.  to  58.  30.  N.     Pop.  773,300. 

Tuffoa,  a  town  of  Africa,  on  the  slave  coast,  40 
m.  W.  Assom. 

Tuftonhorough,  a  town  of  Stratford  Co.  N.  H. 
on  lake  Winnipiseogee,  50  m.  N.  W.  Concord 
Pop.  1,375. 

Tugeloo,  a  river  of  Georgia,  which  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Tallulah  and  Chatooga,  and 
flowing  S.  E.  between  Georgia  and  S.  Carolina, 
joins  the  Kiowee,  to  form  Savannah  river. 
Tuggsville,  p.v.  Clarke  Co.  Alabama. 
Tuggurt,  a  town  of  Africa,  in  Nigritia,  360  m. 
N.  E.  Tombuctoo.     Long.  6.  E.,  lat.  20.  30.  N. 

Tuggurt,  or  Tocort,  a  town  of  Algiers,  240  m. 

S.  S.  E.  Algiers.     Long.  5.  50.  E.,  lat.  32.    40.  N. 

Tui,  a  river  of  S.  America,  which  runs  into  the 

Caribbean  sea.     Long.  67.  20.  W.,  lat.  10.  36.   N. 

Tuis,  a  town   of  Italy,  in   Friuli,   10  m.    W. 

Udina. 

Tuklaktak,  an  island  in  the  North  sea,  near  the 
coast  of  E.  Greenland.  Long.  46.  20.  W.,  lat. 
61.  N.  ^ 

Tula,  a  city  of  Russia,  and  capital  of  a  govern- 
ment of  11,855  sq.  m.  and  960,000  inhabitants. 
It  is  on  the  Upha  and  is  the  Birmingham  of  Rus- 
sia. The  imperial  fabric  of  fire  arms  employed  ii^ 
1800,  6,000  workmen.  Pop.  at  the  same  period, 
estimated  at  30,000.  Near  it  are  some  iron  mines, 
112  m.  S.  Moscow,  452  S.  S.  E.  Petersburg. 
Long.  37.  E.,  lat.  54.  11.  N. 

rwZeAro5,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  situate 
on  the  Quels,  7  m.  W.  of  Tudel. 

Tullamore,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  King's  county, 
on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  and  near  the  great 
canal,  10  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Philipstown. 

Tulle,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Correze.  The  cathedral  is  famous  for  its 
steeple,  which  is  very  high  and  curious.  It  is 
seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Correze  and  Solane, 
in  a  country  surrounded  by  mountains  and  preci- 
pices, 37  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Limoges  and  62  S.  W.  of 
Clermont.     Long.  1.  42.  E.,  lat.  45.  16.  N. 

Tullow,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of  Car- 
low.  8  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Carlow  and  38  S.  S.  W.  of 
Dublin. 

TuUy.  p.t.  Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,640. 
Tullytown,  p.v.  Greenville  Dis.  S.  C. 
Tuln,  a  town  of  Austria,  and  a  bishop's   see  ; 
seated  near  the  Danube,  15  m.   W.   N.    W.  of 
Vienna. 

Tulpehocken,  a  township  of  Berks  Co.  Pa. 
Tulsk,  a  hamlet  of  Ireland,  in   the   county   of 
Roscommon,  containing  the  ruins  of  towers,  cas- 
tles, &c.,  which  sufficiently  attest  its  former  im- 
portance.    9  m.  N.  of  Roscommon. 

Tumbez,  a  town  of  Peru,  noted  as  the  place 
where  the  Spaniards  first  landed  in  these  parts 
under  Pizarro.  It  is  seated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  into  the  bay   of  Guayaquil 


TUN 


737 


TUR 


270  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Quito.     Long.  79.  51.  W.,  lat. 
3.  40.  S. 

Tutncuru,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore, 
with  a  well-built  fort,  32  m.  S.  E.  of  Sera. 

Tumen,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  province  of 
Tobolsk,  150  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Tobolsk.  Long. 
150.  15.  E.,  lat.  57.  3.  N. 

IStnbridge,  p.t.  Orange  Co.,  Vt.     Pop.  1,920. 

Tunbridge,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  30.  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  London. 

Tunbridge  IFells,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  much 
resorted  to  on  account  of  its  chalybeate  waters, 
discovered  in  1606,  by  Dudley  lord  North,  who 
recovered  from  a  deep  consumption  by  drinking 
them.  It  is  seated  at  the  bottom  of  three  hills, 
called  Mount  Sinai,  Mount  Ephraira,  and  Mount 
Pleasant,  on  which  are  seated  some  good  houses, 
orchards,  and  gardens  ;  and,  as  the  country  is 
naturally  wild,  the  effect  of  the  whole  is  romantic 
and  picturesque.  The  wells  are  5  m.  S.  of  Tun- 
Dridge  and  :35  S.  S.  E.  of  London. 

Tunarinskoi.  a  town  of  Russia,  situate  on  the  Ir- 
kut,  80  m.  S.  VV.  of  Irkutsk.  Long.  103.  15.  E., 
lat.  51.  18.  N. 

Tunis,  a  county  of  Barbary,  bounded  on  the  N. 
and  E.  by  the  Mediterranean,  S.  by  Tripoli  and 
Bileduigerid,  and  W.  by  Algiers.  It  extends 
200  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  120  m.  from  E.  to  W. 
This  country  was  formerly  a  monarchy,  but  in 
1574  it  became  a  republic,  under  the  protection 
of  the  Turks,  and  pays  a  certain  tribute  to  the 
bashaw  that  resides  at  Tunis.  The  soil  in  the  E. 
part  is  but  indifferent,  for  want  of  water.  To- 
wards the  middle,  the  mountains  and  valleys 
abound  in  fruits  ;  but  the  W.  part  is  the  most 
fertile,  being  watered  by  rivers.  The  environs 
of  Tunis  are  very  dry,  and  corn  is  generally 
dear  ;  but  there  are  plenty  of  citrons,  lemons, 
oranges,  dates,  grapes,  and  other  fruits  ;  also 
olive  trees,  roses,  and  odoriferous  plants.  In  the 
woods  and  mountains  are  lions,  bisons,  ostriches, 
monkeys,  roebucks,  hares,  pheasants,  partridges, 
and  other  sorts  of  birds  and  beasts.  The  principal 
rivers  are  the  Guadilcarbar,  Magrida,  Magerada, 
and  Caps.  The  form  of  government  is  by  a  divan, 
or  council,  whose  president  is  the  bey.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  divan  are  chosen  by  the  bey.  The 
inhabitants  are  a  mixture  of  Moors,  Turks, 
Arabs,  Jews,  and  Christians,  merchants  and 
slaves  ;  and  they  carry  on  a  great  trade  in  linen 
and  woolen  cloth,  Morocco  leather,  gold  dust, 
leather,  lead,  horses,  oil,  soap,  and  ostriches'  eggs 
and  feathers.  The  established  religion  is  Ma- 
homedism.  All  public  instruments  are  written 
in  the  Arabic  tongue,  but  commerce  is  usually 
carried  on  by  that  of  the  Lingua  Franca. 

Tunis,  the  capital  of  the  above  country,  stands 
on  a  point  of  the  gulf  of  Goletta,  surrounded  by 
lakes  and  marshes.  It  is  in  the  form  of  an  oblong 
square,  5  miles  in  circumference,  with  a  lofty 
wall,  five  gates,  and  35  mosques.  The  houses  are 
all  built  of  stone,  though  but  one  story  high  ;  and 
it  has  a  citadel  on  an  eminence,  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  city.  Without  the  walls  are  two  suburbs, 
which  contain  upwards  of  100  houses.  Within 
the  walls  are  10,700  families  and  above  3,000 
tradesmen's  shops.  The  divan,  or  council  of 
state,  assembles  in  an  old  palace,  where  the  bey 
resides.  The  hartiour  has  a  very  narrow  en- 
trance, which"  is  well  fortified.  The  Mahome- 
tans here  have  nine  colleges  for  students,  and  a 
great  number  of  smaller  schools.  Tunis  is  a 
place  of  great  trade,  and  has  manufactures  of  vel 
rets,  wlks,  linen,  and  red  caps  worn  by  the  com 
93 


mon  people.  It  is  10  m.  from  the  sea,  275  N.W 
of  Tripoli,  and  380  E.  of  Algiers.  Long.  10.  16. 
E.,  lat.  30.  45.  N. 

Tunja,  a  town  of  New  Granada,  capital  of  a 
district  of  the  same  name.  Near  it  are  mines  of 
gold  and  emeralds.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  valley 
90  m.  N.  bv  E.  of  St.  Fe  de  Bogota.  Long.  73.  8 
W.,  lat.5.^.N. 

Tunkat,  a  town  of  Western  Tartary,  in  Tarkes- 
tan,  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on  the  river  Ilak,  ICO 
m.  S.  E.  of  Taraz. 

r«r6o<,,a  township  of  Northumberland  Co.  Pa. 

Turcoin,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nord 
where  the  allies,  under  the  duke  of  York,  were 
defeated  by  the  French  in  1794.  It  is  6  m.  N.  N. 
W.  of  Lille. 

Turcomania,  a  province  of  Turkey,  in  Asia, 
now  called  Armenia,  which  see. 

Turenne,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Cor- 
reze,  with  a  castle,  16  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Tulle. 

Turin,  a  fortified  city  of  Piedmont,  capital  of 
the  dominion  of  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and  an  arch 
bishop's  see,  with  a  university  founded  in  1405 
by  Amedeo,  duke  of  Savoy.  There  are  many 
large  squares,  among  which  that  of  St.  Charles 
is  the  most  spacious  ;  the  buildings  are  handsome 
and  it  has  extensive  arcades  on  each  side  Most 
of  the  streets  are  well  built,  uniform,  and  straight, 
and  terminate  on  some  agreeable  object ;  the 
Strada  di  Po,  the  finest  and  largest,  leads  to  the 
royal  palace,  and  is  adorned  with  piazzas,  filled 
with  shops,  as  are  various  others  of  the  best 
streets  ;  all  of  which  are  kept  clean  by  means  of 
a  canal  from  the  Doria,  with  slucies  that  flow 
through  them  into  the  Po.  The  inhabitants  are 
computed  at  112,000.  The  palace  consists  of  two 
magnificent  structures,  joined  together  by  a  gal- 
lery, in  which  are  several  pictures,  statutes,  and 
antiquities  of  great  value.  The  citadel,  which 
was  demolished  by  the  French  after  the  battle  of 
Marengo  was  a  regular  pentagon,  comprehend- 
ing an  extensive  and  well-furnished  arsenal,  a 
cannon-foundry,  a  chemical  laboratory,  &c 
There  are  fine  walks  on  the  ramparts  and  walls  of 
the  city  ;  fine  gardens  on  the  side  of  the  river  Po ; 
and  a  charming  public  place  called  the  Corso, 
where  many  people  assemble  in  an  evening  to  ex- 
hibit themselves  and  their  equipage.  Near  this 
city,  on  the  banks  of  the  Po,  is  tlie  beautiful  cas- 
tle of  Valentin,  the  garden  of  which  is  applied  to 
botanical  studies.  In  1798  the  French  republican 
army  took  possession  of  tJiis  city,  seized  all  the 
strong  places  and  arsenals  of  Piedmont,  and  oblig- 
ed the  king  and  his  family  to  remove  to  the  is- 
land of  Sardinia.  In  1799  the  French  were  driven 
out  by  the  Austrians  and  Russians  ;  but  shortly 
afterwards  the  city  and  all  Piedmont  surrendered 
to  the  French.  In  1814  it  was  delivered  up  to  the 
allies,  when  they  restored  it  to  the  king  of  Sar- 
dinia. It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Doria  with  the  Po,  68  m.  N.  VV.  of 
Genoa  and  80  S.  W.  of  Milan.  Long.  7.  40.  E., 
lat.  45.  4.  N. 

Turin,  p.t.  Lewis  Co.  N.  Y.  145  m.  N.  W.  Al- 
bany.    Pop.  1,561. 

Turinge,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province 
of  Sudermanland,  24  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Stockholm. 

Turinsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Tobolsk,  with  a  fort,  190  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Tobolsk. 

Turivacary,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  In  Mysore, 

consisting  of  an  outer  and  inner  fort,    strongly 

defended   by    a   ditch  and  mud    walls,   and   an 

open    suburb  at  a    litUe  distance.      Her*  uw 

3q2 


-»t. 


TVB. 


m 


TUK 


two     small    temples  of  curious     workmanship. 
34  m.  S.  of  Sera  and  50  N.  of  Seringapatam. 

Turkestan,  a  couniry  of  Western  Tartary,  boun- 
ded on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the  country  of  the  Kal- 
mucs,  S.  by  Bokharia,  and  W.  by  the  lake  Aral. 
The  chief  of  this  country  is  generally  called  the 
khan  of  the  Karakalpahs.     The  capital  is  Taraz. 

Turkey,  a  large  empire,  extending  over  part  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  European  Turkey  for- 
merly comprehended  Moldavia,  Bessarbia,  Wal- 
achia,  Bulgaria,  Servia,  Bosnia,  part  of  Croatia 
and  Oalmatia,  Romania,  Macedonia,  Albania, 
Janna,  Livadia,  and  the  Morea.  Bessarabia  and 
part  of  Moldavia  were,  however,  ceded  to  Russia 
m  1812,  and  in  1830,  the  independence  of  Greece 
being  established  by  the  allied  powers,  the  terri- 
tory of  the  sultan  in  Europe  became  greatly  con- 
tracted. See  Greece.  Asiatic  Turkey  is  bound- 
ed on  the  N.  by  the  Black  Sea  and  Circassia,  E. 
by  Persia,  S.  by  Arabia,  and  W.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  the  Sea  of  Marmora.  It  lies  between 
27.  and  46.  E.  long.,  and  28.  and  45.  N.  lat.,  and 
contains  the  countries  of  Irac-Arabi,  Diarbek, 
Curdistan,  Armenia,  Caramania,  Natolia,  and  Sy- 
ria, with  Palestine.  In  Africa  the  Turks  have 
Ecypt,  part  of  Nubia,  and  Barca  ;  and  the  states 
of  Tripoli  and  Tunis  are  under  their  protection. 
Of  these  countries  (which  see  respectively)  the 
climate,  productions,  manners,  &c.,  must  be  vari 
ous.     The  Turks  are  generally  robust,  well-shap 


ed,  and  of  a  good  mien.  They  shave  their  heads 
but  wear  long  beards,  except  those  in  the  seraglio, 
or  palace,  and  military  men.  who  wear  only 
whiskers.  The  turban  worn  by  the  men  is  white, 
and  consists  of  long  pieces  of  thin  linen  made  up 
together  in  several  folds.  No  one  but  a  Turk 
must  presume  to  wear  a  white  turban.  Their 
clothes  are  long  and  full.  They  sit,  eat,  and 
sleep  on  the  floor,  on  cushions,  matrasses,  and 
carpets.  In  general  they  are  very  moderate  in 
eating,  and  their  meals  are  despatched  with 
great  haste.  Their  principal  food  is  rice  ;  and 
the  frugal  repast  is  followed  by  fruit  and  cold  wa- 
ter, which  are  succeeded  by  hot  coffee,  and  pipes 
\yith  tobacco.  With  opium  they  procure  what 
they  call  a  kief,  or  placid  intoxication.  Chess 
and  draughts  are  favorite  games  ;  and  the  coffee- 
houses and  baths  furnish  other  sources  of  amuse- 
ment. Polygamy  is  allowed  among  them ;  but 
their  wives,  properly  so  called,  are  no  more  than 
four  in  number.  The  fair  sex  here  are  kept  un- 
der a  rigorous  confinement ;  the  Arabic  word 
Haram,  which  signifies  a  sacred  or  prohibited 
thing,  is  in  its  fullest  sense  used  both  of  the  hab- 
itation of  th«  women  nad  of  th«  womea  them- 


Belvef^.  The  Turk*  believe  in  one  God,  and  that 
his  great  prophet  is  Mahomet ;  they  appropriate 
to  themselves  the  name  of  Moslemim,  which  has 
been  corrupted  into  Mussulman,  signifying  per- 
sons professing  the  doctrine  of  Mahomet,  which 
he  calls  Islam.  Drinking  wine  is  prohibited  by 
this  prophet  in  the  Koran,  yet  the  Turks  make 
use  of  it  occasionally,  without  any  scruple ; 
though  instead  of  it  they  generally  use  sherbet, 
a  liquor  made  of  honey,  spices  and  the  juice  of 
fruits.  They  expend  great  sums  on  fountains, 
not  only  in  the  towns,  but  in  the  country,  and 
other  solitary  places,  for  the  refreshment  of  trav 
ellers  and  labourers.  The  grand  signior  is  abso- 
lute master  of  the  goods  and  lives  of  his  subjects, 
insomuch  that  they  are  little  better  than  slaves. 
The  grand  vizier  is  the  chief  officer  under  the 
grand  signior ;  besides  discharging  the  functions 
of  prime  minister,  he  is  commander  of  all  the  for 
ces  of  the  empire.  The  divan  or  cabinet  council, 
consists  of  the  vizier,  the  mufti,  and  the  kioga 
bey.  The  other  ministers  are,  the  reis  effendi 
(whose  office  corresponds  in  part  to  that  of  chan- 
cellor, and  in  part  to  that  of  secretary  for  foreign 
affairs  in  Britain) ;  the  tefterdar,  or  minister  of 
finance  ;  the  tschelebi,  or  master  of  the  ordnance  ; 
the  terroeena  emini,  or  minister  of  marine  ;  and 
the  tschiaus  baccha,  or  secretary  of  state.  The 
pachas  or  governors  of  provinces  act  also  as  farm- 
ers genersH  of  the  revenue  for  their  respective 
provinces.  The  sangiac  beys  are  the  governors 
of  districts  under  the  pachas,  and  invested,  like 
them,  with  both  civil  and  military  functions.  The 
ulenia  are  a  numerous  body,  whose  functions  con- 
sist in  explaining  the  koran  and  in  applying  it& 
injunctions  to  the  circumstances  of  the  times 
They  thus  combine  the  character  of  clergy  and 
lawyers,  having  at  their  head  the  grand  mufti. 
The  imans,  or  priests,  are  a  body  altogether  dis- 
tinct from  the  ulema,  their  duty  being  merely  to 
perform  public  worship  in  the  mosques. 

The  public  revenue  of  Turkey  is  derived 
partly  from  a  capitation  tax  on  Christians  and 
Jews,  partly  from  duties  on  tobacco  and  oth- 
er articles  of  consumption.  The  amount  of  the 
whole  is  said  to  be  less  than  30,000,000  dollars. 
The  army,  which  is  composed  of  a  variety  of 
troops,  seldom  amounts  to  100,000  men,  and  the 
navy  is  inconsiderable.  The  foreign  commerce  of 
Turkey  is  inconsiderable.  The  chief  Turkish 
sea-ports  in  the  Levant  are  Constantinople  and 
Smyrna.  There  is  little  trade  with  the  former. 
Smyrna  has  commerce  with  Europe  and  America 
in  the  exportation  of  fruit,  particularly  figs,  which 
grow  to  great  perfection  in  this  part  of  the  country. 

Turkey,  a  township  of  Essex  Co.  N.  J.  14  m. 
N.  W.  Elizabethtown. 

Turkin,  a  town  of  Ilussia,  in  the  government  of 
Caucasia,  situate  on  the  Caspian  Sea,   140  m.   S 
of  Astracan.     Long.  47.  15.  E.,  lat.  44.  15.  N. 

Turn-again,  Cape,  a  cape  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
northern  island  of  New  Zealand.  Long.  17G  56 
E.,  lat.  40.  28  S. 

Turnuu,  a.  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Buntzlau,  on  the  river  Iser,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Jung  Buntzlau. 

Turner,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  18  m.  E.  Paris 
Pop.  2,218. 

Turnersville,  p.v.  Robertson  Co.  Ten. 

Turnhout,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
bant, near  which,  in  1596,  prince  Maurice  of  Nas- 
sau, with  only  800  horse,  totally  defeated  the 
Spaniards,  consisting  of  6,000.  24  m.  N.  £  of 
Antwerp. 


TUY 


739 


TYO 


Turan,  a  sea-port  of  Cochin-China,  situate  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name,  which  affords  a  safe  retreat 
for  the  largest  ships  in  the  most  tempestuous  sea- 
Bon.  In  the  vicinity  are  plantations  of  sugar-canes 
and  tobacco.  Turon  is  40  ra.  S.  E.  of  Hue.  Long 
i07.  40.  E.,  lat.  16.  9.  N. 

Tarsi,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilicata,  on  the 
tiver  Sino,  8  m.  W.  of  the  gulf  of  Tarento  and 
30  S.  of  Matera. 

Turtle  Creek,  townships  in  Shelby  and  Warren 
Co.  Ohio. 

Tuscaloosa,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  13,645, 
Tuscaloosa  is  the  capital. 

Tuscaloosa,  the  capital  of  Alabama  and  of  the 
above  county,  on  the  Black  Warrior  River,  near 
the  centre  of  the  state  200  m.  N.  Mobile.  900  m. 
S.  W.  Washington.  Pop.  1,600.  The  university 
of  Alabama  at  this  place  was  founded  in  1820.  It  has 
6  instructors  and  65  students,  the  library  has  1,000 
vols.  It  has  one  vacation  of  two  months  in  August 
and  September.    Commencement  is  inDecember. 

Tascanij,  a  sovereign  state  of  Italy,  with  the  ti- 
tle of  a  grand  duchy,  belonging  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Modena,  on 
the  E.  and  S.  by  the  pope's  territories,  on  the  W. 
by  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  about  150  m.  in 
!en<^th,  and  100  in  breadth;  and  is  watered  by  sev- 
eral rivers  of  which  the  Arno  is  the  chief  There 
are  several  mountains,  in  which  are  found  mines  of 
iron,  aluin,  and  vitrol.  There  are  also  quarries  of 
marble,  alabaster,  and  porphyry,  besides  hot  baths 
and  mineral  waters.  Many  parts  of  it  are  fruitful 
in  corn  and  wine,  and  produce  plenty  of  citrons, 
oranges,  pomegranates,  and  other  fruits.  The  in- 
habitants apply  themselves  to  trade ;  they  chiefly 
manufacture  silks,  stuffs,  fine  earthenware,  and 
gilt  leather.  They  are  much  visited  by  foreign- 
ers, on  account  of  their  politeness,  and  because 
the  Tuscan  language  is  accounted  the  purest  in 
all  Italy.  This  duchy  is  divided  into  three  prov- 
inces, Florence,  Pisano,  and  Sienna,  to  which 
some  add  the  Islands.  Upon  the  flight  of  the 
grand  duke,  in  1799,  it  was  erected  by  the  French 
into  the  kingdom  of  Etruria  ;  but  was  soon  after- 
wards transformed  into  an  apendage  to  the 
crown  of  Italy.  In  1814  however,  the  duchy  was 
restored  to  the  Austrians,  when  Ferdinand,  the 
grand  duke,  returned  to  his  dominions.  Florence 
IS  the  capital. 

Tuscarawas,  a  county  of  Ohio,  on  a  stream  of 

^        the    same    name,  flowing   into  the  Muskingum. 

Pop.    14,298.     New  Philadelphia  is   the  capital; 

also  a  village  in  the  same  Co.  and  a  township  in 

Stark  Co.  Ohio. 

Tuscarora,  p.t.  Mifflin  Co.  Pa. 

Tuscumbia,  p. v.  Franklin  Co.  Alab. 

Tusis,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Orisons,  seated  near  the  torrent  Nolla,  16  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Coire. 

Tutucorin,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
natic,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Manara,  29  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Palamcotta,  and  67  S,  of  Madura. 

Tutlingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  with  a  castle  on 
a  mountain,  belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Wurtem- 
berg.  Near  it  is  the  celebrated  foundry  of  Lud- 
wigsthal.  It  is  seated  on  the  Danube,  ov^r  which 
is  a  bridcre,  58  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Stuttgard.  Long.  8. 
48.  E.,  lat.  48.  2.  N. 

TWura,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Irkutsk,  situate  on  the  Lena,  160  m.  N.  of  Irkutsk. 
Long.  105.  40.' E.,  lat.  54.  40.  N. 

Tuxford,  a  town  in  Nottinghamshire,  Eng.  137 
to.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Tuy,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  and  a  bishop's 


see.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls  and  ramparts,  and 
well  furnished  with  artillery,  being  a  frontier  town 
towards  Portugal.  It  stands  on  a  mountain  near 
the  river  Minho,  60  m.  S.  of  Compostelli  and  260 
W.  N.  W.  of  Madrid.   Long.  8.  32,  W  ,  lat.  42. 4.  N". 

Tuila  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Caramania, 
situate  at  the  western  extremity  of  a  lake  to  which 
it  gives  name,  28  m.  N.  of  Cogni. 

Tver,  a  government  of  Russia,  formerly  a  pro 
vince  in  the  government  of  Novogorod.  It  was 
the  first  province  modelled  according  to  the  code 
of  laws  of  Catharine  II  ,  and  comprises  an  area  of 
24,000  sq.  m.  with  1 ,000,000  of  inhabitanU.  The 
country  produces  abundantly  all  kinds  of  corn  and 
vegetables.  Its  forests  yield  the  most  valuable 
timber.  The  quadrupeds  and  the  feathered  race 
are  the  same  as  in  all  the  N.  of  Europe.  Besides 
the  fishes  common  to  most  lakes  and  rivers,  there 
is  one  peculiar  to  the  waters  of  these  northern  re 
gions,  called  the  sterlet :  it  is  the  acipenser  ruth 
enus  of  Linne,  and  is  a  species  of  sturgeon,  high- 
ly esteemed  for  the  flavor  of  its  flesh,  and  for  its 
roe,  of  which  the  finest  caviar  is  made. 

Tver,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  government, 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  fortress.  It  is  a 
place  of  considerable  commerce,  being  seated  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Tyerza,  and  Volga,  along  which 
is  conveyed  all  the  merchandise  sent  by  water 
from  Siberia  and  the  S.  provinces  towards  Peters- 
burg. It  is  divided  into  the  Old  and  New  Town  ; 
the  former,  situate  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Vol- 
ga, consists  almost  entirely  of  wooden  cottages; 
the  latter  has  risen  with  lustre  from  the  ashes  of 
the  conflagration  of  1763.  Catharine  II.,  at  her 
own  expense,  raised  the  governor's  house,  the 
episcopal  palace,  the  courts  of  justice,  the  ex- 
change, the  prison,  and  some  other  public  edifices  ; 
and,  to  every  person  who  engaged  to  build  a 
house  of  brick,  she  offered  a  loan  of  £300  for  1 2 
years  without  interest.  The  streets  are  broad  and 
long,  extending  in  straight  lines,  from  an  octagon 
in  tne  centre  ;°the  houses  of  this  octagon,  and  of 
the  principal  streets,  are  of  brick  stuccoed  white, 
and  make  a  magnificent  appearance.  Here  is  an 
ecclesiastical  seminary,  which  admits  600  stu- 
dents. In  1776  the  empress  founded  a  school  for 
the  instruction  of  200  burgher's  children  ;  and  in 
1779  an  academy  for  the  education  of  120  of  the 
youncr  nobility  of  the  province.  Tver  is  99  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Moscow.     Long.  36.  5.  E.,  lat.  56.  7.  N. 

Tweed,  a  river  of  Scotland,  which  rises  from 
numerous  springs  in  the  S.  part  of  Peebles-shire, 
called  Tweedsmuir.  It  divides  that  country  al- 
most into  two  equal  parts,  crosses  the  N.  part  of 
Selkirkshire  and  Roxburgshire,  then  forms  the 
boundary  between  Berwickshire  and  England, 
and  enters  the  German  Ocean  at  Berwick. 

Twickenham,  a  village  in  Middlesex,  Eng. 
adorned  with  many  handsome  villas,  of  which 
two  are  particularly  celebrated  :  that  which  was 
the  favorite  residence  of  Pope,and  Strawberry  Hill, 
the  elegant  Gothic  retreat  of  the  celebrated  Hor- 
ace Walpole,  earl  of  Orford.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  3  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Brentford. 

Twiggs,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  8,029 
Marion  is  the  capital. 

Twin,  towHships  in  Darke,  Ross  and  Preble  Cos. 
Ohio. 

Twinsburg,  p.t.  Portage  Co.  Ohio. 

Tybee,  an  island  of  Georgia  at  the  mouth  of  thf. 
river  Savannah,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse, 

Tyboine,  a  township  of  Perry  Co.  Pa. 

Tycokzin,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Nrew  t 
m.  N.  W.ofBielsk. 


trcE 


740 


UCE 


Tydort,  one  of  the  Molucca  Iglands  threa 
leagues  S.  of  Ternate. 

Tyler,  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  5,750.     Middlebourne  is  the  capital. 

Tyne,  a  river  in  Northumberland,  Eng.  formed 
of  a  branch  from  the  E.  part  of  Cumberland,  and 
another  from  the  hills  on  the  borders  of  Scotland. 
These,  uniting  little  above  Hexham,  form  a  large 
river,  which  nows  by  Newcastle,  and  enters  the 
German  Ocean  at  Tynemouth. 

Tynn,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Haddingtonshire, 
which  rises  on  the  borders  of  Edinburgshire,  flows 
by  Haddington,  and  enters  the  German  Ocean  to 
the  W.  of  Dunbar. 

Tynemouth,  a  village  in  Northumberland,  Eng. 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Tyne,  9  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  New- 
castle. 

Tyngsliorough,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  on  the 
Merrimack.     30  m.  N.  W.  Boston.       Pop.  822. 

Tyre.     See  Sur. 

Tyringham,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  116  m.  S. 
W.  Boston.     Fop.  1,351. 

Tyrol,  a  princely  county  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bavaria,  E.  by  Salzburg 
and  Carinthia,  S.  by  Austria  Italy,  and  W.  by 
Switzerland.  Though  a  mountainous  country,  its 
valleys  are  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  and  it  has 
an  excellent  breed  of  cattle.  It  likewise  yields 
salt,  all  kinds  of  ores,  and  various  sorts  of  precious 
stones.  Its  copper  contains  not  only  silver  but 
also  some  gold.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Inn, 
Adige,  and  Eysach.  The  country  is  divided  into 
seven  districts  or  circles.  It  was  overrun  by 
the  French  and  Bavarians  in  1805 ;  and  by  the 
treaty  of  Presburg  was  ceded  to  Bavaria.  In  1809 


it  was  ceded  to  Italy,  but  was  restored  to  Austria 
in  1814.     Inspruck  is  the  capital. 

Tyrone,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province  of 
Ulster,  46  m.  long  and  37  broad  ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Londonderry,  E.  by  Armagh  and  Loch 
Naeh,  S.  W.  by  Fermanagh,  and  W.  by  Donegal. 
It  is  divided  into  35  parishes,  contains  about  28, 
700  inhabitants,  and  sends  three  members  toparlia- 
ament.  It  is  a  rough  country,  but  tolerably  fer- 
tile.    The  capital  is  Dungannon. 

Tyrone,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  240  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  1,880;  townships  in  Perry,  Fayette 
and  Huntingdon  Cos.  Pa. 

Tyrrell,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  4,732. 
Columbia  is  the  capital. 

Tysted,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  with 
a  citadel,  seated  on  the  gulf  of  Lymford,  46  m. 
W.  of  Alburg.     Long.  8.  25.  E.,  lat.  56.  54.  N. 

Tyvy,oT  Teife,  a  river  of  Wales  in  Cardiganshire, 
which  issues  from  a  lake  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
county,  and  flows  by  Tregannon,  Llanbeder,  New- 
castle and  Cargan,  into  Cadigan  Bay. 

Tzaritzyn,  a  town  of  Russia  in  the  government 
of  Saratof;  seated  on  the  Volga,  120  m.  N.  W.  of 
Astracan.     Long.  45.  25.  E.,  lat  48.  0.  N. 

Tzcrm^z,  a  town  of  European  Turkey,  in  Ro- 
mania near  the  river  Tzerna,  32  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Adrianople. 

Tzivilsk,  a  town   of  Russia   in  the  government 
of  Kasan,  56  m.  W.  of  Kasan.     Long.  47  25.  E 
lat.  55.  40.  N. 

Tzuruchatu,  Staroi,  a.  town  of  Russia _in  the 
government  of  Irkutsk,  seated  on  the  Arguni.a, 
on  the  borders  of  China,  160  m.  S.  E  of  Ner- 
tchinsk.     Long.  119.  32.  E.,  lat.  49.  18.  N. 


U 


UBEDA,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with 
a  strong  castle  ;  seated  in  a  fertile  country,  near 
the  river  Guadalquivir,  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Jaen. 

Ubcrltngen,  a  town  of  Baden,  in  the  district  of 
Furstenburg.  The  principal  trade  is  in  corn  to 
Switzerland  ;  and  near  it  are  famous  baths.  It  is 
seated  on  a  high   rock,  7  m.  N.  of  Constance. 

Ubersko,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Chrudin,  10  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Chrudin. 

Ubcs,  St.,  or  Setuval,  a  fortified  sea-port  of  Port- 
ugal, in  Estremadura,  with  a  strong  citadel,  and  a 
good  harbour,  defended  by  three  forts.  It  is  built 
on  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Setebriga,  at  the  head 
of  a  bay,  near  the  influx  of  the  Cadaon,  and  has 
a   good    trade,    particularly    in   salt,  of  which  a 

freat  quantity  is  sent  to  the  colonies  in  America. 
t  stands  at  the  end  of  a  plain,  5  m.  in  length,  ex- 
tremely fertile  in  corn,  wine,  and  fruits  ;  the  N. 
end  bounded  by  mountains,  covered  with  pines 
and  other  trees,  and  containing  quarries  of  jasper 
of  several  colours.  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Lone. 
8.  54.  W.,  lat.  38.  22.  N. 

Ubigau,  a  town  of  Saxony,  seated  on  the  El- 
ster,  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Wittenburg. 

Uby,  an  island  on  the  E.  side  of  the  entrance 
of  the  gulf  of  Siam,  20  m.  in  circumference.  It 
yields  good  water  and  plenty  of  wood.  Long.  104. 
46.  E.,  lat.  8.  55.  N. 

Ucayal.     See  Aimrimac. 

Ucedo,  or  Uzeda,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New 
Castile,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Xarama,  32 
m.  a.H.  £.  of  Madrid. 


TJcker,  a  river  which  issues  from  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  near  Prenzlo,  in  Brandenburg,  flows 
N.  into  Pomerania,  and  being  joined  by  the  Ran- 
do,  enters  the  Frisch  Haff"  at  Uckermunde. 

Ucker  Mark,  the  former  name  of  that  part  of 
Brandenburg  which  bordered  on  Pomerania,  be- 
tween Mecklenburg  and  the  Oder.  It  now  forms 
part  of  the  Prussian  government  of  Potsdam. 

Uckermunae.  a  town  of  Prussia,  m  Pomerania, 
seated  on  the  Frisch  Haff",  at  the  influx  of  the 
Ucker,  32  m.  N.  W.  of  Stettin. 

Uddevalla,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Bahus.  The  streets  are  spacious,  but 
the  houses  are  built  of  wood,  and  the  town  was 
therefore  almost  entirely  destroyed  in  tlie  fire  of 
1806.  The  chief  trade  is  in  iron,  planks,  and  her- 
rings. It  is  situate  on  a  bay  of  the  Categat,  50 
m.N.  by  W.  of  Gotheburg.  Long.  11.  50.  E., 
lat  58.  24.  N. 

Udina,  or  Udine,  a  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap- 
ital of  a  delegation  of  its  name  which  comprises 
almost  the  wliole  of  the  former  Venetian  Friuli, 
with  a  citadel.  It  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop,  and 
contains  18,000  inhabitants.  A  treaty  between 
the  Austrians  and  French  was  signed  here  in 
1797.  It  is  seated  in  a  large  plain,  on  the  river 
and  canal  called  La  Roia,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Aquileia 
and  65.  N.  E.  of  Venice. 

Udinskoi,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  government 
of  Irkutsk,  seated  on  the  Seligna,  150  ra.  E.  of 
Irkutsk.  Long.  108.  20.  E.,  lat.  52.  0    N. 


DI^ 


741 


UL0 


Udipu,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Canara  near 
which  is  a  small  fort.  Here  are  three  temples, 
placed  in  a  common  square,  and  surrounded  by 
14  larwe  convents.  It  stands  amid  rice  fields, 
beautifully  intermixed  with  palm  gardens,  2  ra. 
from  the  sea,  and  36.  N.  N.  W.  of  Mangalore. 

Udskoi,  a  town  of  Siberia,  in  the  province  of 
Okhotsk,  situate  on  the  Ud,  300  m.  S.  W.,  of 
Okhotsk.     Long.  135.  30.   E.,  lat.  55.  6.  N. 

Udvarhely,  a  town  of  Transylvania  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  name,  with  a  considerable  trade  in 
honey,  wax,  &c.  22  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Schoesburg, 
and  78  S.  E.  of  Clausenbug. 

Uelzen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  Luneburg,  noted 
as  the  birthplace  of  Zimmerman.  It  is  situate  on 
an  island  in  the  river  Ilmeran.  22  m.  S.  of  Lune- 
burg. 

Ufa,  a  government  of  Asiatic  Russia,  formerly 
included  in  the  government  of  Tobolsk.  It  is 
divided  into  the  two  provinces  of  Ufa  and  Oren- 
burg. 

t^a,  the  capital  of  the  above  government,  seat- 
ed on  the  river  Ufa,  near  its  confluence  with  the 
Bielaia,760  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Moscow.  Long.  56. 
0.  E.,  lat.  54.  50.  N. 

Uffenheim,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  in  the 
district  of  Anspach,  with  a  castle  ;  situate  on  the 
Gollace,  15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Rottenburg  and  22  S. 
E.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Ugento,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  d'Otranto, 
and  a  bishop's  see,  8  m.  W.  of  AUessama  and  20 
S.  W.  of  Otranto. 

Ugliani,  a  town  of  the  Sardinan  states,  in 
Piedmont,  9  m.  N.  of  Ivrea  and  16  E.  S.  E.  of 
Aosta. 

Uglich,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Jaroslaul,  with  a  trade  in  leather  and  soap  ;  seat- 
ed on  the  Volga,  45  m.  W.  of  Jaroslaul. 

Ugogna,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  45  m.  N.  W. 
of  Milan. 

Uist,  J^orth  and  South,  two  islands  of  the  Heb- 
rides, on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland.  N.  Uist  is  22 
rn.  long  and  17  broad,  and  the  face  of  the  coun- 
try corresponds  with  that  of  Lewes.  S.  Uist  is 
23  m.  long  and  7  broad,  and  the  trees  are  here 
equally  unknown.  Many  cows  are  annually  ex- 
ported ;  but  the  staple  commodity  is  kelp,  of 
which  about  1,100  tons  are  annually  manufac- 
tured in  each.  The  island  of  Benbecula  lies  be- 
tween them,  and  they  are  each  about  16  m.  to 
the  W.  of  the  most  western  point  in  the  Isle  of 
Skye. 

Ukenskoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
»f  Tobolsk,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Irtisch  and  Oby, 
19fi  m.  N.  of  Tobolsk.  Long.  69.  15.  E.,  lat.  61. 
10.  N. 

Ukraine,  a  country  of  Europe,  lying  on  the 
borders  of  Poland,  Russia,  and  Little  Tartary.  Its 
name  signifies  a  frontier.  By  a  treaty  between 
Russia  and  Poland,  in  1693,  the  latter  remained 
in  possession  of  the  Ukraine,  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Dnieper,  wiiich  constituted  a  palatinate  called 
Kiov ;  while  the  E.  side  was  allotted  to  Russia, 
and  called  the  government  of  Kiov,  but  Russia 
having  obtained  the  polish  part,  by  the  treaty  of 
partition,  in  1793,  the  whole  belongs  now  to  that 
power.  That  part  of  the  Ukraine  on  the  W.  side 
of  the  Dnieper  is  but  indifferently  cultivated ; 
but  that  on  theE.  side,  inhabited  by  the  Cossacs, 
is  in  much  better  condition.  The  principal  town 
is  Kiov.  See  Cossacs. 

Ulala,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Canara,  3  m. 
S.  W.  of  Magalore. 

Ulavoolfl.  town  of  Scotland  in  RosB-shire,  on  the 


E.  side  of  the  entrance  of  Loch  Broom,  at  tl^ 
mouth  of  a  river  of  its  name,  with  a  good  har- 
bour and  commodiouc  road.  It  is  a  great  fishing 
station  and  situate  in  the  midst  of  a  wodl  country, 
48  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Tain.  Long.  5.  5.  W.,  lat. 
57.  50.  N. 

Ulea,  or  Ulaborg,  an  extensive  province  to  the 
N.  of  Finland,  and  extending  along  the  S.  coast 
of  the  gulf  of  Bothnia.  It  was  long  subject  to 
Sweden,  but,  since  1309,  it  forms  a  circle  of  the 
Russian  government  of  Abo.  The  population 
is  thinly  scattered,  the  chief  part  of  the  surface 
being  covered  with  forests,  marshes,  and  rocks 

Uleaborg,  the  capital  of  the  preceding  prov 
ince,  and  the  largest  town  in  E.  Bothnia,  with  a 
castle  on  an  island,  and  a  cAmmodious  harbour. 
In  1714  this  town  was  demolished  by  the  Rus- 
sians, to  whom  the  Swedes  surrendered  it  in 
1608.  It  is  situate  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name  340  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Abo.  Long.  24. 
40.  E.,  lat.&5.  30.  N. 

Uiietea,  one  of  the  Society  isles,  in  the  S.Pacific. 
See  Raiatea. 

UUswati.r,  a  lake  of  England, on  the  borders  of 
Westmoreland  and  Cuniberland,  10  m.  N.  of  Am- 
bleside. It  is  8  m.  long,  and  abounds  with  Char 
and  other  fish.  The  report  of  guns,  discharged 
in  certain  stations  on  the  lake,  is  reverberated  from 
rock  to  rock,  promontory,  cavern,  ai;d  hiil, 
with  every  variety  of  sound.  Tiie  river  Eamont 
flows  through  this  lake,andby  Penrith  to  the  Eden, 
forming  that  part  of  tUe  boundary  line  between 
the  two  counties. 

Ulm,  a  city  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg.  It 
is  a  fortified,  large,  and  handsome  place  ;  in  which 
the  archives  of  the  late  imperial  towns  of  Suabia 
were  preserved,  and  where  the  diet  of  the  circle 
was  generally  held.  The  cathedral  is  a  large 
magnificent  structure.  Here  i^.^n  excellent  col- 
lege, with  a  theological  seminary  annexed  ;  and 
a  convent  for  the  daughters  of  the  nobility  and  cit- 
izens, who  are  here  educatfed,  and  afterwards  at 
liberty  to  marry.  Its  other  most  remarkable  build- 
inors  are  the  abbey  of  St.  Nlchael,  commonly  called 
Wengen,  the  town-house,  the  arsenal,  the  maga- 
zines, and  the  valuable  town  Hbrary.  The  inhabit- 
ants are  protestants,  and  estimated  at  16,000; 
they  have  a  good  trade  in  linens,  fustians,  paper 
wine,  and  wool.  The  duke  of  Bavaria  took  it  in 
1702,  by  stratagem  ;  but  surrendered  it  after  the 
battle  of  Blenheim,  in  1704.  In  1796  it  was  ta- 
ken by  the  French,  and  it  surrendered  to  them 
in  1805,  with  the  flower  of  the  Austrian  army, 
under  general  Mack,  consisting  of  60.000  men. 
In  1810  it  was  transferred  to  Wurtemberg.  It  is 
seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Blau  with  the 
Danube,  opposite  the  influx  of  the  lUer,  38  m 
W.  by  N.  of  Augsburg  and  40.  S  E.  of  Stuttgard. 
Long.  9.  56.  E.,  lat.  48.  24.  N. 

Ulotho,  or  Vlotkow,  a  town  of  Prussian  West- 
phalia, in  the  county  of  Ravensburg,  near  vhich 
is  a  medicinal  spring.     6  m.  S.  of  Minden. 

Uirichstein,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, with  a  fortified  castle,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Mar- 
burg. 

IMrichskamn,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Goth- 
land, formerly  called  Bogesund,  the  present  name 
being  given  it  in  1741,  in  compliment  to  queen 
Ulrica  Eleanora.  It  has  a  considerable  trade  in 
cattle,  provisions,  tobacco,  &c.,  and  is  50  ra.  £. 
of  Gotheburg. 

J7i!5«er,  a  province  of  Ireland,  116  m.  long  and 
100  broad  ;  bounded  on  the   E    by  the  Irish  Sea, 
N.  by  th«  Northern  Ocean,  W.  bj  the  Atlanlio 
3R 


UND 


743 


UNI 


Ocean,  S.  W.  by  the  province  of  Connaught,  and 
S.  by  that  of  Leinster.  It  contains  the  counties 
of  Donegal,  Londonderry,  Antrim,  Tyrone,  Fer- 
managh, Monaghan,  Armagh,  Down,  and  Cavan. 
The  principal  place  is  Londonderry. 

Ulster,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  36,55L 
Kingston  is  the  capital ;  p.t.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 

Ultzen,  or  Veltzen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  N.  Holland,  with  a  trade  in  flour  and  wool. 
50  m.  N.  of  Haarlem, 

Uherstone,  a  town  in  Lancaster,  Eng.  261  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Ulysses,  a  township  of  Tompkins  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  3,130. 

Umhago<r,  a  lake  lying  between  N.  Hamp- 
shire and  Maine,  18  m.  long  and  10  broad.  Its 
waters  flow  into  the  Androscoggin. 

Umo,  or  Umca,  a  province  of  Sweden,  compri- 
sing W.  Bothnia,  Umea  Lapmark,  and  nearly  all 
Swedish  Lapland.  It  has  an  area  of  65,000  sq. 
m.  with  about  80,000  inhabitants. 

Uma,  or  Umea,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  W. 
3othma,  capital  of  the  above  province,  at  the 
mouth  oi  the  river  Uma,  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia. 
The  houses  are  built  of  wood  ;  and  it  was  twice 
burnt  bv  the  Russians.  310  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Stockholm.     Long.  19.  18.  E.,  lat.  63  58.  N. 

Umago,  a  small  sea-port  of  Austrian  Illyria, 
in  Istria,  seated  near  the  gulf  Largona,  12  m.  S. 
W.  of  Capo  d'  Istria. 

Umbria,  a  province  of  Italy,  now  called  the 
duchy  of  Spoleto, 

Umbriatico,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Catabria,  seat- 
ed on  the  Lipuda,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  St.  Seve- 
rina. 

Ummerapoora,  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and 
well-built  cities  of  Asia,  once  the  metropolis  of 
Birmah,  with  a  spacious  and  regular  fort,  com- 
pletely fortified  after  the  eastern  manner.  It  was 
founded  in  1783  by  the  emperor  Minderagree,  4 
m.  to  the  N.  E.  of  Ava,  the  ancient  capital.  The 
houses  are  raised  on  posts  from  the  grouufd  ;  the 
smaller  supported  by  bamboos,  the  larger  by  strong 
timber  The  streets  are  all  straight,  many  of  them 
wide,  paved  with  brick,  and  frequently  crossed  by 
others  at  right  angles.  The  royal  palace  is  a 
splendid  edifice,  within  the  fort,  and  no  nobleman 
of  the  court  was  permitted  to  enter  it  with  his 
ftet  covered.  The  temples  and  monasteries  are 
numerous,  and  though  in  general  composed  of 
wood  are  very  magnificent :  the  unbounded  ex- 
penditure of  gilding,  which  is  bestowed  on  the 
outside  of  the  roofs,  particularly  on  the  lofty  spires, 
renders  them  objects  of  extraordinary  splendor. 
Ummerapoora  is  situate  on  a  peninsula,  formed 
by  the  Irrawaddy  on  the  W.  and  a  narrow  chan- 
nel branching  E.  from  the  river,  which  soon  takes 
a  N.  direction  and  expands  to  a  lake  on  the  E. 
side  of  the  city,  7  m.  long  and  one  and  a  half 
broad.  250  m.  E.  of  Calcutta  and  620  N.  N.  W. 
of  Siam.     Long.  76.  7.  E.,  lat.  21.  57.  N. 

Unadilla,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Susque- 
hanna.    Pop.  2,313. 

VncasviUe,  p. v.  N.  London  Co.  Conn.  45  m. 
8.  E.  Hartford. 

UndertDalden,a.  canton  of  Switzerland,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  canton  of  Lucern  and  the  Lake 
of  the  Four  Cantons,  E.  by  high  mountains  which 
separate  it  from  the  canton  of  Uri,  S.  by  Mount 
Brunich  which  parts  it  from  the  canton  of  Bern, 
and  W.  by  that  of  Lucern.  It  is  24  m.  long  and 
20  broad,  contains  an  area  of  300  sq.  m.  with 
23,000  inhabitants,  and  is  divided  into  the  Upper 
•nd  Lower  Vallejr,  by  a  forest  called  Kesterwald, 


which  crosses  the  canton  from  N  to  S.  Th« 
country  abounds  in  fruit  and  cattle,  but  produces 
little  corn  and  no  wine.  The  inhabitants  are 
Roman  Catholics.  Stanz  is  the  capital  of  the 
Lower  Valley,  and  Sarnen  of  the  Upper  and  of 
the  whole  canton. 

Ungvar,  a  town  and  fort  of  Hungary,  capital  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name.  It  stands  in  an 
island  formed  by  the  Ung,  57  m.  E.  of  Cassovia. 
Long.  22.  23.  E.,  lat.  48.  42.  N. 

Ungnin,  a  small  island  in  the  N.  Pacific  Ocean 
near  the  W.  coast  of  America,  so  named  by  th« 
Russians.     Long.  198.  44.  E.,  lat.  55.  N. 

Unhuca,  a  small  island  in  the  Indian  sea,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  bay  of  Leronzo  Marques.  Lat. 
26.5.  N. 

UiJiosl,  or  ^nhost,  a  town  in  Bohemia,  in  Sclia- 
lan  ;  8  m.  S.  Schalan,  9  m.  W.  Prague.  Pop 
992. 

Uniego,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Lenczicz,  with  a  fine  castle  belonging  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  Gnesen,  seated  on  the  Warta,  20  ra.  S. 
S.  W.  of  Lenczicz. 

Union,  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of  Pennsylvania. 
Pop.  20.749.  New  Berlin  is  the  capital.  A  coun- 
ty of  Ohio.  Pop.  3,192.  Marysville  is  the  capi- 
tal. A  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  4,435.  Mor- 
ganfield  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Illinois. 
Pop.  3,239.  Jonesborough  is  the  capital.  A 
county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  7,957.  Liberty  is  the 
capital.  Acounty  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  640  Corea 
Fabre  is  the  capital.  A  District  of  S.  Carolina. 
Pop    17,908.     Unionville  is  the  capital. 

Union,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,612;  p.t. 
Tolland  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  711  ;  p.t.  Brown  Co. 
N.  Y.  Pop.  2,112;  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  J  ;  town- 
ships in  Erie,  Huntingdon,  Luzerne,  Fayette, 
Mifilin  and  Schuylkill  Cos.  Pa;  and  towns  and 
villages  in  Loudon  and  Monroe  Cos.  Va.,  Union 
Dis.  S.  C.  Union,  Belmont,  Washington,  Law- 
rence, Knox,  Ross,  Highland,  Champaign,  Logan, 
Madison,  Fayette,  Clinton,  Scioto,  Warren.  But- 
ler, Muskingum,  Clermont,  Miami,  Morgan,  Lick- 
ing, Harrison  and  Brown  Cos.  Ohio. 

Union  Society,  p. v.  Green  Co.  N.  Y. 

Union  Springs,  p.v.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y ;  p.v. 
Fayette  Co.  Pa. 

Uniontoion,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Maryl ;  p.v.  Fay- 
ette Co.  Pa;  p.v.  Belmont  Co.  Ohio;  p.v.  Mus- 
kingum Co.  Ohio ;  a  town  in  Pike  Co.  Ohio. 

Unionvi'le,  p.v.  Orange  Co  N.  Y.  Chester  Co. 
Pa.  and  Georgia  Co.  Ohio. 

United  Provinces  of  South  America,  called  also 
Buenos  Ayres,  from  the  name  of  the  chief  city, 
and  sometimes  the  Argentine  Republic,  from  the 
etymology  of  the  river  La  Plata ;  a  republic  of 
South  America  lying  upon  the  La  Plata  and  its 
tributary  streams. 

The  present  political  boundaries  are  Boli- 
via on  the  N.  Paraguay,  Banda  Oriental  and 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  E.  Patagonia  on 
the  S.  and  Chile  on  the  W.  It  contains  600,000 
sq.  m.  and  is  divided  into  13  provinces.  This 
country  resembles  an  extensive  amphitheatre, 
bounded  laterally  by  the  Andes  and  the 
Brazilian  mountains,  and  on  the  N.  by  a  tract 
of  mountains,  denominated  those  of  Chiqui- 
tos,  which  running  N.  W.  from  the  Andes  of  La 
Paz  and  Potosi,  and  crossing  the  Parana,  are  con- 
nected with  the  Brazilian  chain, — leaving  to- 
wards the  S.  E.  the  immense  opening  of  the  llio 
de  la  Plata,  like  a  wide  and  magnificent  portal 
proportioned  to  the  grandeur,  importance,  and  ex 
tent  of  the  region  to  which  it  gives  access.     With 


UNI 


743 


UNI 


in  these  limits — some  scattered  and  intermediate 
ridges  excepted — the  country  is  extremely  level, 
the°hills  generally  not  exceedinor  540  feet  of  ele- 
vation above  their  bases ;  and  the  whole  being  a 
vast  extended  plain,  covered  with  lakes  and  in- 
numerable rivers,  many  of  which,  though  equal 
to  some  of  the  largest  in  Europe,  flow  unregard- 
ed and  nameless,  and  are  viewed  merelj'  as  tribu- 
tary streams.  Few  of  them,  however,  reach  the 
sea,  being  either  lost  in  the  lakes,  or  stopped  in 
tiie  level  plains,  where  they  are  soon  absorbed  or 
insensibly  evaporated.  The  uniform  levelness 
of  this  tract  is  so  great,  that  it  has  been  calculated 
by  barometrical  observation,  that  the  great  river 
Paraoruay,  in  its  progress  to  the  south,  does  not 
fall  above  one  foot  in  perpendicular  height,  be- 
tween the  parallels  of  18.  and  22.  S.  lat.  or  230 
miles  direct  distance,  but  much  more  by  the 
course  of  the  stream.  Even  when  the  winds  from 
the  S.  E.  occasion  the  rivers  of  Buenos  Ayres  to 
rise  seven  feet  above  their  usual  level,  this  rise  is 
observed  in  the  Parana,  at  the  distance  of  60 
leagues.  In  consequence  of  this  flatness  of  the 
'soil,  the  rains  which  fall  on  the  Andes  are  sto{>- 
pcd  where  they  descend  into  the  plains,  and  are 
insensibly  evaporated  ;  so  that  a  number  of  rivu- 
lets which,  if  collected  on  a  different  configura- 
tion of  surface,  would  form  a  large  stream,  are 
thus  stopped  and  annihilated.  This  physical  de- 
fect cannot  be  supplied  by  any  artificial  means; 
for  the  same  cause  which  prevents  the  superflu- 
ous moisture  from  finding  its  way  to  the  sea, 
would  equally  prevent  its  conveyance  by  canals. 
In  Buenos  Ayres,  and  other  towns  situated  on 
the  banks  of  rivers,  it  is  always  found  necessary 
to  use  a  pump,  in  order  to  raise  the  water  to  the 
level  of  the  town.  This  very  circumstance, 
which  pr  jduces  the  effects  above  described,  is 
equally  favourable  to  the  formation  of  lakes.  As 
the  superfluous  waters  caused  by  the  periodical 
rains,  have  no  outlet,  from  the  defect  of  descent, 
and  cannot  be  absorbed  by  the  soil,  they  are 
necessarily  collected  in  the  flat  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, where  they  spread  to  a  great  extent,  cover- 
ing an  immense  space,  but  of  no  depth  any 
where. 

Most  of  the  lakes  are  of  this  description  ;  and 
among  these  is  the  celebrated  lake  of  Xarayes, 
which  is  nothing  else  than  the  superfluous  waters 
of  the  Paraguay,  when  swelled  by  the  tropical 
riins,  spread  over  an  immense  flat,  and  partly 
evaporated,  and  partly  carried  off^  by  tJie  river 
when  it  begins  to  retire  within  its  banks.  This 
marsh  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  its  source  ; 
and  many  fables  were  circulated  concerning  it,  as 
having  a  beautiful  island  in  its  centre  ;  which, 
from  the  salubrity  of  its  atmosphere,  its  perennial 
verdure,  and  exuberant  fertility,  was  called  '  the 
Island  of  Paradise,'  and  was  said  to  be  inhabited 
by  the  Orejones,  a  Peruvian  tribe,  which  had 
taken  refuje  here  at  the  time  of  the  conquest. 
The  number  of  crocodiles  in  this  marsh  is  im- 
mense ;  and  in  the  vicinity  are  found  pumas, 
jaguars,  stags,  and  monkeys  of  various  kinds; 
the  country  also  swarms  with  ants,  moschetoes, 
and  innumerable  noxious  insects.  During  the 
inundation,  the  Portuguese  (from  their  settle- 
ments on  the  Cuyaba)  cross  it  in  canoes  and 
small  barks.  When  the  inundation  has  ceased, 
the  whole  plain  is  completely  dry,  and  covered 
with  weeds  and  other  plants.  Of  the  same  kind 
are  the  lakes  of  Jtcruasacaty  in  S.  lat.  25.,  and 
JVumhucu,  in  27.  S.  lat.,  and  in  general  all  those  to 
the  E.  of  the  Paraguay. 


The  lake  of  Iberi,  or  Caracares,  lies  between 
the  Uraguay  and  the  Parana.  For  30  league*, 
the  northern  boundary  of  this  lake  runs  parallel 
with  the  former  river,  and  extends  as  far  to  the 
south.  From  its  S.  extremity  the  river  Mirinay 
runs  into  the  Uraguay  ;  and  from  its  W.  and  S 
W.  sides,  three  other  large  streams  issue,  namely 
the  Santa  Lucia,  Corientcs,  and  Batiles,  and  fall 
into  the  Parana.  None  of  these  streams  are  for- 
dable.  Its  greatest  breadth  is  46  miles.  This 
lake  neither  receives  rivers,  brooks,  nor  sprino-s, 
but  is  entirely  nourished  by  the  simple  filtration 
of  the  waters  of  the  Parana, — a  phenomenon  of 
which  there  is  not  another  known  instance  in  the 
world.  This  filtration  alone  supplies  not  only 
the  four  great  rivers  issuing  from  it,  but  also  the 
vast  quantity  carried  off"  bv  evaporation  from  a 
surface  of  8,000  square  miles;  which,  according 
to  Halley's  calculation,  must  be  equal  to  70,000 
tons  daily,  allowing  the  mean  temperature  to  be 
the  same  as  that  of  England.  This  watery  ex 
pause,  however,  is  generally  very  shallow,  and 
filled  with  aquatic  plants,  so  that  its  interior  is 
completely  inaccessible.  The  islands  with  which 
it  is  studded  are  well-stocked  with  deer  and  other 
game:  flocks  of  wild  fowl  are  always  skimming 
on  its  surface ,  its  fish  are  numerous,  and  very 
sweet  and  fresh,  and  many  flourishing  settle- 
ments are  made  on  its  shores.  This  lake  over- 
flows twice-a-year.  During  the  intf.rvals  be- 
tween the  inundations,  it  has  the  appeararjce  of 
an  immense  swamp,  with  12  lakes  dispersed  at 
different  distances. 

There  are  other  lakes,  which  stagnate  in  ex- 
tensive flats,  and  being  shallow,  cover  a  great 
surface  of  ground  ;  and  which,  consequently  di- 
minish the  quantity  of  arable  land.  In  the  south- 
ern parts  of  this  territory,  and  E.  of  the  Plata, 
a  chain  of  salt  lakes  extends  E.  from  the  Andes 
to  this  river.  One  of  these  lakes,  in  particular, 
360  miles  S.  W.  of  Buenos  Ayres,  is  remarkably 
salt.  It  is  about  18  miles  in  circuit ;  and  the 
salt  found  at  the  bottom  is  so  hard  and  thick, 
that  it  is  difficult  to  break  it  with  iron  tools. 
About  300  carts  are  annually  loaded  with  it,  and 
carried  to  Buenos  Ayres;  and  what  is  very  re- 
markable in  this  chain  is,  that  a  few  of  the  lakes 
are  fresh,  though  during  the  rains  they  are  so 
swelled  as  to  communicate  frequently  with  those 
that  are  salt.  All  the  springs  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  the  flat  country  W.  of  the  Parana 
and  Paraguay,  are  more  or  less  salt,  and  few  of 
the  rivers  can  be  drunk  till  they  enter  the  Parana. 
The  soil  of  this  region,  extending  about  700  m.  in 
length,  and  190  ra.  in  breadth,  is  saturated  with 
fossil  salt. 

The  western  parts  of  this  country,  are  generally 
mountainous,  comprehending  within  their  limits 
some  of  the  loftiest  ridges  of  the  Andes.  From 
the  great  chain  of  Andes,  branches  diverge  in  dif- 
ferent places,  extending  far  into  the  interior.  Of 
these,  the  mountains  of  Cordova  Achala,  in  the 
province  of  Tucuman,  and  those  of  the  still  more 
western  province  of  Cuyo,  form  secondary  ridges  ; 
and  another  ridge  of  the  same  kind  branch-es  off 
in  the  latitude  of  the  great  river  Colorado,  or 
Desaguadero,  which,  under  the  Indian  apf>ellation 
of  Casuhati,  runs  nearly  across  to  the  Atlantic. 
The  southern  mountains  are  covered  with  thick 
impenetrable  woods,  and  are  little  known.  The 
Brazilian  range  on  the  E.  is  also  of  secondary 
elevation,  generally  covered  with  thick  forests, 
interspersed  with  extensive  tracts  wholly  desti- 
tute of  vegetation.    This  extensive  chain  iti  con- 


sm 


744 


mi 


nected  with  Ihe  Andes  dn  the  W.  and  N.  W.,  by 
an  intermediate  range,  called  the  mountains  of 
Chigvitos. 

This  country  is  noted  for  the  vast  plains,  call- 
ed pampas.  From  the  banks  of  the  Paraguay 
immense  plains  extend  westward  to  the  frontiers 
of  Los  Charcas,  and  northward  to  the  mountains 
of  Chiquitos.  These  plains  are  generally  elevated 
and  dry,  though  traversed  by  numerous  rivers. 
They  are  skirted  by  extensive  and  ancient  forests, 
which  afford  shelter  to  the  wild  animals  of  the 
country,  and  are  inhabited  by  Gauchos  and  other 


scattered  tribes  of  Indians,  who  roam  over  their 
deserts  in  a  state  of  savage  independence.  See 
Pampas. 

A  country  so  extensive  as  Buenos  Ayres,  must 
possess  a  great  variety  both  of  climate  and  soil. 
While,  on  the  frozen  summits  of  the  Andes,  the 
cold  is  intolerable  even  in  summer,  in  the  plains 
the  heats  of  summer  are  extremely  oppressive. 
The  S.  W.  wind  prevails  only  about  one  month 
during  the  year.  In  the  northern  parts  of  the 
country,  and  in  the  interior,  the  W.  wind  is 
scarcely  known,  and  seldom  lasts  three  hours  to- 
gether. At  Buenos  Ayres,  and  on  the  coast,  the 
winds  are  more  violent ;  the  westerly  wind  is 
most  common,  and,  sweeping  down  the  immense 
plains  of  the  interior,  rushes  over  upon  the  coast 
with  inconceivable  violence.  The  S.  E.  wind  is 
generally  followed  by  rains  in  winter,  and  by  dry 
weather  in  summer.  In  the  spring  and  summer 
these  winds  are  often  very  violent,  raising  clouds 
of  dust  which  obscure  the  sun,  and  which  cause 
great  inconvenience  to  the  inhabitants,  by  des- 
troying their  clothes,  and  penetrating  into  their 
houses  and  apartments.  The  atmosphere  is  very 
humid,  and  the  apartments  wiiich  have  a  southern 
exposure  have  always  wet  floors. 

But,  notwithstanding  the  exuberant  fertility  and 
benign  temperature  which  pervades  the  greater 
part  of  this  extensive  country,  its  cultivation  has 
been  greatlj'  neglected  ;  and  a  colony  which  have 
been  the  granary  of  Europe,  has  hitherto  produced 
little  more  than  what  merely  supplies  its  own 
wants.  The  native  pride  and  indolence  of  the 
Spaniards,  and  the  extreme  sluggishness  of  the 
Indians,  effectually  stop  all  agricultural  improve- 
ments in  this  part  of  the  New  World  ;  and  exten- 
sive plains,  watered  by  innumerable  streams,  are 
only  employed  to  rear  and  fatten  cattle. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  extensive  country  are 
composed  of  the  same  classes  as  those  of  the  other 
Spanish  colonies,  viz.  :  European  Spaniards, 
C'reoles,  people  of  Colour,  Negroes,  and  Indians. 
Of  these,  the  Europeans  held  (till  the  late  revo- 
lution) the  first  rank:  and  filled,  with  few  excep- 
tions, every  ofKce  of  trust,  power,  and  influence, 
in  the  country.  The  Creoles  who  have  at  pres- 
Bnt  gained  the  ascendency,  held  an  inferior  opli 


tical  rank  to  the  Europeans.  The  people  of  colour, 
the  negroes,  and  Indians,  still  hold  the  same  rel- 
ative situations  in  society, — the  Indians,  as  usual, 
being  lowest  in  the  scale.  It  is  difficult  to  fix 
the  number  of  inhabitants,  and  the  relative  pro- 
portions of  the  classes  to  each  other. 

The  internal  commerce  of  Buenos  Ayres,  or 
that  carried  on  with  its  own  provinces,  is  consid- 
erable. Of  this  traffic,  the  herb  of  Paraguay  forms 
the  most  important  branch  :  2,500,000  lbs.  of  it 
pass  annually  into  Peru,  and  1,000,000  lbs.  into 
Chile.  It  is  conveyed  in  covered  waggons  drawn 
by  oxen,  from  Santa  Fe  to  Jujuy  and  Mendoza  , 
and  from  thence  is  carrried  on  the  backs  of  mules 
to  Potosi,  La  Paz,  Peru,  and  Chile.  In  Paraguay, 
the  price  of  this  article  is  4  dollars,  or  18s.  per 
arroba  of  25  lbs.  At  Potosi,  however,  the  price  is 
more  than  double,  and  increases  as  it  proceeds 
north.  Immense  droves  of  cattle  pass  annually 
into  Peru ;  and  60,000  mules  of  two  years  old, 
are  annually  purchased  in  the  territory,  for 
that  country.  The  greatest  part  of  European  com 
modifies  consumed  in  Chile,  are  drawn  from 
Buenos  Ayres.  A  considerable  commerce  is  also 
carried  on  with  the  independent  tribes  that  sur- 
round the  country,  particularly  with  the  Pap 
pas  and  Puelches.  Some  gold  of  a  very  superior 
quality,  which  is  supposed  to  be  collected  among 
the  mountains  and  upland  springs  on  the  banks 
of  the  Uraguay,  has  been  lately  brought  to  Bueno? 
Ayres  by  the  Indians,  who  contrive  to  barter  it 
with  the  Americans  or  other  foreign  merchants. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  this  country  is  trans- 
acted chiefly  at  Buenos  Ayres,  from  which  place 
are  exported  hides,  tallow,  corn,  beef,  furs  and 
peltry,  gold  and  silver.  The  government  is  re- 
publican, but  has  been  for  some  time  in  an  unset- 
tled state.  Buenos  Ayres  is  the  capital.  This 
country  was  formerly  a  viceroyalty  under  the 
Spanish  goverment  but  revolted  and  declared  its 
independence  immediately  after  the  invasion  of 
Spain  by  the  French  in  1808.  The  population  is 
above  2,000,000. 

United  States  of  America,  a  federative  republic, 
ocupying  the  middle  division  of  North  America, 
and  consisting  of  the  States  of  Maine,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  N.  and  S. 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Louisiana,  Missis- 
sippi, Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illiil- 
ois,  and  Missouri,  all  which  are  independent  states 
with  regard  to  their  internal  gCiVernment,  and  the 
Territories  of  Florida,  Michigan,  Arkansas,  Mis- 
souri, Oregon  and  the  district  of  Columbia,  which 
are  under  the  dominion  of  the  general  government. 
This  republic  is  bounded  N.  by  British  and  Rus- 
sian America,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  by  the 
Atlantic,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mexican  ter- 
ritories, and  W.  by  the  Mexican  territories,and  the 
Pacific  Ocean.  It  extends  from  25.  to  55.  N.  lat. 
and  from  43.  5.  to  about  130.  W.  long,  and  con- 
tains upwards  of  2,300,000  square  miles. 

This  country  is  traversed  by  two  great  chams 
of  mountains  ;  the  Rocky  mountains  which  are  a 
continuation  of  the  great  Mexican  chain  and  pass 
through  the  western  territories  of  the  United 
States  in  a  northwesterly  direction  toward  the 
Frozen  Ocean  ;  and  the  Apalachian  chain,  which 
has  its  whole  extent  in  this  country  and  stretches 
from  the  southeastern  side  of  the  Mississippi 
valley,  in  a  northeast  direction  parallel  to  the  coast 
of  the  United  States  nearly  to  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence.    The    different  ridges  of  this  chain, 


UNI 


T45 


UPP 


are  known  by  a  variety  of  names  from  the  Cum- 
berland Mountains  of  Tennessee,  to  the  White 
Mountains  of  New  Hampshire,  and  the  highlands 
of  Maine,  but  they  may  be  considered  as  all  con- 
stituting one  system.  An  inferior  range  of  moun- 
tains compared  with  these  two  are  the  Ozark  and 
Masserne  mountains,  which  may  be  regarded  as 
detached  branches  of  the  Mexican  chain  stretch- 
ing northwestly  into  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 
The  rivers  wliich  water  the  different  parts  of  the 
United  States  are  among  the  largest  in  t-he  world, 
and  the  Missouri  from  its  source  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  its  outlet  in  the  Gulf  ef  Mexico,  is 
the  largest  river  on  the  globe.  The  rivers  which 
rise  on  the  southeastern  slope  of  the  Apalachian 
mountains,  and  flow  into  the  Atlantic  are  not 
comparable  to  the  streams  of  the  west  for  length, 
yet  are  highly  useful  in  navigation.  The  Atlantic 
coast  is  indented  by  innumerable  bays  and  har- 
bours, affording  vast  advantages  for  commerce, 
and  the  internal  navigation  of  the  country  is  as- 
sisted by  a  great  number  of  canals,  the  chief  of 
which  are  those  uniting  the  great  lakes  of  Canada 
with  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  The  varieties  of  climate,  soil,  natural 
productions  and  agricultural  industry,  will  be 
found  minutely  specified  under  the  heads  of  the 
several  states.  For  exact  statistical  details  the 
reader  is  referred  to  the  tables  in  the  Appendix. 

The  population  of  the  United  States  at  the 
census  of  1830  was  12,856,165,  excluding  the 
Indians.  Since  1790  it  has  increased  on  an  average 
one  third  every  ten  years.  The  number  of  In- 
dians is  estimated  at  313,000.  The  commercial 
imports  for  ISoO  were  70,876,920  dollars;  the 
exports  of  domestic  produce  59,462,029  dollars  ; 
total  exports  73,849,508.  The  enrolled  and  licen- 
bed  shipping  at  the  end  of  the  year  1828  amount- 
ed to  1,741,391  tons.  The  navy  consists  of7ship3 
of  the  line,  12  frigates  and  13  sloops  of  war  and 
several  small  vessels.  There  are  5  ships  of  the 
line  and  6  frigates  in  building.  The  army  is 
restricted  by  law  to  6,186  men. 

Since  1810  there  appears  to  have  been  no  at- 
tempt at  an  exact  estimation  of  the  annual  value 
of  manufactures  At  that  period  they  were  com- 
puted at  above  170,000,000  dollars  ;  their  value  at 
present  is  doubtless  quadrupled.  The  money  coin- 
ed at  the  mint  of  the  United  States  in  1831  was 
3,92.1,473  dollars.  The  public  debt  is  expected  to 
be  paid  off  in  the  course  of  the  present  year,  18.32. 
The  total  expenditure  of  the  U.  S.  government 
for  1830  was  12,729,533  dollars.  The  nett  revenue 
for  the  same  year  was  22,697. (579  dollars.  There 
are  in  the  U.  S.  48  colleges,  21  Theological  semi- 
naries, 7  medical  schools,  9  law  schools,  and  above 
12.000  churches ;  of  which  the  Baptist  and  Meth- 
odists have  together  4,484,  the  Presbyterians  1,472, 
the  Cono-regationalists  1,331,  the  Episcopalians 
932,  the  Catholics  784,  the  Dutch  Reformed  602, 
the  Quakers  562,  the  Universalists298,  the  Luthe- 
rans 249,  the  Unitarians  127,  the  Calvinistic  Bap- 
tists 84,  the  S wedenborgians  73,  the  Moravians  56, 
and   the   Jews  96  synagogues. 

The  United  States  form  together  a  federal 
republic.  Each  state  is  independent,  and  has 
a  separate  legislature,  executive,  and  judiciary  ; 
but  the  defence  of  the  country,  the  regulation  of 
commerce,  and  the  general  interests  of  the  confed- 
eracy, are  entrusted  to  the  general  government. 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  congress, 
composed  of  a  senate,  consisting  of  2  members 
from  each  state,  chosen  by  the  state  legislatures  for 
^  years;  and  of  a  house  of  representatives,  elect- 
9i 


ed  by  the  people  for  2  years.  The  exeouitve 
power  is  vested  in  a  president,  who,  together  with 
a  vice  president,  is  chosen  for  4  years  by  electors 
from  all  the  states.  The  principal  subordinate 
officers  in  the  executive  department,  are  the  sec- 
retaries of  state,  of  the  treasury,  of  war,  and  of  the 
navy.  The  judiciary  is  independent  of  the  legisla- 
ture. The  supreme  court  is  composed  of  7  judges. 
All  power  originates  with  the  people.  The  con- 
stitution secures  to  the  citizens  the  grand  princi- 
ples of  freedom,  liberty  of  conscience  in  matters 
of  religion,  liberty  of  the  press,  trial  by  jury,  and 
the  right  of  choosing  and  being  chosen  to  office. 
Washington  is  the  capital. 

These  States  were  most  of  them  originally  col- 
onies of  Great  Britain.  The  first  settlement  made 
by  the  English  was  in  Virginia  in  1607  :  although 
Florida  afterwards  acquired  by  the  United  States 
from  the  Spaniards, was  settled  earlier.  The  oldest 
American  town  is  St.  Augustine  which  was  foun- 
ded about  the  year  1564.  The  dates  of  the  settle- 
ment of  the  several  slates  and  their  local  histories 
will  be  found  under  the  head  of  each.  In  1775 
the  attempt  of  the  British  government  to  tax  the 
colonies  without  their  consent  caused  a  revolt,and 
the  Independence  of  the  American  states  was  de- 
clared on  the  4th  of  July  1776,  a  desperate  war 
with  the  mother  country  followed,  but  it  was 
found  impossible  by  the  British  to  bring  the 
Americans  to  submission,  and  in  1783  peace  was 
concluded,  and  the  independence  of  the  states  ac- 
knowledged by  the  king  of  Great  Britain.  The 
States  enjoyed  their  separate  independent  gov- 
ernments till  1788  when  the  present  constitution 
and  federal  government  were  established. 

Unitia,  p. v.  Blount  Co.  Ten. 

Unity,  p.t.  Waldo  Co.  Me.  on  the  Kennebec, 
30  m.  above  Augusta.  Pop.  1,299  ;  p. v.  Sullivan 
Co.  N.  H.  32  m.  N.  W.  Concord.  Pop.  1,258. 
A  township  of  Westmoreland  Co.  Pa;  p. v.  Mont- 
gomery Co.  Maryl.  a  township  of  Columbiana  Co. 
Ohio. 

Unna,  a  river  of  European  Turkey,  which  rises 
in  Bosnia,  on  the  frontiers  of  Croatia,  passes  by 
Wihitsch,  and  joins  the  Save,  16  m.  above  Gra- 
disca. 

Unnary,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the  province  of 
Smoland,  43  m.  W.  of  Mexio. 

Unst,  the  most  northern  of  the  Shetland  Isl- 
ands, lO  m.  long  and  4  broad,  and  more  level  than 
the  other  isles.  It  feeds  many  sheep,  horned 
cattle,  and  hogs  ;  and  about  80  tons  of  cured  fish 
are  annually  exported.  Long.  1.  10.  W.,  lat.  61. 
10.  N. 

Utiterscen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  near  which  is  the  famous  cavern,  of  St. 
Pat.  It  is  seated  on  the  river  Aar,  between  the 
lakes  Brientz  and  Thun,  25  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Bern. 

Unza,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  province  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  government  of  Kostroma.  It 
is  situate  on  the  river  Unza,  92  m.  E.  N.  £.  of 
Kostroma. 

Upland,  a  province  of  Sweden,  between  Suder- 
mania,  Westmania,  Gestricia,  and  the  Baltic.  It 
is  70  m.  long  and  45  broad,  contains  an  area  of 
500  sq.  ra.,  with  250,000  inhabitants,  and  is  ex 
tensively  covered  with  shapeless  stones  and  im- 
penetrable woods,  but  enriched  with  inexhaustible 
mines  of  copper,  iron  ,  and  silver.  Stockholm  is 
the  capital. 

Upper,  a  township  of  St.  Lawrence  Ct .  Ohio. 

Upper  Z^aWiw,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Co. 
Pa. 

3R 


UHA 


746 


vm 


Upper  Freehold,  a  township  of  Monmouth  Co. 
N.  J. 

Upper  Lisle,  p.v.  Broome  Co.  N.  Y. 

Upper  Marlborough,  p.v.  Prince  George  Co. 
Maryl. 

Upper  Sandusky,  p.v.  Crawford  Co.  Ohio,  on 
Sandusky  River. 

Upperville,  p.v.  Loudon  Co.  Va. 

Upfiingknm,  a  town  in  Rutlandshire,  Eng.  89 
m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Upsal,  a  city  of  Sweden,  in  Upland,  and  an 
archbishop's  see,  with  a  university.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  two  almost  equal  parts  by  tlie  river  Sala 
and  the  streets  are  drawn  at  right  angles  from  a 
central  kind  of  square.  A  few  of  the  houses  are 
built  of  brick,  but  the  generality  are  constructed 
of  wood,  painted  red,  and  the  roofs  are  covered  in 
with  turf  Upsal  was  formerly  the  metropolis  of 
Sweden,  and  near  it  is  the  morasten,  or  stone  on 
which  the  king  used  to  be  crowned.  The  cathe- 
dral, a  large  structure  of  brick,  contains  the  re- 
mains of  the  celebrated  Gu>stavu3  Vasa,  and  of 
Charles  Linne.  The  university  is  the  most  an- 
cient in  Sweden,  and  the  first  seminary  in  the 
north  for  academical  education.  The  royal  socie- 
ty here  is  likewise  the  oldest  literary  academy 
in  the  north.  Here  is  an  observatory,  planned 
by  the  celebrated  Celsius,  from  which  the  Swedish 
geographers  compute  the  longitude  ;  also  a  bo- 
tanical garden,  of  which  Linne  was  superinten- 
dent. Upsal  is  seated  in  a  vast  open  plain,  fertile 
tn  corn,  35  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  17. 
39.  E.,lat.  59.  52.  N. 

Upson,  a  county  of  Georgia.     Pop.  7,013. 

Upton,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  88  m.  S.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  l,l.'>7. 

Upton,  a  town  in  Worcestershire,  Eng.  Ill  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Urach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Wurtemberg.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  paper,  da- 
masks, and  linen,  and  is  21  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Stut- 
gard. 

Uraguaij,  a  province  of  S.  America,  so  named 
from  a  large  river,  which  unites  with  the  Parana 
70  m.  above  Buenos  Ayres,  and  forms  the  famous 
river  Plata. 

Ural,  or  Oural,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  rises 
in  Mount  Caucasus,  flows  by  Orenburg,  Uralsk 
and  Gurief,  and  enters  the  Caspian  Sea  by  three 
mouths. 

Ural  Mountains,  a  chain  of  mountains  extend- 
ing from  the  50th  to  nearly  the  67th  degree  of 
H.  lat.,  or  about  1,150  m.,  and  sometimes  called 
by  the  Russians  "the  back  of  the  world."  The 
central  part  of  this  chain  abounds  in  metals  ;  and 
they  contain  fine  white  marble.  Pauda,  one  of 
the  highest  mountains,  is  said  to  be  4,512  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  chain  forms  a 
considerable  part  of  the  boundary  between  Europe 
and  Asia. 

Uralian  Cossacs,  a  Tartar  tribe  that  inhabit  the 
Russian  province  of  Orenburg,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  river  Ural.  These  Cossacs  are  descended 
from  those  of  the  Don ;  and  are  a  valiant  race 
They  profess  the  Greek  religion,  but  they  are 
dissenters  from  the  established  religion,  whom 
the  Russians  called  Roskolniki,  or  Separatists, 
and  wlio  style  themselves  Staroverski,  or  Old 
Believers.  They  consider  the  service  of  the  es- 
tablished church  as  profane,  and  have  tlieir  own 
priests  and  ceremonies.  The  Uralian  Cossacs 
are  all  enthusiasts  for  the  ancienT  ritual,  and  prize 
their  beards  almost  equal  to  their  lives.  A  Rus- 
sian ofiBcer  having  ordered  a  number  of  Cossao 


recruits  to  be  publicly  shaved  in  the  town  of 
Yaitsk,  in  1771,  this  wanton  insult  excited  an  in- 
surrection, which  was  suppressed  for  a  time  ;  but 
in  1773  an  impostor,  Pugatchef,  who  assumed  the 
name  of  Peter  III.,  appeared  among  them  ;  and 
taking  advantage  of  this  circumstance,  roused 
them  once  more  into  open  rebellion.  This  was 
suppressed  by  the  defeat  and  execution  of  the 
impostor;  and  in  order,  to  extinguish  all  remem- 
brance of  this  rebellion,  the  river  Yaik  was  called 
the  Ural ;  the  Yaik  Cossacs  were  denominat<*d 
Uralian  Cossacs ;  and  the  town  of  Yaitsk  was 
named  Uralsk.  These  Cossacs  are  very  rich,  in 
consequence  of  their  fisheries  in  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Their  principal  fishery  is  for  sturgeons  and  belu- 
ga, whose  roes  supply  large  quantities  of  caviare; 
and  the  fish,  chiefly  salted  and  dried,  afibrd  a  con- 
siderable article  of  consumption  in  the  Russian 
empire. 

Uralsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  country 
of  the  Uralian  Cossacs,  was  formerly  called  Yaitsk 
and  is  seated  on  the  river  Ural,  375  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Astracan.  Long.  50.  10.  E.,  lat.  52.  0.  N. 

Uranihurg,  a  once  magnificent  castle,  of  Den- 
mark, in  the  island  of  Huen,  now  in  ruins.  It 
was  built  by  Tycho  Brahe,  a  celebrated  astrono- 
mer, who  called  it  Uraniburg,  or  Castle  ol'  the 
Heavens,  and  here  made  his  observations. 

Urbunna,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  JN.  Y.  252.  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,288;  p.t.  Charapaicrn  Co.  Ohio. 
Pop.  1,103 

Urbana,  p.v.  Middlesex  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Rap- 
pahannoc.  47  m.  N.  York.  It  has  some  com- 
merce. 

Urbunia,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  the  delegation  of 
Urbino,  built  bv  Urban  VIII.  ;  seated  on  the  Me- 
tro. 7  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Urbino. 

Urbino,  a  delegation  of  Italy,  in  the  pope's  dc 
minions,  comprising  the  greater  part  of  the  form- 
er duchy  of  Urbino,  with  some  adjoining  districts. 
The  air  is  not  deemed  wholesome,  nor  is  the  soil 
fertile.  The  chief  production  is  silk,  and  game  is 
plentiful. 

Urbino,  a.  city  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  foregoing 
delegation,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  The  uni- 
versity contains  a  noble  college  and  16  convents 
Great  quantities  of  fine  earthenware  are  made  here 
and  it  is  famous  for  being  the  birth-place  of  the 
illustrious  painter  Raphael.  It  stands  on  a  hilL 
58  ni.  E.  of  Florence  and  120  N.  of  Rome. 
Long.  12.  40.   E.,  lat.43.  46.  N. 

Uredcn,a.  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in  the 
government  of  Munster.with  manufactures  of  ex- 
cellent linen  ;  seated  on  the  Berckel,  26  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Munster. 

Urgel,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Catalonia,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  It  is  seated  on  the  Segra,  in  a  fertile 
plain,  surrounded  by  mountains  planted  with 
vineyards,  78  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona.  Lonf. 
1.28.  E.,  lat.  42.24.  N. 

Urghenz,  a  town  of  the  country  of  Carcasm,  of 
which  it  was  formerly  the  capital  :  seattd  on  a 
small  river  which  runs  into  the  lake  Aral,  90  m 
N.  N.  W.  of  Khiva.  Long.  58.  30.  E.,  lat. 
42^24.  N. 

Uri,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  30  m.  long,  and 
12  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  canton  of 
Sweitz  and  the  Waldstadter  Sea,  E.  by  the  can- 
tons of  Grisons  and  Glarus,  S.  by  the  bailiwics 
of  Italy,  and  W.  by  tiie  cantons  of  Underwaldeii 
and  Bern.  It  has  an  area  of  640  square  miles 
with  15,000  inhabitants.  Altorf  is  the  capital 
See  Schwe.ilz. 

Uri,  LMke  of.     See  Waldstadter  See. 


vn 


ni 


UZE 


Urseren,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Uri,  situate  on  the  Reuss  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Altorf. 

Ursitz,  St.,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canto  'i 
of  Bern,  indebted  for  its  origin  to  a  hermitage, 
built  in  the  7th  century  by  St.  Urslnius.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Doubs,  6  m.  S.  of  Porentrui. 

Usbec  Tartary,  a  vast  country  of  Western  Tar- 
tary,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  country  of  the 
Kalmucs  and  Turkestan,  E.  by  Thibet,  S.'by  Hin- 
"doostan  and  Persia,  and  W.  by  the  Caspian  Sea. 
These  Tartars  are  divided  into  several  tribes,  gov- 
erned by  their  respective  khans,  or  princes. 
When  under  one  sovereign,  they  were  the  most 
powerful  of  all  the  Tartarian  nations.  The  prin- 
cipal khana  pride  themselves  in  being  descended 
from  Tamerlane,  whose  birth-place  was  the  an- 
cient city  of  Samarcand.  The  Usbecs,  in  their 
persons,  are  said  to  have  better  complexions,  and 
more  engaging  features  than  the  Kaltnucs.  Their 
religion  is  Mahometisrn,  and  they  diiferin  general 
very  little  from  the  people  of  the  northern  prov- 
inces of  Hindoostan. 

Uscazia.     See  Scozia. 

Useitom,  an  island  of  the  Prussian  States,  in 
Pomerania,  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  between  the  mouths 
of  the  Peene  and  Swin,  with  two  forts  named  af- 
ter these  two  rivers.  It  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  S.  W.  coast,  40  m.  N.  W.  of  Stet- 
tin.    Long.  14.  2.  E.,  lat.  53.  58.  N. 

Ushant,  an  island  of  France,  on  the  coast 
of  the  department  of  Finisterre,  opposite  Con- 
quet.  It  is  8  m  in  circumference,  and  contains 
several  hamlets  and  a  castle.  Long.  5.  5.  W., 
lat.  48.  28.  N. 

Vsingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Nassau.  It  has  a  handsome  castle,  and  is  seat- 
ed on  tlie  Usbach,  12  m.    S.   S.  E.  of  Wielburg. 

Usk,  a  town  in  Monmouthshire,  Eng.  142  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  London. 

Ussel,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Correze, 
39  m.  N.  E.  of  Tulle  and  53  E.  S.  E.  of  Limoges. 

Ustarkz,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lower 
Pyrenees,  6  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bayonne. 

Ustica.  a  small  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  25 
m.  N.  of  the  coast  or  Sicily.  It  was  for  centuries 
nninhabited,  except  by  wild  goats,  till  in  the  year 
1765,  a  citadel  was  built  and  a  colony  settled.  The 
island  is  without  springs,  and  its  only  supply  of 
fresh  water  consists  of  rain  kept  in  cisterns.  Long. 
13.  26.  E.,  lat.  38.42.  N. 

listing,  a  town  of  Russia  in  the  government  of 
Vologda,  capital  of  a  large  district  of  its  name 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  Great  quantities  of 
grain  are  sent  hence  to  different  parts.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Dwina,  464  m.  N.  E.  of  Moscow. 

Utica,  city,  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Mo- 
hawk 96  m  N.  W.  Albany,  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  flourishing  towns  in  this  part  of  the 
state.  It  is  regularly  built,  with  broad  and  straight 
streets,  and  handsome  buildings.  The  Erie  ca- 
nal, the  great  road,  and  the  river  unite  at  this 
point  and  secure  this  place  a  flourishing  tr.ade  ; 
the  surrounding  country  is  fertile,  Utica  has  11 
churches,  3  banks,  a  lyceum  and  a  court  house. 
Pop.  8^23 


Utica,  p.v.  Clarke  Co.  Ind. ;  p.v.  Licking  Co. 
Ohio. 

Utrecht,  one  of  the  Dutch  provinces,  30  m. 
long  and  20  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  and  W. 
by  Holland  and  the  Zuyder  Zee,  E.  and  S.  by 
Guelderland.  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  there  are 
no  inundations  to  fear  as  in  the  other  provinces. 

Utrecht,  a  fortified  city  of  the  Netherlands,  cap- 
tal  of  the  foregoing  province,  with  a  famous  uni- 
versity. It  is  of  a  square  form,  about  3  miles  in 
circumferance,  exclusive  ol  the  suburbs,  which 
are  considerable.  The  inh  tbitants  are  estimated 
at  3.5,000.  The  most  distinguished  of  the  public 
buildings  is  the  cathedral,  liie  tower  of  which  is 
very  lofty,  and  said  to  be  one  of  the  handsomest 
in  the  kingdom.  The  town-house  is  also  a  noble 
building,  and  there  are  a  great  many  charchf^s 
and  hospitals,  schools  for  the  fine  arts,  a  hall  of 
paintings,  several  valuable  libraries,  «fec.  The 
principal  manufactures  are  silk  and  fire  arms ; 
and  in  a  palace  called  the  Mall  is  an  extensive 
foundry  for  cannon  balls.  Two  canals,  called  the 
New  Graft  and  the  Vaert,  run  through  the  city, 
and  over  them  are  3G  stone  bridges.  The  envi- 
rons are  full  of  gardens,  walks,  and  groves,  which 
added  to  the  purity  of  the  air,  render  Utrecht  one 
of  the  most  agreeable  places  for  residence  in  these 
parts.  Here  the  union  of  the  Seven  United 
Provinces  was  begun  in  1579  ;  and  here  was  con- 
cluded, in  1713,  the  peace  which  terminated  the 
wars  of  queen  Anne.  Utrecht  surrendered  to 
the  Prussian*  in  1787,  and  to  the  French  in  1795, 
each  time  without  resistance.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Amsterdam  and  35  N. 
N.  W.  of  Nimeguen.  Long.  5.  8.  E.,  lat.  52.  6.  N. 

Utrera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  near 
which  is  a  salt-spring,  21  m.  S.  of  Seville. 

Uttoxeter,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  with  a 
market  on  Wednesday,  manufactures  of  cabinet- 
ware,  and  a  considerable  trade  in  corn  and  cheese. 
The  parish  church,  the  body  of  which  has  been  re- 
cently rebuilt,  is  a  spacious  Gothic  edifice.  The 
other  places  of  worship  are  two  meeting-houses 
for  Methodists,  and  one  for  Quakers.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  a  risinor  ground,  near  the  river  Dove,  14  ra. 
N.  E.  of  Stafford  and  135  N.  N.   W.  of  London. 

UtznarJt,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a 
bailiwic  belonging  to  the  cantons  of  Schweita 
and  Glaris.  It  is  3  m.  N.  from  the  lake  of  Zurich 
and  15  N.  by  W.  of  glaris. 

Uwchland,  p.v.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Uxbridge,p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  38  m.  S.  W. 
Boston,  on  Blackstone  River,  with  large  manu> 
factures  of  woolen.     Pop.  2,086. 

Uxhridge,  a  town  in  Middlesex,  Eng.  15  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  London. 

UzeL,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cotes 
du  Nord,  17  m.  S.  W    of  St  Brieux. 

Uzerche,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Correze, 
10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Tulle  and  36  S.  S.  E.  of  Limo- 
ges. 

Uzes,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Gard,  with 
a  spring  that  supplies  the  aqueduct  of  Nismes. 
It  is  seated  in  a  country  abounding  in  corn,  oil, 
silk,  and  good  wine,  12  m.  N.  of  Nismes. 


val 


748 


VAAST,ST.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Manche,  with  a  small  harbour  and  some  salt 
works,  14  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cherburg. 

Vabres,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Aveiron. 
It  has  manufactures  of  serfres,  dimities,  and  cot- 
tons, and  stands  at  the  conflux  of  two  small  riv- 
ers that  flows  into  the  Tarn  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Rodez  and  32  E.  of  Alby. 

Vacka,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe- Weimar, 
on  the  river  Werra,  16   m.    W.  S.  W.  of  Eisen- 

iMCh. 

Vaehe,  an  island  of  the  W.  Indies,  of  a  triangu- 
lar form,  24  m.  in  circuit.  It  is  12  m.  from  the 
S.  coast  of  St.  Domingo,  opposite  St.  Louis. 

Vacheluse,  one  of  the  Lipari  Islands,  3  m.  S. 
of  Stromboli. 

Vofla,  a  town  of  Tuscany,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Cecini,  26  m.  S.  S.  E.   of  Leghorn. 

Vadacurry  or  Vadnghery,  a  town  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  in  Malabar,  with  a  neat  fort  on  the  top  of  a 
hill.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and 
stands  on  the  sea  coast,  at  the  N.  end  of  a  long 
inland  navigation,  12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Tellichery. 

Vadin,  a  town  of  Bessarabia,  situate  on  the 
Danube,  92  m.  W.  of  Nicopoli. 

Vado,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  on  a  bay  of  the  Mediterrane- 
an, 3  m.  S.  of  Savonaand  24  S.  W.  of  Genoa. 

Vadestein,  a  town  in  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland, 
where  the  kings  of  Sweden  had  a  palace,  now  in 
ruins.  It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  near  the 
river  Motala,  32  m.  W.  of  Nordkioping. 

Vadutz,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Lichtenstein,26  m.  S.  of  Lindau. 

Vaena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  seated 
on  the  Castro,  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Cordova. 

Vaihe.nd,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  Segestan,  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name  40  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Arok- 
hage. 

Vaighingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtem- 
berg,  seated  on  the  Enz,  18  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Stutt 
gard. 

Vaison,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  Trogus  Pompe- 
us,  the  Roman  Historian.  It  is  seated  on  a 
mountain,  near  the  river  Oreze,  and  the  ruins  of 
ancient  Vaison,  which  was  one  of  the  largest 
cities  of  the  Gauls.  22  m.  N.  E.  of  Avignon  and 
23  S.  S.  E.  of  Montelimar. 

Val,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  3  m.  W.  of 
Maestricht,  where  in  1744  marshal  Sa.xe  obtained 
a  victory  over  the  duke  of  Cumberland. 

Val  di  Demonti,  a  province  in  the  N.  E.  anjle 
of  Sicily.  It  means  tlie  vafley  of  demons,  and  is 
BO  called  because  Mount  JDtna  is  situate  in  this 
province,  which  occasioned  ignorant  and  super- 
stitious people,  at  the  time  of  its  fiery  eruptions, 
to  believe  it  was  a  chimney  of  hell.  The  capital 
18  Messina. 

Val  di  Mazara,  a  province  in  the  W.  angle  of 
Sicily,  so  called  from  the  town  of  Mazara.  It 
contains  Palermo,  the  capital  of  the  whole  isl- 
and. 

Val  di  Nolo,  a  province  in  the  S.  E.  angle  of 
Sicily,  so  called  from  the  town  of  Noto,  its  capi- 
Ul. 

Valais,  a  canton  of  Switzerland,  which  consists 


of  a  valley  100  m.  long  and  20  broad,  between 
ridges  of  very  high  mountains,  among  which  are 
the  Great  St.  Bernard,  Grimsel,  Furca,  and  others 
whose  summits  are  never  free  from  snow.  The 
S.  chain  separates  it  from  the  Milanese,  Piedmont, 
and  Savoy  ;  the  N.  divides  it  from  the  canton  of 
Bern.  The  country  is  divided  into  Uppei  and 
Lower  Valais.  The  former  reaches  from  Mount 
Furca,  its  E.  boundary,  to  lhe\  .ver  Morge,  below 
Sion,  and  the  latter  from  that  river  to  St.  Gingou, 
on  the  lake  of  Geneva.  A  country  consisting  of 
plains,  elevated  valleys,  a'ld  lofty  monntains, 
must  necessarily  exhibit  a  great  variety  of  cli- 
mates and  prospects.  The  productions  must  vary 
also  according  to  its  singul-ir  diversity  of  climates  ; 
for  strawberries,  cherries,  plums,  pears,  and 
grapes,  in  their  natural  growth,  may  be  tasted  in 
the  same  day.  It  has  riore  than  sufficient  wine 
and  corn  for  interior  consumption,  the  soil  in  the 
midland  and  lower  districts  being  exceedingly 
rich  and  fertile ;  but,  in  the  more  elevated  parts, 
barley  is  the  only  grain  that  can  be  cultivated 
with  success.  The  inhabitants  profess  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion,  and  the  lower  class  are  ex- 
tremely indolent  and  dirty  ;  they  have  no  manu- 
factures of  any  consequence.  In  1802  the  Valais 
was  constituted  an  independent  republic,  under 
the  guarrantee  of  France,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  ; 
but  in  1814  it  was  annexed  to  Switzerland.  Sion 
is  the  capital. 

Valckotrnr,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated  on  the 
Walpo,  near  its  conflux  with  the  Danube,  70  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Belgrade. 

Valdai,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Novoirorod,  on  the  side  of  a  lake  of  the  same 
name.  The  lake  is  20  m.  in  circumference,  and 
has  an  island  in  the  middle,  on  which  is  a  con- 
vent surrounded  by  trees.  The  town  contains 
several  brick  buildings  ;  and  the  wooden  houses 
are  more  decorated  than  the  generality  of  Russian 
cottages.  It  is  72  m.  S.  E.  of  Novogorod.  Long. 
33.  44.  E.,  lat.  57.  50.  N. 

ValdasJics,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Tras  os 
Montps.  9  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Mirandela. 

Valdehuron,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  near  the 
source  of  the  Esla,  38  m.  N.  E.   of  Leon. 

Valdecabras ,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cuenza. 

Valdecona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  15 
m.  S.  by  W.  of  Tortosa. 

Valdfmoro,  a  town  of  Spain  in  New  Castile,  13 
m.  S.  of  Madrid. 

Valdicia  or  Baldivia,  a  sea-port  of  Chile,  built 
in  1552,  by  the  Spanish  general  Valdivia,  ai'ter  he 
had  conquered  the  country.  It  is  surrounded  by 
walls  built  of  earth,  and  defended  by  several  forts 
and  batteries  ;  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  has 
also  numerous  pieces  of  cannon  on  each  side.  In 
the  vicinity  are  many  gold  mines  It  stands  on 
a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  200  m.  S.  of  Concep- 
cion.     Long.  73.  10.  W.,  lat.  39.  40.  S. 

Valence,  a  city  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Drome,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  citadel, 
and  a  school  of  artillery.  It  is  surrounded  by 
walls  ;  and  the  greatest  part  of  the  public  places, 
and  many  private  houses,  are  adorned  with  foun- 
tains.     Besides  the   handsome   cathedral,    there 


VaL 


U9 


VAL 


are  manj  other  churches,  as  well  as  convents. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Rhone,  30  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Si- 
viers  and  335  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Long.  4.  52.  E., 
lat.  44.  55.  N. 

Valence,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
et-Garonne,  on  the  river  Garonne,  12  in.  S.  E. 
of  Agen. 

Valencia,  a  province  of  Spain,  formerly  a  king- 
dom ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Arragon,N.  E.  by 
Catalonia,  E.  by  the  Mediterranean,  S.  and  S. 
W.  by  Murcia,  and  W.  by  New  Castile.  It  is 
220  m.  long,  arid  from  20  to  t)0  broad,  and  the 
most  pleasant  and  populous  country  in  Spain  ; 
for  here  they  enjoy  a  perpetual  spring.  It  is 
watered  by  a  great  number  of  streams,  and  fertile 
in  all  the  necessaries  of  life,  especially  fruits,  oil, 
and  wine.  In  the  mountains  are  mines  of  iron 
and  alum,  and  quarries  of  marble,  jasper,  and 
lapis  calaminaris.  Here  is  also  much  silk,  cot- 
ton, and  hemp;  the  manufactures  of  which  are 
the  cause  of  a  considerable  population. 

Valenci'i,  a  city  of  Spain,  capital  of  the  above 
province,  and  an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  univer- 
sity. The  Moors  were  expelled  from  it  in  the 
12th  century.  It  was  taken  by  the  earl  of  Peter- 
borough in  1705,  and  lost  again  in  two  years 
after.  In  1811  it  was  taken  by  the  French,  under 
Suchet,  with  a  garrison  of  l(i,000  men,  and  im- 
mense stores.  It  contains  12,(100  houses  within 
the  walls,  besides  those  in  the  suburbs  and  plea- 
sure gardens  around  it,  which  amount  to  the  same 
number.  The  cathedral  has  a  steeple  130  feet 
high ;  and  one  side  of  the  choir  is  incrusted  with 
alabaster,  and  adorned  with  fine  paintings  of 
Scripture  history.  The  palace  of  the  viceroy, 
that  of  Ciuta,  the  monastery  of  St.  Jerome,  the 
exchange,  and  the  arsenal,  are  all  worthy  of  no- 
tice. Here  are  manufactures  of  cloth  and  silk  ; 
and  several  remains  of  antiquity.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Guadalaviar,  near  the  Mediterranean,  130  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Madrid.  Pop.  80,000. 

Valencia,  a  town  of  S.  America,  in  Venezuela, 
seated  on  the  lake  Tocarigua,  57  m.  S.  W.  of 
Porto  Cavallo.     Long.  65.  30.  W.,  lat.  9.  50.  N. 

Valencia  d' Alcantara,  Bi  town  of  Spain,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  with  an  old  castle.  It  is  surrounded 
bv  walls,  and  stands  on  a  rock,  near  the  frontiers 
of  Portucral,  28  ra.  S.  W.  of  Alcantara  and  45  N. 
N.  W.  of  Badajos. 

Valenciennes,  a  city  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Nord,  seated  on  the  Scheldt,  which  flows 
through  it  in  several  branches,  and  here  begins 
to  be  navigable.  It  is  large  and  populous  ;  but 
the  streets  are  narrow  and  crooked  and  many  of 
the  houses  are  of  wood.  The  citadel  and  forti- 
fications were  constructed  by  order  of  Louis 
XIV.  who  took  this  town  from  the  Spaniards , 
ai.d  it  was  confirmed  to  him  by  the  treaty  of  Nim- 
guen,  in  1G78.  In  1793  it  was  taken  by  the  allies, 
under  the  duke  of  York,  after  a  severe  siege.  But 
in  1794  it  again  surrended  to  the  French  by  ca- 
pitulation, and  was  confirmed  to  them  by  the  trea- 
ties of  1814, 1815.  Besides  lace,  this  city  is  noted 
for  manufactures  of  woolen  stuffs  and  cambric. 
It  is  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Lisle  and  120  N.  N.  E.  of  Pa- 
ris.    Long.  3.  32.  E.,  lat.  50. 21.  N. 

Valentia,  an  island  and  harbour  on  the  coast  of 
Ireland  in  the  country  of  Kerry,  S.  of  Dingle  Bay. 

Valentine,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Up- 
per Garonne,  9  m.  N.  E.  of  St.  Bertrand. 

Valenza,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  gov- 
ernmept  of  Milan,  seated  on  a  mountain  near  the 
river  ?o.  12  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cassal,  and  35  S.  S. 
W.  of  Milan 


Valenza,  a  fortified  town  of  Portnffal  in  Entr^rf 
Douero  e  Mmho,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near 
the  river  Minho,  opposite  Tuy,  in  Spain,  and  30 
m.  N.  N.  W.   ofBraga. 

Valette,  a  city  of  Malta,  the  capital  of  that  is- 
land, and  wonderfully  st»ong  both  by  nature  and 
art.  It  is  seated  on  a  peninsula,  between  two  of 
the  finest  ports  in  the  world,  which  are  defended 
by  almost  impregnable  fortifications.  Valette  has 
three  gates,  and  the  streets  are  all  paved  with  flat 
squai-e  stones.  The  houses  are  neat,  and  built  of 
stone  ;  the  rooms  forming  a  flat  terrace  plastered 
with  pozzolana  ;  and  most  of  thens  have  a  balco- 
ny to  the  street,  where  the  inhabitants  pass  a  great 
part  of  their  time.  The  principal  buildings  are 
the  palace  of  the  grand  master,  the  infirmary,  the 
conservatory,  and  the  magnificent  church  of  St. 
John.  The  pavement  of  this  church  is  composed 
entirely  of  sepulchral  monuments  of  the  finest 
marbles,  porphyry,  lapis  lazuli,  and  a  variety  of 
other  valuable  stones,  admirably  joined  together, 
representing  the  arms,  insignia,  &c.,  of  the  per- 
sons whose  names  they  commemorate.  The  great 
source  of  water  that  supplies  Valette  rises  near 
Citta  Vecchia,  and  is  thence  conveyed  by  an  aque- 
duct, erected  at  the  expense  of  one  of  the  grand 
masters.  Valette  is  situate  opposite  Cade  Passe- 
ro  in  Sicily.     Long.  15.  34.  E.,  lat.  35.54.  N. 

Valette,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Char- 
ente,  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Angouleme. 

Valkenbvrg-,  or  Fa.uquemont,  a  town  of  the  Neth- 
erlands, in  Limburg.  In  1672  it  was  taken  by 
the  French,  who  demolished  the  fortifications.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Geule,  8  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Maes- 
tricht.     Long.  5.  58.  E.,  lat.  51.  0.  N. 

Valladolid,  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  capital  of  a 
province  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishops's  see 
with  a  university.  It  has  long  and  broad  streets, 
and  is  adorned  with  handsome  buildings,  squares, 
and  fountains.  The  market  place,  called  El  Cam- 
po,  is700  paces  in  circumference,  surrounded  by 
a  great  number  of  convents.  There  are  nume- 
rous monasteries  and  nunneries,  the  finest  of 
which  is  that  of  the  Domnicans,  remarkable  for 
its  church,  which  is  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
in  the  city.  The  kings  formerly  resided  at  this 
place ;  and  the  royal  palace,  which  still  remains, 
is  of  very  large  extent,  though  but  two  stories 
high.  The  town-house  lakes  up  the  entire  side  of 
a  square.  Here  are  some  woolen  manufactures, 
and  many  goldsmiths  and  jev/elera.  The  envi- 
rons of  the  city  are  covered  with  gardens,  orch- 
ards, vineyards,  meadows  and  fields.  Valladolid 
was  taken  and  retaken  several  times,  by  the 
French  and  Spaniards,  during  the  late  peninsular 
war.  It  is  seated  on  the  Escurva,  near  the  Pis- 
ner<ra,  74  in.  S.  S.  W.  of  Leon  and  100  N.  N.  W. 
of  Madrid.     Long.  4.  47.  W.,  lat.  41.  42.  N. 

Valladolid,  a  province  of  the  republic  of  Mexi- 
co, bounded  N.  by  the  Rio  de  Lerma,  S.  by  the 
Pacific,  W.  by  New  Galicia,  and  E.  by  Mexico 
Proper.  It  is  200  miles  in  circumference,  and  is 
very  rich,  abounding  in  all  the  necesssaries  of 
life ;  and  the  climate  in  general  is  mild  and  sa- 
lubrious. At  the  period  of  the  Spanish  conquest 
this  province  formed  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Me- 
choacan,  which  was  independant  of  the  ancient 
Mexican  empire. 

Valladolid,  or  Mechoacan,  a  city  of  Mexico,  cap- 
ital of  the  foregoing  province,  with  a  fine  cathe- 
dral,and  some  handsome  houses :  situate  on  a  river 
near  its  source,  120  m.  W.  of  Mexico. 

Valladolid,  or  Comayagua,  a  city  of  S.  America 
capital  of  Honduras ;  seated  in  a  plain,  380  m. 
3b3 


VAN 


750 


VAR 


E.  of  Guatemala.      Long.   88.  20.  W.,  lat.  14. 
35.  N. 

Vallelonsa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ul- 
tra, 18  m.  l£i.  N.  E.  of  Nicotttra. 

VaUencay,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Indre,  on  the  Nabon,  and  28  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Chateauroux. 

VuUengin,n.  town  of  Switzerland,  in  a  county 
of  its  name,  united  to  the  principality  of  Neuf- 
chatel.  It  is  seated  on  the  Scyon,  3  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Neufchatel. 

Vallers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Indre- 
et-Loire,  noted  for  its  mineral  waters,  4  m.  N.  W. 
of  Tours. 

Vallery,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Som- 
me,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Somme,  10  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Abbeville  and    100  N.  by    W.  of  Paris. 

Vallery  en  Caux,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Seine,  near  the  sea-coast.  William, 
duke  of  Normandy,  sailed  hence  when  he  made 
his  descent  on  England.  It  is  15  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Dieppe  and  100  N.   W.  of  Paris. 

VaUeAi  Forge,  p.v.  Chester  Co.  Pa.  on  the 
Schuylkill,  20  m.  N.  W.  Philadelphia,  with  man- 
ufactures of  iron. 

Vallier,  St.,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Drome 
near  the  river  Rhone,  18  m.  N.  of  Valence. 

Valogne,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Manche, 
noted  for  cloth  and  leather,  10  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Cherburg  and  50  W.  N.  W.  of  Caen. 

Valona,  a  sea-port  of  Albania,  and  an  archbish- 
op's see,  seated  at  the  entrance  of  the  gulf  of  Ven- 
ice, near  the  mountains  of  Chimera,  50  m.  S.  of 
Durazzo.     Long.  19.  40.  E,.  lat.  40.  54.  N. 

Vidimia,  p.v.  Jackson  Co.  Indiana,  64  m.  S. 
Indianapolis. 

Valparayso,  a  sea-port  of  Chile,  with  a  well- 
frequented  harbour,  defended  by  a  strong  fort. 
Its  proximity  to  St.  Jago  has  drawn  hither  all  the 
commerce  formerly  carried  on  between  that  city 
and  Callao,  which  consists  principally  of  wheat, 
tallow,  leather,  cordage,  and  dried  fruits.  It  is 
seated  on  a  bay  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  at  the  foot 
of  a  high  mountain,  75  m.  N.  W.  of  St  Jago. 
Long.  72.  19.  W.,  lat.  33.  3.  S. 

Valperga,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont,  IG  m.  N.  of  Turin. 

Valreas,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Vau- 
cluse,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Orange. 

Vals,  a  town  in  t-he  department  of  Ardeche, 
celebrated  for  mineral  springs;  seated  on  the  Ar- 
deche, 18  m.  N.  W.  of  Viviers. 

Viilleline,  or  Valle-ielino,  a  fertile  valley  of  Aus- 
trian Italy,  50  m.  long,  and  from  12  to  15  broad, 
enclosed  between  two  chains  of  high  mountains; 
the  N.  chain  separates  it  from  the  Orisons,  the  S. 
from  the  Venetian  territories ;  on  the  E.  it  is 
bounded  by  the  county  of  Bomiio,  and  on  the  W. 
by  that  of  Chiavana.  The  river  Adda  flows 
through  its  whole  length  into  the  lake  Como  ;  and 
it  is  divided  into  three  districts,  Upper,  Middle, 
and  Lower.  The  inhabitants  are  all  Roman  Cath- 
olics, and  have  no  manufactures ;  but  they  ex- 
port wine,  silk,  plants,  cheese,  butter,  and  cattle. 
on  the  20th  of  July,  1620,  there  was  a  general 
massacre  of  the  protestants  in  this  valley. 

Valva,n.  town  of  Naples  in  Abruzzo  Citra,  18 
m.S.  S.  W.  of  Civitadi  Chieta. 

Van,  a  strong  town  of  Curdistan,  with  a  castle 
on  a  mountain,  in  which  the  Turks  keep  a  nume- 
rous garrison.  It  is  governed  by  a  beglerbeg,  and 
seated  on  a  lake  of  its  name)  120  m.  in  circumfer- 
ence), 80  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Betlis.  Long.  44.  30.  E., 
lat.  37.  10.  N. 


Vancehurg,  p.v.  Lewis  Co.  Ken. 

Vanadlia,  the  capital  of  Illinois,  in  Fayette  Co 
stands  on  the  Kaskaskia,  55  m  N.  St.  Louis  and 
808.  W.  Washington.  The  situation  is  agreeable, 
but  the  place  is  in  its  infancy.  Pop.  500. 

Vandcnburg^  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  2,610. 
Evansville  is  the  capital. 

Van  Diemen's  Land,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacifii, 
160  m.  long  and  80  broad,  separated  from  the  S. 
part  of  New  Holland  by  Bass  Strait.  It  was  dis- 
covered by  Tasman  in  1642,  and  till  1799  was 
deemed  the  S.  extremity  of  New  Holland.  Cook 
called  here  in  1777  for  supplies  of  wood,  water,  and 
grass,  and  it  has  since  been  visited  by  different 
navigators.  The  natives  are  of  a  common  stature, 
but  rather  slender,  the  skin  black,  and  the  hair 
woolly,  but  their  lineaments  more  pleasing  than 
those  of  Negroes.  They  seem  to  prefer  birds 
to  all  other  food.  The  hovels  in  which  they  live 
resemble  those  of  New  S.Wales;  but  sometimes 
large  trees  are  hollowed  out  by  fire  to  the  height 
of  six  or  seven  feet.  The  land  is  chiefly  high, 
diversified  with  hills  and  valleys,  which  are  well 
wooded  and  watered.  The  forest  trees  seem  to 
be  all  of  one  kind,  growing  quite  straight  to  a 
height  proper  for  masts.  The  low  lands  produce 
flowering  shrubs  and  odoriferous  plants  that  per- 
fume the  air.  S.  Cape  is  in  long.  146.  50.  E.,  lat. 
43.  40.  S. 

Vaniam  Bady,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,in  Mysore, 
55  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Arcot  and  130  E.  of  Seringap- 
atam. 

Vannes,  a  sea-port  of  France,  capital  of  the  de- 
partment of  Morbihan,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The 
principal  trade  is  in  corn,  bariron,  and  fish.  It  is 
seated  on  the  gulf  of  Morbihan,  56  m.  S.  W.  of 
Rennes  and  555  VV.  by  S.  of  Paris.  Long.  2.  46 
W.,  lat.  47.  39.  N. 

Vansville,  p.t.  Prince  George  Co.  Maryl.  15  m 
N.  E.  Washington. 

Var,  a  department  of  France,  which  takes  its 
name  from  a  river  that  rises  in  the  county  of  Nice 
and  enters  the  Mediterranean.  4  m.  W.  of  Nice. 
The  surface  is  rugged  and  the  soil  very  various. 
It  contains  an  area  of  2,900  sq.  m.  with  290,000 
inhabitants.     Toulon  is  the  capital. 

Varallo,  a  strong  town  of  the  Sardinian  states, 
on  the  frontiers  of  Piedmont,  33  m.  E.  of  Aosta 
and  57  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Turin. 

Varambon,  a  town  of  Fiance,  department  of  Ain, 
on  the  river  Ain, 14  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bourg  en  Bresse. 

Varasdin,  a  town  of  Croatia,  with  a  castle  and 
a  citadel ;  seated  near  the  Drave,  65  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Carlstadt.     Long.  16.  32.  E.,  lat.  AG.  25.  N. 

Vardar,  a  river  oit  Greece,  which  rises  in  Mount 
Scardus,  and  flows  S.  through  Macedonia,  into 
the  gulf  of  Salonica. 

Varella,  a  cape  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  kingdom 
of  Ciampa.  Behind  it  is  a  mountain,  remarkable 
for  having  a  high  rock,  like  a  tower,  on  its  sum- 
mit.    Long.  109.  17.  E.,  lat.  12.  5(».  N. 

Varennes,  p.v.  Pendleton  Dis.  S.  Cy. 

Varennes,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Al- 
lier,  seated  on  an  eminence  near  the  river  Allier, 
20  m.  S.  of  Moulins. 

Varennes,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Meuse, 
where  Louis  XVI.,  his  queen,  sister,  and  two 
children,  were  arrested,  in  their  flight  from  the 
Tuilefies  in  1791,  and  conducted  back  to  Paris. 
13  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Verdun. 

Varese,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Milan,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Milan. 

Varhely,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  40  m.  S.  of 
Weissenburg. 


\ta 


%t 


VEN 


Variety  Mills,  p. v.  Nelson  Co.  Va. 

Viirna,  a  sen-port  of  Bulgaria,  and  an  arch- 
bishop's see  ;  seated  near  the  inoutli  ofthe  Varna, 
in  the  Black  Sea,  22  m.  N.  of  M^sembria  and  145 
N.  W.  of  Constantinople.  Long.  28.  2d.  E.,  lat. 
42.  44.  N. 

VarzF.y,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Nievre, 
24  m.  N.  of  Nevers. 

Vasil,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
N:ivogorod,  situate  on  the  Volga,  60  m.  E.  of  No- 
vogorod.     Long.  45.  44.  E.,  lat.  56.  16.  N. 

Vassal hornug/i,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  on  the 
Kennebec,  83  m.  N.  E.  Portland.     Pop.  2,761. 

Vass:f,  a  lown  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Marne,  where,  in  1.562,  a  bloody  persecution  ofthe 

frotestants  began,  by  order  of  the  duke  of  Guise, 
t  is  seated  on  the  Blaise, 10  m.  N.  W.  of  Joinvilie. 

Votan,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Indre,  8  m. 
N.  W.  of  Issoiidun. 

Vatka,  a  sea-port  of  the  Morea,  situate  on  a 
laro-e  bay  to  which  it  gives  name,  44  m.  S.  E.  of 
Misitra.     Long.  23.  2.  E.,  lat.  36.  38.  N. 

Vnucluse,  a  department  of  France,  including  the 
county  of  Venaissin  and  territory  of  Avignon. 
The  superficial  extent  is  estimated  at  1,400  sq.  m. 
with  210,000  iniiabitants.  It  takes  its  name  from 
the  fountain  of  Vaucluse,  12  m.  E.  of  Avignon,cel- 
ehnted  by  Petrarch.    The  chief  town  is  Avignon. 

Vaucoulcurs,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meuse,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  on  the  river 
Meuse,  23  m.  S.  E.  of  Bar  le  Due. 

Vautl,  Pays  de.     See  Pays. 

Vaudemont,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Meurthe,  18  m.  S.  by  W.  of  N<incy. 

Vauville,  a  town  in  the  department  ofManche, 
on  a  bay  to  which  it  gives  name,  9  m.  W.  of  Cher- 
burg. 

Vauxhale,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.,  seated  on 
the  Thames,  over  which  is  an  elegant  iron  bridge, 
of  nine  arches,  2  m.  S.  W.  of  London  It  is  cel- 
ebrated for  its  gardens,  which,  as  a  place  of  public 
entertainment,  are  the  finest  in  Europe. 

Vaypura,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Malabar, 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  a  fine  river,  down  which 
much  teak  timber  is  floated.     7  m.  S.  of  Calicut. 

Vecht,  a  river  that  rises  in  Westphalia,  near 
Munster,  crosses  the  counties  of  Stenfort  and  Ben- 
theim,  and,  entering  Overyssel,  passes  by  Ommen, 
Hasselt,  and  Swartsluys,  below  which  it  enters  the 
Zuyder  Zee. 

Vecht,  a  river  of  Holland,  which  branches  off 
from  the  old  channel  ofthe  Rhine  at  Utrecht,  and 
enters  the  Zuyder  Zee  at  Muyden. 

Vechta,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the 
principality  of  Olde.nburg,  seated  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  27  m.  S.  of  Oldenburg,  and  35  N.  N. 
E.  of  Osnaburg. 

Vedenskoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Archangel,  situate  on  the  Vokscha,  200  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Archangel.   Long.  46. 44.  E.,  lat  58.  4 .5.  N. 

Vtga,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  near  the 
coast,  34  m.  N.  W.  of  Oviedo. 

Vega,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of  Leon, 
22  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Leon. 

Vegayman,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Leon,  2S  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Leon. 

Vegli.a,  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  the 
coast  of  Dalmatia.  It  is  90  m.  in  circuit,  rocky  asi  J 
badly  cultivated,  but  produces  wine  and  bilk,  and 
has  small  horses  in  high  esteem.  The  town  of  the 
eame  name  has  a  good  harbour,  a  strong  citadel, 
and  is  the  see  of  a  bishop.  Long.  14.  56.  E.,  lat. 
45.  22,  N. 

Fegliana,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 


Piedmont,  seated  on  an  eminence,  near  the  riTeT 
Doria,  12  m.  xN.  W.  of  Turin. 

Vek,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Moultan,  seated 
at  the  junction  of  the  Setiedge  with  the  Indus,  63 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Moultan.    Long.  70.  5.  E.,  lat.  29. 

Vr.iros,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Alemtejo,  seated 
on  the  Anhaloura,  10  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Portalegre. 

Vtisenlmrg,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Revel,  near  the  gulf  of  Finland,  56  m.  E.  of 
Revel. 

Veil,  St.,  a  town  of  Austrian  lllyria,  in  Carin- 
thia,  with  an  old  castle,  seated  at  the  conflux  of 
the  Glan  and  Wunich,  8  m.  N.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Vela,  a  cape  on  the  N.  coastof  Terra  Firma  160 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  St.  Martha.  Long.  71.  25.  W.',  lat. 
12.  30.  N.  . 

Vela.y,  a  district  of  France,  which  is  full  of  high 
mountains,  covered  with  snow  the  gre'iter  part  of 
the  year,  but  abounds  in  cattle.  It  forms  a  part  of 
the  department  of  Upper  Loire. 

Velbnrg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  in  the  principality 
of  Neuburg,  with  a  decayed  castle,  22  m.  N.  W. 
of  Batiobon. 

Veldentz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Lower  Rhine,  with  a  castle.  The  environs  pro- 
duce excellent  Moselle  wine.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Moselle,  19  m.  N.  E.  of  Treves. 

Vclctri,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
the  residence  ofthe  bishop  of  Ostia,  whose  palace 
is  magnificent ;  and  there  are  large  squares  adorn- 
ed with  fine  fountains.  It  is  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence, 18  m.  S.  E.  of  Rome. 

Velez  de  Gomara,  a  sea-port  of  the  kingdom  of 
Fez,  with  a  castle,  seated  between  two  high 
mountains,  on  the  Mediterranean,  120  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  Fez.     Long.  4.  0.  W.,  lat.  55.  10.  N. 

Velez  Malaga,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Grenada, 
seated  in  a  large  plain,  between  two  rivers,  near 
the  Mediterranean,  13  m.  £.  by  N.  of  Malaga  and 
62  S.  W.  of  Grenada. 

Velika,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  on  the  river  Baka- 
wa,  10  m.  E.  of  Cruetz  and  60  N.  W.  of  Fosega. 

Velore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carna-Sc, 
with  a  large  and  beautiful  fort,  strongly  garrison- 
ed by  English  forces.  The  town  is  pretty  large, 
and  well  built.  Above  it  are  three  small  forts  on 
as  many  hills.  It  is  seated  in  a  fine  valley,  on 
the  Paliar,  14  m.  VV.  of  Arcot. 

Venafro,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro, 
25  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Capua. 

Venaissin,  a  small  but  fertile  district  of  France, 
now  included  in  the  department  of  Vaucluse. 

Venango,  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Pop.  4,706.     Warren  is  the  capital. 

Venant,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Pas  de  Calais,  on  the  river  Lis,  6  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Bethune  and  27  S.  E.  of  Dunkirk. 

Venasque,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Arragon,  in  a 
valley  of  the  same  name,  and  on  the  river  Essarn, 
47  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Balbastro. 

Vena.'ique,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Vaucluse,  on  the  river  Nasque,  1 0  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Carpentras  and  18  E.  N.  E.  of  Avia;non. 

Vtndtllchery.  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  E. 
part  of  Mysore,  ceded  to  the  English  by  the  treaty 
of  Seringapatam.  Here  are  the  remains  of  the 
rajah'.s  palace,  and  tiie  ruins  (if  a  fort.  Near  this 
place  iron  is  smelted  from  Mack  sand.  It  is  57  m. 
W.  of  Arcot  and  58  E.  of  Bangalore. 

Vf.nce,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Var,  9 
m.  N.  of  Antibes  and  9  W.  of  Nice. 

Vendee,  a  deijartnient  of  France,  including  part 
ot  the  former  province  of  Poitou.     It  is  so  cidled 


VEN 


7S2 


VEN 


fVom  a  small  river  of  the  same  name.  The  sur- 
face is  level  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  contains  an 
area  of  2,G()0  sq.  m.  with  280,000  inhabitants. 
Bourbon  Vendee  is  the  capital. 

Venden,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Riga,  on  the  river  Aa,  SO  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Riga. 

Vendome,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Loire-et-Cher,  on  the  river  Loire,  30  m.  N.  E.  of 
Tours  and  95  S.  W.  of  Paris. 

Vendrell,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  25  m. 
W.  SW.  of  Barcelona. 

Venei'ia,  a  town  of  Piedmont,  which  took  its 
name  from  a  magnificent  hunting-seat  built  by  a 
duke  of  Savoy.  It  has  manufactures  of  wool  and 
Bilk,  and  stands  on  the  Stura,  8  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Turin. 

Venezuela,  one  of  the  12  provinces  of  the  re- 
public of  Colombia,  bounded  E.  by  the  province 
of  Cumana,  W.  by  Maracaybo,  N.  by  the  Carrib- 
ean  Sea,  and  S.  by  the  plains  of  Varinas  and  the 
Orinoco.  It  spreads  round  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name  (which  reaches  90  m.  within  land,  and  is 
80  in  breadth)  and  the  lake  of  Maracaybo.  When 
the  Spaniards  landed  here  in  1499  they  observed 
some  huts  built  upon  piles,  in  an  Indian  village 
named  Cora,  in  order  to  raise  them  above  the 
stagnated  water  that  covered  the  plain  ;  and  this 
induced  them  to  give  it  the  name  of  Venezuela, 
or  Little  Venice.  Near  the  sea  coast  are  high 
mountains,  the  tops  of  which  are  barren,  but  the 
lower  parts  in  the  valley  are  fertile,  and  gold  is 
found  in  the  sands  of  the  rivers.  The  province 
is  said  to  contain  100,000  inhabitants,  who  raise 
great  numbers  of  sheep,  manufacture  some  cotton 
stuffs,  and  cultivate  excellent  tobacco,  cocoa,  and 
sugar.     Caracas  is  the  capital. 

Venice,  formerly  a  celebrated  republic  of  Italy, 
the  government  of  which  was  aristocratic,  for 
none  could  have  any  share  in  it  but  the  nobles. 
The  doge  was  elected  by  a  plurality  of  votes,  ob- 
tained in  a  peculiar  manner  by  means  of  gold  and 
silver  balls  ;  and  after  his  election  the  ducal  cap 
was  placed  on  his  head  with  great  ceremony,  on 
his  public  entrance  into  St.  Mark's  church.  He 
held  his  dignity  for  life,  and  his  office  was  to 
marry  the  Adriatic  Sea,  in  the  name  of  the  re- 
public ;  to  preside  in  all  assemblies  of  the  state  j 
to  have  an  eye  over  all  the  members  of  the  mag- 
istracy ;  and  to  nominate  to  all  the  benefices  an- 
nexed to  the  church  of  St.  Mark.  On  the  other 
hand  his  power  was  so  limited  that  he  has  been 
justly  defined  to  be,  in  habit  and  state,  a  king ; 
in  authority  a  counseller;  in  the  city  a  prisoner; 
and  out  of  it  a  private  person.  There  were  five 
councils  :  the  first  was  called  La  Signoria,  com- 
posed of  the  doge  and  six  counsellors.  The  sec- 
ond was  II  Consiglio  Grande,  in  which  all  the 
nobles,  amounting  to  2,500,  had  a  voice.  The 
third  wa«  II;  Consiglio  dei  Pregadi,  consisting  of 
about  250  of  the  nobility.  The  fourth  was  II 
Consiglio  Proprio,  which  was  united  to  the  Sig- 
noria ;  its  members  consisted  of  28  assessors ; 
this  council  gave  audience  to  the  ambassadors. 
The  fifth  and  last  was  II  Consiglio  dei  Dicoi, 
composed  of  ten  counsellors,  who  took  iholicc  of 
all  criminal  matters ;  and  the  doge  himself,  when 
accu.seti,  was  obliged  to  appear  before  them ; 
there  was  no  appeal  from  this  council,  which 
was  a  severe  state  inquisition.  This  constitution, 
however,  no  longer  exists.  In  1737,  a  tumult 
having  happened  at  Venice,  in  which  some  French 
soldiers  were  killed,  the  French  seized  the  city, 
and  instituted  a  provisionary  democratic  govern- 
tficat;   but  soon  after,   by  the   treaty   of  Campo 


Formio,  the  city  and  territory  of  Venice,  3ylnff  io 
the  N.  and  W.  of  the  river  Adige,  was  ceded  to 
Austria  as  a  duchy,  in  equivalence  for  the  domin- 
ions that  house  had  lost  in  the  Netherlands  and 
the  remainder  of  the  territory  was  annexed  to 
what  the  French  then  styled  the  Cisalpine  repub- 
lic. In  1805  commenced  a  short  war  between 
Austria  and  France,  and,  by  the  treaty  of  peace 
at  Presburg.  the  duchy  of  Venice  was  given  up, 
and  the  whole  territory  of  Venice  was  annexed  to 
the  kingdom  of  Italy.  The  Austrians,  however, 
took  possession  of  this  country  in  1814.  The 
Venetian  territories  on  the  continent,  enumerated 
above  (and  which,  by  way  of  distinction,  are  some- 
times called  the  Terra  Firma)  are  described  in 
their  respective  places. 

Venice  was  onca  one  of  the  most  powerful 
commercial  and  maritime  states  in  Europe.  For 
this  it  was  indebted,  at  first,  to  the  monopoly  of 
the  commerce  of  India ;  the  products  of  that 
country  being  conveyed,  in  the  middle  ages,  up 
the  gulf  of  Persia,  the  Euphrates,  and  the  Tigris  as 
far  as  Bagdad  ;  thence  by  land  across  the  desert, 
to  Palmyra;  and  thence  to  the  Mediterranean 
ports;  and  afterwards  the  supplying  of  the  cru- 
saders with  provisions  and  military  stores  was  an 
additional  source  of  opulence  and  power.  All 
this  declined,  however,  after  the  discovery  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  the  Portuguese,  in  1486  ; 
which  in  its  consequences,  has  reduced  Venice 
from  a -state  of  the  highest  splendour  to  compar- 
tive  insignificance.  The  Venetians  are  lively  and 
ingenious,  extravagantly  fond  of  amusements, 
with  an  uncommon  relish  fof"humour.  They  are 
in  general  tall,  well  made,  and  of  a  ruddy  brown 
colour,  with  dark  eyes.  The  women  are  of  a 
fine  style  of  countenance,  with  expressive  features 
and  a  skin  of  rich  carnation:  they  are  of  easy  ad- 
dress, and  have  no  aversion  to  cultivate  an  ac- 
quaintance with  strangers  who  are  properly  re- 
commended. Whatever  degree  of  licentiousness 
may  prevail  among  them,  jealousy,  poison,  and 
the  stiletto  have  been  long  banished  from  their 
gallantry.  The  common  people  display  some 
qualities  very  rarely  to  be  found  in  that  sphere  of 
life,  being  remarkably  sober,  obliging  to  strangers, 
and  gentle  in  their  intercourse  with  each  other. 

Venice,  a  city  of  Italy,  and  a  long  time  the  cap- 
ital of  a  territory  of  the  same  name.  In  the  4th 
century,  when  Attila,  king  of  the  Huns,  rav- 
aged the  N.  part  of  Italy,  many  of  the  inhabit- 
ants abandoned  their  country,  and  retired  into 
the  islands  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  now  called  the 
gulf  of  Venice,  These  islands  being  near  each 
other,  they  found  means  to  join  them  by  driv- 
ing piles  on  the  sides,  and  forming  the  channels 
into  canals,  on  which  they  built  houses,  and 
thus  the  superb  city  of  Venice  had  its  begin- 
ning. It  is  the  see  of  a  patriarch,  and  stands  on 
72  little  islands,  about  5  m.  from  the  mainland, 
in  a  kind  of  laguna  or  lake,  separated  from  the 
gulf  of  Venice  by  some  islands  at  a  few  m.  dis- 
tance. These  islands  in  a  great  measure  break  the 
force  of  the  Adriatic  storms,  before  they  reach  the 
laguna.  The  number  of  the  inhahitaiits  jn  1825, 
was  109.927.  They  have  a  fl(mrishiiig  trade  in 
silk  manufactures,  bone-lace,  and  all  sorts  of  glasses 
and  mirrors,  which  make  their  principal  employ- 
ments. Most  of  the  hou.ses  have  a  door  open- 
ing upon  a  canal,  and  another  into  a  street,  by 
means  of  which,  and  of  the  bridges,  a  person  may 
go  to  almost  any  part  of  the  city  by  land  as  well 
as  by  water.  The  streets  in  general  are  narrow, 
and  so  are  the   canals,  except  the  Grand  Canal 


VEN 


753 


ITER 


which  is  very  broad  and  has  a  serpentine  course 
through  the  middle  of  the  city.  There  are  nearly 
500  bridges  in  Venice  ;  but  most  of  them  are  only 
paltry  single  arches  thrown  over  the  canals.  The 
Rialto  consists  also  of  a  single  arch,  but  a  very 
noble  one,  and  of  marble,  built  across  the  grand  ca- 
nal, near  the  middle,  where  it  is  the  narrowest; 
this  celebrated  arch  is  90  feet  wide  on  the  level  of 
the  canal,  and  24  feet  high.  The  beauty  of  it  is 
impaired  by  two  rows  of  booths  or  shops,  which 
divide  its  upper  surface  into  three  narrow  streets. 
The  view  from  the  Rialto  is  equally  lively  and 
magnificent,  the  canal  being  covered  by  boats  and 
gondolas,  and  flanked  on  each  side  by  magnifi- 
cent palaces,  churches,  and  spires.  Tlie  patri- 
archal chur-sh  of  St.  Mark,  one  of  the  richest  and 
most  expensive  in  the  world,  is  crowned  by  five 
domes  :  and  the  treasury  is  very  rich  in  jewels 
and  relics.  In  the  numerous  cliurches  and  con- 
vents are  the  most  admirable  paintings  ;  and  in- 
deed Venice,  highly  renowned  for  valuable  pain 
tings,  far  surpasses,  in  this  respect,  even  Rome 
itself.  The  ducal  palace,  before  the  subversion 
oftlie  republic,  contained  the  apartments  of  the 
doge,  halls  and  chambers  for  the  senate  and  the 
different  councils  and  tribunals,  and  an  armory, 
in  which  a  great  number  of  muskets  were  kept, 
ready  charged,  that  the  nobles  might  arm  them- 
selves on  any  sudden  insurrection.  The  arsenal 
IS  a  fortification  of  three  m.  in  compass;  before  it 
was  possessed  by  the  French,  it  contained  arms 
for  60,000  foot  and  20,000  horse,  arranged  in  an 
ornamental  manner  ;  and  2,800  men  were  daily 
employed  in  building  ships,  casting  cannons, 
making  cables,  sails,  anchors,  &c.  The  hand- 
some structure  called  II  Frontica  di  Tedeschi,  con- 
taining 22  shops  and  100  rooms,  is  that  where 
the  German  merchants  store  their  commodities. 
The  bank  of  Venice  is  supposed  to  be  the  first 
of  the  kind  in  Europe,  after  the  model  of  which 
those  of  Amsterdam  and  Hamburg  were  estab- 
lished. In  this  city  a  famous  carnival  is  held  from 
Christmas  till  Ash  Wednesday,  in  all  which  time 
libertinism  reigns  through  the  city,  and  thousands 
of  foreigners  frequent  it  from  all  parts  of  Europe- 
riie  chief  divisions  are  ridottos  and  masquerades  ; 
and  St.  Mark's  Place  is  the  general  rendezvous. 
Venice  is  included  in  the  provinces  called  the  Do- 
gado,  and  is  125  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Florence  and  140 
E.  of  Milan.     Long.  12.  23.  E,,  lat.  45   27.  N. 

Venice,  Gulf  of,  a  sea  or  gulf  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, between  Italy  and  Turkey  in  Europe.  It 
is  the  ancient  Adriaticum  Mare,  and  is  still  some- 
times called  the  Adriatic  Sea.  There  are  many 
islands  in  it,  and  many  bays  or  small  gulfs  on 
each  coast.  The  grand  ceremony  of  the  doge  of 
Venice  marrying  the  Adriatic  annually  on  Ascen- 
sion Day,  by  dropping  into  it  a  ring  from  his  bu- 
centaur,  or  state  barge,  attended  by  all  the  nobili- 
ty and  ambassadors  in  gondolas,  was  intPrraitted 
in  1797,  for  the  first  time  for  several  centuries. 

Venice,  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y.  174  m.  W.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  2,445  ;  p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio,  on  San- 
dusky Bay,  110  m.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

Venlo,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Guelderland,  and  a  place  of  trade  for  merchan- 
dize coming  from  the  adjacent  countries.  In 
1703  it  surrendered  to  the  allies,  and  was  confirm- 
ed to  the  Dutch  by  the  barrier  treaty  in  1715.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1794,  but  ceded  to 
the  allies  in  1814.  It  is  seated  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Meuse,  opposite  Fort  St.  Michael,  12  m.  N. 
of  Ruremonde.     Long.  «.  6.  E.,  lat.  51.  22.  N. 

Venosa,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Basilioala,  noted 
9§ 


as  the  birth-place  of  Horace  ;  seated  on  the  river 
Ofanto,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Acerenza. 

Venta  de  Cruz,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  the 
isthmus  of  Darien,  seated  on  the  river  Chagre. 
Here  the  Spaniards  used  to  bring  the  merchan- 
dize of  Peru  and  Chile  on  muleg  from  Panama, 
and  embark  it  on  the  river  for  Porto  Bello,  20  ni. 
N.  of  Panama. 

Venzone,  a  town  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  Friuli, 
situate  on  the  Tagliamento,  18  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Friuli. 

Vera,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Grenada,  24  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Almeria  and  80  E.  of  Grenada. 

Vera  Cruz,  a  province  of  Mexico,  comprising  a 
considerable  part  of  the  eastern  coast.  It  has  an 
area  of  about  32,000  square  miles,  with  160,000 
inhabitants.  The  soil  of  the  lower  grounds  is 
abundantly  productive,  but  the  climate  is  so  vari- 
ous that  in  the  space  of  one  day  the  traveller 
may  pass  from  the  regions  of  perpetual  snow 
through  all  the  intermedinte  temperatures  to  the 
suffocating  heat  of  the  plain  near  the  sea,  and 
within  the  compass  of  a  few  miles  the  naturalist 
may  range  through  the  scale  of  vegetation. 

Vera  Cruz,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Mexico,  cap- 
ital of  the  above.  The  harbour  is  defended  by  a 
fort,  situate  on  a  rock  of  the  island  of  St.  Juar 
de  Ulhua,  nearly  adjoining.  This  port  is  the 
natural  centre  of  the  treasure  and  merchandise 
of  Mexico,  and  it  receives  much  E.  India  produce 
by  way  of  Acapuico  from  the  Philippine  Islands. 
The  city  is  regularly  built;  its  streets  broad  and 
strait,  and  its  edifices  constructed  of  Materials 
drawn  from  the  bottom  of  the  ocean — for  no  rock 
is  to  be  procured  in  the  neighbourhood.  It  is 
situated  in  an  arid  plain,  without  running  wa- 
ter, and  on  which  the  N.  winds  blow  with 
dreadful  impetuosity  from  October  to  April,  form 
ing  vast  hills  of  moving  sand.  People  in  easy 
circumstances  drink  rain  water  collected  in  cis- 
terns, and  it  is  in  contemplation  to  erect  public 
cisterns  within  the  precincts  of  the  city  ;  but  at 
present  the  common  people  are  obliged  to  use  wa- 
ter which  proceeds  from  the  filtration  of  th^ 
marshes,  and  which  having  been  in  contact  witu 
the  roots  of  vegetables,  is  of  very  bad  quality 
The  Old  Town,  16  m.  to  the  N.  W.,  is  famous  on 
account  of  the  landing  of  Cortez,  with  500  Span- 
iards, when  he  undertook  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 
Vera  Cruz  is  200  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Mexico.  Long 
96.  50.  W.,  lat.  19.  5.  N. 

Vera  Paz,  a  province  of  S.  America,in  Guatema- 
la, bounded  on  the  N.  by  Yucatan,  E.  by  the  bay 
and  province  of  Honduras,  S.  by  Guatemala  Pro- 
per, and  W.  by  Chiapa.  Jt  is  full  of  mountains 
and  forests  ;  but  there  are  many  fertile  valleys 
which  feed  a  great  number  of  horses  and  mules. 
There  are  also  many  towns  and  villages  of  the 
native  Americans.  The  capital,  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  bishop's  see,  but  is  inconsiderable.  I* 
is  120  m.  N.  E.  of  Guatemala.  Long.  90.  55.  W 
lat  15.  30.  N. 

Veragua,  a  province  of  Terra  Firma,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  E.  by  the  prov- 
ince and  bay  of  Panama,  S.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  W.  by  Costa  Rica.  It  is  125  m.  long  and  40 
broad,  and  is  a  mountainous  and  barren  country, 
but  abounds  in  gold  and  silver.  St.  .lago  is  the 
capital. 

Verberie,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Oise, 
on  the  river  Oise,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Senlis. 

VerceUi,  a  city  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  Pied- 
mont, capital  of  a  lordship  of  the  same  name,  and 
a  bishop's  see.    The  townhouse.  the  governor'* 


TEB, 


?8t 


VER 


palace,  and  the  hospital,  are  handsome  structures. 
The  inhabitants,  estimated  at  20,000,  are  chiefly 
employed  in  the  manufacture  of  silk.  It  is  seat- 
ed at  the  conflux  of  the  Cerva  with  the  Cesia,  40 
m.  N.  E.  of  Turin.  Long.  8.  24.  E,  lat.  45. 
31.  N. 

Verckolensk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutsk,  seated  on  the  Lena,  120  m.  N. 
of  Irkutsk.     Long.  105.  35.  E.,  lat.  54.  0.  N. 

Verckotura,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Perm,  and  a  bishop's  see.  This  was  the 
first  town  the  Russians  built  in  Siberia.  It  is  sit- 
uate near  the  river  Tura,  120  m.  N.  of  Catharinen- 
burg.     Long.  60.  15.  E.,  lat.  58.  45.  N. 

Verde,  Cape,  a  promontory  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Africa,  145  m.  N.  W.  of  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia. 
Long.  17.  31.  W.,  lat.  14.  44.  N. 

Verde  Islands,  Cape,  islands  in  the  Atlantic, 
above  300  m.  W.  of  the  coast  of  Africa,  between 
13.  and  19.  N.  lat.  They  were  discovered  in 
1446,  by  Anthony  Noel,  a  Genoese  in  the  service 
of  Portugal,  and  received  their  general  name  from 
their  situation  opposite  Cape  Verde  ;  but  they  are 
said  to  have  been  known  to  the  ancients,  under 
the  name  of  Gorgades.  They  are  ten  in  number, 
lying  in  a  semicircle.  The  names  are  St.  Anto- 
nio, St.  Vincent, St.  Lucia,  St.  Nicholas,  Sal,  Bon- 
avista,  Mayo,  St.  Jago,  Fuego,  and  Brava.  St. 
Jago  is  the  principal. 

Verden,  a  duchy  of  Hanover,  28  m.  long  and 
nearly  as  much  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  W.  and 
N.  by  the  duchy  of  Bremen,  and  E.  and  S.  by  the 
duchy  of  Lunenburg.  It  consists  chiefly  of  heaths 
and  high  dry  lands  ;  but  there  are  good  marshes 
on  the  rivers  Weser  and  Aller.  It  was  formerly 
a  bishopric,  which,  at  the  peace  of  Westphalia, 
was  secularised,  and  ceded  to  Sweden  ;  in  1712 
it  was  taken  by  the  Danes,  who,  in  1715,  ceded  it 
to  the  electoral  house  of  Brunswick,  which  session 
was  confirmed  in  1718  by  the  Swedes.  The  in- 
habitants are  Lutherans. 

Verden,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  duchy,  con- 
tains four  churches,  and  is  seated  on  a  branch  of 
the  Aller,  18  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bremen.  Long.  9. 
20.  E.,  lat.  52.  58.  N. 

Verdun,  a  strong  town  of  France,  department 
of  Meuse,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  citadel,  which 
is  a  regular  fortification,  was  constructed  by  Vau- 
ban,  who  was  a  native  of  this  place.  Besides  the 
cathedral  there  are  a  collegiate  church  and  nine 
parish  churches,  and  it  is  divided  into  the  Upper, 
Lower,  and  New  Town.  Verdun  surrendered  to 
tlie  Prussians  in  1792,  but  was  retaken  soon  after. 
Here  Bonaparte  confined  those  Englishmen  whom 
he  detained  after  the  rupture  of  liiOS.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Meuse,  28  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Bar  le  Due 
and  140  E.  by  N.  of  Paris.  Long.  5.  23.  E.,  lat. 
49. 9.  N.         ^  ^ 

Verdun,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Saone-et 
Loire,  seated  on  the  Saone,  at  the  influx  of  the 
Doubs,  30  m.  E.  by.  S.  of  Autun. 

Verdun,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  seated  on  the  Garonne, 20  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Toulouse. 

Verea,  a  town  of  Macedonia,  48  m.  W.  of  Sa- 
lonica. 

Vereria,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Moscow,  56  "^    Vf .  S.  W.  of  Moscow. 

Vergennes,  i,X.  Addison  Co.  Vt.  on  L.  Cham- 
plain  at  the  mouth  of  Otter  Creek.  21.  m.  S. 
Burlington.  Pop.  999.  This  place  has  been  in- 
corporated with  city  privileges.  It  has  many  iron 
foundries  and  mills,  and  manufactures  of  woolen. 

ferinu,  a  town  of  Terra  Firma,  in  Cumana, 


celeb-ated  for  its  tobacco.  It  is  situate  on  a  gulf 
of  the  Atlantic,  45  m.  E.  of  Cumana.  Long.  63 
44.  W.,  lat.  10.  8.  N. 

Vermandois,  a  territory  of  France    in  Picardy 

Vermanton,  a  town  of  France  department  of 
Yonnc,  14  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Auxerre. 

Vermejo,  a  river  which  rises  in  Tucuman,  on 
the  borders  of  Peru,  flows  S.  E.  to  the  Paraguay, 
and  enters  that  river  a  little  above  its  junction 
with  the  Parana. 

Vermilion,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  5,836. 
Danville  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Indiana. 
Pop.  5,706.     Newp'irt  is  the  capital. 

Vermilion,  p.t.  Huron  Co.  Ohio.  133.  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus.  Pop.  505 ;  p.t.  Richland  Co  Ohio. 
86  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.     Pop.  1,451. 

Vermont,  one  of  the  New  England  Statt'S. 
bounded  N.  by  Canada,  E.  by  N.  Hampshire,  S. 
by  Massachusetts  and  W.  by  N.  Y.  from  which  it 
is  separated  from  the  west  part  by  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  It  extends  from  42.  44.  to  45.  N.  lat.  and 
from  71.  33.  to  73.  2a  W.  long,  and  contains 
10,212  sq  miles.  The  eastern  limit  is  washed  by 
the  Connecticut,  and  the  whole  State  is  traversed 
from  N.  to  S.  by  the  Green  Mountains,  from 
which  numerous  small  streams  How  East  and 
West  into  Lake  Champlain  and  the  Connecticut. 
The  chief  of  these  streams  are  Onion  River,  Otter 
Creek,  the  Missisque,  the  Pasumsic,  White  Riv- 
er and  West  River.  Lake  Memphremagog  lies  on 
the  northern  limits  of  the  State.  A  remarkable 
eruption  of  one  of  the  small  lakes  of  this  state 
took  place  in  1810.  Long  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet 
of  water,  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  and  three 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  width,  was  situated  in  the 
town  of  Glover  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  and 
communicated  by  a  small  stream  with  lake  Cham- 
plain.  About  200  rods  from  Long  Lake,  was  a 
smaller  lake  on  much  lower  level,  the  outlet  of 
which  was  Barton  River,  flowing  in  an  opposite 
direction  into  Lake  Memphremagog.  The  land 
separating  these  lakes  was  a  steep  declivity.  The 
water  being  low  at  the  mills  on  Barton  River, 
during  the  summer  of  1810,  it  was  thought  ad- 
visable to  obtain  a  new  supply  by  letting  out  a 
portion  of  the  water  of  Long  Lake    into  the  lake 


beneath,  by  means  of  a  trench  down  the  intf  rven- 
ing  declivity.  Accordingly,  on  the  6th  of  June, 
the  people  of  the  neighbourhood  assembled  with 
their  tools,  and  began  the  work  of  cutting  the 
trench,  when  on  a  sudden  the  lake  burst  its  bor- 
ders, and  poured  with  its  whole  mass  down  the 
descent,  rushing  with  inconceivable  velocity  in 
an  immense  column,  three  quarters  of  a  mile 
wide,  and  80  feet  in  depth,  across  the  country  15 
rniles  into  Lake  Memphremagog.  This  furious 
torrent  tore  up  in  its  course,  rocks,  hills  and  for- 
ests, sweeping  away   houses,  mills,  cattle,  ^c 


VER 


753 


VER 


roaring  like  thunder,  and  shaking  the  earth  like 
a  miglity  earthquake.  The  inhabitants  of  Barton 
hearing  the  roar,  looked  up  toward  the  lake,  and 
beheld  the  torrent  coming  down  upon  them, 
bearing  a  whole  forest  upon  its  top.  The  cattle 
for  many  miles  round,  ran  bellowing  to  their 
homes,  and  all  the  neighbourhood  were  thrown 
into  the  greatest  terror.  No  lives  were  lost,  but 
a  vast  amount  of  damage  was  occasioned. — 
The  winter  begins  here  about  the  first  of 
December,  although  the  frosts  appear  as  early  as 
the  first  of  September.  From  the  first  setting  in, 
to  the  breaking  up  of  the  winter,  there  is  scarce- 
ly any  thaw.  The  winter  continues  till  April. 
Snow  storms  are  frequent,  yet  little  snow  falls  at 
a  time  :  they  come  from  all  points  of  the  compass 
except  the  East,  and  are  generally  over  in  a  few 
hours.  Tlie  cold  is  here  more  steady  and  uniform 
than  in  the  other  New  England  states.  On  the 
mountains,  the  snow  is  commonly  three    or   four 


feet  deep,  and  lies  till  the  end  of  April.  On  the 
low  grounds,  it  is  from  1  to  2  1-2  feet  in  depth, 
and  continues  till  about  the  20th  of  March.  The 
severest  cold  never  kills  the  young  trees,  and  the 
chilling  easterly  winds  of  spring  seldom  reach  so 
far  inland  as  to  be  felt  here  ;  west  of  the  Green 
Mountains  they  are  totally  unknown.  Droughts 
are  uncommon  ;  the  crops  more  frequently  suf- 
fer from  too  much  moisture.  During  April  and 
May  the  weather  is  mild  with  frequent  showers. 
Through  the  summer  it  is  fair  and  serene.  The 
wind  at  this  season  is  mostly  from  the  S.  W.  be- 
ing regulated  by  the  direction  of  the  mountains, 
and  the  shores  of  lake  Champlain.  The  heat  of 
the  day  is  excessive,  but  the  nights  are  ever  cool 
and  agreeable.  The  soil  is  generally  rich  and 
loamy.  On  the  borders  of  the  rivers  are  fine  tracts 
of  interval  land,  which  consists  of  a  deep,  black, 
alluvial  deposit ;  these  are  sometimes  a  mile  in 
width,  and  are  very  productive  in  maize,  grain, 
grass,  and  garden  vegetables.  The  uplands  are  in 
many  places  scarcely  inferior  to  the  intervals,  and 
are  in  general  sufficiently  free  from  stones  to  ad- 
mit of  easy  cultivation.  The  hills  and  mountains 
which  are  not  arable  on  account  of  their  steep- 
ness, or  the  rocks,  affijrd  the  best  of  pasturage 
for  nheep  and  cattle.  There  is  hardly  any  part  of 
the  country  better  adapted  to  the  rearing  of  hors- 
es, horned  cattle  and  sheep,  than  the  mountainous 
parts  of  this  state.  Wheat  is  raised  more  abund- 
antly on  the  western  side  of  the  mountains,  than 
on  the  eastern.  The  soil  and  climate  of  all  pnrts 
are  very  favourable  to  the  growth  of  the  apple  and 
other  fruits.  The  greater  part  of  the  state  is  bet- 
ter fitted  for  grazing,  than  tillage. 

Iron  is  abundant  in  this  state,  and  lead,  zinc, 
copper  and  manganese  are  found  in  many  places. 
Sulphate  of  iron,or  copperas  is  very  plentiful.  The 
best  iron  is  found  at  Peru  in  the  southern  part  of 


the  state,  and  has  the  highest  reputation  for  itk 
ductility  and  toughness.  It  is  worked  into 
chains,  bolts,  &c.  but  the  bed  of  ore  having  been 
much  reduced  of  late,  and  the  manufacture  of  iron 
increased,  an  inferior  sort  is  now  mixed  with  the 
Peru  iron,  by  which  its  quantity  has  much  de- 
teriorated. It  is  still,  however,  of  high  excel- 
lence. A  quarry  of  fine  marble  exists  in  Middle- 
bury.  It  rests  upon  a  bed  of  argillite,  and  rises 
in  many  places  above  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
The  marble  is  of  various  colors,  and  has  been 
wrouglU  ever  since  1806.  It  is  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  an  incorporated  company,  and  the  ma- 
chinery for  sawing  it  is  driven  by  water.  At 
Swanton  on  lake  Champlain  in  the  N.  is  an  inex- 
haustible quarry,  which  covers  an  area  o*"  more 
than  300  acres.  The  marble  is  of  a  beautiful 
black,  and  sometimes  of  a  bright  blue  clouded 
color.  100  saws  are  occupied  at  the  mills  in  this 
town,  in  working  it  into  various  forms.  On  a 
small  island  in  lake  Memphremagog,  is  a  quarry 
of  novaculile,  known  by  the  name  of  Magog  oil- 
stone ;  it  is  several  hundred  feet  in  length,  and 
interspersed  with  quartz.  A  manufactory  of  this 
stone  has  been  established  in  the  town  of  Burke. 
The  oil-stones  when  manufactured,  sell  for  50 
cents  per  pound.  Quarries  of  slate  are  wrought 
near  Brattleboro'.  The  surface  of  the  state  is 
highly  diversified.  From  the  mountainous  ridge 
which  occupies  the  centre  of  the  state,  the  land 
slopes,  toward  the  Connecticut  and  lake  Cham- 
plain. Adjoining  the  rivers  are  extensive  plains, 
but  the  elevated  country  forms  the  greater  pro- 
portion of  the  surface. 

In  the  northern  parts,  the  population  is  thin, 
and  the  country  still  unsubdue(i  by  the  plough. 
Innumerable  slumps,  the  remains  of  the  pris- 
tine forests,  deform  the  fields.  Pines  and  other 
trees,  girded,  dry,  and  blasted  bj'  summers  heat, 
and  winters  cold,  scorcfied  and  blackened  by  fire, 
or  piled  in  confusion,  on  fields  cleared  half  jy 
the  axe,  and  half  by  burning — these  with  the 
rude  low  huts  of  the  inhabitants,  indicate  a  coun- 
try imperfectly  subdued  by  man.  But  if  we  con- 
fine ourselves  to  merely  phj'sical  observations, 
and  consider  the  natural  formation  of  hill, 
mountain,  valley,  lake  and  stream,  we  shall  find 
this  state  to  be  among  the  most  picturesque  por- 
tions of  North  America. 

This  state  is  divided  into  13  counties.  The 
population  is  280,079.  Montpelier  is  the  capital. 
The  other  large  towns  are  Windsor,  Brattleboro, 
Burlington,  Middlebury,  Benington  and  Rutland. 
The  agriculture  resembles  that  of  the  other  New- 
England  states.  Wheat  is  only  cultivated  W. 
of  the  mountains.  Maize  thrives  best  on  the 
intervals,  but  is  also  raised  abundantly  on.  the 
uplands.  Farmers  who  are  industrious,  seldom 
fail  of  having  their  barns  filled  with  hay  and  flax  ; 
their  gfranaries  with  maize,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar- 
ley, ftease  and  beans,  and  their  cellars  with  the 
best  of  cider,  potatoes  and  other  esculent  roots. 
The  raising  of  wool  has  lately  much  increased. 
Lake  Champlain  aflTords  facilities  for  a  considerable 
commerce  between  this  stale  and  Canada.  Tiie 
trade  in  this  quarter  is  chiefly  with  Montre- 
al ;  the  exports  are  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  beef, 
pork,  butter  and  cheese,  flax,  live  cattle,  &c.  The 
domestic  trade  is  mostly  with  Boston,  New  York 
and  Hartford.  Except  the  domestic  fabrics  of  lin-' 
en  and  woolen  which  occupy  almost  every  family, 
the  m^hufactures  of  this  slate  are  not  considera- 
ble. There  are  however  above  100  woolen  and 
cotton  manufactories,  paper  mills  and  oil  mills 


VER 


756 


VER 


also  300  tanneries,  and  150  distilleries.  Maple 
augar  is  made  in  nearly  every  town  and  family  in 
the  state ;  the  average  quantity  made  by  each 
farming  family  is  estimated  at  150  pounds,  a- 
mounting  to  C  million  pounds  a  year.  Pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  and  iron  are  also  manufactured  in  va- 
rious parts.  There  are  manufactories  of  copper- 
as from  native  sulpliuret  of  iron  at  Strafford  and 
Shrewsbury. 

The  legislature  of  Vermont  is  comprised  in  a 
house  of  rcpresentitives  called  the  General  As- 
sembly. There  is  no  senate;  each  town  has 
one  representative.  The  executive  officers  are 
a  Governor,  Lt.  Governor,  and  a  council  of 
12,  chosen  annually  by  general  ballot :  all  resi- 
dents in  the  state  of  one  year's  standing  are  vo- 
ters. There  is  also  a  council  of  ceH5or«,  chosen 
every  7  years;  they  are  13  in  number,  and  hold 
their  office  for  a  year;  their  duty  is  to  inquire 
whether  the  constitution  has  been  preserved  in- 
violate during  the  period  preceding  their  appoint- 
ment, and  whether  the  leirislative  and  executive 
branches  have  done  their  duty,  and  to  suggest  al- 
terations in  the  constitution.  The  legislature 
meet  at  Montpelier  in  October.  The  Congrega- 
tionalists  have  203  churches,  and  110  ministers. 
The  Baptists  105  churches,  and  50  ministers. 
The  Methodists  have  44  ministers.  The  Episco- 
palians have  11  churches.  There  are  two  Unita- 
rian churches,  one  at  Burlington  and  one  at  Brat- 
tleboro'.  There  are  colleges  at  Burling'on  and 
Middlebury.  Academies  and  schools  are  numer- 
ous in  this  state  as  in  other  parts  of  iNew  England. 
Each  town  is  obliged  by  law  to  support  public 
schools.  Vermont  was  first  explored  by  the 
French  settlers  of  Canada,  but  the  earliest  set- 
tlement within  the  territory  was  made  by  the 
English  of  Massachusetts,  who  in  1724,  more 
than  100  years  after  the  discoveries  in  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Champlain,  established  themselves 
at  Fort  Dummer,  on  the  Connecticut.  Six  years 
after  this,  the  Frencn  advanced  from  Canada 
down  Lake  Champlain,  and  settled  at  Crown 
Point,  and  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake.  The 
claim  to  the  country  was  afterwards  disputed  by 
N.  Hampshire  and  New  York.  Tlie  British  Par- 
liament decided  in  favour  of  the  latter  state,  but 
much  confusion  and  altercation  were  caused  by 
the  conflicting  grants  of  land  made  bv  the  N. 
Hampshire  and  iV.  York  governinenls.  The  dis- 
putes thus  occasioned,  remained  unsettled  during 
the  revolutionary  war,  after  which  New  York 
compounded  for  her  claim,  and  Vermont  became 
an  independent  state.  She  was  received  into  the 
Union  in  March  1797. 

Vermont,  p. v.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y. 

Vernal.,  p. v.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y. 

Vcrnet,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Eas- 
tern Pyrenees,  4  m.  S.  of  Prades. 

Verneuil,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Eure, 
seated  on  the  Aure,  22  m.  S.  W.  of  Evreux  and 
65  W.  by  S.  of  Paris. 

Verneuil.  a  town  in  the  department  of  Allier, 
3  m.  from  the  river  Allier  and  15  S.  of  Moulins. 

Vernon,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department  of 
Eure,  with  a  fortress  at  the  end  of  the  bridge  over 
the  Seine,  27  m.  S.  E.  of  Rouen  and  42  N.  W. 
of  Paris. 

Vernon,  a  township  of  Windham  Co.  Vt.  on 
the  Connecticut.  .Pop.  681.  p.t.  Tolland  Co. 
Conn.  12  m.  N.  E.  Hartford.  Pop.  1,1  G4.  p.t. 
Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  18  m.  W.  Utica  with  manufac- 
tures of  glass.  Pop.  3,045.  also  townships  and 
villages  in  Sussex  Co  N.J,  Kent  Co.  Del. ;  Mont 


gomery  Co.  Geo. ;  Clinton  and  Trumbull  and 
Scioto  Cos.  Ohio. ;  Jennings  Co.  Ind. ;  Hickman 
Co.  Ten. ;  Antaugo  Co.  Alab. 

Veroli,  a  town  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma, 
seated  on  the  Cosa.  3  m.  S.  of  Alatri. 

Verona,   a  province    of   Austrian  Italy,  in  the 

fovernment  of  Venice,  35  ra.  long,  and  27  broad, 
t  is  a   very  fertile  country,  abounding  in  corn, 
wine,  fruit,  and  cattle. 

Verona,  a  city  of  Italy,  capita]  of  the  foregoing 
province,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  has  three  forts, 
and  is  surrounded  by  thick  walls,  deep  ditches, 
and  good  ramparts.  The  river  Adige  divides  it 
into  two  parts,  which  communicate  by  four 
bridges.  Most  of  the  buildings  are  of  marble, 
above  30  kinds  of  which  are  found  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood ;  but  the  streets  are  neither  clean  nor 
straight ;  the  best  is  that  called  the  Corso,  which 
is  pretty  long,  and  there  is  a  handsome  square 
called  the  Piazza  d'Armi.  This  city  is  famous  for 
antiquities,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  is  tho 
Roman  amphitheatre,  of  which  seven  rows  of 
benches  of  white  marble  are  still  entire  ;  but  va- 
rious repairs  have  been  made  from  time  to  time. 
In  the  town  house  are  the  statues  of  five  illustrious 
natives  of  Verona  ;  namely,  Catullus,  jEmilius 
Marcus,  Cornelius  Nepos,  the  elder  Pliny,  and 
Vetruvius.  Besides  the  cathedral  there  are  a 
great  number  of  churches  and  convents,  and  sev- 
eral hospitals.  The  palaces  of  Bevilacqua  and 
Scipio  Maffei  contain  many  valuable  paintings, 
antiques,  and  other  curiosities.  The  principal 
trade  arises  from  the  manufactures  of  silk  and 
woolen,  and  next  to  them  are  those  of  gloves  and 
leather.  Near  the  city  is  a  delightful  place,  call- 
ed Campo  Marzo,  where  two  annual  fairs  are  held 
in  May  and  November.  Verona  has  been  often 
taken,  and  when  Italy  was  invaded  by  the  French, 
it  was  added  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  In  1814 
it  was  ceded  to  Austria,  and  in  1822  the  members 
of  the  Holy  Alliance  met  here  to  deliberate  on 
the  affairs  of  Europe.  It  is  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Mantua  and  54  W.  of  Venice.  Long.  II.  18.  E., 
lat.  45.  20.  N.     Pop.  60,000. 

Verona,  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Erie  Canal. 
120  m.  W.  Albany.     Pop.  3,739. 

Vcrovitza,  a  strong  town  of  Sclavonia,  seated 
near  the  Drave,  65  m.  N.  W.  of  Essek. 

Verrez,  a  t«wn  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Pied 
mont,  with  a  fortress  so  strong  by  nature  as  to  be 
deemed  impregnable.  It  is  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
Aosta  and  35  N.  of  Turin. 

Verrieres,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Neufchatel.  Tlie  environs  are  celebrated  for 
excellent  cheese.  It  is  6  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Pontar- 
lier  and  20  W.  S.  W.  of  Neufchatel. 

Versailles,  p.v.  Ripley  Co.  Ind.  45  m.  W.  Cin- 
cinnati ;  p.v.  Woodford  Co.  Ken.  12  m.  W. 
Lexington. 

Versailles,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  de 

Fartment  of  Seine-et-Oise,  and  a  bishop's  see. 
n  the  reign  of  Louis  X'lII.  it  was  only  a  small 
villige,  in  a  forest  30  m.  in  circuit ;  and  here  this 
prince  built  a  hunting  seat  in  1630,  which  Louis 
XIV.  enlarged  into  a  magnificent  palace,  and  it 
was  the  usual  residence  of  the  kings  of  France 
till  1789,  when  Louis  XVI.  and  hisfamily  were 
removed  from  it  to  Paris.  The  buildings  and  gar- 
dens were  adorned  with  a  vast  number  of  statues, 
by  the  greatest  masters,  and  the  water-works  were 
magnificent.  The  gardens,  with  the  park,  are  5 
m.  in  circumference,  and  surrounded  by  walls 
Versailles  is  10  in.  W.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  Long.  3. 
7.  E..  lat.  48.  48.  N. 


y£s 


757 


VIC 


Versctz,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  Temeswar,  and 
a  bishop's  see.  It  contains  some  extensive  bar- 
racks, and  near  it  are  ttie  ruins  of  a  castle.  18 
m.  N.  of  Vipalanca  and  40  S.  of  Temeswar. 

Vershire,  a  township  of  Orange  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
1,2G0. 

Vcrsoix,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Aisne.  Here,  in  1768,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
form  a  harbour,  in  opposition  to  Geneva,  and 
great  sums  were  expended  for  that  purpose  ;  but 
it  was  soon  after  relinquished.  It  is  seated  on 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  at  the  influx  of  the  river 
Versoix,  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Gex  and  7  N.  of  Gen- 
eva. 

Vertus,a.  town  of  France,  department  of  Marne, 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  on  which  are 
good  vineyards,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Chalons  and  78 
N.E.  of  Paris. 

Verviers,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
province  of  Liege,  which  has  a  considerable 
traffic  in  cloth.  It  is  seated  on  the  Weze,  4 
m.  S.  W.  of  Limburg  and  17  E.  S.   E.  of  Liege. 

Vervins,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aisne, 
famous  for  a  treaty,  in  1598,  between  Henry  IV. 
of  France  and  Phillip  II.  of  Spain.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Serre,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Soissons. 

Verzuolo,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
Piedmont,  with  a  castle.  It  is  surrounded  by  an 
ancient  wall,  flanked  with  towers,  and  seated  in  a 
very  fruitful  soil,  near  the  Vratia,  3  m.  S.  of 
Saluzzo. 

Vesley,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Aisne, 
on  the  river  Aisne,  10  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Soissons. 

Vesoul,  a  town  of  France,  capital  of  the  depart- 
ment of  Upper  Saone.  In  its  vicinity  is  a  medi- 
cinal spring.  It  is  seated  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, near  the  river  Durgeon,  24  m.  N.  of  Besan- 
con  and  106  E.  S.  E.  of  Troyes.  Lonjr.  6.  8.  E., 
lat.  47.  36.  N. 

Ve.sprin,  an  episcopal  town  of  Hungary,  capital 
of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is 
sealed  on  the  Sed,  19  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Stuhlweis- 
senburg  and  70  S.  S.  E.  of  Presburg.  Long.  17. 
57.  E.,  lat.  47.  16.  N. 

Vesuvius,  a  volcanic  mountain  of  Italy,  7  m. 
E.  of  Naples.  It  is  nearly  30  m.  in  circuit  at  the 
base,  and  about  3.700  feet  high.  Towards  the 
sea  it  is  covered  with  fruit-trees  and  vineyards; 
but  on  the  S.  and  W.  sides,  and  on  the  top, 
nothing  is  to  be  seen  but  black  ashes,  cinders, 
and  stones.  The  top  of  Vesuvius  is  divided  into 
two  points,  the  southernmost  of  which  is  called 
Mont  de  Somma.  Tiie  eruption  in  the  year  79, 
under  Titus,  was  accompanied  by  an  earthquake, 
which  overturned  sever.al  cities,  particularly  Pom- 
peii and  Herculaneum  ;  and  this  eruption  proved 
fatal  to  Pliny  the  naturalist.  Great  quantities  of 
ashes  and  sulphureous  smoke  were  carried  not 
only  to  Rome,  but  also  beyond  the  Mediterra- 
nean, into  Africa;  birds  were  suffocated  in  the 
air,  and  fell  down  upon  the  ground ;  and  fishes 
perished  in  the  neighbouring  waters,  which  were 
made  hot,  and  infected  by  it.  Anotlier  very  vio- 
lent eruption,  in  1631,  totally  destroyed  the  town 
of  Torre  del  Greco.  The  eruption  in  1767  was 
the  27lh  from  the  time  of  Titus,  since  which 
there  have  been  11  others,  the  last  of  which  was 
in  1819.  Next  to  those  in  79  and  1631,  that  of 
1794  was  the  most  violent  and  destructive.  In 
this  eruption  the  lava  flowed  over  5,000  acres  of 
rich  vineyards  and  cultivated  lands,  and  the  town 
of  Torre  del  Greco  was  again  destroyed  ;  the  top 
of  the  mountain  likewise  fell  in,  and  the  crater 
is  now  little  short  of  2  m.  in  circumference. 


Veudre,a.  town  of  France,  department  of  AUier, 
on  the  river  Allier,  17  m    N.  W .  of  Moulins. 

Vevay,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  a  bail- 
iwic  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud.  The  principal  manu- 
facture is  hats  ;  it  has  a  large  trade  in  cheese,  and 
its  wine  is  in  great  estimation.  It  stands  near  the 
lake  of  Geneva,  10  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Lausanne. 
Long.  7.  0.  E.,    lat.  46.  25.  N. 

Vevay,  p.t.  Switzerland  Co.  Indiana,  on  the 
Ohio.  45  m.  S.  W.  Cincinnati.  It  was  settled 
in  1804  by  a  body  of  Swiss  emigrants,  to  whom  the 
United  States  government  made  a  grant  of  land 
in  order  to  introduce  the  cultivation  of  the  vine. 
The  vineyards  are  now  very  flourishing,  and  are 
the  largest  in  Ihe  United  States.  The  inhabitants 
are  mostly  Swiss,  and  carry  on  some  manufac- 
tures of  straw  bonnets  and  other  articles. 

Veyne,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Upper 
Alps,  12  m.W.  by  S.  of  Gap. 

Vczclay,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Yonne, 
noted  for  the  noble  stand  r.iade  by  the  Calvinists. 
in  1560,  against  Charles  IX.,  who  besieged  the 
town,  but  was  obliged  to  retire  after  the  loss  of 
1,500  men.  Theodore  Beza  was  a  native  of  Ve- 
zelay.  It  is  seated  on  the  top  of  a  mountain,  near 
the  river  Cure,  26  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Auxerre 

Vezdize,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Meurttie, 
seated  on  the  Brenon,  12  m.  S.  of  Nancy  and 
14  S.  E.  of  Toul. 

Viana,  a  town  of  Portugal  in  Entre  Douro  e. 
Minho,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lima,  with  a  good 
harbour  for  small  vessels,  defended  by  a  fort,  20 
m.  W.  by  N.  of  Braga. 

Viandcn,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, divided  into  the  Old  and  New  Town  by  the 
river  Uren.  It  has  a  castle,  on  an  inaccessible 
rock,  and  considerable  manufactures  of  cloth,  and 
leather.  22  m.  N.  of  Luxemburg  and  22  N.  W.  of 
Treves. 

Viamen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Hol- 
land, with  a  castle ;  seated  on  the  Leek,  7  m.  S. 
of  Utrecht. 

Viatica,  a  government  of  Russia,  which  was 
formerly  a  province  of  Kassan,  containing  an  ex- 
tent of  47,000  square  miles,  with  not  more  than 
1,100,000  inhabitants.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
river  Viatka,  which  flows  through  the  country, 
and  joins  the  Kama. 

Viatka,  formerly  called  Khlynof,  a  town  of 
Russia,  capital  of  the  foregoing  government,  and 
a  bishop's  see  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
river  Viatka.  100  m.  N.  of  Kassan.  Long.  54. 
15.  E.,  lat.  57.  ?5.  N. 

Viazma,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Smolensk,  seated  on  an  eminence,  80  m.  N.  E. 
of  Smolensk. 

Vic,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Meurthe, 
seated  on  the  Seille,  15  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Nancy. 

Vic,  or  Vique,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain, 
35  m.  N.  of  Barcelona. 

Vic  Bigorre,  a  town  of  France,  department  ot 
Upper  Pyrenees,  situate  on  the  Adour,  12  m.  N. 
of  Tarbes. 

Vic  Fezp-nsac,  a  town  in  the  department  of  GerB, 
seatd  on  the  Douze,  15  m.  W.  of  Auch. 

Vide  Compte,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Puy 
de  Dome,  with  a  palace,  where  formerly  the 
counts  of  Auvergne  resided.  About  a  mile  from 
it  are  mineral  springs.  It  is  seated  near  the  Al- 
lier, 15  m.  S.  E.  of  Clermont. 

Vicegrad,  a  town  of  Hungary,  with  a  castle  on 
the  top  of  a  rock,  in  which  the  crown  of  Hungary 
was  formerly  kept.  It  is  seated  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
3S 


VIE 


758 


4nE 


Danube,  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Gran  and  16  N.  W.  of 
Buda. 

yicenza,  or  Viccntino,  a  de^gation  of  Austrian 
Italy,  in  the  government  of  Venice,  35  m.  long 
and  27  broad,  and  so  pleasant  and  fertile  that  it 
is  called  the  garden  and  flesh-market  of  Venice. 
Here  are  also  mines  of  silver  and  iron,  and  quar- 
ries of  stone,  almost  as  fine  as  marble. 

Vicenza,  a  city  of  Italy,  the  capital  of  the  fore- 
going province,  and  a  bishop's  see.  It  is  without 
Walls,  but  is  a  large  place,  adorned  with  about 
20  palaces  from  the  designs  of  Palladio,  who  was 
a  native  of  this  place.  The  cathedral  is  embellish- 
ed with  marble,  and  has  some  good  paintings  ;  be- 
sides which  there  are  above  CO  other  churches,  and 
in  that  of  St.  Corona,  the  high  altar,  and  the 
painting  by  Paul  Veronese  of  the  Magni,  paying 
adoration  to  Christ,  attract  particular  notice.  In 
the  fine  square  before  the  town-house  are  two 
lofty  colums,  with  St.  Mark's  winged  lion  on  one 
of  them,  and  on  the  other  a  statue  of  our  Saviour. 
The  other  remarkable  places  are  the  Monte  della 
Picta  with  its  fine  library,  the  Palazzo  Vecchio 
with  its  admirable  paintings,  the  Theatrum  Olym- 
picum  after  the  model  of  the  amphitheatre  of  Pal- 
ladio, and  the  triumphal  arches  in  the  public 
promenade  of  Campo  Marzo.  The  principal 
manufactures  are  silk,  damask,  and  taffeta,  about 
4  m.  from  the  city  on  a  mountain,  is  the  church 
Delia  Madonna  di  Monte  Berrico,  which  is  much 
frequented  by  pilgrims,  and  has  a  fine  frontis- 
piece, with  a  convent  close  by  Vicenza  is  seated 
in  a  fertile  plain,  between  two  hills,  at  the  union 
of  the  rivulets  Bachiglione  and  Rerone,22m.  E. 
of  Veronea  and  15.  W.  of  Venice.  Long.  II.  40. 
E.,lat.  45.  28.  N. 

Vickij,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Allier, 
near  which  are  some  mineral  springs.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Allier,  40  ni.  S.  of  Moulins. 

Vicksburg,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  Mississippi,  on  the 
Mississippi,  60  m.  N.  E.  Natchez.  It  has  a  brisk 
trade  in  the  exportation  of  cotton  to  New  Orleans 
by  steamboats.  The  town  is  very  picturesquely 
built  on  the  slopes   of  several  high  hills. 

Vico,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Principato  Citra,  near 
the  bay  of  Naples,  5  m.  N.  E.  of  Sorento. 

Vico,  a  tv^wn  of  Corsica,  in  which  is  the  cathe- 
dral of  the  bishop  of  Sagona,  a  town  now  in  ruins. 
It  is  15  m   S.  W^.  of  CorteandSOS.  of  Calvi. 

Vicovaro,  a  town  in  the  Ecclesiastical  slates,  in 
the  district  of  Snbina,  seated  near  the  Teverone, 
10  m.  N.  E.  of  Tivoli. 

Victor,  p.t.  Ontario  Co.  N.  Y.  218  m.  W.  Albany. 
Pop.  2,265. 

Victory,  a  township  of  Essex  Co.  Vt.  45  m.  N. 
E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  53;  p.t.  Cayuga  Co.  N.  Y. 
Pop.  1,819. 

Vidalia,  p.v.  Concordia  Parish,  Lou.  on  the 
Mississippi  opposite  Natchez. 

Vielleburoufrh,  p.v.  Caroline  Co.  Va. 

Vielsh,  a  tow.n  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Vologda,  situated  on  the  Vogado,  150  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Vologda.     Long.  41.  4.5.  E.,  lat.  61.  40.  N. 

Vienna,  a  city  of  Lower  Austria,  the  capital  of 
the  empire,  and  an  archbishop's  see.  It  stands 
in  a  fertile  plain,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube 
at  the  influx  of  the  little  river  Vien.  The  city 
itself  is  not  of  great  extent,  nor  can  it  be  enlarged 
being  limited  by  fortifications  ;  but  it  is  very  pop- 
ulous. The  streets  in  general  are  narrow,  and  the 
houses  high  ;  but  there  are  several  fine  squares, 
and  in  that  called  Joseph  Square  is  a  colossal 
equestrian  statue  in  bronze  of  Joseph  II.  Some 
of  the  public  buildings  are  magnificent;  the  chief 


of  them  are  the  imperial  palace,  the  palaces  of  the 
princes  Litchtenstein,  Etigene,  &c.,  the  imperial 
chancery,  the  extensive  imperial  arsenal,  the  cit- 
arsenal,  the  mint,  the  general  hospital,  the  town 
house,  the  custom-house,  the  bank,  the  library 
and  the  museum.  No  houses  without  the  walls 
are  allowed  to  be  built  nearer  to  the  glacrs  than 
600  yards  ;  so  that  there  is  a  circular  field  of  that 
breadth  all  round  the  city,  which  has  a  beautiful 
and  salutary  effect.  The  eight  suburbs  are  not 
populous  in  proportion  to  their  size,  for  many 
houses  have  extensive  gardens.  The  circumfer- 
ence of  the  city  and  suburbs  is  upwards  of  18  m. 
Many  families,  who  live  during  the  winter  within 
the  fortifications,  spend  the  summer  in  the  su 
burbs.  The  cathedral  is  built  of  freestone,  and  the 
steeple  contains  a  bell  of  uncommon  magnitude, 
cast  out  of  the  cannon  taken  from  the  Turks.  Ad- 
joining to  this  church  is  the  archbishop's  palace 
the  front  of  which  is  very  fine.  Vienna  was  in- 
effectually besieged  by  the  Turks  in  1589  and 
1683.  At  the  latter  period  the  seige  was  raised  by 
John  Sobieski,  king  of  Poland,  who  totally  de- 
feated the  Turkish  army.  The  university  had 
several  thousand  students,  who,  during  the  seige 
mounted  guard,  as  they  did  also  in  1741.  The 
archducal  library  is  much  frequented  by  foreign- 
ers, as  it  contains  above  1,000,000  printed  bof)ks, 
and  12,000  MSS.  The  archducal  treasury,  and  a 
cabinet  of  curiosities  of  the  house  of  Austria,  are 
great  rarities.  The  Danube  is  here  very  wide, 
and  contains  several  woody  isles,  one  of  which  is 
the  prater,  or  imperial  park  ;  it  also  forms  a  sort 
of  harbour,  where  are  magazines  of  naval  stores, 
and  ships  have  been  fited  out  to  serve  on  that  ri- 
ver against  the  Turks.  The  trade  of  Vienna  is 
in  a  flourishing  state,  and  it  has  manufactures  of 
silk  stuffs,  gold  and  silver,  lace,  tareslry,  looking- 

f  lasses,  &L.C.  In  1805  this  city  surrendered  to  the 
'rench,  but  was  given  up  by  the  peace  of  Pres- 
burg.  In  1809  it  again  surrendered  to  the  French, 
but  they  again  restored  it  on  the  conclusion  of 
Peace.  In  1830  it  experienced  a  severe  calamity  ; 
after  a  frost  of  118  days  a  thaw  set  in  on  the  26tli 
of  February,  and  about  midnight  on  the  28th 
the  ice  broke  and  inundated  the  dwellings  of  50, 
000  inhabitants,  many  of  whom  were  drowned, 
together  with  a  great  number  of  horses,  cows, 
pigs,  «Stc.  In  1831  it  was  united  by  the  pestilen- 
tial cholera,  and  suffered  severely.  It  is  50  m. 
y^.  of  Presburg,  330  N.  N.  E.  of  Rome,  and  570 
E.  of  Paris.  Long.  16.  IG.  E.,  lat.  48.  13.  N.  Pop. 
290,000. 

Vienna,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  722 ;  p.t. 
Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  I,76t>;  p.t.  Dorchester 
Co.  Md.  and  a  port  of  entry,  on  Nanticoke  Riv- 
er ;  p.v.  Trumbull  Co.  Ohio.  Pop.  910;  p.v. 
Johnson  Co.  111.  and  Davies  Co.  Ken. ;  p.v.  Abbe 
ville  Dis.  S.  C.  and  Clarke  Co.  Ind. 

Viennc,  a  town  of  France,  dcpartjnent  of  Isere, 
and  an  archbishop's  see.  In  the  ikh  century  the 
Burgundians  made  it  the  capital  of  their  kingdom. 
The  cathedral  is  a  handsome  Gothic  structure.  In 
1311  a  general  council  was  held  here,  at  which 
pope  Clement  V.  presided,  and  among  other  mat- 
ters, the  suppression  of  the  Knight  Templars  was 
determined.  The  commerce  of  Vienne  consists  in 
wines,  silk,  and  sword-blades.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Rhone,  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Lyons  and  38  N.  W. 
of  Grenoble.     Long.  4.  56.  E.,  lat.  45.  32.  N. 

Vienne,  a  department  of  France,  formed  of 
part  of  the  province  of  Poitou,  and  bounded  N 
by  the  department  of  Indre-et-Loire,  and  S.  by 
that  of  Charente.     It  takes  its  name  from  a  rive^ 


VIL 


nor 


VlL 


which  rises  in  the  department  of  Correze,  and 
flows  into  the  Loire  5  m.  above  Saumur.  Poitiers 
is  the  capital. 

Vienne,  Upper,  a  department  of  France,  cora- 
prisinff  the  greater  part  of  the  province  of  Limo- 
sin.     Limoges  is  the  capital. 

Vierraden,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg 
seated  on  tlie  Vesle,  near  its  conSux  with  the 
Oder,  22  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Prenzlo. 

Vierzon,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Cher, 
famous  for  its  forges.  It  is  seated  on  the  Cher, 
near  the  influx  of  the  Yevre,  17  m.  N.  W.  of 
Bourges. 

Vicsti,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitanata,  seated  on 
the  gulf  of  Venice,  in  the  place  called  the  Spur 
of  the  Boot,  and  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Gargano, 
25  m.  N.  E.  of  Manfredonia.  Long.  16.  40.  £., 
lat.  41.51.  N. 

Viet,  St.,  or  St.  Vith,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands, 
in  Luxemburg,  near  the  source  of  the  Uren,  24 
m  S.  S.  E.  of  Limburg  and  48  N.  of  Luxem- 
burg. 

yirran,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Gard, 
22  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Alais  and  38  W.  N.  W.  of 
Nismes. 

Vigevano.  a  town  of  Austrian  I'aly,  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Milan,  with  a  strong  castle  on  a  rock  ; 
seated  near  the  Tesino,  16  m.  S.  W.  of  Milan. 

Vignot,  a  town  of  France,  departmentof  Meuse, 
on  the  river  Meuse,  16  m.  E.  of  Bar  le  Due  and 
24  S.  S.  E.  of  Verdun. 

Vigo,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  situate  on 
a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  defended  by  a  fort  on  an 
eminence  and  an  old  castle.  It  has  a  good  har- 
bour, into  which,  in  1702,  the  English  and  Dutch 
fleet  forced  their  passage,  and  made  themselves 
masters  of  the  Spanish  plate-fleet,  when  just  ar- 
rived from  America.  In  1719  the  English  obtain- 
ed possession  of  Vigo,  but  relinquished  it  after 
raising  contributions.  It  stands  in  a  fruitful  coun- 
try, 14  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Tuy  and  47  S.  of  Com- 
postella.     Lonff.  8.  40.  W.,  lat.  42.  14.  N. 

Vigo,  a  count}'  of  Indiana.  Pop.  5,737.  Terre 
Haute  is  the  capital 

Vihiers.  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Maine-et  Loire,  20  m.  S.  of  Angers,  and  20  W. 
by  S.  of  Saumur. 

Vilaine,  a  river  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
department  of  Mayenne,  passes  by  Vitre  and  Ren- 
nes,  divides  the  department  of  Morbihan  from 
that  of  Lower  Loire,  and  enters  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay below  Roche  Bernard. 

Villa  de  Conde,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Entre 
Douroe  Minho,atthe  mouth  of  the  Ava,20m.  N. 
of  Oporto. 

Villa  de  Horta,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Fay- 
al,  one  of  the  Azores.  It  is  seated  on  the  W. 
coast,  and  has  a  harbour,  landlocked  on  every 
«ide  except  the  E.  and  N.  E.,  and  defended  by 
several  forts.     Long.  2.3.  41.  W.,  lat  38.  32.  N. 

Villa  d'  fglesias,  a  town  of  the  island  of  Sardin- 
ia, and  a  bishop's  see,  35  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Cag- 
liari. 

Villa  Flor,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os 
Montes,  28  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Braganza. 

Villa,  Franca,  a  sea-port  of  Sardinia,  in  the 
county  of  Nice,  with  a  castle  and  fort.  The  har- 
bour is  capacious,  and  the  mountains  which  en- 
close it  extend  into  the  sea  like  promontories.  It 
was  taken  by  the  French  in  1705,  by  the  French 
and  Spaniards  in  1744,  and  by  the  French  in  1792. 
Of  late  years  it  has  become  the  resort  of  con- 
sumptive invalids  in  preference  to  Nice  It  is  3 
in.  E.  of  Nice. 


Villa  Franca,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Estrema- 
dura,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Tagus,  20  m.  N.  E.  of 
Lisbon. 

Villa  Franca,  a  town  on  the  S.  coast  of  St. 
Michael,  one  of  the  Azores,  defended  by  a  fort 
and  other  works.  Opposite  this  place,  half  a 
mile  from  the  shore,  is  a  small  island,  which  has 
a  basin  with  a  narrow  entrance,  where  50  ves- 
sels may  anchor  in  security.  It  is  16  m.  E.  by 
N.  of  Punta  del  Guda.  Long.  25.  30.  W.,  lat. 
37.  50.  N. 

Villa  Franca  de  Panndes,  a  town  of  Spain,  in 
Catalonia,  13  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Barcelona. 

Village  Green,  p. v.  Delaware  Co.  Pa. 

Village  Springs,  p. v.  Blount  Co.  Alab. 

Villa  Herrnosa,  a.  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia, 
near  the  river  Millas,  58  ra.  N.  of  Valencia. 

Villa  Hrrmosa,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  tlie  prov 
ince  of  Tabasco,  on  the  river  Tabasco,  60  m.  S. 
W.  of  Tabasco,  and  70  N.E.  of  Chiapa.  Long. 
94.  5.  V^'.,  lat.  17.  45.  N. 

Villa  Joiosa,  or  Jnysa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Va 
lencia,  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  18  m 
E.  N.  E.  of  Alicant  and  24  S.  of  Gandin. 

Villa  Kova  d'^sti,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Sar 
dinian  states,  in  Piedmont,  14  m.  W.  of  Asti. 

Villa  JS'nva  de  Cervf.ra,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  situate  on  the  Minho, 
near  its  mouth,  27  m.  N.  W.  of  Braga  and  45  N. 
of  Oporto. 

Villa  Nova  de  Portimao,  a  fortified  sea-port  of 
Portugal,  in  Algarva,  on  a  river  which  forms  a 
spacious  and  secure  harbour,  defended  by  two 
forts.  It  is  9  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Lagos  and  42  VV  by 
S.  of  Tavari.     Long.  8.  27.  W.,  lat.  37.  12.  N. 

Villa  JVova  de  Porto,  a  towti  of  Portueal,  in 
Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  seated  on  the  Douro,  op- 
posite Oporto  (on  which  it  depends)  and  defended 
by  several  forts. 

Villa  JVova  de  Principe,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in 
Rio  Janeiro,  situate  near  the  diamond  mines,  130 
ni.  W.  of  Porto  Seguro. 

Villa  Real,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  ob 
Montes,  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Corgo  and 
Ribera,  J 2  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Lamego  and  38  S.  E.of 
Braganza. 

Villa  Real,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  the  province  of 
Valencia,  near  the  Manjares,  40  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Valencia. 

Villa  Heal,  a  town  of  Brazil,  in  the  province  of 
Spiritu  Santo,  150  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Spiritu  Santo. 

Villa  Rica,  a  town  of  Chile,  on  the  lake  Mala- 
bansren,  60  m.  N.  E.  of  Valdivia. 

Villa  Viciosa,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias, 
seated  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  32  m.  N.  E.  of 
Oviedo. 

Villa  Vicosa,  a  fortified  town  of  Portugal,  in 
Alemtejo,  with  an  old  castle,  and  a  palace  where 
the  dukes  of  Braganza  formerly  resided.  In  the 
suburb  is  an  ancient  temple,  originally  built  to 
the  honour  of  Proserpine ;  and  in  the  neighbour- 
hood are  quarries  of  fine  green  marble.  It  is  12 
m.  S.  W.  of  Eivas  and  33'N.  E.  of  Evora. 

Villach,  a  town  of  Austrian  lllyria,  in  Carinthia, 
with  a  castle.  Near  it  are  medicinal  baths.  It  is 
seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Geil  with  the  Drave, 
16  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Clagenfurt 

Villaine,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  May 
enne,  16  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Mayenne. 

Villamiel,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  48  m.  S 
of  Ciudad  Rodrigo. 

Villarino,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  on  the 
river  Douero  and  confines  of  Portugal,  45  m.  W, 
N.  W.  of  Salamanca. 


VIN 


78K. 


TfR 


nUedieu,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Loir- 
et-Cher,  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Vendome. 

Villedieu,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Manche, 
8  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Avranches. 

Villefort,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Lozere, 
18  m.  E.  of  Mende  and  19  N.  of  Alais- 

Villefranche,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Rhone, 
surrounded  by  walls,  and  seated  on  the  Saone, 
18  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Lyons. 

V'Mefranchc,  a  town  in  the  department  of  East- 
ern Pyrenees,  with  a  fort ;  seated  on  the  river 
Tet,25  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Perpignan. 

Villefranche,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Avei- 
ron,  with  a  great  trade  in  linen  cloth;  seated  on 
the  Aveiron,  20  m.  W.  of  Rodez. 

Villefranche,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  on  the  canal  royale,  22  m.  S.  £.  of 
Toulouse. 

Villejuine,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Paris,  4 
m.  S.  of  Paris. 

ViUemont,  p. v.  Chicot  Co.  Arkansas. 

Villemur,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Upper 
Garonne,  seated  on  the  Tarn,  12  m.  N.  N.  R.  of 
Toulouse. 

Villena,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  with  a 
castle,  formerly  of  great  strength.  In  the  neigh- 
bourhood is  a  morass,  from  which  salt  is  made. 
It  is  18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Almanza  and  50  N.  by  E. 
of  Murcia. 

Villeneui}e,a.  town  of  France,  department  of  Lot- 
et- Garonne,  on  the  river  Lot,  17  m.  N.  of  Agen. 

Villeneuve,  a  town  in  the  department  of  Gard, 
on  the  Rhone,  opposite  Avignon,  with  which  it 
communicates  by  a  bridge,  21  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Nismes. 

VUleneuve,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Pays  de  Vaud,  situate  at  the  E.  extremity  of 
the  lake  of  Geneva,  3  m.  from  the  influx  of  the 
Rhone  and  14  E.  S.  E.  of  Lausanne. 

ViUeneuve  de  Berg,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Ardeche,  13  m.  S.  of  Privas. 

Villers  Cotcrets,  a  town  in  the  department  of 
Aisne,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Soissons  and  44  N.  E.  of 
Paris. 

Villingen,a.  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  strong 
by  nature  on  account  of  the  surrounding  moun- 
tains and  narrow  passes.  Here  is  a  Benedictine 
abbev,  and  in  the  vicinity  is  a  good  bath.  It  is 
20  ni.  E.  by  N.  of  Friburg. 

Vilscck,  a  town  of  Bavaria  Franconia,  near 
which  are  several  foundries.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Vils,  20  m.  N.  of  Amberg. 

Vilshofen,  a  town  of  Lower  Bavaria.  In  1745 
the  Austrians  took  it  by  storm.  It  is  situate  on 
the  Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the  Vils,  11  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  Passau. 

Vilvordcn,  a  town  of  ihe  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Brabant,  with  an  ancient  castle;  seated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Woluwe  and  the  Senne,  7  m. 
N.  N.  E.  of  Brussels. 

Vimieiro,?L  town  of  Portugal, in  Alemtejo,  J2  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Estremos. 

Vimiera,  a  village  of  Portugal,  in  Estremadura, 
30  m.  N.  of  Lisbon. 

Vimiosa,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Tras  os  Mon- 
ies, 15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Miranda  and  17  S.  E.  of 
Braganza. 

Vincennes,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Paris,  remarkable  for  its  castle,  which  for  three 
centuries  was  the  country  residence  of  the  royal 
family.     3  m.  E.  of  Paris. 

Vincennes,  p. v.  Knox  Co:  Ind.  on  the  Wabash, 
136  m.  N.  W.  Louisville  and  150  m.  above  the 
inouth  of  the    Wabash.     It  was   settled  by   tha 


French  from  Canada  in  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century,  and  was  formerly  the  scat  of  the  territe- 
rial  government.  The  river  is  navigable  to  this 
place  for  steam-boats  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 
Pop.  1,800. 

Vincent,  p.t.  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Vincentown,  p.v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J.  20  m.  E. 
Philad. 

Vincent,  Cape,  St.,  the  S.  W.  promontory  of 
Portugal,  25  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Lagos.  Long.  9.  0. 
W.,  lat.  37.  3.  N. 

Vincent,  St.,  one  of  the  Windward  Caribbee 
Islands,  in  the  W.  Indies, 24  m.  long  and  18  broad, 
and  about  70  m.  W.  of  Barbadoes.  It  is  extreme- 
ly fertile,  and  well  adapted  for  the  raising  of  sugar 
and  indigo ;  and  here  the  bread-fruit  trees  brought 
from  thrive  Otaheite  remarkably  well.  The  origi- 
nal inhabitants  were  Caribs,  a  warlike  race,  man- 
ifestly distinguished  from  the  aborigines  of  the 
larger  islands.  They  are  conjectured  to  have 
been  originally  a  colony  from  N.  America,  their 
fierce  manners  approaching  nearer  to  those  of  the 
original  natives  of  that  continent  than  they  do  to 
that  of  S.  America,  and  their  language  also  having 
some  affinity  to  that  spoken  in  Florida.  In  their 
wars  they  preserved  their  ancient  practice  of  de- 
stroying all  the  males,  and  preserving  the  women 
either  fur  servitude  or  for  breeding.  St.  Vincent 
was  long  a  neutral  island  ;  but,  at  the  peace  of 
17G3,  the  French  agreed  that  the  right  to  it  should 
be  vested  in  the  English.  The  latter,  soon  after, 
engaged  in  a  war  against  the  Caribs,  on  the  wind- 
ward side  of  the  island,  who  were  obliged  to  con- 
sent to  a  peace,  by  which  they  ceded  a  large  tract 
of  land  to  the  crown.  The  consequence  of  this 
was,  that,  in  1779,  they  greatly  contributed  to  the 
reduction  of  this  island  by  the  French,  who,  how- 
ever, restored  it  in  1783.  In  1795  the  French 
landed  some  troops,  and  again  instigated  the 
Caribs  to  an  insurrection,  which  wj,-  not  subdued 
for  several  months.  It  was  almost  desolated  in 
1812  by  an  eruption  of  the  Souffi-ier  mountain, 
which  had  continued  quiet  f-»r  nearly  a  .century 
before.     Kingston  is  the  capital. 

Vincent,  St.,  one  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  12 
m.  long  and  three  broad  and  uninhabited.  On 
the  N.  W.  side  of  it  is  a  good  bay,  where  ships 
may  wood  and  water,  and  wild  goats  may  be  shot 
Long.  25.  30.  W.,  lat.  17.  30.  IN . 

Vincent,  St.,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Asturias,  seat- 
ed on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  9  m.  W.  by  S.  of  San- 
tillana. 

Vineyard,  a  township  of  Grand  Isle  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  459. 

Vingorla,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Visiapour, 
belonging  to  the  British.  About  10  m.  to  the  W. 
N.  W.  are  some  rocks  in  the  sea,  called  Vingorla 
Rocks.  The  town  is  situate  near  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  25  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Goa.  Long.  73.  27.  E., 
lat.  15.  51.  N. 

Vintimiglia,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa,  with  a  small  harbour,  and 
a  strong  castle  on  a  high  rock.  It  is  seated  on' 
the  Mediterranean,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rotta.  20 
m.  N.  E.  ofNice  and24S.  W.  of  Oneglia.  Long. 
7.37.  E.,lat.  43.  .53.  N. 

Vipalanca,  or  Vj  Palanka,  a  town  of  Hungary, 
in  Temeswar,  with  a  fortress.  It  stands  on  the 
Karass,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Danube,  42  m. 
E.  of  Belgrade  and  58  S.  of  Temeswar. 

Vire,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Calvados 
with  several  manufactures  of  coarse  woolen 
cloths.  It  is  seated  on  the  the  Vire,  30  m.  B.  E 
of  Coutances  and  150  W.  of  Paris. 


rift 


m 


VIR 


Viriril,  p.t  Cortland  Co.  N.  Y.  10  m.  S.  Homer 
and  154  W.  Albany.     Pop.  3,912. 

Virgin  Cape,  a  cape  of  Patagonia,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  strait  of  Magellan  ;  so  called  by  Ma- 
gellan, because  he  discovered  it  on  the  feast 
of  St.  Ursula.     Long.  67.  54.  W.,  lat.  52.  23.  S. 

Virgin  Gorda,  or  Spanish  town,  one  of  the  Vir- 
gin Islands  in  the  W.  Indies.  It  has  two  good 
harbours,  and  is  defended  by  a  fort.  Long.  64.  0. 
W.,  lat.  18.  18.  N. 

Virgin  Islands,  about  30  islands  and  keys  in 
the  W.  Indies,  between  St.  Juan  de  Puerto  Rico, 
and  the  Leeward  Carribee  Islands.  They  are 
possessed  by  tiie  English  and  Danes.  In  the  first 
division,  belonging  to  the  English,  is  Tortola,  to 
which  belong  Jost  Van  Dike,  Little  Van  Dike, 
Guana,  Beef,  and  Thatch  Islands.  In  the  second 
divison  is  Virgm  Gorda,  to  which  belong  Anega- 
da,  Nicker  Prickly  Pear,  the  Muskitos,  the  Com- 
manoes,  &c.  Of  the  Danish  Islands,  the  princi- 
pal are  St. .Thomas  and  St.  John. 


Virginia,  one  of  the  United  Stales  ;  bounded 
N.  by  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  :  E.  by 
Maryland  and  the  Atlantic  ;  S.  by  S.  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  and  W.  by  Ohio  and  Kentucky- 
It  lies  between  36.  40.  and  40.  43.  N.  lat.  and  75. 25. 
and  83.  40.  W.  long.  It  is  the  largest  state  in  the 
anion  being  370  m.  in  length,  and  200  in  breadth. 
It  comprises  64,000  sq.  m.  The  Apalachain  chain 
from  Pennsylvania,  passes  through  the  stale, 
southwesterly  into  N.  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 
The  most  easterly  ridge  is  known  by  the  name  of 
the  Blue  Ridge.  On  the  west,  the  Laurel  Moun- 
tains and  Chesnut  Ridge  extend  from  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  terminate  in  this  state.  The  Cumberland 
Mountains  lie  between  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 
The  Alleghany  ridge  is  continued  from  Pennsyl- 
vania ;  tnere  are  other  ridges  as  Greenbriar, 
North  Mountain,  Broad  Moimtain,  Back  Bone, 
Jackson  River  Mountain,  Iron  Mountain,  and 
Great  Flat  Top.  The  loftiest  summits  are  the 
Peaks  of  Otter,  in  the  Alleghany  ridge,  which  are 
3,103  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  This  state 
is  watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  the  Potomac,  Rappa* 
hannoc,  York,  James,  and  Staunton,  east  of  the 
Mountains  ;  and  the  Ohio  and  Kanawha  to  the 
W.  The  outer  half  of  Chesapeak  Bay  lies  in 
this  state,  and  by  its  depth  and  extent,  and  the 
numerous  fine  rivers  which  it  receives,  is  of  the 
highest  use  for  navigation.  Most  of  the  large 
towns  are  situated  at  a  considerable  distance  up 
the  rivers.  Norfolk  has  a  good  harbour,  in  the 
Bouthern  part  of  the  bay,  near  the  mouth  of  the 
James  The  embouchure  of  this  river  forms  a  spa- 
cious haven,  called  Hampton  Roads.  These  roads 
were  formerly  open,  but  strong  fbrtifications  have 
rendered  their  entrance  impracticable  to  an  ene- 
my. The  shores  are  low  and  fiat.  A  peninsula 
% 


about  60  m.  long,  and  from  10  to  15  wide,  lies  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  Chesapeak,  and  is  bordered 
toward  the  sea  by  a  string  of  low,  sandy  islets. 
The  waters  of  the  Chesapeak  enter  the  sea,  be- 
tween Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry,  forming  a 
strait  15  m.  in  width. 

From  the  vast  extent  of  this  state,  and  the  va- 
rieties of  its  surface,  we  should  of  course  be  led  to 
expect  a  great  diversity  of  climate.  In  the  Atlan- 
tic country,  east  of  the  Mountains,  the  heals  of 
summer  are  long  and  oppressive,  the  spring  short 
and  variable,  and  the  winters  extremely  mild,  the 
snow  seldom  lying  more  than  a  day  after  it  has 
fallen.  Droughts  in  summer  and  autumn  are  fre 
quent  The  people  have  sallow  complexions,  from 
the  heats  of  summer,  and  bilious  diseases  in  au 
turan.  On  the  mountains,  the  air  is  cool  and  sa 
lubrious,and  the  inhabitants  are  tall  and  muscu 
lar,  with  robust  forms  and  healthy  countenances 
Fires  are  here  used  during  five  months  of  the 
year.  The  heat  of  summer  during  the  day  is  con 
siderable,  bul  the  nights  are  always  cool.  On  the 
western  side  of  the  mountains,  the  climate  is  cold- 
er by  some  degrees  than  in  the  same  parallel  of 
latitude  on  the  coast.  The  valley  of  the  Ohio  is 
exceedingly  hot  in  summer,  while  in  winter, 
the  river  is  frozen  so  as  sometimes  to  be  passable 
for  two  months  together.  The  autumn  is  dry, 
temperate,  and  healthy,  with  the  most  beautiful 
weather.  From  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  head 
of  tide  water  on  the  rivers,  the  country  is  low,  flat 
and  marshy,  or  sandy  ;  this  meagre  soil  is  cover- 
ed with  pines  and  cedars;  but  the  banks  of  the 
rivers  are  loamy  and  rich,  and  the  vegetation  in 
those  parts,  luxuriant.  This  territory  is  alluvial, 
and  exhibits  marine  shells  and  bones  everywhere 
beneath  the  surface.  From  the  head  of  tide  wa- 
ter to  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  land  begins  to  rise,  and 
becomes  stony  and  broken  ;  the  soil  lies  on  a 
stratum  of  stiff,  reddish  clay,  and  is  much  superior 
to  the  Lowland  country.  In  the  valley  between 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  Alleghany,  we  come  to  a 
limestone  country  ;  here  the  soil  lies  upon  a  bed 
of  that  rock,  and  is  very  fertile,  particularly  in 
grain  and  clover.  In  some  parts  the  soil  is  chalky. 
The  western  part  of  the  state,  or  that  part  which 
lies  between  the  mountains  and  the  Ohio,  has  a 
broken  surface,  with  occasional  fertile  tracts,  but 
the  soil  is  generally  lean. 

The  most  remarkable  natural  curiosities  in  this 
state  are  Weier's  Cave,  the  Rock  Bridge,  or  Nat- 
ural Bridge  over  Cedar  Creek,  and  the  passage  of 
the  Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge  at  Harper's 
Ferry, — all  of  whicl\,*ce.  In  the  mountainous  and 
western  parts,  there  is  abundance  of  iron  ore, 
with  lead  and  coal.  Gypsum  of  the  best  quality 
is  also  found  in  the  same  region.  In  the  eastern 
part  between  the  Potomac  and  James  rivers,  gold 
has  lately  been  discovered  near  the  surface,  and 
considerable  quantities  have  been  obtained  by 
washing  the  earth.  Since  the  year  1827,  the 
gold  mines  of  Virginia  have  attracted  attention. 
The  belt  of  country  in  which  they  are  found,  ex- 
tends through  Spotsylvania,  and  some  neighbour- 
ing counties.  In  1830,  about  24,000  dollars  val- 
ue of  gold  from  Virginia,  was  coined  at  the  mint 
of  the  United  States.  Almost  every  part  of  the 
state,  west  of  the  mountains,  abounds  in  salt 
springs.  Among  the  mountains,  are  also  a  rreat 
nurnberof  mineral  springs.  The  Warren  Springs, 
near  Green  Valley,  in  Bath  county,  have  a  tem- 
perature of  96.  The  Hot  Springs,  in  the  same 
neighbourhood,  have  a  temperature  of  1 12.  These 
and  several  others  are  visited  hy  invalids. 
3  s2 


VIR 


769 


Via 


This  state  is  divided  into  103  counties,  compris- 
ed within  two  districts,  the  Eastern  and  Western. 
The  population  is  1,2J  1,272,  of  whom  469,724  are 
slaves.  Richmond  is  the  capital.  The  other 
large  towns  are  Norfolk,  Petersburg,  Fredericks- 
burg, Lynchburg,  Williamsburg  and  York,  all 
which  are  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  mountains. 
Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio,  is  the  largest  of  the  west- 
ern   towns    in    the   state.       Virginia   has    been 


ville,  Williamsburg,  Lexington  and  Prince  Kd- 
ward  county.  The  state  has  a  Literary  Fund 
of  1,510,689  dollars 

Virginia  was  the  earliest  settled  of  the  British 
American  colonies.  An  exi>edition  was  despatch- 
ed by  the  London  Company,  under  Captain  New- 
port, who  was  accompanied  by  Gosnold  and  the 
celebrated  Captain  Smith.  They  entered  the 
Chesapeak,  and  discovered  James'  river  in  April, 
1607.  A  settlement  was  immediately  formed  at 
Jamestown,  but  the  colonists  soon  began  to  suifer 
severely  by  famine  and  the  hostility  of  the  natives. 
Smith  was  taken  prisoner,  and  when  on  the  point 
of  being  put  to  death  by  the  savages  was  rescued 


chiefly  distinguished  for  the  culture  of  tobacco, 
although  wheat  and  maize  receive  a  good  share  of 
attention  ;  these  three  articles  constitute  the  chief 
exports  of  the  state.  The  cultivation  of  tobacco 
has  considerably  fallen  off  within  a  few  years,  and 
the  land  in  many  cases,  has  been  neglected  in 
consequence  of  the  exhaustion  of  the  soil.  Ma- 
ny tracts  in  the  eastern  parts,  formerly  devoted 
to  tillage,  are  now  abandoned  and  overgrown 
with  pines.  Agriculture  in  general,  may  be  pro- 
nounced in  a  backward  state  in  Virginia.  East 
of  the  mountains,  the  labour  is  almost  wholly  per- 
formed by  the  slaves,  and  this  portion  of  the  state 
appears  to  be  declining  in  wealth.  West  of  the 
mountains,  slave  labour  is  less  relied  upon,  and 
the  country  is  improving  in  its  condition.  The 
imports  into  this  state  for  1829,  amounted  to  395,- 
352  dollars;  the  domestic  produce  exported,  to 
3,783,493  dollars  ;  total  exports,  3,787,431  dollars. 
The  errolled  and  licensed  shipping  in  J828, 
amounted  to  67,302  tons.  The  manufoctures  con- 
sist chieflv  of  iron  and  salt.  The  salt  works,  on 
the  Kana^hwa,  produce  about  2,000,000  bushels 
of  salt  yearly.  At  Harper's  Ferry,  is  a  manufac- 
tory of  muskets,  employed  principally  for  the 
United  States. 

The  legislature  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives.  The  senators  are  32;  they 
are  elected  by  districts,  and  hold  their  office  f(jur 
years,  one  quarter  of  their  number  being  renewed 
everyyear.  The  representatives  are  chosen  year- 
ly. These  elections  are  made  viva  voce,  and  not 
as  in  other  states,  by  ballot.  The  governor  is 
elected  for  three  years,  by  the  two  branches  of 
the  legislature,  and  is  eligible  but  once  in  6  3'ears. 
There  is  a  council  of  three,  chosen  like  the  Gov- 
ernor ,  the  senior  counsellor  is  Lt.  Governor.  The 
right  of  voting  comes  very  near  to  universal  suf- 
frage. Clergymen  are  ineligible  as  legislators. 
No  legislative  provision  can  be  made  for  religious 
M'orship. 

The  most  numerous  religious  sect  in  Virgin- 
ia, are  the  Baptists  who  have  337  churches  ;  the 
Presbyterians  have  104  ;  the  Episcopalians  45 
ministers  :  the  Methodists  77.  There  are  also 
Lutherans,  Catholics,  and  Jews  in  small  num- 
bers. 

There  are  4  colleges  in  this  state ;  at  Charlotts- 


and  released  by  the  romantic  generosity  of  Poca- 
hontas,the  King's  daughter.  The  affairs  of  the  col- 
ny  after  this,  fell  into  so  bad  a  state,  that  all  the  set- 
tlers embarked,  and  were  under  sail  to  leave  the 
country,  when  several  ships  arriving  with  sup- 
plies, they  were  induced  to  remain.  From  this  pe- 
riod, the  settlement  began  to  thrive,  though  much 
harrassed  by  Indian  wars.  Charles  1.  conferred 
upon  the  inhabitants  the  right  to  elect  represent- 
atives ;  in  return  for  which  favour  the  Virgin- 
ians adhered  to  the  royal  interests  during  the 
civil  wars  which  preceeded  his  overthrow.  The 
parliament  in  1C52,  sent  a  fleet  which  brought 
them  to  submission,  and  for  9  years,  Cromwell 
appointed  the  Governor  of  the  colony.  After  the 
restoration,  Virginia  was  much  disturbed  by  a 
civil  war  in  her  own  territory,  but  the  Governor 
continued  to  be  appointed  by  the  King  till  the 
beginning  of  the  American  Revolution.  In  1776, 
a  new  constitution  was  formed ;  and  in  1830,  it 
was  revised  by  a 'Convention. 

Virnebur<r,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Treves ;  seated  near  the  Nesse,  26  m. 
W.  N.  W-  of  Coblentz. 

Virion,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Luxem- 
burg, 22  m.  W.  of  Luxemburg, 

Visagapatarn ,  a  town  of  Hindcostan,  capital  of 
an  extensive  district  in  the  province  of  the  North- 
ern Circars,and  the  residence  of  the  Judge,  collec- 
tor, &c.,  of  the  district.  It  has  a  harbour,  and 
carries  on  a  considerable  trade.  100  m.  N.  E.  of 
Rajamundry  and  480  N.  E.  of  Madras. 

Visiilia,  p.v.  Campbell  Co.  Ken. 

Visclima,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Tobolsk.  268  m.  S.  W.  of  Tobolsk. 

Vise,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  province  of  Liege,  seated  on  the  Meuse,  6  m. 
S.  of  Maestricht. 

Visen,  a  town  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  and  a 
bishop's  see,  32  ni.  S.  of  Lamego  and  49  N.  E.  of 
Coimbra. 

Vishnei-Volotschok,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Tver.  It  has  a  canal,  which,  by 
uniting  the  Tverza  and  the  Masta,  connects  the 
inland  navigation  between  the  Caspian  and  the 


vrr 


763 


VOL 


Baltic  ,  and  is  seated  on  the  river  Zua,  50  m.  N. 
W   of  Tver. 

Visiapour,  or  Bejapour,  a  province  of  Hindoos- 
tan,  350  m.  long  and  about  200  broad,  bounded  N. 
and  E.  by  tlie  provinces  of  Aurungabadai>d  Beder, 
S.  by  Canara  and  the  river  Toombuddra,  and  W. 
by  tlie  sea.  The  soil  is  in  general  fertile  and 
provisions  are  plentiful  and  cheap. 

Visiajwur,  or  Bejapour,  the  capital  of  the  fore- 
going province,  was  formerly  a  great  city,  and  is 
said  to  have  contained  immense  wealth,  some  of 
which  has  been  found  among  the  ruins.  It  was 
besiegfd  by  Aurungzebe,  and  obliged  to  capitu- 
late in  1689.  It  is  situate  in  a  fertile  plain,  150 
m.  S.  E.  of  Poonah  and  340  N.  by  W.  of  Sering- 
apatam.     Long  75.  40.  E.,  lat.  17.  16.  N. 

Visa,  a  mountain  of  the  Marintime  Alps,  in 
Piedmont,  noted  as  the  source  of  the  river  Po. 

yistnla,  a  river  which  rises  in  the  Carpathian 
mountains,  on  the  confines  of  Moravia  and  Hun 
gary,  flows  through  Poland  and  Prussia,  by  Cra- 
cow, Sandomir,  Warsaw,  Culm,  Marienburg,  and 
Dantzic,  and  enters  the  Baltic  by  three  mouths. 

yUepsk,  a  government  of  Russia,  lying  between 
Courland  and  Livonia ;  it  has  an  area  of  about 
20,000  square  miles,  and  contains  750,000  inhab-' 
itants.  The  surface  is  flat,  and  covered  with  ex- 
tensive forests. 

Vitepsk,  a  city  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  forego- 
ing government.  It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by 
the  river  Dwina,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall.  In 
the  campaio-n  of  1812  it  wasentered  by  the  French. 
207  ra.  W.°of  Moscow  and  320  S.  of  St.  Pet..>rs- 
burg. 

VUerbo,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  a  delegation 
of  its  name,  in  the  pope's  dominions,  and  a  bish- 
op's see.  Its  streets  are  broad  and  well  paved, 
and  it  contains  10  parish-churches,  and  numerous 
convents,  palaces,  and  fountains.  Near  the  city 
is  a  hot  mineral  spring  much  frequented.  It  is 
seated  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  in  a  beautiful 
valley,  40  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Rome.  Long.  12. 26.  E  , 
lat.  42.  25.  iN. 

VUre,dL  town  of  France,  department  of  Ille  et 
Vilaine,  with  a  trade  in  linen  cloth,  and  knit 
stockinirs  and  gloves,  seated  on  the  Vilaine,  20  m. 
N.  E.  ofRennes  and  52  S.  E.  of  St.  Malo. 

V'Ury  le  Brule,  a  village  of  France  2  m.  N.  E.  of 
Vitry  le  Francois.  It  was  formerly  a  considera- 
ble town,  but  was  burnt  by  Louis  VII.,  and  on 
this  account  called  Brule.  The  English  and  Bur- 
gundians,  in  the  war  with  Charles  VII.,  set  fire 
to  Vitry  with  60  villages.  It  was  a  third  time 
burned  and  ruined  by  the  troops  of  the  emperor 
Charles  V. 

Vitry  le  Francois,  a  town  of  France,  depart- 
ment of  Marne,  built  by  Francis  I.  after  the  de- 
struction of  Vitry  le  Brule  by  the  emperor  Charles 
V.  It  has  a  great  trade  in  corn,  and  is  seated  on 
the  Marne,  lorn.  S.  E.  of  Chalons  and  100  E.  of 
Paris. 

VitteauT,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Cote  dOr,  seated  on  the  river  Braine,  among 
the  mountains,  where  there  are  quarries  of  mar- 
ble, 12  m.  S.  E.  of  Semur  and  27  W.  of  Dijon. 

iittoria,  a  town  of  Spain,  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Alaba,  in  Biscay.  It  is  surrounded  by 
doable  walls,  and  the  large  streets  are  bordered 
with  trees.  Inthe  principal  square  are  the  town- 
house,  two  convents,  and  a  fine  fountain.  It  has 
a  great  trade  in  hardware,  particularly  in  sword- 
blades,  which  are  made  here  in  large  quantities. 
It  is  seated  on  an  eminence,  at  the  end  of  a  plain, 
iertils  in  corn  and  grapes,  32  m.  S.  £.  of  Bilbao 


and  155  N.  of  Madrid  .     Lonff.  2.  38.  W.  lat  43 
45.  N.  ^ 

Vivarez,  a  territory  of  France,  in  the  N.  E. 
part  of  Languedoc,  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhone, 
now  forming  the  department  of  Ardeche. 

Vivero,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  seated 
at  the  foot  of  a  steep  mountain,  near  the  river  Vi- 
vero or  Landrova,  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.     22  m.  N.  W.  of  Mondonedo. 

Fmer*,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
deche, seated  among  rocks  (on  one  of  which  the 
cathedral  is  built)  on  the  river  Rhone,  16  m.  S. 
by  E.  of  Privas. 

Vladimir.     See  Volodimir. 

Vlidand.&n  island  of  the  Netherlands,  about  8 
m.  long  and  3  broad,  situate  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Zuyder  Zee,  5  m.  N.  of  Texel. 

Vighera,  a  province  of  the  Sardinian  states,  ad- 
jacent to  Austrian  Italy,  coirprising  an  area  of 
100  square  miles,  with  flOjOOO  inhabitants.  The 
soil  is  fertile  in  corn  and  wine,  and  much  silk  is 
produced. 

Voghera,  a  town  of  Italy,  capital  of  the  above 
province,  and  a  bishop's  see.  The  chief  manu- 
facture is  that  of  silk.  It  is  seated  on  the  Slaffo- 
ra,  9  m.  N.  E.  of  Tortone. 

Voglabruck,^  town  of  Austria,  on  the  river  Vo- 
gel,  28  m.  N.  E.  of  Salzburg  and  38  S.  W.  of 
Lintz. 

Void,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Mease, 
18  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Aar  le  Euc. 

Voigdand,  a  circle  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony, 
adjoining  that  of  Erzgebirge,  comprising  an  area 
of  700  square  miles,  with  100.000  inhabitants.  It 
is  very  hilly,  and  abounds  in  wood  ;  but  the 
valleys  afford  plenty  of  corn,  and  pastures  that 
feed  great  numbers  of  excellent  cattle.  Plauen 
is  the  capital. 

Voigtsbcrg,  a  town  and  citadel  of  Saxony,  in 
Voifftland,  5  m.  S.  by.  E.  of  Plauen. 

Voigtsberg,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  States  in 
Stiria,  seated  on  the  Kainach  18  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
Gratz. 

Vokelmark,  or  Volkcnmark,  a  town  of  Austrian 
Illyria,  in  Carinthia,  seated  on  the  Drave,  17  m 
E.  by  S.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Volcano,  one  of  the  most  considerable  of  the  Li- 
pari  Islands  in  the  Mediteranean,  lying  S.  of  the 
island  of  Lipari,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a 
deep  channel,  a  mile  and  a  half  broad.  It  is  12 
miles  in  circumference,  and  is  a  volcano,  in  the 
form  of  a  broken  cone,  but  now  emits  smoke  only. 
Volcandlo  a  small  volcanic  island  in  the 
Mediterranean,  between  that  of  Lipari  and  Volum. 

Volga,  a  river  of  Russia,  which  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has 
its  source  in  two  small  lakes,  in  the  government 
of  Pleskof,  about  80  m.  W.  of  Tver,  begins  to  be 
navigable  a  ♦ew  m.  above  that  town,  and  is  there 
augmented  by  the  influx  of  the  Tverza.  It  wa- 
ters some  of  the  finest  provinces  in  the  Russian 
empire,  passes  by  Yaroslaf,  Kosfroma,  Nishnei, 
Novogorod,  Kasan,  Simbirsk,  Saratof,  Tzaritzin, 
and  Astracan,  and  enters  the  Caspian  Sea,  by  scv 
eral  mouths.  This  is  supposed  to  be  ths  largest 
river  in  Europe;  and  by  means  of  it,  the  river 
Tverza,  and  a  canal  thence  to  the  Neva,  there  is 
a  navigable  communication  between  the  Caspian 
Sea  and  the  Baltic. 

Volhynia,  a  government  of  Russia,  220  m.  long 
and  130  broad ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Polesia, 
E.  by  Kiof,  S.  by  Podolia,  and  W.  bv  the  king- 
dom of  Poland.  It  consists  chiefly  of  fertila 
plains,  watered  by  a  great  number  of  rivers. 


■\  ,'> 


VOL 


764 


VUL 


Vollenkovm,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Overyssel,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Zuyder 
Zee,8  m.  S.  W.  of  Steenwich  and  12  N.  W.  of 
Zwoll. 

Volmar,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of    Riga,   on    the  rivet  Aa,  60  ni.  N.  fi.    of  Aiga. 
Volnrij,  p.t.  Oswego   Co.   N.  Y.  180  m.  N.  W. 
Alb;»ny.  Pop.  3,020. 

l^olo,  an  ancient  town  of  Greece,  in  Thessaly, 
with  a  citadel  and  a  fort.  It  was  taken,  and  al- 
most ruined,  in  1655,  by  the  Venetians.  It  is 
seated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  where  there  is 
a  good  harbour,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Larissa.  Long.  22. 
55.  E.,Iat.  39.21.  N. 

Vdodimir,  or  Vladimir,  a  government  of  Rus- 
sia, formerly  a  province  of  tlie  government  of 
Moscow,  it  contains  an  area  of  19,500  sq.  m. 
with  about  1,000,000  of  inhabitants.  The  soil  is 
extremely  fertile,  and  in  the  forests  are  innumer- 
able swarms  of  bees. 

Votodimir,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  govern- 
ment, seated  on  the  Kliasma,  110  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Moscow. 

Vologda,  a  government  of  Russia,  divided  into 
the  two  provinces  of  Vologda  and  Ustiug,  and 
comprising  an  area  of  149,000  sq.  m.  with  about 
660,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a  marshy  country,  full 
of  forests,  lakes,  and  rivers,  and  noted  for  its  fine 
wool. 

Vologda,  the  capital  of  the  above  province  and 
an  archbishop,s  see,  has  a  magnificent  cathedral, 
several  churches,  a  castle,  and  a  fortress.  The 
principal  trade  is  in  hemp  matting,  leather  and,  tal- 
low. It  is  seated  in  a  marsh,  on  the  river  Volog- 
da, which  flows  into  the  Sukhona,  257  m.  N. 
bv  E.  of  Moscow.  Long.  39.  46.  E.,  lat.  59. 
2b.  N. 

Volsk,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of 
Saratof,  situate  on  the  Volga,  76  m.  N.  E.  of  Sa- 
ratof. 

Volta,  a  river  of  Guinea,  which  separates  the 
Gold  Coast  from  the  Slave  Coast,  and  enters  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

Vokaorio,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in 
the  territory  of  Genoa,  15  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Genoa. 
Volterra,  a  walled  town  of  Italy,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Tuscany,  containing  several  antiquities. 
It  is  the  see  of  a  bishop,  and  is  seated  on  a  moun- 
tain, 30  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Florence  and  32  S.  E.  of 
Pisa. 

Voltri,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  States,  in  the 
territory  of  Genoa,  near  which  the  Austrians  were 
defeated  by  the  French  in  1796.  It  is  6  m.  W.  of 
Genoa. 

Volturara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  Capitana- 
ta,  20  ra.  W.  of  Lucera,  and  25  N.  E.  of  Na- 
ples. 

Volturno,  a  river  of  Naples,  which  rises  in  the 
Appennines,  passes  by  Isernia  and  Capua,  and 
enters  the  gulf  of  Gaieta. 

Voluntown,  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  Pon. 
1,304.  ^ 

Volvic,  a  town  of  France  department  of  Puy  de 
Dome,  near  which  are  immense  quarries,  which 
furnish  materials  for  the  building  of  the  adjacent 
towns,  and  for  the  statues  in  the  churches.  It  is  6 
m.  N.  of  Clermont. 


VoorheiesviUe,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  N.  Y. 

Foor«,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Hol- 
land, between  two  mouths  of  the  Meuse,  20  m. 
long  and  5  broad.  This  island,  with  Goree  and 
Overslackee,  form  the  territory  called  Voornland 
which  anciently  belonged  to  Zealand.  Briel  is 
the  capital. 

Vorden,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Osnaburg,  20  ra.  N.  N.  E.  of  Osna- 
burg. 

Vordon,  a  town  of  Poland,  on  the  Vistula, 
where  a  toll  is  collected  from  ships  going  up 
and  down  the  river.  It  is  15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Culm. 

Voringen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Hohenzollern,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Hohenzol- 
lern. 

Voronez,  a  government  of  Russia,  bordering 
on  the  Ukraine,  which  it  resembles  in  climate, 
soil,  and  productions.  It  comprises  an  area  of 
31,000  sq.  m.  with  about  800,000  inhabitants. 

Voronez,  the  capital  of  the  above  government 
and  an  archbishop's  see,  is  seated  on  the  river 
Voronez,  near  its  junction  with  the  Don,  230  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  xMoscovv.  Long.  39.  14.  E.,  lat.  51. 
36  N. 

Vosges,  a  department  of  France,  including  the 
S.  E.  part  of  the  former  province  of  Lorrain,  so 
called  from  a  chain  of  mountains,  formerly  cover- 
ed with  wood,  that  separates  this  department 
from  those  of  Upper  Saone  and  Upper  Rhine.  It 
has  an  extent  of  2,400  sq.  m.  with  340,000  inhab- 
tants.  Epinal  is  the  capital. 

Voughine,  p.v.  Chicot  Co.  Arkansas. 

Vouille,  a  village  of  France,  department  of 
Vienne,  where  Clovis  gained  a  battle  in  507 
against  Alaric,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  which  ex- 
tended the  French  empire  from  the  Loire,  to  the 
Pyrenees,  10  m.  W.  of  Poitiers. 

Vourla,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  in  Natolia,  30 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Smyrna. 

Vou-tckang,  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the 
province  of  Hou-quang,  and  the  rendezvous,  as  it 
were,  of  all  the  commercial  people  in  the  empire. 
As  every  branch  of  trade  is  carried  on  here,  its 
port,  on  the  Kian-ku,  is  always  crowded  with 
vessels,  the  river  being  sometimes  covered  with 
them  to  the  distance  of  two  leagues.  The  beau- 
tiful crystal  found  in  its  mountains,  the  plentiful 
crops  of  fine  tea,  and  the  prodigious  sale  of  the 
bamboo  paper  made  here,  contribute  no  less  to 
make  it  famous  than  the  continual  influx  of  stran- 
gers. It  is  655  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  112.  25. 
E,  lat.  30.  30.  N. 

Vouziers,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Ar- 
dennes, seated  on  the  river  Aisne,  32  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  Rheims. 

Vriezen-  Veen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Overyssel,  20  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Zwolle. 

Vokovar,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states, in  Scla- 
vonia,  with  a  manufacture  of  silk,  seated  on  the 
Danube,  at  the  influx  of  the  small  river  Yuko, 
which  divides  it  into  two  parts.  21  m.  S.  E.  of 
Eszek. 

VuUurara,  a  town  of  Naples,  in  principato  Ul 
tra,  65  m.  N  E.  of  Naples. 


WJX 


765 


WAL 


W 


WAAG,  a  river  of  Hungary,  which  rises  in 
the  Carpathian  mountains,  flows  by  Leopoldsladt, 
and  joins  the  Danube  below  Comorn. 

Waal,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands,  being  the  S. 
branch  from  the  Rhine  below  Einmerick.  It 
flows  W.  through  Gelderland,  passes  by  Nimegu- 
en,  Tiel,  Bommel,  and  Gorcuni,  and  joins  the 
Meuse  at  Briel. 

Wabash,  a  river  of  the  United  States,  in  Indiana, 
which  rises  near  some  lakes  to  the  W.  of  Lake 
Erie,  and  taking  a  S.  S.  W.  course  of  400  m. 
enters  the  Ohio  100  m.  above  the  confluence  of 
that  river  with  the  Mississippi.  It  is  navigable 
for  340  m.  and  approaches  within  9  m.  of  the 
navigable  waters  of  Lake  Erie. 

Wabash,  a  county  of  Indiana.  Elk  Heart  Plain 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  2,109. 
Mount  Carmel  is  the  capital. 

Wachenheiin.  a   town   of  Bavaria,  in  the   circle 
of  the  Rhine,  17  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Worms. 
t  WachUrsbach,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wattera- 

via,  with  a  castle,  in  which  the  count  of  Isen- 
burg-Wachtersbach  resides.  20  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Hanau. 

Wachusett,  a  mountain  of  Massachusetts  in 
Princeton,  Worcester  Co.  It  is  a  detached  emi- 
nence at  a  distance  from  any  range  of  mountains 
and  is  3,000  feet  in  height. 

Waddinorton,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  Co.  N.  Y.  250 
m.  N.  W. "Albany. 

Wadesborough,  p.v.  Anson  Co.  N.  C.  20  m.  W. 
Fayetfeville. 

Willing  River,  p.t.  Suffblk  Co.  N.  Y. 

Wadstena,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Gothland, 
with  a  castJe  built  by  Gustavus  Vasa  in  1544,  and 
mhabited  by  his  son  Magnus,  who  was  insane. 
It  is  seated  on  the  lake  Wetter,  46  m.  W.  of 
Nordkoping.  Long.  14.  53.  E.,  lat.  58.  28. 
N. 

Wadsworth,p.t.  Madison  Co.  Ohio,  110  m.  N. 
E.  Columbus.     Pop.  965. 

Wageningen,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Gelderland,  with  a  good  trade  in  cattle  and  tobac- 
co. It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine,  12  m.  W.  of  Aren- 
heim. 

Wagram,  a  town  of  Austria,  14  m.  N.  N.  E. 
Vienna.  Here  Napoleon  gained  a  splendid  victo- 
ry over  the  Austrians  July,  6, 1809. 

Wahren,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy   of 

Macklenburg,  seated  near  the  lake  Calpin,  12  m. 

of  Malchin   and  27  W.  N.  W.  of  New  Stre- 

Waiblingen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  kinjr. 
dom  of  Wurtemberg,  on  the  river  Rems,  7  m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Waidhoccn,  Bairisch,  a  town  of  Austria,  on  the 
river  Ips,  23  m.  S.  W.  of  St.  Polten. 

Waidlioven,  Bohmisch,  a  town  and  castle  of  Aus- 
tria, on  the  river  Teya,  10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Horn. 

Wai.dslioroush.  p.v.  Callaway  Co.  Ken,  263  m. 
S.  W.  Frankfort. 

Waisntz,  or  Valgatch,  an  island  and  strait  be- 
tween Nova  Zembla  and  Russia.  Long.  93.  30. 
E.Jat.  69.  30.  N. 

WaitifieRt  a  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  131  m. 
N.   bv  E.  of  London. 

Waiisfiddy  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  958. 


Waitzen,  a  town  of  Hungary,  and  a  bishop's 
see.  A  large  annual  fair  is  kept  here.  It  has  fre- 
quently  been  taken  by  the  Turks,  and  was  burnt 
by  them  in  1685.  It  is  situate  on  the  Danube, 
98  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Presburg.  Long.  19.  15.  E., 
lat.  47.  45.  N. 

Wakitomika,  p.t.  Coshocton  Co.  Ohio.  60  m.  N 
E.  Columbus. 

Wake,  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  20,417 
Raleigh  is  the  capital. 

Wakefield,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  Here 
are  considerable  manufactures  of  woolen  cloth 
and  stuffs,  and  a  hall  for  the  sale  of  the  goods ;  al- 
so a  free  grammar-school,  which  has  several  ex- 
hibitions to  both  the  universities.  It  is  situate  in 
the  heart  of  a  rich  and  fertile  district,  29  m.  S 
W.  of  York  and  178  N.  N    W.  of  London. 

^Fo/:c^cW,  a  township  of  Strafford  Co.  N.  H 
50  m.  N.   W.  Portsmouth.     Pop.  1,470. 

Wake  Forest,  p.v.  Wake  Co.  N.  C. 

Wakulla,  a  small  river  of  W.  Florida,  running 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  Wakulla  Foun- 
tain which  is  the  source  of  this  river,  is  a  large 
basin  of  water  like  a  small  lake,  and  so  deep  that 
it  has  been  sounded  with  a  line  of  250  fathoms 
without  reaching  the  bottom.  The  water  is  of  a 
light  blue  color  and  almost  as  transparent  as  air.  It 
has  almost  the  coldness  of  ice  water,  even  in  the 
hotest  of  summer,  and  bubbles  up  from  the  bottom 
like  a  cauldron  of  boiling  water.  This  spring 
is  12  m.  from  Tallahassee  and  20  from  the  Galf 
of  Mexico. 

Walachia,  province  of  Turkey,  175  m.  long  and 
125  broad;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Transylvania, 
E.  by  Moldavia,  S.  by  the  river  Danube  which 
separates  it  from  Bulgaria,  and  W.  by  Hungary. 
It  is  watered  by  numerous  rivers,  abounds  in 
good  horses  and  cattle,  has  mines  of  several  kinds, 
and  produces  wine,  oil,  and  all  manner  of  Euro- 
pean fruit.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  able 
animals  of  this  country  is   the   Strepsiceros    or 


Walachian  sheep.  Its  area  is  estimated  at  28,000 
square  miles  ;  its  population  at  800,000.  It  was 
ceded  to  the  Turks  by  the  treaty  of  Belgrade  in 
1739.  It  is  governed  by  a  hospodar  or  prince 
who  is  a  vassal  of  the  empire,  and  holds  his 
sovereignty  by  a  firman  of  the  grand  signior. 
Bucharest  is  the  capital. 

Walcheren,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  the 
principal  one  of  Zealand,  and  the  most  westerly, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt.     It  is  9  m.  long  and 


WAL 


766 


WAL 


8  broad,  and  being  low  is  subject  to  inundations, 
but  has  good  arable  and  pasture  lands.  This  isl- 
and was  taken  by  the  British  in  July  1809,  with 
a  view  to  the  destruction  of  the  ships  and  arsenal 
at  Antwerp  ;  but  a  number  of  untoward  circum- 
stances first  rendered  the  principal  object  of  the 
expedition  abortive,  and  then  the  pestilential  na- 
ture of  the  island,  at  that  particular  season  of  the 
year,  obliged  the  British  to  relinquish  every  ad- 
vantage they  had  gained.  The  capital  of  this 
island,  and  of  the  whole  province,  is  Middle- 
burg. 

JValcour,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the 
province  of  Namur,  which  was  entirely  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1615;  seated  on  the  Heura,  27  ra.  S. 
W.  of  Namur. 

Waldburg,  a  castle  of  Germany,  which  gives 
name  to  a  county,  between  the  Danube  and  the 
Her.  It  stands  on  a  mountain,  7  m.  N.  of  Wan- 
gen  and  33  S.  by  W.  of  Ulm. 

fValdeck,  a  principality  of  Germany,  30  miles 
long  and  24  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  £.  and  S.  by 
Hesse-Cassel,  VV.  by  the  Prussian  province  of 
Westphalia,  and  N.  by  the  principality  of  Pader- 
born.  It  consists  of  two  counties,  Pyrmont  and 
Waldeck,  the  latter  containing  424  sq.  m.  with 
40,000  inhabitants,  the  former  31  sq.  m.  with 
10,000  inhabitants.  The  country  is  mountainous 
and  covered  with  woods  ;  and  has  mines  of  iron, 
copper,  quicksilver,  and  alum. 

WaJ.de.ck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county  of 
the  same  name,  with  a  castle,  seated  on  the 
Steinbach,  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Corbach. 

IValden,  or  Saffron  IValden,  a  town  in  Essex, 
Eng.  42  m.  N.  by  E.  of  London. 

Walden,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  74  m.  N.  E. 
Montpelier.  Pop.  827.  p.v.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y. 
85  m.  S.  Albany.  Here  are  large  manufactures 
of  broad-cloth,  flannel  and  cotton. 

WaLderdiurg,  a  town  and  castle  of  Saxony,  sit- 
uate on  the  Muldau.  The  old  town,  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  river,  is  famous  for  its  brown 
and  white  earthern  ware.  It  is  12  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Zwickau. 

WaJdenburg,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  in  the 
principality  of  Hohenlohe,  with  an  ancient  castle 
on  a  mountain,  6  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Ohringen. 

Waldenheim,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  an  ancient 
monastery,  now  converted  into  an  orphan  house 
and  house  of  correction,  in  which  various  manu- 
factures are  carried  on.  It  is  situate  on  the 
Zschopa,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Leipzig. 

fValdmuHchen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  on  the  river 
Schwarza,  32  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Amberg. 

Waldo,  a  county  of  Maine.  Pop.  "29,790.  Bel- 
fast is  the  capital.  A  town  in  Waldo  Co.  Me. 
Pop.  534. 

Waldoborough,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  22  m.  E. 
Wiscasset.  It  has  a  good  harbour  and  is  a  port 
of  entry  with  a  considerable  coasting  trade  in 
lumber  and  lime.     Pop.  3,113. 

Waldassen,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  near  which  is  a 
rich  Cistertian  abbey,  the  abbot  of  which  was 
formerlv  a  prince  of  the  empire.  It  is  44  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Amberg. 

Waldshut,  a  strong  town  of  Baden,  in  the  circle 
of  Wiesen,  one  of  the  four  Forest  Towns  ;  seated 
on  the  Rhine,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Black  Forest, 
19  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Schaffliausen. 

WaMstadt,  a  name  given  to  the  Swiss  cantons 
of  Lucern,  Uri,  Schweitz,  and  Underwalden.  It 
signifies  F01  jst  Towns  ;  these  cantons  containing 
a  great  number  of  forests.  For  the  Waldstadt  of 
Baden,  see  Forest  Towns. 


Waldstadter  See,  or  Lake  of  the  Four  Cantons, 
one  of  the  finest  lakes  in  Switzerland.  It  con- 
sists of  three  principal  branches,  called  the  Lakes 
of  Lucern,  Schweitz,  and  Uri.  The  upper  branch, 
or  lake  of  Lucern,  is  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  the 
sides  of  which  stretch  from  Kussnatcht  to  Dul- 
lenwal,  a  village  near  Stantz.  It  is  bounded  to- 
wards the  town  by  cultivated  hills,  sloping  gradu- 
ally to  the  water,  contrasted  on  the  opposite  side 
by  an  enormous  mass  of  barren  and  cragffy  rocks  ; 
Mount  Pilate,  one  of  the  highest  mountains  in 
Switzerland,  rising  boldly  from  the  lake.  To- 
wards the  E.  of  this  branch,  the  lake  contracts 
into  a  narrow  creek,  scarcely  a  mile  across.  Soon 
after  it  again  widens,  and  forms  the  second  branch, 
or  lake  of  Schweitz  ;  on  the  W.  side  the  canton 
of  Underwalden,  on  the  E.  that  of  Schweitz. 
Here  the  mountains  are  more  lofty,  and  infinite- 
ly varied  ;  some  covered  to  the  very  summits 
with  verdure,  others  perpendicular  and  craggy. 
Near  Brumen  commences  the  third  branch,  or 
lake  of  Uri,  which  takes  a  S.  E.  direction.  It  is 
deep  and  narrow,  about  9  miles  long,  and  bor- 
dered on  both  sides  by  rocks  uncommonly  wild 
and  romantic,  with  forests  of  beech  and  pine 
growing  down  their  sides  to  the  very  edge  of  the 
water.     The  river  Reuss  flows  through  this  lake. 

Wales,  a  principality  in  the  W.  of  England, 
150  m.  long  and  80  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  Irish  Sea,  W.  by  that  sea,  and  St.  George's 
Channel,  S.  by  the  Bristol  Channel,  and  E.  by 
the  counties  of  Chester,  Salop,  Hereford,  and 
Monmouth.  It  has  an  area  of  5,200,000  acres, 
contained  in  1821,  717,438  inhabitants,  and  sends 
24  members  to  parliament.  It  is  divided  into  N. 
and  S.  Wales,  each  containing  six  counties, 
namely,  Anglesea,  Carnarvon,  Denbigh,  Flint, 
Merioneth,  and  Montgomery,  in  N.  Wales; 
Brecknock,  Cardigan,  Carmarthen,  Glamorgan, 
Pembroke,  and  Radnor,  in  S.  Wales.  It  is  the 
country  to  which  the  ancient  Britons  fled,  when 
Great  Briton  was  invaded  by  the  Saxons.  They 
are  now  called  Welsh,  and  continue  to  preserve 
their  own  language.  They  were  long  governed 
by  independent  kings,  till  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.,  their  last  prince,  Llewellin,  being  vanquished 
and  slain  in  the  year  1283,  the  country  was  uni- 
ted to  England.  The  natives  submitted  to  tiie 
English  dominion  with  extreme  reluctance  ;  and 
Edward,  as  a  conciliatory  means,  promised  to 
give  them  for  their  prince  a  Welshman  by  birth, 
and  one  who  could  speak  no  other  language. 
This  notice  being  received  with  joy,  he  invested 
in  the  principality  his  second  son,  Edward,  then 
an  infant,  who  had  been  born  at  Carnarvon. 
The  death  of  his  eldest  son,  Alphonso,  happening 
soon  after,  young  Edward  became  heir  also  of 
the  English  monarchy,  and  united  both  nations 
under  one  government ;  but  some  ages  elapsed 
before  the  animosity  which  had  long  subsisted 
between  them  was  totally  extinguished.  From 
the  time  of  Edward  II.  the  eldest  son  of  the  king 
of  England  has  always  been  created  prince  of 
Wales.  The  general  aspect  of  the  country  is 
bold,  romantic,  and  mountainous,  consisting  of 
almost  continued  ranges  of  lofty  mountains  and 
impending  craggs,  intersected  by  numerous  deep 
ravines,  with  extensive  valleys,  and  affording 
endless  views  of  wild  mountain  scenery.  Agri- 
culture is  in  a  backward  state,  but  the  soil  is  by 
no  means  barren,  producing  all  the  necessaries 
of  life ;  the  cattle  and  sheep  are  numerous,  but 
small,  and  it  is  particularly  famous  for  gojits.  It 
is  watered  by  many  rivers",  the  principal  of  which 


WAL 


767 


WAL 


and  other  particulars,  are  noted  in  the  different 
counties. 

Wales,  JVeic  Smith,  a  name  given  to  the  E. 
coast  of  New  Holland.  It  was  first  explored  by 
captain  Cook,  in  1770;  and  a  design  was  formed, 
in  consequence  of  his  recommendation,  to    settle 

Si>  a  colony  of  convicts  at  Botany  Bay.  Captain 
Philip,  being  appointed  govenor  oftlie  intended 
settlement,  sailed  from  Portsmouth,  in  May,  1787, 
with  a  detachment  of  marines,  and  778  convicts, 
of  whom  221)  were  women.  He  arrived  at  Bota- 
ny Bay  in  January,  1788;  but,  subsequently, 
finding  this  bay  very  ineligible  for  a  colony,  he 
fixed  upon  Port  Jackson,  about  13  m.  further  to 
the  N.,  and  here  a  settlement  was  begun,  to  which 
he  gave  the  name  of  Sydney  cove.  With  respect 
to  the  country,  a  vast  chain  of  lofty  mountains, 
about  60  miles  inland,  runs  nearly  in  a  N.  and  S. 
direction  further  than  the  eye  can  reach.  The 
general  face  of  it  is  diversified  with  gentle  risings 
and  snriiU  winding  valleys,  covered,  for  the  most 
part,  with  large  spreading  trees,  which  afford  a 
succession  of  leaves  in  all  seasons  ;  and  a  variety 
of  flowering  shrubs,  almost  all  new  to  a  European, 
but  of  little  fragrance,  abound  in  tliose  places 
which  are  free  from  trees.  The  climate  appears 
not  to  be  disaorreeable  ;  the  heat  is  never  excessive 
In  summer,  nor  the  cold  intolerable  in  winter : 
storms  of  thunder  and  lightning  are  frequent. 
During  the  summer  months,  December,  January, 
and  February,  the  mean  heat  is  about  80  degrees 
at  noon,  but  it  is  greatly  mitigated  by  a  regular 
Seabreeze.  In  the  inland  districts,  to  the  E.  of 
the  mountains,  the  climate  is  about  5  degrees 
colder.  The  soil  possesses  every  variety,  from 
the  sandy  heath  and  the  cold  hungry  clay  to  the 
fertile  loam  and  the  deep  vegetable  mould.  In 
the  interior  a  rich  loam,  resting  on  a  substratum 
of  fat  clay,  several  feet  in  depth,  is  found  even 
on  the  tops  of  some  of  the  highest  hills,  which  in 
general  are  not  less  fertile  than  the  valleys.  The 
alluvial  lands  on  the  banks  of  the  Nepean  and 
Hawkesbury  are  of  the  greatest  fertility,  being  a 
rich  vegetable  mould  many  feet  in  depth,  formed 
by  depositions  from  these  rivers  during  their  inun- 
dations. Wheat  and  maize  are  extensively  culti- 
vated by  the  colony,  and  barley,  oats.  r\-e.  &c., 
are  also  raised.  Every  species  of  culinary  vege- 
table known  in  Britain  is  produced  in  New  South 
Wales,  and  many  of  them  attain  a  superior  de- 
gree of  perfection,  though  a  few  also  degenerate. 
The  fruits  are  excellent  and  of  great  variety  :  or- 
anires,  peaches,  apricots,  nectarines,  grapes, 
pears,  plums,  pomegranates,  raspberries.strawber- 
ries,  melons,  &c.,  attain  the  highest  degree  of 
maturity  in  the  open  air  ;  while  the  pine  apple 
may  be  produced  by  the  aid  of  the  common  forc- 
ing glass.  The  price  of  provisions  is  however 
liable  to  great  extremes,  in  consequence  of  the 
inundations   of   the    Nepean    and    Hawkesbury, 

'  which     sometimes    destroy,  in    a   moment,   the 

brightest  hopes  of  the  farmers.  The  native  quad- 
rupeds are  principally  of  the  opossum  kind,  of 
which  the  most  remarkable  is  the  kangaroo. 
The  native  dogs  are  extremely  fierce,  and  can- 
not be  brought  to  the  same  degree  of  familiarity 
as  those  with  which  we  are  acquainted.  There 
are  also  weasels  and  ant-eaters,  with  that  singu- 
lar animal  the4uck-billed  platypus,  in  which  the 
jaws  of  a  quadruped  are  elongated  into  the  com- 
plete bill  of  a  bird.  Horses  and  cattle  have  been 
introduced,  and  their  increase  throughout  the  col- 
ony has  been  very  rapid.  There  are  many  beau- 
tiful birds  of  various  kinds;  among  which   the 


principal  is  a  black  swan,  its  wings  edged  wHh 
white,  its  bi'l  tinged  with  red  ;  and  the  ostrich  or 
cassowary,  which  frequently  reaches  the  heigh* 
of  seven  feet  or  more.  Several  kinds  of  serpents, 
large  spideis,  and  scolopendras,  have  also  been 
met  with  ;  and  three  or  four  species  of  ants,  par- 
ticularly green  ants,  which  bnild  their  nests  up- 
on trees  in  a  very  singular  manner.  There  are 
likewise  nrny  curious  fishes;  though  the  finny 
tribe  seem  not  to  be  so  plenti-ful  here  as  they  gen- 
erally are  in  higher  latitudes.  Some  sharks  have 
been  seen  in  Port  Jackson  ;  and  in  the  rivers  and 
salt  creeks  there  are  alligators. 

The  Aborigines  of  New  S.  Wales  are  repre 
sented  as,  perhaps,  the  most  miserable  and  savage 
race  of  men  existing.  They  ^o  entirely  naked  ; 
and,  though  pleased  at  first  with  some  ornaments 
thai  were  given  them,  they  soon  threw  them  away 
as  u.seless.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  that 
they  are  insensible  of  the  benefits  of  clothing,  or 
of  some  of  the  conveniences  of  which  their  new 
neighbours  are  possessed.  Some  of  them,  whom 
the  colonists  partly  clothed,  seemed  to  be  pleased 
with  the  comfivrtable  wannth  they  derived  from 
it :  and  they  all  expressed  a  desire  for  iron  tools. 
The  color  of  the  natives  is  rather  a  deep  choco- 
late than  a  full  black ;  but  the  filth  with  which 
their  skin  is  covered  prevents  its  true  color  from 
appearing.  Their  hair  is  generally  clotted  with 
a  red  gum,  and  they  paint  themselves  with  va- 
rious colors  :  they  will  also  sometimes  ornament 
themselves  with  beads  and  shells,  but  make  no 
use  of  the  beautiful  feathers  of  their  birds.  Most 
of  the  men  want  one  of  the  fore  teeth  in  the  up- 
per jaw,  which  appears  to  be  a  badge  of  honour 
among  them,  and  it  is  common  for  the  women 
to  cut  off  two  joints  of  the  little  finger.  Of  the 
cultivation  of  the  ground  they  have  no  notion, 
nor  can  they  be  prevailed  upon  to  eat  our  bread 
or  dressed  meat.  Hence  they  depend  entirely 
for  subsistence  on  the  fruits  and  roots  they  can 
gather,  and  the  animals  and  fish  they  catch. 
They  frequently  set  fire  to  the  grass,  in  order  to 
drive  out  the  opossums,  and  other  animals,  from 
their  retreats,  and  they  have  been  observed  to 
set  decoys  for  quails.  As  all  these  resources 
must  be  precarious,  it  is  no  wonder  that  they  are 
frequently  distressed  for  provisions.  Thus,  in 
the  summer,  they  would  eat  neither  the  shark 
nor  the  stingray,  but,  in  winter,  any  thing  was 
acceptable.  They  sometimes  bake  their  provi- 
sions, by  the  help  of  hot  stones,  like  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  islands  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  but 
more  frequently  eat  them  raw.  Among  the  fruits 
used  by  them  is  a  kind  of  wild  fig;  and  they  eat 
also  the  kernels  of  a  fruit  resembling  the  pine- 
apple. The  principal  part  of  their  subsistence, 
however,  is  fish.  They  sometimes  strike  the  fish 
from  the  canoes  with  spears,  sometimes  catch 
them  with  hooks,  and  also  make  use  of  nets, 
which  are  generally  made  of  the  fibres  of  the  fla.t 
plant,  with  very  little  preparation,  and  are  strong 
and  heavy  :  the  lines  of  which  they  are  composed 
being  twisted  like  whipcord.  Some  of  them, 
however,  appear  to  be  made  of  the  fur  of  an  ani- 
mal, and  others  of  cotton.  Their  hooks  are  made 
of  the  inside  of  a  shell  very  much  resembling  the 
mother-of-pearl.  Their  canoes  are  nothing  more 
than  large  pieces  of  bark  tied  up  at  both  ends  with 
vines;  and,  considering  the  slight  texture  of 
these  vessels,  the  dexterity  with  which  they  are 
managed,  and  the  boldness  with  which  they  ven 
ture  out  to  sea  in  them,  are  wonderful.  Their 
huts  consist  of  pieces  of  bark  laid  together  in  the 


WAL 


708 


WAL 


fbrm  oPan  oven,  open  at  one  end,  very  low,  but 
long  enough  for  a  man  to  lie  at  full  length  ;  but 
they  seem  to  depend  more  for  shelter  on  the 
caverns  with  which  the  rocks  abound.  They 
possess  a  great  power  of  imitation  :  they  can  imi- 
tate the  songs  and  language  of  the  Europeans 
almost  instantaneously,  much  better  than  tiie 
latter  can  imitate  theirs  by  long  practice  ;  and 
this  talent  is  discernible  in  their  sculptures,  every 
where  to  be  met  with  on  the  rocks  :  these  repre- 
sent men  and  other  animals,  and,  though  rude, 
are  very  surprising  for  people  who  have  not  the 
knowledge  of  constructing  a  comfortable  habita- 
tion, or  of  making  clothes.  In  person,  they  are 
active,  vigorous,  and  stout,  though  generally  lean. 
The  women  have  sometimes  been  kept  back  with 
the  most  jealous  sensibility,  sometimes  offered 
with  tlie  greatest  familiarity.  They  have  soft 
and  pleasing  voices  ;  and  seem  not  to  be  destitute 
of  modesty.  The  men  display  great  personal 
bravery  on  the  appearance  of  any  danger;  but, 
with  all  their  courage,  they  are  much  afraid  of  a 
musket.  They  certainly  burn  their  dend;  which 
perhips,  has  given  rise  to  the  story  of  their  being, 
cannibals.  They  seem  very  little  given  to  thiev- 
ing, in  comparison  with  the  inhabitants  of  most  of 
the  islands  in  the  Southern  Ocean ;  and  they  are 
very  honest  among  themselves,  leaving  their  spears 
and  other  implements  on  the  beach,  in  perfect 
security  of  their  remaining  untouched.  They 
are  very  expert  at  throwing  their  javelins,  and 
will  hit  a  mark  at  a  considerable  distancie.  Their 
number  seems  to  be  small,  in  comparison  to  the 
extent  of  the  country. 

The  settlements  of  the  British  in  New  S.  Wales 
at  first  extended  only  along  Port  Jackson  and  the 
Hawkesbury  River;  but  they  have  since  pene- 
trated into  the  interior  of  the  country.  For  a  long 
period  the  Blue  Mountains  formed  an  impassable 
boundary  to  the  E.,  but  a  carriage  road  has  now 
been  constructed  across  these  mountains,  to  the 
distance  of  upwards  of  100  m.  ;  and  the  popula- 
tion is  spreading  in  the  valleys  beyond  them.  In 
1817  and  1818  two  expeditions  were  fitted  out  to 
explore  the  course  of  the  Lachlan  and  the  Mac- 
quarrie  to  their  termination,  which  was  found  to 
be  in  extensive  swamps.  The  principal  settle- 
ments in  this  quarter,  besides  the  town  of  Sydney, 
which  is  the  capital  of  the  colony,  are  Paramatta, 
Windsor,  Bathurst,  and  Liverpool.  There  is  also 
a  small  settlement  in  the  district  of  Coal  River, 
about  60  m.  northward  of  Port  Jackson,  where 
the  town  of  Newcastle  is  situated.     This  is  the 

Slace  of  transportation  for  criminals  from  Botany 
iay,  and  contains  about  500  of  these  incorrigible 
offenders,  besides  free  settlers  and  troops.  The 
population  of  the  whole  colony  is  supposed,  at 
present,  to  amount  to  nearly  50,000. 

Wales,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  Pop.  612;  p.t.  Erie 
Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  S.  E.  Buffalo.  Pop.  1,500. 

Walet,  the  capital  of  Bergoo,  in  Negroland.  It 
is  100  m.  N.  bv  W.  of  Sego  and  270  W.  by  S. 
of  Tombuctoo."    Lonjr.  3.  0.  W.,  lat.  15.  45.  N. 

fValdheim,  p. v.  Caldwell  Co.  Ken. 

IValh.of,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Courland,  near  which  the  Poles  were  defeat- 
ed by  Gustavus  king  of  Sweden,  in  1626.  It  is  34 
m.  E.  of  Mittau. 

Walker,  p.t.  Centre  Co.  Pa. 

Walkertown,  p. v.  King  and  Queen  Co.  Va. 

Wallabout,  a  bay  on  Long  Island  opposite  New 
York,  with  a  Navy  Yard  of  the  United  States. 

Wallajapetta,  a  populous  and  well-built  town 
of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Carnatic,   which  is  the  em- 


porium of  the  trade  between  the  country  above 
the  Ghauts  and  the  sea-coast.  It  is  seated  on  the 
N.  bank  of  the  Paliar,  nearly  opposite  Arcot,  63 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  Madras. 

Wallenhvrg,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can 
ton  of  Basel,  with  a  castle  on  a  high  rock  ;  seated 
on  the  Ergetz,  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Basel. 

Wallcnstadt,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  St.  Gail.  It  is  a  great  thoroughfare  for 
merchandise  passing  from  Germany,  through  tJie 
country  of  the  Grisons,  to  Italy,  and  stands  at  tlie 
E.  end  of  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  9  m.  W.  of 
Sargans  and  15  N.  W.  of  Coire. 

Wallensladt,  a  lake  of  Switzerland,  10  m.  long 
and  2  broad,  bounded  by  high  mountains,  except 
to  the  E.  and  W.  Through  this  lake  flows  tlie 
Mat,  which  soon  after  joins  the  Linth,  and  forms 
the  river  Limmat. 

Wallerstcin,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle,  6 
m.  S.  W.  of  Oettingen. 

WalLersville,  p. v.  Fayette  Co.  Ind. 

Wallingford,  a  boro\igh  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  46 
m.  W.  London. 

Wallingford,  t.  P^utland  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1 ,740  ;  p.t. 
N.  Haven  Co.  Conn.  13  m.  N.  N.  Haven.  Pop. 
2,419. 

Wallkill,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hudson, 
65  m.  N.  N.  W.  New  York.  Pop.  4,056. 

Walney,  an  island  of  England,  on  the  coast  of 
Lancashire.  It  is  9  m.  long  and  1  broad,  and 
serves  as  a  bulwark  to  the  hundred  of  Furness^ 
against  the  waves  of  the  Irish  Sea. 

Walnut, iovms  in  Fairfield,  Pickaway  and  Gallia 
Cos.  Ohio. 

Walnut  Grove,  p.t.  Kenhawa  Co.  Va, ;  Cabarras 
Co.  N.  C  ;  Spartanburg  Dis.  S.  C.  ;  Mercer  Co 
Ken.;  Montgomery  Co.  Ten. 

Walnut  Hill.  p.  v.  Jefferson  Co.   Illinois. 

Walpach,  t.  Sussex  Co.  N.  J. 

Walpo,  a  town  of  Sclavonia,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated 
on  the  river  Walpo,  20  m.  W.  of  Essek  and  11& 
S.  of  Budd. 

Walpole,  p.t.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  H.  on  the  Con 
necticut  14  m.  N.  W.  Keene.  Pop.  1,979;  p.t 
Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  18  m.  S.  W.  Boston.  Pop. 
1,442. 

Walterboro,  p. v.  Colleton  Dis.  S.  C. 

Walsall,  a  town  of  Staffordshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  hardware.  In  the  neighbourhood 
are  valuable  lime  works.  115  m.  N.  W.  of  London 

Walsham.,  JVnrth,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  123 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Walsingham,  s.  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  113  m. 
N.N.  E.  of  London. 

Walsrode,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of 
Lunenburg,  with  a  convent  of  nuns  of  noble  ex- 
traction ;  seated  on  the  Bohme,  15  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
Verden. 

Wallenbuch,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Wurtemberg,  on  the  river  Aich,  10  m.  S. 
by  W.  of  Stuttgard. 

Waltcrslmusen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Saxe-Gotha,  with  manufactures  of  cloth  , 
seated  on  the  Horsel,  6  m.  S.  W.  of  Gotha. 

Waltham,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  on  Charles 
river,  11  m.  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,859.  Here 
are  some  of  the  largest  cotton  manufactures  in  the 
United  States,  they  are  chiefly  of  shirting  and 
sheeting  ;  between  2  and  3  millions  of  yards  are 
made  yearly.  There  are  also  at  this  place  man- 
ufactures of  machinery  and  bleacheries. 

Waltham,  a  township  of  Addison  Co.  Vt.  Pop 
330. 


WAR 


769 


WAR 


Wulth.am  Ahhey,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  with  a 
market  on  Tuesday.  It  derives  its  name  from  a 
magnificent  abbey,  founded  by  king  Harold,  son)e 
fragine-nts  of  wliich  remain.  12  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
London. 
^,  HuUkam,  Bishop,  a  town    of  Hampshire,  Eng. 

»■      65  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

JVahhamstow,aiviUa.gein  Essex,  Eng.  5  m.  N. 
E.  of  London. 

H'alur,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  Mysore,  with 
a  castle,  and  manufactures  of  cotton  cloth  and 
coarse  blankets.  Itstandsin  afertile  country,  20 
m.  E.  by  M.  of  Bangalore. 

Wandlwash,  a  town  of  Hindoostan  in  the  Car 
natic,  noted  for  a  vir.tory  obtained  by  the  British 
over  the  French  in  1760.  27  m.  S.  of  S.  E.  Arcot 
and  38  iN.  N.  VV.  Ponderchorry. 

Wandsworth,  a  village  in   Surrey,    Eng.  with 
J  manufactures  for    bolting  cloth,  the  printing  of 
'.calicoes    and  kerseynieres,   and  the   whitenning 
vEnd   pressing  of  stuffs;  also  Oil,  iron,  and   white 
lead  mills,    vinegar  works,   and    distilleries.     In 
Garret  Lane,  near  this  place,  a  mock  election  was 
formerly  held,  after  every  general  election  of  par- 
•  liauient,  of  a  Mayor  of  Garret ;  to  which    Foot's 
.  dramatic  piece  of  that  name  gave  no  small  celeb- 
rity.    It  is  seated  on  the  Wandle,  near  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Thames,  5  m.   W.  S.  W.  of  Lon- 
don 

Wandfried,VL  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Cas- 
sel,  situate  on  the  Werra  15  m.  W.  of  Mulhausen 
'.and  36  S.  E.  of  Cassel. 

j^       JFawo'rtra,  a  fertile  country  of  Negroland,  lying 

.^  to  the  §.  of  Bornou.     It  is  watered  by  the  Niger, 

, ,  which  here  divides  into  several  branches.     Gha- 

.nara  is  the  capital.    , 

;         Wangen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg, 

>  with  a  great  trade  in  wine,  fine  paper,  linen,  and 

hardware.     It  is  seated  on  the  Overarg,  18  m.  N. 

E.ofLindau  and  21  W.  of  Kempton. 

Wangen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  capital  of  a  Bailivvic.  It  is  seated  on  the 
Aar,  10  m.  E.  of  Soleure  and  23  N.  N.E.of  Bern. 
Wangen,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Low- 
er Rhine,  seated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall,  12  m.  VV.  of  Strasburg. 

Wardockheud,  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  Dum- 
frieshire,  to  the  northward  of  Sanquhar,  and  near 
the  lead  mines.  It  has  a  considerable  number  of 
emelting-houses. 

Wanstead,  a  village  in  Essex, Eng.  6  m.  N.  E.  of 
London. 

Wantage,  a  town  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  60  m.  W. 
of  London. 

Wantage,  a  township  of  Warren  Co.  N.  J. 
Wa:Uzcneau,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Lower  Rhine,  6  m.  N.  of  Strasburg. 

Wantzleben,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Megdeburg,  12  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Magde- 
burg. 

Wara,  a  town  of  Negroland,  capital  of  the  coun- 
try of  Berffoo.  320  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bornou.  Long. 
25.  25.  E.,  lat.  15.  30.  N. 

Warangle,  a  ruinous  town  of  Hindoostan,  the 
Arinkill  of  Ferishta,  once  the  capital  of  Golcon- 
da.  The  site  of  it  is  still  evident  from  the  old 
ramparts,  which  are  amazingly  extensive.  A 
modern  fortress  is  constructed  within  it,  and  is  in 
the  possession  of  the  nizam  of  the  Deccan.  62 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Hydrabad.  Long.  79.  30.  E.,  lat. 
13.  6.  N. 

Warberg,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  Holland,  with 
a  castle  at  the  mouth  of  the   harbour,  on  a  rock 
•urrounded  by  water.     It  is  seated  near  the  Cate- 
97 


gat,  34  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Gothburg.     Long.  11.  56. 
E.,lat.  57.  12.  N. 

Warburg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  in 
the  principality  of  Paderborn,  seated  on  the  Dy- 
mel,  17  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paderborn. 

Ward,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  50  m.  S.  W 
Boston      Pop.  690. 

Warde,  a  town  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  near 
the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  15  m.  N. 
of  Ripen. 

Wardien,  Great,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary,  cap- 
ital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  and  a  bishop's 
see,  with  a  citadel.  The  town  itself  is  not  large, 
but  has  three  suburbs  of  very  considerable  extent 
It  was  taken  by  the  Turks  in  1660,  but  the  Aus 
trians  retook  it  in  1602.  It  is  seated  on  the  Keres, 
117  m.  N.  E.  ofPeterwardein  and  150  E.  S.  E.  of 
Buda.     Long.  21.  50.  E.,  lat.  47.  5.  N. 

Wardcin,  Little,  a  strong  town  of  Croatia,  cap- 
ital of  a  count}'  of  the  same  name,  seated  on  the 
Drave,  34  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Agram  and  50  S.  E.  of 
Gratz.     Long.  15.  55.  E.,  lat.  46.40.  N. 

Wardhuys ,  a  sea-port  of  Norway,  capital  of  a 
district  of  its  name.  It  stands  on  a  small  island  of 
the  same  name,  near  the  continent,  and  has  an  old 
fort,  where  tlie  governor  resides.  120  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  the  N.  Cape.     Long.  31.  7.  E.,  lat.  70.  23.  N. 

Wardsborough ,^ X.'^mdha.m  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,148. 

Wardsbrldge,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y. 

Ware,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  70  m.  W. 
Boston,  with  large  manufactures  of  cotton  and 
woolen.     Pop.  2,045. 

Ware,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  21  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  London. 

Waree,  a  town  of  Guinea,  capital  of  a  country 
of  its  name,  in  the  kingdom  of  Benin,  70  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Benin.  Long.  6.  0.  E.,  lat.  5.  38.N. 

Wareham,  a  borough  in  Dorsetshire,  Eng.  112 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Wareham,  p.t.  Plymouth  Co.  Mass.  39  m.  S.  E 
Boston.  Pop.  1,885.  Here  are  manufactures  of 
cotton. 

Warendorf,  a  fortified  town  of  Prussian.  West- 
phalia, in  the  government  of  Munster,  with  good 
linen  manufactures  ;  seated  on  the  Eras,  12  m.  E. 
by  S.of  Munster. 

Warka,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  the  palatinate, 
of  Masovia,  on  the  river  Pisa,  45  m.  S.  by  E, 
of   Warsaw. 

Warktcorth,  a  town  in  Northumberland,  Eng. 
.5  m.  S.  E.  of  Alnwick. 

Warminster,  a  town  of  Whiltshire,  Eng.  96  m. 
W.  by   S.   of  London. 

Warminsier,  p.t.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.;  p. v.  Nel- 
son Co.  Va. 

Warm  Spring,  Buncombe  Co.  N.  C. ;  p. v. 
Warm  Spring  Co.  Arkansa.s.  on  a  small  creek 
flowing  into  the  Washitaw.  Here  are  somd  tepid 
springs  ofa  medicinal  quality. 

Warm  Spring,  a  county  of  Arkansas,  Pop.  458. 
Warm  spring  is  the  capital. 

Warntmvnde,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  grand 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  9  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Rortock. 

Warner,  p.v.  Merrimack  Co. N.  H.   Pop.  2,221. 

Warnersville,  p. v.  Hardeman  Co.  Ten. 

Warneton,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  W. 
Flanders,  8  m.  N.  W.  of  LLsle. 

Warren  ,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  11,795. 
Caldwell  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  W.  Dis. 
of  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  42,860.  Washington  is 
the  capital.  A  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop. 
10,916.  Warrenton  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
Georgia.  Pop.  10,846.  Warrenton  is  the  capi- 
3  T 


WAtt 


no 


WAS 


tal.  A  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  21,493.  Lebanon 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  10, 
947.  Bowling  Green  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  15,351.  Mc.MinnvilJe 
is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop. 
7,861.  Vicksburg  is  the  capital.  A  county  of 
Indiana.  Pop.  2,854.  Williamsport  is  the  capi- 
tal. A  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  307.  Warren 
is  the  capital. 

Warren,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  30  m.  E.  Wis- 
casset.  Pop.  2,030.  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop. 
702;  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  R.I.  12  m.  S.  E.  Provi- 
dence. Pop.  1,800 ;  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn. 
Pop.  9aj ;  p.t.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,084. 
Towns  in  Somerset  Co.  N.  J  ;  Warren,  Bradford 
and  Franklin  Cos.  Pa.;  Trumbull,  Jefferson,  Bel- 
mont, Tuscarawas  and  Washington  Cos.  Ohio. 

Warrensbura,  p.t.  Warren  Co.  N.  Y.  7  m.  W. 
Caldwell.     Pop.  1,191. 

Warrensburg,  p. v.  Green   Co.  Ten. 

WarrensvUle,  a  township  of  Cuyahoga  Co. Ohio. 

Warrenton,  p. v.  Fauquier  Co.  Va;  Warren  Co. 
Geo;  Warren  Co.  Mississippi. 

Warrcnstown,  a  township  of  Somerset  Co.  Me. 
p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  Ohio. 

Warrick,  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  2,973 
Boonville  is  the  capital. 

Warrinorton,  a  township  of  Bucks  Co.  Fa.  A 
township  of  York  Co.  Pa. 

Warrington,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  muslins,  velveteens,  canvas,  cot- 
ton, cliecks,  hardware,  pins,  and  glass,  and  a  con- 
siderable traffic  in  malt.  18  m.  E.  of  Liverpool 
and  182  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Warriore,  a  town  of  Hindoostan,  in  the  Car- 
nntic,  32  m.  N.N.  E.  of  Tanjore  and  55  S.  S.  W. 
of  Pondicherry. 

Warsaxo,  the  nietropolis  of  the  present  kingdom 
of  Poland,  and  formerly  of  the  whole  county  of 
that  name.  It  is  built  partly  in  a  plain,  and  part- 
ly on  a  gentle  rise  from  the  Vistula;  extending 
with  tlie«8uburbs  of  Kralia  and  Praga,  over  a  vast 
extent  of  o-round,  and  containing  above  100,000 
inhabitants.  The  streets  are  spacious,  but  ill  pav- 
ed ;  the  churches  and  public  buildings  large  and 
magnificent ;  the  palaces  of  the  nobility  numer- 
ous and  splendid  ;  but  the  greatest  part  of  the 
houses,  particularly  in  the  suburbs,  are  mean  and 
ill-constructed  wooden  hovels.  The  manufac- 
tures comprise  woolen  stuffs,  carpeting,  gold  and 
silver  wire,  soap,  tobacco,  &.c.  Here  are  several 
wholesale  mercantile  houses,  employed  in  the  im- 
port of  articles  for  the  supply  of  the  interior,  and 
the  export  of  Polish  produce.  Two  great  annual 
fairs  have,  since  1817,  been  established  here,  on 
the  plan  of  those  of  Frankfort,  Leipzig,  ifcc.  They 
are  held  in  May  and  November,  each  continuing 
three  weeks.  In  the  beginning  of  1784,  the  em- 
press of  Russia  put  a  garrison  into  this  city,  in 
Older  to  compel  the  Poles  to  acquiesce  in  the 
usurpation  she  had  in  view  ;  but  this  garrison 
was  soon  expelled  by  the  citizens.  Tlie  king 
«*  .«  of  Prussia  besieged  Warsaw  in  July,  but  was  com- 
i*'  pelled  to  raise  the  siege  in  September.  It  was 
undertaken  by  the  Russians,  who,  in  November, 
took  by  storm  the  suburb  of  Praga,  massacred  the 
inhabitants,  and  nearly  reduced  it  to  ashes.  The 
immediate  consequence  was  the  surrender  of  the 
city  to  the  Russians,  who  in  1790,  delivered  it  up 
to  the  king  of  Prussia.  Towards  the  end  of  1800, 
the  French  occupied  this  place;  and,  by  the 
treaty  of  Tilsit,  the  city,  with  this  part  of  Poland, 
was  given  to  Saxony,  to  be  held  under  the  title 
of  tire  duchy  of  Warsaw.     The   Russians,  how- 


ever ovefran  this  duchy  in  1813,  and  took  po». 
gession  of  the  city  of  Warsaw.  The  Foliah 
revolution  of  1830  broke  out  at  this  place,  and 
the  Russian  Grand  Duke  Constantino  was  driv- 
en from  the  city  :  but  in  1831  Warsaw  was  again 
captured  by  the  Russians  which  put  an  end  to 
the  insurrection.  The  city  suffered  severely  by 
the  pestilential  cholera  the  game  year,  which  was 
introduced  from  Asia  by  the  Russian  armies. 
Warsaw  is  170  m.  S.  of  Konigsberg  and  180  E. 
N.  E.  of  Breslau.     Long.  21.  0.  E.,  lat.  52.  14  N. 

Warsaw,  p.t.  Genesee  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  S.  Ba- 
tavia.     Pop.  2,474. 

Warta,  a  river  of  Poland,  which  rises  in  the 
palatinate  of  Cracow,  flows  by  Siradia  and  Pos- 
nan,  passes  by  Driessen  and  Landsberg  in  Bran- 
denburg, and  enters  the  Oder  at  Custrin. 

Wartenberg ,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  capital 
of  a  lordship  of  the  same  name,  with  a  castle.  In 
1742  it  was  entirely  reduced  to  ashes,  except  the 
old  castle,  which  is  now  used  asa  brewhouse.  It 
is  28  m.  N.  E.  of  Breslau. 

Wartenberg ,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the 
principality  of  Glogau,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Glogau. 

Waricick,  a  borough  and  the  capital  of  War- 
wickshire, Eng.  It  was  fortified  with  a  wall, 
now  in  ruins ;  but  has  still  a  noble  castle  of  the 
ancient  earls  of  Warwick,  inhabited  by  the  pres- 
ent possessor  of  that  title.  The  town  was  near- 
ly destroyed  by  fire  in  1694,  but  was  subsequent- 
ly rebuilt  with  greater  regularity.  The  streets 
are  spacious,  and  meet  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
town,  92  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Warwick,  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  80  m.  N.  W. 
Boston,  with  maiufactures  of  glass.  Pop.  1,150; 
p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  70  m.  N.  W.  New  York. 
Pop.  5,013.  Towns  in  Bucks  and  Lancaster  Cos. 
Pa.;    Cecil  Co.  Maryland,  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio. 

Wartcick,  p.t.  Kent.  Co.  R.  I.  on  Narraganset 
Bay,  10  m.  S.  Providence.  Pop.  5,529.  It  has 
a  harbour  for  small  vessels,  with  some  coasting 
trade,  and  lar^je  manufactures  of  cotton. 

Warwick,  a  county  of  the  E.  District  of  Vir- 
ginia.    Pop.  1,570. 

Waricickshire,  a  county  of  England,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Derbyshire.  The  climate  of  this 
county  is  healthy,  and  the  air  mild  and  pleasant- 
its  salubrity  is  increased  by  the  great  consump- 
tion of  wood  for  the  iron  works,  many  parts  be- 
ing entirely  cleared  and  converted  to  tillage  and 
pasture.  The  N.  part,  called  the  Woodlands  is 
divided  from  the  S..  called  the  Feldon  by  the  riv- 
er Avon  ;  and  the  soil  of  both  is  in  general  riv^h 
and  fertile.  It  produces  corn,  flax,  wood,  wool, 
cheese,  coal,  iron,  and  limestone  ;  and  its  breeds 
of  cattle  and  sheep  are  of  a  superior  kind.  The 
manufactures  are  various  and  important,  compri- 
sing ribands,  gauws,  and  other  silk  fabrics,  last 
ings  and  thread,  and  all  descriptions  of  hardware. 
The  capital  is  Warwick,  but  Birminghani  is  the 
largest  town. 

iVasa,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  E.  Bothnia,  on 
the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  40  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Christine 
stadt. 

Washington,  a  county  of  Maine.  Pop.  21,295. 
Machias  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Vermont. 
Pop.  21 ,394.  Montpelier  is  the  capital ;  a  county 
of  Rhode  Island.  Pop.  15,414.  South  Kingston 
is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  N.  York.  Pop.  42,615. 
Salem  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis. 
of  Pennsylvania.  Pop.  9,128.  Franklin  is  the 
capital ;  a  county  of  Maryland.  Pop.  25,2()5. 
Hagerstown  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  the  W. 
Dis.  of  Virginia.     Fop.  15,614.     Abington  is  the 


WAS 


771 


WAS 


capital ;  a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  4,562 
Plymouth  is  the  capital ;  a  District  of  S.  Carolina. 
Pop.  13.728.  A  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  9,820. 
Sandersville  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Alabama. 
Pop.  3,478.  A  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop. 
J  ,976.  Princeton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  E. 
Tennessee.  Pop.  10,995.  Jonesborough  is  the 
capital ;  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  2,286. 
Franklinton  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Kentucky. 
Springfield  is  the  capital;  a  county  of  Ohio. 
Pop.  11,731.  Marietta  is  the  capital;  a  county 
of  Indiana.  Pop.  13,072.  Salem  is  the  capital; 
a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  1,674.  Nashville  is 
the  capital ;  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  6,797. 
Potosi  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop. 
2,181.  Fayeltsville  is  the  capital;  a  county  of 
the  Dis.  of  Columbia.  Pop.  30,250.  Washing- 
ton city  is  the  capital. 

11'aslun.gton  City,  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  United  States,  stands  in  the  centre  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  upon  the  north  bank  of  the 
Potomac,  295  m  from  the  sea  by  the  course  of  the 
river  and  bay.  It  occupies  a  spot  between  the  riv- 
er and  one  of  its  tributaries,  called  the  East 
Branch.  The  city  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
above  the  junction  of  the  two  streams,  although 
the  original  plan  embraces  the  whole  extent  be- 
low. The  plan  of  the  city  combines  regularity 
with  variety,  and  is  adapted  to  the  variations  of 
the  surface,  so  that  the  spaces  allotted  to  public 
buildings,  occupy  commanding  positions,  and  the 
monotonous  sameness  of  a  rectangular  design  is 
avoided,  while  all  its  advantages  are  secured. 
The  minor  streets  run  at  right  angles,  but  the 
larger  avenues  diverge  from  several  centres,  in- 
tersecting the  streets  with  various  degrees  of  ob- 
liquity, and  opening  spaces  for  extensive  squares. 
The  smaller  streets  run  N.  and  S.  or  E.  and  W. 
and  are  from  90  to  110  feet  wide.  The  grand 
avenues  are  from  130  to  160  feet  in  width,  and 
are  planted  with  trees.  Several  of  the  largest 
unite  at  the  hill  on  which  the  capitol  is  situated. 
These  bear  the  names  of  the  several  states  o  the 
Union.  The  general  appearance  of  Washington 
IS  that  of  the  mere  outline,  or  beginning  of  a 
great  city  ,  its  tardy  growth  has  disappointed  the 
expectations  of  the  original  founders.  The 
buildings  of  the  city  occupy  three  distinct  groups 
like  so  many  separate  villages,  divided  from 
each  other  by  vacant  spaces.  The  chief  edifices 
are  situated  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Capitol, 
or  at  the  Navy  Yard,  or  in  the  Pennsylvania  Ave- 
nue.    The    Capitol  is   a   large    and    magnificent 


building  of  white  freestone,  3-52  feet  long,  in  the 
shape  of  a  cross,  with  the  Representatives  Hall 
and  the  Senate  Chamber  in  the  two  wings,  and  a 
spacious  rotunda  in  the  centre.  The  Representa- 
tives Hall  is  semicircular,  95  feet  in  length,  and 
CO  in  height,  lighted  from  the   top,  and  adorned 


with  a  colonnade  of  pillars  of  breccia,  beautifully 
polished  ;  it  is  one  of  the  most  elegant  halls  in 
the  world.  The  Senate  Chamber  is  of  the  same 
shape,  and  74  feet  long.  The  Rotunda  is  90  feet 
in  diameter,  and  96  feet  high,  to  the  top  of  the 
dome  within.  It  is  all  of  marble,  and  the  floor  is 
beautifully  paved  ;  the  whole  has  a  most  grand 
and  imposing  effect.  Several  pieces  of  sculpture 
are  placed  in  niches  in  the  walls,  representing 
events  in  American  history.  The  sound  of  a  sin- 
gle voice  uttered  in  this  apartment,  is  echoed 
from  the  dome  above,  with  a  rumbling  like  dis- 
tant thunder.  The  J\''utioiial  LHirury  is  contained 
in  the  Capitol,  and  embraces  also  a  series  of  na- 
tional paintings  by  Frumbull.  The  President's 
House  is  an  elegant  structure  of  freestone,  170 
feet  in  front,  and  two  stories  in  height,  ornament- 
ed with  an  Ionic  portico.  It  stands  about  a  mile 
west  of  the  capitol.  It  is  surrounded  with  the  offi- 
ces of  the  heads  of  departments.  At  the  patent 
office,  is  kept  a  collection  of  all  tlie  models  of  pa- 
tent inventions  in  the  country.  The  Navy  Yard, 
on  the  East  Branch,  exhibits  a  monument  to  the 
American  officers  who  fell  in  the  war  with  Tri- 
poli, There  are  few  other  buildings  wortliy  of  no 
lice  for  their  architecture.  The  office  of  the  De 
partment  of  Slate,  is  a  large  edifice  of  brick,  with 
a  portico  in  front,  and  there  are  two  or  three  oth- 
ers of  the  same  size  and  construction.  There  are 
two  public  free  schools  in  the  city.  Two  bridges 
cross  the  eastern  branch,  and  one,  the  main  stream 
of  the  Potomac,  at  Washington. 

Columbian  College,  at  this  place  was  founded 
in  1821 .  It  has  4  instructers  and  50  students,  the 
library  has  4,000  volumes.  The  national  library 
contains  16,000  volumes. 

During  the  session  of  Congress  the  city  is  much 
crowded  by  visiters  and  public  officers  ;  but  apart 
from  its  political  consequence,  the  place  has  few 
attractions :  the  country  in  the  neighbourhood 
has  a  poor  soil  and  is  thinly  inhabited.  A  Navy 
Yard  of  the  United  States  has  been  established 
heie,  and  the  river  is  navigable  to  the  sea  for 
ships  of  the  line.  The  commerce  of  the  place  is 
inconsiderable.  Washington  is  in  lat.  35.  58.  N. 
Long.  77.  2.  W.  Greenwich.  79.  22.  W.  Paris. 
58.  ?>2.  W.  Ferro.  152  W.  Philadelphia.  137 
m.  S.  W.  Philad.  227  S.  W.  N.  York.  436  S, 
W.  Boston  and  1,260  m.  N.  E.  New  Orleans. 
Pop.  13,827. 

Washington,  a  township  of  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H 
Pop.  1,135;  p.t.  Oiange  Co.  Vt.  43  in.  N.  Wind- 
sor. Pop.  1,374  ;  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  120  m. 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  701  ;  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  10 
m.  S.  W.  Litchfield.  Pop.  1,621  ;  p.t.  Dutchess 
Co.  N.  Y.  12  m.  N.  E.  Poughkeepsie.  Pop. 
3,036  ;  a  village  of  Albany  Co.  N.  Y  ;  p.t.  Morris 
Co.  N.  J ;  a  township  of  Burlington  Co.  N.  J; 
and  towns  and  villages  in  Columbia,  Fayette, 
Franklin,  Union,  Lycoming,  Lancaster,  York, 
Westmoreland,  and  Indiana  Cos.  Pa.,  Culpeper. 
Co.  Va.,  Beaufort  Co.  N.  C,  Wilkes  Co.  Geo., 
Columbiana,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Darke,  Clermont, 
Guernsey,  Licking,  Richland,  Miami,  Montgomo 
ry,  Pickaway,  Preble,  Scioto  and  Warren  Cos. 
Ohio.  Davis  Co.  Ind.,  Mason  Co.  Ken.,  Rhea  Co. 
Ten.,  Autauga  Co.  Alab.,  Adams  Co.  Mississippi. 

Washington,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Pa.  26  m.  S. 
W.  Pittsburg.  Washington  College,  at  this  place 
was  founded  in  1606.  It  has  4  instructers  and  47 
students;  p.t.  Adams  Co.  Mississippi  6  m.  E. 
Natchez.  Jefferson  College  at  this  place  was 
founded  in  1802.  It  has  10  instructers  and  160 
students. 


'*^-% 


WAT 


rm 


WEA 


Washitaw,  or  OuachUta,a.  river  of  Arkansas  and 
Louisiana,  flowing  into  Red  River. 

Washita,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop.  5,140. 
Monroe  is  the  capital. 

Wassenhercr,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  duchy  of 
Juliers;  seated  on  the  Roer,  17  m.  JS.  W.  of 
Juliers. 

Wasscrburg,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle 
and  four  churches.  The  principal  trade  is  in  salt. 
In  1800  the  French  took  it  by  storm.  It  is  sealed 
on  the  Inn,  28  m.  E.  of  Munich  and  38  N.  W.  of 
Salzburg. 

Wasser-trudingen,  Sitown  of  Bavarian  Franconia, 
in  the  principality  of  Anspach,6  m.  N.  of  Oettin- 
gen. 

JVasticater,  a  lake  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  7  m.  N. 
N.  E.  of  Ravenglass.  It  is  3  m.  long  and  above 
half  a  m.  broad,  lying  in  Wastdale,  among  the 
western  mountains.  The  Screes,  a  very  high 
ridge  of  mountains,  run  along  the  S.  E.  side  of 
the  lake.  Its  outlet,  at  the  S.  end,  joins  the  river 
Irt,  which  enters  the  sea  at  Ravenglass. 

Wasungen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-iVIeinungen,  seated  on  the  Werra,  5  m. 
N.  of  Meinungen. 

Watchet,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  the  Bristol  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  a  harbour, 
frequented  by  coal  ships,  which  are  freighted 
hence  with  limestone,  alabaster,  and  kelp.  156 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Watehoo,  an  island  in  the  S.  Pacific,  discovered 
by  captain  Cook.  It  is  six  leagues  in  circuit, 
diversified  by  hills  and  plains,  and  covered  with 
verdure.     Long.  158.  15.  W.,  lat.  21.  1.  S. 

JVaterbor ough,  Tp.t.  York  Co.  Me.     Pop.  1,816. 

Wateibury,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  Vt.  12  m.  N. 
W.  Montpelier.  Pop.  1,650;  p.t.  N.  Haven  Co. 
Conn.     25  m.  S.  W.  Hartford.     Pop.  3,070. 

Waterford,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,123; 
p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  1,358;  p.t.  N.  Lon- 
don Co.  Conn,  adjoining  New  London.  Pop. 
2,475;  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hudson. 
11  m.  above  Albany.  Pop.  1,473  ;  a  township  of 
Gloucester  Co.  N.  J.;  p.t.  Erie  Co.  Pa. ;  p.v  Mif- 
flin Co.  Pa. ;  p.v.  London  Co.  Va.,2  townships  in 
Washington  Co.  Ohio. 

Waltrford,  a  county  of  Ireland,  50  m.  long  and 
29  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  S.  by  St.  George's 
Channel. 

Waterford,  a  city  and  sea-port  of  Ireland,  capi- 
tal of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  has  an  ex- 
cellent harbour,  where  ships  of  the  greatest  bur- 
den may  ride  at  the  quay.  The  bishop's  palace 
and  the  Roman  Catholic  chapel  are  elegant.  The 
commerce  with  England  and  other  countries  is 
considerable ;  and  packet-boats  sail  regularly 
hence  for  Milford  haven.  The  principal  exports 
are  beef,  pork,  corn,  live  stock,  butter,  and  linen. 
75  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Dublin. 

Waterloo,  a  village  of  the  Netherlands,  celebrated 
at  the  scene  of  the  signal  victory  of  the  18lh  of 
June,  1815,  which  completed  the  downfall  of 
Napoleon.     10  m.  S.  of  Brussels. 

Waterloo,  p.t.  Seneca  Co.  N.  Y.  5  m.  N.  E. 
Geneva.  Pop.  1,837;  p.v.  Mifflin  Co.  Pa.;  Ann? 
Arundel  Co.  Md  ;  Laurens  Dis.  S.  C. ;  Fayette. 
Co.  Ind  ;  Lauderdale  Co.  Alab. 

Watf.rtown,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  7  m.  N. 
W.  Boston  on  Charles  River.  Here  are  manu- 
factures of  woolen,  cotton,  paper  &c.,  and  an 
arsenal  of  the  United  States.     Pop.  1,641. 

Watertoion,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  10  m.  S. 
«,  ^^.  \field.     Pop.  1 ,500  ;  p.t.  Jefferson  Co.  N. 
b  m.  S.  E.  Sackelts  Harbour.    Pop.  4,768. 


Waterville,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  on  the  Ken 
nebec.  20  m.  above  Hallowell.  Pop.  2,216. 
Here  are  some  manufactures,  and  a  Theologica. 
Institution  ;  p.v.  Oneida  and  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y. 

Water  Vliet,  p.t.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y.     9  m.   N 
Albany.     It  contains  the  Shaker  village  of  Nis         jk 
kayuna. 

Watford,  a  town  in  Hertfordshire,  Eng.  15  m. 
N.  W.  London. 

Walkinsville,  p.v.  Goochland  Co.  Va.,  Clark  Co. 
Geo. 

Watlington,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  46  m. 
W.  of  London. 

Walton.,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  91  m.  N.  N 
E.  of  London. 

Watlshorough,  p. v.  Lunenburg  Co.  Va. 

Waveren,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Bra- 
bant, situate  on  the  Dyle,  12  m.  S.  of  Louvain. 

Waverley,p.v.  Lincoln  Co  Missouri. 

Waxhobii,  a  fortress  on  the  coast  of  Sweden,  in 
the  Baltic,  situate  on  a  small  island  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Lake  Maeler.  Here  all  homeward- 
bound  ships  are  searched.  It  is  16  m.  E.  of  Stock- 
holm. 

Way,  or  Pulo  Way,  an  island  near  the  N.  point 
of  that  of  Sumatra.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  is- 
lands that  form  the  entrance  of  the  channel  of 
Acheen  ;  and  is  peopled  by  men  banished  from 
Acheen.     Long.  94.  50.  E.,  lat.  5.  35.  N. 

fi'ayne,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  33,.555. 
Lyons  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  the  E.  Dis.  of 
Pennsylvania.  Pop.  7,663.  Bethany  is  the  capital; 
a  county  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop.  10,902,  Waynes- 
borough  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Georgia. 
Pop.  902.  Waynesville  is  the  capital  ;  a  county 
of  Ohio.  Pop.  23,344.  Wooster  is  the  capital ; 
a  county  of  Indiana  Pop.  18,587.  Centre ville  is 
the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  2,562 
Fairfield  is  the  capital;  a  county  of  Missouii- 
Pop.  3,254.  Greenville  is  the  capita! ;  a  county 
of  Kentucky.  Pop.  8,731.  Monticello  is  the 
capital;  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 0,013. 
Waynesborough  is  the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Mis- 
sissippi. Pop.  2,778.  Winche.ster  is  the  capital, 
a  county  of  Michigan  Pop.  4,565.  Detroit  is  the 
capital. 

Wayne,  p.t.  Kennbec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,153;  p.t. 
Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,172;  and  17  townships 
in  Ohio. 

Waifnesborough,  p.v.  Autrusta  Co.  Va.,  Wayne 
Co.,  N.  C.  Burke  Co.  Geo'.,  Wayne  Co.  Ten. 

Waynesbvrg,  p.v.  Franklin,  Green  and  Chestei 
Cos.  Pa.,  Stark  Co  Ohio. 

Waynesville,  p.v  Wavne  Co.  Geo.,  Haywood 
Co.  N.  C.  and  Warren  Co.  Ohio. 

Weakley,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
4,796.     Dresden  is  the  capital. 

Weare,  p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  55  m.  W. 
Portsmouth.     Pop.  2.430. 

Weathersfidd,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  2,213, 
p.t   Trumbull  Co.  Ohio. 

Webster,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  Pop 
1,200. 

Wner's  Cave,  a  remarkable  Cavern  in  Augusta 
Co.  Virginia,  near  the  Shenandoah.  It  has  ma 
ny  apartments  and  galleries,  abounding  in  sparry 
concretions,  which  by  torch  light  exhibit  tlie  most 
magnificent  scenes 

Weurmouth  Bishop,  a  town  in  the  county  ot 
Durham,  Eng.  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Wear,  adjoin 
ing  Sunderland.  It  has  an  iron  bridge  over  the 
river,  of  one  arch,  2.36  feet  span,  erected  in  1796, 
and  the  first  ever  constructed  of  parts  so  form 
ed  as  to  unite  in  the  manner  of  keystones.     It  has 


WEI 


773 


WEL 


manufactures  of  canvas,  and  partakes  in  the  com- 
merce of  Sunderland. 

Wcarmouth  Monk,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Dur- 
ham, Eng.  on  the  N.  side  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Wear,  opposite  Sunderland.  Here  was  an  exten- 
sive monastery  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Scots. 
It  shares  in  the  growing  prosperity  of  Sunderland. 

Wedensckweil,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Zurich,  10  m.  K.  S.  E.  of  Zurich. 

JVetlnfshury,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  hardware,  several  iron  forges, 
and  mines  of  excellent  coal.  118  m.  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Weert,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Liege  ;  seated  on  the  river  Brey,  10  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  Ruremonde. 

Weibstadt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
the  Rhine,  14  in.  S.  E.  of  Heidelburg. 

Weivftvdburg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Car- 
nolia,  with  a  castle  on  a  mountain,  and  a  manu- 
facture of  fine  stockings,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Laubach. 

Wekkterbacli,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Isenberur,  witii  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Zinzig, 
20  m.  S.  E.  of  Giessen  and  23  N.  E.  of  Frankfort. 

Weickersheim,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  in  the 
district  of  Hohenlohe,  with  a  fine  castle,  on  the 
river  Tauber,  3  m.  E.  of  Mergentheim. 

Weida,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Saxe-Weimar, 
32  m.  E.  of  Weimar. 

fVeiden,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  manufactures 
of  linen,  woolen  stuffs,  and  salt-|vetre  ;  seated  on 
the  Nab  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Amberg. 

JVeil,  or  IVeilerstadt,  a  town  of  Germany,  in 
Wurtemberg,  seated  on  the  Worm,  12  m.  W.  of 
Stuttgard. 

Weil,  or  Wyl,  aXown  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  St.  Gall,  seated  on  the  river  Thur,  19  m. 
S.  S.  VV.  of  Constance. 

fVeillmrg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau,  seated  on  the  Lahn,  over  which  is  a 
bridge,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Wetzlar  and  25  N.  N.  W. 
of  Frankfort. 

JVeile,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland,  sit- 
xjate  on  a  bay  in  the  Little  Belt,  35  m.W.  S.  W. 
of  Arhusen  and  38  N.  E.  of  Ripen.  Long.  9.  30. 
K.,  lat.  55.  45.  N. 

WeiLheim,  a  town  of  Bavaria,  with  a  castle  on 
the  river  Amber,  28  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Munich. 

We'dhein,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  on  the  river 
Lauter,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Weimar,  Saxe,9.  grand  duchy  of  Germany,  com- 
prising the  duchies  of  Weimar,  Jena,  and  Eisen- 
bach,  part  of  the  principality  of  Altenburg,  the 
chief  part  of  the  district  of  Neustadt,  the  petty 
districts  of  .\lstadt,  Ihnenau,  and  Oldisleben,  aud 
Bome  districts  to  the  E.  of  the  Hesse-hassel  territo- 
ry. It  is  divided  into  two  great  provinces,  and  con- 
tains an  area  of  1,450  square  miles,  with  upwards 
of  200,000  inhabitants. 

Weimar,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  duchy.  In 
the  duke's  palace  is  one  of  the  most  considerable 
libraries  in  Germany,  with  a  cabinet  of  coins  and 
medals  ;  and  it  had  a  gallery  of  paintings,  which, 
with  some  other  parts  of  the  castle,  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1774.  It  is  seated  on  the  11m,  12  m.  W. 
of  Erfurt  and  26  W.  S.  W.  of  Naumburg.  Long. 
11.27.  E  ,  lat.  51.2.  N. 

Weinlieim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden  seated 
on  the  river  Welchintz,  10  m.  N.of  Heildberg. 

Weinsberg,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  with  a 
ruined  castle  on  a  hill.  In  1707  the  greatest  part 
of  the  town  was  destroyed  by  fire.  It  stands 
partly  on  the  hiil,  and  partly  in  a  valley,  famous 
for  wine,  5  m.  N   E.  of  Heilbron 


Weissdmunde,  a  fortress  of  W.  Prussia,  seated 
at  the  W.  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  to  defend  the 
harbour  of  Dantzic. 

Weissemburg,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  depart- 
ment of  Lower  Rhine.  Between  this  place  and 
Lauterburg  are  the  famous  lines  from  which  the 
French  drove  the  Austrians  in  1744  ;  and  in  1793 
the  Prussians  drove  the  French  from  the  same 
situation.  It  is  seated  on  the  Lauter,  10  m.  S. 
W.  of  Landau  and  22  N.  E.  of  Strasburg.  Long. 
8.  11.  E,  lat.  48.53  N. 

Weissemburg,    a    township    of    Lehigh    Co. 

Weissenburg,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia, 
seated  on  the  Rednith,  5  m.  N.  of  Pappenheim 
and  30  S.  W.  of  Nuremburg. 

Weissenburg,  or  Carhburg,  a  city  of  Transyl- 
vania, capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  and 
a  bishop's  see,  with  a  university.  It  is  seated  on 
the  side  of  a  hill,  near  the  river  Maros,  42  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Hermanstadt. 

Weissenburg,  a  frown  of  Switzerland,  in  the 
canton  of  Bern,  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters, 
20  m.  S.  of  Bern. 

Weissenfels,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on 
the  Saal,  17  m.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig.  Upon  a  white 
rock,  above  the  town,  is  a  fine  citadel,  called 
Augnstusburg. 

IVeisscnhorn,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany, 
in  a  county  of  its  name,  seated  on  the  Roth,  10 
m.  S.  E.  of  Ulm  and  28  W.  of  Augsburg. 

Weissensee,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  with  a 
superintendency  and  commandery  of  the  knights 
of  Malta.  The  lake  formerly  in  its  neighbour- 
hood was  drained,  and  converted  into  arable  land, 
in  1705.     It  was  21  m.  N.  E.  of  Langensalza. 

Welau,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia,  celebrated  for  the 
treaty  concluded  herewith  Poland, in  1657,  when 
the  elector,  Frederic  William,  was  invested  with 
the  sovereignty  of  Ducal  Prussia.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Pregel,  at  the  influx  of  the  Alia,  30  m.  E. 
of  Konigsberg. 

Welby,  p.v.  Prince  George  Co.  Md. 

Weldon,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire,  Eng.  83 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Weldon,  p.v.  Halifax  Co.  N.  C. 

Welland  CatuiX,  in  Upper  Canada  unites  Lake 
Erie  with  L.  Ontario.  It  was  completed  in  5 
years,  and  first  opened  in  1829.  It  admits  the 
passage  of  vessels  of  125  tons. 

Welfleet,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  on  Cape 
Cod,  97  m.  S.  E.  Boston.  Pop.  2,044.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  and  woolen. 

Wellingborough,  a  town  in  Northamptonshire, 
Eng.  Here  are  menufactures  of  shoes  and  lace 
and  near  it  is  a  fine  chalybeate  spring  called  Red, 
well      67  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Wellington,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  In 
the  neighbourhood  are  foundries,  iron  mines,  and 
coal  works.     150  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

WeJIington,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  serges,  druggets,  and  earthen- 
ware. The  duke  of  Wellington  takes  his  title 
from  this  place.     148  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Wellington,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  3  m.  S. 
Taunton,  with  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen, 
and  paper;  p.v.  Medina  Co.  Ohio. 

Weils,  a  city  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  It  has 
its  name  from  the  wells  and  springs  about  it ;  and 
is  a  bishop's  see,  jointly  with  Bath.  The  cathe- 
dral is  a  stately  pile  ;  and  the  bishop's  palace  is 
like  a  castle,  being  surrounded  by  walls  and  a 
moat.  The  city  is  well  built'and  neatly  paved 
120  m.W.  of  London. 

3t3 


WER 


774 


WES 


IVells,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  118  m.  N.  N. 
E.  of  London. 

Wells,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  26  m.  IN.  E.  Ports- 
mouth.    Pop.  2,977. 

IVellsborough,  p. v.  Tioga  Co.  Pa. 

IVellshurg,  p.t.  Brooke  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ohio. 
15  m.  above  Wheeling.  This  is  a  very  thriving 
town  and  has  large  manufactures  of  glass. 

Wdlsville,  p.v.  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 

fVels,  a  town  of  Upper  Austria,  with  a  oastle, 
and  a  great  trade  in  timber ;  seated  on  the  Traun, 
near  a  large  forest,  15  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Lintz. 

Welshfitld,  a  township  of  Geauga  Co.  Ohio. 

Welshpool,^  corporate  town  of  Wales,  in  Mont- 
gomeryshire, with  a  market  on  Monday.  It  is 
the  great  mart  for  Welsh  cottons,  flannels,  &c., 
which  are  sent  hence  to  Shrewsbury.  Near  the 
town  are  the  remains  of  Powis  Castle,  a  large 
structure,  built  on  an  eminence.  176  m.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Welwarn,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Rakonitz,  13  ni.  N.  of  Prague. 

Wdzheim,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg;  seated  on  the 
Lein,  19  m.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Wendell,,  a  township  of  Sullivan  Co.  N.  H. 
Pop.  637.  p.t.  Franklin  Co.  Mass.  85  m.  W. 
Boston.     Pop.  875. 

Wem,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.,  9.  m.  N.  of 
Shrewsbury. 

Wendlingen  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  situate 
on  the  Neckar,   12  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Wewrforcr,  a  borough  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng. 
35  m.  W.    by  N.  of  London 

Wenliam,' ^X.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  21  m.  N.  E 
Boston.  Pop.  612. 

IVenner,  the  largest  lake  of  Sweden,  lying  in 
W.  Gothland,  to  the  N.  W.  of  the  lake  Wetter. 
It  is  100  m.  in  length,  and  in  some  places  40  in 
breadth,  and  contains  several  islands.  It  receives 
24  rivers,  and  its  only  outlet  is  the  river  Gotha. 

Wennersltorg,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  W.  Goth- 
land, with  a  castle.  It  is  the  staple  for  all  the 
iron  sent  from  the  province  of  Wermeland  to 
Gotheburg,  and  is  seated  on  the  Gotha,  near  the 
S.  W.  extremity  of  the  lake  Wenner,  50  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Gotheburg. 

Wentioorth,  p.t.  Grafton  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  924  ; 
p.v.  Rockingham  Co.  N.  C. 

Weobley,  a  borough  in  Herefordshire,  Eng.  147 
m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Werchteren,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Bra- 
bant, 9  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Mechlin. 

Werden,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  seat- 
ed on  the  Roer,  13  m.  N.  E.  of  Dusselaorf. 

Werderberg,  a  fortified  town  of  Switzerland, 
capital  of  a  Bailiwic  in  the  canton  of  Glarus  with 
a  castle  on  an  eminence.  It  is  seated  near  the 
Rhine,  10  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Appenzel  and  26  ra.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Glarus. 

Werdenfels,  a  town  and  castle  of  Bavaria,  giv- 
tniT  name  to  a  county  on  the  frontiers  of  Tyrol. 
I7''m.  S.  of  Weilheim  and22  N.  W.  of  Inspruck. 

Werfen,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Austria,  in  the 
province  of  Salzburg,  situate  on  the  Salza,  22  m 
S.  by  E.  of  Salzburg. 

Werl,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia,  with  a 
castle,  seated  on  the  Sisek,  8  m.  S.  of  Ham. 

Wermeland,  a  former  province  of  Sweden,  the 
N.  part  of  Gothland,  between  Dalecarlia  and  the 
lake  Wenner,  100  m  long  and  50  broad.  The 
country  is  fertile;  diversified  by  mountains,  rocks, 
hills,  and  dales,  clothed  with  forests  of  birch,  pop- 
lar, mountain  ash,  pine  and  fir.  It  also  abounds 
with  lakes,  which  succeed  each  other  almost  witn- 


out  intermission ;  and  numerous  rivulets  flovr 
from  these  lakes.  The  chief  river  is  the  Clara, 
or  Stor  Elbe  in  which  is  a  good  salmon-fishery. 
It  has  mines  of  silver,  lead,  copper,  and  iron,  with 
forges,  foundries,  &c.,  belonging  to  them. 

Wern,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia  seated 
near  the  Lippe,  6  m.  W.  of  Ham. 

Wernigerode,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  cap- 
ital of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  abounding  in 
mountains,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  Great 
Brocken,  or  Blocksberg.  The  principal  business  of 
the  town  consists  in  brewing,  distilling,  and  man- 
ufacutures  of  cloth  and  stuffs.  It  is  12  m.  W.  by 
S.  of  Halberstadt  and  23  S.  S.  E.  of  Wolfenbnt- 
tel.     Long.  10.  58.  E.,  lat.  51 .  53.  N. 

Werra,  a  river  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
principality  of  Coburg,3  m.  above  Ei.ssfield,  flows 
by  Hilburghausen,  Meiningen,  Solzungen,  Vac- 
ha,  Trefurt,  Wanfried,  AUendorf,  and  Witzen- 
hausen  ;  it  then  enters  the  duchy  of  Brunswick, 
passes  by  Munden,  and  a  little  below  that  town 
joins  the  Eulda,  where  the  united  stream  forms 
the  Weser. 

Wertheim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Baden,  capital 
ofacounty  of  the  same  name,  which  yields  excel- 
lent wine.  It  is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Tau- 
ber  with  the  Maine,  16  m.  W.  of  Wurtzburg. 

Werwkk,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Flan- 
ders seated  on  the  Lis  8  m.  S.  E.  of  Ypaz. 

Wesel,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the 
duchy  of  Cleve,  with  a  strong  citadel.  Here  are 
two  Calvinist  churches,  one  for  the  Lutherans,  and 
another  for  the  Papists.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rhine 
at  the  influx  of  the  Lippe,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Cleve 
and  50  W.  S.  W.  ofMunster.  Long.  6.  87.  E., 
lat,  51.  38.  N. 

Wesenburg,  a  fortified  town  of  Rrussia,  in  the 
government  of  Esthonia,  seated  on  the  Wiss,  54 
m    E.  of  Revel. 

Weser,  a  river  of  Germany,  formed  by  the  un- 
ion of  the  Werra  and  Fulda,  in  the  duchy  of 
Brunswick,  at  Munden.  It  flows  along  the  con* 
fines  of  Westphalia  and  Saxony  by  Corvey,H;im- 
elin,  Minden,  and  Hoye  ;  receives  the  Aller  from 
Verden,  and,  passing  by  Bremen,  enters  the  Ger- 
man Ocean  at  Carlsburg. 

Wesley,  a  township  of  Washington  Co.  Ohio. 

West,  a  township  of  Huntington  Co.  Pa. ;  a 
township  of  Columbiana  Co.  Ohio. 

Westbury,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire,  Eng.  with 
a  manufacture  of  broad  cloth.  On  a  hill  to  the 
E.  of  the  town  is  Bratton  Castle,  the  remains  of  a 
fortification,  where  the  Danes  held  out  24  dnys 
against  the  English.  It  is  26  m.  N.  W.  of  Salis- 
bury and  98  W.  of  London. 

Westeras,  a  town  of  Sweden,  capital  of  a  gov- 
ernment of  its  name,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a 
citadel  and  a  famous  colleire.  It  carries  on  a  con- 
siderable commerce  with  Stockholm,  particularly 
in  copper  and  iron  from  the  neighbouring  mines. 
Here  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  palace,  formerly 
inhabited  by  the  kings  of  Sweden.  The  cathedral, 
built  of  brick,  is  celebrated  for  its  tower,  esteem- 
ed the  highest  in  the  kingdom.  In  this  cathe- 
dral is  the  tomb  of  the  unfortunate  Eric  XIV. 
Westeras  is  seated  on  the  lake  Maelar,  46  m.  N. 
W.  of  Stockholm.  Long.  17.  0.  E.,  lat.  59.  38.  N 

fVesterburg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy 
of  Nassau,  with  a  castle.  22  m.  S.  W.  of  Eillen 
burg. 

Westerham,  a  town  in  Kent,Eng.  21  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  London 

fVesterlo,  p.t.  Albany  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  3,320. 
contains  an  area  of  8,300  sq.  m.  with  about  1,000, 


IWliS 


775 


WES 


IVtsterly,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  R.  I.  20  m.  E. 
New  London.     Pop.  1,903. 

Wtstern,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  22  m.  S.  W. 
Worcester.  Pop.  1,189;  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 
on  the  Mohawk,  5  m.  above  Rome.     Pop.  2,419. 

Western  Islands.    See  Azores  and  Hebrides. 

Wbsterwick,  a  sea-port  of  Sweden,  in  Smaland, 
with  a  good  harbour  a  commodious  quay,  a  cloth 
manufacture,  and  a  trade  in  ship  timber  and  all 
sorts  of  naval  stores.  It  is  seated  on  the  Baltic, 
56  m.  N.  of  Cahnar  and  120  S.  W.  ol  Stockholm. 
Long.  16.  0.  E.,  lat.  57.  40.  N. 

yVest  Fairle.e,  a  township  of  Orange  Co.  Vt.  36 
m.  S    E.  Montpelier.     Pop.  841. 

JVrstfuU,  a  township  of  Pickaway  Co.  Ohio. 

IVestJield,  a  township  of  Orleans  Co.  v.t.  Pop. 
353;  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  105  m.  S.  W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  2,941  ;  a  township  of  Richmond  Co.  N. 
Y.  Pop.  1,734;  p.v.  Chatauque  Co.  N.  Y. ;  p.t. 
Essex  Co.  N  ;  Y.  p.v.  Delaware  Co.  and  a  town- 
ship in  Medina  Co.  Ohio. 

Westford,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  28  m.  N.  W. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,329  ;  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  35. 
m.  N.  W.  Montpelier.  Pop.  1,290;  a  township 
of  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,645. 

Wcsl  Friendship,  p.v.  Anne  Arundel  Co.  Md. 

JVcst  Greenwich,  p.t.  Kent  Co.  R.  I.  18  m.  S. 
W.  Providence.  Pop.  1,817. 

ITest  Hampton,  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  100 
m.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  907. 

H'esi  Haven,  p.t.  Rutland  Co.  Vt.  50  m.  W. 
Windsor.     Pop .  724. 

Westhofen,  a  town  of  Germany, in  the  palatinate 
of  the  Rhine.  It  has  three  churches,  and  is  7  m. 
N   W.  of  Worms. 

V/esthofen,  a  town  of  France,  in  the  department 
of  Lower  Rhine,  12  m.  W.  of  Strasburg. 

West.land,  a  township  of  Guernsey  Co.  Ohio. 

WcstLilierty ,  p.v.  Ohio  Co.  Va.  Logan  Co.  Ohio. 
Henry  Co.  Ind.  and  Morgan  Co.  Ken. 

West  Loioville,  p.v.  Lewis  Co.  N   Y. 

JVestmania,  a  former  province  of  Sweden,  be- 
tween Upland,  Sudermania,  Nericia,  Wermeland, 
and  Dalecarlia.  It  is  75  m.  long  and  45  broad,  and 
abounds  in  copper  and  iron  mines.  The  face  of 
the  countr}'  is  diversified  like  Wermeland. 

Weslmeath-     See  Mealh. 

Westminister,  a  city  in  Middlesex,  the  residence 
of  the  monarch,  the  seat  of  the  parliament  and  of 
the  liigh  courts  of  justice,  and  constituting,  with 
London  and  South  wark,  the  metropolis  of  the  Bri- 
tish empire.  On  the  dissolution  of  its  abbey,  in 
1541,  Henry  VIII.  erected  it  into  a  bishopric,  ap- 
pointing the  whole  of  Middlesex  (Fulham  except- 
ed) for  the  diocese.  It  had,  however,  only  one  pre- 
late ;  for  Edward  VI.  soon  after  dissolved  it,  and 
the  .^bbey  is  now  only  a  collegiate  church.  West- 
niinister,  through  courtesy,  still  bears  the  title  of  a 
city,  and  sends  two  men*ibers  to  parliament,  who 
are  chosen  by  its  house-holders,  there  being  no 
freemen  nor  incorporated  companies.  Besides  the 
churches  of  the  establishment,  Westminister  con- 
tains places  of  worship  for  dissenters  of  almost  ev- 
ery denomination,  and  a  Jew's  synagogue.  Among 
the  modern  improvements  in  this  part  of  the  me- 
ttopolis  is  the  erection  of  a  wide  street,  or  rather 
•uocession  of  streets,  from  Carlton  palace  on  the 
S.  to  Portland  Place  on  the  N.  The  buildings  are 
most  magnificent,  and  it  is  probably  without  ex- 
ception the  finest  street  in  Europe.  In  the  city  are 
two  parish  churches,  St.  Margaret  and  St.  John  ; 
and  seven  in  the  liberties,  namely,  St.  Clement,  St. 
Mary,  St.  Paul,  St.  Martin,  St".  Ann,  St.  Jamea, 
and  St.  George.    The   precinct  of  St.  Martin-le 


Grand,  though  within  the  city  of  London,  is  un» 
der  the  jurisdiction  of  Westminister.  See  London. 

Westminister,  p. I.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  54  m. 
N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,695;  p.t.  Windham  Co. 
Vt.  18  m.  N.  Brattleboro.  Pop.  1,737;  p.  v.  Fred- 
erick Co.  Maryland. 

Westmoreland,  p.t.  Chester  Co.  N.  H.  45  m.  S. 
W.  Concord.  Pop.  1  ,(>47  ;  p.t.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y  . 
12  m.  W.  Utica.  Pop.  2,303. 

Westmoreland,  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of 
Pennsylvania.  Pop.  38,400!  Greensburg  is  the  cap- 
ital. A  county  of  the  E.  Dis.  of  Virginia.  Pop. 
1,411. 

Westmoreland,  an  inland  county  of  England^ 
bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.  W.  by  Cumberland, 
E.  and  S.  E.  by  Yorkshire,  and  S.'  and  S.  W.  by 
Lancashire.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1821 
was  51 ,359.  It  is  a  region  of  lofty  mountains, 
naked  hills,  dreary  forests,  and  barren  moors ; 
but  is  watered  by  numerous  rivers  and  several 
lakes.  The  soil  of  course  is  various  ;  that  on  the 
mountains  being  very  barren,  while  that  in  the 
valleys  is  fertile,  producing  good  corn  and  grass, 
especially  in  the  meadows  near  the  rivers.  In  the 
hilly  parts  on  the  VV.  borders  are  some  mines  of 
copper,  but  the  ore  lies  very  deep.  This  county 
yields  abundance  of  limestone  and  the  finest  blue 
slate  ;  and  many  excellent  hams  are  cured  here. 
Its  manufactures  are  a  coarse  woolen  cloth, 
worsted  stockings,  fiannels,  tanned  leather,  and 
gunpowder.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Eden, 
Lune,  and  Ken;  and  the  chief  lake  is  Winander- 
mere,  the  largest  in  England.  Appleby  is  the 
county  town. 

West  JVetobury,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  Mass.  34  m.  N- 
E.  Boston.     Pop.  1,586. 

Weston  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  14  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  1,091  ;  p.t.  Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  7  m. 
N.  Fairfield.     Pop.  2,997;  p.v.  Lewis  Co.  Va. 

Westown,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Westpfialia,  one  of  the  former  circles  of  Germa- 
ny, bounded  on  the  E.  by  Lower  Saxony,  S.  by 
Hesse,  Welteravia,  and  Treves,  W.  by  the  Neth- 
erlands, and  N.  by  the  German  Ocean.  The  cli- 
mate is  cold,  and  there  are  a  great  many  marshes, 
but  the  soil  produces  pastures  and  some  corn.  The 
horses  are  large,  and  the  hogs  in  high  esteem, 
especially  the  hams,  known  by  the  name  of  West- 
phalia hams.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  We- 
esr.  Ems,  Lippe,  and  Roer.  This  circle  contain- 
ed the  bishoprics  of  Munster,  Liege,  Paderborn, 
and  Osnaburg  ;  the  principalities  of  Eniden  or 
East  Friesland,  Meures,  Minden  and  Verden ; 
the  duchies  of  Westphalia,  Berg,  Juliers,  Cleve, 
Oldenburg,  and  part  of  the  territory  of  the  princes 
of  Nassau";  the  counties  of  Mark,  Ravensburg, 
Steinfurt,  Tecklenburg,  Lingen,  Bethnein,  Diep- 
holt,  Hoya,  Schouenburg,  Spigelburg,  Lippe,  Rit- 
berg,  and  other  smaller  ones;  and  several  lord- 
ships and  abbeys.  In  1800  all  the  parts  of  this 
circle  lying  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  being 
full  one-third  of  the  whole  territory',  became  uni- 
ted to  France  ;  and  in  1808  the  French  empercr 
erected  the  remainder  into  a  kingdom,  in  favour 
of  his  brother  Jerome,  and  added  to  it  the  electo- 
rates of  Hesse-Cassel  and  Hanover.  Cassel 
was  the  capital.  After  the  celebrated  battle  of 
Leipzig,  in  1813,  this  new  kingdom  was  overrun 
by  the  allies,  and  the  government  ove.-thrown. 
The  whole  territory  now  belongs  to  Prussia,  Han 
over,  and  Oldenburg. 

Westphalia,  a  province  of  the  Prussian  states, 
bounded  W.  by  the  Netherlands,  and  E.  by  Han 
over  and   Hosse-Cassel.    It  is  divided  into  th« 


WET 


776 


WHE 


districts  of  \ren8berg,  Minden,  and  Munster,  and 
contains  an  area  of  8,300  sq.  ni.  with  about  1,000, 
000  of  inhabitants.  The  soil  in  general  is  not 
fertile,  but  large  quantities  of  flax  are  raised,  and 
the  rearing  of  cattle  is  carried  to  great  extent. 
There  are  mines  of  lead,  iron,  and  coal  in  the 
mountainous  districts,  and  extensive  salt  works 
in  different  parts  of  the  province. 

IFestpkalid,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  in  the  Prus- 
sian province  of  Westphalia,  and  government  of 
Arervsoerg  40  m.  long  and  25  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  principalities  of  Munster  and  Osna- 
burg  and  the  county  of  Lippe,  W.  by  that  of 
Mark,  S-  by  the  territories  of  Nassau,  and  E.  by 
the  counties  of  Witgenstein,  Hartzfeld,  Waldeck, 
and  Hesse.  It  is  a  mountainous  country,  full  of 
wood,  but  moderately  fertile.  It  formerly  belong- 
ed to  the  elector  of  Cologne,  but  was  ceded  to 
the  prince  of  Hesse-Darmstadt  in  1802,  and  made 
«ver  to  Prussia  in  1814. 

West  Point,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  N.  Y.  on  the  W. 
oankofthe  Hudson, 58  m.  above  New  York.  The 
United  Slates  Military  Academy  at  this  place  was 
established  b}'  Congress  in  1802,  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  young  men  destined  for  the  army.  The 
number  of  cadets  is  limited  to  250,  and  in  choos- 
ing among  the  applicants,  the  sons  of  revolution- 
ary officers  are  allowed  the  first  claim,  and  the 
children  of  the  deceased  officers  of  the  last  war, 
the  second.  The  age  of  the  pupils  on  admission 
must  be  between  14  and  22.  The  professors  and 
instructors  are  30  in  number;  each  of  the  cadets 
costs  the  government  336  dollars  annually.  They 
are  required  to  encamp  (5  or  8  weeks  during  the 
year.  The  course  of  study  is  completed  in  four 
years,  and  includes  French,  drawing,  natural  and 
experimental  philosophy,  chemistry,  mineralog'y, 
geography,  history,  ethics,  national  law,  mathe- 
matics and  the  whole  science  of  strategy,  tactics, 
artillery  and  engineering.  The  annual  expense 
of  the  institution  is  115,000  dollars. 

There  are  5  large  stone  buildings,  and  6  of 
brick  The  site  they  occupy  is  very  beautiful  and 
commanding,  being  a  level  188  feet  above  the 
river.  Close  to  the  shore  stands  a  white  marble 
monument,  bearing  the  name  of  Kosciusko.  In 
another  part  is  an  obelisk  to  the  memory  of  Col. 
Wood,  one  of  the  pupils  who  fell  at  Fort  Erie. 
Westpoint,  p. v.  Hardin  Co.  Ken. 
JVestjfort,  p.t.  Bristol  Co.  Mass.  60  m.  S.  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  2,773;  p.t.  Oldham  Co.  Ken.  on  the 
Ohio  ;  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y. 

IVestport,  a  town  of  Ireland,  in  the  county  of 
Mayo,  8  m.  W.  of  Castlebar. 

iVestra,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  9  m.  long 
and  from  1  to  3  broad.  It  has  a  trade  in  kelp,  and 
a  good  harbour  for  small  vessels  on  the  N.  W. 
Bide,  9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Pomona.  Long.  2.  52.  W., 
lat.  69.  8.  N. 

West  Sprinnfield,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  100 
m.  S.  VV.  Boston,  with  considerable  manufactures. 
Pop.  3,272. 

fVest  Stockhridge,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  130 
m.  W.  Boston.     Pop.  1,208, 

fVestvUle,  p.v.  Simpson  Co.  Mississippi. 
Wetherliij,  a  town  in  W.  Yorkshire.     191  m.  N. 
bj   W.  of  London. 

Wahersfidd,  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn.  3  m.  S. 
Hartford.  Pop.  3,862.  This  town  is  famous  for 
the  cultivation  of  onions. 

Wetter,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  in  Gothland,  S.  E. 
of  the  lake  Wenner.  It  is  1(X)  m.  in  length,  and 
in  some  places  20  in  breadth.  Above  40  small 
•treams  enter  this  lake,  and  its  only  outlet  is  the 


river  Motala,  which  flows  E.  by  Nordkoping  into 
the  Baltic. 

Welteravia,  or  JVateraw,a.  name  originally  ap 
plied  to  a  district  of  Germany,  lying  on  the  banks 
of  the  river  Wetter,  but  now  so  extended  as  to 
denote  all  the  country  between  the  Lahn,  the 
Rhine,  and  the  Maine. 

Wettin,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in  the 
duchy  of  Magdeburg,  with  a  castle  on  a  moun- 
tain ;  seated  on  the  Saal,  over  which  is  a  ferry, 
9  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Halle. 

Wettincren,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Baden,  celebrated  for  its  wooden  bridge, 
240  feetbng,  of  a  single  arch  over  the  river  Lira- 
mat.     It  is  1  m.  S.  of  Baden. 

Wi:t2lar,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wetteravia. 
capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  sur 
rounded  by  ditches  and  walls  flanked  with  towers, 
and  is  seated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lahn,  Disle, 
and  Dillen,  30  m.  N.  of  Frankfort.  Long.  8  37 
E.,  lat.  50.  33.  N. 

Wevelshurg,  a  town  and  citadel  of  Westphalia, 
in  the  principality  of  Paderborn,  9  m.  S.  of  Pader- 
born. 

Wexford,  a  county  of  Ireland,  in  the  province 
of  Munster,  47  m.  long  and  30  broad;  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Wicklow,  E.  by  St.  George's  Chan- 
nel, S.  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  W  ny  Waterford 
and  Kilkenny,  and  N.  W.  by  Catherlouffh.  It 
contains  142  parishes,  has  two  boroughs,  and  sends 
four  members  to  parliament.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  but  the  soil  in  general  is  fertile  in 
corn  and  grass.  The  principal  rivers  are  the 
Barrow  and  Slaney. 

Wexford,  a  borough  of  Ireland,  and  capital  of 
the  foregoing  county.  It  has  a  spaoious  harbour 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Slaney,  on  a  bay  of  St. 
George's  Channel,  but  the  water  is  not  deep 
enough  for  large  vessels.  Much  woolen  cloth  is 
manufactured  here  and  in  the  neighbourhood. 
The  inhabitants  are  estimated  at  9,000.  It  is  33 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Waterford  and  60  S.  of  Dublin. 
Long.  6.  30.  W.,  lat.  52.  22.  N. 

Wexio,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  Smaland,  seated 
on  the  lake  Helga,  which  contains  a  group  of 
woody  islands,  ft  is  a  bishop's  see,  though  small, 
and  is  50  m.  W.  of  Calmar. 

Weyhridge,  a  villaoe  in  Surrey,  Eng.  seated  on 
the  Wey,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Thames,  2  m. 
E.  of  Chertsey.  Here  is  Woburn  Farm,  the 
plantations  of  which  were  the  first  specimen  in 
EngrJand  of  the  ornamented  farm. 

Weyhridge,  a  to'vnship  of  Addison  Co.  Vt 
Pop.  850. 

Weyhill,  a  village  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  fa- 
mous for  an  annual  fair  for  all  kinds  of  cattle, 
leather,  hops,  cheese,  and  pedlary.  It  is  one  of 
the  largest  fairs  in  England,  lasting  10  days.  3 
m.  W.  of  Andover. 

Weymes,  a  town  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  with 
a  harbour,  whence  mucli  coal  and  salt  are  export- 
ed. It  stands  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  4  m.  N.  E. 
of  Kilkaldy  and  12  S.  by  W.  of  Cupar. 

Weymouth,  a  sea-port  and  borough  in  Dorset- 
shire, Eng.  12  m.  S.  W.  London. 

Weymouth,  p.t.    Norfolk   Co.  Mass.  10  m.  S.  E. 
Boston,  noted    for   the    manufacture  of  excellent 
cheese.  Pop.  2,839.  A  townshipof  Ghcester  Co.  N. 
J.;  p.t.  Medina  Co.  Ohio,  117  m.  N.  E.  Columbus. 
Wharton,  a  township  of  Fayette  Co.  Pa 
Whartontille,  p.v.  Fauquier  Co.  Va. 
Whately,  p.t.  Franklin   Co.  Mass.    100   m.    W 
Boston.     Pop.  1,111. 

Wheatfield,  a  township  of  Indiana  Co.  Pa 


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n^eder,  p.t.  Steuben  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1 ,389. 
Wlieelins,  p-t.  Ohio  Co.  Va.  on  the  Ohio,  95 
m.  below  Pittsburg.  It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a 
creek  on  a  high  bank,  and  consists  principally  of 
one  large  street,  parallel  to  the  river.  The  great 
Cumberland  road  strikes  the  Ohio  at  this  place 
and  makes  it  a  great  thoroughfare  for  emigrants 
from  the  Atlantic  states.  The  town  is  well  built 
and  nas  a  very  flourishing  trade  and  considerable 
manufatures.     Pop.  5,221. 

Whedingt  townships  of  Belmont  and  Guernsey 
Cos.  Ohio. 

fVheelock,  p.t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  834. 
^hernside,  the  highest  mountain  in  England, 
situate  on  the  N.  VV.  part  of  Yorkshire,  amid 
other  mountains,  and  about  6  miles  to  the  N.  of 
that  called  Ingleborough.  Its  summit  is  4,050 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Near  the  top  are 
four  or  five  tarns  or  small  lakes.  Its  base  con- 
tains several  spacious  caverns,  of  which  the  prin- 
cipal are  Yordas,  Gatekirk,  and  Greenside 
caves. 

Whidnh,  a  country  of  Guinea,  on  the  Slave 
Coast,  extending  about  10  miles  along  the  Atlan- 
tic, and  12  miles  inland.  Europeans  who  have 
been  in  this  country  extol  it  as  the  most  beauti- 
ful in  the  world,  and  assert  that  spring  and  au- 
tumn reign  perpetually  in  alternate  succession. 
The  country  is  so  populous  that  one  single  vil- 
lage contains  as  many  inhabitants  as  some  entire 
kingdoms  on  the  coast  of  Guinea.  The  people, 
in  their  manners,  have  been  compared  to  the 
Chinese  ;  the  same  persevering  industry,  ceremo- 
nious civility,  joalous  affection  for  their  women, 
thievish  inclinations  in  trade,  prevail  in  both 
countries.  Bows,  arrows,  assagays,  and  clubs, 
are  the  principal  weapons  of  the  Whidanese. 
They  have  no  distinction  of  hours,  days,  weeks, 
or  stated  periods  ;  and  yet,  without  pen,  ink,  or 
the  assistance  of  artificial  arithmetic,  they  calcu- 
late any  thing  with  great  accuracy.  TheV  are 
said  to  have  a  faint  idea  of  a  Supreme  Being,  to 
whom  they  attribute  omnipotence,  and  consider 
him  as  the  Creator  of  the  universe.  He  is,  they 
say,  too  highly  exalted  to  have  any  concern  about 
his  creatures  ;  and  the  government  of  the  world 
lie  leaves  to  the  fetiohes,  to  whom,  therefore, 
they  apply  as  the  mediators  between  God  and 
them.  These  fetiches  are  divided  into  three 
classes  :  snakes,  tall  trees,  and  the  sea  ;  and 
sometimes  they  add  a  fourth,  namely,  the  chief 
river  of  the  kingdom,  the  Euphrates.  The  dei- 
fied snakes  are  about  a  yard  long,  amazingly  tame 
and  familiar  ;  and  no  insult  or  injury  can  be  of- 
fered to  them  by  a  native,  under  pain  of  death. 
Here  are  oxen,  cows,  goats,  sheep,  hogs,  turkeys, 
ducks,  and  hens  ;  also  elephants,  buffaloes,  tigers, 
several  kinds  of  deer,  and  a  sort  of  hares.  The 
fruits  are  citrons,  lemons,  oranges,  bananas,  tam- 
arinds, «&c.,  and  there  are  vast  numbers  of  palm- 
trees,  from  which  much  wine  is  made.  The  trade 
consists  chiefly  of  elephants'  teeth,  wax  and  hon- 
ey ;  and  the  principal  manufactures  are  cloths, 
umbrellas,  baskets,  pitchers  for  pito  or  beer,  plates 
and  dishes  of  wood,  gourds  finely  ornimented, 
white  and  blue  paper,  &c.  In  1727  the  king  of 
Dahomey  reduced  this  country  to  the  state  of  & 
dependent  province.  Xavier,  or  Sabi,  is  the 
capital. 

fVkitby,  a  aea-port  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Grerman  Ocean,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Esk,  48  ra.  N.  N.  E.  of  York  and  243  N.  of 
London. 

Whitchurch,  a    borough  in  Hampshire,   Eng. 
98 


with  manufactures  of  shalloons,  serges,  Ac.  56 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

H-'hiic'hurch,  a  town  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  160  in. 
N.  VV.  of  London. 

IVhite,  a  county  of  \V.  Tennessee.  Pop.  9,9fi7. 
Sparta  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop. 
6,091.     Carmi  is  the  capital. 

IFhite  Chimneys,  p. v.  Caroline  Co.  Va. 
White  Clay  Creek,  a  hundred  of  Newcastle  Co 
Del. 

finite  Creek,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  36  m. 
N.E.Albany.     Pop.  2,44-^. 

White  Day,  p. v.  Monongahela  Co.  Va. 
Wldte  Deer,  p.v    Lycoming  Co.    Pa.;  a  town* 
ship  of  Union  Co.  Pa. 

White  Eyes,  p.t.  Coshocton  Co.  Ohio. 
Whittfield,  p  t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.     Pop.  2,020. 
A  township  of  Coos  Co.  N.  H.     Pop.  685. 

Whitehall,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  N.  Y.  formerly 
Skenesborough.  It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  creek 
flowing  into  the  S.  end  of  Lake  Champlain.  The 
Northern  Canal  from  the  Hudson  here  passes  in- 
to the  lake.  Sloops,  steamboats  and  other  lake 
craft  come  up  to  the  town,  and  the  trade  of  the 
place  is  very  active.  A  steamboat  plies  regular- 
ly between  Whitehall  and  St.  Johns,  L.  C. 
70  m.  N.  Albany,  170  N.  W.  Boston.  Pop. 
2,888. 

WJtitehall,  JV*.  and  S.  two  townships  in  Lehigh 
Co.  Pa.  on  the  Lehigh  p.v.  Columbia  Co.  Pa., 
Frederick  Co.  Va.,  Mecklenburg  Co.  N.  C.  and 
Abbeville  Dis.  S.  C. 

White  Haren,  p.t.  Somerset  Co.  Md. 
White  House,  p.v.  Hunterdon  Co.  N.  J. 
White  Lake,  p.v.  Sullivan  Co.  N.  Y. 
Wkiteland,  E.  and  W.  two  townships  in  Ches- 
ter Co.  Pa. 

Whitely,  a  county  of  Kentucky.     Pop.  3,807. 
Whitehjsburg,  p.v.  Kent  Co.  Del.  22  m.  S.   E. 
Dover. 

Whitemarsk,  p.v.   Montgomery  Co.  Pa. 
White  Mountains,  p.v.  Coos  Co.  N.  H.  117  m. 
N.  N.  E.  Concord. 

White  Mountains,  a  range  of  mountains  in  the 
norhern  part  of  New  Hampshire,  nearlj'  in  the 
centre  of  the  county  of  Coos.  They,  are  the 
highest  in  the  United  States,  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  chain,  and  are  celebrated  for  their 
grand  and  beautiful  scenery.  Those  mountains 
extend  about  20  m.  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.  being 
the  more  elevated  parts  of  a  range  extending  ma- 
ny miles  in  that  direction.  Their  base  is  8  or  10 
m.  broad  ;  and  situated  about  25  m  S.  E.  from 
Lancaster,  70  N.of  Concord,  82  N.  by  W,  from 
Portsmouth  ;  and  in  lat.  44.  15,  long.  71.  20.  W. 
Although  distant  more  than  60.  m.  from  the  near- 
est part  of  the  coast,  their  snow-white  summits 
are  distinctly  visible  many  leagues  at  sea,  and 
along  the  coast  of  Maine.  Their  great  ele«^ation 
has  always  rendered  them  interesting,  both  to 
our  ancestors,  and  to  the  aboriginal  inhabitants 
of  the  country.  As  early  as  1632.  they  were  vis- 
ited by  Neal,  Jocelyn  and  Field,  who  gave  ro- 
mantic accounts  of  their  adventures,  and  of 
the  extent  and  granduer  of  the  mountains, 
which  they  called  the  Crystal  Hills.  Since  that 
time,  these  regions  have  l>een  repeatedly  explor- 
ed by  hunters,  and  by  men  of  science.  Mount 
Washington  is  6,428  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  5,850  above  the  river  at  Lancaster,  and  4,781 
above  Crawford's,  the  nearest  dwelling  to  the 
summit.  This  mountain  is  easily  known  by  its 
superior  elevation,  and  its  being  the  southern  of^ 
the  three  highest  peaks.     The  heights  of  the  otb 


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el  peaks  above  the  Connecticut  at  Lancaster,  are 
as  follows ; 

Mount  Adams,  ...  -  5,3S3  feet. 
•'  Jefferson,  -  -  .  .  5,281 
"  ,  Madison, ....  5.039 
"  Monroe,  ....  4;932 
"  Franklin,-  -  .  .  4,470 
"  Pleasant,  ....  4,339 
Mount  Adams  is  known  by  its  sharp  termina- 
ting peak,  and  being  the  second  N.  of  Washing- 
ton. Jefferson  is  situated  between  these  two. 
Madison  is  the  eastern  peak  of  the  range.  Won- 
roe  is  the  first  to  the  S.  of  Washington.  Frank- 
lin is  the  second  S.  and  is  known  by  its  level  sur- 
face. Pleasant  is  known  by  its  conical  shape, 
and  being  the  third  S.  of  Washington.  In  pas- 
sing from  the  Notch  to  the  highest  summit,  the 
traveller  crosses  the  summits  of  Mounts  Pleasant, 
Franklin  and  Monroe.  In  accomplishing  this,  he 
must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross  several  ra- 
vines. These  are  neither  wide  nor  deep,  nor  are 
they  discovered  at  a  great  distance  ;  ft)r  the  trees 
fill  them  up  exactly  even  with  the  mountain  on 
each  side,  and  their  branches  interlock  with  each 
other  in  such  a  manner,  that  it  is  very  difficult  to 
pass  through  them,  and  they  are  so  stiff"  and  thick 
as  almost  to  support  a  man's  weight.  Mount 
Pleasant  is  easily  ascended.  Its  top,  to  the  ex- 
tent of  5  or  6  acres,  is  smooth,  and  gradually 
slopes  away  in  every  direction  from  its  centre. 
It  even  has  a  verdant  appearance,  as  it  is  every 
•  where  covered  with  short  grass,  which  grows  in 
little  tufts  to  the  height  of  four  or  five  inches. 
Among  these  tufts,  mountain  flowers  are  thinly 
scattered,  which  add  life  and  beauty  to  the  scene. 
The  prospect  from  this  summit  is  beautiful :  to 
the  N.  the  eye  is  dazzled  with  the  splendour  of 
Mount  Washington  ;  N.  W.  are  seen  the  settle- 
ments in  Jeff"erson ;  W.  the  courses  of  the 
Amonoosuck,  as  though  delineated  on  a  map;  S. 
W.  the  Mooshelock  and  Haystack  are  discovered  ; 
S.  Chocorua  peak.;  S.  E.  the  settlement  and 
mountains  in  Bartlett ;  E.  only  dark  jnountains 
and  forests. 

On  descending  this  mountain,  a  small  patch  of 
water  is  found  at  its  base  :  from  which  the  as- 
cent is  gradual  to  the  summit  of  Mount  Franklin. 
After  crossing  this  mountain,  you  pass  over  the 
E.  pinnacle  of  Mount  Monroe,  and  soon  find 
yourself  on  a  plain  of  some  extent,  at  the  foot  of 
Mount  Washington.  Here  is  a  fine  resting-place, 
on  the  margin  of  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  of 
an  oval  form,  covering  about  3-4  of  an  acre. 
The  waters  are  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  deep. 
Not  a  living  creature  is  to  be  seen  in  the  waters, 
at  this  height  on  the  hills  ;  nor  do  vegetables  of 
any  kind  grow  in  or  around  them,  to  obscure  the 
clear  rocky  or  gravelly  bottom  on  which  they 
rest.  A  small  spring  discharges  itself  into  this 
pond  at  its  south-east  angle.  Another  pond,  of 
about  2-3  its  size,  liesN.  W.  of  this.  Directly 
before  you,  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Washington 
rises  with  majestic  grandeur,  like  an  immense  pyr- 
amid, or  some  vast  Kremlin  in  this  magnificent 
city  of  mountains.  The  pinnacle  is  elevated 
aboiU  I,.')00  feet  above  the  plain,  and  is  composed 
principally  of  huge  rocks  of  granite  and  gneiss 
piled  together,  presenting  a  variety  of  colors  and 
forms.  In  ascending,  you  must  pass  enormous 
masses  of  loose  stones;  but  a  walk  of  half  an 
hour  will  generally  carry  you  to  the  summit. 
The  view  from  this  point  is  wonderfully  grand 
and  picturesque.  Innumerable  mountains,  lakes, 
ponds,  rivers,  towns  and  villages  meet  the  delight- 


ed eye,  and  the  dim  Atlantic  stretches  its  waters 
along  the  eastern  horizon.  To  the  N.  is  seen  the 
lofty  summits  of  Adams  and  Jefferson  ;  and  to 
the  east  a  little  detached  from  the  range  stands 
Mount  Madison.     Mount  Washington  is  support-  * 

ed  on  the  N.  by  a  high  ridge,  which  extends  to 
Mount  Jefferson  ;  on  the  N.  E.  by  a  large  grassy  •. 

plain,  terminating  in  a  vast  spur  extending  far 
away  in  that  direction  ;  E.  by  a  promontory, 
which  breaks  off"  abruptly  at  St.  Anthony's  Nose  ; 
S.  and  S.  E.  by  a  grassy  plain,  in  summer,  of 
more  than  40  acres. 

At  the  southeastern  extremity  of  this  plain,  a 
ridge  commences,  which  slopes  gracefully  away 
towards  the  vale  of  the  Sico  ;  upon  which  at  short 
distances  from  each  other,  arise  rocks,  resembling, 
in  some  places,  towers  ;  in  others  representing 
the  various  orders  of  architecture.  It  would  be 
vain  in  us  to  attempt  a  description  of  the  varied 
wonders  which  here  astonish  and  delight  the  be- 
holder. To  those  who  have  visited  these  moun- 
tains, our  descriptions  would  be  tame  and  unin- 
teresting ;  and  he  who  has  never  ascended  their 
hoary  summits,  cannot  realize  the  extent  and  mag- 
nificence of  the  scene.  These  mountains  are 
decidedly  of  primitive  formation.  Nothinor  of 
volcanic  origin  has  ever  yet  been  discovered  on 
the  most  diligent  research.  They  have  for  ages, 
probably,  exhibited  the  same  unvarying  aspect. 
No  minerals  are  here  found  of  much  rarity  or 
value.  The  rock  which  most  abounds,  is  schistus, 
intermixed  with  greenstone,  mica,  granite  and 
gneiss.  The  three  highest  peaks  are  composed 
entirely  of  fragments  of  rocks  heaped  together  in 
confusion,  but  pretty  firmly  fixed  in  their  situa- 
tions. 

During  nine  or  ten  months  of  the  year,  the 
summits  of  the  mountains  are  covered  with  snow 
and  ice,  giving  them  a  bright  and  dazzling  ap- 
pearance. On  every  side  are  long  and  winding 
gullies,  deepening  in  their  descent  to  the  plains 
below.  Here  some  of  the  finest  rivers  of  New- 
England  originate.  The  Saco  flows  from  the  E. 
side  of  the  mountains  ;  the  branches  of  the  Ame- 
riscoggin  from  the  N.  ;  the  Amonoosuck  and 
other  tributaries  of  the  Connecticut  from  the  W. ; 
and  the  Pemigewasset  from  the  S.,  its  fountain 
being  near  that  of  the  Saco.  The  sides  of  the 
hills  are  in  many  parts  covered  with  soil ;  but 
this  is  very  superficial  in  all  cases,  and  every 
spot,  that  can  be  reached  by  running  water,  is 
left  destitute  of  every  thing  but  rocks  and  pebbles, 
of  which  likewise  the  river-bottoms  are  exclu- 
sively composed.  In  these  cold  and  elevated  re- 
gions, the  period  for  the  growth  of  vegetables  is 
extremely  brief;  the  mountains  must  be  forever 
sterile.  Moss  and  lichens  may  be  found  near  the 
summits,  but  of  meagre  and  scanty  growth — look- 
ing as  if  they  had  wandered  from  their  proper 
zone  below,  into  these  realms  of  barren  desola- 
tion. 

The  Kot.ch  of  the  White  Mountains,  is  a  name 
appropriated  to  a  very  narrow  defile  extending 
two  miles  in  length  between  two  huge  cliffs  ap- 
parently rent  asunder  by  some  vast  convulsion 
of  nature,  probably  that  of  the  deluge.  The  en- 
trance of  the  chasm  is  formed  by  two  rocks  stand- 
ing  perpendicular  at  the  distance  of  22  feet  from 
each  other  ;  one  about  20  feet  in  height,  the  oth- 
er about  12.  The  road  from  Lancaster  to  Port- 
land passes  through  this  notch,  following  the 
course  of  the  head  stream  of  the  Saco.  The 
scenery  at  this  place  is  exceedingly  beautiful  and 
grand.     The    mountain     otherwise  a  continued 


WHI 


779 


WIH 


range,  is  here  cloven  quite  down  to  its  base,  open- 
ing a  passage  for  the  waters  of  the  Saco.  The 
gap  is  so  iiaiiow,  that  space  has  with  difficulty 
been  found  lor  the  road.  About  half  a  mile  from 
the  entrance  of  ihe  chasm,  is  seen  a  most  beau- 
tiful cascade,  issuing  from  a  mountain  on  the 
right,  about  800  feet  above  the  subjacent  valley, 
and  about  2  miles  distant.  The  stream  passes 
over  a  series  of  rocks  almost  perpendicular, 
with  a  course  so  little  broken  as  to  preserve  the 
appearance  of  a  uniform  current,  and  yet  so  far 
disturbed  as  to  be  perfectly  white.  This  beauti- 
ful stream,  which  passes  down  a  stupendous  preci- 
fice,  is  called  by  Dwight  the  Silver  Cascade. 
t  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world.  At 
the  distance  of  three  fourths  of  a  mile  from  the 
entrance  of  the  chasm  is  a  brook,  called  the  Flume, 
which  falls  from  a  heiglit  of  -240  or  250  feet  over 
three  precipices — down  the  two  first  in  a  single 
current,  and  over  the  last  in  three,  which  unite 
again  at  the  bottom  in  a  small  basin  formed  by 
the  hand  of  nature  in  the  rocks.  The  water  is 
pure  and  transparent,  and  it  would  be  impossible 
for  a  brook  of  its  size  to  be  moddled  into  more 
diversified  or  delightful  forms. 

The  more  elevated  parts  of  these  mountains 
are  occasionally  subject  to  avalanches,  or  slides 
of  earth,  which  sweep  suddenly  down  their  sides 
and  occasion  great  damage.  A  serious  calamity 
of  this  sort  occurred  at  the  Notch  in  August  1826, 
to  a  family  of  the  name  of  WiUey,  who  occupied 
a  dwelling  in  the  narrowest  part  of  the  defile 
many  miles  from  any  other  human  habitation. 
At  midnight  during  a  furious  storm  of  rain,  the 
mountain  broke  loose  above  them,  and  poured 
down  in  a  torrent  of  earth,  rocks,  and  trees.  The 
family,    aroused    by   the   noise,  immediately  fled 


:^•:'^.o^      -^^ 


«^c^ 


from  the  house,  but  were  overtaken  by  the  aval- 
anche and  swept  to  destruction.  The  roads  and 
bridges  along  the  valley  were  destroyed,  the 
streams  choked  up,  and  heaps  of  earth,  rocks  and 
trees  exhibited  a  frightful  picture  of  desolation. 

Till  within  a  few  years  these  mountains  were 
seldom  visited  except  by  a  few  hunters  and  an 
occasional  traveller,  and  the  beauties  of  these 
wild  and  sequestered  spots  were  as  little  known 
to  the  world  as  those  of  the  Vale  of  Chamouni, 
before  the  discovery  of  that  unrivalled  spot  in  the 
last  century.  Latterly,  the  fame  of  the  White 
Mountain  scenery  has  drawn  the  attention  of  all 
the  lovers  of  the  picturesque  in  our  country,  and 
the  mountains  are  now  visited  every  summer  by 
travellers  from  all  parts  of  the  United  Slates. 
Tolerable  accommodations  may  be  found  at  Craw- 
ford's. Visitors  who  wish  to  view  the  sunrise 
from  Mount  Washington,  pass  the  night  at  the 
Camp,  7  miles  above,  where  the  steepest  ascent 
of  the  mountain  begins. 

Tlie  only  places  susceptible  of  cultivatioa  in 


the  heart  of  the  mountains,  are  the  little  meadow* 
inhabited  by  the  Crawfords,  the  Notch,  and  Wil 
ley  Meadows;  and  there  the  interval  of  warm 
weather  is  so  short  in  the  year,  that  few  vegeta- 
bles can  arrive  at  maturity,  with  all  the  rapidity 
of  growth  which  distinguishes  such  cold  regions. 
To  those  who  are  fond  of  field  sports,  the  forests 
and  rivers  aflTord  every  advantage,  during  the 
brief  summer  which  visits  the  valleys.  Various 
kinds  ot"  wild  birds  and  game  are  to  be  found  in 
the  woods,  besides  bears,  wild  cats,  and  deer. 
The  moose  and  buffalo  were  formerly  abundant 
among  the  mountains ;  and  it  is  scarcely  thirty 
years  since  they  were  killed  in  great  numbers, 
merely  for  their  hides  and  tallow  ;  as  the  latter 
still  are  in  the  deserts  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
Deer  are  common  in  the  woods,  and  frequently 
are  killed  by  the  hunters.  Sometimes  they  come 
boldly  down  into  the  little  niCadow  before  Craw-' 
ford's  house,  and  quietly  graze  with  the  cattle. 
The  black  bears  are  occasionally  seen  in  the  more 
unfrequented  places  ;  but  they  will  always  en- 
deavour to  avoid  a  man.  A  large  species  of  elk, 
here  known  by  the  namo.  of  the  Cariboo,  has 
made  its  appearance  in  the  White  Mountains 
within  a  few  years  ;  but  they  are  still  very  scarce 
in  this  part  of  the  country. 

niiile  Oak,  p.v.  Rutherford  Co.  N.  C. 

H'kite  Plains,  p.v.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  30 
m.  N.  New  York.  Pop.  759;  p.v.  Jackson  Co. 
Ten. 

iViite  Post,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Va. 

White  River,  a  stream  falling  into  ihe  Wabash 
from  the  S.  E.  A  river  of  Arkansas  falling  into 
the  Mississippi  a  little  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ar- 
kansas. 

White  Sand,  p.v.  Lawrence  Co.  Mississippi. 

WhI.testjormigIt,  p.v.  Oneida  Co.  N.  Y. 

Whitestown,  I.   Oneida  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  4,410. 

Whitesville,  p.v.  Columbus  Co.  N.  C. 

Wkitc  Water,  a  branch  of  the  Great  Miami  in 
Indiana  and  Ohio;  a  township  in  Hamilton  Co. 
Ohio;  p.v.   i)earbon  Co.  Ind. 

Whiteing,  p.t.  Addison  Co.  Vt.     Pop.  653. 

IVhiteinw/iam,  p.v  Windham  Co.  Vt.  Pop. 
1,477. 

Whiteley,  a  township  of  Green  Co.  Pa. 

Whitepaine,  a  township  of  Montgomery  Ca 
Pa. 

Whittedville,  p.t.  Buncombe  Co.  N.  C. 

White  Sea,  a  large  bay  of  the  Frozen  Ocean 
on  the  N.  part  of  Russia,  on  the  E.  side  of  which 
stands  the  town  of  Archangel. 

Wtiitehaven,  a  sea-port  in  Cumberland ,  Eng. 
It  is  seated  on  a  creek  of  the  Irish  Sea,  on  the 
N.  end  of  a  great  hill,  washed  by  the  tide  on  the 
W.  side,  where  there  is  a  large  whitish  rock,  and 
a  strong  stone  wall  that  secures  the  harbour. 
Near  it  are  excellent  coal  mines,  some  of  which 
run  a  considerable  way  under  the  sea,  and  are 
the  chief  source  of  its  wealth.  It  is  41  m.  S.  W. 
of  Carlisle  and  320  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Long 
3.35.  W.,lat.  54.25.  N. 

Wkitehorn,  a  borough  of  Scotland,  in  WigtoB- 
shire,  near  the  bay  of  Wigton.  It  is  a  place  of 
great  antiquity,  having  been  a  Roman  station 
and  the  first  bishopric  in  Scotland.  8  m.  W  of 
Wigton. 

WIdtesable,  a  village  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  Eng. 
7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Canterbury. 

Whitsuntide  Island,  one  of  the  New  Hebriden 
in  the  S.  Pacific,  30  m.  long  and  8  broad,  discov 
ered  by  captain  Wallis,  on  the  WhiUunday,  1767. 
Long.  168,  20.  E.,  lat.  15.  44.  S. 


WIE 


«M 


WIH 


Whitthhury  Forest,  a  forest  in  the  S.  part  of 
Northamptonshire,  Eng.  9  in.  long  and  3  broad. 

Wihurg,  or  Vihorg,  an  extensive  district  of 
Russia,  in  the  government  of  Finland.  It  was 
ceded  by  the  Swedes  to  the  Russians,  partly  by 
the  peace  of  Nystadt  in  1721,  and  partly  by  the 
treaty  of  Abo  in  1743.  Besides  pastures,  the 
country  produces  rye,  oats,  and  barley,  but  not 
sufficient  for  the  inhabitants. 

fViburg,  a  fortified  sea-prn-t  of  Russia,  capital 
of  the  foregoing  district,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with 
a  strong  citadel.  The  houses  are  almost  entirely 
built  of 'stone.  The  chief  exports  are  planks,  tal- 
low, pitch,  and  tar.  The  surrounding  country  is 
pleasant;  and  near  it,  at  Imatra,  is  the  famous 
cataract  of  the  VVoxa,  which  makes  a  noise  more 
stunning  tiian  that  of  the  Rhine  at  Lauffen.  Wi- 
burg  stalids  on  the  N.  E  point  of  the  gulf  of 
Finland.  100  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Petersburg.  Long. 
29.  10.  E.,  lat.OO.  5G.  N. 

fVihunr,  a  cily  of  Denmark,  in  N.  Jutland, 
capital  of  a  diocese  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
seat  of  the  chief  court  of  justice  in  the  province. 
In  1720  the  cathedral,  a  church,  the  town-house, 
and  the  bishop's  palace,  were  destroyed  by  fire  ; 
but  they  have  all  been  magnificently  rebuilt.  It 
is  sealed  on  a  lake,  in  a  peninsula,  120  m.  N.  of 
Sleswick.  Long.  9.  50.  E.,  lat.  5(5.  20.  N. 

Wick,  a  borouffh  of  Scotland,  and  the  capital 
of  Caithness-shire,  with  a  harbour  on  an  inlet  of 
the  German  Ocean,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of 
the  same  name.  Much  kelp  is  made  here,  but 
the  fisheries  are  the  chief  object  of  importance. 
It  is  55  m.  N.  E.  of  Dornoch.  Lonff.  2.  51.  W., 
lat.  58.  21.  N. 

Wick,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  duchy  of  Limburg,  seated  on  the  Meuse,  op- 

Eosite  Maestricht,  with  which  it  communicates 
y  a  bridge. 

Wick  DiierstetJe.,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westpha- 
lia, with  two  castles,  12  m.  N.  of  Juliers. 

Wickford,  p.t.  Washington  Co.  R.  I.  24  m.  S. 
Providence.  x 

JVickloto,  a  county  of  Ireland,  ii^>^he  province 
of  Leinster,  3(>  m.  long  and  2-5  broacnS»<iynded 
on  the  N.  by  Dublin,  E.  by  the  Irish  Sea,  S.  hy 
Wexford,  VV.  by  Catherlough  and  Kildare,  and 
N.  W.  by  Kildare.  It  is  divided  tnto  58  parish- 
es, has  about  111,000  inhabitants,  and  sends  two 
members  to  parliament.  It  is  very  mountainous 
and  woody,  interspersed  with  rocks  and  bogs ; 
but  the  valleys  are  fertile  and  well  cultivated, 
and  watered  by  numerous  small  rivers. 

Wickloto,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  county,  is 
seated  on  the  Irish  Sea,  with  a  narrow  harbour, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Leitrim  20  m.  S.  S.  E. 
•f  Dublin.     Long.  6.  12.  W.,  lat.  52.  58.  N. 

Wicomico,  p. v.  Northumberland  Co.  Va. 

Wickxnar,  a  decayed  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
Eng.     Ill  W.  of  London. 

Widdin,  a  fortified  town  of  Bulgaria,  and  an 
archbishop's  see.  It  has  often  been  taken  and 
retaken  by  the  Austrians  and  Turks;  and  is  seat- 
ed on  the  Danube,  100  m.  N.  by  W.  r,f  Sossa  and 
140  E.  S.  £.  of  Belgrade.  Long.  24.  27.  E.,  lat. 
44.  12.  N. 

Wied,  a  county  of  Germany,  at  the  conflux  of 
the  rivers  Wied  and  Rhine.  It  is  composed  of 
two  parts,  the  Upper  County,  or  Wied-Runkel, 
and  the  Lower  County,  or  Wied-Nieuwied. 

Wied,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  lower  county 
of  Wied,  9  m.  N.  N.  W.  ofCoblentz. 

Wielun,  a  town  of  Prussian  Poland,  with  a  good 
eastle,  IC  m.  S.  of  Siradia. 


Wielitska,  a  village  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  Gali- 
cia,  celebrated  for  its  salt  mines,  which  extend 
under  the  whole  town,  and  to  a  considerable  dis- 
tance on  each  side.  In  these  mines  are  several 
small  chapels,  excavated  in  the  salt ;  and  many 
of  the  inhabitants  reside  chiefly  in  the  mines.  8 
m.  S.  E.  of  Cracow. 

Wiesenstcia ,  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  with  a 
castle  ;  seated  on  the  Fils,  IC  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Ulra 
and  25  E.  S.  E.  of  Stuttgard. 

Wicsen/Aa/,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  with     ^ 
manufactures  of  iron,  steel,  and  fire-arms,  and  a 
considerable  trade  in  leather.     It  stands  on  a  rivu- 
let of  the  same  name,  on  the  frontiers  of  Bohemia, 
15  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Carlsbad. 

Wigan,  a  borough  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  39 
m.  S.  of  Lancaster  and  196  N.  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Wight,  an  isl.and  in  the  English  Channel,  on 
the  S.  coast  of  Hampshire,  from  which  it  is  se- 
parated by  a  narrow  strait  It  is  about  21  m.  in 
length  and  13  in  breadth,  and  is  nearly  divided 
into  two  equal  parts  by  the  river  Mede,  or  Cowes, 
which,  rising  in  the  southern  angle,  enters  at  the 
northern  into  the  channel,  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Southampton  bay.  The  S.  coast  is  bordered  with 
very  steep  cliffs  of  chalk  and  free -stone,  hollowed 
into  caverns  in  various  parts.  The  W.  side  is 
fenced  with  ridges  of  rocks,  of  which  the  most 
remarkable  are  those  called  the  Needles.  Be- 
tween the  island  and  the  main  are  various  sand 
banks,  especially  off  the  E.  part,  where  is  the 
safe  road  of  St.  Helens.  Across  the  island  from 
E  to  W.  runs  a  ridge  of  hills,  forming  a  tract  of 
fine  downs,  with  a  chalky  or  marly  soil,  which 
feeds  a  great  number  of  rabbits  and  fine  fleeced 
sheep.  To  the  N.  of  this  ridge  the  land  is  chiefly 
pasture  ;  to  the  S.  of  it  is  a  rich  arable  country, 
producing  great  crops  of  corn.  The  variety  of 
prospects  wfiich  this  island  affords,  its  mild  air, 
and  the  neat  manner  in  which  the  fields  are  laid 
out,  render  it  a  very  delightful  spot.  It  is  devo- 
ted almost  entirely  to  husbandry,  and  has  no 
manufactures  of  any  consequence.  Among  its 
products  are  to  be  reckoned  a  pure  white  pipe- 
clay, and  a  fine  while  crystalline  sand,  of  the 
latter  of  which  great  quantities  are  exported  for 
the  use  of  the  glass-works  in  various  parts.  The 
other  articles  of  export  are  wheal,  flour,  barley, 
malt,  and  salt.  Its  principal  town  is  Newport ; 
it  likewise  contains  the  boroughs  of  Newton  and 
Yarmouth. 

Wigton,a.  town  in  Cumberland,  Eng.  with  man- 
ufactures of  linen  and  cotton;  also  an  extensive 
calico-printing  establishment,  and  a  silk  hat  man- 
ufactory.    304  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wigton,  a  borough  and  sea-port  of  Scotland, 
capital  of  Wigtonahire.  Here  are  manufactures 
of  woolen  and  cotton,  the  former  chiefly  of  plaids 
and  flannel.  It  is  situate  on  a  hill,  which  over- 
looks the  bay  of  Wigton,  100  m.  S.  W.  of  Edin- 
burg. 

Wigtonshire,  or  West  Galloway,  a  county  of 
Scotland,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Ayrshire,  N.  E. 
by  Kirkcudbrightshire,  and  on  all  other  sides  by 
the  Irish  Sea.  Us  greatest  extent,  in  any  direc- 
tion, does  not  exceed  30  m.  It  is  divided  into  17 
parishes,  and  contains  about  34,000  inhabitants. 
Wilbraham,  p.t.  Hampden  Co.  Mass.  89  m.  S 
W-  Boston.     Pop.  203. 

Wihacs,  a  frontier  town  of  European  Turkey 
in  Bosnia,  seated  on  a  lake  formed  by  the  river 
Unna,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Carlstadt  and  220  W.  of 
Belgrade.     Long.  16. 10.  E.,  lat.  45.  34.  N. 


*t. 


WIL 


781 


WIE 


Wilcox,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  9,459.  Can- 
ton is  the  capital. 

Wildbad,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg 
with  a  celebrated  warm  bath,  seated  on  the  Enz 
.24  ni.  W.  of  Stuttgard. 

WUdherg.  a  town  of  Wurtemberg,  situate  on 
the  Nagold.  19  m.  S.  W.  of  Stuttgard. 

Wildherg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
28  m.  N.  of  Br<indenburg. 

Wihlerness,  p. v.  Spotsylvania  Co.  Va. 
JViJdcskauscn,     a  town  of    Germany,  in    the 
diichy  of  Oldenburg,  seated  on  the  Hunte,  20  m. 
S.  W.  of  Bremen.     Long.  8.  27.  E.,  lat.  52.  53. 
N. 

Jl'iJdungen,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  county 
of  Waldek,  with  a  castle.  j\ear  it  are  mineral 
(springs,  and  mines  of  copper,  iron,  and  lead.  14 
m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Corbach. 

WUhcrmstein,  a  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the 
county  of  Sachauenburg,  on  an  island  formed  of 
stones  sunk  for  the  purpose,  in  Steinhuder-mere. 
It  was  erected  in  17(58  by  William,  count  of 
Schauenburg-Lippe,  for  the  improvement  of  his 
new  inventions  in  the  art  of  war.  It  stands  near 
the  town  of  Steinhude,  18  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Han- 
over. 

Wilkes,  a  county  of  N.  Carolinia.  Pop.  11,942. 
Wilkesborough  is  the  capital ;  a  county  of  Geor- 
gia.    Pop.  1 4,237.     Washington  is  the  capital. 

Wilkesliarre,  p  t.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Sus- 
quehannah,  120  m.  N.   W.  Philad. 

Wilkesborough,  p.t.  Wilkes  Co.  N.  C.  204  m. 
N.  W.  Raleigh. 

Wilkesville,  p.v.  Gallia  Co.  Ohio.  104  m.  S.  E. 
Columbus. 

Wilkinson,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  6,558. 
Irwinton  is  the  capital;  a  county  of  Mississippi. 
Pop.  n,G93.     Woodville  is  the  capital. 

iVilkinsonpille,  p.v.  Chesterfield  Co.  Va. ;  v. 
Johnson  Co.  Illinois. 

Wilkomiers,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Wilna,  seated  on  the  Sweita,  45  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Wilna. 

William.  Fort,  a  fort  of  Scotland,  in  the  county 
of  Inverness,  at  the  extremity  of  Loch  Linne, 
where  that  arm  of  the  sea  bends  to  the  W.  and 
forms  Loch  Ell.  It  is  of  a  triangular  figure,  and 
Is  64  m.  S.  W   of  Inverness. 

IVUliam  Ilenrij,  a  town  of  Lower  Canada,  sit- 
uate at  the  conflux  of  the  Sorel  with  the  St.  Law- 
rence. It  ills  a  Protestant  and  a  Roman  Catho- 
lic church.  The  principnl  cliannel  of  intercourse 
with  this  country  and  the  United  States  is  through 
this  town.  It  is  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Montreal  and  120 
S.  W.  of  Quebec.   Long.  73.  22.  W..  lat.  45.  55  N. 

Waieit,  p.t.  Cortland  Co.  N.  Y.    JPop.  894. 

lyiiiiains,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  377.  Defi- 
ance is  tlie  capital  ;  t.  Northampton  and  Mont- 
gomery Cos.  Pa. 

William.shorousrh,  p.v.  Greenville  Co.  N.  C. 
37  m.  N.  W.  Halifax. 

Williamahnrir,  p.t.  Penobscot  Co.  Me  Pop. 
227 ;  p.t.  Hampshire  Co.  M.ass.  100  m.  W  Boston 
with  manufactures  of  cotton,  linen,  and  woolen. 
Pop  1,225;  p  V.  Huntingdon  and  Northumber- 
land Cos.  Pa.  Iredell  Co.  N.T>*,  Mason  Co.  Ken. 
and  Jackson  and  Maury  Cos.  Ten.,  Clermont  Co. 
Ohio.       Pop.  1,609. 

Williamslnirg,  a  District  of  N.  Carolina.  Pop. 
9,015.     Kingstree  is  the  capital. 

Williamshurg,  p.v.  James  City  Co.  Va.  32  m. 
E.  by  S.  Richmond.  This  town  was  once  the 
capital  of  the  State,  but  is  now  much  decayed 
from   its  former   importance.      It  still  containn 


y>  illiam  and  Mary  College  which  was  founded 
here  in  1693.  It  Iias7  instructers  and  60  students. 
The  libraries  have  4,200  volumes.  It  has  one  va- 
cation of  nearly  4  months  from  July  to  October. 
Commencement  is  in  July. 

Williamsfield,  p.v.  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio.  242  m. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

Williamsport,  p.v.  Lycoming  Co.  Pa.  and  Wash- 
ington Co.  Pa.,  Washington  Co.  Md.,  Pickaway 
Co.  Oliio.,  Morgan  Co.  Ind. 

Williamson,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
26,608.     Franklin  is  the  capital. 

Wiliiamstadt,  a  sea-port  of  Holland  in  N  Bra- 
bant.    13  m.  N.  W.  Breda. 

Williamslotcn,  p.t.  Orange  Co.  Vt.  46  m.  N 
Windsor.     Pop.  1,487. 

Williamstown,  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  130  m. 
N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  2,127.  Williams  College, 
at  this  place  was  founded  in  1793.  It  has  7  in- 
structers and  115  students.  The  libraries  have 
4,.556  volumes.  There  are  3  vacations  in  May. 
September  and  December,  of  18  weeks.  Com 
mencement  is  in  December. 

Williamstown,  p.v.  Oswego  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
686  ;  p.v.  Lancaster  Co.  Pa.,  Martin  Co.  N.  C. 
Grant  Co.  Ken. 

Williamsville,  p.v.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.,  Chesterfield 
Co.  Va.,  Person  Co.  N.  C. 

Willington,  p.t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.  26  m.  N.  E. 
Hartford.     Pop.  1,305  ;  p.v.  Abbeville  Dis.  S.  C. 

Wiliink,  p.v.  Erie  Co.  N.  Y. 

Williston,  p.t.  Chittenden  Co.  Vt.  10  m.  S.  E. 
Burlington.     Pop.  1,603. 

Willistotcn,  a  township  of  Chester  Co.  Pa. 

Willow  Grove,  p.v.  Montgomery  Co.  Pa.  and 
Sumter  Dis.  S.  C. 

Wilisborough,  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  on  L  Cham- 
plain.     Pop.  1,316. 

Willshire,  p.t.  Van  Wert  Co.  Ohio.  130  ra.  N. 
W.  Columbus. 

Willistown,  an  Indian  village  in  the  Cherokee 
country  of  Alabama.  50  m.  E.  Huntsville- 

Wilma.nstrand,  a  town  of  Prussia  in  t<''inland 
100  m.  N.  W.  St.  Petersburg,  famous  for  a  battle 
between  the  Swedes   and  Russians  in  1741. 

Wilmington,  p.v.  Windham  Co.  Vt.  17  m.  W. 
Brattleborough.  Pop.  1.367;  p.t.  Essex  Co.  N. 
Y.  KiO  m.  N.  Albany.     Pop.  695. 

Wilmington,  p.t.  Newcastle  Co.  Del.  on  Chris- 
tiana Creek,  near  its  entrance  into  the  Delaware. 
It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  a  port  of  entry, 
and  incorporated  with  city  privileges.  It  is  regu- 
larly and  handsomely  built, mostly  of  brick.  In  the 
neighbourhood  are  many  flourishing  manufactures 
of  cotton,  woolen,  paper,  gunpowder,  and  a  great 
number  of  mills.  The  town  has  10  churches,  3 
banks,  an  arsenal  of  the  United  States  and  a  pub- 
lic library.  It  has  a  large  ttide  in  flour  ;  and  ves- 
sels drawing  14  feet  of  water  can  come  np  the 
creek  on  which  the  town  is  situated  28  m.  S.  W. 
Philad.     Pop.  6,628. 

Wilmington,  p.v.  Fluvanna  Co.  Va.  60  m  N. 
W.  Richmond;  p.t.  New  Hanover  Co.  N.  C,  near 
the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  River  80.  m.  S.  E.  Fay- 
etteville  ;  it  is  a  sea-port  and  has  some  commerce^ 
p.  V.  Clinton  Co.  Ohio  ;  p.v.  Wayne  Co.  Ohio. 

Willis  Isle,  a  rocky  island  at  the  N.  end  of  the 
island  of  Southern  Georgia.  It  was  discovered 
in  1775,  and  contains  the  nests  of  many  thousands 
in    shags.  Long.  38.  30.  W,  lat.  54.  0.  S. 

Willisau,  a  town  and  Bailiwic  of  Switzerland,  in 
the  canton  of  Lucern,  seated  among  the  mountains 
on  the  river  Wiger,  16  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Lucern. 

Wilmansirand  :   town  of  Russia  in  the    overn 
3  \J 


WIL 


782 


WIN 


mentof  Finland,  near  which  an  obstinate  battle 
was  fought,  in  1741,  between  3,000  Swedes  and 
16,000  Russians,  when  the  former  were  obliffed 
at  length  to  yield  to  superiority  of  numbers.  It  is 
BeatefTon  the  S.  side  of  the  lake  Saima,  40  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Wiburg  and  100  N.  N.  W.  of  Peters- 
burg. 

irUna,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  176  m.  N.  W. 
Albany.     Pop.  1,602. 

IVUna,  a  government  of  Russia,  comprising 
the  N.  part  of  Lithuania,  and  containing  an  area 
of  2, '^00  square  miles,  with  about  1,000,000  of 
inhabitants. 

WLlnii,  a  town  of  Russia,  capital  of  the  forego- 
ing government,  and  a  bishop's  see,  with  a  uni- 
versity, an  ancient  castle,  and  a  royiil  palace.  It 
stands  on  several  little  eminences,  and  has  two 
considerable  suburbs,  called  AntokoUo  and  Rud- 
aiska.  Here  are  upwards  of  40  churclies  ;  and  the 
magnificent  one  belonging  to  the  castle  has  a  very 
rich  treasury.  In  1748  a  dreadful  conflagration 
destroyed  13  churches,  and  in  1749  another  fire 
happened  b}'  lightning,  which  consumed  six 
churches;  besides  these,  the  Jews  synagogue,  the 
council-house,  33  palaces,  numerous  stone  edifi- 
ces, and  other  buildings  were  destroyed.  The 
churches  have  been  reljuilt,  and  some  of  them 
in  a  more  elegant  manner  than  before  ;  but  the 
city  has  not  recovered  its  former  gandeur.  Wil- 
na  was  taken  by  the  Russians  in  1794,  and,  with 
its  territory,  annexed  to  that  empire.  The  French 
look  possession  of  it  in  1812,  but  evacuated  it 
the  same  year.  It  is  seated  on  the  Vilia,  180  m. 
E.  ofKonicsberg  and  240  N.E.  of  Warsaw.  Long. 
25,  28.  E.,lat.  54.  41.  N. 

Wdsdorf,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen,  near 
which  the  Saxons  were  defeated  by  the  Prussians 
in  1745.     It  is  9  m.  W.  of  Dresden. 

JVilsnach,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
14  m.  N.  W.  of  Havelberg. 

fVilson,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop. 
25,477.  Lebanon  is  the  capital.  ;  p.t.  Niagara 
Co.  N  Y.      Pop.  913. 

WiJson,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  Pop.  1,650  ; 
p.t.  Hillsborough  Co.  N.  H.  Pop.  ],OCl  ;  p.t. 
Fairfield  Co.  Conn.  77  m.  S.  W.  Hartford.  Pop. 
2,095;  p.t.  Saratoga  Co.  N.  Y.  15  ra.  N.  W. 
Ballston  Spa.     Pop.  1 ,303. 

Wilsonville,  p.v.  Bath  Co.  Va. 

Wihan  Hill,  p.v.  Shelby  Co.  Alab. 

Wilsowitz,  a  town  of  the  Austrian  states,  in 
Moravia,  15  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Ilradisch. 

Wilton,  a  borough  in  Wiltshire  85  m.  W.  by  S. 
of  London. 

Wiltshire.,  a  county  of  England,  53  miles  long 
and  38  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  E.  by  Berkshire 
and  Hampshire.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in 
1821  was  222,157.  The  air  is  sharp  on  the  hills 
in  winter,  but  is  mild  during  that  season  in 
the  vales.  The  land  in  the  N.  part  is  generally 
hilly  and  woody,  but  affords  excellent  pasture 
for  cattle,  and  here  is  made  the  Wiltshire 
cheese  so  much  esteemed.  In  the  S^  the  soil  is 
rich  and  fertile.  In  the  middle  it  chiefly  consists 
of  downs,  that  afford  the  best  pasture  for  sheep; 
and  in  the  valleys,  which  divide  the  downs,  are 
corn-fields  and  rich  meadows.  Its  principal  com- 
modities are  sheep,  wool,  wood,  and  stone  ;  of 
this  hist  there  are  excellent  quarries  on  the  bank 
of  the  Nndder,  where  some  of  the  stones  are  23 
3'ards  in  length,  and  four  in  thickness,  without  a 
Haw.  The  chief  manufactures  are  the  different 
Itranches  of  the  clothing-trade.  Salisbury  is  the 
"apital. 


Wimbledon,  a  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  on  an  ele- 
vated heath,  7  m  S.  W.  of  London.  On  the  S. 
W.  aufirle  of  the  common  is  a  circular  encamp- 
ment, including  seven  acres ;  the  trench  very 
deep  and  perfect.  In  the  village  are  copper  mills, 
a  manufacture  for  printing  calicoes,  and  another 
of  japan  ware. 

Wimborn,  or  Wimlorn  Minster,  a  town  in  Dor- 
setshire, Eng.  It  had  a  monastery,  in  which 
were  interred  the  W.  Saxon  kings  Etheldred  and 
Sigeforth,  and  queen  Ethelburga.  Its  noble 
church,  called  the  Minster,  was  formerly  collegi- 
ate. 100  m.  S.  of  London. 

Il'immis,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  seated  on  the  Sibnen,  18  m.  S.   of  Bern. 

Wimpfcn,a.  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse-Dariii- 
stadt,  consisting  properly  of  two  towns,  called 
Wipfen  on  the  Hill,  and  Wimpfen  in  the  Vale. 
A  salt  work  was  established  here  in  1761.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Neckar,  8  m.  N.  of  Heilbon  and  22 
E.  of  Heidelberg. 

Wincaunton,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
with  manufactures  of  ticking,  dowlas,  serges,  &c. 
24  m.  S.  of  Bath  and  108  W.    by    S.  of  London. 

Winchcomh,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
99  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

JVinchelsca, a.  town  in  Sussex, Eng.  an  appendage 
to  the  cinque  ports,  64  m.  S.  E.   of  London. 

Winchendon,    p.t.  Worcester    Co.  Mass.    6  m. ' 
N.  W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,463. 

Winchester,  p.v.  Cheshire  Co.  N.  II.  73  m.  S. 
W.  Concord  on  the  Connecticut,  with  manufac- 
tures of  woolen,  cotton,  nails,  and  oil.  Pop.  2,052. 

Winchester,  p.t.  Frederick  Co.  Va.  ;')(),  m.  S. 
W.  Harper's  Ferry.  It  is  regularly  ana  hand- 
somely built  in  a  pleasant  situation  and  has  con- 
siderable trade  and  manufactures,  a  medi(;al 
school  and  an  academy.  There  are  some  mineral 
springs  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  the  town  is 
much  frequented  in  summer  by  people  from  the 
lower  country. 

Winchester,  p.t.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  Pop.  1,765. 
Guernsey  and  Ohio  Co.  Randolph  Co.  Ind.  Clarke 
Co.  Ken.,  Franklin  Co.  Ten.,  and  Wayne  Co. 
Mississippi. 

Winchester,  a  city  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  It  is 
one  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference, and  has  8 
churches,  besides  the  cathedral,  in  which  were 
interred  several  Saxon  kings  and  queens,  whose 
bones  were  collected  by  bishop  Fox,  put  mto 
small  gilded  cofiins,  and  placed  on  a  wall  in  the 
S.  side  of  the  choir.  In  this  cathedral  is  the  mar- 
blecoffin  of  William  Rufus.  In  the  vicinity  is  St 
Mary's  College,  founded  by  William  of  Wyke- 
ham  ;  and  contiguous  to  it  is  a  spacious  quadran- 
gular edifice  for  commoners  or  gentlemen  not  on 
the  foundation.  At  the  S.  end  of  the  city  is  the 
hospital  of  St.  Cross,  founded  by  a  bishop  of  this 
see,  for  a  master,  nine  poor  brethren,  and  four 
out-pensioners.  All  travellers  who  call  at  this 
hospital  have  a  right  to  demand  some  bread  and 
beer,  which  is  always  brought  to  them.  62  m.  W. 
by  iS.  of  London. 

Windav,  a  sea-port  of  Russia,  in  the  govern 
ment  of  Courland,  with  a  castle.  The  exports 
are  pitch,  tar,  wax,  &c.,  and  some  ships  are  built 
here.  It  stands  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  Baltic,  86  m.  N.  W.  of  Mittau 
and  100  N.  bv  E.  of  Memel.  Long.  21.  50.  E.,  lat 
57.  1.5.  N.     ' 

Windermere,  or  WinandermereAhe  mostexten 
sivc  lake  in  England,  lying  betwe^-n  Westmor 
land  and  Lancashire.  It  extends  15  m.  from  N 
to  S.,  but  is  not  more  than  a  mile  broad.     It  is  fa- 


mm 


783 


WIN 


mons  for  its  fine  char,  and  abundance  of  trout, 
perch,  pike,  and  eel.  Its  principal  feeders  are  the 
,  .  rivers  Rothay  and  Brathay,  and  its  outlet  the  ri- 
i  Ter  I<even.  This  lake  is  intersected  by  several 
promontories,  and  spotted  with  islands.  Among 
these,  the  Holme,  or  Great  Island,  an  oblong 
tract  of  .30  acres,  crosses  the  lake  in  an  oblong 
line,  surrounded  by  a  number  of  inferior  isles, 
finely  wooded. 

IVind  Gap,  p.v.  Northampton  Co.  Pa. 
Windham,  a  county  of  Vermont.     Pop.  23,758 
Newfane  is  the  capital  ;  a  county  of  Connecticut. 
Pop  20,077.  Brooklyn  is  the  capital. 

Windham,  p.v.  Cumberhmd  Co.  Me.;  p.t.  Rock- 

;  intrham  Co.    N.    H.  Pop.    1,006:  p.v.  Windham 

Pit       Co.  Vt.  Pop.  84  ;  p.t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  Pop. 

2,812;  p.t.   Green    Co.  N.   Y.  Pop.    3,472;  p.v. 

Portage   Co   Ohio.  143  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 

683. 

Windllngen,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Wur- 
teniberg,  seated  on  the  Lauter,  12  m.  S.  E.  of 
Stultgnrd 

Windsbach,  a  town  and  castle  of  Germany,  in 
the  district  of  Anspach,  on  the  Rednitz,  10  ni.  S. 
E.  of.\nspach. 

JVlndskeim,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Bavaria, 
surrounded  with  ramparts  which  serve  for  a  prom- 
enade. It  is  seated  on  the  Aisch,  30  m. 
S.  E.  of  Wurtzburg  and  32  S.  S.  W.  of  Bam- 
berg. 

Windsor,  a  borough  in  Berkshire,  Eng.  seated 
on  an  eminence,  on  the  Thames,  with  a  market 
on  Saturday.  It  hais  been  a  royal  demesne  ever 
since  the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror,  who 
received  it  from  the  hands  of  the  abbot  of  West- 
minster, in  exchange  for  lands  in  Essex.  The 
picturesque  beauty  of  its  scenery,  its  noble  forest, 
and  the  interesting  historical  associations  connect- 
ed with  the  vicinity,  all  combine  to  confer  upon 
it  peculiar  attractions;  but  it  owes  its  chief  cele- 
brity to  its  magnificent  castle,  the  favorite  resi- 
dence of  a  long  line  of  kings.  This  castle  stands 
upon  a  high  hitl,  which  rises  from  the  town  by 
a  gentle  ascent ;  and  its  fine  terrace,  faced  with 
a  rampart  of  free-stone,  1,870  feet  in  length,  is 
one  of  the  noblest  walks  in  Europe,  with  resjject 
to  strength,  grandeur,  and  prospects.  It  was  built 
originally  by  William  the  Conqueror,  and  enlarg- 
ed by  Henry  I.  Edward  III.  (who  was  born  in 
it)  caused  the  greater  part  of  the  edifice  to  be  ta- 
Ken  down  and  rebuilt  in  its  present  form.  Great 
additions  were  made  to  it  bv  Edward  IV.,  Henry 
VII.,  Henry  VIII.,  and  Elizabeth.  Charles  II. 
enlarged  the  windows  and  made  them  regular, 
furnislied  the  royal  apartments  with  paintings, 
enlarged  the  terrace  walk  on  the  N.  side,  and 
carried  it  round  the  E.  and  S.  sides.  After  the 
iccession  of  the  present  house  of  Brunswick, 
and  in  particular  during  the  reign  of  George  HI. 
splendid  improvements  were  made ;  and  under 
his  late  majesty  George  IV.,  it  assumed  its  pres- 
ent wrand  and  magnificent  appearance.  The  cas- 
tle IS  divided  into  two  larye  courts,  separated 
from  each  other  by  the  round  tower  allotted  for 
the  residence  of  the  governor.  On  the  N.  side 
of  the  upper  courts  are  the  state  apartments,  on 
the  E.  the  private  apartments  of  his  late  majeslv, 
and  on  the  S.  the  suite  of  rooms  set  apart  for  the 
officers  of  state.  In  the  centre  of  the  court  is  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Charles  II.  The  royal  apart- 
ments are  adorned  with  a  splendid  collection  of 
paintings,  chiefly  formed  by  the  late  king,  and 
the  royal  chapel  is  embelleshed  with  a  variety  of 
•uperb  carvings,  bj  tJie  celebrated  Gibbons.     In 


the  lower  ward  of  the  castle  is  St.  George's  chap- 
el, an  elegant  and  highly  finished  structure,  of 
pointed  architecture,  began  by  Edward  HI,  iu 
1737,  in  honer  of  the  order  of  the  greater.  On 
die  S.  side  of  the  town  is  the  great  park,  which 
is  14  m.  in  circumference.  From  that  part  of  the 
castle  called  the  round  tower,  the  eye  embraces 
one  of  the  most  noble  and  extensive  prospects  in 
in  England  ;  for  not  fewer  than  12  counties  may 
be  discerned  with  the  naked  eye;  while  the  land- 
scape presents  every  combination  of  picturesque 
beauty.  Windsor  is  22  m.  W.  London. 

Windsor,  a  county  of  Vermont.  Pop.  40,633. 
Windsor  is  the  capital. 

Windsor,  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  on  the  Connec- 
ticut. 61  m.  S.  Montpelier,  and  112  N.  W.  Bos* 
ton.  It  has  a  handsome  thriving  town  with  con- 
siderable trade.  Pop.  3,134;  p  t.  Kennebec  Co 
Me.  Pop.  1,84-5  ;  p.t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  120  m 
W.  Boston.  Pop.  1,042  ;  p.t.  Hartford  Co.  Conn 
7  m.  N.  Hartford.  Pop.  3.220;  p.t  Browne  Co 
N.  Y.  Pop.  2,175;  p.t.  York  Co.  Pa.  Bertie  Co. 
N.  E.  and  Ashtabula  Co.  Ohio. 

Windsor  Forest,  a  forest  in  the  E.  part  of  Berk- 
shire, 50  miles  in  circumference.  Thougii  the 
soil  is  generally  barren  and  uncultivated,  it  is 
finely  Jiversified  by  hills  and  dales,  woods  and 
lawns,  and  delightful  villas.  It  contains  several 
towns  and  villages,  of  which  Oakingham  is  the 
principal. 

Windtcard  Islands,  such  of  the  Caribbee  islands 
in  the  W.  Indies  as  commence  at  Martiiiico  and 
extend  to  Tobago. 

Windward  Passage,  the  strait  between  Point 
Maizi,  the  E.  end  of  the  island  of  Cuba,  and  Cape 
St.  Nicholas,  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  St.  Domin- 
go- 

Wlnfield,  p.v.  Herkimer  Co.  N.  Y.  91  ip.  N.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  1 ,778. 

Wind/tall,  p.t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  571. 
Wlnnf.nd.  a  town  and  Castle  of  Wurtemberg,  12 
m.  E.  N.  E.  Stuttgard. 

JVlnnicza,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  with  a 
castle  ;  seated  on  the  river  Bog,  35  m.  N.  of 
Bracklau. 

Winnipeg,  a  lake  of  Upper  Canada,  N.  W.  lake 
Superior.  It  is  240  m.  long  and  from  .50  to  100 
broad,  and  exhibits  a  body  of  water  next  m  size  to 
Lake  Superior.  It  receives  the  waters  of  several 
small  lakes  in  every  direction,  and  contains  a 
number  of  small  islands.  The  lands  on  its  banks 
produce  vast  quantities  of  wild  rice,  and  the  su- 
gar-tree in  great  plenty. 

Wlnlpiseosee.,  r.  N.  H.,  which  runs  from  lake 
Winnipiseogee  into  the  Merrimack,  S.  of  the  San- 
bornton. 

Winipiseogee,  a  lake  of  N.  Hampshire  in  Straf- 
ford Co.,  surrounded  by  the  townships  of  f^entre 
harbour,  Moultonborough,  Tuflonborough,  Wolfs- 
borough,  Alton,  Guilford,  and  Meredith.  Long. 
71.  5.  to  71.  25.  W.,  lat.  43.  29.  to  43.  44.  N.  It  is 
about  23  m.  long,  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.,  and  about 
10,  where  widest  broad.  It  receives  the  waters 
of  several  small  streams,  but  is  supplied  chiefly 
by  subjacent  springs,  and  its  waters  are  conveyed 
oiHf  by  the  river  Winipiseogee,  which  joins  the 
western  branch  of  the  Merrimack,  at  the  S.  W. 
corner  of  Sanborn  ton,  opposite  Salisbury,  near 
Webster's  falls.  It  is  472  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  ocean,  and  232  above  the  Merrimack,  at  the 
junction  of  their  waters  ;  and  in  some  places  it  is 
unfathomable  by  any  means  in  the  possession  of 
the  inhabitants.  It  abounds  in  fish,  and  its  wa- 
ters are  remarkably  pure,  bat  little,  if  at  all  iafe- 


WIN 


784 


WIS 


rior  to  those  of  lake  George,  N.  Y.  It  is  of  a 
very  irregular  form  :  in  the  N.  W.  it  divides  into 
3  branches,  or  large  bays,  and  in  the  S.  E.  is  a 
long  arm,  called  Merrymeeting  Bay.  Several  large 
promontories  intrude  into  the  lake  ;  the  principal 
of  which  are  Meredith  neck,  Moultonborough 
neck,  and  Tuftonborough  neck.  It  is  bordered  in 
various  parts  by  hills  and  mountains  ;  on  the  N. 
W.  is  Red  Mountain,  on  the  N.  Ossipee,  on  the  S. 
Mount  Major,  and  Gunstock  mountain.  The  lake 
contains  a  great  multitude  of  islands  said  to 
amount  to  3G5 ;  some  of  them  large  enough  for 
farms  of  considerable  extent,  and  are  of  beautiful 
appearince.  The  prospect  of  the  lake  and  its  en- 
virons is  enchanting. 

The  following  description  of  the  appearance  of 
the  lake  as  seen  from  the  summit  of  Red  moun- 
tain is  given  by  Dr.  Dwight. — '■  Immediately  at 
the  foot  of  the  height,  on  which  we  stood,  and  in 
the  bottom  of  the  immense  valley  below,  spread 
south-eastward  the  waters  of  the  Winipiseogee 
in  comjtlete  view  ;  except  that  one  or  two  of  its 
arms  were  partially  concealed  by  intervening 
peninsulas.  A  finer  object  of  tlie  same  nature 
was  perhaps  never  seen.  The  lakes,  which  I  had 
visited  in  my  northern  and  western  excursions, 
were  all  of  them  undivided  masses  boriered  by 
shores comparitively  straight.  Tliis  was,  centrally, 
a  vast  column,  if  I  may  be  allowed  the  term,  2.3  m. 
in  length  and  from  G  to  8  in  breadth,  shooting  out 
with  inimitable  beauty,  a  succession  of  arms, 
some  of  them  not  inferior  in  length  to  the  whole 
breadth  of  the  lake.  These  were  fashioned  with 
every  elegance  of  figure,  bordered  with  the  most 
beautiful  winding  shores,  and  studded  with  a  mul- 
titude of  islands.  Their  relative  positions,  also, 
could  scarcely  be  more  happy. 

*'  Many  of  the  islands  are  large,  exquisitely 
fashioned;,  and  arranged  in  a  manner  not  less  sin- 
gular than  pleasing.  As  they  met  the  eye,  when 
surveyed  from  tliis  summit,  they  were  set  in 
groups  on  both  sides  of  the  great  channel,  and  left 
this  vast  field  of  water  unoccupied  between  them. 
Their  length  was  universally  at  right  angles  to 
that  of  the  lake,  and  they  appeared  as  if  several 
chain  of  hills  orignally  crossing  the  country  in 
that  direction,  had  by  some  convulsion  been  merg- 
ed in  the  water  so  low,  that  no  part  of  them  was 
left  visible,  except  the  oblong  segments  of  their 
summits.  Of  those,  which,  by  their  size  and  sit- 
uation, were  most  conspicuous,  I  counted  45, 
without  attempting  to  enumerate  the  smaller  ones, 
or  such  as  were  obscured.  The  points,  which  in- 
trude into  this  lake  are  widely  different  from 
those  of  lake  George  ;  bold,  masculine  bluffs,  im- 
pinging directly  upon  the  water.  These,  in  sev- 
eral instances,  were  spacious  peninsulas,  fitting 
to  become  rich  and  delightful  residences  of  man, 
often  elevated  into  handsome  hills,  and  sloping 
gracefully  into  the  lake." 

Winnisborough,  p. v.  Fairfield  Dis.  S.  C  30  m. 
N.  Columbus. 

Winschoten,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands 
in  Groningen.  Here,  in  1568,  was  fought  the 
first  battle  between  the  revolted  Dutch  and  the 
Spaniards,  who  were  defeated  by  Lewis,  brother 
to  the  prince  of  Orange.  It  is  6  m.  S.  of  Dolbart 
Bay  and  19  E.  S.  E.  of  Groningen. 

Winsen,  a  town  of  Hanover,  with  a  castle,  seat- 
ed on  the  Luhe,  near  its  confluence  with  the  II- 
menau,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Lunenburg. — Another, 
seated  on  the  Aller,  6  ni.  below  Zell  and  47  S.  S. 
W.  of  Lunenburg. 

Winsford,  a  village  in  Cheshire,  Eng.  4  m.  W. 


by  N.  of  Middlewich.  Here  is  a  considerable 
manufacture  of  salt,  and  abundance  of  salt  rock, 
of  which  great  quantities  are  s^nt  to  Liverpool 
for  exportation. 

WinsloiD,  a  town  in  Buckinghamshire,  Eng.  49 
m.  VV.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wlnslow,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  45  m.  N. 
Wiscasset.     Pop.  1,259.  - 

Winster,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  situate 
among  rich  lead-mines,  26  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Derby. 

Wintcrberg,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  with  a  celebra- 
ted glass  manufactory,  77  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Pryne. 

Winterinrrham,  a  town  in   Lincolnshire,  Eng. 

33  m.  N.  of  Lincoln. 

f I'inttrthur,  a.  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  where  there  are. mineral  baths. 
Tile  articles  made  here  by  the  smiths  and  turners 
are  in  great  estimation  ;  and  it  has  manufactures 
of  earthenware,  striped  camlets,  and  cotton.  It 
is  seated  in  a  fertile  plain,  on  tlie  river  Alach,  12 
m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Zurich. 

Wiiitrrton,  a  village  on  the  E.  coast  of  Norfolk, 
Eng.  near  a  promontory  called  Wintertonness, 
on  which  is  a  light-house,  8  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Yar- 
mouth. 

Winlhrop,  p.t.  Kennebec  Co.  Me.  10  m.  W. 
Augusta.     Pop.  1,837. 

Winlon,  p.t.  Hertford  Co.  N.  C.  153  m.  N.  E. 
Raleigh. 

JVintonburir,  p. v.  Hartford  Co.  Conn. 

Winyaio  Bay,  in  S.  Carolina  receives  the  Pe- 
dee,  Waccamaw  and  Winee  Rivers,  and  joins 
the  sea,  12  m.  below  Georgetown. 

Winwesler,  a  town  of  Germany,  capital  of  the 
county  of  Falkenstein.  24  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Worms  and  27  N.  E.  of  Deux  Points. 

Winwkk,  a  village  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  3  m. 
N.  of  Warrinufton.  It  is  deemed  the  richest  rec- 
tory in  the  kingdom  ;  and  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
church  is  a  Latin  inscription,  intimating  that  the 
place  was  once  a  favourite  seat  of  Oswald,  king 
of  Northumberland. 

U'ipperfurt,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province 
ofClevesand  Berj,  seated  on  the  Whipper,  30 
m.  E.  S.  E.  ofDuiseldorf 

JVippra.  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  10  m.  W. 
N.  W.  of  Eisleben. 

Wirksirorth,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony  10  m.' 
W.  N.  W.  of  Eisleben. 

Wirksirorth,  a  town  in  Derbyshire,  Eng.  140 
m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wishaden,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Nassau.     It  has  some   warm  baths,  formerly   of 

freat  repute  ;  6  m.  N.   of  Mentz  and  22   W.  of 
rankfort. 
Wisheach,   a   town    in     Cambridgeshire,    Eng. 

34  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Cambridge  and  89  N.  of  Lon- 
don. 

Wisby,  a  eea-port  of  Sweden,  capital  of  the  isle 
of  Gothland,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on  the 
side  of  a  rock,  on  the  Baltic,  129  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Stockholm.     Long.  18.  41.  E.,  lat.  57.  36.  N. 

IViscasset,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me,  on  Sheepscut 
River,  -55  m.  N.  E.  Portland.  It  is  a  port  of  en- 
try and  has  a  considerable  trade  in  lumber  and 
wood.     Pop.  2,443. 

Wismar,  a  strong  sea-port  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Mecklenburg  with  a  citadel.  It  has 
suffered  frequently  by  war;  and  in  1716  it  was 
taken  by  the  nortliern  confederates,  who  blew  up 
and  razed  its  former  fortifications.  The  three 
principal  churches,  the  townhouse,  and  the  palace 
of  Mecklenburg,  are  its  most  remarkable  build- 
ings.    It  is  seat'^d  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  30   na 


WOA 


785 


WOL 


E.  bv  N.  of  Lubec  and  33  W.  S.  W.  of  Rostock. 
Long.  11.  34.  E.,  lat.  53.  56.  N. 

Wiston,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire, 
248  m.  W.  N.W.  of  London. 

fVUepsk,  a  strong  town  of  European  Russia, 
with  a  castle.  The  French  entered  it  in  ldl2, 
but  evacuated  it  the  same  year.  It  is  seated  in  a 
morass,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Dwina  and  Wids- 
ba  Go  m.  E.  of  Polotsk  and  80  W.  N.  W.  of 
Smolensk.     Long.  29.  40.  E.,  lat.  55.  43.  N. 

Witgenau,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  in  the  circle  of 
Bechin,  on  the  river  Launsnitz,  14  m.  E.  of  Bud- 
weis. 

fVitgenstein,  a  castle  of  Germany,  which  gives 
name  to  a  small  county  belonging  to  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt It  stands  on  a  high  rock,  13  m.  N.  W.  of 
Marburg. 

jrUham,  a  town  in  Essex,  Eng.  38  m.  E.  N.  E. 
of  London. 

Witlich,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  province  of 
Lower  Rhine.  It  has  a  castle  called  Ottensfein, 
and  in  its  neighbourhood  are  many  copper-mines. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Leser,  19  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Treves. 

iVUney,  a  town  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng.  Here 
are  manufactures  of  the  finest  blankets,  and  other 
thick  woolens,  called  bear-skins  and  kerseys. 
65  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

IViistock,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
with  celebrated  cloth  manufactures  :  seated  on 
the  river  Dosse,  17  ra.  N.  N.  W.  of  Ruppin. 

WitlenJierg,  a  strong  town  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
with  a  famous  university  and  a  castle.  The  cele- 
brated Martin  Luther  began  the  Reformation  here, 
in  1517,  and  is  buried  in  a  chapel  belonging  to 
the  castle.  In  1821  a  colossal  statue  was  erected 
here  to  his  memory.  Wittenberg  has  suffer- 
ed greatly  by  wars,  particularly  in  the  seige 
oy  the  Austrians  in  1760;  and  in  1813  it  was 
taken  by  the  allies  after  a  short  siege.  It 
is  seated  on  the  Elbe,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  65 
m.  N.  W.  of  Dresden.  Long.  12.  45.  E.,  lat.  51. 
64.  N. 

Wittenberg,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brn.idenburg, 
seated  on  the  Elbe,  7  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Perleberg. 

Wittenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Mecklen- 
burg, 15  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Schwerin. 

Wittgenstein,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Livonia,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Revel. 

Wittlesey-mere,  a  lake  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Huntingdonshire,  Eng.  6  m.  long  and  3  broad.  It 
is  4  m.  S.  of  Peterborough. 

Wittsburg,  p.v.   Erie  Co.  Pa. 

Witzenhaiisen,s.tovin  of  Germany, in  Hesse-Cas- 
sel,  seated  on  the  Werra,  18  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Cassel. 

Wlteliscomb ,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng. 
with  a  considerable  manufacture  of  blanketing, 
kerseys,  and  other  coarse  cloths.  153  m.  W.  by 
S.  of  London 

Wivenhoe,  a  village  in  Essex.  Eng.  on  the  Coin 
3  m.  S.  E.  of  Colchester,  of  which  it  is  the  port. 
The  Colchester  oysters  are  chiefly  barrelled  at 
this  place. 

Wladislaio,  a  town  of  Poland,  capita]  of  a  pala- 
tinate of  its  name  and  of  the  province  of  Cnjavia, 
with  a  fort.  It  stands  on  the  Vistula,  98  m.  W 
N.  W.  of  Warsaw.  Long.  18.  50.  E.,  lai.  52.  54. 
N. 

Woahoo,  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  7  leagues 
N.  W.  of  Morotoi.  From  the  appearance  of  the 
N.  E.  and  N.  W.  parts,  it  is  the  finest  island  of 
the  group.  A  bay  is  formed  by  the  N.  and  W.  ex- 
tremities, into  which  a  fine  river  flows,  through 
99 


a  deep  valley  ;  but  the  water  is  blackish  for  200 
yards  from  the  entrance.  It  is  supposed  to  con- 
tain 60.000  inhabitants.  Lieut.  Hergist,  who  had 
been  sent  from  England,  in  1791 ,  wiui  a  supply  of 
provisions  for  captain  Vancover,  then  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery,  was  here  surprised  and  murdered  by 
the  native's,  together  with  Mr.  Gooch,  the  as- 
tronomer.    Long.  157.  51.  W.  lat.  21.  43.  N. 

IVoburn,  a  town  in  Bedfordshire,  Eng.  It 
had  an  ancient  abbey,  on  the  site  of  which  stands 
the  magnificent  building  called  Woburn  Abbey, 
the  seat  of  the  duke  of  Bedford.  42  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  London. 

Woburn,  p.t.  Middlesex  Co.  Mass.  10  m.  N.  W. 
Boston,  on  the  Middlesex  Canal.  Pop.  1,977. 
Here  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  called  Hora 
Pond,  environed  by  steep  woody  hills  and  afford- 
ing the  most  delightful  scenery. 

Wodnian,  a  town  of  Bohemia,  seated  on  the 
Bianitz,  12  m.  S.  of  Piseck. 

Woerden,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Hol- 
land, seated  on  the  Rhine,  10  m.  W.  of  Utrecht. 

H'okey,  or  Okey,  a  village  in  Somersetshire, 
Eng.  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Mendip  Hills,  2  m.  W. 
of  Wells.  Here  is  a  famous  cavern,  called  Wokey 
Hole. 

Wokino  A  village  in  Surrey,  Eng.  on  the  river 
Wey,  5  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Guilford. 

Workingham  or  Orkingham,  a  corporate  town  in 
Berkshire,  Eng.  31  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

VVoUtu,  a  strong  town  of  Prussia,  Silesia,  capi- 
tal of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  with  a 
fine  castle,  many  handsome  buildings,  and  a  great 
woolen  manufacture.  It  is  seated  near  the  Oder, 
surrounded  by  a  morass,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Breslau, 
Long.  16.  45.  E.,  lat.  51.  18.  N. 

Wolbek,  a  town  of  the  Prussian  states,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Munster,  7   m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Munster. 

Wolcott,  p.t.  '  rleans  Co.  Vt.  63  m.  N.  Mont- 
pelier.  Pop.  492. ;  p.t.  N.  Haven  Co.  Conn.  25 
m.  N.  New  Haven.  Pop.  844.  ;  p.t.  Wayne  Co. 
N.  Y.     Pop.  1,085. 

Wolcotsville,  p.v.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn. 

Woldeck,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  ot 
Mecklenburg,  21  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Strelitz. 

Wolfach,  a  town  of  Baden,  on  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Kinzig  19, 
m.  N.  E.  of  Friburg. 

Wolfborough,  p.t.  Strafford  Co.  N.  H.45m.  N 
E.  Concord.     Pop.  1,928. 

WolfenviUtel,  a  principality  of  Germany,  which 
constitutes  part  of  the  duchy  of  Urunswick.  It  is  di 
vided  into  two  parts  the  principalities  of  Ilelderheil, 
Halberstadt :  the  northern  borders  on  the  duchies 
of  Lunenburg  and  Magdeburg ;  the  southern  lies 
between  the  principality  of  Hildesheim,  the  ab- 
bey of  Corvey,  and  the  county  of  Wernigerode. 
The  N.  part  produces  abundance  of  grass,  grain, 
flax,  hemp,  silk,  and  various  kinds  of  pulse  and 
fruit.  The  S.  part  is  hilly  and  has  little  arable 
land,  but  yields  plenty  of  timber  and  iron,  and 
has  manufactures  of  glass  and  fine  porcelain,  with 
a  very  rich  mine  and  salt  works  in  the  Hartz 
Forest.  The  principal  rivers  are  the  Weser, 
Leine,  and  Ocker.  The  established  religion  is 
the  Lutheran. 

WolfenviUtel,  a  strong  city  of  Germany,  capi- 
tal of  the  foregoing  principality.  It  has  a  castle, 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  dukes,  in  which  is 
an  excellent  library,  with  a  cabinet  of  curiosities 
relating  to  natural  history.  In  the  principa. 
church  is  the  burial-place  of  the  princes,  which 
is  an  admirable  piece  of  architecture.  Wolfen- 
buttel  is  seated  in  a  marshy  soil,  on  the  Ocker,  f 
3  u2 


"WOO 


788 


WOR 


m.  S.  by  W.  of  Brunswick  and  ilO  W  of  Halber- 
(iladt.     Long.  10.  45.  E.,  lat.  52. 10  N. 

WoJfersdike,  a  small  island  of  the  Netherlands 
in  Zealand,  between  N.  and  S.  Beveland. 

Wolfsberg,  a  town  of  Austrian  Illyria,  in  Carin- 
thia,  with  a  castle  ;  seated  on  the  Lavant,  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain,  26  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Clagenfurt. 

Wolgast,  a  sea-port  of  Prussia,  in.  Pomerania, 
with  one  of  the  best  harbours  on  the  Baltic.  On- 
\y  the  tower  of  its  ancient  castle  is  now  standing. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Peene,  or  W.  channel  of  the 
Oder,  54  m.  N.  W.  of  Stettin.  Long.  13.  52.  E., 
hit.  54.  4.  N. 

Wolkenstein,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  the  circle  of 
Erzgeberg,  with  a  castle  on  a  rock  ;  seated  near 
the  Zschopa,  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Chemnitz. 

Wolkomysk,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  (jlrodno,  seated  on  the  Ros,  23  m.  S.  E. 
of  Grodno. 

WoUin,  a  fortified  town  of  Poraerania,  capital 
of  a  fertile  island  of  the  same  name,  between  the 
two  Eastern  branches  of  the  Oder.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Diwenow,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  Camin  and  30 
N.  of  Stettin.     Long.  14.  40.  E.,  lat.  53.  50.  N. 

li'olmirsladt,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  in 
Magdeburg,  on  the  river  Ohra,  10  m.  N.  of  Mag- 
deburg. 

Woloczok,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Novogorod,  100  m.  S.  E.  of  Novogorod.  Long. 
34.  20.  E.,  lat.  57.  30.  N. 

Wolsingham,  a  town  in  the  county  of  Durham, 
Eng.  amid  mines  of  lead  and  coal,  16  rn.  W.  of 
Durham  and  ^7  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wolvcrhamjiton,  a  town  in  Staffordshire,  Eng. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  various  kinds  of  iron, 
brass,  steel,  and  tin  goods,  japanned  and  paper 
wares,  «&c.  Tt  is  seated  on  a  hill,  nearly  encom- 
passed by  canals,  16  m.  S.  of  Stafford  and  122  N. 
W.  of  London. 

Wolvey,  a  village  in  Warwickshire,  Eng.  5  m. 
S.  E.  of  Nuneaton. 

JVomeldorf.  p. v.  Berks  Co.  Pa, 

Wood,  a  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  6.409.  Parkersburg  is  the  capital.  A  coun- 
ty of  Ohio.  Pop.  1,095.  Perry sburg  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Woodhridge,  a  town  in  Suffolk,  Eng.  77  ra.  N. 
E.  of  Fjondon. 

Woodhridge,  a  township  of  N.  Haven  Co.  Conn. 
7  m.  N.  W.  New  Haven.  Pop.  2,049. ;  p.v.  Mid- 
dlesex Co.  N.  J.  10  m.  N.  II.  New  Brunswick. 

Woodbury,  p.v.  Litchfield  Co.  Conn.  19  m.  N. 
W.  New  Haven.  Pop.  2,045  ;  t.  Caledonia  Co.  Vt. 
Pop.  824. ;  p  V.  Gloucester  Co.  N.  J  ;  t.  Bedford 
and  Huntingdon  Cos.  Pa. 

Woodchester,  a  village  in  Gloucestershire,  Eng. 
2  m.  S.  of  Stroud.  It  has  a  broad-cloth  and  a 
silk  manufacture.  A  great  tessellated  pavement 
and  other  splendid  Roman  antiquities  have  been 
discovered  here. 

Woodford,  a  county  of  Kentucky.  Pop.  12,294  ; 
t.  Bennington  Co.  Vt.  Pop.  395.  Versailles  is 
the  capital. 

Wood  Laion,  p.v.  Edgefield  Dis.  S.  C. 

Woods,  Lake  of  the,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  90 
m.  long,  and  30  where  broadest,  but  very  irregu- 
lar in  its  shape.  It  lies  between  Lake  Winnipeg 
and  Lake  Superior,  chiefly  in  Upper  Canada, 
but  the  S.  part  is  in  the  territory  of  the  United 
States.  The  lands  on  its  banks  are  covered  with 
oaks,  pines,  firs,  &c. 

Woodsboro,  p.v.  Frederick  Co.  Md. 

Woodsfield,  p.v.  Monroe  Co.  Ohio.  120  m.  E. 
Columbua 


Woodstock,  p.t.  Oxford  Co.  Me  56  m  N.  Port- 
land. Pop.  573;  p.t.  Windsor  Co.  Vt.  79  m.  S- 
Montpelier.  Pop.  3,044  ;  p.t.  Windham  Co. 
Conn.  48  m.  N.  E.  Hartford,  with  manufactures 
of  cotton  and  woolen.  Pop.  2,928;  p.t.  Ulster 
Co.  N.  Y.  with  manufactures  of  iron  and  glass. 
Pop.  1,376;  p.t.  Shenandoah  Co.  Va.  100  m.  W. 
Washington     p.t.  Hyde  Co   N.  C. 

Woodstock,  a  borough  in  Oxfordshire,  Eng,  It 
is  chiefly  noted  for  Blenheim-house,  built  at  the 
expense  of  the  nation  for  the  duke  of  Marlborough, 
in  memory  of  his  signal  victory  over  the  French 
and  Bavarians  in  1704.  Woodstock  has  a  manu- 
facture of  gloves,  and  of  steel  watch  chains.  The 
poet  Chaucer  was  born,  lived  and  died  here,  it 
IS  8  m.  N.  W.  of  Oxford  and  62  W.  N.  W.  of 
London. 

Woodstown,  p.v.  Salem  Co.  N.  J.  26  m.  S. 
Phrlad. 

Woodsville,  p.v.  Jefferson  Co.  N.  Y.  1.58  m.  N. 
W.  Albany  ;  p.v.  Culpeper  Co.  Va.,  Hanover  Co. 
Va.,  Perquimans  Co.  N.  C,  Warren  Co.  Ten., 
Decatur  Co.  Alab.  and  Wilkinson  Co.  Mississippi. 

Wooler,  a  town  in  Northumberland,  Eng.  14 
m.  S.  of  Berwick  and  317  N.   by  W.  of  London. 

Woolwich,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  It  is  the 
most  ancient  military  and  naval  arsenal  in  Eng- 
land, and  has  a  royal  dock-yard,  where  men  of 
war  were  built  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  At  the  eastern  p.art  of  the  town  is  the 
royal  arsenal,  in  which  are  vast  magazines  of 
great  guns,  mortars,  bombs,  balls,  powder,  and 
other  warlike  stores;  a  foundry,  with  three  fur- 
naces, for  casting  ordnance ;  and  a  laboratory, 
where  fireworks  and  cartridges  are  made,  and 
bombs,  carcases,  grenades,  &c.,  charged  for  the 
public  service.  A  little  to  the  S.  of  the  arsenal 
are  extensive  artillery  barracks,  for  the  accom- 
modation of  the  officers  and  privates:  and  a  little 
further  S.  a  ro3'al  military  academy,  where  the 
mathematics  are  taugrht  and  cadets  instructed  in. 
the  military  art.  Woolwich  is  seated  on  the 
Thames,  which  is  here  so  deep  that  large  ships 
may  at  all  times  ride  with  safety  It  is  8  m.  E 
of  London. 

Woolwich,  p.t.  Lincoln  Co.  Me.  40  m.  N.  E. 
Portland.      Pop.  1,484. 

Wooster,  p  t.  Wayne  Co.  Ohio.  89  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus.      Pop.  1,953. 

Worcester,  a  central  county  of  Massachusetts. 
Pop.  84,365.  Worcester  is  the  capital.  A  county 
of  Maryland.  Pop.  18,271.  Snowhill  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Worcester,  p.t.  Worcester  Co.  Mass.  40  m.  W. 
Boston.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  inland  towns  in 
the  state  and  has  a  communication  with  the 
waters  of  Narraganset  Bay  by  the  Blackstone 
Canal.  The  town  is  handsomely  built,  and  the 
neighbouring  country  is  very  pleasant  and  well 
cultivated.  Here  is  the  library  of  the  American 
Antiquarian  Society,  consisting  of  6,000  volumes. 
A  State  Insane  Asylum  has  recently  been  estab- 
lished here.  A  cattle  show  is  held  here  annually 
and  the  trade  of  the  town  is  very  flourishing 
Pop.  4,172. 

Worcester,  p.t.  Otsego  Co.  N.  Y.  74  m.  W. 
Albany.  Pop.  2,093.  A  township  of  Montgomery 
Co.  Pa. 

Worcester,  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  respec- 
table cities  of  England,  the  capital  of  Worcester- 
shire, and  a  bishop's  see.  It  contains  1 1  churches, 
besides  the  cathedral,  also  a  number  of  meeting- 
houses for  various  sectaries  as  well  as  Roman 
Catholics.     Edgar's  Tower,  a  strong    portal,  is 


Won, 


787 


WUR 


part  of  its  ancient  castle  ;  here  are  als?  three 
grammar-schools,  seven  hospitnls,  a  public  in- 
linnary,  and  a  well  contrived  quay.  Worcester 
is  governed  by  a  mayor,  carries  on  a  considerable 
trade  in  hops,  carpets,  and  glotres,  has  a  large 
manufacture  of  elegant  china-ware,  manufactures 
of  fine  lace,  an  extensive  iron  foundry,  distillery, 
&c.,  and  contains  about  19,000  inliabitants.  Here 
Cromwell,  in  1G51,  obtained  a  victory  over  the 
Scotch  army,  which  had  marched  into  England 
to  reinstate  Charles  H.,  who,  after  this  defeat, 
escaped  with  great  difficulty  into  France.  Wor- 
cester is  seated  on  the  Severn,  3G  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Bristol  and  111  W.  N.  W.  of  London.  Long. 
2.  0.  W.,  lat.  52.  9.  N. 

Worcestershire,  a  county  of  England,  44  m. 
long  and  24  broad  ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Shrop- 
shire and  Staffordshire,  E.  by  Warwickshire,  S. 
E.  and  S.  by  Gloucestershire,  and  W.  by  Here- 
fordshire. It  contains  613,240  acres,  is  divided 
mto  five  hundreds  and  152  parishes,  has  one  city 
and  1 1  market-towns,  and  sends  nine  members 
to  parliament.  In  1821  the  number  of  inhabitants 
was  184,424.  The  soil  in  the  vales  and  meadows 
is  very  rich,  particularly  the  vale  of  Evesham, 
which  is  styled  the  granary  of  these  parts.  The 
hills  have  generally  an  easy  ascent,  except  the 
Malvern  Hills  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  county, 
which  feed  large  flocks  of  sheep.  The  other  hills 
are  the  Licky,  near  Bromsgrove,  towards  the  N. ; 
and  the  Bredon  Hills,  towards  the  S.  E.  Here 
are  plenty  of  fruits  of  most  sorts,  especially  pears, 
which  are  in  many  places  found  growing  in  the 
hedges.  The  commerce  and  manufactures  are 
considerable.  The  chief  exports  are  coal,  corn, 
hops,  cloth,  cheese,  cider,  perry,  and  salt.  The 
principal  rivers  are  the  Severn,  Teme,and  Avon. 

IVorcum,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S.  Hol- 
land, seated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Meuse,  just  be- 
low the  influx  of  the  Waal,  8  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Heusden. 

fVorcum,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  Fries- 
land,  18  m.  S.  W.  of  Lewarden. 

JVordinorhorg,  a  sea-port  of  Denmark  on  the  S. 
coast  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  from  which  there 
is  a  much  frequented  passage  to  the  island  Falster 
and  Laland.  It  is  46  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Copenha- 
gen. Long.  11.  58.  E.,  lat.  55.  3.  N. 

Workington,  a  sea- port  in  Cumberland,  Eng. 
seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Derwent,  on  the  coast 
of  the  Irish  Sea.  The  river  admits  vessels  of  400 
tons  burden,  and  the  harbour  is  commodious. 
In  the  neifjlilir)nrh(>od  are  a  large  iron  foundry, 
some  snll-works,  and  numerous  collieries.  The 
principal  maniifactures  arc  canvas  and  cordage, 
but  the  coal  trade  is  its  diief  siippart.  It  is  7  m. 
W.  by  S.  <.f  Cockermonth  and  :?I2  N  N.  W.  of 
Lond(ni.     Long.  3.  27.  W.,  hit.  54. 31.  N. 

Worksop,ii  town  in  .VoUinghanishire,  Eng.  The 
canal  from  Chesterfield  to  llie  Trent  passes  near 
this  town.  It  is  22  m.  N.  W  of  Newark  and  140 
N.  by  W.  of  London. 

Worms,  a  city  v)f  (ronnan}',  in  Hfsse-Darmstadt 
formerly  the  capital  of  a  princely  bishoj>ric  ofi'.he 
same  name,  it  is  famous  Ihr  a  diet  held  in  1521, 
at  which  Luther  assisted  in  persi>n.  The  catlse- 
dral  is  magnificent,  and  the  principal  Lutheran 
church  has  abeautit'ul  altar  and  fine  paintings. 
In  the  war  of  1689  it  was  taken  by  th«'  French, 
who  almost  reduced  it  to  ashes.  In  1743  a  treaty 
was  concluded  here  between  CJreat  Britain,  Hun- 
gary, and  Sardinia.  In  1792  Worms  surrender- 
ed to  the  French,  who  were  obliged  to  evacuate 
it  the  next  year,  after  the  loss  of  Mentz ;  but  it 


was  ajrain  taken  by  them  in  1794.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Rhine,  27  m.S.  S.  W.  of  Mentz.  Long.  8.28 
E.,  lat.  49.  36.  N. 

Worsley,  a  town  in  Lancashire,  Eng.  celebrated 
for  the  immense  quantity  of  coal  in  its  vicinity 
and  for  being  the  place  where  the  duke  of  Bridge- 
water  first  commenced  his  canal  navigation.  It 
is  6  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Manchester. 

Worstead,  a  town  of  Norfolk,  Eng.  This  plac« 
is  noted  for  the  introduction  of  that  sort  of  twist 
ed  yarn  called  worstead ;  and  was  formerly  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  though  now  reduced 
to  a  mere  village.  It  is  12  m.  N.  of  Norwich  aiid 
121  N.  E.  of  London. 

Worthington,  p.t  Hampshire  Co.  Mass.  110  in 
W.Boston.  Pop.  1,178;  p.v.  Franklin  Co.  Ohio 
9  m.  N.  Columbus. 

Wotton  Busset,  a  borough  in  Whiltshire,  Eng. 
88  m.  W.  of  London. 

IVotton-under- Edge,  a  town  in  Gloucestershire, 
Eng.  with  extensive  manufactures  of  cloth.  It  is 
seated  under  a  fertile  eminence,  20  m.  N.  E.  of 
Bristol  and  109  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

lVragby,a.  town  in  Lincolnshire,  Eng.  143  m.  N 
of  London. 

Wrath,  Cape,  a  promontory  of  Scotland,  in 
Sutherlandshire,  which  is  the  N.  W.  point  of 
Great  Britain.  Affainst  its  rugged  and  lofty  cliffii 
the  rapid  tides  bursts  with  incredible  fury.  Lon^ 

4.  47.  W.,  lat.  53.  34.  N. 

Wrekin,  a  noted  hill  or  mountain  in  Shropshire, 
Eng.  8  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Shrewsbury.  It  was  a  fa 
mous  station  of  the  Romans,  and  its  height  in 
reckoned  1,200  feet 

WrtrUham,  p.t.  Norfolk  Co.  Mass.  24  m.  S.  W. 
Boston,  with  manufactures  of  cotton,  woolen,  and 
straw  bonnets.    Pop.  2,7()5. 

Wrexham,  a  town  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire. 
It  is  a  great  mart  for  flannel,  and  a  place  of  con 
siderabfe  traffic.  180  m.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wrieztn, or  Brietzen,n  town  of  Prussia,  in  Bran 
denburg.  situate  on  a  lake  formed  by  the  inunda 
tions  of  the  Oder,  37  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Berlin. 

Wrightsboro.  p.v.  Union  Dis.  S.  C;  p.v.  Co 
lumbia  Co.  Geo.  104  m.  N.  E  Milledge 
ville. 

Wrightstoten,  p.v.  Burlington  Co.  N.  J.  21 
m.  S.  E.  Trenton,  t.  Belmont  Co.  Ohio. 

WrightsTiUe,p.y. YorkCo.  Pa.  and  Duplin  Co 
N.  C. 

fVrington,  a  town  in  Somersetshire,  Eng.  It 
was  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Locke,  and 
is  seated  near  the  source  of  the  Yeo.  10  m.  S. 
W.  of  Bristol  and  125  W.  of  London. 

Wrotham,  a  decayed  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  24  m. 

5.  E    of  London. 

Wroi.eter,  a  village  in  Shropshire,  Eng.  said  to 
have  been  formerly  a  city  built  by  the  Britons. 
It  appears  to  have  been  surrounded  by  a  thick 
wall  and  a  deep  trench  which  may  be  traced  in 
several  places.  5  ni.  S.  E.  of  Shrewsbury 

Wunnentierg,  a  town  of  Prussian  Westphalia, 
which  received  its  name  from  a  victory  gained 
by  Charleinatrne  over  the  Saxons  in  974  It  is  14 
m.  S.  of  Paderborn. 

Wnvsiedd,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  near 
which  are  mines  of  copper  and  iron,  and  quarries 
of  marble.  It  is  seated  on  the  Rosslau,  12  m.  W 
of  Egra  and  34  E.  of  Bnnreulh. 

Wurtemberg,  a  kingdom  of  Germany,  bounded 
E.  by  Bavaria  and  W.  by  Baden,  and  comprising 
an  area  of  8,000  sq.  m.,  with  1,536,000  inhabit 
ants.  It  IS  one  of  the  most  populous  and  fertile 
countries  in   Germany,  though  there  are  monv 


XAL 


788 


XAU 


mountains  and  woods.  It  produces  plenty  of  pas- 
ture, corn,  fruit,  and  a  great  deal  of  Neckar 
wine — so  called  from  the  river  Neckar,  which 
runs  through  the  kingdom.  There  are  also 
mines  and  salt  springs,  and  much  game.  This 
country  was  erected  into  a  kingdom  by  Napoleon 
in  1805  ;  and  he  made  considerable  additions  to 
it  by  the  territories  taken  from  Austria.  In  1813 
the  allies,  having  engaged  to  serve  the  king  in 
his  various  acquisitions,  received  his  support  in 
the  invasion  of  France.     Stuttgard  is  the  capital. 

fVurtzburv,  a  district  of  Bavaria,  in  the  circle 
of  Lower  Maine,  comprehending  a  great  part  of 
Franconia.  It  is  C5  m.  long  and  50  broad,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Henneberg,  E.  by  Bam- 
berg, S.  by  Anspach,  Hohenlohe,  and  Mergen- 
theini,  and  W.  by  Wertheim,  Mentz,  and  Fulda. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  produces  more  corn 
and  wine  than  the  inhabitants  consume.  This 
territory  was  formerly  a  bishopric,  and  its  sove- 
reign was  one  of  the  greatest  ecclesiastic  princes 
of  the  empire;  but  it  was  given  as  a  principalty 
to  the  elector  of  Bavaria  in  1803;  and  by  the 
treaty  of  Presburg,  in  1805,  it  was  ceded  to  the 
archduke  Ferdinand,  whose  electoral  title  was 
transferred  from  Salzburg  to  this  place.  In  1814, 
however,  it  was  again  transferred  to  Bavaria,  in 
exchange  for  the  Tyrol,  when  the  archduke  Fer- 
dinand was  reinstated  in  his  Tuscan  dominions. 

IVurtxImrg,  a  fortified  city  of  Bavaria,  capital 
ofthe  circle  of  Lower  Maine,  with  a  magnificent 

Ealace,  a  university,  an  arsenal,  and  a  handsome 
ospital.  Tiie  fortress  stands  on  an  eminence, 
and  communicates  with  the  city  by  a  stone  biidge. 
Besides  the  cathedral,  there  are  several  colleo-iate 
and  parish  churches,  colleges,  abbeys,  and  con- 
vents. Here  is  a  cannon  and  bell  foundry  ;  also 
cloth  and  stuff  manufactures,  established  in  the 
house  of  correction.  Wurtzburg  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1796  and  again  in  1800.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Maine,  40  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bam- 
berg and  65  E.  S.  E.  of  Frankfort.  Long.  10. 14. 
E.,  lat.  49.  46.  N. 

IVurzach,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Wurtem- 
berg,  in  the  county  of  Waldburg,  with  a  castle  ; 
situate  on  the  Aitrach,  17  m.  N.  of  Wangen  and 
28  S.  by  W.  of  Ulm. 

IVursen  or  Wurtzen,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a 


castle,  a  cathedral,  and  two  churches.  Here  are 
fine  bleaching  grounds  for  linen  ;  but  the  princi- 
pal trade  is  in  beer,  of  which  great  quantities  are 
exported.  It  is  situate  on  the  Muldau,  15  ra.  E. 
of  Leipzig. 

JVusterhausen,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Branden- 
burg, seated  on  the  Spree,  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ber- 
lin.— Another,  seated  on  the  Dosse,  17  m.  E.  N. 
E.  of  Havelburg  and  44  N.  W.  of  Berlin. 

M'ustrau,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  duchy  of 
Lunenberg,  seated  on  the  Dumme,  at  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Jutzo,  14  m.  S.  of  Danneberg. 

JVyalusing,  p.t.  Bradford  Co.  Pa.  30  m.  S.  W 
Montrose. 

VVycomh  or  High  Wycomh  a  borough  in  Buck- 
inghamshire Eng.  A  Roman  tesselated  pavemeni 
was  discovered  in  an  adjacent  meadow  in  1744. 
31  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wye,  a  town  in  Kent,  Eng.  55  m.  S.  E.  of 
London. 

Wye,  a  river  of  Wales,  which  issues  from 
Plynlimnion  hill,  in  the  S.  part  of  Montjromery- 
shire,  very  near  the  source  of  the  Severn.  I 
crosses  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Radnorshire,  giving 
name  to  the  town  of  Rhyadergowy  (fall  of  th  ^^■ 
Wye)  where  it  is  precipitated  in  a  cataract 
Then,  flowing  between  this  county  and  Breck- 
nockshire, it  enters  Herefordshire,  passing  by 
Hay  to  Hereford,  a  few  m.  below  which  it  re- 
ceives the  Lug  ;  it  then  flows  by  Ross  and  Mon- 
mouth, and,  separating  the  counties  of  Monmouth 
and  Gloucester,  it  enters  the  Severn  belo.w  Chep- 
stow. This  river  is  navigable  almost  to  Hay,  and 
a  canal  forms  a  communication  between  it  and 
the  Severn  from  Hereford  to  Gloucester. 

Wyllieshurg,  p. v.  Charlotte  Co.  Va.  132  m.  S; 
W.  Richmond. 

Wymondham,  a  town  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  with 
manufactures  of  bombazines,  Norwich  crapes,  &c. 
100  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  London. 

Wyoming,  p. v.  Luzerne  Co.  Pa.  situated  in  a 
valley  among  the  Apalachian  Mountains  1  m.  from 
Wilkesbarre. 

Wysox,  p.t.  Bradford  Co.  Pa. 
Wythe,   a  county  of  the  W.  Dis.  of  Virginia. 
Pop.  12,163.     Wythe  is  the  capital.    351  m.  from 
Washington 


X 


XABEA,  a  sea-port  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  near 
the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  44  m.  N.  E.  of 
Alieant.     Lonjf.  0.  3.  E.  lat.  38.  48.  N. 

Xacca,  or  Sacra,  a  sea-port  of  Sicily,  in  Val  di 
Mazara,  with  an  old  castle.  Here  are  large 
granaries  for  the  reception  of  corn  intended  to  Be 
exported,  and  manufactures  of  beautiful  vases. 
It  is  seated  on  the  S.  coast  at  the  foot  of  a  moun- 
tain, 20  ni.  S.  E.  of  Mazara  and  41  S.  S.  W.  of 
Palermo.     Long.  13.  2.  E.,  lat   37.  41.  N. 

Xagua,  a  sea- port  on  the  S.  coast  of  the  island 
of  Cuba,  seated  on  a  bay,  which  is  five  leagues 
in  circumference  and  surrounded  by  mountains. 
It  is  one  of  the  finest  ports  in  the  W.  Indies,  and 
k  S4  m.  S.  E.  of  Havana  Long.  80.  45.  W., 
lat  22.  10.  N. 

Xalapa,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Vera  Cruz,  and  a 
bishops  see.  This  town  is  said  to  give  name  to 
ib«  purgative  root  called  jalap,  or  xalap.  60  m.  £. 


of  Angelos  and  80  E.  of  Mexico.     Long.  98.  20. 
W.,  lat.  19.  32.  N. 

Xaltsco,  a  town  of  Mexico  in  a  province  of  ita 
name,  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Compostella. 

Xaliva.  or  St.  Philip,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valen 
cia.  Having  taken  the  part  of  Charles  III.,  in 
1707,  Philip  V.  ordered  it  to  be  demolished,  and  a 
new  town  to  be  built  called  St.  Philip.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  side  of  a  hill,  at  the  foot  of  which 
runs  the  Xucar,  32  m.  S.  W.  of  Valencia  and 
50  N.  W.  of  Alieant.  Long.  0.  14.  W.,  lat.  39. 
4.  N. 

Xauxa.,  or  Jauxa.  a  province  of  Peru,  36  miles 
long  and  45  broad,  bounded  by  the  mountains  of 
the  Indians,  and  the  provinces  of  Tarma,  Huan- 
ta,  Angaraes,  Xauyos,  and  Guarochiri.  The  cli- 
mate is  highly  salubrious,  and  the  soil  fertile  in 
corn  and  fruits. 

Xauxa,  a  town  of  Peru,  capital  of  the  forego- 


lAU 


789 


TAR 


J.-j  province,  noted  for  its  silver  mines  ;  seated 
o..  a  river  of  the  same  name,  100  m.  E.  of   Lima. 

Xavier,  or  Sabi,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
Whidah,  in  Guinea.  It  is  populous,  and  a  great 
market  is  held  every  Wednesday  and  Saturday  at 
the  distance  of  a  mile  from  the  town.  The  mar- 
ket place  is  surrounded  by  sutlers'  booths,  which 
are  only  permitted  to  sell  certain  sorts  of  meat, 
as  beef,  pork,  and  the  flesh  of  goats  and  dogs. 
Here  slaves  of  both  sexes  are  sold,  as  well  as  ox- 
en, sheep,  dogs,  hogs,  fish,  and  birds;  also  the 
various  commodities  of  Whidah  manufacture, 
and  every  thing  of  European,  Asiatic,  or  African 
production.  Xavier  is  seated  near  the  river  Eu- 
phrates, about  7  m.  from  the  sea.  Long.  2.  30. 
E.,  lat.  6.  40.  N. 

Xavier,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  noted  as 
the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Romish  saint  and 
missionary  of  that  name.  It  is  35  m.  S.  E.  of 
Pamplona. 

Xavier,  St.,  a  town  of  Paraguay,  in  the  province 
of  La  Plata,  200  m.  W.  of  Rio  Janeiro. 

Xenia,  p.t.  Greene  Co.  Ohio  near  the  Little 
Miami,  56  m.  S.  W.  Columbia.     Pop.  4,175. 

Xenil,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  E. 
part  of  Granada,  and  flows  by  Granada,  Loxa, 
and  Ecija,  in  the  Guadalquivir. 

Xeres,  a  town  of  Guatemala,  in  Nicaragua,seat- 
ed  on  a  river  that  flows  into  Fonseca  Bay,  70  m. 
N.  W.  of  Leon. 


Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  a  large  and  well  built 
town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  famous  for  that  ex- 
cellent wine  corruptly  called  Sherry.  It  is  seat- 
ed on  the  small  river  Guadalete,  15  m.  N.  E.  of 
Cadiz  and  38  S.  S.  W.  of  Seville. 

Xeres  de  la  Frontera,  a  town  of  Mexico  in  the 
S.  part  of  the  province  of  Zacatecas,  80  m.  N.  by 
E.  of  Guadalajara.  Long.  103.  35.  W.,  lat.  28. 
22.  N. 

Xeres  de  Guadiana,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Anda- 
lusia, seated  on  the  Guadiana,  26  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Ayamonte. 

Xicoco,  an  island  of  Japan,  between  Niphon 
and  Ximo,  250  m.  in  circumference. 

Xilotopec,  a  town  of  Mexico,  capital  of  a  dis- 
trict of  its  name,  60  m.  N.  of  Mexico. 

Ximo,  an  island  of  Japan,  the  second  in  size 
and  eminence,  situate  to  the  S.  W.  of  Niphon, 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  a  narrow  channel.  It 
is  450  m.  in  circumference. 

Xixona,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  with  a 
castle,  seated  among  mountains,  in  a  country 
that  produces  excellent  wine  and  the  valua- 
ble drug  called  Kerraes.    It  is  15  m.  N.  of  Alicant. 

Xucar,  a  river  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  N 
E.  part  of  New  Castile,  passes  by  Cuenza,  and, 
entering  the  province  of  Valencia,  runs  into  the 
gulf  of  Valencia,  at  the  town  of  Cullera. 

Xudnogrod,  a  town  of  Croatia,  17  m.  N.  of  Se- 
benico  and  37  E.  of  Kzara. 


..i**?'- 


YACHT  A,  a  fort  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Irkutsk,  on  the  borders  of  Chinese  Tar- 
tary  48  m.  S.  S.   W.   of  Selenginsk. 

Yadkin,  a  river  rising  in  North  Carolina  and 
flowing  into  South  Carolina,  where  it  takes  the 
name  of  Great  Pedee. 

Yakutsk  or  Jakutskoi,  a  town  of  Russsia,  capi- 
tal of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Irkutsk,  with  a  wooden  fort.  It  is 
seated  on  the  Lena,  960  m.  N.  E.  of  Irkutsk. 
Long  129.  48.  E.,  lat.  62.  2.  N. 

Yale,  the  capital  of  a  province  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  island  of  Ceylon,  56  m.  S.  E.  of  Candy. 

Yamburg,  town  of  Russia,  in  the  government 
of  Petersburg,  situate  on  the  Luga,  20  m.  E.  of 
Narva. 

Yamina,  a  town  of  Negroland,  in  Bambarra, 
near  the  river  Niger,  66  m.  S.  W.  of  Sego. 

Yanceyville,  p.v.  Louisa  Co.  Va.  60  m.  N.  W. 
Richmond. 

Yang-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Kiang-nan.  Its  district  is  in- 
tersected by  a  number  of  canals ;  and  it  carries 
on  a  great  trade,  particularly  in  salt,  which  is 
made  on  the  sea-coast  of  this  jurisdiction.  It 
stands  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kian-ku,  where 
the  imperial  canal  crosses  that  river,  485  m.  S. 
by  E.  of  Pekin.     Long.  118.  54.  E.,  lat.  32.  26.  N. 

Yao-gan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Yun.nan.  Its  territory  is  inter- 
mixed with  mountains,  fine  forests,  and  fruitful 
valleys,  and  produces  abundance  of  musk.  Near 
the  city  is  a  salt  spring,  which  produces  very 
while  salt.  It  is  100  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Yun-nan. 
Long.  100.  45.  E.,  lat.  25.  12.  N. 

Yao-tcheu,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Kiang-si,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  lake  Poyaug,  700 


m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  116.  40.  E.,  lat.  29.  8 
N. 

Yare,  a  river  in  Norfolk,  Eng.  formed  by  the 
confluence  of  several  streams  that  rise  in  the 
heart  of  the  county.  It  passes  through  Norwich, 
whence  it  is  navigable  to  Yarmouth,  where  it 
enters  the  German  Ocean. 

Yarkan,  or  Irken,  a  town  of  Tartary,  in  the 
country  of  Cashgur,  with  a  large  palace,  where 
the  khan  of  the  Eluth  Tartars  generally  resides. 
It  has  a  considerable  trade,  and  stands  in  a  fertile 
country,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  100  m.  S. 
E.  of  Cashgur.     Long.  79.  4.  E.,  lat.  38.   40.  N. 

Farm,  a  town  in  N.  Yorkshire,  Eng.  239  m.  N 
by  W.  of  London. 

Yarmouth,  a  sea-port  and  borough  in  Norfolk, 
Eng.  It  is  seated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yare,  and 
enjoys  the  export,  and  import  trade  of  various 
places  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.  The  harbour  is 
convenient  for  business,  the  vessels  lying  in  the 
river  along  a  very  extensive  quay.  Its  foreign 
trade  is  considerable,  and  it  also  sends  ships  to 
the  Greenland  fishery.  A  great  number  of  her- 
ring are  cured  here,  and  under  the  name  of  red 
herrings,  are  either  consumed  at  home  or  export- 
ed to  foreign  countries.  Yarmouth  contains  about 
1 8,000  inhabitants.  Off"  the  mouth  of  the  harbour 
is  a  bar,  which  prevents  the  entry  of  ships  of  large 
burden  :  and  the  many  sand-banks  off"  the  coast 
from  the  Yarmouth  Roads,  so  noted  for  frequent 
shipwrecks.  Yarmouth  is  23  m.  E.  of  Norwich 
and  124  N.  E.  of  London.  Long.  1. 45i  E.,  lat.  62. 
38.  N. 

Yarmouth,  a  borough  in  Hampshire,  Eng.  on 
the  N.  W.  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  with  a  for- 
tified castle,  and  a  convenient  quay.  It  is  10  m. 
W.  of  Newport 


•fr 


TEN  790 

YanHouth,  p.t.  Barnstable  Co.  Mass.  on  Cape 
Cod  70  m.  S.  E.  Boston,  with  large  manufac- 
tures of  salt.     Pop.  2,251. 

Yaruqui,  a  village  of  Peru,  near  a  plain  of  the 
same  name,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  Quito.  This  plain 
was  chosen  for  the  base  of  the  operations  for 
measuring  an  arc  of  the  meridian,  by  Ulloa  and 
the  French  mathematicians. 

Yates,  a  county  of  New  York.  Pop.  19,019. 
Penn  Yann  is  the  capital:  p.v.  Genesee  Co. 
N.  Y. 

Yaynan-gheoum,  a  town  of  Birmah,  celebrated 
for  the  oil  wells  in  its  neighbourhood,  which  sup- 
ply the  whole  empire,  and  many  parts  of  India, 
with  petroleum.  The  inhabitants  are  employed 
in  making  jars  to  contain  the  oil.  It  stands  on  a 
creek  of  the  Irrawaddy,  28  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Shil- 
lahmew. 

Yazoo,  n  river  of  Mississippi,  200  m.  in  length 
flowing  into  the  Mississippi. 

Yazoo,  a  (lounty  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  7,550  Ben- 
ton is  the  capital. 

Yea,  a  town  of  Peru,  in  Lima,  with  a  trade  in 
glass,  wine,  brandy,  &c.  It  is  seated  in  a  valley 
watered  by  a  river,  50  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Pisco  and 
170  S.  S.  E.ofLima. 

Yell,  one  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  to  the  N.  of 
that  called  Mainland.  It  is  20  m.  long  and  8 
broad  and  has  several  good  harbours. 

Yellow  River.     See  Hoan-ho. 

Yellow  Sea,,  or  Leao-tong,  a  gulf  of  China,  be- 
tween the  provinces  of  Pe-tclie-li  and  Chang- 
tong  on  the  W.,  and  the  peninsula  of  Corea  on 
the  E.  ^ 

Yellow  Springs,  p.v.  Chester  Co.  Pa;  p.v.  Hunt- 
ingdon Co.  Pa ;  p.v.  Green  Co.  Ohio. 

Yellowstone,  a  branch  of  the  Missouri.  It  rises 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  joins  the  Missouri 
after  a  course  of  about  1,000  ra. 

Yellow  water,  a  river  flowing  into  Pensacola  Bay 
in  Florida,  70  m.  in  length. 

Yemen,  a  province  of  Arabia  Felix,  comprehend- 
ing the  finest  and  most  fertile  part  of  Arabia,  and 
lying  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea  and  Indian 
Ocean.  Millet  is  the  grain  chiefly  cultivated ; 
but  the  principal  object  of  cultivation  is  coffee, 
which  is  all  carried  to  Beit  el  Faki.  Nearly  the 
whole  commerce  of  the  country  is  carried  on  by 
Macha,  but  Sana  is  the  capital. 

Yenikal,  an  important  fortress  of  the  Crimea,  8 
m.  E.  of  Kertch.     See  Kertck. 

Yenisei,  or  Jenisa,  a  large  river  of  Siberia, 
which  runs  from  S.  to  N.,  and  enters  the  Frozen 
Ocean  to  the  E.  of  the  bay  of  Oby. 

Yerdseisk,  or  Jeniskoi,  a  town  of  Russia,  in  the 
government  of  Tomsk,  on  the  river  Yenisei,  310 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Tomsk.  Long.  92.  35.  E.,  lat.  58. 
6.  N. 

Yenne,  a  town  of  the  Sardinian  states,  in  Sa- 
voy, near  the  Rhone,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Chani- 
bery. 

Yen-ngan,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Chen-si,  on  the  river  Yen,  390  m.  S.  W.  of  Pekin. 
Long.  108.  50.  E.,  lat.  36.  44.  N. 

Fc»-p««^',  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Fokien  ;  seated  on  the  brow  of  a  mountain  by 
the  river  Minho,  820  m.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  116. 
54.  E.,  lat.  26.40.  N. 

Yen-icheou  a  city  of  Chma,  of  the  first  rank  in 
Chang;-tong,  situate  in  a  well  cultivated  district 
which  is  enclosed  between  two  considerable  rivers. 
270  m.  S.  of  Pekin. 

Yen-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Tche-kiang.     In  the  neighbourhood  aro  luines  of 


TOR 


copper,  and  trees  that  yield  an  excellent  varnishj 
which  when  once  dry,  never  melts  again,  and  will 
bear  boiling  water.  The  paper  made  here  is  in 
high  esteem.  650  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Pekin.  Long. 119. 
14.  E.,  lat.  29.  38.   N. 

Yen-tcldng,  a  town  of  China,  in    Chang-tong 
where  a  kind  of  glass  is   made,  so  delicate  that  i 
will  not  endure  the  inclemencies  of  the  air.      45 
m.  S.  E.  of  Tsi-nan. 

Yeovil,  a  corporate  town  of  Somersetshire,  Eng 
122  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 

Yesd,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of  Irac 
on  the  road  from  Kerman,  to  Ispahan.  It  has  a 
silk  manufacture  ,  and  here  are  made  the  finest 
porcelain  and  carpets.  200  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Ispahan. 
Long.  66.  50.  E.,  lat.  32.  0.  N. 

Ylo,  a  sea-port  of  Peru,  in  Los  Charcos,  70  m. 
N.N.  W.of  Arica.  Long.  71.  13.  W.,  lat.  17 
36.  S. 

Yonguesville,  p.v.  Fairfield  Dis.  S.  C.  42  m.  N. 
Columbus. 

Yonkers,  p.t.  Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  11  m.  N. 
New  York.     Pop.  1,761. 

Yonne,  a  department  of  France,  containing 
part  of  the  former  provinces  of  Burgundy 
and  Champagne,  and  comprising  an  area 
of  2,900  square  miles,  with  .  350;000  inhabi- 
tants. The  climate  is  temperate,  and  the  soil 
fertile  in  corn,  hemp,  flax,  wine,  and  fruits.  It 
receives  its  name  from  a  river  which  rises  in  the 
department  of  Nievre,  flows  by  Chateau-Chinon, 
Clameci,  Auxerre,  Joigny,  and  Sens,  and  joins 
the  Seine  at  Montereau.     Auxerre  is  the  capital. 

York,  a  city,  the  capital  of  Yorkshire,  Eng.  and 
an  archbishop's  see.  It  is  the  Eboracum  of  the 
Romans,  and  many  of  their  coffins,  urns,  coins, 
&c.,  have  been  found  here.  It  has  always  been 
considered  as  the  capital  of  the  North,  and,  in 
point  of  rank,  as  the  second  city  in  the  kingdom; 
but  is  now  surpassed  in  wealth  and  populousness 
by  many  of  the  more  modern  trading  towns. 
York  contains  about  20,000  inhabitants.  The 
cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  generally  called  the  Min- 
ster, is  reckoned  the  largest  and  most  magnifi- 
cent Gothic  structure  in  the  universe.  The  E. 
window,  which  is  said  hardly  to  have  its  equal 
for  tracery,  painting,  and  preservation,  was  the 
work  of  John  Thornton,  a  glazier,  of  Conventry, 
in  1405.  This  beautiful  edifice  sustained  consid- 
erable injury  from  fire,  occasioned  by  a  frantic  in- 
cendiary, in  1829,  but  it  is  expected  that  the 
munificence  of  the  countv  will  soon  restore  it  to 
its  original  splendor.  Besides  the  cathedral, 
York  contains  but  20  churches  in  use,  though  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  V.  it  had  44  parish  churches, 
17  chapels,  and  nine  religious  houses.  Here  are 
also  a  number  of  meeting  houses  for  dissenters 
and  Catholics.  The  city  is  dividad  by  the  Ouse 
into  two  parts,  united  by  a  stone  bridge  of  five 
arches,  the  centre  one  81  feet  wide.  The  river  is 
navigable  to  this  city  for  vessels  of  70  tons  bur- 
den, although  it  is  60  miles  from  the  sea.  The 
castle  is  a  noble  structure,  and  was  formerly  a 
place  of  great  strength,  but  is  now  used  as  a  coun- 
ty prison.  Near  it,  on  an  artificial  mount,  is  Clif- 
ford's Tower,  a  round  shell  said  by  some  to  have 
been  raised  by  William  the  Conqueror,  but  oth- 
ers deem  it  a  Roman  work.  It  was  used  as  a 
garrison  in  the  civil  wars,  and  till  the  year  1683, 
when  the  magazine  blowing  up  reduced  it  to 
its  present  form.  York  is  a  county  of  itself,  gov- 
erned by  a  lord  mayor  ;  the  prefix  of  lord  being 
given  by  Richard  II.  ;  and  its  county  includes 
Ainsty  Liberty,   in  which   are   35  villages   and 


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namlets.  The  guildhall,  built  in  1466,  is  a  grand 
structure,  supported  by  two  rows  of  oak  pillars, 
each  pillar  a  single  tree.  The  corporation  built 
a  mansion-house  in  1728,  for  the  lord  mayor ;  and 
among  the  other  public  buildings  are  a  noble 
assembly  house,  designed  by  the  earl  of  Burling- 
ton, an  elegant  court-house  on  the  right  of  tiie 
castle,  a  theatre  royal,  a  county  hospital,  and  an 
asylum  for  lunatics.  York  is  70  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Durham,  190  S.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh,  and  195  N. 
by  W.  of  London.  Long.  1.  7.  W.,  lat.  53.  59.  N. 

York,  a  city  of  Upper  Canada,  and  the  seat  of 
government  for  that  province.  It  is  situate  on  the 
N.  W.  side  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  has  an  excellent 
harbour,  formed  by  a  long  peninsula,  which  em- 
braces a  basin  of  water  sufficiently  large  to  con- 
tain a  considerable  fleet.  On  the  extremity  of  the 
peninsula  called  Gibraltar  Point  are  stores  and 
blockhouses,  which  command  the  entrance  of  the 
harbour  ;  and  on  the  mainland,  opposite  this 
point,  is  the  garrison.  The  front  of  the  city  is  a 
mile  and  a  half  in  length,  and  it  contains  several 
handsome  squares,  particularly  one  open  to  the 
harbour.  It  is  45  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Fort  Niagara 
and  140  W.  by  S.  of  Kingston.  Long.  79.  36.  W., 
lat.  43,  35.  N. 

York,  a  county  of  Maine.  ~Pop.  51,710.  Al- 
fred is  the  capital.  A  county  of  the  E.  Dis.  of 
Pennsylvania.  Pop.  42,65S,  York  is  the  capi- 
tal. A  county  of  the  E.  Dis.  of  Virginia.  Pop. 
5,:}54.  Yorktown  is  the  capital.  A  District  of  S. 
Carolina.     Pop.  17,785. 

York,  p.t.  York  Co.  Me.  10  m.  N.  E.  Ports- 
mouth. It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state 
and  has  some  coasting  and  fishery  business.  Pop. 
3,485. ;  p.t.  Livingston  Co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,636.  ; 
p.t.  York  Co.  Pa.  21  m.  S.  W.  Lancaster.  Towns 
in  Tuscarawas,  Sandusky,  Belmont,  Athens, 
Morgan  and  Butler  Cos.  Ohio. 

York  Haven,  p.v.  York.  Co.  Pa.  on  the  Susque- 
hanna 15  m.  below  Harrisburg. 

York  River,  in  Virginia,  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  Pamunkey  and  Mattapony. 

York  Springs,  p.v.  Adams  Co"  Pa.  22  m.  S.  VV. 
Harrisburg,  30  miles  above  Yorktown,  below 
which  it  flows  into  the  Chesapeak. 

Yorktown,  p.t.  York  Co.  Va.  on  York  River 
29  m.  N.  W.  Norfolk.  It  has  an  excellent  har- 
bour, and  some  commerce.  It  is  memorable  in 
American  history  as  the  spot  where  the  British 
array  under  Lord   Conwallis   surrendered   to  the. 


Yorkville,  p.v.  York  Dis. 
iumbia. 


S.  C.  80  m.  N.  Co- 


Americans  and  French  under  Washington  on  the 
19th  of  October  J1781.  This  event  totally  crush- 
ed the  power  of  the  British  on  the  continent,  and 
led  the  way  to  the  peace  which  established  the 
independence  of  the  United  States. 

Yorktovm,  p.t.    Westchester  Co.  N.  Y.  113  m. 
S.  Albany      Pop.  2,141. 


York  Fort,  a  settlement  of  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  on  the  W.  side  of  Hudson  Bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  Nelson  or  York  River.  Lonir.  88.  44 
W.,  lat.  57.  15.  N.  ** 

Yorkshire,  the  largest  county  of  England, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Westmoreland  and  Du"rharo, 
E.  by  the  German  Ocean,  S.  by  Lincolnshire, 
Nottinghamshire,  and  Derbyshire,  S.  W.  by  Che- 
shire, W.  by  Lancashire,  and  N.  W  by  West- 
moreland. It  extends  80  m.  from  N.  to  S.,  and 
115  from  E.  to  W.,  and  contains  3,847,420  acres. 
From  its  great  extent  it  has  been  divided  into 
three  parts,  called  the  North,  East,  and  West 
ridings  ;  and  subdivided  into  26  wapentakes  :  it 
has  one  city,  60  market-towns,  and  upwards  of 
560  parishes,  and  sends  30  members  to  parli.iment. 
The  air  and  soil  of  this  extensive  county  vary  ex- 
tremely. The  E.  riding  is  less  healthy  than  the 
others  ;  but  this  inconvenience  decreases  in  pro- 
portion as  the  county  recedes  from  the  sea.  On 
the  hilly  parts  of  this  riding,  especially  in  what 
is  called  the  York  Wolds,  the  soil  is  generally 
barren,  dry,  and  sandy  ;  but  great  numbers  of 
lean  sheep  are  sold  here,  and  sent  into  other 
parts  to  be  fattened.  The  W.  riding,  which  is 
much  the  largest,  enjoys  a  sharp  but  healthy  air, 
and  the  land  on  the  western  side  is  hilly,  stony, 
and  not  very  fruitful ;  but  the  intermediate  val- 
leys consist  of  much  good  arable  ground,  and 
pasture  for  the  largest~cattle.  It  also  produces 
iron,  coal,  lime,  jet,  alum,  horses,  and  goats. 
Here  the  clothing  manufactures  principally  flour- 
ish. The  N.  riding,  in  general,  exceeds  the  other 
two  in  the  salubrity  of  the  air.  The  worst  parts 
breed  lean  cattle  ;  but,  on  the  sides  of  the  hills, 
in  the  valleys,  and  in  the  plains,  it  produces  good 
corn  and  rich  pastures.  Richmondshire,  on  the 
N.  W.  of  this  riding,  was  formerly  a  county  H)f 
itself;  here  many  lead  mines  are  worked  to  great 
advantage.  In  Yorkshire,  likewise,  are  the  dis- 
tricts of  Holderness,  on  the  borders  of  the  Hum- 
ber,  Cleveland  on  the  confines  of  Durham,  and 
Craven  on  the  borders  of  Westmoreland  and  Lan- 
cashire. In  this  last  district  are  three  of  the 
highest  hills  in  England,  named  Whernside,  In- 
gleborough,  and  Pennygant,  which  form  a  sort  of 
triangle  from  their  tops,  at  the  distance  of  5,  6, 
and  8  m.  while  their  monstrous  bases  nearly  unite. 

Yo-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Hou-quang,  and  one  of  the  richest  cities  in  the 
empire ;  seated  on  the  river  Kian-ku,  and  on  the 
lake  Tong-ting,  which  is  more  than  70  leagues  in 
circuit.  700  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Pekin.  Long.  112. 
35.  E,  lat.  29.  23.  N.' 

Youghall,  a  borough  and  sea-port  of  Ireland, 
in  the  county  of  Cork,  with  a  commodious  har- 
bour and  a  well  defended  quay.  It  has  a  manu- 
facture of  earthen  ware,  and  is  seated  on  the  side 
of  a  hill,  on  a  bay  of  its  name,  28  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Cork,     Long  3.  10.  W.,  lat.  51.  49.  N. 

Youghiogeny,  a  river  of  Pennsylvania,  flowing 
into  the  Monongahela  18  m.  above  Pittsburg. 

Yough  Glades,  p.v.  Alleghany  Co.  Maryland 

Youngstown,  p.v.  Niagara  Co.  N.  Y.  20  m.  N 
W.  Lockport,  on  Niagara  River  ;  p.v.  Westn  ore 
land  Co.  Pa.  11  in.  E.  Greensburg  ;  p.t.  Trum- 
bull Co.  Ohio.  165  m.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 
4,383. 

Yovngsville  p.7.  W^arren  Co.  Pa.  328  m.  N.  W 
Harrisburg. 

Ypres,  a  fortified  city  of  Belgium  in  Flanders, 
and  a  bishop's  see.     It  has  considerable  mana- 


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factures  of  silk,  linen,  lace,  cotton,  thread,  &c., 
and  the  canal  of  Bosingen,  and  the  New  Cut, 
greatly  expedite  the  conveyance  of  goods  to  Nein- 
port,  Ostend,  and  Bruges.  Ypres  was  taken  by 
the  French  in  1794,  and  retained  till  the  downfall 
of  Napoleon.  It  is  seated  on  the  Yperlee,  15  m. 
W.  of  Courtray.     Long.  2.  48.  E.,  lat.  50.  51.  N. 

Yriex,  St.,  a  town  of  France,  department  of 
Upper  Vienne,  20  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Limoges. 

Ysendyk,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
the  isle  of  Calsand,  8  m.  E.  of  Sluys  and  18  N. 
W.  of  Ghent. 

Yssel,  or  Issel,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands,  which 
branches  oft" from  the  Rhine  below  Huessen,  and 
flowing  by  Doesburg,  Zutphen,  Deventer,  and 
Campen,  enters  the  Zuyder  Zee  by  two  channels. 

Yssel,  or  Little  Issel,  a  river  of  the  Netherlands, 
which  flows  by  Ysselstein,  Montford,  Oudewater, 
and  Gouda,  and  enters  the  Merwe  above  Rotter- 
dam. 

Yssel,  or  Old  Issel,  a  river  which  rises  in  West- 
phalia, in  the  duchy  of  Cleve,  flows  by  Ysselburg 
into  the  county  of  Zutphen,  and  enters  the  Yssel 
at  Doesburg. 

Ysseinwiul,  an  island  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Holland,  situate  between  the  Merwe  on  the  N. 
and  another  branch  of  the  Meuse  on  the  S.  It 
has  a  town  of  the  same  name,  nearly  3  m.  W.  of 
Rotterdam. 

Ysselstein,  a  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in  S. 
Holland,  with  a  castle  on  the  river  Yssel,  5  m.  S. 
S   W.  of  Utrecht. 

Ystadt,  or  Ydst'd,  a  town  of  Sweden,  in  the 
province  of  Schonen  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  op- 
posite Stralsund,26  m.  S.  E.  of  Lund.  Long.  13. 
44.  E.,  lat.  55.  22.  N. 

Ythun,  a  river  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire, 
which  crosses  the  county  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  and 
enters  the  German  Ocean  at  the  village  of  New- 
burg,  15  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Aberdeen. 

Yucatan,  a  peninsula  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Merida,  bounded  N.  W.  by  the  waters  of  the 
Mexican  gulf,  S.  E.  by  the  bay  of  Honduras,  S. 
W.  by  Vera  Cruz,  and  S.  by  Vera  Paz. 

Yuen-kiang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Yun-nan,  on  the  river  Ho  ti, 
145  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Yun-nan.  Long.  101.  44.  E., 
lat.  47.  50. 

Yuen-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Kiang-si,  750  ra.  S.  of  Pekin.  Long.  113.  58. 
E.,  lat.  27. 50.  N. 

Yuen-yang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Hou-quang,  on  the  river  Han,  515  m.  S.  S.  W. 
of  Pekin.     Long.  100.  30.  E.,  lat.  32.  50.  N. 

Yuma,  Long  Island,  one  of  the  Bahama  islands, 
in  the  W.  Indies,  lying  to  the  N.  of  the  E.  end 
of  Cuba,  and  its  W  part  under  the  tropic  of  Can- 
cer.    It  is  70  m.  in  length  and  10  in  breadth. 

Yumetos,  a  cluster  of  small  islands,  among  the 
Bahamas,  lying  to  the  S.  W.  of  Yuma. 

Yung-ning,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  province  of  Yun-nan, 


on  the  borders  of  Thibet,230  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Tnn- 
nan.     Long.  100.  24.  E.,  lat.  27.  50  N. 

Yung-pc,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Yun-nan,  170  m.  N.  W.  of  Yun- 
nan.    Long.  100.  34.  E.,  lat.  26.  44.  N. 

Yung-ping, a.  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
Pe-tche-li,  on  a  river  that  enters  the  gulf  ofLeao- 
tong.  Near  it  stands  the  fort  Chun-nai,  which  is 
the  key  of  the  province  of  Leao-tong.  115  m.  E. 
of  Pekin.     Long.  108.  34.  E.,  lat.  39.  55.  N. 

Yung-tchang,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  the  province  of  Yun-nan.  The  neighbouring 
country  produces  gold,  honey,  wax,  amber,  and  a 
vast  quantity  of  fine  silk.  210  m.  W.  of  Yun-nan. 
Long.  99.  2.  E.,  lat.  25.  5.  N. 

Yung-tcheou,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank, 
in  Hou  quang,  885  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
111.15.  E.,  lat.  26.  10.  N. 

Yun-hing,  a  city  of  China,  of  the  first  rank,  in 
the  province  of  Ho-nan,  43C  m.  S.  of  Pekin. 
Long.  113.  52.  E.,  lat.  33.  0.  N. 

Yun-nan,  a  province  of  China,  at  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity, 300  m.  long  and  250  broad  ;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Thibet  and  Se-tcheuen,  E.  by  Koei- 
tcheou  and  Quang-si,  S.  by  Tonquin  and  Laos, 
and  W.  by  Pegu  and  Birmah.  It  is  mountainous, 
but  the  soil  in  general  is  fertile,  and  it  is  reckon- 
ed the  richest  province  in  China,  from  its  produc- 
tive mines  of  gold,  copper,  and  tin, — its  amber, 
rubies,  sapphires,  agates,  pearls,  and  marble, — 
its  musk,  silk,  elephants,  horses,  gums,  medicinal 
plants,  and  linen.  21  cities  of  the  first  rank,  and 
55  of  the  second  and  third  are  included  in  this 
province,  and  the  number  of  inhabitants  is  esti- 
mated at  upwards  of  8,000,000. 

Yun-nan  a  city  of  China,  capital  of  the  fore- 
going province,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  extent, 
its  magnificent  buildings,  vast  gardens,  tombs, 
triumphal  arches,  and  elegant  squares ;  but  it  has 
suffered  greatly  from  the  Tartars,  in  their  dif- 
ferent invasions,  and  the  city  at  present  contains 
nothing  remarkable.  It  stands  at  the  N.  extrem- 
ity of  a  lake,  1,260  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Pekin.  Long. 
102.  30.  E.,  lat.  25.  6  N. 

Yurcup,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Cara- 
mania,  on  the  Kizil-ermuk,  125  m.  N.  E.  of  Cogni. 
Long.  34.  30.  E.,  lat  39.  40.  N. 

Yverdun,  a  strong  town  of  Switzerland^  in  the 
Pays  de  Vaud,  capital  of  a  bailiwic  of  its  name, 
with  a  castle,  a  college,  and  an  hospital.  Near 
the  town  is  a  sulphurous  spring,  with  a  commo 
dious  bathing-house.  The  principal  trade  is  in 
wine,  and  merchandise  passing  between  Germany, 
Italy,  and  France.  It  has  some  remains  of  Ro- 
man antiquities,  and  stands  on  the  lake  of  Neuf- 
chatel,  at  the  influx  of  the  Orbe  and  Thiele,  38 
m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bern.  Long.  6.  59.  E.,  lat.  46. 
44.  N. 

Yvrtot,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  Lower 
Seme,  7  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Caudebec, 

Yvry,  a  town  of  France,  department  of  £ure, 
on  the  river  Eure,  16  ra.  S.  of  Evreux. 


Z 


ZAAB,  a  district  of  Algiers,  in  the  desert  be- 
hind Mount  Atlas,  belonging  to  the  province  of 
Constantina.  The  people  ot  Zaab  are  free,  and 
pay  no  tribute  ;  but  they  are  poor  and  indigent, 
aa  may  be  expected  of  the  inhabitants  of  so  barren 


a  soil.  Dates  are  the  principal  article  of  food  , 
and  they  have  extensive  plantations  of  palm-trees. 
They  carry  on  some  commerce  in  ostriches* 
feathers.  The  chief  place  of  tl>*  district  is  Bia- 
cara. 


ZAH 


793 


ZAN 


Zabola,  a  town  of  Transylvania,  on  the  con- 
fines of  Moldavia,  5  m.  S.  W.  of  Denmark. 

Zacatecas,  a  province  of  Mexico,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Newr  Biscay,  E.  by  Panuc  S.  by  Mach- 
sachan  and  Guadalaxara,  and  W.  by  Chiametlan. 
It  abounds  with  lara;e  villages,  and  its  mines  are 
deemed  the  richest  in  America. 

Zacatecas,  a  city  of  Mexico,  capital  of  the 
above  province,  surrounded  by  rich  silver  mines, 
2G0  m.  N.  E. of  Mexico. 

Zacatula,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province  of 
Mechoacan,on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  near 
the  Pacific  '  cean,  180  m.  S.  W.  of  Mexico. 
Long.  102.  55.  W.,  lat.  18.  30.  N. 

Zaclian,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  13 
m.  E.  of  New  Stargard. 

Zafra,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Estremadura,  with 
a  castle,  20  m.  S    W.  of  Medina. 

Zagara,  a  mountain  of  Greece,  in  Livadia,  one 
of  the  tops  of  Mount  Parnassus.  It  was  the  an- 
cient Helicon,  from  which  issued  the  fountain 
Hippocrene,  and  was  sacred  to  the  Muses,  who 
had  here  a  temple. 

Zaghara,  a  town  of  Negroland,  in  Bornou,  on 
the  river  Fittree,  170  m.  S.  E.  of  ,  ornou. 

Zahara  or  the  Great  Desert,  a  vast  country  of 
Africa,  1,900  miles  in  length  by  840  in  breadth  ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Barbary,  E.  by  Fezzan  and 
Cassina,  S.  by  Negroland  and  Fouli,  and  W.  by 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  air  is  very  hot  but  not 
unwholesome  to  the  natives.  The  soil  is  gener- 
ally sandy  and  barren  ;  but  there  are  verdant  val- 
leys n  which  water  either  springs  or  stagnates, 
and  it  is  here  and  there  interspersed  with  spots  of 
astonishing  fertility,  which  are  crowded  with  in- 
habitanti.  Here  grows  the  acacia,  a  species  of  mi- 


mosa which  produces  the  gum  arable.  These 
fertile  spots  in  the  desert  are  called  oases,  or 
islands,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  islands  in 
the  sea  ;  and  they  abound  most  in  the  northern 
and  eastern  parts  ;  but  the  smaller  ones  are  not 
always  permanent  ;  for  a  furious  wind  from  the 
desert,  bringing  along  with  it  an  immense  quan- 
tity of  sand,  sometimes  overwhelms  an  oasis, 
and  reduces  it  to  barrenness.  These  oases  are 
formed  into  a  number  of  states,  governed  by  pet- 
ty princes  ;  and  those  of  which  some  intelligence 
has  been  obtained  are  noticed  in  this  work  in 
their  proper  places.  The  inhabitants  consisting 
of  various  tribes,  are  wild  and  ignorant ;  and 
the  Mahometan  religion  is  professed  throughout 
the  country,  unless  where  they  approach  the 
country  of  the  Negroes.  They  maintain  towards 
each  other  the  maxims  of  apparent  hostility,  but 
a  Christian  is  every  where  odious.  Their  lan- 
guage is  chiefly  a  dialect  of  the  Arabic  ;  and  their 
only  intercourse  with  other  nations  is  carried 
on  with  the  caravans  which  periodically  tra- 
100 


verse  these  immense  deserts.  The  Zahara  abonnd* 
in  antelopes,  wild  boars,  leopards,  apes,  ostriches, 
and  serpents.  There  are  few  horses  and  beeves  ; 
but  many  sheep,  goats,  and  camels. 

Zahara,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  with  a 
citadel;  seated  on  a  craggy  rock,  42  m.  S.  E.  of 
Seville. 

Zahna,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  G  m.  N.  E 
of  Wittenberg. 

Zaina,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province  of 
Constantina,  supposed,  from  some  considerable 
ruins,  to  have  been  the  ancient  city  of  Zama.  It 
is  28  m.  S  E.  of  Seteef  and  46  S.  W.  of  Con- 
stantina. 

Zainc,  a  river  of  Barbary,  which  separates  the 
kingdoms  of  Algiers  and  Tunis,  and  enters  the 
Mediterranean  at  the  island  of  Tabarca 

Zaire,  a  river  of  Congo,  which  rises  in  the 
kingdom  of  Matamba,  flows  N.  to  the  extreme 
borders  of  Congo,  where  it  turns  to  the  W., 
then  separates  the  kingdoms  of  Loango  and 
Congo  Proper,  and  enters  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
below   Sogno, 

Zaiamea,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  12 
m.  N.  of  Niebla  and  38  W.N.  W.  of  Seville. 

Zaiamea,  a  town  of  Spain  in  Estremadura, 
anciently  called  Ilapa.  It  contains  many  ves- 
tiges of  its  former  splendor,  and  is  38  m.  S.  E. 
of  Merida.  • 

Zamora,  a  strong  town  of  Spain,  in  Leon, 
and  a  bishop's  see.  In  its  environs  fine  tur- 
quoise stones  are  found.  It  is  seated  on  a  hill, 
on  the  river  Duero,  over  which  is  a  bridge, 
32  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Salamanca  and  146  N.  W. 
of  Madrid.     Long.  5.  56.  W.,  lat.  41.  50.  N. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  Quito,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  which  are  rich  mines  of  gold.  It  is 
seated  near  the  Andes,  230  m.  S.  of  Quito. 
Long.  78.  20.  W.,  lat.  4.  6.  S. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Guadalaxara, 
40  m.  S.  E.  of  Guadalaxara.  Long.  103.  30.. 
W.,  lat.  20.  52.  N. 

Zamora,  a  town  of  Algiers,  in  the  province 
of  Constantina,  250  m.  W.  of  Hamamet.  Long. 
6.  25.  E.,  lat.  36.  20.  N. 

Zamoski,  a  town  of  Poland,  with  a  citadel,  a 
cathedral,  and  several  other  churches.  It  is  37 
ra.  S.  S.  W.  of  Chelm  and  44.  W.  N.  W.  of  Betz. 

Zampaga,  a  town  of  Mexico,  seated  on  a  small 
lake,  30  m.  N.  of  Mexico. 

Zane,  a  township  of  Logan  Co.  Ohio.  Pop. 
608. 

Zanesfield,  p.t.  Logan  Co.  Ohio.  47  m.  N.  W. 
Columbus. 

Zanesville,  p.l.  Muskingum  Co.  Ohio,  on  the 
Muskingum.  Pop.  3,056.  It  is  a  very  flourish- 
ing town  with  manufactures  of  glass,  paper, 
woolen,  iron,  oil,  and  several  mills.  The  great 
Cumberland  road  passes  directly  through  the 
town. 

Zanfara,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  to  the  S. 
of  Zegzeg,  between  Cassina  and  Bornou.  The 
inhabitants  are  tall  in  stature,  of  very  blacjc  com- 
plexion, with  broad  faces,  and  savage  disposi- 
tions. The  capital,  of  the  same  name,  stands 
on  a  river  that  forms  a  lake  N.  of  Ghana  and 
then  flows  through  that  city  into  the  Niger.  It 
is  230  m.  N.  E.  of  Ghana  and  450  W.  S.  W.  of 
Bornou.     Long.  16.  0.  E.,  lat.  18.  30.  N. 

Zanguebar,  a  country  on  the  E.  coast  of  Af- 
rica, between  3.  N.  and  9.  S.  lat.  It  includes 
several  petty  kingdoms,  in  which  the  Portu- 
guese have  settlements.  The  inhab'tants  are  all 
Dlacks,  with  curly  woolv  hair ;  and,  except  tkoM 
3X 


ZA'F 


H 


ZEA 


eemrerted  by  the  Portueuese,  are  either  Mahome- 
lans  or  pagans,  the  latter  much  the  more  nu- 
merous. The  principal  territories  are  Jubo,  Me- 
linda,  Mombaza,  and  Quiloa.  The  Portuguese 
trade  for  slaves,  ivory,  gold,  ostriches'  feathers, 
wax,  and  drugs.  The  productions  are  n)uch 
the  same  as  in  the  other  parts  of  Africa,  between 
the  tropics. 

Zanle,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  forming 
part  of  the  Ionian  republic.  It  is  situate  near  the 
coast  of  the  Morea,  17  m.  S.  of  the  island  of  Ceph- 
alonia,  and  is  14  m.  long  and  8  broad.  Its  prin- 
cipal riches  consist  in  currants,  which  are  cultiva- 
ted in  a  large  plain,  under  the  shelter  of  moun- 
tains. Here  are  also  the  finest  peaches  in  the 
world,  with  other  choice  fruits,  and  excellent  wine 
and  oil.  The  natives  speak  both  Greek  and  Ital- 
ian, though  there  are  a  very  few  Roman  Cath- 
olics among  them  ;  but  they  have  a  bishop  as  well 
as  the  Greeks.     Pop.  50,000. 

Zante,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  island,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  an  eminence  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  island,  at  the  bottom  of  a  small  bay.  The 
houses  are  built  partly  of  brick,and  partly  of  wood, 
and  seldom  more  than  one  or  two  stories  in  height, 
on  account  of  the  frequency  of  earthquakes  ;  the 
last  visitation  of  this  kind  was  in  1820, when  sever- 
al hundreds  of  houses  were  overthrown.  The  har- 
bour is  capacious  and  is  protected  by  a  mole.  12 
in.  W.  of  Cape  Tornese,in  the  Morea.  Pop.  20,000. 

Zanzibar,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Sea,  on  the 
coast  of  Zangnebar,  between  the  islands  of  Pem- 
ba  and  Monsia.  It  abounds  in  sugar  canes  and 
citrons.  The  inhabitants  are  Mahometan  Arabs, 
and  are  governed  by  a  sheik  appointed  by  the 
iman  of  Mascat.     Long.  41.  0.  E.,  lat.  G.  0.  S. 

Zara,  a  city  of  the  Austrian  states,  capital  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the  whole  of  Aus- 
trian Dalmatia,  with  a  harbour.  It  is  situated 
in  a  plain,  upon  a  small  peninsula,  joined  to  the 
continent  by  an  isthmus  of  about  25  paces  broad. 
On  the  side  of  the  citadel  it  is  very  well  for- 
tified. Near  the  church,  which  the  Greeks  call- 
ed St.  Helia,  are  two  handsome  fluted  columns 
of  the  Corinthian  order,  said  to  have  been  part 
of  the  temple  of  Juno.  This  place  was  formerly 
more  considerable  than  at  present,  the  number  of 
the  inhabitants  being  now  not  above  8,000.  The 
circle  contains  an  area  of  2,150  square  miles,  with 
100,000  inhabitants.  There  are  very  fine  paint- 
ings in  the  churches,  done  by  the  best  masters; 
and  they  pretend  to  have  the  body  of  Simeon, 
brought  from  Judea,  and  kept  in  a  shrine  with  a 
cryst  1  before  it.  Zara  is  seated  on  the  gulf  of 
Venice  80  m.  S.  W.  of  Jaicza,  and  150  S.  E.  of 
Venice.     Long.  16.  6.  E.,  lat.  44.  30.  N. 

Zareng-,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Segestan.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  beautiful  porce- 
lain, and  is  seated  on  the  Hirmund,  350  m.  E.  of 
Ispahan.     Long.  61.  10.  E.,  lat.  32.  28.  N. 

Zaril,  a  town  of  Greece,  in  the  Morea,  22  m.  E.  of 
Jtisltra. 

Z.::mate,  a  town  in  the  Morea,  seated  on  an  emi- 
nence 20  m.  S.  W.  of  Misitra. 

Zamomtz,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerelia,  on  a 
bay  of  the  Baltic,  33  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Dantzic. 

Zoilaic,  a  town  of  Poland,  in  Volhinia,  seated  on 
the  Horin,  30  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Constantinow. 

Zatmar,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a 
county  of  the  same  name.  It  is  seated  on  a  small 
lake,  formed  by  the  river  Samos,  50  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
T«ickay,  and  130  E.  of  Buna.  Long.  22.  34.  E.,  lat. 
47,  50.  N. 

Zatm;  a  town   of  Poland,    in  the  palatinate  of 


Cracow,  with  a  castle ;  seated  on  an  emuieoca 
near  the  river  Vistula,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Cracow, 
and  60  S.  E.  of  Ratibon. 

Zaweh,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Khorasan,  situate  on  the  Tedjen,  20  m.  from 
the  Caspian  Sea,  and  80  N.  of  Mesched. 

Zbaras,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  28  m.E.  of 
Zborow  and  68  N.  by  W  of  Kaminieck. 

ZhoroiD,  a  town  of  Austrian  Poland,  in  the 
circle  of  Lemburg.  Here,  in  1649,  John  Casimin, 
king  of  Poland,  with  20,000  men,  was  attacked 
by  110,000  Cossacks  and  Tartars,  for  three  days 
successively,  but  defended  himself  so  bravely 
that  the  latter  consented  to  terms  of  accommo- 
dation. Zborow  is  52  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Lemburg. 
Long.  25.  46.  E.,  lat.  49.  46  N. 

Zealand,  or  Zeeland,  an  island  of  Denmark,  of 
a  triangular  form,  230  m.  in  circumference,  and 
the  largest  of  the  isles  belonging  to  the  king  of 
Denmark.  It  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic, 
having  the  Categaton  the  N.,  the  Sound  on  the 
E.,  and  the  Great  Belt  on  the  W.  The  coast 
is  much  intersected  by  large  bays;  and  within  the 
country  are  several  lakes,  which  as  well  as  the  riv- 
ers, abound  in  fish.  It  is  exceedingly  fertile,  pro 
ducing  grain  of  all  sorts  with  excellent  pasture  and 
in  most  parts  plenty  of  wood.  It  is  particularly 
famous  for  its  breed  of  horses.  Copenhagen  is 
the  capital  of  this  island  and  of  the  whole  king- 
dom. 

Zealand,  a  province  of  Holland  comprising  the 
ancient  county  of  Zealand  and  Dutcli  Flanders 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  isles  of  Holland,  E.  by 
Brabant,  S.  by  Flanders,  and  W.  by  the  German 
Ocean.  It  is  composed  of  several  islands,  the 
principal  of  which  are  Walcheren,  Schowen,  N. 
and  S.  Beveland,  Tolen,  Duyveland,  iUid  Wolf- 
ersdike.  The  surface  is  generally  level  and  lies 
so  low  that  the  inhabitants  are  obliged  to  defend 
themselves  from  encroachments  of  the  saa  by 
vast  dykes,  which  are  kept  up  at  great  expense. 
The  river  Scheldt  forms  the  most  of  these  islands, 
and  the  soil  of  them  is  fruitful.  The  province 
carries  on  considerable  trade  in  corn,  madder,  flax 
salt  meat,  linen  yarn,  rapeseed,  oil,  «&c.  The 
greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  Calvinists,  but 
there  are  also  many  Catholics  and  Lutherans,  and 
some  Mennonite  Baptists.  The  principal  towns 
are  Middleburg  and  Flushing. 

Zealand,  Keio,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  was  discov- 
ered by  Tasman  in  1642.  He  traversed  the  east- 
ern coast  from  lat.  34.  to  43.  S.  and  entered  a 
strait ;  but,  being  attacked  by  the  natives  soon  af- 
ter he  came  to  an  anchor,  he  did  not  go  ashore. 
From  the  time  of  Tasman  the  whole  country  ex- 
cept that  part  of  the  coast  which  was  seen  by 
him,  remained  altogether  unknown,  and  was  oy 
many  supposed  to  make  part  of  a  southern  conti- 
nent, till  1770,  when  it  was  circumnavigated  by 
captain  Cook,  who  found  it  to  consist  of  two 
large  islands,  separated  by  the  strait  above  men- 
tioned, which  is  four  leagues  broad,  and  to  which 
he  gave  his  own  name.  Along  the  coast  there 
are  many  small  islands  ;  and  it  is  indented  by  deep 
bays,  affording  excellent  shelter  for  shipping  and 
abundant  supplies  of  wood  and  water.  There  are 
also  several  rivers  capable  of  receiving  large  ves- 
sels, and  in  which  the  spring-tide  rises  nearly  ten 
feet  perpendicularly.  Of  the  two  islands,  the 
southernmost,  called  by  the  natives  Tavai,  or 
Tovy  Poenammoo,  is  for  the  most  part  mountain- 
ous and  barren.  As  far  inland  as  the  eye  can 
reach,  nothing  appears  but  mountains  of  stupen- 
dous height,  consistmg   of  rocKs  that  are  lotalJy 


2EA 


796 


XEL 


naked,  except  wl)ere  they  are  covered  with  snow , 
but  the  land  bordering  on  the  sea-coast  is  thiciily 
clothed  with  wood,  almost  down  to  the  water's 
edge.  The  northernmost  island,  called  Eaheino- 
mauwe,  has  a  much  better  appearance.  It  is,  in- 
deed, not  only  hilly,  but  mountainous ;  yet  even 
the  hills  and  mountains  are  covered  with  wood  ; 
and  every  valley  has  a  rivulet  of  e.-tcellent  water. 
The  soil  of  these  valleys,  and  the  plains,  of 
which  there  are  many  overgrown  with  wood,  is 
in  general  light,  but  fertile  ;  and  it  is  supposed 
that  every  kind  of  European  grain,  plants,  and 
fruits,  would  flourish  here  with  the  utmost  luxu- 
riance. The  whole  extent  of  the  two  islands  is 
estimated  by  Mr  Nicholas,  who  visited  them  in 
1814  and  1815,  at  62,160  sq.  ra.  or  39,782,400  sq. 
acres.  The  winters  are  milder  than  in  England, 
and  the  summers  not  hotter,  though  more  equally 
warm.  There  are  forests  of  vast  extent,  full  of 
the  straightest  and  largest  timber,  fit  for  building 
of  any  kind.  The  only  native  quadrupeds  are 
dogs  and  rats  :  the  former  are  domestic,  and  for 
food  ;  the  latter,  though  not  numerous,  are  also 
eaten.  The  birds,  like  the  vegetables,  are  almost 
entirely  peculiar  to  the  country.  The  creeks 
swarm  with  fish,  which  are  equally  delicious  with 
those  of  Europe.  The  rocks  are  furnished  with 
great  quantities  of  excellent  muscles,  one  sort  of 
which  measures  above  a  foot  in  length,  and  with 
great  variety  of  other  shell-fish.  The  men  are 
stout  and  fleshy,  but  not  corpulent,  and  are  ex- 
ceedingly vigorous  and  active.  The  women  in 
general  are  smaller  than  the  men,  and  are  chiefly 
distinguished  by  the  softness  of  their  voices.  The 
bodies  of  both  sexes  are  marked  with  black  stains, 
called  amoco,  which  is  the  same  as  tatooing  at 
Otaheite.  Their  dress  is  also  the  same  vvithlhat 
of  the  natives  of  that  island.  Their  houses  are 
miserable  lodgings  ;  and  their  only  furniture  con- 
ists  in  a  few  small  baskets,  in  which  they  put 
/heir  fishing-hooks  and  other  trifles.  Their  food 
consists  chiefly  of  fish,  with  which,  instead  of 
bread,  they  eat  the  root  of  a  kind  of  fern,  which 
they  scorch  over  the  fire,  and  then  beat  with  a 
stick,  till  the  bark  or  dry  outside  falls  off*.  Be- 
sides their  dogs,  they  also  contrive  to  kill  birds  ; 
and  in  most  parts  of  the  northern  island  they  have 
sweet  potatoes,  cocoas,  and  yams;  but  in  the 
southern  nothing  is  raised  by  cultivation.  Their 
cookery  consists  wholly  in  roasting  and  baking, 
which  last  is  performed  in  the  same  manner  as  at 
Otaheite.  The  women  eat  in  common  with  the 
men,  and  but  little  subordination  or  distinction  of 
rank  is  observed  among  them. 

From  Cape  Kidnappers,  in  lat.  39.  43.,  for  up- 
wards of  80  leagues  to  the  northward,  the  people 
acknowledge  one  sovereign,  called  Teratu,  and 
under  him  several  subordinate  chiefs,  who  proba- 
bly administer  jr-stice;  but  whether  his  authority 
be  hereditary  or  delegated  is  uncertain.  This 
part  of  the  coast  is  by  far  the  most  populous  ;  til- 
lage, weaving,  and  tlie  other  arts  of  peace,  being 
here  best  known  and  most  practised.  The  canoes 
are  more  decorated,  the  plantations  more  numer- 
o«is,  and  the  clothes  and  carving  finer,  than  any 
w^lere  else.  In  other  parts  the  inhabitants  are 
scattered  along  the  coast,  in  single  families,  or  in 
large  tribes,  in  a  state  of  perpetual  hostility  with 
each  other.  For  such  continual  wars,  and  the  in- 
human banquet  that  is  the  consequence  of  victo- 
ry, among  people  in  other  respects  mild  and  gen- 
tle, perhaps  no  batter  reason  can  be  assigned  than 
that  what  at  first  originated  in  necessity  has  been 
perpetuated  by  habit;  and  exasperated  by  revenge 


In  the  year  1814  several  missionary  stations  wer6 
established  in  New  Zealand,  for  the  purpose  of 
civilizing  the  ignorant  natives,  and  instructing 
them  in  the  Christian  religion.  In  1819  the  set- 
tlements were  visited  by  Mr.  Marsden,  when  a 
tract  of  land,  consisting  of  13,000  acres,  was 
purchased  from  one  of  the  chiefs,  and  the  mis 
sionaries  were  settled  on  it.  According  to  the 
latest  accounts,  they  still  continue  to  struggle 
against  the  obstacles  opposed  to  their  prowress 
from  the  ferocity  and  superstition  of  the  natives. 
Among  other  enterprises  they  have  succeeded  in 
reducing  the  language  of  New  Zealand  to  writing, 
and  have  constructed  a  grammar  for  the  benefit 
of  such  new  missionaries  as  may  be  inclined  to 
enter  on  this  field  of  labor.  Several  New  Zea- 
landers  who  were  brought  to  New  Holland,  and 
had  there  an  oppotunity  of  witnessing  the  arts 
and  improvements  of  civilized  life,  have  since 
rendered  great  service  to  the  missions. 

Zebid,  a  city  of  Arabia,  in  the  province  of  Ye- 
men. It  was  once  very  considerable,  but  its 
walls  are  demolished,  and  the  present  buildings 
scarcely  occupy  the  half  of  its  ancient  extent. 
It  is  seated  on  a  river,  16  m.  from  the  Red  Sea. 
and  140  N.  of  Mocha.  Long.  44.28.E.,lat.l5. 10.  N. 

Zebu,  or  Sehi,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
between  those  of  Leyta  and  Negros.  It  is  149  m. 
long  and  30  broad,  and  has  a  town  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  E.  coast.  Long.  122.  30.  E.,  lat.  10. 
36.  N. 

Zedic,  a  town  ofBarbaryin  Tripoli,  seated  on 
a  bay  of  the  Mediterranean,  120  m.  S.  E.  of  Tri- 
poli. 

Zegedin,  or  Szeged,  a  strong  town  of  Hungary, 
with  a  trade  in  salt,  tobacco,  wool,  and  corn  ; 
situate  on  the  Theisse,  opposite  the  influx  of  the 
Maros,  65  m.  N.  W.  Temeswar  and  98  S.  E.  of 
Pest.     Long.  20.  25.  E.,  lat.  46.  20.  N. 

Zegzeg,  a  kingdom  of  Negroland,  to  the  N.  of 
Zanfara,  between  Cassinaand  Bornou.  Thecap- 
ital  is  of  the  same  name,  360  m.  N.  E.  of  Cassina. 
Long.  16.  0.  E.,  lat.  20.45.  N. 

Zehaenick,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
noted  for  a  large  foundry,  30  m.  N.  of  Berlin 

Ztil,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  seated  on 
the   Maine, 10  m.  N.  W.  of  Bamberg. 

Zeila,  a  sea-port  of  the  kingdom  of  Adel,  and  a 
place  of  considerable  trade  ;  seated  on  a  bay  of 
the  Arabian  Sea.     Long.  44.  22.  E.,  lat.  11.  9.  N. 

Zcitoun,  Gulf  of,  a  bay  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Greece,  opposite  the  northern  extremity  of  the 
island  of  Negropont.  It  is  the  boundary  between 
Independent  Greece  and  Turkey. 

Zeitoun,  a  town  of  European  Turkey  situated 
at  the  bottom  of  the  above  gulf,  in  Janna,  and 
an  archbishop's  see,  with  a  castle.  It  is  seated  on 
a  gulf  of  its  name,  50  m.  S.  S.  £.  of  Larissa  and 
62  N.  of  Corinth. 

Zeitz,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  with  a  mag 
nificent  castle,  and  a  collegiate   church.      It  ha« 
good  cloth  and  stuflT  manufactures,  and  is  seated 
on  the  the  Elster,  23  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Leipzig. 

Zell,  a  town  of  Hanover,  formerly  the  capital 
of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  in  the  principality 
of  Lunenburg.  It  is  surrounded  by  ditches  and 
ramparts,  on  which  are  planted  chesnut  and 
lime  trees.  The  high  courts  of  appeal  for  all  the 
territories  of  the  electoral  house  of  Brunsvvick, 
Lunenberg  were  held  here  ;  and  also  the  diets  for 
the  principality.  The  castle  was  repaired  by 
George  II.  of  England,  for  the  residence  of  his 
unfortunate  sister,  the  queen  of  Denmark,  who 
died  here  in  1775.    Zell  is  seated  on  the  Alter, 


ZiO. 


799 


*    ZOU 


98  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Hanover.    Long.  10.  14.  E. 
lat.  52  42.  N. 

Zell,  a  town  of  Baden,  seated  on  the  river 
Kinlzig,  18  m.  S.  E.  ofStrasburg. 

Zell  in  the  Pinzgau,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the 
province  of  Salsburg,  seated  on  a  lake,  30  m. 
W.  ofRadstadtand34S.  S.  W.  of  Salzburg, 

Zell  in  Zellerthal,  a  town  of  Austria,  in  the 
Ty.ol,  seated  on  the  Ziller,  24  m.  E.  of  In- 
spruck. 

Zellerfield,  a  town  of  Hanover,  in  the  Upper 
Hartz,  with  a  mine-office  and  a  mint.  9  m.  S. 
S    W.ofGoslar. 

Zeluia,  a  town  of  Russia,  government  of  Grod- 
no, 50  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Novogorodek. 

Zemplin,  a  town  of  Hungary,  in  a  palaUnate  of 
the  same  name,  seated  on  the  Bodrog,  25  m.  S. 
E.  of  Cassovia,  and  27  N.  E.  of  Tockay 

Zengan,  a  town  of  Persia,  in  the  province  of 
Irac,  80  ra.  N.  N.  E.  of  Amandan. 

Zengui,  a  town  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  pa- 
chalic°of  Aleppo,  situate  on  the  Euphrates,  55 
m.  N.  E.  of  Aleppo. 

Zenta,  a  town  of  Hungary,  memorable  for  a  sig- 
nal victory  gained  by  prince  Eugene  over  the 
Turks  in  1697.  It  is  seated  on  the  Theisse,  52 
m.  N.  of  Belgrade. 

Zerhst,a.  town  of  Germany  in  the  duchy  of  An- 
halt-Dessau,  with  a  fine  castle.  It  is  famous  for 
good  beer,  and  has  manufactures  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver. 10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Dessau. 

Zerea,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Persia,  in  Farsis- 
tan,  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Shiras. 

Zeule.n,  a  town  of  Bavarian  Franconia,  on  the 
river  Rosach,  21  m.  N.  E.  of  Bamberg. 

Zeulenrode,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Reuss,  with  manufactures  of  stuffs  and 
stockings,  14  m.  N.  W.  of  Plauen. 

Zia,  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago  to 
the  S.  of  Negropont,  15  m.  long  and  8  broad.  It 
abounds  in  barley,  wine,  and  silk ;  also  a  fine 
sort  of  oak,  whose  fruit,  called  villam,  used  by 
dyers  and  tanners,  is  the  best  trading  commodity 
in  the  island.  The  principal  town,  of  the  same 
name,  seated  on  an  eminence,  is  a  bishop's  see, 
and  has  a  good  harbour,  with  about  2,500  houses, 
all  flat  at  the  top.  Long.  34.  24.  E.,  lat.  37.  48.  N. 

Zlegenenhals,  a  town  of  Prussia  Silesia,  with 
several  foundries,  and  a  manufacture  of  excellent 
glass.  It  is  seated  on  the  Biela,  10  m.  S.  of 
Neisse. 

Ziecrenhayn,  a  fortified  town  of  Germany,  cap- 
ital of  a  province  of  its  name  in  the  electorate  of 
Hesse,  with  a  fine  castle  and  an  arsenal.  The 
suburb  called  Weinhausen  is  a  handsome  place, 
and  more  extensive  than  the  town.  In  1757  it 
was  taken  by  the  French  and  in  1761  it  was  in- 
effectually besieged  by  the  allies,  who  reduced 
two  third's  of  the  town  to  aslief?  by  their  cannon- 
ade It  stands  on  a  morass,  surrounded  by  the 
river  Schwalm,  28  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Cassel. 

Ziegenruck,  a  town  of  Saxony,  on  the  river 
Saal,1lO  m.  S.  of  Neustadt. 

Ziegeser,  or  Zicsar,  a  town  and  castle  of  Prus- 
sia, in  Brandenburg,  18  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bran- 
denburg. 

Zielenxig,  a  town  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
with  manufactures  of  cloth,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Custrin. 

Zierenbeg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Cas- 
sel, 8  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Cassel. 

Ziget,  a  town  of  Hungary  on  the  Theisse,  near 
tto  source,  42  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Nagybanja. 

Zigeth,  a  Btrong  town  of  Hungary,  which  has 


been  several  times  besieged  and  taken  by  th« 
Turks  and  Austrians.  It  stands  on  the  Alma,  by 
which  it  is  surrounded,  48  m.  S.  E.  of  Canischa. 
Long.  18.  16.  E.,lat.  46.  8.  N. 

Ziriczee,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherland  s,  in 
Zealand,  and  capital  of  the  isle  of  Schowen.  It 
was  the  ancient  residence  of  the  counts  of  Zea- 
land, and  is  12  m.  N.  E.of  Middleburg  and  18  S. 
W.ofBriel. 

Zitlau,  a  fortified  town  of  Saxony,  in  Upper 
Lusatia,  surrounded  by  a  wall,  with  4  large  and 
6  small  gates.  It  has  a  very  extensive  trade  in 
linen,  wnite  damasks,  woolen  cloth,  and  blue  pa- 
per. The  cathedral  has  three  organs  ;  and  near 
it  is  a  college,  where  the  languages,  drawing,  and 
other  arts,  are  taught  gratis.  Adjoining  to  the 
cloisters  is  an  excellent  library,  and  at  a  small 
distance  from  it  is  an  ophan  house.  It  is  seated 
on  the  Neisse,  17  m.  S.  W  of  Gorlitz  and  47  S. 
E.  of  Dresden.  Long.  15.  1.  E.,  lat.  50.  54 
N. 

Zitza,  a  village  of  European  Turkey  in  Albania 
14  m.  N.  W.  of  Joannina.  The  beauties  of  its 
scenery  have  been  celebrated  in  the  verse  of  By- 
ron. 

Znaim,  a  strong  town  of  the  Austrian  states, 
in  Moravia,  capital  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name, 
with  a  castle,  in  which  are  a  great  many  pagan 
antiquities.  The  vicinity  yields  excellent  wine. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Teya,  35  m.  S.  W.  of  Brinn 
and  42  N.  N.  W.  of  Vienna.  Long.  16.  0.  E.,  lat. 
48.  40.  N. 

Zoar,  p.t.  Tuscarawas  Co.  Ohio.  110  m.  N.  E 
Columbus  :  also  a  village  in  Delaware  Co.  Ohio 
21  m.  N.  E.  Columbus;  p.v,  Erie  Co.  N.  Y.,  3K 
m.  W.  Albany. 

Zoara,  a  fortified  town  of  Tripoli,  with  a  good 
harbour,  seated  on  the  Mediterranean,  60  m.  VV, 
of  Tripnli.     Long.  1 1 .  53.  E.,  lat.  32.  45.  N. 

Zohlitz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  in  Meissen.  The 
inhabitants  subsist  princially  by  working  the  ser- 
pent-stone, which  is  found  in  tne  neighbourhood, 
into  pitchers,  bowls,  tea  and  coffee-cups,  «&c. 
The  red  species  of  this  stone,  which  is  considered 
as  the  finest,  belongs  solely  to  the  sovereign.  It 
is  17  m.  S.  of  Freyberg. 

Zobten,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  Reichenbach,  9  m.  E.  N.  E.of  Sch- 
weidnitz. 

Zqffingen,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Bern,  with  an  elegant  church,  and  a  pub- 
lic library,  containing  several  curious  manuscripts. 
It  is  seated  on  the  Wigger,  19  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Lucern. 

Zolnock,a,  town  of  Hungary,  capital  of  a  coun- 
ty o^'the  same  name.  In  1554  it  was  taken  by 
the  Turks,  but  retaken  in  1685.  It  is  seated  on 
the  Thei.sse.  at  the  influx  of  the  Sagelia,  62  m. 
IV.  E.  of  Colocza  and  62  E.  of  Buda  Long.  20. 
50.  E.,  lat  47.  10.  N. 

Zombor,  a  town  of  Hungary,  near  the  river 
Moszlonga,  50  m.  N.  W.  of  Neusatz. 

Zorbitr,  a  town  of  Prussian  Saxony,  with  a  cita- 
del, 24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Leipzig. 

Zorndorf,  a  village  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg, 
where  the  king  of  Prussia,  after  a  dreadful  con- 
flict, totally  defeated  the  Russians  in  1758  ;  5  m 
N.  of  Custrin. 

Zossen,  a  town  and  castle  of  Brandenburg, situ- 
ate on  the  Notte,  19  m.  S.  of  Berlin. 

Zovt-Pan,  a  curious  salt  lake,  in  the  country  of 
the  Hottentots,  lying  a  few  m.  N.  cf  Point  Pa- 
dron,  in  a  plain  much  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
and  between  3  and  4  m.  in   circumference.     At 


ZUR 


797 


ZWI 


some  seasons  of  the  year  it  is  formed  into  an 
entire  mass  of  fine  white  salt,  with  a  hard  crust 
resembling  ice. 

Zitioan,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Tunis,  fa- 
mous for  the  dyeing  scarlet  caps  and  the  bleach- 
ing of  linen,  36  m.  S.  W.  of  Tunis. 

Zuckmantel,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  and  a 
bishop's  see.  It  has  mines  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, and  iron,  and  is  15  m.  S.  of  Neisse. 

Zuecla,  a  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan,  situ- 
ate in  a  district  of  remarkable  fertility.  The  rem- 
nants of  ancient  buildings,  the  number  and  size  of 
the  cisterns,  and  the  construction  of  the  vaulted 
caves,  intended  perhaps  as  repositories  for  corn, 
exhibit  wonderful  vestiges  of  its  ancient  splendor. 
It  is  60  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Mourzook.  Long.  16.  34. 
E.,  lat.  27.  59.  N. 

Zutr,  a  small  canton  of  Switzerland,  contain- 
ing an  area  of  120  sq.  m.,  bounded  on  the  E.  and 
N.  by  Zurich,  W.  by  Lucern,  and  S.  by  Schweitz. 
It  is  rich  in  pasturage,  has  plenty  of  various 
kinds  of  stone  fruit,  as  well  as  walnuts  and  chest- 
nuts, and  wine  of  a  very  acid  flavor.  The  inhab- 
itants estimated  at  15,500,  are  Roman  Cath- 
olics. 

Zuir,  the  capital  of  the  foregoing  canton,  con- 
tains several  handsome  churclies,  a  good  town- 
house,  <fec.,  and  is  seated  on  a  lake  of  its  name, 
12  m.  N.  W.  of  Schweitz.  Long.  8.  24.  E.,lat.  47. 
4.N. 

Zuider  Zee,  a  great  bay  of  the  German  Ocean, 
which  extends  from  N.  to  S.  in  Holland,  between 
the  provinces  of  Friesland,  Overyssel,  Gelderland 
and  I»iorth  Holland. 

Zulauf,  or  Suhiy,  a  town  of  Prussian  Silesia,  5 
m.  S.  W.  of  Militsch. 

Zullich.au,  a  town  of  Prussia  in  the  province  of 
Brandenburg,  with  a  castle  which  stands  without 
the  walls  of  the  town,  and  has  a  rampart  and 
ditches.  The  suburbs  contain  more  houses  than 
the  town  itself,  and  amcng  them  is  a  large  orphan 
house,  to  which  is  annexed  a  school,  an  acade- 
my,  &.C.  Here  are  good  manufactures,  and  the 
vicinity  produces  much  corn  and  wine.  In  1759 
a' battle  was  fought  near  this  town  between  the 
Prussians  and  Russians  in  which  the  former  were 
defeated.  It  is  situate  in  a  plain,  near  the  Oder, 
24  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Crossen.  Long.  15.  52.  E.,  lat. 
52.  9.  N. 

Zulpha,  or  Jufa,  a  town  of  Persia,  almost  close 
to  Ispahan,  to  which  it  is  a  sort  of  suburb,  and  se- 
parated from  it  by  the  river  Sanderon.  It  was 
peopled  by  a  colony  of  Armenians,  brought  hith- 
er by  Shah  Ahbas,  and  contains  several  church- 
es and  monasteries. 

Zuiz,  a  town  of  Austrian  Silesia,  in  the  prin- 
cipality ofOppeln,  14  m  E.  by  S.  of  Neisse  and 
2GS.  S.  W.of  Oppeln. 

Zuiz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  on  the  river  Inn,  26  m.  S.  E.  ofCoire. 
Zumampa,  a  town   of  Tucuman,  on  the  river 
Dolco,  110  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  St.  Jago  del  Estero. 

Zumaya,  a  town  of  Biscay,  near  the  coast,  51 
m.  W.  by  S.  of  St.  Sebastian. 

Zumpango,  a  town  of  Mexico,  100  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Acapulco  and  105  S.  of  Mexico. 
.  Zurich,  a  cantqn  of  Switzerland,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  SchafFhausen,  E.  by  Thurgaw  and  the 
county  of  Tockenburg,  S.  by  Claris,  Schweitz, 
and  Zug,  and  W.  by  Lucern  and  the  county  of 
Baden.  Zurich  was  admitted  a  member  of  the 
Helvetic  confederacy  in  1351,  and  obtained  the 
privilege  of  being  the  first  canton  in  rank;  it  is 
alio  the  most  considerable  in  extent  both  of  ter- 


ritory and  power,  next  to  that  of  Bern,  having  ui 
area  of  950  sq.  m.,  with  upwards  of  180,000  in 
habitants.  It  abounds  in  wine  and  excellent  pas 
ture  ;  but  the  supply  of  corn  is  not  sufficient  for 
interior  consumption.  The  inhabitants  are  all 
Calvinists  ;  and  two-thirds  of  them  derive  their 
livelihood  by  spinning  thread  and  silk,  and  mak- 
ing linen  for  the  manufacture  of  the  town. 

Zurich,  a  city  of  Switzerland,  capital  of  the 
foregoing  canton,  stands  at  the  northern  extrem- 
ity of  the  lake  of  Zurich,  and  occupies  botb  sides 
of  the  rapid  and  transparent  Limat,  which  issues 
from  that  lake  and  divides  the  town  into  two  un- 
equal parts,  communicating  by  three  bridges.  It 
was  formerly  an  imperial  city,  and  is  one  of  the 
best  built  in  this  country,  but  the  streets  are  nar 
row  and  the  houses  high.  Zurich  was  the  first 
town  in  Switzerland  that  separated  from  the 
church  of  Rome.  Among  its  charitable  founda* 
tions  are  an  orphan-house,  an  hospital  for  incura- 
bles, that  for  the  sick  of  all  nations,  which  usual- 
ly contains  between  600  and  700  patients,  and 
the  Almosen-Amt,  or  foundation  for  the  poor, 
which  puts  out  children  as  apprentices,  and  dis- 
tributes money,  clotlies,  and  books,  to  poor  per- 
sons, not  of  the  town  only,  but  of  the  canton,  to 
the  amount  of  upwards  of  £5,000  a  year.  The 
inhabitants  carry  on  manufactures  of  muslins, 
cottons,  linens,  and  silk  handkerchiefs.  It  is  35 
m.  S.  W.  of  Constance,  40  S.  E.  of  Basil,  and  55 
N.  E.  of  Bern.     Long.  8.  32.  E.,  lat.  47.  20.  N. 

Zurich,  a  lake  of  Switzerland,  24  m.  long  and 
4  broad.  The  adjacent  country  is  finely  cultiva- 
ted and  well  peopled  ;  and  the  S.  part  of  the  lake 
appears  bounded  by  the  stupendous  mountains 
of  Schweitz  and  Glarus.  The  scenery  is  pic- 
turesque, lively  and  diversified.  Tlie  river  Lim- 
mai  runs  through  the  whole  length  of  this  lake 
to  Zurich. 

Zurita,  a  town  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  with 
a  castle,  seated  on  the  Tagus,  3d  m.  £.  of  Mad- 

Zurz,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of 
Grisons,  seated  on  the  Inn,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Bormio. 

Zurzach,  a  town  of  Switzerland,  in  the  county 
of  Baden,  seated  on  tJie  Rhine,  just  above  the  in- 
flux of  the  Aar,  9  m.  N.  of  Baden. 

Zurzonza,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  the  province 
of  Mechoacan,  situate  on  an  island  in  a  lake,  26 
m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Mechoacan. 

Zutphen,  a  strong  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Gelderland,  capital  of  a  county  of  its  name.  It 
is  seated  at  the  conflux  of  the  Berkel  with  the 
Yssel,  9  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Deventer  and  55  E.  by  S. 
of  Amsterdam.     Long.  6.  13.  E.,  lat.  52.  10.  N. 

Zuyst,  A  village  of  the  Netherlands  which 
abounds  in  plantations  and  shady  walks,  and  is 
inhabited  by  Moravian  manufacturers.  It  is 
much  frequented  in  the  summer  months,  by  mer- 
chants who  have  no  country  seats  of  their  own. 
5  m.  from  Utrecht. 

Zvenivorod,  a.  town  of  Knsa'iA,  in  the  govern 
ment  of  Moscow,  situate  on  the  Moskva,  28  m. 
W.  of  Moscow. 

Zwenkau,  a  town  and  castle  of  Saxony,  seated 
on  the  Elster,  6  m.  S.  of  Leipzig. 

Zwell,  a  town  of  Austria,  at  the  conflux  ot  the 
Zwetl  with  the  Kemp,  26  m.  W.  N.  W  of 
Krems. 

Zwick,  a  town  of  Saxony,  with  a  citadel,  three 

churches,  and  a  Latin  school,  in  which  is  a  good 

library.     The  inhabitants  have  manufactures  of 

cloth  and  leatlier,  and  a  trade  in  corn  and  beei 

3x3 


'W'^' 


zwo 


796 


ZYT 


It  is  seated  on  the  Mulda,  20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of 
Plauen  and  21  S.  of  Altenburg. 

Zwingenberg,  a  town  of  Germany,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  6  m.  S.  of  Darmstadt. 

Zicittau,  a  town  of  Moravia,  in  the  circle  of 
Olmutz,  40  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Olmutz. 

Zwoll,  a  fortified  town  of  the  Netherlands,  in 
Overyssel,  with  three  handsome  suburbs.  A 
canal  begins  near  this  place,  and  extends  to  the 
river  Yssel,  which  is  defended  by  several  forts. 
Zwoll  is  the  most  opulent  town  in  the  province, 


and  stands  on  an  eminence,  on  the  river  Aa,  , 
m.  N.  of  Deventer  and  31  S.  W.  of  Coevoraen 
Long.  6.  3.  E.,  lat.  52.  31.  N. 

Zwonitz,  a  town  of  Saxony,  14  m.  S.  S.  W  of 
Chemnitz. 

Zwornick,  a  town  of  Bosnia,  60  m.  E.  of  Seraio 
and  68  S.  W.  of  Belgrade. 

Zytomierz,  a  town  and  fortress  of  Russia,  capi 
tal  of  the  government  of  Volhinia,  and  a  bishop  ■ 
see,  seated  on  the  Ciecirief,  120  m.  E.  of  Lucko. 
Long.  29.  22.  E.,  lat.  50.  35.  N 


ADDENDA. 


JIddison,  a  township  of  Gallia  Co.  Ohio.  Pop. 
662. 

Jilford,  t.  Berkshire  Co.  Mass.  125  m.  W.  Bos- 
ton.    Pop.  512. 

Alachua,  a  county  of  Florida.  Pop.  2,204. 
Dell's  is  the  capital. 

Alaqua,  t.  Walton  Co.  Florida. 

Ann  Arbor,  t.  Washtenaw  Co.  Michigan. 

Andes,  p.  t.  Delaware  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,859. 

Bellefontaine,  p.  t.  Logan  Co.  Ohio.     Pop.  282. 

Benton,  t.  Yazoo  Co.  Mississippi. 

Berrien,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  333. 
Niles  is  the  capital. 

Blount,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  4,233. 
Bkuntsville  is  the  capital. 

Bolivar,  t.  Hardiman  Co.  Tennessee. 

Brandon,  t.  Rankin  Co.  Mississippi. 

Bucyrus,  p.  t.  Crawford  Co.  Ohio.  60  m.  N. 
Columbus.     Pop.  724. 

Calhoun,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  1,099. 
Gilead  is  the  capital. 

Carlinville,  t.  Macaupin  Co.  Illinois. 

Carlyle,  t.  Clinton  Co.  Illinois. 

Cass,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  928.  Ed- 
wardsburg  is  the  capital. 

Chaplin,  p.  t.  Windham  Co.  Conn.  10  miles  S. 
of  Brooklyn.     Pop.  1500. 

Chardon,  p.  t.  Geauga  Co.  Ohio,  168  m.  N.  E. 
Columbus.     Pop.  880. 

Chippewa,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  625. 
Sault  de  St.  Marie  is  the  capital. 

Chariton,  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  1,776. 
Chariton  is  the  capital. 

Chicot,  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  1,165. 
/illemont  is  the  capital. 

Conecuh,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  7,444. 
Sparta  is  the  capital. 

Conway,  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  982. 
Harrisburg  is  the  capital. 

Copiali,  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  7,024. 
Irallatin  is  the  capital. 

Carea  Fabre,  t.  Union  Co.  Arkansas. 

Crittenden,  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop.  1,272. 
'Jrreenock  is  the  capital. 

Cole,  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop  3,006.  Jef- 
tirson  City  is  the  capital. 

Clay,  a  county  of  Missouri.     Pop.  5,342.     Lib- 

y  is  the  capital. 

Credsburg,  t.  Russell  Co.  Ken. 

Decatur,  t.  Macon  Co.  Illinois 


Defiance,  p.  t.  Williams  Co.  Ohio.  130  m.  N. 
W.  Columbus.  It  occupies  the  spot  of  old  Fort 
Defiance. 

Delphi,  t.  Carroll  Co.  Indiana. 

Duvall,  a  county  of  E.  Florida.  Pop.  1,970. 
Jacksonville  is  the  capital. 

Ellisville,  t.  Jones  Co.  Mississippi. 

Equality,  t.  Gallatin  Co.  Illinois. 

Fayette,  t.  Howard  Co.  Missouri. 

Fentress,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop 
2,766.     Jamestown  is  the  capital. 

Feliciana,  East,  a  Parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop. 
8,247.     Jackson  is  the  capital. 

Feliciana,  West,  a  parish  of  Louisiana.  Pop. 
8,629.     St.  Francisville  is  the  capital. 

Femandina,  t.  Nassau  Co.  Florida. 

Findlay,  p.  t.  Hancock  Co.  Ohio. 

Fountain,  a  county  of  Indiana.  Pop.  7,644 
Covington  is  the  capital. 

Fulton,  a  county  of  Illinois  ;  p.t.  Schoharie  Co. 
N.  Y.     Pop.  1,592;    t.  Callaway  Co.  Missouri. 

Gadsden,  a  county  of  Florida.  Pop.  4,894 
Quincy  is  the  capital. 

Galvezton,  a  small  island  in  the  bay  of  St.  Ber- 
nard, on  the  coast  of  Texas,  formerly  a  great  re- 
sort of  pirates.  Also  a  village  in  Louisiana,  25 
m.  S.  E.  of  Baton  Rouge. 

Gasconade,  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  1,548. 
Gasconade  is  the  capital. 

Gilead,  t.  Calhoun  Co.  Illinois. 

Greenock,  t.  Crittenden  Co.  Arkansas. 

Groton,  p.  t.  N.  London  Co.  Conn,  at  the 
mouth  of  Thames  r.  Here  is  fort  Griswold, 
which  was  the  scene  of  a  massacre  committed  by 
the  British  troops,  under  Benedict  Arnold,  Sept. 
6,  1781.  A  monument  has  been  erected  to  com- 
memorate this  melancholy  event.     Pop.  4,750. 

Hall,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  11,755. 
Gainesville  is  the  capital. 

Hamburg,  p.  v.  on  Savannah  r.  in  Edgefield 
dis.  S.  C,  81  miles  S.  W.  Columbia.  A  rail  road 
from  this  town  to  Charleston  is  in  a  course  of 
completion. 

Hennepin,  t.  Putnam  Co.  Illinois. 

Highland,  a  county  of  Ohio.  Pop.  16,347. 
Hillsborough  is  the  capital. 

Hinds,  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  8,619. 
Jackson  is  the  capital. 

Hcrculaneum,  p.  t.  Jefferson  Co.  Missouri.  30 
m.  below  St.  Louis. 


•^J'"' 
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PAR 


799 


WIL 


Hdena,  t.  Jowa  Co.  Michigan. 

Hempstead,  a  county  of  Arkansas.     Pop.  2,507. 

Hickstown,  t.  Madison  Co.  Florida. 

Independence,  a  county  of  Arkansas.  Pop. 
2,0*31.     Bates ville  is  the  capital. 

Iowa,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  Ij'iSQ.  Hel- 
ena is  the  capital. 

Izard,  a  county  of  Arkansas.     Pop.  1,366. 

Jacksonopolh,  t.  Jackson  Co.  Michigan. 

Jo  Daviess,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  2,111. 
Galena  is  the  capital. 

Jacob's  Staff,  t.  Monroe  Co.  Arkansas. 

Lafayette,  a  county  of  Missouri.  Pop.  2,921. 
Lexington  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Arkansas. 
Pop.  748. 

La  Grange,  t.  Oldham  Co.  Ken. 

Leaksviile,  t.  Greene  Co.  Mississippi. 

Leon,  a  county  of  Florida.  Pop.  6,493.  Talla- 
hassee is  the  capital. 

Lexington,  t.  Lafayette  Co.  Missouri. 

Little  Piney,  t.  Crawford  Co.  Missouri. 

Logansport,  t.  Cass  Co.  Indiana. 

Lournde^,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  2,453. 
Franklinville  is  the  capital.  A  county  of  Missis- 
sippi.    Pop.  3,342.     Columbus  is  the  capital. 

Macaupin,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  1,989. 
Carlinville  is  the  capital. 

Mackinaw,  t.  Tazewell  Co.  Illinois. 

Mackville,  t.  Washington  Co.  Ken. 

Mansfield,  p.  t.  Tolland  Co.  Conn.  28  m.  E. 
Hartford.  Here  is  a  small  silk  factory,  that  em- 
ploys about  fifty  hands,  and  is  the  only  silk- 
weaving  establishment  in  the  U.  S.  This  branch 
of  industry  was  introduced  into  Conn,  about 
seventy  years  ago,  and  has  been  gradually  in- 
creasing in  importance.     Pop.  2,700. 

Marianna,  t.  Jackson  Co.  Florida. 

Matteawan,  v.  Dutchess  Co.  N.  Y.  on  Fishkill 
Creek,  with  large  manufactures  of  cotton,  woollen 
and  iron.     See  JVetc  York,  State. 

Maumee,  p.  v.  on  Maumee  river,  where  the 
road  crosses  from  Columbus  to  Detroit,  by  p.  r. 
136  miles  N.  N.  W.  Columbus. 

Menomonie,  t.  Brown  Co.  Michigan. 

Merom,  t.  Sullivan  Co.  Indiana. 

Meriicether,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  4,424. 
Greenville  is  the  capital. 

Miccotovm,  t.  Hamilton  Co.  Florida. 

Monticello,  t.  Jefferson  Co.  Florida. 

Mortonsville,  t.  Woodford  Co.  Ken. 

Mosquito,  a  county  of  E.  Florida.  Pop.  733. 
Timoka  is  the  capital. 

Miuncyton,  t.  Delaware  Co.  Indiana. 

Muscogee,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  2,508. 
^Columbus  is  the  capital. 

Nashville,  t.  Washington  Co.  Illinois. 

J^assau,  a  county  of  E.  Florida.  Pop.  1,511. 
Fernandina  is  the  capital. 

Kiles,  t.  Berrien  Co.  Michigan. 

Obion,  a  county  of  W.  Tennessee.  Pop.  2,099. 
Troy  is  the  capital. 

Paductih,  I.  McCrscken  Co.  Kentucky. 

Paraclifta,  t.  Sev'er  Co.  Arkansas. 


Paris,  t.  Edgar  Co.  Illinois. 

Pitcher,  i.  Chenango  Co.  i\.  Y.     Pop.  1,21 » 

PinokneyvUle,  t.  Perry  Co.  Illinois. 

Pontiac,  t.  Oakland  Co.  Michigan. 

Purdy,  t.  Mc.  Nairy  Co.  Tenn. 

Quincy,  t.  Gadsden  Co.  Florida. 

Rankin,  a  county  of  Mississippi.  Pop.  2,08i|. 
Brandon  is  the  capital. 

St.  Albans,  p.  t.  Franklin  Co.  Vt.,  23  miles  If. 
Burlington,  and  46  N.  W  Montpelier.  Pop. 
2,395. 

St.  Andretc,  parish  in  Charleston  district,  S.  C 
It  is  watered  by  the  Ashley,  and  lies  just  abovs 
Charleston. 

St.  Andrew's  Sound,  bay  on  the  coast  of  Geor- 
gia, S.  of  Jekyl  river. 

St.  Andrew's,  r.  West  Florida  which  runs  into 
a  bay  of  the  Atlantic,  to  which  it  gives  name. 
Long.  85.  48.  W.  Lat.  30.  17.  N. 

St.  Joseph,  Co.  of  Michigan  in  the  valley  of  St. 
Joseph's  river. — Co.  of  Indiana,  area  672  square 
miles. — Island  of  Upper  Canada,  in  the  straits  of 
St.  Mary's,  about  75  miles  in  circumference.— 
Bay,  Florida,  to  the  W.  of  Apalachicola  Bay. — 
A  river  of  Michigan  territory,  one  of  the  largest 
tributaries  of  Lake  Michigan. 

St.  Mark's,  r.  East  Florida,  which  runs  into 
Apalachia  bay ,  a  little  below  the  town  of  St.  Mark. 

St.  Mark's,  p.  v.  at  the  head  of  Appalache  riv- 
er, at  the  junction  of  St.  Mark  and  Walkully 
rivers,  22  m.  by  p.  r.  S.  S.  E.  Tallahassee,  and 
the  port  of  Tallahassee  for  sail  vessels.  Boats 
can  ascend  the  river  ten  miles  higher. 

Salvisa,  I.  Mercer  Co.  Ken. 

Sugar  Grove,  t.  Putnam  Co.  Ohio. 

Sydney,  t.  Shelby  Co.  Ohio. 

Scotia,  t.  Pop.  Co.  Arkansas. 

Taliaferro,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  2,984, 
Crawfordsville  is  the  capital. 

Tarecoopy,  t.  St.  Joseph  Co.  Indiana. 

Tazewell,  a  county  of  Illinois.  Pop.  4,716 
Mackinaw  is  the  capital. 

Terre  Bonne,  a  parish  of  the  East  District  of 
Louisiana.  Pop.  2,121.  Williamsburg  is  the 
capital. 

Timoka,  t.  Mosquito  Co.  Florida. 

Van  Buren,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  5 ;  ■. 
Onondaga  Co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,890. 

Vanc3)urg,  t.  Lewis  Co.  Ken. 

Venus,  t.  Hancock  Co.  Illinois. 

Vermiiionville,  t.  Lafayette  Co.  Louisiana. 

Vinathaven,  p.  t.  Hancock  Co.  Me.  on  Fox 
Islands  in  Penobscot  Bay.     Pop.  1,794. 

Walton,  a  county  of  W.  Florida.  Alaqua  is  the 
capital. 

Wapaghkonetta,  p.  t.  Allen  Co.  Ohio. 

Ware,  a  county  of  Georgia.  Pop.  1,194 
Wanesborough  is  the  capital. 

Waterloo,  t.  Monroe  Co.  Illinois. 

Washtenaw,  a  county  of  Michigan.  Pop.  4,042. 
Ann  Arbor  is  the  capital. 

Wilcox,  a  county  of  Alabama.  Pop.  9,469. 
Canton  is  the  capital. 


*,*  Peititentiaries.  In  th«  description  of  Wethersfit'd,  an  account  of  the  penitentiary  of  Con- 
necticut, was  inadvertently  omitted.  This  establishment  is  on  the  plan  of  the  Auburn  prison,  ia 
New  York,  and  its  discipline  is  of  the  same  general  description.  The  system  is  very  complete,  and 
by  the  moral  education  of  its  inmates,  great  improvement  in  their  characters  and  manners  is  gradu 
ally  effected.  The  Auburn  prison  has  been  occupied  about  twelve  years.  Service  is  performed  ia 
its  chapel  on  the  Sabbath,  and  a  Sunday  School  is  in  successful  •^neration.  In  the  year  ending  Sep- 
tember 1831 ,  the  labor  of  the  convicts  more  than  covered  the  expenditures  of  the  establishmenC 
Number  of  convicts  Dec.  1,  1831,  646.     The  prison  at  Singsingis  essentially  on  the  same  plan. 


J»m^. 


\  / 


BANKING    ANDMONIED 
INSTITUTIONS. 


The  Bank  of  Amsterdam  was  established  in  1609,  and  is  a  bank  merely  of  depoaft  and  transfer : 
it  neither  makes,  loans,  nor  circulates  bills. 

The  Bank  of  Hamburg  was  established  in  1619.  The  amount  of  its  deposit,  varies  fron  10  to  15 
millions  of  dollars. 

The  Bank  of  England  is  one  of  deposit,  discount  and  circulation.  It  was  established  in  1G94, 
and  its  original  capital  was  £1,200,000,  which  in  1781  had  been  increased  to  11,642,400.  The  amount 
of  loans  to  the  government  has  increased  with  the  capital  of  the  bank.  It  appears  by  some  recent 
discussions  in  Parliament,  that  the  gross  returns  to  the  bank,  from  its  transactions  with  the  govern- 
ment, are  £1,390,898  per  annnm,  the  National  debt  being  860  millions. 

The  Bank  of  France  was  established  in  1803,  by  the  union  of  three  private  banking  institutiona 
of  Paris,  with  a  capital  of  45,000,000  francs.  This  like  the  Bank  of  England,  is  a  bank  of  deposit, 
discount  and  circulation.  The  bank  has  coined,  from  1820  to  1828  about  118,400.000  francs.  The 
amount  of  bullion  and  coin  in  the  coffers  of  the  bank  at  the  same  time  was  240,000,000  francs.  The 
number  of  shares  w^as  69,000. 

Of  the  other  banks  of  Europe,  that  of  Genoa  was  once  the  most  considerable.  Some  of  the 
other  principal  banks  of  Europe  are  those  of  Altona,  Berlin,  Copenhagen,  Madrid,  Naples,  Christi* 
ania,  Rome,  Rotterdam,  Stockholm,  Stuttgard,  Vienna,  and  the  Imperial  banks  of  Russia. 

The  Bank  of  the  United  States,  at  Philadelphia,  has  25  branches  at  the  following  places. 

Portland,  Utica,  Norfolk,  New  Orleans  | 

Portsmouth,  Buffalo,  Fayetteville,  Nashville,  | 

Burlington,  Pittsburg,  Charleston,  Lexington, 

Boston,  Baltimore,  Savannah,  Louisville, 

ProTidence,  Washington,  Mobile,  Cincinnati, 

Hartford,  Richmond,  Natchez,  St.  Louis. 
New  York, 

The  situation  of  the  Bank  on  the  Ist  of  Angust,  1831,  was  as  follows : 

Public  debt  fund,            .            ,            .            .            .            .            .            .            .  3,500,000 

Discount  on  personal  security,        ........  41,600,000 

"             on  funded  security,             .              ,             .             .             .             .             .  800,000 

"             on  domestic  exchange,               .            .             .            .             .             .          .  14.400,000 

Circulation,            .         . 22,300,000 

Deposits,             .                     .........  16,300,000 

Specie,         .                 .                   11,500,000 

Notes  of  State  Banks,  equal  to  Specie,         .......  2,100,000 

Surplus  profits,       .            .              .             ...             .            .            .            .  1,750,500 

Surplus  provision  for  bad  debts,       .             .             .             .             .             .            •          .  309,000 

Bonus  for  Bank  and  5  per  cent,  from  Gov't,  paid  and  liquidated,                   .            .  1,705,000 

■     »^  

Increase  of  investments  since  1822,        ....««     .A    .  32,250,000 

NetProfitfor  one  year,  ending  July  1,  1822,           ....        ^''  .           .  1,4<;9,445 

,         "         foroneyear,  ending  July  1st,  1831,               ...            .-           .  2,925,000 

Amount  of  Bills  bought  and  sold,  and  Treasury  Transfers,             .             .             .           .  98,000,000 

In  August,  1822,  amount  of  discounts  of  Bank  and  Branc^  for  domestic  purpost:*,  15,700.000 

Same  in  1831, ,             .             .             .           .  53,000,000 

)         The  present  charter  of  the  bank  extends  to  March  3d,  1836.    There  were  besidt*  in  1831    in    tlie 
different  States,  354  banks  with  capitals,  from  $2,050,000  downwards,  amounting  to  about  161,1. 54 ,5.'l5 

dollars,  including  the  United  States  Bank.     The  paper  currency  in  1830  was  estimatv^d  to  amount  to 
77,000,000  dollars. 


APPENDIX 


STATISTICS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Table  showing  the  whole  Quantity  of  Land  in  those  States  and  Territories  in  which  public  land  is 
situated;  the  Quantity  of  Public  Land  to  which  the  Indium  title  had  been  extinguished  June  30  18x28; 
and  the  Quantity  to  which  it  had  not  been  extinguished  June  30,  1828. 


V^hole  quan- 

Quantity     of     Quantity      ot 

tity   of  land   in 

land     belonging  land     belonging 

State  or  Territory. 

euch    State    or 
Territory. 

to  the  ir. Stales,  to  the  U.States, 
to  which  the  In-  to  which  the  In- 

ACRES. 

tinguished.          jextinguished. 

Tennessee 

. 

26,432,000 

3,000,000 

Mississippi                  .           -.            , 

•            • 

31,074,2.34 

11,514,517 

16,885.760 

Indiana 

. 

22.459,669 

12,308.455 

5,335,fc'3S; 

Ohio 

«             • 

24,810,246 

4,984,348 

409,501 

Louisiana 

. 

31,46.3,040 

25,364,197 

none. 

Illinois             .... 

. 

35,941,902 

23,575,300 

6,424,640 

Michigan  Territory,  (peninsular) 

. 

24,939,870 

16,393,420 

7,378,400 

Arkansas         do. 

. 

28,899,520 

26,770,941 

none. 

Missouri                  .             . 

... 

39,119,019 

35,263,-541 

none. 

Florida  Territory 

,            . 

35,286,760 

29,728,300 

4,032,640 

Alabama                           . 

*              ' 

34,001,226 

19,769,679 

9,519,066 

334,627,486 

205,672,698 

49,985,639 

Territory  of  Huron  lying  west  of  lake 

Michigan  and  east 

of  the  Mississippi  river 

. 

56,804,854 

50,804.834 

Great  Western  Territory,  extending  from  the  Mississippi] 

river  to  the  Pacific  ocean 

750.000,000 

750,000,000 

1,140,432,330 

856,790,473 

Add  quantity  to  which  the  Indian  title  i 

8  eztingmsbed  . 

ites 

205,672,698 

Total  acres  belonging  to  the  United  St 

1,062,463,171 

THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARIES. 


Com. 

tu 

Vols. 

Nome. 

Place. 

Denomination. 

opera- 
tion. 

in 

in 
l.ib. 

Bangor  Theol.  Seminary, 

Bangor, 

Me. 

Cong. 

1816 

14 

1,200 

Theological  Seminary, 

Andover, 

Mass. 

Cong. 

1808 

138 

6,000 

Theological  School, 

Cambridge, 

do. 

Cong.  Unit. 

1824 

36 

1,500 

Theological  Institution, 

Newton, 

do. 

Baptist, 

1825 

16 

Theological  Dep.  Yale  College, 

New  Haven, 

Con. 

Cong. 

1822 

49 

8.000 

Theological  Ins.   Epis.  Ch. 

New  York, 

N.Y. 

Prot.  Epis. 

1819 

20 

3,650 

Theological  Sem.  of  Auburn, 

Auburn, 

do. 

Presbyt. 

1821 

58 

8,550 

Hamilton  Lit  and  Theol.  In. 

Hamilton, 

do. 

B&jitist, 

1820 

76 

1,300 

Harlwick  Seminary, 
Theological  Sem.  Da.  Ref.  Ch. 

Hartwick, 

do. 

Lutheran, 

1816 

9 

900 

N.  Brunswick, 

N.J. 

Dutch  Ref. 

24 

Theological  Sem.  Pr.  Ch.  U.  S. 

Princeton, 

do. 

Presbyt. 

1812 

124 

6,000 

Seminary  Luth.  Ch.  U.  S. 

Gettysburg, 

Pa. 

Evang.  L. 

1826 

6,000 

German  Reformed, 

York, 

do. 

G.  Ref  Ch. 

1825 

8 

3,500 

West.  Theological  Seminary, 

Alleghany  Terri. 
Fairfax  County, 

do. 

Presbyt. 

1828 

Epis.  Theological  School  Va. 

Va. 

Prot.  Epis. 

14 

Union  Theological  Seminary, 

Prince  Ed. County, 

do. 

Presbyt. 

1824 

35 

South.  Theolofifical  Seminary, 

Columbia, 

S.  C. 

do. 

1829 

South.  West.  Theol.  Seminary, 

Maryville, 

Ten. 

do. 

1821 

22 

{550 

Lane  Seminary, 

Cincinnati, 

Ohio. 

do. 

1829 

Rock  Spring, 

Rock  Spring, 

11. 

Baptist, 

1827 

1,200 

Hanover, 

New  Madison, 

Ind. 

Presbyt.. 

1829 

643  143.3.501 

DISBURSEMENTS  OF  GOVERNMKNT. 

A  tttUementof  the  Disbursements  of  Government  made  in  each  State  since  1789,  for  Fortifications,  Light' 
houses.  Public  Debt,  Revolutionary  Pensions,  and  Internal  Improvements,  by  a  return  made  by  th» 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  transmitted  to  Congress  21  st  December,  l&iO. 


fiUatea  and  Territories. 

For   Forilfic.v 
tions. 

6,105  07 

For  Light  Hou- 
ses. 

For  public  Debt. 

Revolu'y    and 
other  Pens'rs. 

1,496,699"T5 

Internal    Im- 
provements. 

47,176  27 

Maine 

124.687  34 

New  Hampshire 

95,913  30 

65,277  12 

1,181,399  22 

1,229,771  92 

35,529  76 

Massachusetts 

542.779  92 

777,994  30 

41,199,662  99 

2,459,714  66 

207,341  90 

Rhode  Island 
Connecticut 

603.545  46 
72,196  29 

113,039  05 
138,671  43 

1,933,764  54 
2,592,565  88 

346,943  22 
1,403,376  60 

200  00 
25,859  14 

Vermont 

4,729  22 

l,a52,89l  67 

New  York 

3,266,136  15 

404,646  21 

48,032,756  47 

4,590,337  08 

174,181  90 

New  Jersey 

2U,?50  00 

3,251  17 

1,131,841  90 

550.857  20 

100  00 

Pennsylvania 

191,871  64 

27,458  m 

60,888,181  07 

1,897,211  19 

42,641  68 

Delaware 

477,r/j2  35 

254,814  77 

218,190  41 

81,109  73 

34,513  00 

Maryland 

1  07?>,309  03 

103,715  39 

7,753,036  76 

574,614  57 

Virginia 

2^488,465  04 

291,318  88 

1,907,500  75 

1,194.920  88 

80  00 

North  Carolina 

507,772  78 

304,307  13 

272^13  22 

366;539  34 

29,840  00 

South  Carolina 

707,017  96 

157,531  70 

8,630,215  11 

153,149  94 

Georgia 

175,777  58 

242,867  73 

158,546  53 

117,758  78 

7,514  68 

Kentucky 

7^4,530  83 

Tennessee 

15,111  18 

557,044  30 

200  00 

Ohio 

15,71i)  36 

853,013  16 

462,965  32 

Louisiana 

1,806,398  60 

157,152  73 

27,705  25 

6,435  00 

Indiana 

525  00 

188,118  82 

115,007  49 

Mississippi 

1,400  00 

4,560  44 

19,481  55 

53,291  38 

Illinois 

494  36 

37,841  lii 

8,500  00 

Alabama 

1,174,362  98 

14,628  98 

31,416  21 

92.725  73 

Missouri 

5,288  69 

49,498  92 

24;575  09 

Michigan 

34,534  12 

20,809  89 

29,884  99 

84,523  56 

Arkansas 

47,477  20 

Florida 

104.000  00 

121,534  63 

102,955  15 

Columbia 

4*J,781  74 

4,403,304  46 

118,180  82 

Cumberland  road 

2,443,420  80 

Subscription    to    Chesapeake 

and  Delaware  canal 

450,000  00 

Subscription  to  Dis'al  Swamp 

canal 

200,000,00 

Subscription  to  Louisville  and 

Portland  canal 

233,500  00 

Subscription    to    Chesapeake 

and  Ohio  canal 

200,000,00 

Improving  the   navigation  of 

the    Mississippi    and    Ohio 

rivers 
Total 

180,315  65 

13,420  639  24 

3,348,716  35 

•80,303,679  31 

20,492,647  27 

5,310,940  11 

Table  showing  the  Quantity  of  Land  sold  in  each  of  the  several  Slates  and  Territories  from  the 
1st  of  July,  1820  to  the  'ilst  of  December,  1829,  a  period  of  9  1-2  years  ;  and  also  the  Quantity  sold 
in  each. 


Acre«.      hds. 
:, 459,054  78 

Of  whicli   there  were  soli 

Acres,   hils. 

Alabama          ... 

'in    half  the  year    ol 

'   1820            303,404  09 

Mississippi          ... 

544, ."^23  82 

1821     . 

.      781,213  32 

Louisiana         .                  t 

150,839  35 

1822 

801,220  18 

Ohio           .... 

1,405,267  73 

1823 

653,319  .52 

Indiana             .         .         - 

2,169,149  70 

1824     , 

749,323  04 

Illinois         ....             • 

667,200  44 

1825     *,      . 

.     893,461  69 

Missouri 

923,506  32 

1826    .-A 

848,082  26 

Florida  Territory 

336,567  50 

1827         \ . 

.     926,727  76 

Michigan  Territory 

443,209  23 

1828    .      *      . 

9()5,600  36 

Arkansas  Territory 

Total 

59,899  36 
8,167,218  23I 

1829            ; 

.  1,244,860  01 

8,167,218  23 

».'".«^, 


^ 


COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


*  Undergraduates,  not  including  medical,  theological,  and  law  students. 

COMMERCE. 
Exports  and  Imports  during  the   Year  ending  Sept.  30, 1830. 
Imports  .  .  •  .  .  . 

Exports  of  Domestic  Produce.  . 

**  Foreign  Produce  ...  , 


Vols,  in 
College 

Vols,  in 

Name. 

riac«. 

Found- 

*Stu- 

Students' 

ed. 

17!J4 

denu. 

Library. 

Libraries. 

Bowdoin, 

Brunswick, 

Me. 

132 

8.000 

4,300 

IWaterville, 

Waterville, 

do. 

1820 

31 

1,700 

300 

Dartmouth, 

Hanover, 

N.  H. 

1770 

137 

3,500 

8,000 

Univ.  of  Vermont, 

Burlington, 

Vt. 

1791 

39 

1,000 

— 

Middlebury, 
Harvard  University, 

Middlebury, 

do. 

1800 

86 

1,846 

2,322 

Cambridge, 

Mass. 

1638 

247 

35,000 

4,605 

Williams, 

Williamstown, 

do. 

1793 

90 

2,250 

1,76a 

Amherst,    . 

Amherst, 

do. 

1821 

207 

2,200 

3,780 

Brown  University, 

Providence, 

R.  L 

1764 

105 

6,100 

5,562 

Yale, 

New  Haven, 

Conn. 

1700 

359 

8,500 

9,000 

Washington,    . 

Hartford, 

do. 

1826 

74 

5,000 

1,200 

Columbia, 

New  York, 

N.  Y. 

1754 

140 

4,000 

580 

Union, 

Schenectady, 

do. 

1795 

227 

5,100 

8,250 

'Hamilton,                .             • 

Clinton, 

do. 

1812 

78 





IGeneva, 

Geneva, 

do. 

1826 

29 

520 

630 

iCollegeofN.  J.     . 

Princeton, 

N.J. 

1746 

73 

8,000 



Rutgers, 

N.  Brunswick, 

do. 

1770 

60 





Univ.  of  Pennsylvania,      . 

Philadelphia, 

Penn. 

1755 

97 

— 

—   . 

Dickinson,       . 

Carlisle, 

do. 

1783 

20 

2,000 

5,000 

Jefferson, 

Canonsburg, 

do. 

1802 

116 

700 

1,800 

Western  University,  . 

Pittsburg, 

do. 

1820 

50 

— 

50 

Washington, 

Washington, 

do. 

1806 

31 

400 

525 

Alleghany, 

Mead  vi  lie. 

do. 

1815 

6 

8,000 

— 

Madison,    . 

Union  Town, 

do. 

1829 

70 

—  • 

— 

St.  John's, 

Annapolis, 

Md. 

1784 

63 

■ 

i 

St.  Mary's, 

Baltimore, 

do. 

1799 

120 

io,ooa 

— 

Georgetown,    . 

Georgetown, 

DC. 

1799 

140 

7,000 

— 

Columbian, 

Wasliington, 

do. 

1821 

50 

4,000 

— 

William  and  Mary,     . 

Williamsburg, 

Va. 

1093 

100 

3,600 

600 

Hampden-Sydney,              , 

Prince  Ed.  Co. 

do. 

1774 

90 

■   — 

— 

Washington,    . 

Lexington, 

do. 

1812 

23 

700 

1,500 

University  of  Virginia,      . 
University  of  N.  C.,    . 

Charlottesville, 

do. 

1819 

131 

8,000 

— 

Chapel  Hill, 

N.  C. 

1791 

69 

1,800 

3,000 

Charleston, 

Charleston, 

S.C. 

1785 

69 

3,000 

1,000 

College  of  S.C, 

Columbia, 

do. 

1801 

97 

7,000 



University  of  Georgia, 

Athens, 

Ga. 

1785 

117 

2,500 

2,250 

Alabama  University,  . 

Tuscaloosa, 

Ala. 

1820 



— 

— 

Jefferson,    . 

Washington, 

Mis. 

1802 

98 



— 

Louisiana, 

Jackson, 

La. 









Greenville, 

Greenville, 

Tenn. 

1794 



3,500 

— 

University  of  Nashville, 

Nashville, 

do. 

1806 

71 

2,000 

500 

E.  Tennessee, 

Knoxville, 

do. 



21 

340 

200 

Transylvania, 

Lexington, 

Ken. 

1798 

143 

2,350 

1,500 

Centre, 

Danville, 

do. 

1822 

66 

1,258 

108 

Augusta, 

Augusta, 

do. 

1823 

35 

1,500 

550 

Cumberland,          .            . 

Princeton, 

do. 

1825 

120 

1,000 

600 

St.  Joseph's,    . 

Bardstown, 

do. 



150 





Georgetown, 

Georgetown, 

do. 

— 

35 

— 

— 

University  of  Ohio,     . 

Athens, 

Ohio. 

1802 

45 

— 

— 

Miami  University, 

Oxford, 

do. 

1824 

56 

1,000 

1,200 

Western  Reserve, 

Hudson, 

do. 

1826 

60 

1,000 

— 

Kenyon,     . 

Gambier, 

do. 

1828 

80 





Bloomington, 

Bloomington, 

Ind. 

1828 

51 



— 

Illinois, 

>-                                              

Jacksonville, 

11. 

1829 

20 
4,624 

— 

— 

163,764 

70,681 

Domestic  Produce  exported  in  American  vessels 

".  "  .  "  Foreign  vessels 

Foreign  Produce  exported  in  American  vessels 


Total  Exports 


Foreign  vessels 


r. 


$70,876,920 
59,462,029 
14,387,479 

$73,849,508 
51,100,189 

8,355,740 
12,386,529 

1,610,950 


NUMBER  OF  PERSONS  IN  THE  U.  S.  100  TEARS  OJ.D 


Table  showing  the  number  of  Persons  of  the  several  classes,  who  were  One  Hundred  Years  eld  and 
upufards,  according  to  the  Census  of  1850. 


f     "                       BtatM  aDd  TeiritoriM. 

"Whit? 

Malea 

White 
Femalea 

Sla 
Males. 

vea. 
Females 

Free 
Malea 

Blacks. 
Females 

Total  1 

(Maine 

1 

3 

1 

5     1 

iNew  Hampshire 

. 

6 

1 

5 

15     1 

(Vermont 

3 

5 

2 

4 

14     1 

jMassachusetts         .           . 

J 

1 

2 

5 

4 

12 

Rhode   Island 
Connecticut       .                 • 

3 

3 

6 

4 

3 

2 

11 

20     1 

New  York 

35 

18 

2 

2 

22 

51 

130     1 

New  Jersey       .                . 

. 

1 

2 

2 

4 

5 

14  : 

Pennsylvania            . 

^        »        ^ 

37 

20 

J 

9 

30 

33 

130     1 

Delaware            .                 . 

. 

1 

3 

3     ' 

13 

18 

38     ! 

Maryland                    .                 , 

7 

17 

50 

53    I 

49 

86 

262 

Virginia              .                 . 

• 

23 

26 

122 

143 

143 

22 

479    ■ 

North  Carolina 

23 

26 

92 

114 

22 

27 

304 

South  Carolina 

14 

19 

98 

84 

19 

6 

240 

Georgia                      .                 . 

13 

22 

106 

78 

n 

6 

236 

Alabama                              . 

, 

15 

10 

30 

25 

1 

6 

87 

Mississippi                 .                , 

2 

23 

21 

1 

47 

Louisiana 

.                , 

9 

1 

37 

39    ! 

11 

28 

125 

Tennessee                   .                , 

39 

27 

59 

34     ! 

7 

6 

172 

Kentucky             .               . 

• 

27 

11 

45 

49    1 

17 

17 

166 

Ohio 

21 

8 

1 

8 

5 

42 

Indiana               .                , 

. 

10 

2 

i 

2 

5 

19 

Illinois        .                  .                 , 

4 

1 

2 

3     ! 

1 

1 

12 

Missouri 

,                , 

2 

2 

41 

2     I 

2 

2 

51 

Columbia,  Dist.         .                . 

2 

3 

2 

3 

8 

18 

Florida,  Territory 

,               . 

1 

1 

2 

Michigan      do. 

1 

1 

Arkansas     do. 

1 

3 

1 

1 

1 

7 

Tol 

al 

297  . 

234     i  717 

662    •' 

382 

359 

2,654 

By  this  Table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  proportion  of  Blacks  of  100  years  old  and  upwards  greatly 
exceeds  that  of  the  Whites  ;  but  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  ages  of  the  Blacks  are  not  generally  so 
well  known  as  that  of  the  Whites  ;  and  that,  therefore,  the  accuracy  of  the  Census,  as  it  respects 
the  ages  of  this  class,  is  less  to  be  relied  on. 


MEDICAL  SCHOOLS. 


Place. 


ProC 


Students, 


99 

103 

40 


Maine  Medical  School,  .  .  . 

New  Hampshire  Medical  School, 

Medical  Society  University  Vermont, 

Vermont  Academy  of  Med. 

Massachusetts  Med.  Col.  Harv.  Univ. 

Berkshire  Med.  Ins.  Wil.  Col. 

Med.  Dep.  Yale  College, 

Col.  Phys.  and  Surg.  N.  Y.  . 

Rutgers  Med.  Fac.  Gen.  Col. 

Col.  Phys.  and  Surg.  W.  Dist 

Medictl  Dep.  Univ.  Penn. 

Medical  Dep.  Jefferson  College, 

Medical  Dep.  Univ.  Md. 

Medical  Col.  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Medical  Dep  Transylvania  Univ. 

Medical  College  ofOhio, . . . 

Law  Schools. — At  Cambridge,  Ms.,  New  Haven,  Litchfield,  Ct.,  Philadeij>aia,  Williamsburg, 
Va.,  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  Lexington,  Ken. 


Brunswick, 
Hanover, 
Burlington, 
Castleton, 
Boston, 
Pittsfield, 
New  Haven, 
New  York, 
New  York, 
Fairfield,  N.  Y. 
Philadelphia, 
Canonsburg, 
Baltimore,  . 
Charleston,     . 
Lexington, 
Cincinnati, 


91 

190 

61 

113 

160 
420 
121 

130 
200 
113 


'y 


POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
According  to  Five  Official  Enumerations. 


States  and  Territories. 

1st  Census 

2d  Census. 

3(1  Census 

4th  Census 

5th  Census. 

Per 

cent. 

I 

Pop.  1790 

Pop    1800 
151,719 

Pop.  1810 

Pop.  1620. 

Pop.  1830 

It 
years 

33,9 

'Maine 

90,540 

228,705 

298,335 

399,402 

N.  Hampshire     .... 

141,885 

183,858 

214,460 

244,161 

269,533 

10,4 

Vermont       .... 

85,539 

154,465 

217,895 

2.35.764 

286,679 

19,0 

Massachusetts     .... 

378,787 

422.845 

472,040 

523,287 

610,014 

16,6 

Jlhode  Island 

68,825 

69,122 

76,93] 

83,059 

97.210 

17,0 

Connecticut        .             •             .             . 

237,946 

251,002 

2G1 ,942 

275,248 

297,711 

8.2 

New  York 

340,120 

586,050 

959,049 

1,372.812 

1,913,-508 

39,4 

New  Jersey         .... 

184,139 

211,149 

245.562 

277,575 

320,779 

15,6 

Peimsylvania 

434,373 

602,545 

810,091 

1,049,313 

1,347,672 

28,4 

Delaware             .             .             '             . 

59,096 

64,273 

72,674 

72,749 

76,739 

5,5 

Maryland                  .             .             . 

319.728 

345,824 

380,540 

407,350 

440,913 

9,7 

Virginia               .                          .             . 

747,610 

880,200 

979,622 

1,065,366 

1,211,272 

1.3,7 

N.  Carolina 

393,951 

478,103 

555,500 

638,829 

7:38,470 

15.6 

S.  Carolina         .... 

249,073 

345,591 
162,686 

415,115 

502,741 

581,458 

15,7 

Georgia         .... 

82,548 

252,433 

340,989 

516,567 

51,5 

Alabama        ^ 

8  850 

40  352 

f  127,901 

J    75,448 

308,997 

141,6 

Mississippi    3      ' 

• 

136,806 

80,1 

Louisiana            .             .             i             . 

76,556 

153,407 

215.575 

40,7 

Tennessee 

.        . 

105,602 

261,727 

420,81 3 

684,822 

62,7 

Kentucky            .... 

73,677 

220,959 

406,511 

564,317 

688,844 

22.1 

Ohio         .                  ... 

.    . 

45.365 

230,760 

581,434 

937,679 

61.2 

Indiana                 .             .             .             . 

4,651 

24,520 

147  178 

341.582 

132,1 

Illinois          .... 

215 

12,282 

55-211 

157,575  18o,4| 

Missouri               .             .         •    . 

19,783 

66  ,.586 

140,074 

110,4 

District  of  Columbia 

15,093 

24,023 

33,039 

39,858 

20,1 

Michigan  Ter. 

...             551 

4,762 

8,896 

31,260 

250,1 

Arkansas  Ter. 

1,062 

14,273 

30,383 

113,3 

Florida  Ter.       ... 

34,723 

33,4 

Total 

1 

3,929,328 

5,309,758 

7,239,903  9,638,166 

1 2,856,1  &5 

SLAVES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

.iccording  to  Five  Official  Enumerations. 


Slaves. 

SI  fives. 

Slaves. 

1    Slaves. 

;    Slaves. 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

'     1830. 

0 

Maine                    .             .             .             . 

0 

0 

0 

0 

New  Hampshire 

... 

158 

8 

0 

0 

0 

Vermont 

16 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.Massachusetts 

0 

t) 

0 

0 

0 

Rhode  Island 

948 

380 

108 

48 

14 

Connecticut 

2.764 

951 

310 

ft7 

23 

;New  York 

21,324 

20.613 

15,017 

10,088 

'         46 

iNew  Jersey 

11.423 

12.422 

10,851 

7,557 

2,246 

jPennsvIvania 

3,737 

1.706 

795 

211 

386 

Delaware 

8.887 

6.153 

4,177 

4,509 

3,305 

Maryland              , 

103,036 

108,5.54 

111.502 

107,398 

102,878 

Virginia 

1292.627 

346.968 

392,518 

425,153 

469,724 

North  Carolina 

100,572 

133.296 

168.824 

205,017 

246,462 

South  Carolina 

107,094 

146,151 

196,365 

258,475 

315.665 

Georgia 

29,264 

59,699 

105,218 

149,656 

217,470 

Alabama 
Mississippi 

3,489 

17,088 

c  41.879 
\  32,814 

117,294 
65.659 

Louisiana 

4,660 

69.064 

109,631 

Tennessee 

13.584 

44,535 

80.107 

142.382 

Kentucky 

12.430 

40,343 

SOj.'^ol 

126,732 

165,350 

Ohio 

3,417 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.Indiana 

135 

237 

190 

0 

, Illinois 

ICS 

917 

746 

Missouri 
District  Columhia 

3,011 

10.222 

24.990 

. 

5,395 

6,377 

6,050 

Michijran  Territory 

. 

24 

0 

27 

Arkansas  Territory 

. 

1,617 

4,578 

Florida  Territory 

. 

697,697 

1,191,3(54 

1 ,538,064 

15,510 

< 

8' '6.849 

2,010,4361 

3  Y 

STATISTICAL  VIEW  OF  ALL  THE 
From  the  Weimar  Genealogical,  Histori' 


: 

Area 
in  English 

POPULATION. 

EvROPXAN  States. 

~ 

sq.  miles. 

Catholics. 

Protestants 

Greeks. 

Jews, 

Total. 

1  Anhalt-Bernburg 

334 

38,510 

300 

38,900 

2  A  nhalt- Dessau 

345 

1,200 

56,800 

1,270 

59,270 

3  Anhall-Cothen 

330 

1300 

34,835 

415 

35,610 

4  Austria* 

258,603 

25,650,000 

3,000,000 

2,970,000 

480,600 

32,100,500 

5  Baden 

5.926 

730,808 

343,173 

10,930 

1,090,9H 

6  Bavaria 

31,317 

2,880,383 

1,094,633 

57,574 

4,032.590 

7  Brunswick 

1,491 

2,500 

240.400 

1,300 

244,200 

8  Bremen 

68 

1,500 

50^000 

51,500 

9  British  Empire 

117,788 

6,085,300 

16,197,321 

15.000 

22,297,021 

10  Cracow 

494 

100,812 

19,000 

7^288 

127.100 

11  Denmark 

52,268 

2.000 

2,049,531 

0,000 

2,057,531 

12  Frankfort  on  the  Maine 

91 

6;ooo 

42,800 

5,200 

54, COO 

13  France 

213,838 

31 ,099,518 

892,947 

60,000 

32,052.405 

14  Greece 

P 

550.000 

15  Hamburg 

150 

3,060 

139,440 

7,500 

150,000 

16  Hanover 

14,7a5 

200,000 

1,370,574 

12,000 

1.582.574 

17  Hesse-Cassel 

4,428 

105,000 

492,300 

5,430 

'0C2;700 

18  Hesse- Darmstadt 

3,922 

120,000 

582,900 

16.000 

718,900 

19  Hesse-Hombtirg 

166 

2,931 

17,683 

1,050 

21 .004 

20  Hoh.  Hechingen 

129 

15,000 

15,000 

21  Hoh.  Sigmaringen 

386 

30,600 

400 

40.000 

22  Ionian  Islands 

998 

35,200 

800 

133,898 

5,500 

175,398 

23  Lichtenstein 

51 

5,800 

5.800 

24  Lippe-Detmold 

430 

1,600 

75,118 

70.718 

25  Lucca 

413 

145,000 

145.000 

26  Lubeck 

143 

400 

45,703 

400 

46, .503 

27  San  Marino 

22 

7,000 

7,000 

28  Meek.  Schwerin 

4,746 

957 

437,105 

3,102 

441.104 

29  Meek.  Streliti 

705 

50 

78,510 

833 

97.393 

30  Modena 

2,092 

377,-500 

1,.500 

379,000 

31  Nassau 

1 ,753 

157,638 

184,651 

5,717 

348,006 

32  Netherlandst 

!i5,307 

3,6ro,(;oo 

3,237,500 

80,000 

6,977,,50O 

.33  Oldenburg 

2.459 

70.700 

175,538 

970 

247.208 

34  Parma 

2^203 

437^400 

437.400 

35  Portugal 

36,510 

3,782,-550 

3,782.550 

36  Prussia 

107,159 

4,694,000 

7,930,403 

154,000 

12,778,403 

37  Reuss,  elder  line 

145 

24,020 

80 

24,100 

38  Do.  younger  do. 

447 

57,470 

220 

57.0.0 

39  Russia 

1,414,436 

5,500,000 

2,6.58.500 

33,326,500 

360,000 

41,995,000 

40  Sardi-ia 

28,912 

4,142.177 

22,000 

3.200 

4-,  107,377 

41  Saxoii/ 

575 

48,00( 

1 ,350,000 

2,000 

1 ,400,000 

42  Saxe-Altenburg 

496 

1.50 

109,343 

109,493 

43  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 

1,036 

11, .500 

130,593 

1,200 

143.293 

44  Saxe-Meningen 

884 

40( 

128,939 

950 

129,.589 

45  Saxe- Weimar 

1,416 

9,512 

210,911 

1,231 

221,654 

46  Schanenb.  Lippe 

206 

100 

25,500 

25,600 

47  Sch.  Rudolstadt 

404 

200 

56.025 

160 

50,985 

48  Sell.  Sonderhausen 

358 

200 

47,906 

48,100 

49  Sicilies  (the  Two) 

41,284 

7,412,717 

2,000 

7,414,717 

50  Stales  of  the  Clmrch 

17.210 

2,468,940 

15.000 

2.483.940 

51  Sweden 

291,103 

5,00( 

3,869,700 

4.000 

3,878,700 

.52  Switzerland 

14,701 

817.110 

1,217,700 

1,810 

2.036,080 

53  Spain 

179,074 

1,3,651,172 

13.051,172 

54  Turkey* 

203,506 

310.000 

5,878,000 

315,000 

9,393.000 

.55  Tuscany 

8,381 

1,291,130 

9,400 

1,300,530 

56  Waldeck 

459 

800 

52,700 

500 

54 .000 

57  Wurtemberg 

7,615 

464,000 
II6..5.59.075 

1 ,062,253 

9,150 

1,-535.403 
213,977,108 

Total 

1  3,104.780 

49,847,495 

42.308,398 

1,071,040 

jiiislrla,  according  to  the  Weimar  Alintinac,  contains,  in  addition  to  the  numbers  inserted  in  the 
in  the  right  hand  column,  and  also  in  the  sum  total. 

t  TheTirea  of  Belgium  in  1831  was  14,4-59   square  miles,  and  the  total  population,  3,600,000      Its 
11, .518  square  miles,  and  the  population  was  ?,M5,-550 


EURpPEAN  STATES  FOR  1828. 
eal,  and  Statistical  Almanae  for  1830. 


GOTBKRMENT.  , 

Finances. 

Land 

Forces. 

Sea  Forces 

Revenue. 

Debt. 

In  peace. 

In  war- 

Peace. 

War. 

Sail. 

Sail. 

1  Absolute  Monarchy 

130,000 

240.000 

370 

740 

2            Do. 

284.000 

200,000 

529 

1,058 

3            Do. 

92,000 

640,000 

324 

648 

4            Do. 

52,000,000 

200,000,000 

271,404 

750,504 

31 

31     j 

5  Constitutional  Monarchy 

3,932,880 

6,302,424 

11, .566 

20,000 

1 

6            Do. 

12,031,547 

44,402,257 

53,898 

71,600 

7  Absolute  Monarchy 

950,773 

1,400,000 

2,432 

4,192 

8  Republic 

160,000 

1,200,000 

385 

770 

9  Constitutional  Monarchy 

228,849,600 

3,490,896,708 

90,519 

378,370 

610 

1,050 

10  Republic 

133,248 

10,000 

11  Absolute  Monarchy 

4,080,000 

40,000.000 

38,819 

74,000 

97 

120 

12  Republic 

304,000 

3,200,000 

475 

946 

13  Constitutional  Monarchy 

157,760,000 

480,000,000 

281,000 

320,000 

329 

350 

14            ? 

2,580 

50 

l5  Republic 

600,000 

5,200.000 

1 ,050 

2,596 

l6  Limited  Monarchy 

4,680,000 

12.000,000 

12,940 

26.108 

17  Absolute  Monarchy 

1,800,000 

780,000 

9,859 

li;353 

18  Constitutional  Monarchy 

2,351,4.56 

5,589,450 

8,421 

12,390 

l9  Absolute  Monarchy 

72,000 

180,000 

200 

400 

20            Do. 

48,000 

145 

290 

21             Do. 

120,r,00 

200,000 

370 

740 

22  Republic 

565,600 

1,600 

1,600 

' 

23  Constitutional  Monarchy 

480,001) 

55 

110 

1 

24  Absohite  Monarchy 

196,000 

280,000 

690 

1,380 

25  Constitutional  Monarchy 

y       288,000 

600,000 

800 

800 

3 

3 

26  Republic 

160,000 

1,200,000 

406 

812 

27            Do. 

12,000 

28  Limited  Monarchy 

920.000 

3,800,000 

3,137 

7,160 

» 

29            Do. 

200,000 

200,060 

742 

1,434 

] 

30  Absolute  Monarchy 

600,000 

400,000 

1,860 

1,860 

1 

31  Limited  Monarchy 

724,000 

2.000,000 

2,800 

6,056 

32  Constitutional  Monarchy 

12,000,000 

178,078,670 

43,297 

69,472 

93 

150 

33  Absolute  Monarchy 

600,000 

2,177 

4,354 

34            Do. 

600,000 

2,000,000 

1,320 

1,320 

35            Do 

8,740,800 

24.000,000 

40,000 

70,000 

23 

23     ' 

36            Do. 

30,477,600 

114,840,440 

165,000 

524,428 

1 

37            Do. 

56,000 

2,000,600 

206 

412 

38            Do. 

160,000 

480,000 

538 

1 ,076 

39            Do. 

52,000.000 

200,000,000 

600,000 

1,039,117 

12 

12 

40            Do. 

8,740;800 

24,000.000 

28,000 

60,000 

8 

8 

41  Limited  Monarchy 

4,400,000 

12,800,000 

13,307 

24,000 

42         .  Do. 

240.000 

329,640 

982 

1,964 

43        .    Do. 

360,000 

1,200,000 

1,366 

2,732 

44            Do. 

300,000 

1,000,000 

1,150 

2.300 

45  Constitutional  Monarchy 

719,784 

2,400,000 

2,164 

4;020 

46  Absolute  Monarchy 

86,000 

120,000 

240 

480 

47  Limited  Monarchy 

130,000 

170,922 

539 

1,070 

48            Do. 

120,000 

160,000 

451 

902 

49  Absolute  Monarchy 

12,593,484 

84,000,000 

28,436 

60,000 

12 

M& 

50            Do. 

4,800.000 

98,000,000 

9,100 

9,100 

6 

6 

51  Constitutional  Monarchy 

7,000;000 

17,264,812 

45,291 

138,569 

30 

373 

52  Confederated  Republics 

25,509 

33,578 

53  Absolute  Monarchy 

26,520,000 

230.443,062 

46,000 

173.550 

34 

09 

54  Despotism 

11,200,000 

36,000,000 

8  ,000 

200,000 

80 

160 

55  Absolute  Monarchy 

8.000 

8,000 

56  Limited  Monarchy 

160,000 

480,000 

518 

1,036 

57  Constitutional  Monarchy 

3,342,818 

10,942,766 

4,906 

27,910 

,             Total     . 

658,847,899 

5,341,721,211 

1,909,175 

4,-578,430 

1,308 

2,641 

Table,  500  Mahometans ;    Russia  150,000  ;     Turkey  2,890,000,  which   are   included   in   the  sums 
Gevemment  is  a  constitutional  monarchy.    The  area  of  Holland,  the  same  year,  was  estimated  at 


BRITISH  SLAVE  COLONIES  IN  THE  WEST  INDIES,  &c 


Chartered  Cdoniea. 

Whites. 

Slaves. 

Free 
Blacks. 

GoTernora. 

Jamaica 

15,000 

331,000 

40,000 

Earl  of  Belmont. 

Barbadoes 

15,000 

81,000 

5,000 

Sir  James  Lyon. 

Antigua 

2,000 

30,000 

4,500 

Sir  Patrick  Ross. 

Grenada 

800 

24,500 

3,700 

Sir  James  Campbell. 

St.  Vincent 

1,300 

23,500 

2,900 

Sir  George  F.  Hill. 

St.  Christopher's 

1,800 

19.500 

2,500 

William   Nicolay. 

Nevis 

800 

9,000 

1,800 

William  Boothby,  Liettt.  Gov 

Virgin  Isles 
Dominica 

8G0 

5,400 

607 

James  Bathurst,  Lieut.  Gov. 

800 

14,500 

3,600 

Tobago 
Montserrat 

350 

12,700 

1,200 

Nathaniel  Blackwell. 

500 

6,000 

700 

Sir  P.  Steward,  Lieut.  Gov. 

Bahamas 

4,000 

9,500 

2,800 

Sir  James  Carm.  Smyth. 

Bermudas 

5,500 

4,650 

500 

Stephen  R.  Chapman. 

Crown  Colonies. 

Trinidad 

13,500 

23,000 

16,000 

Lewis  Grant. 

St.   Lucia 

1,100 

13,50(1 

4,000 

Honduras 

300 

2,450 

2,800 

Demerara  and  Essequibo 

3,000 

70,000 

6,000 

Sir  Benjamin  D'Urban. 

Berbice 

600 

21,000 

1,000 

Henry  Beard,  Lieut.  Gov. 

Jlfrica. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope 

43,000 

35,000 

29,000 

Sir  G.  Lowry  Cole. 

Mauritius 

8,000 

76,OOo 

15,100 

Sir  Charlts  Colville. 

108,150 

812,700 

143,707 

BRITISH   NORTH   AMERICAN   COLONIES. 


Frorincea. 

Population. 

Lower  Canada         (1831) 
Upper  Canada         (1829) 
Nova  Scotia             (1827) 
New  Brunswick      (1824) 
Newfoundland  Island 
Prince  Edward  Island 

511,919 

220,897 

123,848 

74,191 

80,000 

24,000 

Lord  Aylmer,  Governor  General. 

Sir  John  Colborne,  Lieutenant  Governor. 

Sir  Peregrine  Maitland,  Lieutenant  Governor 

Sir  Archibald  Campbell,  Lieutenant  Governor 

Sir  Thomas  J.  Cochrane,  Governor. 

Sir  Murray  Maxwell,  Lieutenant  Governor. 

INDEPENDENT  STATES. 


1 
Population. 

Capital. 

Pop. 

Ruler. 

Mexico 

8,000,000 

Mexico 

150.000 

Bustamente,  Presidetit. 

Central  America 

2,000,000 

Guatimala 

50.000 

Moranzan,             do. 

Colombia 

3,000,000 

Bogota 

50,000 

Caicedo,                do. 

Venezuela 

Caraccas 

30,000 

Paez,                      do. 

Peril 

1,600,000 

Lima 

60,000 

Gamarra,               do. 

Bolitria 

1,200,000 

Chuquisaca 

30,000 

Santa  Cruz,         do 

Chili 

800,000 

Santiago 

40,000 

Ovalle,                   do. 

Buenos  Ayres                  ^ 
Or.  Rep.  Uraguay           > 

Buenos  Ayres 

80,000 

Rosas,                    do. 

2,000,000 

Monte  Video 

10,000 

Rivera,                  do 

Paraguay                            j 

Assumption 

12,000 

Francia,  Dictator. 

Brazil 

4,000,000 

Rio  Janeiro 

150,000 

Pedro  II.  Emperor. 

Hayti 

935,000 

Port  Republican 

30,000 

Boyer,  President. 

RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS. 


Denominations. 

Minin'rs. 

Cbur.  or^  Communi- 
Cong.          cants. 

Popnlatioa. 

Calvinistic  Baptists,                .... 

2,914 

4,384 

304,827 

2.743,000 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

1,777 

476,000 

2,600,000 

Presbyterians,  General  Assembly, 

1,700 

2,158 

173,329 

1,800,000 

Congregationalists,  Orthodox, 

1,000 

1,270 

140,000 

1,260,000 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  - 

500 

700 

600,000 

Universalists, 

150 

300 

500,000 

Roman  Catholics,  . 

500,000 

Lutherans, 

205 

1,200 

44,000 

400.600 

Christ-ians, 

200 

800 

25,000 

275.000 

German  Reformed,          .                 " 

84 

400 

17,400 

200;000 

Friends,  or  Quakers, 

400 

. 

200,000 

Unitarians,  Congregationalists, 

150 

160 

176,000 

Associate  and  other  Methodists, 

350 

35,000 

175,000 

Free-wiH  Baptists, 

300 

400 

16,000 

150,000 

Dutch  Reformed, 

159 

194 

17,888 

125,000 

Mennonites,       .               .                 . 

200 

30,000 

120,000 

Associate  Presbyterians, 
Cumberland  Presbyterians, 

74 

144 

15,000 

100,000 

50 

75 

8,000 

100,000 

Tunkers, 

40 

40 

3,000 

30,000 

Free  Communion  Baptists, 

30 

3,500 

30.000 

Seventh-day  Baptists, 

•     ■■/■» 

30 

40 

2,000 

2o;ooo 

Six  Principle  Baptists, 

25 

30 

1,800 

20,000 

United  Brethren,  or  Moravians, 

23 

23 

2,000 

7,000 

Millenial  Church,  or  Shakers, 

45 

15 

6,000 

New  Jerusalem  Church, 

30 

28 

5.000 

Emancipators,  Baptists, 

15 

600 

4,000 

Jews,  and  others  not  mentioned, 

150 

50,000 

The  above  Tabular  View  of  the  number  of  Ministers,  Churches  or  Congregations,  Communicants, 
and  Population,  belonging  to  the  different  Religious  Denominations  in  the  United  States,  is  taken 
chiefly  from  the  "  Quarterly  Register  of  the  American  Education  Society"  for  Feb.  1831.  The 
fopulation  is  given  chiefly  by  estimate 


TOTAL  POPULATION  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Surface. 
Europe  .  .  .  .  .  2,793,000 

Asia  .....  12,118,800      . 

Africa  .....  8,516,000 

America     .....  11,046,000      . 

Australasia     .  .  .  .  .  3,100,000-  . 


Total 


37,573,000 


Inhabitant!. 
227,700,000 
390,000,000 
60,000,000 
39,000,000 
20,000,000 

737,000,000 


INHABITANTS  OF  THE  EARTH,  DIVIDED  ACCORDING  TO  THEIR  RELIGIOUS 

BELIEF. 

The  two  following  estimates  are  according  to  the  geographers,  Malte-Brun  and  Hassel. 


Catholics  ... 

Greek  Church  .  . 

Protestants  .  .  , 

Total  of  Christian*  ' 

Jews  .  .  ,  , 

Mahometans     .  .  .  , 

Pagans       .... 

Total  of  Inhabitants  of  the  Globe 


Malte-Brun. 

116,000,000 

70,000,000 

42,000,000 

228,000,000 

4,000,000 

100,000,000 

310,000,000 

642,000,000 


Haaael. 

134,000.000 
62,000,000 
55,000,000 

251,000.000 

3,000,000 

120,000.000 

550,000,000 

924,000,000 


3  y3 


1.  St ATiMKKT  showing  the   Nathks  and  Numbers  of  the  different   Tribes   of  Indians  now  re-  ^ 

maining  within  the  limits  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  and  the  q,UANTiTy  of  lakp  ^ 

claimea  b/  them  respectively 


TRIBES. 

"dumber" 
of  each 

Number  of 
Acres  claimed 

TRIBES. 

Number 
ol'  each 

Number  of 
Acres  claimed 

Tribe. 

by  each  Tribe 

Tribe. 

by  each  Tribe. 

Maine. 

St.  John's  Indians 

300 

Indiana  and  Illinois. 

Passamaquoddies 

379 

100 

Pottawatamies  and    Chip- 

Penobscots 

277 

92,160 
92,260 

pewas 

3,900 

956 

Massachusetts. 

Georgia  and  Alabama. 

* 

Marsh  pee 

320 

Creeks 

20,000 

9,537,920 
1 

Herring  Pond 

40 

Martlia  s  Vineyard 

340 

1 

Troy 

50 

Georgia,  Alabama, 
and  Tennessee. 
Cherokees 

Alabama 
7,272,576 

750 

9,000 

Rhode  Island. 

Narragansett 

420 

3,000 

Tennessee 
1,055,60 

Connecticut. 

Mississippi  and  Alabama. 

Mohegan 

300 

4,000 

Choctaws 

21,000 

Stonington 

50 

300 

Groton 

50 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Chickasaws 

3,625 

15,705,000 

400 

4,300 

New  York. 

Florida  Territory. 

Senecas 

2,325 

Seminoles  and  Others. 

5,000 

4,032,640 

Tuscaroras 

253 

Oneidas 

1,096 

Louisiana. 

Onondagas 

446 

Billoxie 

55 

Cayugas 

90 

246,675 

Apolashe 

45 

Stockbridge 

273 

Pascagoula 

111 

Brotherton 

360 

Ad  dees 

27 

St.  Regis  Indians 

300 

Yaltasse 

36 

Coshattees 
Caddow 

180 
450 

5,143 

246,675 

Virginia. 

Delawares 

51 

Nottaways 

47 

27,000 

Choctaws 
Shawanees 

178 
110 

South  Carolina 

Natchitoches 

25 

Catawbas 

,  .450 

144,000 

Quapaws 
Piankcshaws 

8 
27 

Ohio. 

Wyandotts 

542 

163,840 

1,313 

'  Sliawanees 

800 

117,615 

Missouri. 

Senecas 

551 

55,505 

Delawares 

1,800 

21,120 

Delawares 

80 

5.760 

Kickapoos 

2,200 

9,600 

Ottowas 

377 

50,581 

Shawanees 

Weas 

Ihoways 

1,383 

14,086 

2,350 

393,301 

327 
1,100 

Michigan     Territory. 
Wyandscotts 

7 

^ 

5,810 

44,806 

Potlawatamies 

1  6 

Missouri  &  Arkansas 

Chippewas  and  Ottawas 

18,473 

■7,057,920 

Territory. 

Menotneenees 

3,900 

Osages 

5,200 
207 

3,491,840 

Winnebagoes 

5,800 

J 

Piankeshaws 

28,316 

7,057,920 

5,407 

3,491,840 

Indiana. 

Arkansas  Territory. 

Miami    and  Eel   River 

Cherokees 

6,000 

4,000,000 

Indians 

1,073 

10,104,000 

•Quapaws 
Choctaws 

700 

8,858,560 

Illinoii. 

Menomeenees 
Kaskaskias 

270 

) 

3(i 

\  5,314.560 

6,700 

12,858,560 

Sauks  and  Foxes 

6,400 

s 

Total. 

129,266 

77,402,318 

6,706 

b,3l4,.'>60 

MISSIONARY    TABLE,* 


Showing  the  principal  Protestant  Missionary  Stations  in  the  World,  and  the  Societies  by  v;htch  they  aft 

employed. 
1  B.  M.  S. 
1  C.  M.  S 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1        do. 

1  L.  M.  S.  .,'  • 

2  B.  M.  S.  * 
1  CM.  S. 
2L  M.S. 

1  W.  M.  S.  • 

9  U.  B.,  4  W.  M.  S.,  1  U  M.  S 
1  L.  M.  S.,5  S.  M.  S 

C.  M.  S. 


Agimere 

Agra 

Albany 

Alexandria 

A  goa  Bay 

A.l)ahabad 

A\nboyna 

Anguilla 

Antigua 

Astrachan 

Baddagamme 

Bahamas 

Balasore 

Bambey 

fianda 

Bangalore 

Barbadoes 

Barbuda 

Bareilly 

Barrackpore 

Bartholomew,  St 

Batavia 

Bathurst 

Batticaloe 

Batticotta 

Beerbhoom 

Belgaum 

Bellary 
Benares 
Bencoolen 
Berbice 

Berhampore 

Bermudas 

Bethany 

Bethelsdorp 

Bethesda 

Beyrout 

Boglipore 

Bogue  Town 

Bombay 

Bcrabora 

Bosjesveld 

Buddalore 

Burdeis  Point 

Burdwan, 

Buxar, 

Calcutta, 

Caledun, 


E.  Indies, 

<( 

S.  Africa, 
Egypt, 
S.  Africa, 

K.  Indies, 

<( 

Moluccas, 
W.  Indies, 


A.  Russia, 
Ceylon, 
W.  Indies, 
E.  Indies, 
Surinam, 
Moluccas, 
E.  Indies, 
W.  Indies, 
(( 

E.  Indies, 
(( 

W.  Indies, 

E.  Indies, 

W.  Africa, 

Ceylon, 
« 

E.  Indies, 

E.  Indies, 

« 

E.  Indies, 
Sumatra, 
Surinam, 
Hindoostan. 
W.  Indies, 
S.  Africa, 


Syria, 

Hindoostan, 
Georgian  Islands, 
E.  Indies, 
Society  Islands, 
S.  Africa, 
Hindoostan, 
Taheite, 
E.  Indies, 


S.  Africa, 


1 

5  W  M.  S. 

3L.M.  S.      » 

1  U.  B. 

1  N.  M.  S. 

2W.  M.  S.,2L.  M  S. 

I  U.  B.  1  W.  M.  S 

W.  M.  S. 
1  C.  M.  S. 
1  B.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.S. 

3  B.  M.  S.,  2  L.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
1  B.  M.S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
3L.  M.S. 

1  B.  M.  S.,  1  L.  M.  S.,  1  C.  M. 
1  B.  M.  S. 
1  L.M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
13     do. 
d. 

1  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 

L.  M.  S. 

2  W.  M.  S  ,  1  C.  M.  S.  2  A.  B.  C.  F.  M 

XL.  M.  S 
do. 


3  C.  M.  S 
1  C.  M.  S. 
6  L.  M.  S.,  2  S.  M.  S.,  2  C.  M.  S 

1  L.  M.  S. 


.# 


•ABBREVIATIONS. 


f    M.  S.  or  L.  S.,  London  Missionary  Societv. 
C.  M.  S.,  Church  <'      "^  ^ 

W.  M.  S.,  or  W.  S.,  Wesleyan       « 

B.  M.  S.,  Baptist  '« 
S.  M.  S.,  Scottish  «. 
JV.  M.  S.,  Netherlands  « 

U.  F.  M.  S.,  United  Foreign  United  Staleg. 

A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  MtMioi 
.;  Z,'  ^x\^  ^'  American  Baptist  Board  for  Foreign  Missions. 
M.  A.,  Missionary  Association. 
M.  S.,  Missionary  Society. 

A.  M.  S.,  AuTiJiary  Missionary  Societv. 
U.  B.,  UnitPd  iJretliren. 

C.  K.  S.,  C.nawan  Knowledare  Society. 

B.  8/-  F.  B.  S.,  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 
B.  S.,  Bible  Society. 


MISSIONARY    TABLE. 


St. 


Calpentyn 

Caltura 

Campbell 

Canada 

Canofee 

Canton 

Cape  Coast  Castle 

Cape  Town 

Cawnpore 

Ceylon. 

Charlotte 

Cherokees 

Cherokees 

Chinsurah 

Chitpore 

Chitta^ong 

Chittoor 

Choc  taws 

Christopher 

Chumie 

Chunar 

Cochin 

Colombo 

Combaconum 

Congo  Town 

Constantinople 

Corfu 

Cotta 

Cotym 

Crimea 

Cudapah 

Culna 

Cuttack 

Cutwa 

Dacca 

Delagoa  Bay 

Dehli 

Demarara 

Digah 

Dinapore 

Pindegal 

Dominica 

Doorgapore 

Eimeo 

Elim 

Enon 

Eustatius,  St. 

Freetown 

Futtyghur 

Galle 

Gammap 

Gaujam 

Gay  a 

Gloucester 

Gnadenthal 

Goamalty 

Goree 

Gornickpore 

Greenland 

Grenada 

Griqua  Town 

Groenekloof 

Hankey 

Hawaii 

Haweis  Town 

Henreepore 

High  Tower 

Huahine 

Jaffna 

Jamaica 

Java 


Ceylon, 

<( 

S.  Africa, 

N.  America, 

W.  Africa, 

China, 

W.  Africa, 

S.  Africa, 

E.  Indies, 
It 

W.  Africa 
Ten.  and  Geo. 
Arkansas 
E.  Indies 


Ten  and  Geo. 
W.  Indies 

S.  Africa 

E.  Indies 

« 

Ceylon 
E.  Indies 
W.  Africa 
Turkey 
Corfu 
Ceylon 
E.  Indies 
Russia 
E.  Indies 


S.  Africa 
E.  Indies 
Guyana 
E.  Indies 


W.  Indies 
E.  Indies 
Pacific  Ocean 
S.  Africa 
<( 

W.  Indies 
W.  Africa 
E.  Indies 
Ceylon 
S.  Africa 
E.  Indies 

W.  Africa 

S.  Africa 

E.  Indies 

W.  Africa  Island 

E.  Indies 

N.  America 

W.  Indies 

S.  Africa 


N.  PacificOceanlsl 
Georgian  Islands 
E.  Indies 
Cherokees 
Society  Isles 
Ceylon 
W.    Indies 
E.  Indies 


1  C.  M.  S. 

1  W   M.  S 

I  L.  M.  S. 

9  W.  M.  S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

1  L.  M.  S. 

I  S.  P.  G.  F.  P. 

1  W.  M.  S,  1  L.  M.S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

14  W.  M.  S.,  3  B  M.  S.,  2  L.  M.  S.,  40.  M.  S.  7  A.  6.  C.  F  M. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

2U.  B.,4A.  B  C  F  M 

2  A.  B.  C.  F  M 
1  L.  M.  S. 

10.  K.S. 

1  B.  M.  S 
L.  M.  S. 

3A.B.  C.  F.  M 
3U.B.,  3W,  M.  S. 

2  C.  M.  S. 
1  C.  M.  S. 

1  L.  M.  S.,  1  B.  M.  S.   1  W.  8 

1  C.  K.  S. 

1  W.  M.  S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

1  L.  M.  S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

3  C.  M.  S. 
2L  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
1  C.  M.  S. 
1  B.  M.  S. 

do 

do 

1  W.  x\I.  S. 
1  B.  M.  S. 

1  L.  M.  S. 

2  B.  M.  S. 
1  B.  M.  S. 

1  C.  K.  S. 

2  W.  M.  S 

1  B.  M.  S. 

2  L.  M.  S. 

1  U.  B.  S. 
4U.B.S.  i 

IW.  M.  S.  '' 

2  W.  M.  S. 
1  B.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
I  W.  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
I  B.  M.  S. 
IC.  M.S. 

1  U.  B. 
1  B.  M.  S. 
1  C.  M.  S. 

I  C.  M.  S. 

II  U.  B. 

3  W.  M.  S. 
3  L.  M.  S. 
1  U.  B. 

1  L.  M.  S. 

2A.  B.  C.F.  M 

1  L.  M.  S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

1  A.  B.  C.  M. 

1  L.  M.S. 

1  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  and  W  A  C.  U  ft. 

4U.  B,  8W.  M.,2.  B.  M. 

3B.  M.  S.,1  L.  M.  S. 


mSSlONARY    TABLB. 


Jessore 
.    Kanay 
Harass 
Kent 

Khamiesberg 
Kissey 
Kornegalle 
Labrador 
Lattakoo 
Leicester 
Leopold 
Liberia 

Lily  Mountain 
Madagascar 
Madras 
Madura 
Malacca 
Malapeetzee 
Malda 
Malta 
Manepy 
Martin,  St 
Maui 
Mauritius 
Meerut 
Monghyr 
Montserrat 
Moorshedabad 
Mothelloor 
Muttra 
Nagercoil 
Nagapatam 
Negonibo 
Nel'lore 
Nevis 
N.  Brun.  &N.Scot. 
Newfoundland 
New  Zealand 
Oahu 
Oodooville 
Oreiioerg 
Paarl 

Pacaltsdorp 
Padang 
Palamcotta 
Panditeripo 
Paramaribo 
Paramatta 
Patna 
Pella 
Philipolia 
Plaiiitains 
Pulo  Pinang 
Quilon 
Raiatea 
Rangoon 
Reed  Fountain 
Regent's  Town 
Salsette 

Sandwich  Islands 
Sarepta 

Sault  de  St.  Mairie 
Sebolga 
Serampore 
Silket 
Sincapore 
Sommelsdyk 
Steinkopff 
Slellenbosch 
Surat 
Taha 


Ceylon 

Russian  Tartary 

W.  Africa 

S.  Africa 

W.  Africa 

Ceylon 

N.  America 

S.  Africa 

W.  Africa 


S.  Africa 
E.  Africa 
E.  Indies 


S.  Africa 
E.  Indies 
Mediterranean 
Ceylon 
W.  Indies 
Sandwich  Islands 
E.  Indian  Ocean 
E.  Indies 
<( 

W.  Indies 
E.  Indies 


Ceylon 

« 

W.  Indies 

N.  America 
(( 

South  Sea 
Sandwich  Islands 
Ceylon 
A.  Russia 
S.  Africa 
« 

E.  Indies 

(( 

Ceylon 
S.  America 
N.  S.  Wales 
Hindoostan 
S.  Africa 
<( 

W.  Africa 

E.  Indies 

(( 

Society  Islands 
E.  Indies 
S.  Africa 
W.  Africa 
E.  Indies 
S.  Sea 
Russia 
N.  America 
E.  Indies 


S.  America 
S.  Africa 
« 

E.  Indies 
tiociety  Islands 


4  B.  M  S 
1  C.  M.  S 

3  S.  M.  S 
1  C.  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
1  CM.  S. 
1  W.  M  S 
I6U.  B. 

I  L.  M.  S, 
1  C.  M.  S. 

do 
I  A.  B.  C.  F  M. 

1  W.  M.  S. 

2  L.  M.  S. 

2  W.  M.,  3  L.  M ,  3  C.  M  S 
1  C.  K.  S. 

4  L.  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
1  B.  M   S. 

I  L.  M.  S.,  10  M.S 
I  A.  B.  C.  F  M. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
1  L.  M.  S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

2  B.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1  B.  M.  S. 
1  C.  K.  S. 

1  B.  M.S. 

2  L.  M.  S. 
I  C.  K.  S. 
1  W.M.  S. 

I  C.  M.  S. 
2W.  M.  S. 
17  W.  M.  S. 

II  W.  M.  S. 
1  CM.  S. 

1  L.  M.  S. 

1  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 

4  S.  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S 

do 

1  B.  M.  S. 

2  C.  xM.  S. 

1  A.  B  C.  F.  M. 

5  U.  B. 

1  C.  M.  S. 
12  B.  M.  S. 
1  L.  xM.  S. 

do 
1  C  M.  S. 

3  L.  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S 

do. 

1  A.  B.  C.  F.  iVr. 
1  W.  M.  S.,  1  L  M.  S 
1  C.  M.  S 
1  A.  B.  C  V  M 
5  A.  B.  C  F.  M 
3U.  B. 

1  B.  M.  S. 
3  B.  M.  S. 

2  B  M.  S. 
1  L.  M.  S. 
1  U.  B. 

1  L.  M.  S. 
do. 

3  L.  M.  S. 


MISSIONARY    TABLE. 


Tahiti 

'I'anjore 

Tellicherry 

Ternalfl 

Theopohs 

Tillipally 

Timor 

Tinnevelly 

TiUlya 

Tobago 

Tonga 

Tortola  &  Virg.Ils 

Tanquebar 

Travancore 

Tricliinopoly 

Trincomalee 

Trinidad 

Tnlbagh 

V'nDiemen's  Land 

Vans  Variya 

Vepery 

Vincent  St 

Vizagapalam 

Waterloo 

Wellington 

Whangarooa 

Wilberforce 

Wilks'  Harbour 

Zak  River 

Zante 


S.  Pacific  Ocean 

E.  Indies 

(( 

G   Indian  Sea 
S.  Africa 
E.  Indies 
Indian  Sea 

E.  Indies 

« 

W.  Indies 
S.  Pacific  Ocean 
W.  Indies 
E.  Indies 


Ceylon, 
W.  Indies 
S.  Afi-ica 
Southern  Ocean 
E.  Indies 
<( 

W.  Indies 
E.  Indies 
W.  Africa 

New  Zealand 
W.  Africa 
Tahiti 
S.  Africa 
Greek  islands 


1  C.  M.  S. 

1  N.  M.  S. 

2  L.  M.  S. 
I  L.  M.  S. 
I  N.  M.  S. 
1  C.  K.  S. 

1  L.  M.  S. 

2  W.  M.  S 

1  W.  M.  S 

3  W.  M   S. 

2  C.  M  ». 
L  L.  M.  S. 
1  C.  K.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  & 

L.  M.  S. 
1  W.  M.  S. 
I  B.  M.  S 
I  C.  K.  S. 

W.  M.  S 

3  L.  M  S. 
1  C.  M.S. 

do 

W.  M.  S. 

1  C.  M.  S. 

L.  M.  S. 

do 

do 


APPORTIONMENT" 


Maine 

N.  Hampshire 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

Vermont 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 


Of  Representation  to  Congress. 

8  North  Carolina 

5  South  Carolina 
12  Georgia 

2  Kentucky 

6  Tennessee 

5  Ohio 
40  Indiana 

6  Mississippi 
28  Illinois 

1  Louisiana 

8  Missouri 

21  Alabama 


13 

9 

9 

13 

13 

19 

7 

3 

3 

3 

2 

b 


"This  apportionment,  which  is  to  take  place  March  3d,  1833,  is  in  the  ratio  of  one  Representativi 
for  every  47,700  persons  in  each  state 


A  BRIEF  COMMERCIAL  DICTIONARY. 


ABACA,  a  kind  of  hemp  or  flax,  made 
from  tlie  fibrous  part  of  an  Indian  plan- 
tain ;  the  white  makes  very  fine  cloth, 
but  the  gray  is  used  for  cordage  and  ca- 
bles. 

AbrotoKoi^es,  a  kind  of  coral  like 
southern  wood,  whence  it  takes  its 
name,  according  to  CIuslus.  It  is  found 
on  rocks  in  the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

Acacia,  a  species  of  mimosa,  Egyptian 
♦horn.  The  flowers  of  this  plant  are 
used,  by  the  Chinese,  to  produce  that 
yellow  tolor,  which  we  see  in  their 
Bilks  and  staffs.  Gum  Arabic  is  pro- 
duced from  a  species  of  acacia. 

Achia,  a  sort  of  cane  which  grows  in 
the  East  Indies,  is  pickled  green,  and 
sent  to  Europe  in  stone  or  earthen  jars. 

Acuri,  or  Blue  Coral,  is  fished  up  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  from  Rio-del-re  to 
Uie  river  of  the  Catnarones,  where  the 
Dutch  tratfic  for  it. 

Adamant,  an  ancient  name  for  the  dia- 
mond. It  is  also  used  for  a  very  hard 
species  of  iron,  and  for  the  magnet  or 
loadstone. 

Adamantine  Spar,  a  stone  of  peculiar 
hardness,  approaching  to  that  of  the 
diamond.  It  will  cut  glass  easily  and 
mark  rock  crjstal.  It  is  found  in  China 
and  India,  and,  as  M.  Fini  alleges,  in 
Italy. 

Adatis,  a  fine  Bengal  muslin,  13  yards 
to  the  piece. 

Adenos,  a  kind  of  cotton,  otherwise 
called  murine  cotton.  It  comes  flrom 
Aleppo  by  the  way  of  Marseilles. 

Aestuary,  in  geography,  denotes  an 
arm  of  the  sea  which  runs  a  good  way 
within  land. 

Afioume,  or  Fiume,  a  kind  of  flax, 
which  comes  from  Egypt  by  way  of 
Marseilles  and  Leghorn. 

Agate,  a  genus  of  semi-pellucid  gems, 
which  takes  its  name  from  the  river 
Achates,  on  the  banks  of  which  it  is 
found.  These  gems  are  composed  of 
crystal,  colored  by  a  large  quantity  of 
earth.  Agates  are  arranged  according 
to  the  different  colors  of  their  grounds  ; 
white,  reddish,  yellow  and  green.  Of 
these  there  are  many  varieties,  some  of 
them  having  natural  representations  of 
animals,  trees,  letters,  &c.  No  country 
affords  finer  agates,  or  in  greater  abun- 
dance, than  Germany.  They  are  also 
found  in  France,  Great  Britain,  Sicily, 
Siberia  and  the  East  Indies.  Agates 
may  be  stained  artificially  by  a  solution 
of  silver  in  nitric  acid,  and  afterwards 
exposing  the  part  to  the  sun. 

Agio,  a  bank  term  in  Holland,  ex- 
pressing the  difference  between  money, 
bank  money,  or  current  money  and  cash. 
Ct  is  synonymous  with  premium,  when 
the  bank  money  is  worth  more  than  the 
■aine  nominal  amount  of  the  current 
eoin,  and  with  discount,  when  its  value 
is  less. 

AigTi9,  a  stone  which  serves  instead 
of  current  coin,  among  the  Issinais,  a 
nation  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea, 
where  the  river  Asbin  runs,  near  the 
Gold  Coast ;  it  is  of  a  greenish  blue 
color,  without  any  lustre,  hard,  but  does 
not  take  a  good  polish  ;  they  give  its 
weight  in  gold  for  it. 

Alabaster,  a  kind  of  stone  resembling 
marble,  but  softer.'  It  is  of  various 
colors,  but  the  white  shining  alabaster 
IS  most  common  ;  it  is  used  by  sculptors, 
for  the  formation  of  small  statues,  vases, 
Columns,  &c.  It  is  found  in  many  parts 
ef  England,  especially  in  Derbyshire  and 
Nottinghamshire. 

Alcanna,  a  drug  used  in  dyeing,  which 
comes  from  Egypt  and  other  parts  of 
the  Levant. 
Alcakol,  is  9  name  applied  to  highly 


rectified  spii^  of  wine.  When  pure,  it 
is  perfectly  the  same  whether  obtained 
from  brandy,  wine,  or  any  other  fluid 
which  has  undergone  the  spirituous  fer- 
mentation. It  is  a  light,  transparent, 
colorless  liquid,  of  a  sharp,  penetralmg, 
agreeable  smell,  and  of  a  warm,  stimu- 
lating taste.  It  is  extremely  inflamma- 
ble, and  burns  with  a  pale  blue  flame, 
scarcely  visible  in  bright  daylight.  Al- 
cohol is  used  in  medicine  and  the  arts 
for  a  variety  of  purposes. 

Alder,  a  tree  according  to  the  classi- 
fication of  botanists  of  the  birch  kind. 
It  is  common  in  Europe  and  Asia,  and 
the  United  States  of  America.  The 
wood  of  the  alder  is  in  great  demand  for 
machinery,  and  is  peculiarly  adapted 
for  all  kinds  of  work  which  are  to  be 
kept  constantly  in  water.  With  the  ad- 
dition of  copperas,  the  bark  yields  a 
black  dye,  used  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent in  coloring  cotton. 

Ale,  a  fermented  liquor,  obtained  from 
an  infusion  of  malt ;  differing  from 
strong  beer  chiefly  in  having  a  less  pro- 
portion of  hops.  The  duties  on  beer 
and  ale  make  a  principal  branch  of  the 
revenues  m  England. 

Aiu^ie^,  a  class  of  saline  substances, 
possessing  in  general  the  following  pro- 
perties :  they  have  an  acrid  taste  ;  they 
change  the  blue  juices  of  vegetables  to 
a  green,  and  the  yellow  to  a  brown 
color ;  and  render  oil  miscible  with  wa- 
ter. They  are  mainly  characterized, 
however,  by  a  power  of  combining  with 
acids  so  as  to  impair  the  activity  of  the 
latter  and  form  neutral  salts. 

Alkanet,  a  dyeing  drug,  which  grows 
naturally  in  the  Levant.  The  root  im- 
parts an  elegant  red  color  to  oily  sub- 
stances, and  improves  the  color  of  ma- 
hogany. 

Allspice.     See  Pimento. 

Almacrra,  a  fine  deep-red  ochre,  with 
some  admixture  of  purple,  very  heavy, 
of  a  dense,  yet  friable  structure,  and 
rough  dusty  surface.  It  is  used  in  paint- 
ing, and  in  medicine  as  an  astringent. 

Almonds,  a  kind  of  medicinal  fruit, 
contained  in  a  hard  shell,  which  is  en- 
closed in  a  tough  cottony  skin.  Al- 
monds are  of  two  kinds,  sweet  and  bit- 
ter :  the  Jordan  almond  is  of  the  first 
quality  ;  next  the  Valencia  (a  smaller 
sort  of  about  half  the  price,)  and  the 
inferior  almonds  are  from  Barbary, 
whence  principally  come  the  bitter  ones. 
From  the  port  of  Malaga  in  Spain  come 
the  finest  almonds,  both  in  the  shell 
and  kernel.  In  medicinal  cases,  the 
oil  from  almonds  is  found  useful ;  and 
that  extracted  from  the  bitter  one,  if 
dropped  into  the  ear,  proves  effectual 
against  deafness.  Almonds  are  im- 
ported in  casks,  boxes,  and  serons. 

.^ioes,  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  plant 
aloe,  produced  in  many  of  the  hot  cli- 
mates. It  is  brought  from  Jamaica  and 
Barbadoes,  in  both  of  which  islands 
large  quantities  are  prepared,  and  gen- 
erally conveyed  in  the  shells  or  skins 
of  large  gourds.  The  medicinal  proper- 
ties of  aloes  have  been  long  known. 

Aloes  Wood,  the  product  of  a  tree 
growing  in  China,  and  some  of  the  In- 
dian islands. 

AUfuifou,  or  Arquifou,  a  sort  of  leaden 
ore,  which,  when  broken,  looks  like  an- 
timony. It  is  used  by  potters  to  give  a 
green  varnish  to  their  works. 

Alum,  a  mineral  substance  composed 
of  a  peculiar  earth  termed  alumine,  and 
sulphuric  acid ;  that  sold  under  the 
name  of  common  alum,  contains  a  por- 
tion of  potash  and  ammonia.  Most  of 
the  alum  to  be  met  with  is  artificially 
prepared.    Native  alum,  which  contains 


a  greater  quantity  of  aluminous  eartk 
and  a  portion  of  iron,  is  found  at  GbtW 
wig  in  Austria,  in  Carinthia,  in  th« 
clefts  and  caverns  on  Stromboli,  the 
Solfatara  near  Naples,  the  grotto  of  San 
Germano,  Iliseno,  and  other  places  in 
Italy.  It  is  found  in  the  United  State* 
in  mica-slate  rocks.  Alum  is  extremely 
useful  for  dyeing  and  o'her  purposes 
its  importance,  in  the  arts,  is  very  great 
and  its  annual  consumption  is  ia 
mense. 

Amber,  a  pellucid  and  very  hard  in 
flammable  substance,  of  a  fragran 
smell,  and  possessed  of  a  resinous  lus> 
tre.  Its  natural  color  is  a  fine  pale  yel- 
low,  but  it  is  often  made  white  and 
sometimes  black  :  by  friction  it  becomes 
strongly  electric.  It  is  found  in  masses 
from  the  size  of  a  coarse  sand  to  that  of 
a  man's  bead,  and  occurs  in  beds  of 
bituminous  wood  situated  upon  the 
shores  of  the  Adriatic  seas  ;  also  in  To- 
land,  France,  Italy  and  Denmark.  M(»« 
recently  it  has  been  found  in  the  United 
States,  at  Cape  Sable  in  Maryland. 
Amber  frequently  contains  flies  and 
other  insects,  curiously  preserved  :  it  is 
manufactured  into  beads,  crosses,  and 
other  ornaments. 

Ambergris,  a  substance  found  floating 
in  the  sea  near  the  coasts  of  various 
tropical  countries,  and  also  taken  from 
the  intestines  of  the  spermaceti  whale, 
where  it  is  supposed  to  originate.  Its 
color  is  a  yellowish  or  blackish  white 
its  odor  is  very  agreeable,  and  hence 
arises  its  only  use.  In  the  state  of  an 
alcoholic  solution,  it  is  added  to  laven- 
der-water, tooth-powder,  &c.  to  which 
it  communicates  its  fragrance.  Amber- 
gris is  chiefly  found  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  the  seacoast  of  Brazil,  of  the 
E.  Indies,  China,  Japan  and  the  Moluc- 
ca islands  ;  but  much  of  it  comes  from 
the  Bahama  islands. 

Amber  Seed,  a  small  odoriferous  seed 
used  as  a  perfume.  It  is  sometimes 
brought  from  Egypt, but  is  likewise  in». 
ported  from  Martinico. 

Amethyst,  a  gem  of  a  purple  color 
which,  in  its  purest  state,  is  of  the  sams 
hardness  and  at  least  of  equal  value 
with  the  niby  or  sapphire.  It  is  found 
in  the  E.  and  W.  Indies,  and  in  several 
parts  of  Europe. 

Ammonia,  an  alkaline  substance, 
which,  in  a  state  of  purity,  is  in  form 
of  a  gas,  of  a  very  pungent  smell,  ex- 
tremely volatile.  It  may  be  obtained 
from  all  animal  bodies  in  a  state  of  pu- 
trefaction, and  is  found  native  in  con»- 
bination  with  muriatic  acid,  in  crystal- 
lized masses,  called  sal  ammoniac,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  volcanoes,  in  some  of 
the  mountains  of  Tartary  and  Thibet, 
and  in  the  waters  of  some  of  the  lakes 
in  Tuscany.  This  salt  is  applied  to 
many  useful  purposes :  a  considerable 
portion  of  it  is  consumed  by  dyers,  cop- 
persmiths, tinners,  &c. 

Avata,  or  Anotto,  a  kind  of  bnffcolor- 
ed  dye,  which  has  acquired  the  name 
of  JVanfceen,  from  JVangking  in  China, 
whence  the  calico  so  colored  first  came. 
It  is  brought  from  Brazil. 

Anchor,  in  maritime  affairs,  is  a  very 
large  and  heavy  iron  instrument,  with 
a  double  hook  at  one  end,  and  a  ring  at 
the  other,  by  which  it  is  fastened  to  a 
cable.  It  is  cast  into  the  bottom  of  the 
ses,  or  rivers,  where  taking  its  hold,  it 
keeps  ships  from  being  drawn  away  by 
the  wind,  tide,  or  current.  There  are 
several  kinds  of  anchors  :  1.  The  shee* 
anchor,  which  is  the  largest,  and  if 
never  used  but  in  violent  storms,  tt 
hinder  the  ship  from  being  driven 
ashore.    3.  The  two  boweis,  which  v 


BAR 

•Bed  for  ships  to  ride  in  a  harbor. 
S.  The  stream  anchor.  4.  The  grap- 
nel. 

Anchovies,  the  name  of  a  small  fish 
common  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  is 
much  used  in  sauces  from  the  excellence 
of  its  flavor. 

Anil,  the  plant  from  which  indigo  is 
made. 

Aninga,  a  root  which  grows  in  the 
Antilles  islands,  and  is  used  for  refining 
fiuj;ar. 

Anise,  a  small  seed  of  an  oblong  shape. 
It  is  cultivated  in  Germany,  but  the 
best  comes  from  Spain. 

Antimony,  a  bluish-white,  brittle  me- 
tal, of  a  scaly  or  foliated  texture.  It  is 
used  as  an  ingredient  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  pewter,  and  type-metal.  There 
are  mines  of  antimony  in  Germany  and 
many  parts  of  France. 

Aquafortis,  nitric  acid  in  a  diluted 
State.  It  is  much  used  by  dyers,  calico- 
printers,  &c. 

Aranea,  a  silver  ore  found  only  in  Po- 
tosi,  and  in  the  single  mine  there  of 
Catamito. 

Areb,  a  nominal  money  used  in  ac- 
counts in  India,  equal  to  five  shillings 
sterling. 

Arffol,  tartar  or  the  lees  of  wine  used 
by  dyers. 

Arquifoux,  a  sort  of  lead  ore,  used  by 
potters  to  give  their  works  a  green  var- 
nish. 

Arrack,  a  spirituous  liquor  imported 
from  the  E.  Indies,  used  as  a  dram  and 
in  punch. 

Arrowroot,  a  kind  of  starch  manufac- 
tured from  the  roots  of  a  plant  which  is 
cultivated  in  the  E.  and  W.  Indies. 

Arsenic,  a  metal  of  very  common  oc- 
currence, being  found  in  combination 
with  nearly  all  of  the  metals  in  their 
native  ores.  It  is  usually  seen  in  white, 
glassy,  translucent  masses,  to  which 
form  it  is  reduced  by  fusion  from  a  pow- 
dery slate.  It  is  one  of  the  most  viru- 
lent poisons  known,  not  only  when 
taken  into  the  stomach,  but  when  ap- 
plied to  a  wound,  or  even  when  its  va- 
por is  inspired. 

Ssbestos,  a  kind  of  mineral  substance, 
of  a  woolly  texture,  endued  with  the 
property  of  resisting  fire. 

Ash,  a  well-known  tree,  the  timber 
of  which  is  useful  in  making  imple- 
ments of  husbandry  and  for  otlier  pur- 
poses: 

Asparagus,  an  esculent  plant,  the 
heads  of  which  are  useful  for  the  table 
and  the  roots  in  medicine. 

Assafmtida,  a  resinous  gum  of  an  ex- 
tremely powerful  odor,  procured  from 
the  root  of  a  large  umbelliferous  plant, 
which  grows  in  the  mountains  of  some 
parts  of  Persia. 

Autnm,  a  sort  of  bark  which  resem- 
bles cinnamon,  but  is  paler  and  thicker. 
It  comes  from  the  Levant,  and  is  an  in- 
gredient in  the  carmine  dye. 

BAIZE,  a  sort  of  coarse,  open,  wool- 
len stuff,  having  a  long  nap,  sometimes 
frizzed  and  sometimes  not.  It  is  man- 
ufactured to  a  great  extent  in  different 
parts  of  England. 

Bamboo,  a  plant  which  multiplies  very 
much  by  its  root,  whence  springs  a  ra- 
mous  or  branchy  tufl,  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  European  reeds.  The  Indian 
bamboo  is  the  largest  kind  of  cane  that 
is  known. 

Bandannas,  silk  handkerchiefs,  gen- 
erally red  spotted  with  white,  manufac- 
tured in  the  E.  Indies. 

Bariga,  a  species  of  raw  silk  brought 
from  the  E.  Indies. 

Barilla,  the  name  of  a  sea-plant  which 
grows  very  plentifully  on  the  coast  of 
8pain.  It  abounds  with  soda  ;  and  the 
impure  ashes  of  the  plant,  containing 
that  salt  in  great  abundance,  form  an 
important  article  of  commerce.  The 
ashes  themselves  are  commonly  called 
barilla. 

Bark,  Peruvian,  the  produce  of  a  tree. 
Which  is  the  ipontaneous  growth  of 


BUG 

many  parts  of  S.  America,  but  more 
particularly  of  Peru.  This  valuable 
medicine  was  first  introduced  into  Eu- 
rope by  the  Jesuits,  whence  it  was  for- 
merly called  Jesuit's  bark. 

Barley,  a  sort  of  grain  very  well 
known,  principally  used  for  making 
beer 

Barnacles,  a  kind  of  shell-fish  in  the 
W.  Indies,  which  penetrate  into  the 
bottoms  of  vessels,  and  sometimes  in- 
jure them  so  materially  as  to  give  the 
sheathing  the  appearance  of  a  honey- 
comb. 

Barometer,  a  machine  for  measuring 
the  weight  of  the  atmosphere. 

Bazaar,  a  place  for  trade  among  the 
eastern  nations. 

Beaver,  an  amphih.ous  animal,  for- 
merly common  in  England,  but  now 
extirpated.  It  abounds  in  N.  Ameri- 
ca, where  the  skins  make  a  consider- 
able article  of  exportation. 

Beech,  one  of  our  handsomest  forest 
trees,  common  in  almost  all  the  N.  Eng- 
land and  middle  states. 

Beer,  a  generic  term  for  drink  extract- 
ed from  malt.  It  may  be  extracted  from 
most  kinds  of  grain  after  having  under- 
gone the  process  of  malting. 

Bergamot,  the  name  of  a  fragrant  es- 
sence extracted  from  a  species  of  citron. 

Beryl,  a  pellucid  gem  of  a  bluish-green 
color,  found  in  the  E.  Indies  and  about 
the  gold  mines  of  Peru,  and  especially 
in  Siberia  and  Tartary.  Its  value  is 
trifling  compared  with  the  ruby,  topaz, 
&c. 

Birch,  a  forest  tree,  easily  known  by 
the  smooth  appearance  and  silvery  color 
of  its  bark. 

Bismuth,  a  considerable  heavy  metal, 
of  a  much  harder  and  firmer  texture 
than  antimony.  It  causes  the  metals 
that  are  difficult  of  fusion  to  melt  with 
a  much  smaller  degree  of  fire  than  they 
otherwise  would  do. 

Black  Lead,  a  mineral  found  in  great 
abundance  in  Cumberland,  England,  as 
also  in  many  parts  of  Spain,  particular- 
ly in  the  neighborhood  of  Malaga.  It  is 
used  in  the  manufactureof  pencils,  also 
for  blackening  the  front  of  stoves,  grates, 
&;c. 

Bombazine,  a  kind  of  silk  stuff  origin- 
ally manufactured  at  Milan,  but  now 
extensively  in  G.  Britain. 

Borax,  a  substance  of  a  greenish  color, 
brought  from  the  E.  Indies  in  great 
masses  :  it  is  used  as  a  flux  for  metals. 

Busphoms,  in  geography,  a  narrow 
strait  or  arm  of  the  sea. 

Box-wood,  is  a  yellowish,  hard,  and 
solid  wood,  and  takes  a  good  polish.  It 
is  used  in  works  of  sculpture,  and  in 
instruments  of  music,  such  as  flutes, 
nagelets,  &c. 

Brandy,  a  spirituous  and  inflammable 
liquor,  extracted  from  wine  and  other 
liquors,  and  likewise  from  the  husks  of 
grapes  by  distillation.  Brandy  is  pre- 
pared in  many  of  the  wine  countries  of 
Europe,  and  with  peculiar  excellence  in 
Languedoc,  in  Anjou,  and  other  parts 
of  the  south  of  France,  whence  is  the 
Cognac  brandy. 

Brass,  a  factitious  metal,  made  of 
copper  and  zinc  in  proper  proportions. 

Brazil-Wood, so  railed  because  it  came 
first  from  Brazil,  a  province  in  S.  Ame- 
rica. It  is  of  a  red  color,  and  very 
heavy.  It  is  much  used  in  fumed  work, 
and  takes  a  good  polish  ;  but  is  chiefly 
used  in  dying. 

Braziletlo,  the  worst  species  of  Brazil- 
wood :  it  comes  from  the  Antilles  is- 
lands. 

Bristles,  the  strong  hair  standing  on 
the  back  of  a  hog  or  wild  boar.  They 
are  imported  principally  from  Russia. 

Buckram,  a  sort  of  coarse  cloth,  made 
of  hemp  gummed,  calendered  and  dyed 
several  colors. 

Buckwheat,  a  grain  which  is  native  of 
Africa,  but  so  hardy  that  it  will  flourish 
in  almost  any  country.  It  is  extensive- 
ly cultivated  in  different  parts  of  the 


CHE 

U.  States,  and  from  the  flour  an  excel 
lent  article  of  food  is  produced. 

Buffalo,  or  Bison,  a  wild  bull,  found  in 
large  herds  in  diflerent  parts  of  Ameri- 
ca. The  hides  are  exported  in  large 
quantities. 

Bulbs,  the  roots  of  several  sorts  o( 
flowers,  as  tulips,  hyacinths,  &c.,  of 
which  large  quantities  are  imported  from 
Holland. 

Bullion,  uncoined  gold  or  silver  in  the 
mass 

CACHALOT,  a  large  fish  of  the  whale 
species,  from  the  brain  of  which  sperm 
nccti  is  extracted. 

Cajeput  Oil,  the  volatile  oil  obtained 
from  the  leaves  of  the  cajeput  tree, 
which  is  common  on  the  mountains  of 
Amboyna,  and  the  other  Molucca  is- 
lands. It  is  of  a  green  color,  very  lim- 
pid, lighter  than  water,  of  a  strong 
smell  resembling  camphor,  and  of  a  pun- 
gent taste. 

Calabar  Skin,  the  Siberian  squirrel 
skin  used  in  making  muffs,  tippets,  &c. 

Calamanco,  a  woollen  stuff  principally 
manufactured  in  the  Netherlands  but 
also  in  England. 

Calico,  a  cotton  cloth,  which  derives 
its  name  from  Calicut,  a  city  of  India, 
from  which  it  was  first  brought.  The 
art  of  calico-printing  is  supposed  to  have 
been  practised  in  India  more  than  2,000 
years,  though  it  was  not  introduced  into 
England  till  the  year  1676. 

Cambric,  a  species  of  very  fine  white 
linen,  first  made  atCambray,  in  French 
Flanders,  whence  it  derives  its  appella 
tion. 

Camel,  a  large  beast  of  burden,  used 
throughout  all  the  eastern  countries. 

Camlet,  a  plain  stuff,  composed  of  a 
warp  and  woof,  which  is  manufactured 
on  a  loom,  with  two  treadles,  as  linens 
are.  Camlets  are  of  different  kinds,  a» 
goats'-hair,  wool,  silk  camlets. 

Camphor,  a  white,  resinous  produc 
tion,  of  peculiar  and  powerful  smell, 
extracted  from  trees  which  grow  in  the 
islands  of  the  E.  Indies  and  in  China. 

Canal,  a  kind  of  artificial  river,  made 
for  the  convenience  of  water  carriage. 

Cantharides,  flies  of  a  shining  green 
color,  found  adhering  to  certain  kinds 
of  trees  in  Spain,  Italy  and  the  southern 
part  of  France.  They  are  commonly 
called  SpanisA/Jics,  and  are  of  extensive 
use  in  medicine. 

Canvas,  a  very  clean  unbleached 
cloth  of  hemp  or  flax,  woven  very  regu- 
larly in  little  squares. 

Cape,  a  promontory  or  headland,  run- 
ning out  with  a  point  into  the  sea. 

Capers,  the  full  grown  buds  of  a  low 
shrub  generally  growing  out  of  the 
joints  of  old  walls  or  fissures  of  rocks 
in  the  warm  climates  of  Europe. 

Carbon,  a  substance  which  has  been 
found  to  exist  in  a  state  of  absolute  pu- 
rity in  the  diamond.  It  is  tlie  base  of 
common  charcoal,  which  is  an  oxide  of 
carbon. 

Carbuncle,  a  precious  stone  ef  the  ruby 
kind,  of  a  very  rich,  glowing  blood-red 
color. 

Cascarilla,  the  bark  of  a  tree  growing 
plentifully  in  the  Bahama  islands,  of  a 
fragrant  smell,  and  moderately  bitter 
taste. 

Cassada,  a  mealy  substance,  derived 
from  the  rooi  of  a  plant  called  Magnoc  j 
a  native  of  the  W.  Indies.  From  the 
pure  flour  of  cassada  is  formed  the  sub- 
stance called  tapioca. 

Cass^ia,  the  bark  of  a  tree,  which 
grows  in  the  E.  and  W.  Indies  and  in 
China.  It  is  thicker  and  coarser  than 
cinnamon,  but  of  a  similar  taste.  It  is 
mostly  imported  from  China. 

Castor-Oil,  an  oil  extracted  from  the 
seeds  of  a  plant  which  grows  in  the  E. 
and  W.  Indies,  and  in  the  tJ.  States.  Ita 
uses  in  medicine  are  well  known 

Ccrfor,  a  tree  common  in  America,  the 
wood  of  which  is  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
incorruptible. 

Chestnut,   a   handsome   forest   tree, 


producing    a    swMt    and    sofl-shelled 
fruit. 

Chints,  a  fine  printed  calico  first  man- 
nfactured  in  tlie  E.  Indies,  but  imitated 
in  oUier  countries. 

ChocoliiU,  a  Itind  of  paste,  or  cake, 
prepared  cliiefly  from  the  cacao-nut,  a 
production  of  "the  W.  Indies  and  S. 
America. 

Chronometer,  a  timepiece  of  a  peculiar 
construction,  at  present  much  used  by 
navigators  in  determining  the  longitude 
at  sea. 

Cider,  a  liquor  extracted  from  the 
juice  of  apples,  and  forming  a  consider- 
able portion  of  agricultural  produce  in 
this  country. 

Cimolia,  the  name  of  the  earth  of 
which  tobacco-pipes  are  made.  It  is 
J'ound  in  different  parts  of  England. 

Cinnamon,  the  under  bark  of  the 
branches  of  a  tree  of  the  bay  tribe,  which 
is  chiefly  found  in  the  island  of  Ceylon, 
but  which  grows  in  Malabar  and  other 
parts  of  the  E.  Indies. 

Citron,  an  agreeable  fruit  resembling 
a  lemon  in  color,  taste  and  smell.  It 
comes  to  us  preserved  or  candied  from 
Madeira. 

Civet,  a  perfume  taken  from  the  civet- 
cat. 

Clove,  the  unexpanded  flower-bud  of 
an  East  Indian  tree,  somewhat  resem- 
bling the  laurel  in  its  height,  and  in  the 
shape  of  its  leaves. 

Coal,  a  combustible  substance  com- 
posed chiefly  of  carbon  and  bitumen. 
That  which  contains  much  bitumen  is 
highly  inflammable,  and  burns  with  a 
iright  flame:  the  anthracite,  in  which 
the  carbon  predominates  burns  less 
vividly.  Numerous  varieties  of  coal 
exist :  it  abounds  in  almost  every  coun- 
try, and  inexhaustible  mines  are  found 
In  different  parts  of  the  U.  States. 

Cobalt,  a  metal  found  in  Oie  form  of 
an  ore,  in  Saxony,  Sweden,  and  some 
parts  of  England. 

Cochineal,  a  drug,  in  many  respects 
approaching  to  the  nature  of  ker-mes.  It 
s  brought  to  us  from  .Mexico,  where  it 
Is  collected  in  immense  quantities,  be- 
ing a  species  of  insect  which  affords  a 
deep  crimson  dye.  Cochineal  is  also 
raised  in  Peru  and  several  other  parts 
of  Spanish  America,  and  becomes  every 
year  an  article  of  greater  importance  to 
the  commerce  of  thatrcountry. 

Cociia-Jsfut,  a  woody  fruit,  of  an  oval 
shape,  covered  with  a  fibrous  husk,  and 
lined  internally  with  a  white,  firm  and 
fleshy  kernel.  It  is  a  native  of  Africa, 
the  E.  and  W.  Indies,  and  S.  America. 

Cod,a.  well  known  fish  that  is  caught 
in  Immense  quantities  on  the  banks  of 
Newfoundland,  and  the  other  sand- 
banks that  lie  off  the  coasts  of  Cape  Bre- 
ton, Nova  Scotia,  and  N.  England. 

Coffee,  the  berries  of  a  shrub  common 
in  Arabia  Felix.  The  best  coffee  is  im- 
ported from  Mocha  in  the  Red  Sea. 
That  next  in  esteem  is  raised  in  Java 
and  the  E.  Indies;  and  that  of  lowest 
price  is  raised  in  the  W.  Indies  and 
Brazil. 

Copal,  a  substance  of  great  import- 
ance as  a  varmsh,  obtained  from  the 
rhvs  copalinum,  a  tree  in  N.  America. 

Copper,  a  metal,  next  to  iron  in  spe- 
cific gravity,  but  lighter  than  gold,  sil- 
ver or  lead.  It  is  found  *n  N.  and  S. 
America,  in  most  European  countries, 
and  in  Africa  and  Japan. 

Copperas,  a  name  given  to  the  sul- 
phate of  green  vitriol,  used  in  dying 
black. 

Coral,  a  marine  zoophyte  that  be- 
comes after  removal  from  the  water  as 
hard  as  a  stone,  and  of  a  fine  red  color. 
It  is  found  in  the  Mediterranean  and  in 
the  Ethiopic  Ocean,  about  Cape  Ne- 
gro. 

Cordage,  a  term  used  in  general  for 
all  sorts  of  cord,  made  use  of  in  rigging 
ships. 

Cork,  the  bark  of  a  species  of  oak 
Tvliich  growi  in  Spain,  Portugal  and  on 


URA 

the  Fr«nch  side  of  the  Pyrenean  moun- 
tains. 

Cornelian,  a  precious  stone  of  which 
there  are  tiiree  kinds,  red,  yellow  and 
white.  The  finest  cornelians  are  those 
of  the  E.  Indies;  but  very  beautiful 
ones  are  found  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Cotton,  a  soft  downy  substance  found 
on  the  gossypium  or  cotton-tree.  It  is 
separated  from  the  seeds  of  tlie  plant  by 
a  mill,  and  then  spun  and  prepared  for 
all  sorts  of  fine  work,  as  stockings, 
quilts,  &c.  Cotton  was  found  indigen- 
ous in  America.  North  and  S.  Ameri- 
ca, Egypt  and  India  produce  most  of 
the  cotton  consumed,  and  the  greater 
part  is  manufactured  in  England  and 
the  U.  States.  The  cotton  gin  is  a  ma- 
chine invented  by  Mr.  Whitney,  aa 
American,  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing 
cotton. 

Crape,  a  light,  transparent  stuff,  like 
gauze,  made  of  raw  silk,  gummed  and 
twisted  on  the  mill,  and  woven  with- 
out crossing.  It  is  manufactured  in 
France  and  various  parts  of  G.  Britain. 

Cream  of  Tartar,  a  combination  of 
tartaric  acid  with  potash.  It  comes  to 
us  from  Leghorn,  and  other  parts  of 
Italy. 

Crystal,  the  name  of  a  very  large  class 
of  fossils,  hard,  pellucid,  and  naturally 
colorless. 

Currants,  a  smaller  kind  of  grapes, 
brought  principally  from  Zante  and 
Cephalonia. 

Chircuma,  a  plant  which  is  native  of 
India.  The  root  communicates  a  beau- 
tiful but  perishable  yellow  dye,  with 
alum. 

Cypress,  the  cypress  tree  is  a  dark 
colored  evergreen,  which  grows  abun- 
dantly in  the  western  parts  of  the  U. 
States.  The  name  of  this  tree  is  de- 
rived from  the  island  of  Cyprus,  in  the 
Mediterranean,  where  it  still  grows  in 
great  luxuriance. 

DAMASK,  an  ingeniously  manufac- 
tured stuff,  the  ground  of  which  is 
bright  and  glossy,  with  vines,  flowers, 
and  figures  interwoven.  It  is  made  in 
France  and  other  countries  of  Europe  ; 
and  is  also  brought  from  India  and  Chi- 
na. 

Dates,  the  fruit  of  the  date  palm,  a 
tree  inhabiting  the  north  of  Africa,  and 
which  is  also  cultivated  in  Italy  and 
Spain.  This  fruit  is  an  oval,  soft,  fleshy 
drupe,  having  a  very  hard  stone,  with  a 
longitudinal  furrow  on  one  side,  and 
when  fresh,  possesses  a  delicious  per- 
fume and  taste. 

Diamond,  a  precious  stone  which  has 
been  known  from  the  remotest  ages. 
It  is  the  hardest  of  all  bodies  ;  the  best 
tempered  steel  makes  no  impression  on 
it.  T\\e  first  water  in  diamonds  means 
the  greatest  purity  and  perfection  of 
their  complexion,  which  ought  to  be 
that  of  the  purest  water.  Diamond- 
mines  are  found  chiefly  in  the  E.  Indies ; 
and  in  Brazil,  in  S.  America. 

Diaper,  a  sort  of  fine  flowered  linen 
commonly  used  in  table-cloths,  nap- 
kins, &c. 

Dimity,  a  species  of  Cross-barred  stuff 
entirely  composed  of  cotton,  similar  in 
fabric  to  fustian. 

Dock,  in  maritime  aftairs,  is  an  artifi- 
cial basin,  by  the  side  of  a  harbor,  made 
convenient  either  for  the  building  or 
repairing  of  ships.  It  is  of  two  sorts: 
1.  Dry  dock,  where  the  water  is  kept 
o\it  by  great  flood-gates,  till  the  ship  is 
built  or  repaired,  when  the  gates  are 
opened,  and  the  water  let  in  to  float 
and  launch  her.  2.  Wet  docks,  a  place 
into  which  the  ship  may  be  hauled,  out 
of  the  tide's  way,  and  so  dock  herself, 
or  sink  for  herself  a  place  to  lie  in 

Donm,  the  fine  feathers  from  the 
breasts  of  several  birds,  particularly 
that  of  the  duck  kind.  That  of  the 
eider  duck  is  the  most  valuable. 

Drab,  a  sort  of  thick  woollen  cloth, 
woven  purposely  for  great  ctuKs. 


FUR 

Dragon's  Blood,  a  gummy  resinont 
substance,  which  is  brought  from  the  E. 
Indies.  A  no  ution  of  dragon's  blood 
in  spirit  ot  wine  is  usee*  ?>r  staining 
marble,  to  which  it  gives  m  •..d  tinge. 

Drawback,  in  commerce,  an  allow- 
ance made  to  merchants  on  the  reex- 
portation of  certain  goods,  which  in 
some  cases  consists  of  the  whole,  in 
others  of  a  part,  of  the  duties  which  bad 
been  paid  upon  the  importation. 

Drug,  in  a  commercial  sense,  is  ap- 
plied to  every  article  of  a  medicinal  na- 
ture, Ruch  as  gums,  jalap,  senna,  &c. 

Duck,  a  sort  of  strong  brown  cloth, 
used  chiefly  by  sail-makers.  The  best 
comes  from  Russia. 

EBOJVY  WOOD,  is  brought  from  the 
Indies,  exceedingly  hard,  and  heavy, 
susceptible  of  a  very  fine  polish.  The 
best  is  a  jet  black,  free  of  veins  and 
rind,  very  massive,  astringent,  and  of 
an  acrid,  pungent  taste. 

Embargo,  an  arrest  on  ships  or  mer- 
chandise, by  public  authority. 

Emerald,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of 
all  the  class  of  colored  gems ;  when 
perfect  its  color  is  a  pure  green.  Em- 
eralds are  found  in  the  E.  Indies  and 
in  many  parts  of  America  ;  they  are  also 
met  with  in  Silesia,  Bohemia  and  other 
parts  of  Europe. 

Emery,  in  natural  history,  a  rich  iron- 
ore  found  in  large  masses,  extremely 
hard  and  very  heavy.  It  is  imported 
from  the  island  of  Naxos,  where  it  ex- 
ists in  great  abundance,  and  is  also 
found  in  many  parts  of  Europe. 

Famine,  a  valuable  fur  which  is  ob- 
tained from  a  species  of  weasel,  abound- 
ing in  all  the  cold  countries,  especially 
Russia,  Norway  and  Lapland.  The  fur 
is  short,  soft,  and  silky,  and  is  in  great 
request.  The  common  weasel  of  the 
United  States  is  white  in  winter,  and  is 
the  proper  ermine  of  Europe. 

Ether,  a  very  volatile  fluid  produced 
by  the  distillation  of  alcohol  with  an 
acid. 

FEATHERS,  make  a  considerable 
article  of  commerce,  being  principally 
used  for  plumes,  ornaments,  filling  of 
beds,  writing-pens,  &c.  Eiderdown  is 
imported  from  Denmark  ;  the  ducks 
that  supply  it  being  inhabitants  of  Hud-' 
son's  Bay,  Greenland,  Iceland,  Nor- 
way and  N.  America. 

Felucca,  a  little  vessel  with  oars,  fre- 
quent in  the  Mediterranean. 

Figs,  the  best  are  those  which  come 
from"  Turkey,  packed  in  cases.  Many 
are  brought  from  Faro  of  a  small  aad 
inferior  kind,  also  from  the  south  of 
France.  Vast  quantities  are  exported 
from  Spain  and  Portugal. 

Flannel,  a  kind  of  slight,  loose,  wool- 
len stuff",  composed  of  a  woof  and  warp, 
and  woven  on  a  loom  with  two  treadles, 
after  the  manner  of  baize.  The  flan- 
nels of  England  and  of  Wales  are  most 
esteemed. 

Flaz,  a  plant  which  is  cultivated  prin- 
cipally for  the  fibres  yielded  by  tha 
bark,  of  which  linen  cloth  is  made. 
The  seeds  yield  an  oil  well  known  in 
commerce,  under  the  name  of  linseed 
oil.  Flax  IS  now  extensively  cultivated 
in  the  U.  States,  and  its  various  pro- 
ducts have  become  with  us  important 
articles  of  commerce. 

Flour,  the  meal  of  wheat-corn,  finely 
ground  and  sifted. 

Fossil,  in  chemistry,  denotes,  in  gen- 
eral, all  things  dug  out  of  the  earth,  ei- 
ther native  or  extraneous. 

Fox-Skins,  an  article  of  considerable 
export  from  N.  America,  employed  in 
the  making  of  muffs,  tippets,  &c. 

Fuller^s  Earth,  a  species  of  clay,  of  a 
grayish  ash  colored  brown,  in  all  de- 
grees from  very  pale  to  almost  black, 
and  it  has  generally  something  of  a 
greenish  cast.  It  is  used  by  fullers  to 
take  grease  out  of  their  cloth  before  they 
apply  the  soap. 

Fur,  the  skins  of  quadrupeds,  which 
are  lireaset^  A'ith  aluni  wiUiout  d«|>riv- 

3Z 


RON 

\ng  them  of  their  hair  ;  the  siclns  chiefly 
uaed  are  thoseof  the  sable,  erniine,  bear, 
bpaver,  hare,  &c.  'J'hey  are  principally 
exported  froin  N.  America  and  Kiissia. 

Fitstiaii,  a  kind  of  cotton  stuif,  which 
seems  as  if  it  was  waled  or  ribbed  on 
one  side  ;  the  principal  mannfacture  of 
vhis  article  is  carried  on  at  Manchester, 
in  England,  and  its  neighborhood. 

Fustic,  a  yellow  wood,  used  in  dying, 
principally  brought  from  the  islands  of 
Barbadoes,  Tobago,  &c.  The  color  it 
yields  is  a  fine  golden  yellow. 

OAUiJ^GAL,  a  root  which  is  brought 
(Vom  China  It  is  an  excellent  stom- 
achic. 

•  Oalbanum,  a  gnm  issuing  from  the 
stem  of  an  umbelliferous  plant,  growing 
lu  Persia  and  many  parts  of  Africa. 

Oaleon,  a  sort  of  ship  employed  in 
Spain,  in  the  commerce  of  the  VV.  In- 
dies. 

Oalloon,  a  narrow,  thick  kind  of  fer- 
ret or  lace,  used  to  edge  or  border 
clothes,  sometimes  made  of  wool  or 
thread,  and  at  others  of  gold  or  silver, 
but  commonly  of  mohair  or  silk. 

OatU,  are  tumors,  produced  by  the 
punctures  of  insects  on  several  species 
oftlieoak  tree.  Other  trees  are  liable 
to  the  same  accidents,  and  produce  galls 
of  various  forms  and  sizes,  but  those  of 
the  oak  only  are  used  in  medicine,  and 
for  the  purposes  of  dying  and  making 
ink.  Tlie  galls  which  come  from  Alep- 
po are  the  most  valuable. 

Oainbo^e,  a  gum  resin,  of  a  deep  yel- 
low or  orange  color,  brought  chiefly 
from  Cambodia  in  the  E.  Indies. 

Oamcl,  a  very  beautiful  gem  of  a  red 
color,  with  an  admixture  of  blue. 

Oas,  among  chemists,  a  term  made 
use  of  to  denote  all  tlie  aerial  and  per- 
manently elastic  fluids,  except  the  at- 
mospheric air. 

Oaine,  a  very  slight,  thin,  open  kind 
of  stufl',  made  of  silk,  sometimes  of 
tl^read  ,  there  are  also  figured  gauzes, 
and  some  with  gold  or  silver  flowers  on 
a  silk  ground  ;  the  latter  come  to  us 
principally  from  China. 

Oenena,  or  Oin,  an  ordinary  malt  spirit, 
distilled  a  second  time,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  Juniper  berries.  Holland  is  noted 
for  distilling  the  finest  Geneva. 

Oentian,  a  plant  of  the  mountainous 
parts  of  Germany,  the  roots  of  which 
are  used  in  medicine. 

O-inger,  a  knotty,  flattish  root,  of  a 
fibrous  substance  and  of  a  pale  or  yel- 
lowish color.  It  grows  in  moist  places 
in  various  parts  of  tropical  Asia  and  the 
B.  Indies,  and  has  been  cultivated  to 
aome  extent  in  the  W.  Indies,  particu- 
larly in  Jamaica. 

dinseng,  a  plant,  the  root  of  which 
has  long  been  celebrated  among  the 
Chinese,  entering  into  the  composition 
of  almost  every  medicine  nsed  by  the 
nigher  classes.  It  was  formerly  sup- 
posed to  grow  exclusively  in  Chinese 
Tartary ;  but  it  has  now  been  long 
Known  that  this  plant  is  also  a  native  of 
iV  America,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Alle- 
ghany mountains. 

GLixs,  a  transparent,  brittle,  factitious 
body,  produced  by  the  action  of  fire  upon 
1  fissd  salt  and  sand,  or  stone,  that 
readily  melts.  It  is  manufactured  in 
almost  every  country. 

Oo:d,  a  tnetal  of  a  yellow  color,  in 
specific  gravity  next  to  platina,  possess- 
ing great  lustre,  malleability,  and  duc- 
tility. Europe  is  mostly  supplied  with 
gold  from  Chili  and  Peru  in  S.  America; 
though  a  small  quantity  is  likewise  im- 
ported from  China  and  the  coast  of  Af- 
■Ica.  In  the  U.  States,  gold  mines 
'.bound  in  Virginia,  N.  Carolina,  Geor- 
.'la,  and  other  southern  states,  and  have 
een  worked  to  a  considerable  extent. 

(iiiJUchid,  a  sort  of  money,  or  rather  a 
mail  ingot  of  gold  which  comes  from 
'hina 


Grain,  signifies  the  fruit  or  seed  grow- 
ing in  a  spike  or  ear,  in  which  sense  it 
comprehends  every  species  of  corn,  as 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  &c. 

Grampus,  a  fish  of  the  whale  kind. 

Grapes,  a  well  known  fruit  produced 
from  the  vine.  It  is  of  various  colors 
when  ripe,  but  the  principal  are  tlie 
green  and  purple.  VVe  import  vast  quan- 
tities of  green  grapes  from  Malaga  and 
other  parts  of  Spain. 

Guaiacuni,  a  medicinal  wood, extreme- 
ly hard  and  solid,  of  a  dense,  compact 
texture  and  a  yellowish  color.  The 
bark  is  also  used  in  medicine  ;  and  there 
is  a  substance  sold  under  the  name  of 
gum  guaiacum,  which  is  used  for  a  sim- 
ilar purpose.  We  obtain  giiaiucum  prin- 
cipally from  the  W.  Indies  and  S.  Ame- 
rica. 

Gum  Arabic,  a  substance  which  ex- 
udes from  the  Egyptian  acacia,  and  is 
brought  chiefly  from  the  Levant. 

Gum,  Elastic,  or  Caoutchouc.  This 
substance,  usually  termed  India  rubber, 
is  prepared  from  the  juice  of  a  tree  grow- 
ing in  Cayenne,  and  other  parts  of  S. 
America. 

Gunpowder,  a  composition  of  nitre, 
sulphur,  and  ciiarcoal,  mixed  together 
and  granulated. 

Gypsum,  or  Plaster- Stone,  native  sul- 
phate of  lime.  It  is  found  in  difierent 
parts  of  Europe  and  America. 

I/ARTSJIORM,  the  entire  horns  of 
the  male  deer  as  separated  from  the 
head.  The  chemical  analysis  of  harts- 
horn yields  a  water  highly  impregnated 
with  a  volatile  salt,  which  is  called 
spirit  of  hartshorn. 

Hellebore,  a  genus  of  plants  allied  to 
and  resembling  the  ranunculus.  There 
are  ten  species.  By  distillation  a  poi- 
sonous oil  may  be  obtained  from  the 
root. 

Hemp,  a  plant  which  grows  wild  in 
the  E.  Irjdies  and  some  parts  of  Ameri- 
ca, and  is  valuable  for  the  various  uses 
of  its  seed  and  the  fibres  of  its  bark  ; 
— the  latter  being  made  into  cordage, 
ropes,  cables  and  cloth  of  every  quality. 
Though  cultivated  to  some  extent  in  the 
U.  States,  it  still  forms  a  large  .article  of 
import  from  Europe,  and  particularly 
from  Russia. 

Hides,  the  skins  of  beasts  ;  particu- 
larly applied  to  those  of  large  cattle,  as 
bullocks,  cows,  &c.  Those  from  S 
America  are  in  best  repute. 

Hock,  a  German  wine  of  exquisite  fla- 
vor when  old.  The  best  comes  from 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 

Hops,  a  plant  which  is  a  native  of  Eu- 
rope, Siberia,  and  N.  America.  It  is 
used  principally  in  the  manufacture  of 
beer,  and  is  raised  extensively  both  in 
England  and  the  V.  States. 

Horehnund,  a  labiate  plant,  with  whit- 
ish, cottony  leaves  and  stem,  now  na- 
turalized in  the  U.  States,  and  growing 
on  the  banks  of  ponds,  &c.  Its  juice 
imparts  a  permanent  dye  to  wool,  silk 
and  linen,  and  is  of  use  in  pulmonary 
complaints. 

Hungary  Water,  so  called  from  a 
queen  of  Hungary,  is  made  by  distil- 
ling in  balneo,  fresh-gathered  flowers  of 
rosemary,  two  pounds,  rectified  spirits 
of  wine,  two  quarts. 

HtiacintJi,  a  pellucid  gem  of  a  red  co- 
lor with  a  mixture  of  yellow. 

Hydromel,  a  fermented  liquor,  made 
of  honey  and  water. 

Hydrometer,  an  instrument  used  for 
determining  the  specific  gravities  of 
liquids. 

ICRLAJ\rr)  MOSS,  a  species  of  lichen 
growing  in  the  arctic  regions  of  Europe, 
and  also  abundant  in  the  Aloine  region 
of  the  White  mountains  of  N.  Hamp- 
shire. It  is  an  article  of  commerce,  and 
often  employed  in  pharmacy,  in  the 
composition  of  pectoral  lozenges,  svruos 


KER 

Indigo,  a  dye  prepared  from  the  leaves 
and  small  branches  of  tiitj  Indigofert 
tiiictoria.  It  is  cultivated  in  N.  and  S 
America  and  both  the  Indies.  A  bas- 
tard sort  of  indigo  may  be  ot'.ained  from 
the  isatis  tinctoria  or  woad. 

Ingiit,  a  mass  of  gold  or  silver  from 
the  iniues,  melted  and  cast  into  a  sort 
of  mould,  but  neither  coined  nor 
wrought. 

Iodine,  a  substance  which  may  be  ob- 
tained from  a  variety  of  sea-weeds  and 
fungi,  and  in  great  abunfance  from  kelp 
It  is  a  deadly  poison. 

Ipecacuanha,  a  drug  brought  from  S 
America,  and  much  used  in  medicine. 

Iridium,  a  metal  discovered  in  the  ore 
of  platina,  by  M.  Tennant.  It  is  of  a 
white  color,  brittle,  and  difficult  of  fu- 
sion. 

Iron,  the  most  valuable  of  all  metals. 
It  is  common  to  all  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  most  of  the  countries  of  the 
globe.  We  import  much  iron  from  Eng- 
land and  Sweden. 

Iron  tVood,  a  species  of  wood  of  a  red- 
dish cast,  so  called  on  account  of  its 
corroding  as  that  metal  does,  and  its 
being  remarkably  hard  and  ponderous. 
The  tree  which  produces  it  grows  prin- 
cipally in  the  W.  Indies,  S.  America 
and  some  parts  of  Asia. 

Isinglass,  a  gelatinous  substance  made 
from  certain  fish  found  in  the  Danube, 
and  the  rivers  of  Muscovy.  It  is  brought 
chiefly  from  Russia. 

Ivory,  the  substance  of  the  tusk  of  the 
elephant.  It  is  usually  brought  from 
the  coasts  of  Africa.  The  ivory  of  In- 
dia is  apt  to  lose  its  color,  and  turn  yel- 
low ;  that  of  Acliem  and  Ceylon  is  the 
most  esteemed. 

JADE,  a  species  of  Jasper. 

Jalap,  a  root  so  called  from  being 
principally  brought  from  the  envinma 
of  Xalapa.  It  is  much  employed  in  me 
dicine. 

Japanning,  the  art  of  varnishing  and 
painting  ornaments  on  wood,  metals, 
&c.,  in  the  same  manner  as  is  done  by 
the  natives  of  Japan. 

Jasper,  a  stone  found  in  the  E.  Indies 
and  China,  and  an  ingredient  in  the 
composition  Of  many  mountains.  It  oc 
curs  usually  in  large  amorphous  masses, 
and  its  colors  are  various.  It  is  used  in 
the  formation  of  seals,  and  when  pol- 
ished is  very  beautiful. 

Jaiel,  a  precious  stone  of  a  fine  blue 
color,  found  in  the  E.  Indies. 

Jet,  a  black,  inflammable,  bituminous 
substance,  susceptible  of  a  good  polish, 
and  becoming  electrical  by  rubbing.  It 
occurs  in  different  parts  of  Europe,  and 
is  found  at  South  Hadley,  Mass.,  in  the 
coal  formation. 

Jujubes,  the  fruit  of  a  tree  which 
grows  in  Languedoc,  Provence,  the  is- 
lands of  Hieies,  in  several  parts  of  Ita- 
ly, and  in  India  and  Persia.  It  ischief- 
ly  used  in  medicine,  nearly  for  the  same 
purposes  as  the  common  fig:  a  paste  is 
prepared  from  it,  which  is  of  efficacy  in 
pulmonary  complaints. 

KALI,  "a  genus  of  marine  plpnts, 
which  are  burnt  to  procure  alkali. 

Keel,  the  lowest  piece  of  timber  in  a 
ship,  running  her  whole  length,  from 
the  lower  part  of  her  stem  to  the  lower 
part  of  her  stern-post. 

Kelp,  the  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant 
called  by  the  same  name.  The  prepa- 
ration of  kelp  is  carried  on  to  a  great 
extent  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 

Kcrmes,  an  insect  of  the  genus  called, 
in  natural  history,  coccus.  It  is  prin- 
cipally used  in  dying,  on  account  of  its 
imparting  a  fine  scarlet  or  crimson  color. 
It  is  found  in  abundance  in  France  anJ 
Spain,  and  large  quantities  are  brought 
from  the  Levant. 

Kersey,  a  species  of  coarse  woollen 
stuff,  usually  woven  in  ribs. 


LTM 

ICrtfX  In  naval  architecture,  a  vessel 
with  two  masts,  usually  applied  to  one 
carrying  bombs,  or  ratlier  mortars. 

Kiffekil,  a  mineral  dug  up  near  Konie 
In  Natolia,  and  employed  in  forming  the 
bowls  of  Turkish  tobacco-pipes. 

Kupfernickel,  a  sulphate  of  nickel,  and 
generally  compounded  of  nickel,  ar- 
senic, and  sulphate  of  iron. 

LABRADOR  STOME,  a  beautiful 
Btone  brought  from  the  coast  of  Labra- 
dor. Its  color  is  commonly  of  a  light 
or  of  a  deep  gray,  frequently  blackish  j 
but  when  held  in  certain  positions  to 
the  light,  it  exhibits  varieties  of  beauti- 
ful inteinal  colors,  chiefly  green  and 
blue. 

Lac,  or  Oum  Lac,  the  product  of  the 
coccus  lacca,  an  insect,  which  deposits 
its  eggs  on  the  branches  of  a  tree  called 
Bihar  in  Assam.  Lac  possesses  the 
properties  of  a  resin,  and  is  the  basis  of 
many  varnishes,  and  of  the  finest  kinds 
of  sealing  wax.  The  best  is  amber-co- 
lored and  transparent. 

Lace,  a  species  of  net-work,  made  of 
silk,  thread,  or  cotton.  The  best  laces 
come  from  Holland. 

Lacker,  a  varnish  applied  to  brass, 
tin,  and  other  metals,  to  improve  their 
color. 

Lacrmut,  a  plant  which  yields  a  yellow 
dye-stuff:  it  is  a  species  of  moss,  and 
comes  from  France,  Holland  and  the  is- 
lands of  Candia  and  Teneriffe. 

Lapis  Lazuli,  a  sort  of  stone  from 
which  that  celebrated  color,  ultramarine, 
is  made.  It  is  found  in  many  parts,  but 
that  of  .4.sia  and  Africa  is  superior. 

Larboard,  among  seamen,  the  left- 
band  side  of  the  ship,  when  yoii  stand 
with  your  face  towards  the  head. 

Latitude,  the  distance  of  any  place 
from  the  equator,  measured  upon  the 
meridian  in  degrees,  minutes,  and  sec- 
onds: all  places  lying underthe  equator 
are  said  to  have  no  latitude  ;  and  all 
others  to  have  north  or  south  latitude, 
according  to  their  situation  with  respect 
to  the  equator.  The  complement  of  lati- 
tude is  the  difference  between  the  lati- 
tude itself  and  90°,  or  as  much  as  the 
place  itself  is  distant  from  the  pole  ;  and 
this  complement  is  always  equal  to  the 
elevation  of  the  equator  above  the  hori- 
zon of  the  place.  The  elevation  of  the 
pole  of  any  place  is  equal  to  the  latitude 
itself. 

iMva,  the  fused  stony  substance  which 
issues  from  volcanoes. 

Lavender,  a  fragrant  plant,  native  of 
the  S.  of  Europe,  and  now  commonly 
cultivated  in  our  gardens.  The  water 
drawn  from  the  flowers  by  distillation 
is  an  agreeable  perfume. 

Lawn,  a  sort  of  clear  or  open  worked 
cambric  manufactured  in  France  and 
Flanders,  also  in  Scotland  and  the  N. 
of  Ireland. 

Laiaretto,  a  public  building,  hospital 
or  pest-house,  for  the  reception  of  those 
afflicted  with  contagious  disorders.  The 
Lazaretto  of  Marseilles  is  the  finest  in 
the  world. 

,  /.ead,  one  of  the  perfect  metals.  It  is 
vf  a  dull  white,  inclining  to  a  blue  color ; 
and  although  the  least  ductile  and  sono- 
rous, it  is  the  heaviest  of  metallic  bo- 
dies, excepting  mercury,  gold  and  pla- 
tina.  It  is  found  abundantly  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  Europe  and  in  N.  and  S. 
America.  The  lead  mines  of  Missouri 
are  very  productive. 

/,(!«,  an  epithet  to  distinguish  that 
half  of  the  horizon,  to  which  the  wind 
is  directed  from  the  other  part  whence 
it  arises,  which  latter  is  called  to  wind- 
ward. 

Lemnian  Earth,  a  clay  of  a  pale  red 
color,  which  has  its  name  from  the  is- 
land of  Lemnos,  where  it  is  dug.  When 
genuine,  it  is  a  good  medicine  in  some 
diseases. 

Lemons,  the  fruit  of  the  lemon-tree, 
growing  in  great  abundance  in  Sicily, 
Spain  and  Portugal.  The  ports  of  Lis- 
bon and  Malaga  are  the  principal  sbip- 


1.0a 

plng-places  of  lemons  ;  the  shipping  of 
fruit  from  these  places  commences  about 
the  middle  of  September,  and  continues 
until  the  February  following,  after  which 
time  the  article  becomes  scarce  and 
dear.  The  lemons  of  the  Bermuda  is- 
lands are  large  and  of  a  delicious  flavor. 
Tlin  island  of  Zante  abounds  in  lemons 
of  a  great  size.  Lemons  are  invariably 
shipped  while  their  color  is  green,  and 
they  generally  become  quite  yellow  ere 
they  reach  this  country. 

Lentisk,  the  tree  which  produces  the 
resin  called  mastich.  It  grows  in  the 
S.  of  Europe. 

Lichen,  or  Liverieort,  a  species  of  moss 
found  in  different  parts  of  France,  and 
in  the  Canary  and  Cape  de  Verd  is- 
lands. It  is  useful  in  dying,  and  also  as 
a  food  or  medicine. 

Light-Hottse,  a  tower  on  an  eminence 
upon  the  seacoast,  or  at  the  entrance  of 
some  port  or  river,  for  the  direction  of 
ships  in  dark  nights,  by  means  of  an 
illumination. 

Lignum  Kite,  a  species  of  wood  of  great 
utility  both  for  turnery  and  in  pharma- 
cy. The  tree  which  produces  it  grows 
in  most  of  the  W.  India  islands,  but  es- 
pecially in  Hayti  and  Saint  Croix. 

Lime,  one  of  those  earthy  substances, 
which  exist  in  every  part  of  the  world. 
It  is  found  purest  in  limestone,  marble 
and  chalk.  None  of  these  substances 
are  lime,  but  are  capable  of  becoming  so 
by  burning  in  a  white  heat.  Lime  may 
aiso  be  obtained  by  burning  calcareous 
spars,  or  by  dissolving  oyster  shells  in 
muriatic  acid.  ,;, 

Limes,  a  species  of  lemon,  which 
grows  plentifully  in  the  W.  Indies,  and 
is  also  to  be  met  with  in  the  S.  of  Eu- 
rope. 

Linen,  a  cloth  of  very  extensive  use 
made  of  flax.  The  chief  countries  in 
which  it  is  manufactured  ar«  Russia, 
Germany,  Switzerland,  Flaiiders,  Hol- 
land, Scotland  and  Ireland.  The  flax- 
seed is  chiefly  procured  from  America. 

LinseijwooUey,  a  coarse  cloth  made  of 
flax,  or  hemp,  and  wool  mixed,  and 
much  worn  by  the  peasantry'  of  Scot- 
land, Wales,  &c. 

Liquid  Amber,  a  resinous  juice,  flow- 
ing from  a  large  tree,  which  grows  in 
Virginia,  Mexico,  and  olher  parts  of 
America. 

Liquorice,  a  root  which  grows  wild  in 
many  parts  of  France,  Italy,  Spain,  and 
Germany,  and  is  cultivated  in  England. 
Bayonne  and  Saragossa  in  Spain  sup- 
ply the  best.  The  inspissated  juice  of 
the  liquorice-root  is  exported  in  rolla, 
or  cakes,  usually  covered  with  bay 
leaves  from  Spain  and  Holland. 

hisbon  Wine,  a  white  wine,  of  a  fine 
sweet  flavor,  which  usually  comes  from 
the  city  of  that  name. 

Litliarge,  an  oxide  of  lead. 

Litkina,  an  alkali  in  the  mineral  call- 
ed petal  ite. 

Lithography,  the  art  of  printing  from 
stone. 

Load,  or  Lode,  in  mining,  a  word  used 
especially  in  the  tin-mines,  for  any  reg- 
ular vein  or  course,  whether  metallic  or 
not,  but  most  commonly  load  means  a 
metallic  vein. 

Loadstone,  a  hard  mineral  body  of  a 
dark  gray  color  with  a  metallic  lustre, 
and  possessed  of  the  property  of  attract- 
ing iron.  This  singular  substance  has 
likewise  the  wonderful  property  of  turn- 
ing to  the  pole  when  suspended,  and 
left  at  liberty  to  move  freely.  Upon  this 
remarkable  circumstance  the  mariner's 
compass  depends,  an  instrument  which 
gives  us  such  advantages  over  the  an- 
cients. The  natural  loadstone  has  the 
quality  of  communicating  its  properties 
to  iron  nnd  steel.  It  is  found  in  con- 
siderable masses  in  the  N.  of  Europe, 
China,  Siam,  and  the  Phillippine  isles. 

Loo-wood,  a  hard  and  compact  wood 
of  a  fine  grain  and  so  heavy  as  to  sink 
in  water.  Its  predominant  color  is  red, 
tinged  with  orange,  yellow,  and  black. 


MAS 

Its  chief  use  is  for  dying.  This  wood 
is  likewise  called  India,  Jamaica  and 
Campeachy  wood,  from  the  places  where 
it  grows  most  plentifully. 

Longitude,  in  navigation,  the  distance 
of  a  ship  or  place,  east  or  west,  from 
another,  reckoned  in  degrees  fiom  the 
equator.  It  has  become  a  conventional 
usage  to  reckon  longitude  from  Green- 
wich, near  London. 

Lugger,  a  sort  of  vessel  usually  heavi- 
ly built,  and  rigged  with  a  squaie  sail. 

Lumber,  in  the  coasting  trade,  means 
stowage-wood  and  small  timber ;  as 
spars,  joists,  boards,  planks,  shingles, 
hoopsj  staves,  &c.  Maine  exports  vast 
quantities  of  lumber 

Lustring,  or  Lutestring,  a  speciea  c/ 
light,  shilling  silk. 

Lycopodium,  the  fine  dust  of  lycopo- 
diiim  or  club-moss,  is  sometimes  called 
on  account  of  its  great  inflammability, 
vegetable  sulphur.  It  is  commim  In 
mountainous  places  and  in  forests  of 
fir-trees  ;  and  when  strewed  in  the  air 
takes  rtre  from  a  candle  and  burns  like 
a  flash  of  lightning.  It  is  i^sed  in  thea- 
tres. 

MACE,  one  of  the  exterior  coverings 
of  the  nutmeg.  It  is  a  warm  aromatic, 
and  usually  comes  from  the  E.  ndies, 
in  glass  or  porcelain  vessels. 

Mackerel,  a  fish,  native  of  the  Euro- 
pean and  American  seas,  generally  ap- 
pearing at  stated  seasons,  and  swarm- 
ing in  vast  shoals  round  particular 
coasts. 

Madder,  the  root  of  the  rubia  tincto- 
ruin,  a  substance  extensively  employed 
in  dying.  It  grows  most  abundantly  in 
Holland. 

Madeira,  a  well  known  white  wine, 
deriving  its  name  from  the  island  where 
it  IS  made. 

Magnesia,  a  white  and  spongy  sub- 
stance usually  obtained  by  the  decom- 
position of  the  sulphate  of  magnesia.  It 
IS  much  used  in  medicine. 

Mahogany,  the  timber  of  a  tree,  which 
is  a  native  of  the  warmest  parts  of  Ame- 
rica, and  grows  in  many  of  the  W.  In- 
dia islands.  It  is  hard,  takes  a  fine 
polish,  and  answers  better  than  any 
other  sort  of  wood,  in  all  kinds  of  cabi- 
net ware. 

Maiie,  a  kind  of  Indian  corn,  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  U.  States,  and 
used  for  making  bread,  &c. 

Malachite,  a  green  carbonate  of  cop- 
per. 

Jlfa7t,  aterm  applied  to  grain  prepared 
after  a  particular  manner,  for  brewing 
the  various  kinds  of  beer. 

Manganese,  a  brilliant  metal,  of  a 
darkish  white  color,  very  brittle,  of  con- 
siderable hardness,  and  difficult  of  fu- 
sion. It  is  found  in  America  and  vari- 
ous parts  of  Europe. 

Manna,  a  substance  obtained  from 
several  vegetables :  but  the  ash,  the 
larch,  and  the  alhagi  afford  it  in  the 
largest  quantities.  The  best  manna 
comes  from  Sicily. 

Marble,  a  kind  of  stone  of  various 
colors,  composed  chiefly  of  lime,  found 
in  great  masses,  and  dug  out  of  pits  and 
quarries.  It  abounds  in  Mass.  and  other 
parts  of  the  U.  States,  and  in  all  the 
countries  of  Europe. 

Marie,  an  earthy  stibstance  of  seve- 
ral varieties,  useful  as  a  manure. 

Marmots,  likewise  called  Alpine  mice, 
are  rather  bigger  than  the  rabbit,  and 
are  valuable  on  account  of  their  skins. 
They  abound  in  Europe,  Kamtschatka 
and  America. 

Marten,  an  animal  of  a  dark  tawny 
color,  with  a  white  throat  and  a  bushy 
tail.  Its  general  length  is  about  a  f(-)l 
and  a  half,  and  it  is  prized  for  its  skin. 
The  finest  marten-skins  are  obtained  in 
N.  America,  Russia,  Norway,  and  the  ' 
Levant. 

Massicot,  white  lead  calcined  ovcy  > 
moderate  fire. 

Mastic,  a  resin  obtained  from  the  les- 
ser turpentine  tree  and  the  lentisctu 


HON 

It  comM  from  Turkey  and  the  isU  of 
Ohio. 

Mead,  an  agreeable  beverage  made 
chiefly  of  honey  and  water. 

Mechoacariy  a  root  of  a  plant  of  the 
convolvulus  kind,  brought  from  the  pro- 
vince of  Mechoacan  in  S.  America. 

Mercury,  a  metallic  substance,  fluid 
at  the  common  temperature,  having  the 
appearance  and  brilliancy  of  melted  sil- 
ver. It  is  found  in  Spain,  Germany, 
China  and  S.  America. 

Meiiotinto,  a  kind  of  graving  so  nam- 
ed, as  nearly  resembling  paint,  the 
word  importing  half-painted. 

Mica,  a  stone  which  forms  the  essen- 
tial part  of  many  mountains,  and  con- 
sists of  a  great  number  of  thin  lamJtite 
adhering  to  each  other,  sometimes  of  a 
very  large  size.  It  has  long  been  em- 
ployed as  a  substitute  for  glass. 

Minium,  in  the  arts,  red  lead  or  oxide 
of  lead. 

Mirobolans,  a  smjill  purgative  fruit  of 
considerable  utility  in  pharmacy,  and 
brought  from  India. 

Mohair,  the  soft  and  silvery  hairs  of 
the  Mohair  goat,  which  is  a  native  of 
Angora.  It  is  woven  into  camlets  and 
other  manufactures. 

Molasses,  the  gross  fluid  matter  that 
remains  of  sugar  after  crystallizing. 

Money,  the  following  table  embraces 
an  account  of  the  principal  foriegn  mo- 
nies, with  their  values  in  British  ster- 
ling. 

N.  B.  That  c  stands  for  Copper  ;  s  for 
Silver  ;  o  for  Gold  ;  and  those  marked  *, 
are  imaginary,  as  the  I'ound  sterling  of 
England. 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

£.  s.    d. 
A  Farthing  c  0    0    0  1-4 

2  qrs.  make  a  Halfpen- 
ny c  0    0    0  1-2 

2  Halfpence,  a  Penny  c  0  0  1 
6d.,  a  Half-Shilling  a  0  0  6 
12d.,  a  Shilling  9  0  10 
Qs.  6d.,  a  Half  Crown  §026 
5s.,  a  Crown  9  0  5  0 
78.  Piece,  1-3  of  a  Gui- 
nea o                              0    7    0 

lOs.,  a  Half-Sovereign  o    0  10    0 
lOs.    Gd.,   a    Half-Gui- 
nea o  ■        0  10    6 
203.,  a  Sovereign  o  10    0 
20s.,  a  Pound  sterling  *    1    0    0 
21s.,  a  Guinea  a  110 
FRANCE. 
Paris,  Lyons,  Bordeaux,  ^c. 

OLD  MONIES. 

A  Denier  c  0  0    0  1-94 

3  Deniers  make  a  Liard  c  0  0    0  1-S 
2  Liarda,  a  Dardene  c       0  0    0  1-4 
12  Deniers,  a  Sous  c         0  0    0  1-2 
20  Sous,  a  Livre  of  Ex- 
change *                         0  0  10 

60  Sous,  an  Ecu  of  Ex- 
change s                         0  2  6 
6  Livres,  an  Ecu  s            0  5  0 
10  Livres,  a  Pistole  *        0  8  4 
24  Livres,  a  Louis  d'Oro  1  0  0 

NEW   MONIES. 

A  Centime  *  0    0    0  1-10 

S  Centime  Piece  c  0    0    0  1-2 

A  Decline  Piece  e  0    0    1 

A  Franc  s  0    0  10 

2  Franc  Piece  s  0     18 

15  Sol  Piece  ■  0    0    7  1-2 

30  Sol  Piece  s  0     13 

5  Franc  Piece  s  0    4    2 

10  Franc  Piece  a  0    8    4 

80  Franc  Piece  o  0  16    8 

A  Louis  d'Or  o  10    0 
SPAIN. 
At  Malaga,  Oibraltar,  Denia,  t[C. 

RIALS   VELON. 

A  Maravedi  *  0    0    0  23-272 

S  Maravedies  make  an 

Octavo  c  0    0     0  23-136 

4  Maravedies,  a  Quartilc  0    0    0  23-68 
34   Maravedies,  a   Rial 

Velon  *  0    0    2  7-8 

512  Maravedies,  a  Pias- 
tre s  0    3    7 

15  Rials,  a  Piastre  of  Ez- 
•bange  •  0    3    7 


HON       * 

60  Rials,  a  Pistole  of  Ex- 
change G  0  14    4 

78  Rials,  a  Pi-stole  o  0  16    0 

2048  Maravedies,  a  Pis- 
tole of  Exchange  *         0  16    0 
PORTUGAL. 

A  Ree  or  Eea  *  0    0    0  27-400 

10  Rez  make  a  Half  Vin- 
tem  c  0    0    0  27-40^ 

20  Rez,  a  Vintem  c  0    0    1  7  20 

5  Vintems,  a  Testoon  s    0    0    6  3-4 
4  Testoens,   a  Crusade 

of  Exchanges  0    2    3 

24  Vintems,  a  New  Cru- 
sade s  0    2    8  2-5 

10  Testoons,or  1000  Rez, 

a  Milre  *  0    5    7  1-2 

48  Testoons,  a  Moidore  a  1    7    0 
64  Testoons,  a  Joannes  o  1  16    0 

DENMARK  AND  NORWAY. 
Copenhagen,  Sound,  Bergen,  Drontheim, 

fyc. 
A  Skillingc  0    0    0  9-16 

6  Skilllngs  make  a  Drug- 

gen  s                                0  0    3  3  8 
16    Skillings,     a     Slet 

Marc  *                             0  0    9 

20  Skillings,  a  Rix  Marc  s  0  0  11  1-4 

24  Skillings,  a  llix  Ort  s  0  1     1  1-2 
4  Marcs,  a  Crown  s           0  3    0 

6  Marcs,  a  Rix  Dollar  9     0    4    6 

11  Marcs,  a  Ducat  g  0    8    3 

SWEDEN  AND  FINLAND. 
Slockholm,  Vpsal,  t(c. 
A  Runstic  *  0    0    0  7-30 

3  Runsiics  make  a  Sti- 
ver c  0    0    7  7-18 

8  Runstics,    a    Copper 

Marc  c  0    0     15-9 

3  Copper  Marcs,  a  Silver 

Marc  9                             0  0    4  2-3 

4  Ditto,  a  Copper  Dol- 
lar c                                0  0    6  2-9 

9  Ditto,  a  Caroline  s          0  12 
3  Copper  Dollars,  a  Sil- 
ver Dollar  9                    0  16  2-3 

3  Silver  Dollars,  a  Rix 

Dollar  9  0  4  8 

2  Rix  Dollars,  a  Ducat  o  0  9  4 
RUSSIA. 

Petersburir,  Archangel,  Moscow,  Sfc, 

A  Poliisca  *  0  0  0  22-208 

2  Poluscas  make  a  De- 

nusca  c  0  0  0  97-100 

2  Denuscas,  a  Copec  *  0  0  0  27  50 

3  Copecs,  an  Altin  c  0  0  1  31-50 

10  Copecs,  a  Grivener  s  0  0  5  2-5 

25  Copecs,  a  Polpotin  s  0  1  11-2 
50  Copecs,  a  Poltin  s  0  2  3 
100  Copecs,  a  Ruble  s  0  4  6 

2  1-4  Rubles,  a  Czarvo- 

nitch  o  0  10     1  1-2 

5  Rubles,  an  Imperial  o    12    6 
10  Rubles,  a  Double  Im- 
perial a  2    5    0 

HOLLAND. 

Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  t(c. 

A  Pening*  0  0  0  21-320 

SPeningsmakeaGrotec  0  0  0  21-40 

2  Grotes,  a  Stiver  s  0  0  1  1-20 

6  Stivers,  a  Schelling  9    0  0  6  3-10 
20  Stivers,  a  Guilder,  or 

Florin  s  0    19 

28    Stivers,    a    Golden 

Florin  0    2    5  1-10 

50  Stivers,  a  Rix  Dol- 
lar s  0    4    4  1-10 

60  Stivers,  a  Draiiifuil- 

der  s  "^  0    5    3 

3  Florins  and  3  Stivers, 

a  Dncatoon  a  0    7  6 

105  Stivers,  a  Ducat  o  0    9  3 

6  Guilders,  a  Pound 
Flemish  *  0  10  6 

7  Florins,  a  Half-Beyer  o  0  12    3 
14  Florins,  a  Reyer  o        14    6 

ITALY. 

Leghorn,  Florence,  S;c. 

A  Denari  c  0    0    0  5-144 

4  Denari  make  a  Q,ua- 

trini  c  6    0     0  .5  36 

12  Denari,  a  Soldi  c  0    0    0  5-12 

5  Quatrini,  a  Craca  c        0    0    0  25-36 

8  Cracas,  a  Cluilo  s  0  0  5  5-9 
20  Soldi,  a  Lira  *  0  0  8  1-3 

6  Llras,  a  Piastre  of  Ex- 
change o  0  4  3 


MUS 

7  1-2  Liras,  a  Ducat  o      0    5    2  1-4 
22  Liras,  a  Pistole  o  0  15    6 

SWITZERLAND. 
Oeneva,  ^-c. 
A  Denier*  0    0    0  13S 

2  Deniers  make  a  De- 

niere  Current  c  0    0    0  1-16 

12    Deniers,    a     Small 

Sol  c  0    0    0  3-8 

12   Deniers  Current,    a 

Sol  Current  c  0    0    0  3-4 

12  Small  Sols,  a  Florin  *  0    0    4  1-9 
12  Sols  Current,  a  Livre  * 

Current  *  •IS 

10  1-2  Florins,  a  Pata-  • 

con  9  0    3  11  1-4 

15  3-4  Florins,  a  Croi- 

sade  9  0  6  10  7-? 

24  Florins,  a  Ducat  9        0  9    0 
GERiMANY. 
Hamburg,  Bremen,  Mtuna,  Lubeck,  tfu 

A  Tryling  *  0  0    0  9-121 

2  Trylings  make  a  Sex- 
ling  *  0  0    0  3-64 

2  Sexlings,  a  Fening  c     0  0    0  3-^ 

12   Fenings,  a   Sheling 

Lubs  s  0  0    11-8 

16  Shelings,a  Marc*        0  16 

2  Marcs,  a  Slet  Dollar  s    0    3    0 

3  Marcs,  a  Rix  Dollar  s     0    4    6 

6  1-4  Marcs,  a  Ducat  a     0    9    4  1-2 
120  Shelings,  a  Pound 

Flemish  *  0  116 

TURKEY. 

Constantinople,  Smyrna,  Cyprus,  S^c, 
A  Man  gar  c  0    0    0  3-20 

4  Mangars  make  an  As- 

per  *  0  0  0  3-5 

3  Aspers,  a  Para  s  0  0  14-5 

5  Aspers,  a  Bestic  s  0  0  3 
10  Asperr.,  an  Ostic  §  0  0  6 
20  Aspers,  a  Solota  s  0  10 
80  Aspers,  a  Piastre  *  0  4  0 
100    Aspers,     a     Cara- 

grouch  s  0    5  0 

10  Solotas,  a  Xeriff  a        0  10  0 
INDIA. 
Calcutta,  Calicut,  Sfc. 

A  Pice  c  0    0  0  5-32 

4  Pices  make  a  Fanam  c  0    0  0  5-8 

6  Pices,  a  Viz  c                 0    0  0  15-16 
12  Pices,  an  Ana  s            0    0  17-8 
10  Anas,  a  Fiano  s            0     16  3-4 
16  Anas,  a  Rupee  s            0    2  6 

2    Rupees,  an    English 

Crown  s  0    5    0 

2    Rupees,    a     French 

Crown  s  0    5    0 

56  Anas,  a  Pagoda  o         0    8    9 
CHINA. 
Pekin,  JVankin,  Canton,  4'c. 

A     Caxa,     Cachea,    or 

Caya  *  0    0    0  2-25 

10  Caxa  make  a  Canda- 
reen  c  0    0    0  4-5 

10  Candareens,a  Mace  8  0    0    8 

35  Candareens,  a   Ru- 
pee 9  0    S    3 

2  Rupees,  a  Dollar  s  0    4    6 

70   Candareens,  a    Rix 
Dollar  9  0    4    4  1-2 

7  Maces,     a     French 
Crown  9  0    4    8 

2    Rupees,    an   English 

Crown  9  0    5    0 

10  Maces,  a  Tale  *  0    6    8 

Moresco,  a  kind  of  carving,  painting, 
&c.,  done  in  the  manner  of  the  Moors. 

Mnrocro,  a  fine  kind  of  leather  pre- 
pared of  the  skin  of  an  animal  of  th« 
goat  kind,  and  imiHirted  from  the  Le- 
vant, Barhary,  &c. 

Morphine,  an  alkali  salt  obtained  from 
•pinm. 

Mosaic,  an  assemblage  of  little  pieces 
of  glass,  marble,  precious  stones,  &c., 
of  various  colors,  rut  square,  and  ce- 
mented on  a  ground  of  stucco. 

Mother  of  Pearl,  the  shell  of  a  muscle, 
dwelling  in  the  ocean  of  either  Indies. 

Muscadine,  a  rich  wine  of  the  growth 
of  Provence,  Languedoc  and  other  parts 
of  France. 

Mvsk,  a  substance  found  in  a  bag,  sit- 
uated in  the  umbilical  region  of  the 
moschus  mociferous,  and    used    as   a 


ORA 

perfiime.    It  is  also  obtained  from  tlie 
civet  or  musk  cat. 

Musk-Seed,  the  seed  of  a  plant  which 

grows  in  the  W.  Indies,  and  yields  an 

^     odor  precisely  liice  real  musk. 

*        Moulin,  a  tine,    thin   sort  of  cotton 

cloth,  which  bears  a  downy  nap  on  its 

surface.    The  best  comes  from  India. 

Must,  the  juice  of  the  grape  previous 
to  fermentation. 

Myrrh,  a  gum  resin,  brought  from  the 
E.  Indies  and  from  Smyrna  and  Alep- 
po. 

JVAJVKEEM",  or  JVanking,  a  species  of 
cotton  cloth  closely  woven.  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  city  in  China,  wliere  the 
reddish  thread  of  which  the  stuff  is 
made  is  spun. 

JVaptka,  an  oil,  which  issues  out  of 
white,  yellow,  or  black  clays,  in  Persia 
and  Media. 

A'eap  Tides,  those  tides  which  hap- 
pen when  the  moon  is  in  the  first  and 
last  quarters,  being  low,  when  compared 
to  spring  tides. 

M'epliritic  Wood,  a  wood  of  a  very 
dense  and  compact  texture,  brought 
from  New  Spain.     It  is  a  diuretic. 

JVicaraffua  fVood,  a  dye-wood  of  a  very 
bright  red  color,  brought  from  Nicara- 
gua. 

JVickel,  a  semi-metal,  found  common- 
ly in  mines  of  cobalt. 

M'iiizin,  a  root  of  a  pale  brown  color, 
and  of  an  acrid,  astringent  taste.  It  is 
collected  on  the  mountains  of  Corea. 

J^iitmeg,  the  kernel  of  a  large  fruit  not 
unlike  the  peach.     The  best  nutmegs 
are  brought  from  the  E.  Indies  in  stone 
jars.     The  round  nutmeg  is  preferred  to  ■ 
that  which  is  oblong. 

J\ruT.  Vomica,  the  seed  of  the  officinal 
strychnos,  a  native  of  the  E.  Indies.  It 
is  among  the  most  powerful  poisons  of 
the  narcotic  kind. 

OMKUM^  old  ropes  untwisted,  and 
pulled  out  into  loose  hemp,  in  order  to 
be  used  in  caulking  the  seams  of  ships, 

&.C. 

Ochres,  combination  of  earths  with 
the  oxide  of  iron  ;  they  are  of  various 
colors,  and  are  principally  employed  as 
pigments. 

Offiiicr,  that  part  of  the  sea  a  good  dis- 
tance from  shore,  where  there  is  deep 
water,  and  no  need  of  a  pilot  to  conduct 
the  ship. 

Olive,  a  fruit  which  yields  a  large 
quantity  of  oil,  the  produce  of  the  olea, 
olive-tree.  It  is  a  native  of  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Europe,  and  is  cultivated  in 
great  quantities  in  the  S.  of  France,  It- 
aly and  Portugal.  Olives  have  an  acrid, 
bitter  and  disagreeable  taste :  pickled 
«  they  prove  more  palatable.     The  Lucca 

f  olives,  which  are  smaller  than  the 
others,  have  the  weakest  taste ;  the 
Spanish,  or  larger,  the  strongest ;  the 
Provence,  whicli  are  of  a  middling  size, 
are  generally  the  most  esteemed. 

Oiiyz,  one  of  the  semi  pellucid  gems, 
with  variously  colored  zones,  but  none 
red.     It  is  found  in  the  E.  Indies  and 
different  parts  of  America. 
>  Opal,  a  stone  of  the  quartz  family, 

■^  found  in  many  parts  of  Europe,  espe- 
cially in  Hungary.  When  first  dug  out 
of  the  earth  it  is  soft,  but  it  hardens  and 
diminishes  in  bulk  by  exposure  to  the  air. 
Opium,  is  obtained  from  the  white 
poppy,  a  plant  which  is  extensively  cul- 
tivated in  Turkey  and  India.  It  is  a 
jowerful  narcotic. 

Opnbalsamum,  the  juice  of  a  tree  called 
Celpasi.  It  resembles  myrrh,  and  is 
poison  taken  internally. 

Opodeldoc,  a  solution  of  soap  in  alco- 
aol,  with  the  addition  of  camphor  and 
rolatile  oils. 

Opoponaz,  a  resin  obtained-  from  a 
plant  crowing  in  the  Levant. 

Oranges,  the  fruit  of  the  orange-tree, 
which  flourishes  in  the  S.  of  Europe  and 
the  VJ.  States,  and  in  both  the  Indies. 
Great  quantities  of  oranges  are  imported 
from  Seville.  The  island  of  JMalta  fur- 
kisnes  oranges  of  a  Hue  flavor ;  and  they 


W        PHO 

also  come  to  great  perfection  in  the  W 
Indies  and  the  Azores. 

Orchilla  IVeed,  a  whitish  moss,  yield- 
ing a  rich  purple  tincture,  used  for  dy- 
ing. It  is  found  in  the  islands  of  the 
Archipelago,  and  also  in  those  near  the 
African  coast. 

Ordnance,  a  general  name  for  all  sorts 
<f  great  guns  used  in  war. 

Origanum,  oil  obtained  from  the  leaves 
of  the  wild  marjoram.  It  is  a  cure  for 
the  chilblains. 

Orpiment,  a  semi  metal,  usually  found 
in  copper  mines. 

Orris,  a  sweat  scented  powder,  pro- 
duced by  pulverizing  a  root  of  the  same 
name.  The  root  is  white,  and  is  brought 
from  Florence,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
which  city  it  grows  spontaneously. 

Orleon  Iron,  a  particular  sort  of  bars 
of  iron,  made  for  the  manufacture  of 
wire. 

Ormium,  a  metal  of  a  dark  blue  color, 
which  exists  in  platina. 

Osnaburgh,  a  coarse  linen  cloth  man- 
ufactured in  the  city  of  that  name. 

Ostrich  Feathers,  the  fine  feathers  of 
the  ostrich.  They  are  brought  from  Af- 
rica, particularly  the  coast  of  Barbary. 

Otta,  or  Ottar  of  Roses,  the  essential 
oil  of  roses.  It  comes  to  us  under  this 
name  from  Bengal. 

Oxygen,  a  simple  substance,  which 
can  only  be  obtained  in  combination 
with  other  bodies  or  in  a  state  of  gas. 

PjlLEJVI)jlR,a.  kind  of  coasting  ves- 
sel. 

Palladium,  a  metal  of  a  white  color, 
which  exists  in  the  ores  of  platina. 

Palm  Oil,  an  oil  obtained  from  the 
nuts  of  a  tree,  which  grows  in  most 
parts  of  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  more 
especially  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  the 
Cape  de  Verd  islands,  and  in  Jamaica 
and  Barbadoes. 

Panjonia,  a  species  of  crystal. 

Paranthine,  a  stone  of  a  variety  of 
colors,  found  in  Norway. 

Parchment,  the  skin  of  sheep  or  goats 
prepared  so  as  to  render  it  proper  for 
writing  upon,  &c.  The  best  parchment 
is  made  in  France. 

Pareira  Brava,  a  root  of  a  dark  color, 
which  comes  from  Brazil,  and  is  used 
in  medicine. 

Pargasite,  a  mineral  of  a  green  color 
and  transparent,  lately  found  near  Abo. 

Parian  Marble,  the  white  marble  from 
the  island  of  Paros,  used  to  this  day  for 
carving  statues,  &c. 

Paul,  the  Indian  flax. 

Pearl  Ashes,  a  kind  of  fixed  alkaline 
salt,  prepared  by  mixing  the  ashes  of 
burnt  wood  with  water,  evaporating  the 
clear  ley,  and  calcining  them  in  an  oven 
moderately  hot.  Pearl  ashes  are  chief- 
ly prepared  in  N.  America,  Russia  and 
Hungary. 

Pearls,  hard,  white,  shining  bodies, 
usually  round,  found  in  various  kinds 
of  testaceous  fishes.  The  fish,  in  which 
the  largest  and  finest  pearls  are  pro- 
duced, is  the  E.  India  pearl-oyster.  The 
most  remarkable  pearl  fisheries  of  Ame- 
rica are  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  along 
the  coast  of  Granada. 

Pekoe,  a  species  of  Bohea  tea. 

Penguin,  a  fruit  vftry  common  in  the 
W.  Indies,  of  a  sharp,  acid  flavor. 

Pennants,  or  Pendants,  those  stream- 
ers of  a  ship,  which  are  split  or  divided 
into  two  parts,  ending  in  points. 

Pepper,  an  aromatic  berry,  of  a  hot, 
dry  quality,  chiefly  used  in  seasoning 
articles  of  food.  The  pepper  plant  flour- 
ishes in  the  Islands  of  Java,  Sumatra 
and  Ceylon,  and  more  particularly  on 
the  Malabar  coast. 

Perry,  a  beverage  made  from  pears. 

Petrol,  a  mineral  oil,  or  species  of  bit- 
umen, supposed  to  issue  from  tlie  clefts 
of  rocks,  and  found  floating  on  the  wa- 
ters of  certain  springs.  It  is  obtained 
in  hot  countries,  and  is  used  externally 
in  paralytic  cases,  &c. 

Pewter,  a  factitious  metal,  the  basis 
of  which  is  tin. 


PYR 

Phosphorus,  a  simple  substance,  mnch 
resembling  wax  in  consisti-nce,  of  a 
faint  straw  color,  and  highly  combustU 
ble.  It  was  discovered  by  a  German 
chemist,  named  Brandt,  about  160  yean 
since,  and  the  preparation  was  long 
kept  a  secret. 

Picul,  the  Chinese  quintal  of  100 
pounds. 

Pilchards,  a  species  of  fish,  similar  to 
the  herring. 

Pimento,  the  berries  of  a  tree,  which 
grows  spontaneously  and  in  great  abun- 
dance in  the  island  of  Jamaica.  It  is 
usually  imported  in  bags  and  casks,  and 
is  similar  in  smell  and  taste  to  cloves, 
juniper-berries,  cinnamon,  and  pepper, 
or  rather  a  peculiar  mixture  somewhat 
akin  to  them,  whence  its  name  of  all- 
spice. 

Pinchbeck  a  name  given  to  one  of  the 
many  imitations  of  gold.  It  is  maue  by 
melting  yellow  copper  in  various  pro- 
portions with  red  copper. 

Pine  Apple,  the  fruit  of  a  plant  which 
grows  spontaneously  in  S.  America,  Af- 
rica and  the  Indies. 

Pink,  a  vessel  used  at  sea,  masted  and 
rigged  like  other  ships,  only  that  it  is 
built  with  a  round  stern. 

Pinnace,  a  small  vessel  used  at  sea, 
with  a  square  stern,  chiefly  employed  as 
a  scout  for  intelligence,  and  for  landing 
of  men,  &c. 

Pistachio,  the  fruit  of  the  pistachia 
terebinthus,  a  kind  of  turpentine  tree. 
It  grows  naturally  in  Arabia,  Persia  and 
Syria  ;  also  in  Sicily,  whence  the  nuts 
are  usually  brought. 

Pitch,  a  tenacious  oily  substance 
drawn  chiefly  from  pines  and  firs  ;  or  it 
is  more  properly  tar,  inspissated  by  boil- 
ing it  over  a  slow  fire. 

Plaid,  a  striped  or  variegated  stuff*, 
manufactured  principally  in  Scotland. 

Planks,  thick  strong  boards,  cut  from 
various  kinds  of  wood,  especially  pine, 
oak  and  fir. 

Plaster  of  Paris,  the  sulphate  of  lime, 
after  being  calcined. 

Platina,  the  heaviest  of  all  metals  ;  it 
is  met  with  in  some  abundance  in  S. 
America  and  in  Russia,  where  it  has 
been  coined  into  money.  Its  color  is  that 
of  the  purest  silver. 

Plumhago,  black  lead. 

Plush,  a  kind  of  stuff  composed  chief- 
ly  of  wool  and  goats'  or  camels'  hair. 

Pomegranate,  a  medicinal  fruit,  like 
an  apple  or  quince,  full  of  seeds,  enclos- 
ed within  a  reddish  pulp.  It  grows  in 
Spain ,  Italy  and  France ,  and  S.  America. 

Poppy,  a  well  known  plant  of  several 
species.  That  which  produces  opiuitt 
is  the  white  oflicinal  poppy. 

Porcelain,  a  fine  kind  of  earthenware, 
chiefly  manufactured  in  China,  and 
thence  called  China  ware. 

Porphyn/,  includes  those  stones  which 
contain  either  feltspar,  scboerl,  quartz, 
mica,  or  crystals  of  any  kind.  Tt  is 
found  of  different  colors,  and  occurs  in 
nearly  every  country. 

Port,  the  name  of  a  red  wine,  so  call- 
ed from  Oporto,  whence  immense  quan- 
tities of  the  article  are  exported. 

Potash,  an  alkaline  salt,  chiefly  pro- 
cured by  lixiviation  from  the  ashes  of 
burnt  wood,  and  other  vegetable  sub' 
stances. 

Pounce,  giim-sanderach,  pounded  and 
sifted  very  fine. 

Proa,  in  navigation,  is  a  name  given 
to  a  vessel  used  in  the  South  Seas.  In 
its  construction,  the  head  and  stern  are 
alike,  but  the  sides  are  different ;  the 
side  Intended  to  be  always  the  lee  side 
being  flat,  a""*  ■"•e  windward  side  made 
rounding. 

Prunes,  plums  dried  in  the  mmshine 
or  in  an  oven.  The  best  come  from 
France 

Pumice-Stone,  a  light,  rough  and  po- 
rous stone,  which  is  found  in  the  great- 
est abundance  in  the  island  ol  I  'pari. 

Pyrites,  a  genus  of  inflammable  sub- 
stances, composed  of  sulphur,  which 
3z2 


&tTM 

bas  dissolved,  or  saturated  itself  with 
metals. 

Pifrop't,  a  mineral  found  in  Bohemia, 
Bt  a  de«'p  red  color,  which  passes  to 
orange,  when  exposed  to  the  sun. 

Pyrophonui,  an  artificial  product,  pre- 
pared from  alum  by  calcination,  with 
the  addition  of  various  intiaiuniable  sub- 
stances. 

Pyrotechnics,  the  art  of  making  fire- 
Works. 

^U^DRjiJVT,  a  mathematical  in- 
strument, of  great  use  in  navigation, 
Jnr  taking  the  altitudes  of  the  sun,  stars, 
&c. 

Quarantine,  a  detention  which  ships 
undergo,  when  suspected  of  having  on 
board  persons  or  goods  infected  with 
contagion.  The  usual  quarantine  is  40 
days. 

Quartz,  a  mineral  of  the  flint  genus, 
which  is  divided  into  five  sub-species. 

Quaasia,  a  tree  growing  in  S.  Ameri- 
ca and  tlie  VV.  Indies,  the  root,  bark 
and  wood  of  which  are  used  in  medi- 
cine, and  by  brewers  to  give  a  bitter 
taste  to  their  beer.  It  received  its  name 
from  (iuassi,  a  negro  of  Surinam,  who 
discovered  its  virtues. 

Quercitron  Bark,  the  bark  of  a  species 
of  oak  growing  in  Mass.  and  other  parts 
of  N.  America.  It  is  used  for  dying 
yellow. 

RAGWORT,  a  native  perennial  plant 
growing  by  roadsides,  and  flowering 
from  July  to  August.  It  imparts  a  fine 
green  color  to  wool. 

Raisins,  grapes  prepared  by  suffering 
them  to  remain  oa  the  vine  till  they  are 
perfectly  ripe,  and  then  drying  them  In 
the  sun  or  by  the  heat  of  an  oven.  The 
names  by  which  raisins  are  distinguish- 
ed among  traders,  are  the  following, 
and  the  order  in  which  they  are  placed 
denotes  their  relative  value,  the  first 
being  the  most  esteemed  ;  viz.  Musca- 
tels, sun  or  solis,  bloom  or  jar.  Belve- 
dere, Denia  or  Malaga,  Sultana,  Lipari, 
and  Smyrna,  black  and  red.  The  best 
of  tliese  kinds  are  imported  in  boxes  and 
jars,  and  the  inferior  in  mats.  Spain 
supplies  great  quantities  of  this  article  ; 
and  Malaga  is  the  port  whence  they  are 
chiefly  exported.  Calabria  furnishes  the 
finest  of  any  part  of  Italy. 

Rape  Seed,  the  seed  of  the  napus  sta- 
liva,  from  which  a  useful  oil  is  extract- 
ed. 

Ratafia,  a  fine  spirituous  liquor,  pre- 
pared in  France  from  the  kernels  of 
cherries,  apricots,  &c. 

Ralecn,  a  thick  woollen  stuff',  manu- 
factured chiefly  in  France,  Holland  and 
Italy. 

RatlaTis,  the  small  shoots  or  branches 
of  the  sugar-cane,  brought  from  the  E. 
and  W.  Indies. 

Reddle,  an  ore  of  iron  in  the  state  of 
red  oxide,  commonly  used  as  a  pig- 
mSiU. 

hesin.  a  viscid  juice  oozing  from  sev- 
eral vegetable  productions,  as  the  pine, 
the  Or,  .fee.  That  of  fir  is  known  by  the 
Dame  of  rosin. 

Riuipvntic,a  medicinal  root  resembling 
rhubdi'b.     It  comes  from  Smyrna. 

Rhalum,  or  Rose  Wood,  a  wood  or 
root  brought  from  the  Canary  islands. 

Rhubarb,  a  plant  of  which  there  are 
seven  species.  The  yellowish  root 
which  is  used  'n  medicme  comes  prin- 
cipally from  Cliina. 

Rice,  a  plant  very  much  resembling 
wheat  in  shape,  color  and  leaves.  It  is 
cultivated  to  great  extent  in  Asia  as 
well  as  in  ihe  southern  parts  of  the  U. 
Stites. 

Rine-Hemp,  the  best  sort  of  hemp, 
cleaned  from  all  impurities. 

Rnuae,  a  red  color  obtained  from  the 
plant  caUhamus,  a  native  of  Egypt  and 
the  Levant. 

Ruby,  a  genus  of  precious  stcfties  of 
various  colors,  found  in  the  E.  Indies 
and  In  Bi.i'/.il. 

Rnm,  a  well  known  spirituous  liquor, 
mado  from  the  sugar-cane. 


sns 

Rye,  a  useful  species  of  grain  produc- 
ed from  a  plant  which  is  a  native  of  the 
island  of  Cdndia. 

SABLE,  an  animal  valued  for  its  fur. 
The  best  skins  come  from  Siberia,  Hud- 
son's bay  and  Canada. 

Sagatliee,  a  slight  woollen  stuff",  some- 
times mixed  with  a  little  silk. 

Saffo,  the  produce  of  an  oriental  tree, 
which  grows  in  great  abundance  in  the 
Moluccas  and  the  coast  of  Malabar.  It 
is  also  brought  from  the  W.  Indies.  It 
forms  an  agreeable  jelly,  and  is  a  useful 
article  of  diet. 

Salt,  a  njineral  body,  readily  soluble 
in  water,  and  tasting  sharp  or  pungent 
on  the  tongue.  The  salt  obtained  from 
the  waters  of  the  sea  is  called  bay  salt  : 
so  named  from  being  first  made  in  the 
bay  of  St.  Ubes,  in  Portugal.  We  ex- 
port much  salt  from  the  West  Indies. 
Rock  salt  is  obtained  in  great  abundance 
from  the  mines  in  Poland  and  Hungary. 

Saiiders,  an  odoriferous  wo()d,  brought 
from  the  Indies. 

Sapan,  a  species  of  wood,  similar  to 
the  Brazil  wood,  and  used  for  the  same 
purposes.  The  tree  which  produces  it 
is  found  in  S.  America,  Japan,  and  Co- 
chin-China. 

Sapphire,  a  genus  of  precious  stones, 
of  a  blue  color,  and  the  hardest  of  all 
except  the  ruby  and  diamond. 

Sarcenet,  a  kind  of  fine,  thin  woven, 
plain  silk. 

Sardifies,  a  species  of  fish  of  the  her- 
ring kind  ;  anchovies. 

Sardonyx,  a  precious  stone,  consisting 
of  a  mixture  of  the  clialcedony  and  cor- 
nelian. 

Sarsaparilla,  the  root  of  a  plant  grow- 
in"  in  most  parts  of  America.  Tlie  flower 
is  yeiiow,  mixed  with  red. 

Sassafrai,  the  root  of  a  tree,  which  is 
a  native  of  N.  America,  and  grows  plen- 
tifully in  Florida. 

Satin,  a  soft,  closely-woven  silk,  with 
a  glossy  surface.  The  chief  seats  of 
this  manufacture  are  Lyons,  Genoa  and 
Florence. 

Saw-wort,  a  plant  employed  by  dyers 
to  impart  a  yellow  color. 

Scammony,  the  produce  of  a  species  of 
convolvulus,  or  creeper  plant ;  which 
grows  wild  in  the  vales  between  Naza- 
reth and  Mount  Carniel.  It  is  used  in 
medicine  as  a  purgative. 

Scapolite,  a  mineral  of  a  pearl  color, 
found  in  Norway. 

Scrivellos,  the  small  elephants'  teeth, 
or  pieces  of  them,  which  are  not  sold 
singly  but  in  parcels. 

Sena,  or  Senna,  the  leaf  of  a  shrub- 
by plant  cultivated  in  Persia,  Syria  and 
Arabia,  and  much  used  in  medicine  as 
a  useful  cathartic. 

Serse,  a  woollen  stuflf  manufactured 
in  a  loom. 

Seron,o{  almonds,  is  the  quantity  of 
200  weight ;  of  indigo,  the  same. 

Shair,  a  woollen  stufl'  smooth  on  one 
side  and  velvety  on  the  other. 

Sharrrin,  a  kind  of  grained  leather, 
prepared,  as  is  supposed,  of  the  skin  of  a 
gpeciesofsqualus,  or  horned  fish,  called 
the  shagree,  or  shagrain,  and  used  in 
covering  books,  &c.  It  is  imported 
from  Constantinople  and  some  parts  of 
Poland. 

Shalloon,  a  slight  woollen  stuflf,  which 
derives  its  name  from  the  town  of  Cha- 
lons, where  it  was  first  manufactured. 

Shammy,  a  kind  of  leather,  soft  and 
pliant.  The  real  shammy  is  prepared 
of  the  skin  of  the  chamois-goat,  whence 
its  name.  • 

Shajnis,  a  species  of  fine  woollen  hand- 
kerchief, forming  an  article  of  female 
dress.  The  finest  shawls  conie  from 
the  E.  Indies.  The  province  of  Cache- 
mire  is  the  grand  seat  of  the  manufac- 
ture of  the  beautiful  shawls  which  bear 
its  name. 

Shellac,  a  kind  of  lac,  which  has  un- 
dergone a  purification  in  a  particular 
manner. 

Sherry,  a  Spanish  wine,  made  in  the 


TAP 

vicinity  of  Xeres,  whence  its  name 
The  Sherry  wines  are  shipped  mostly 
from  Cadiz. 

Silk,  a  very  soft,  fine,  bright  thread, 
the  work  of  an  insect,  called  tlie  bom- 
by]f,  or  the  silk-worm.  The  silk  im- 
ported into  this  country  is  chiefly  the 
produce  of  Italy,  France,  Turkey  and 
the  E.  Indies.  Attention  has  recently 
been  directed  to  the  culture  of  silk  in 
the  U.  States,  and  it  will  doubtless  in 
time  become  an  important  article  of 
manufacture  in  the  country. 

Silver,  a  metal  of  a  fine  white  color, 
without  either  taste  or  smell.  The  most 
considerable  silver  mines  are  at  Potosi 
in  S.  America,  Kunsberg  in  Norway, 
Annaberg  in  Austria,  tlie  Hartz,  &.c. 

Sloop,  a  sort  of  small  ship  or  vessel, 
usually  with  one  mast. 

Smack,  a  small  vessel,  usually  cany 
ing  a  single  mast,  and  employed  in  fish- 
ing. 

Smalt,  a  species  of  glass,  of  a  dark 
blue  color. 

Snake-Root,  a  medicinal  root  growing 
principally  in  Virginia  and  the  southern 
states. 

Soda,  an  alkaline  salt,  principally  ob- 
tained from  the  ashes  of  marine  plants. 

Soy,  an  extract  from  a  sort  of  bean 
growing  in  China.  It  is  used  as  a  stim- 
ulant sauce. 

Spermaceti,  a  fat  substance  obtained 
from  the  brains  of  a  species  of  whale. 

Sponge,  a  plant  of  a  porous  texture, 
common  in  the  Mediterranean  and  other 
seas,  where  it  adheres  in  large  masses 
to  rocks,  stones,  shells,  &c.  It  comes 
chiefly  from  Aleppo  and  Smyrna. 

Squill,  a  plant  with  a  large  bulbous 
root,     growing    spontaneously  on   the, 
sandy  shores  of  Spain  and  the  Levant. 
It  is  used  in  medicine. 

Steel,  iron  refined  in  the  fire  with  cer- 
tain ingredients,  that  render  it  white 
and  impart  to  it  a  harder  and  finer  grain 
than  that  of  the  original  metal. 

Storax,  the  most  fragrant  of  the  solid 
resins.  It  is  obtained  from  a  tree,  which 
grows  most  plentifully  in  Cilicia,  Syria, 
and  Pamphilia  ;  and  is  also  met  with  in 
America. 

Stucco,  a  generic  term,  comprehend- 
ing all  the  different  kinds  of  coverings, 
drawings,  or  coatings  for  walls. 

Sugar,  a  solid,  sweet  substance,  ob- 
tained from  the  sugar-cane.  It  is  ex- 
tensively manufactured  in  the  E.  and 
W.  Indies,  Louisiana  and  S.  America. 

Sulphur,  or  Brimstone,  a  hard,  brittle, 
inflammable  substance,  of  an  opaque 
yellow  color. 

Sumach,  a  shrub  which  grows  natural- 
ly in  the  U.  S.,  Syria,  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal ;  in  the  two  last  it  is  cultivated  with 
great  care;  and  great  quantities  are  also 
exported  from  Sicily.  Its  shoots  are  re- 
duced to  powder,  and  prepared  for  the 
purposes  of  dying,  tanning,  &c. 

Swivel,  a  small  cannon,  much  used  on 
board  merchant-ships  as  a  weapon  of 
defence. 

TABBY,  a  kind  of  ricn  silk. 

Tacamahaca,  a  solid  resinous  sub- 
stance, used  in  pharmacy,  brought  from 
New  Spain  and  the  island  of  Madagas- 
car. 

Taffety,  a  fine,  smooth,  silken  stuff', 
remarkable  for  its  gloss. 

Talc,  a  species  of  mineral,  of  which 
there  are  three  varieties.  It  iibounds  in 
the  mountains  of  Tyrol  and  Salsburg. 

Tamarinds,  the  fruit  of  the  taniarin- 
dus  indica.  It  is  a  pod  resembling  a 
beancod,  including  several  hard  seeds, 
with  a  dark  colored  viscid  pulp,  of  a 
pleasant  acid  taste  :  the  E.  India  tama- 
rinds are  longer  than  the  W.  India  ;  the 
former  containing  six  or  seven  seeds 
each,  the  latter  rarely  above  three  or 
four. 

Tammy,  a  species  of  woollen  stuff" 
manufactured  in  England. 

Taonbac,  or  Tombaqua,  a  mixture  of 
gold  and  copper. 

Tapioca,  a  name  given  to  white  sag* 


TEA 

Tea,  the  dried  leaves  of  the  tea-plant, 
•  commodity  in  general  use  ii.  Euroi)e, 
Airerica  anH  Asia.  The  tea-plant  is  a 
Bitt'vf.  ol  Japan.  China  and  Tcnquin. 
It  atiains  the  greatest  perfection  in  the 
regions  of  Nankin.  In  commerce,  eight 
principal  sorts  of  tea  are  distinj^ished, 
three  of  green  and  five  of  bohea.  The 
three  sjrts  of  creen  tea  are,  1.  The  Im- 
perial or  Bloom  tea.  2.  The  Haisven 
or  Hyson,  so  calle«  from  the  name  of  an 
Indian  merchant,  who  first  brniiglit  it 
into  Europe.  3.  The  Singlo,  or  Songlo. 
The  five  sorts  of  Bohea  tea  are,  1.  The 
Souchong.  2.  The  Sumlo,  Camho  or 
Campoi.  3.  The  Congou.  4.  ThePeko. 
5.  The  Bohea. 

The  first  gathering  commences  at  the 
end  of  February,  or  beginning  of  March. 
The  leaves  are  then  small,  tender,  and 
unfolded,  and  not  above  three  or  four 
days  old  ;  these  are  called  ficki-ttian-  or 
"  tea  in  powder,"  because  it  is  pulver- 
ised ;  it  is  also  called  sometimes  bloom 
tea.  It  is  sold  in  China  at  20(i.  or  2.,-. 
per  pound.  The  laborers  employed  in 
collecting  it,  do  not  pull  the  leaves  by 
handfuls,  but  pick  them  up  one  by  one, 
and  take  every  precaution  that  they  may 
not  break  tliem.  However  long  and 
tedious  this  labor  may  appear,  they  gath- 
er from  four,  to  ten,  or  fifteen,  pounds 
per  day. 

The  second  crop  is  gathered  about  the 
end  of  March,  or  beginning  of  April. 
At  this  season  part  of  their  leaves  have 
attained  iheir^full  growth,  and  the  rest 
are  not  above  half  their  size.  This 
difference  does  not,  however,  prevent 
them  from  being  all  gathered  indiscrim- 
inately. They  are  afterwards  picked, 
and  sorted  into  different  parcels,  ac- 
cording to  their  age  and  size.  The 
youngest,  which  are  carefully  separated 
from  the  rest,  are  often  sold  for  leaves 
of  the  first  crops.  Tea  gathered  at  this 
season  is  called  too-Uiaa,  or  "  Chinese 
Tea,"  because  the  people  of  Japan  in- 
fuse it,  and  drink  it  after  the  Chinese 
manner. 

The  third  crop  is  gathered  at  the  end 
of  May,  or  in  the  month  of  June.  The 
leaves  are  then  very  numerous  and 
thick,  and  have  acquired  their  full 
growth.  This  kind  of  tea,  which  is 
called  ben-tsiaa,  is  the  coarsest  of  all, 
and  is  reserved  for  the  common  people. 
Some  of  the  Japanese  collect  their  tea 
only  at  two  seasons  of  the  year,  which 
correspond  to  the  second,  and  third,  al- 
ready mentioned  ;  others  confine  them- 
selves to  one  general  gathering  of  their 
crop,  towards  the  month  of  June;  how- 
ever, they  always  form  afterwards  dif- 
ferent assortments  of  their  leaves. 

The  finest  and  most  celebrated  fea  of 
Japan,  is  that  which  grows  near  Ud-si, 
a  small  villace  situated  close  to  the  sea, 
and  not^far  distant  from  Meaco.  In  the 
district  of  this  village  is  a  mountain, 
e-Ttremely  well  adapted  for-  the  culture 
of  fine  tea.  It  is  enclosed  by  hfdges 
and  ditches,  to  prevent  all  access  to  it. 
'•he  tea-shrubs  that  grow  on  this  moun- 
tain, are  planted  in  regular  order,  and 
•re  divided  by  different  avenues  and 
alleys.  The  care  of  this  place  is  in- 
trusted to  people,  who  are  ordered  to 
guard  the  leaves  from  dust,  and  to  de- 
fend them  from  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather.  Before  collecting  the  tea,  it 
is  said,  they  abstain  from  every  kind 
of  gross  food  for  some  weeks,  that  their 
breath  and  perspiration  may  not  injure 
the  leaves,  which  they  do  not  touch  but 
with  very  fine  cloves. 

Teak,  or  Teck-  Wood,  the  produce  of  a 
tree  growing  in  Ava  and  Pegu  and  on 
the  coast  of  Malabar,  is  employed  in  the 
rnnstrtiotion  of  the  vessels  fitted  out  at 
1'  Mibay,  Madras,  and  Calcutta.  Theim- 
'  I  tance  of  the  traffic  to  which  this  wood 
p  ves  rise,  may  readily  be  conceived, 
when  it  is  asserted,  that  the  total  bur- 
den of  the  vessels  belonging  to  Calcutta, 
which  are  formed  of  it,  amounts  to  40,000 
Ions.    This  ia  the  only  species  of  wood 


WEI 

which  can  be  advantageously  employed 
in  the  construction  of  the  large  IJeiigal- 
ese  vessels  ;  for  it  hns  beenascertnined, 
that  the  indigenous  wood  of  Be.igal  is 
scarcely  serviceable  at  all  in  the  Indian 
seas. 

Tent,  a  strong,  sweet-flavored  red 
wine,  made  in  the  province  of  Andalu 
sia. 

Tiffany,  a  sort  of  transparent  gauze, 
stiffened  with  gum  and  pressed. 

Tin,  a  metal  of  a  fine  white  color,  a 
slight  disagreeable  taste,  and  emitting  a 
peculiar  smell  when  rubbed.  There  are 
considerable  tin-mines  on  the  M.ilabar 
coast,  in  the  island  of  Banda,  in  Spain, 
and  in  the  Spanish  West  Indies.  The 
tin-mines  of  Cornwall,  Eng.,  are  the 
most  productive. 

Tobacco,  a  plant,  the  leaves  of  which 
form  an  extensive  branch  of  commerce. 
It  is  cultivated  in  the  E.  Indies  and  Af- 
rica, though  little  is  exported  thence. 
In  the  Levant,  Salonica  is  the  grand 
market  for  this  commodity.  The  to- 
bacco of  Dalmatia  and  Croatia  is  of  a 
good  quality  ;  and  the  plant  is  succe.^s- 
fiilly  raisedin  other  parts  of  Europe.  N. 
America  indubitably  yields  the  finest 
tobacco  in  the  world  ;  Virginia  and 
Maryland  proriucins  it  in  the  greatest 
abundance  and  of  the  best  quality. 

Tintoise-SheU,  the  shell  of  the  testa- 
ceous animal  called  a  tortoise. 

Trade  W'nds,  certain  winds  which 
regularly  blow  in  ascertained  directions 
for  given  periods,  in  different  parts  of 
the  world  ;  and  are  taken  advantage  of 
in  the  course  of  commerce  and  naviga- 
tion. They  prevail  especially  in  the 
Indian  seas. 

Train  Oil,  a  general  name  for  differ- 
ent sorts  of  gsh  oil. 

Turmeric,  a  root  used  in  dying  yel- 
low.    It  conies  from  the  E.  Indies. 

Turnsol,  a  valuable  dying  drug,  pre- 
pared near  Montpelier. 

Turpentine,  a  resinous  juice  extracted 
from  several  species  of  trees. 

Turquoise,  a  mineral  of  a  pale  sky-blue 
color. 

ULTRAMARLVE,  a  very  fine  blue 
powder,  made  from  the  blue  parts  of 
Ia;iis  lazuli. 

Usquebaugh,  a  stron  g  com  pou  n  d  1  iquor, 
chiefly  taken  by  way  of  dram  ;  it  is  made 
in  the  highest  perfection  at  Drogheda  in 
Ireland,  and  is  similar  to  whisky. 

VALOXIJi,  a  plant  brought  from  Ita- 
ly and  the  Levant,  and  used  as  a  dying 
ingredient. 

Vanilla,  a  plant  whose  aromatic  pods 
are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  choco- 
late. It  comes  from  S.  America  and 
the  Indies. 

Velvet,  a  rich  kind  of  silk  stuff  cover- 
ed on  the  outside  with  a  close,  short, 
fine  and  soft  nap.  Florence  and  Genoa 
are  most  noted  for  tjie  manufacture  of 
this  article. 

Verdigris,  an  acetat  of  copper  used  as 
a  pigment.  .. 

Vermicelli,  an  Italian  preparation  of 
flour,  used  in  soups,  broths,  &c. 

Vidonia,  a  white  wine,  the  produce 
of  the  island  of  Teneriffe. 

WEIGHTS  A^rn  MEASURES,  are 
used  to  ascertain  the  quantities  of  any 
article  or  commodity,  -according  to  its 
nature. 

Weight,  in  a  commercial  sense,  de- 
notes a  body,  legally  defined,  appointed 
to  he  put  in  the  balance  against  other 
bodies,  whose  momentum  is  requir- 
ed. 

The  word  measure,  taken  in  a  similar 
sense,  can  require  no  definition.  The 
orisinal  standards  appear  to  have  been 
pointed  out  by  the  size  and  proportions 
of  the  hum.in  frame  :  and  these  natural 
measures  are  still  used  when  artificial 
ones  cnnnot  l>e  conveniently  resorted  to  ; 
thus  the  fathom  of  a  well-proportioned 
man  is  supposed  equal  to  his  height  or 
stature  ;  the  pace,  one  half  of  his  stature  : 
the  cubit,  one  fourth  -j  the  foot,  one  sixth, 
and  Hie  ij/on,  ouj    igirtU.     The  hand  is 


WEI 

reckoned  one  third  of  the  foot,  and  tb4 
breadth  of  the  thumb  one  twelfth. 

Standards  of  weights  and  me-isures 
were  held  sacred  by  the  ancients,  and 
a  uniformity  was  strictly  observed  in 
many  countries  of  Asia.  Among  the 
Romans  there  was  but  one  weight  and 
one  measure;  every  town  and  city 
throughout  their  vast  empire  having  a 
standard,  whicb  was  an  exact  copy  of 
the  archetype  kept  in  the  capitol,  and 
therefore  called  capitohna. 

In  latter  times,  from  various  abuses 
and  a  diversity  of  usages,  a  variety  of 
weights  and  measures  have  obtained, 
and  do  at  present  prevail,  in  the  various 
countries  of  Europe  and  the  other  parts 
of  the  woild.  There  is,  however,  with 
few  exceptions,  a  similarity  in  the  sys- 
tems of  all  countries,  which  seems  to 
indicate  a  common  oritiin.  Thus  the 
foot,  which  is  the  general  unit  for  mea- 
sures, is  duodecimatly  divided  ;  and  the 
pound,  which  is  the  unit  for  weights,  is 
divided  either  into  twelve  or  sixteen 
ounces,  &.c.  In  almost  every  nation, 
there  are  two  descriptions  of  weights, 
one  for  the  precious  metals,  and  the 
other  for  common  articles  ;  such  are  the 
Troy  and  Avoirdupois  weights  in  Eng- 
land. 

Standards  generally  signify  any  mea- 
sure or  weight  of  acknowledged  author- 
ity, by  which  others  of  the  same  de- 
nomination are  to  be  compared  and  ad- 
justed. They  are  distinguished  into 
arbitrary  standards  and  invariable 
standards  from  nature.  The  former  are 
universally  adopted  exce\J  in  France} 
and  the  latter  are  intended  to  correct  ox 
to  restore  them,  if  lost. 

The  origin  of  the  old  standards  of 
weight  or  capacity  is  not  certainly 
known  ;  but  those  of  linear  measures 
may  be  inferred,  from  their  names,  to 
have  been  taken  from  some  part  of  the 
human  frame,  as  noticed  above.  Hence 
the  foot,  the  hand,  the  span,  the  ?i<u7,  the 
cubit  or  elbow,  the  ulna,  aune,  or  arm, 
the  fathom,  the  pace,  &c.  The  inch,  in 
some  places,  is  determined  by  barley- 
corns ;  but  in  others,  it  is  called  the 
thumb.  The  fnger,  too,  is  reckoned  as 
two-thirds  of  an  inch. 

The  foot  is  the  most  general  unit  foi 
measures  as  the  pound  is  for  weights; 
and  both  are  mostly  divided  into  the 
same  number  of  equal  parts,  and  their 
divisions  were  anciently  called  by  the 
same  name,  uncia,  which  signifies  a 
twelfth  part  of  the  whole.  Hence  the 
inch  was  called  the  uncia  pedis,  and  the 
ounce  the  uncia  librte. 

As  measures  derived  in  the  manner 
described,  must  vary  with  the  different 
sizes  of  men,  the  standards,  formed  of 
some  durable  substance,  have  been 
taken  from  the  foot,  or  arm,  of  some 
distinguished  person.  Thus  the  Saxon 
Tyrrf,  or  girth,  the  modern  yard,  is  said 
to  have  been  adjusted  by  the  arm  of 
king  Henry  I.  It  is  supposed,  that,  from 
a  similar  reason,  the  old  French  foot 
has  been  called  pied  dt  roi. 

The  following  list  embraces  some  of 
the  principal  foreign  weights  and  mea- 
sures. 

Weights  Uied  in  several  parts  of  Asia,  tht 
East  Indies,  Chim.  Persia,  4"c. 

In  Turkey,  at  Smyrna,  tec,  they  use 
the  batman,  or  batteman,  containing 
six  occos,  the  occo  weighing  three 
pounds  four-fifths  English.  They  have 
another  batman  much  less,  con.sisting, 
as  the  former,  of  six  occos  ;  but  theoeco 
only  containing  \5  ounces  Enelish  ;  14 
occos  of  the  first  kind  make  the  Turk- 
ish quintal. 

At  Cairo,  Alexandretta,  Aleppo,  and 
Alexandria,  they  use  flie  rotto,  rotton,  or 
rottoli ;  at  Cairo,  and  other  parts  of 
Eg>pt,  it  is  144  drachms,  being  above 
an  Enelish  pound  wc  i:^t 

At  Aleppo  there  7-e  *Jjree  •rrts  of  rot- 
tos ;  tte  Crrt  "10  artfijxks  making 
about  seven  pounds  £-..%.  ift  and  used 
in  weighing  ::)ttons,  gails.  ftnd  otiier 


^%^' 


arge  eommodities ;  the  second  is  624 
drachms,  used  for  all  silks  but  white 
ones,  which  are  weighed  by  the  third 
rotto  of  700  dmchms. 

At  Seyda  the  rolto  is  600  drachms. 

'Ihe  other  ports  of  the  Levant,  not 
here  named,  use  some  of  these  weights, 
particularly  the  occo  or  ocqua,  the  rot- 
toli,  and  rotto. 

The  Chinese  weights  are  the  piece,  for 
»arge  commodities;  it  is  divided  into 
100  catiSj  or  cattis,  though  some  say  125 ; 
the  cati  into  16  taels,  or  Kiles,  each  tale 
equivalent  to  1  1  3  of  an  ounce  English, 
or  the  weight  of  one  rial  and  one 
twelfth,  and  containing  12  mas,  or  mas- 
ses ;  and  each  mas  10  condrins.  So 
that  the  Chinese  piece  amounts  to  137 
pounds  English  avoirdupois,  and  the 
'adi  to  one  pound,  eight  ounces.  The 
ticul  for  silk  contains  06  catis  and  three 
ftarths;  the  bahar,  bakaire,  or  barr, 
contains  336  catis. 

Tonquin  has  also  the  same  weights, 
measures,  &c.,  as  China. 

Japan  has  only  one  weight,  viz.,  the 
cati,  which,  however,  is  different  from 
that  of  China,  as  containing  20  taels. 

At  Sural,  ^gra,  and  tliroughout  the 
States  which  composed  the  kingdom  of 
the  Great  Mogul,  they  use  the  man,  or 
maund,  whereof  they  have  two  kinds  ; 
the  king's  man,  or  king's  weight,  and 
the  man  simply  ;  the  first  used  for  the 
weighing  of  common  provisions,  con- 
taining 40  seers  or  seres,  and  each  seer 
just  a  Paris  pound. 

The  common  man,  used  in  the  weigh- 
ing of  merchandise,  consists  likewise 
of  40  seers  ;  but  each  seer  is  only  esti- 
mated at  12  Paris  ounces,  or  three- 
fourths  of  the  otner  seer. 

The  man  may  be  Jooked  on  as  the 
common  weight  of  the  E.ist  Indies, 
though  under  some  difference  of  name, 
or  rather  of  pronunciation,  it  being  call- 
ed mas  at  Cambaya ;  and  in  other  places, 
mein  and  maun.  The  seer  is  properly 
the  Indian  pound,  and  of  universal  use  ; 
the  like  may  be  said  of  the  bahar,  tael, 
and  catti  above-mentioned. 

At  Siam  the  weights  are  the  piece  con- 
taining two  shans,  or  cattis  ;  but  the 
Siamese  catti  is  only  half  the  Japanese, 
the  latter  containing  90  taels,  and  the 
former  only  10  ;  though  some  make  the 
Chinese  catti  only  16  taels,  and  the  Si- 
amese 8.  The  tael  contains  four  baats, 
rticals,  each  about  a  Paris  ounce  ;  the 
»aat  four  selings,  or  mayons  ;  the  mayon 
wo  fouangs  ;  the  fouang  four  payes  ; 
he  paye  two  clams  ;  the  sompaye  half 
a  fouang.  It  is  to  be  observed,  that 
these  are  the  names  of  their  coins  as 
well  as  weights  ;  silver  and  gold  being 
commodities  there  sold,  ss  other  things, 
ky  their  weights. 

In  the  isle  of  Java  and  particularly  at 
Bantam,  they  use  the  gantan,  equal  to 
nearly  three  Dutch  pounds. 

In  Oolconda,  at  Visapour,  and  Ooa, 
they  have  the  furatelle,  containing  one 
pound,  14  ounces,  English  ;  the  man- 
galis,  or  mangelin,  for  weighing  dia- 
monds and  precious  stones,  weighing  at 
Goa  five  grains,  at  Golconda,  &c.,  five 
and  a  half  grains.  They  have  also  the 
rotolo,  containing  fourteen  and  a  quar- 
ter ounces  English  ;  the  metricol,  con- 
taining the  sixth  part  of  an  ounce  ;  the 
wall  for  piastres  and  ducats,  containing 
the  73d  part  of  a  rial. 

In  Persia  they  use  two  kinds  of  bat- 
mans,  or  mans  ;  the  one  called  cahi,  or 
cheray,  which  is  the  king's  weight ;  and 
the  other  batman  ofTauris.  The  first 
weighs  thirteen  pounds,  ten  ounces, 
English  ;  the  second  six  and  a  half 
pounds;  its  divisions  are  the  ratel,  or 
a  sixteenth  ;  the  derhem,  or  drachm, 
which  is  the  fiftieth ;  the  meschal, 
which  is  half  the  derhem  ;  the  dung, 
which  is  the  sixth  part  of  the  meschal, 
being  equivalent  to  six  carat-grains; 
and  lasti\ ,  the  grain,  which  is  the  one 
fourth  part  of  tiie  dung.     They  hare 


WEI 

also  the  vakie,  which  exceeds  a  little 
our  ounce  ;  the  sah-cheray,  equal  to  the 
1170th  part  of  the  derham  ;  and  tl.o  to- 
man, used  to  weigh  out  large  payments 
of  money  without  telling  ;  its  weight  is 
that  of  fifty  abassis. 

African  IVeights. 

As  to  the  weights  of  Africa,  there  are 
few  places  that  have  any,  except  Egypt, 
and  the  countries  bordering  on  the 
Mediterranean,  whose  weights  havj 
been  already  enumerated  among  tho-'e 
of  the  poits  of  the  Levant.  The  island 
of  Madagascar,  indeed,  has  weights, 
but  none  that  exceed  the  drachm,  nor 
are  they  used  for  any  thing  but  gold  and 
silver. 

Foreign  Measures. 

The  standard  in  Holland,  Flanders, 
Sweden,  a  good  part  of  Oermany,  many 
of  the  Ilanse  Towns,  as  Dantiic,  and 
Hamburgh,  and  at  Oeiteva,  Frankfort, 
4'c.,  is  the  ell ;  but  the  ell  in  all  these 
places  differs  from  the  Paris  ell.  In 
Holland  it  contains  one  Paris  foot, 
eleven  lines,  or  four-sevenths  of  the 
Paris  ell.  The  Flanders  ell  contains 
two  feet,  one  inch,  five  and  a  half  lines, 
or  seven- twelfths  of  the  Paris  eM.  The 
ell  of  Germany,  Brabant,  &c.,  is  equal 
to  tlyit  of  Flanders. 

The  Italian  measure  is  the  bracchio, 
brace,  or  fathom.  This  obtains  in  the 
states  of  Modena,  Venice,  Florence, 
Lucca,  Milan,  Mantua,  Bologna,  &;c., 
but  is  of  different  lengths.  At  Venice 
it  contains  one  Paris  foot,  eleven  inches, 
three  lines,  or  eight-fifteenths  of  the 
Paris  ell.  At  Bologna,  Modena,  and 
Mantua,  the  brace  is  the  same  as  at 
Venice.  At  Lucca  it  contains  one  Paris 
foot,  nine  inches,  ten  lines,  or  half  a 
Paris  ell.  At  Florence  it  cSntains  one 
foot,  nine  inches,  four  lines,  or  49-luin- 
dredths  of  a  Paris  ell.  At  Milan,  the 
brace  for  measuring  silks  is  one  Paris 
foot,  seven  inches,  four  lines,  or  four- 
ninths  of  a  Paris  ell  ;  that  for  woollen 
cloths  is  the  same  with  the  ell  of  Hol- 
land. At  Bergaina,  the  brace  is  one 
foot,  seven  inches,  six  lines,  or  five- 
ninths  of  a  Paris  ell.  The  usual  mea- 
sure at  Naples,  however,  is  the  canna, 
containing  six  feet,  ten  inches,  and  two 
lines,  or  one  Paris  ell  and  fifteen-seven- 
teenths. 

The  Spanish  measure  is  the  vara,  or 
yard,  in  some  places  called  the  barra  ; 
containing  seventeen-twenty-fourths  of 
the  Paris  ell.  But  the  measure  in  Cas- 
tile and  Valencia  is  the  pan,  span,  or 
palm  ;  which  is  used,  together  with  the 
canna,  at  Genoa.  In  Arragon,  the  vara 
is  equal  to  a  Paris  ell  and  a  half,  or  five 
feet,  five  inches,  six  lines. 

The  Portuguese  measure  is  the  cave- 
dos,  containing  two  feet,  eleven  lines, 
or  four-sevenths  of  a  Paris  ell  ;  and  the 
vara,  106  whereof  make  100  Paris  ells. 

The  Piedmontese  measure  is  the  ras, 
containing  one  Paris  foot,  nine  inches, 
ten  lines,  or  half  a  Paris  ell. 

In  Sicily,  their  measure  is  the  canna, 
the  same  with  that  of  Naples. 

The  Muscovite  measures  are  the  cubit, 
equal  to  one  Paris  foot,  four  inches,  two 
lines;  and  the  arcin,  two  whereof  ar* 
equal  to  three  cubits. 

The  Turkish  and  Levant  measures  are 
the  picq,  containing  two  feet,  two  inch- 
es, and  two  lines,  or  three-fifths  of  the 
Paris  ell. 

The  Chinese  measure  is  the  cobre,  ten 
whereof  are  equal  to  three  Paris  ells. 

In  Persia,  and  some  parts  of  the  In- 
dies, .the  gueze,  of  which  there  are 
two  kinds  ;  the  royal  gueze,  called  also 
the  gueze  mankelser,  containing  two 
Paris  feet,  ten  inches,  eleven  lines,  or 
four-fifths  of  the  Paris  ell  ;  and  the 
shorter  gueze,  called  simply  gueze, 
only  two-thirds  of  the  former.  At  Goa 
and  Ormuz,  the  measure  is  the  vara, 
the  same  with  that  of  the  Portuguese. 

In  Pegu,  and  some  other  parts  of  the 
ladies,  the  cando  or  candi,  equal  to  the 


ZIfc 

ell  of  Venice.  At  Goa  and  other  parti 
they  use  a  large  cando,  equal  to  seven- 
teen Dutch  ells,  exceeding  that  of  Ba- 
bel and  Balsora  by  seven-eighths  per 
cen'um,  and  the  vara  by  six  and  a  half. 
In  Jfiam  they  use  the  ken,  short  of 
three  Paris  feet  by  one  inch.  The  ken 
contains  two  soks,  the  sok  two  keubs, 
the  keub,  twelve  nious,  or  inches,  the 
nious  to  be  equal  to  eight  grains  of  rice, 
i.  e.  to  about  nine  lines. 

At  Cambodia  they  use  the  haster  ;  in 
Japan  the  tatain  ;  and  the  span  on  some 
of  the  coasts  of  Guinea. 

iVeld,  a  plant  used  in  dying  yellow. 

IVhisky,  a  spirit  obtained  by  distil- 
lation from  corn,  sugar,  or  molasses, 
though  generally  from  the  former. 

Windward,  in   sea  language  denote' 
any  thing  towards  that  point  from  whicfr  . 
the  wind  blows  in  respect  of  a  ship. 

Woad,  a  plant,  whose  leaves  are  used 
for  dying  blue. 

Wool,  a  long,  soft  and  curly  hair, 
which  covers  the  skins  of  several  of  the 
ruminating  animals,  but  is  especially 
shorn  from  that  of  the  sheep. 

Worm  Seed,  a  hot,  bitter  seed,  brought 
from  Aleppo. 

Worsted,  a  thread  spun  of  wool  that 
has  been  combed,  and  which,  in  the 
spinning,  is  twisted  harder  than  ordi- 
narily. 

XYLO  BALSJIMVM,  the  wood  of 
the  tree  which  bears  the  balm  of  Gile- 
ad. 

YAMS,  the  edible  roots  of  a  creeping 
plant  common  in  Africa,  the  Indies,  and 
the  southern  states. 

Yam,  wool  or  flax  spun  into  thread, 
of  which  they  weave  cloth 

ZF~i,  Indian  Com.  The  only  species, 
the  mays,  or  maize.  The  Indians  in 
New  England,  and  many  other  parts  of 
America,  had  no  other  vegetable  but 
maize  or  Indian  corn  for  making  theii 
bread  ;  they  call  it  weachin;  and  in  the 
United  States  of  America  there  is  much 
of  the  bread  of  the  country  made  of  this 
grain,  not  of  European  corn.  In  Italy 
Germany,  Spain,  and  Portugal,  maize 
constitutes  a  great  part  of  the  food  of 
the  poor  inhabitants.  The  ear  of  the 
maize  yields  a  much  greater  quantity  of 
grain  than  any  English  corn-ears.  There 
are  commonly  about  eight  rows  of  grain 
in  the  ear,  often  more  if  the  ground  is 
good.  Each  of  these  rows  contains  at 
least  30  grains,  and  each  of  these  gives 
much  more  floui  than  a  grain  of  any  Eng- 
lish corn.  The  grains  are  usually  either 
white  or  yellow  ;  but  sometimes  they 
are  red,  bluish,  greenish,  or  olive-color, 
ed,  and  sometimes  striped  and  varie- 
gated. This  sort  of  grain,  though  so 
essentially  necessary  to  the  natives  of 
the  place,  is  yet  liable  to  many  acci- 
dents. It  does  not  ripen  till  the  end  of 
September;  so  that  the  rains  often  fall 
heavily  upon  it  while  on  the  stalk,  and 
the  birds  in  general  peck  it  when  soft 
and  unripe.  Nature  has,  to  defend  it 
from  these  accidents,  covered  it  with  a 
thick  husk,  which  keeps  off  slight  rains 
very  well  ;  but  the  birds,  if  not  fright- 
ened away,  often  eat  through  it,  and 
devour  a  great  quantity  of  corn. 

Zedoary,  a  medicinal  root  brought  to 
us  from  China.  It  should  be  chosen 
fresh,  sound,  and  hard,  in  large  pieces, 
it  matters  not  whether  long  or  round 
in  its  form  ;  of  a  smooth  surface,  and 
of  the  briskest  smell  possible  ;  such  as 
is  friable,  dusty,  and  worm-eaten,  is  to 
be  rejected.  Zedoary,  distilled  with 
common  water,  affords  a  thick  and 
dense  essential  oil,  on  which  its  virtues 
principally  depend,  which  soon  con- 
cretes into  a  kind  of  camphire.  It  is  a 
sudorific,  and  is  used  as  a  coidinl  medi- 
cine. 

Zinc,  a  metal  of  a  brilliant  white  co- 
lor, with  a  shade  of  blue,  and  composed 
of  a  number  of  thin  plates  adhering  to 
gether. 

Zircon,  a  stone  brought  from  Ceyloa 


M^  OF  ran 

f  XTNIVZ;a,:T-^T 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 

BJan'BOCBi 

AUTO  nic.. 


T 


.Kf     ^ 


T^m- 


^^^  1  8  1969 


CIRCULATIOM 


JUN  27  1980 


k  ■ ' 


MAR  1  2  im 


LD  21A-50m-4,'59 
(A1724s]0)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


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ify 


CJMJ 


O.C. 


vm^    ^<^2^^:^^m. 


UNTVFRSITY  OF  CAUFORNIA  LIBRARY 


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